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Bhalchandra Kadam

2026-05-06T07:53:06Z

GlenDoolittle2:

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=September 2021}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=September 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bhau Kadam
| image = Bhau Kadam.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|03|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Thane]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| other names = Bhau Kadam
| occupation = {{flatlist|
*Actor
*comedian
}}
| module = {{Infobox comedian
|embed=yes
| medium = television, film
| genre = {{flatlist|
*[[character comedy]]
*[[Satire]]
}}
| subject = {{flatlist|
* [[Bollywood]]
* [[Marathi cinema]]
* [[everyday life]]
* [[Indian culture]]
* [[popular culture]]
* Marathi television
}}
| notable_work = {{ubl|''[[Fu Bai Fu (2009 series)|Fu Bai Fu]]''|''[[Chala Hawa Yeu Dya]]''|''[[Timepass (film)|Timepass]]''}}
}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Mamata Kadam|2000}}
}}
'''Bhalchandra Kadam''' (born 3 March 1972),<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chala Hawa Yeu Dya fame Bhau Kadam celebrates his 50th birthday with family and friends; see pics |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/chala-hawa-yeu-dya-fame-bhau-kadam-celebrates-his-50th-birthday-with-family-and-friends-see-pics/articleshow/74455934.cms |access-date=2023-12-19 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> popularly known as '''Bhau Kadam''', is a [[Marathi people |Marathi]] theatre and film actor. He is [https://famousawards.in/ Famous Awards 2025] winner known as a [[comedian]], particularly when working in commercial [[Marathi cinema]] and [[Drama (film and television)|drama]]. He began his acting career in 1991, when he started acting in dramas. He is well known for his roles in ''[[Fu Bai Fu (2009 series)|Fu Bai Fu]]''. He has acted in more than 9 serials and has been involved in more than 500 drama shows.<ref>{{cite web |title=Will the real BL Pathak stand up? |url=http://www.zeemarathi.com/actor/bhalchandra-kadam |accessdate=6 Jan 2015 |archive-date=6 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106123139/http://www.zeemarathi.com/actor/bhalchandra-kadam |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Personal life ==

Bhalchandra Kadam was born and brought up in [[Dombivli]] since childhood & now resides in [[Thane]]. Kadam has a wife named Mamata. They have three daughters and a son. He is [[Dalit]] [[Neo Buddhist|Buddhist]] by religion<ref>{{Cite web |title=In the shadow of caste|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-in-the-shadow-of-caste-2547684/amp|access-date=23 September 2017|website=www.dnaindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/maharashtra-buddhists-worshipping-ganesh-face-harassment-threat-of-social-boycott-4821602/|title=Buddhists worshipping Ganesh face 'harassment, threat of social boycott'|date=2017-08-31|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-in-the-shadow-of-caste-2547684|title=In the shadow of caste|last=Kulkarni|first=Dhaval|date=2017-09-23|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref>

==Career==
He is one of the best comedy actors in Marathi. He is well known for his skits in ''[[Fu Bai Fu (TV series)|Fu Bai Fu]]'', a Marathi standup comedy TV show on [[Zee Marathi]]. He also plays the main role, along with [[Nilesh Sable]], in the comedy show ''[[Chala Hawa Yeu Dya]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zeemarathi.com/shows/chala-hawa-yeu-dya/ |title=ZEE MARATHI - Marathi Entertainment Online - Updates & More - ZEE5 |author= |date= |website=www.zeemarathi.com |access-date=6 January 2015 |archive-date=6 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106131859/http://www.zeemarathi.com/shows/chala-hawa-yeu-dya/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> also aired on [[Zee Marathi]]. In this serial, he plays the character of Pappa, Jyotishi and many more characters. In almost every character, Bhau has been unique with his brilliant comic timing. His innocence while putting up hilarious comedy has earned him immense popularity among millions of Marathi fans. He also worked in a shows like ''[[Tuza Maza Jamena]]'', ''[[Mala Sasu Havi]]'' and participated in almost every Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards show by performing his skits. Bhau also appeared as a guest on the [[Zee Marathi]] show ''[[Kanala Khada]]'' hosted by [[Sanjay Mone]].

He was part of many Marathi movies. ''[[Timepass 2]]'', ''[[Timepass (film)|Timepass]]'', ''[[Sanngto Aika]]'', ''[[Miss Match]]'', ''[[Pune Via Bihar]]'', ''[[Narbachi Wadi]]'', ''[[Kokanastha]]'', ''[[Chaandi]]'', ''Mast Challay Aamcha'' and ''[[Balkadu]]'' are some of the successful movies in which he played an important role. He was also present in the Hindi movie ''Ferrari Ki Saawar''. He will be appearing as a lead actor in the upcoming Marathi movie ''VIP Gadhav'' which is expected to be a hit considering mix of comedy, story with rural background and songs written by poet/lyricist ''[[Bashir Momin Kavathekar]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi|title=Marathi News, Zee 24 Taas: Latest News in Marathi, Maharashtra Breaking News, मराठी बातम्या, Marathi News Channel|last=24taas.com|website=24taas.com|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Bhau-Kadam-in-lead-role/articleshow/47692360.cms|title=Bhau Kadam in lead role - The Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref>
He is now part of ''Hastay Na Hasaylach Pahije Comedy Show'' on Colors Marathi. <ref>{{cite web |title=Hastay Na Hasaylach Pahije (2024) {{!}} हसताय ना? हसायलाच पाहिजे! {{!}} Cast, Nilesh Sable, Bhau Kadam, Onkar Bhojane {{!}} Colors Marathi {{!}} Exclusive 2024 - Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/hastay-na-hasaylach-pahije-serial/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=28 April 2024 |date=3 April 2024}}</ref>
===Marathi play career===
Kadam has played a number of roles in Marathi plays in his career. Some of the important plays are Shantecha Karta Chalu Ahe, Yada Kadachit, Charlie, and Karun Gelo Gaon.

===Awards===
On 22nd June 2025 '''Bhau Kadam''' has received [https://famousawards.in/ Famous Awards 2025] for his outstanding performance by '''Shri. Nitin Gadkari.''' Union Minister of Road Transport and Highways. At orange city '''Nagpur'''.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2005
|''[[Dombivali Fast]]''
|Havaldar Jadhav
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Harishchandrachi Factory]]''
|Deaf and dumb actor
|Marathi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011
|''[[Fakta Ladh Mhana]]''
|Cameo appearance
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''Mast Challay Aamcha''
|Havaldar (Police)
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''Davpech''
|
|Marathi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012
|''[[Ferrari Ki Sawaari]]''
|Shamshu Bhai
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|
|
|-
|''Kutumb''
|Bhau
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''Gola Berij''
|
|Marathi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2013
|''[[Narbachi Wadi]]''
|Dr. D'souza
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''[[Chaandi]]''
|
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''Ek Cutting Chai''
|
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''Kokanastha-Taath Kana Haach Baana''
|
|Marathi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2014
|''[[Miss Match (Marathi Movie 2014)|Miss Match]]''
|Bhau
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''[[Sanngto Aika]]''
|Kharade
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''[[Pune Via Bihar]]''
|
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''Amhi Bolto Marathi''
|
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''[[Balkadu]]''
|Peon
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''[[Timepass (film)|Timepass]]''
|Dagadu's father (Appa)
|Marathi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
|''[[Vaajlaach Paahije - Game Ki Shinema]]''
|Bhau Kamdar
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''[[Time Bara Vait]]''
|Auto Wala
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''[[Timepass 2]]''
|Shantaram Parab
|Marathi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
|''[[Jaundya Na Balasaheb]]''
|Zatkya
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''[[Half Ticket (2016 film)|Half Ticket]]''
|Tutti Frutti
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''Made In Maharashtra''
|
|Marathi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017
|''Zindagi Virat''
|Anna (Sarpanch)
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''[[Boyz (film)|Boyz]]''
|Baban
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''[[Zhalla Bobhata]]''
|Dinu
|Marathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmipop.com/movies/zhala-bobhata-movie-12311|title=Zhala Bobhata Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes}}</ref>
|-
|''Ranjan''
|
|Marathi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2018
|''[[Cycle (2017 film)|Cycle]]''
|Gajya
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''Jaga Vegali Antyatra''
|Nadau Kaka
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''Liftman''
|Liftman
|Marathi
|Web series, released on [[List of ZEE5 original web series|ZEE5]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2018-07-27|title=ZEE5 adds Marathi original web series 'Liftman'|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/over-the-top-services/zee5-adds-marathi-original-web-series-liftman-180727|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Indian Television Dot Com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728231747/http://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/over-the-top-services/zee5-adds-marathi-original-web-series-liftman-180727 |archive-date=28 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-27|title=ZEE5 launches Marathi original web series 'Liftman'|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/ZEE5-launches-Marathi-original-web-series-Liftman-19646158|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Mid-day.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527115850/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/ZEE5-launches-Marathi-original-web-series-Liftman-19646158 |archive-date=27 May 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|''Shikari''
|Bhau Mama
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''Loose Control''
|Raskar
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''Yuntum''
|
|Marathi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[Wedding Cha Shinema]]''
|Madan
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''VIP Gadhav''
|Gangaram
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''[[Nashibvaan]]''
|Baban
|Marathi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2021
|''Puranpoli''
|
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''[[Pandu (film)|Pandu]]''
|Pandu Hawaldar
|Marathi
|[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Comedian]]
|
|-
|''DAV''
|Aanna
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''Aaltun Paltun''
|Yashwant
|Marathi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|[[Timepass 3|''Timepass'' ''3'']]
|Shantaram Parab
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''Majhi Aashiqui''
|Raja Koli
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''Phulpakharu''
|Kamaliya
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''Benwad''
|Sanjya
|Marathi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
|''[[Ekda Yeun Tar Bagha]]''
|Gulabi Garam Baba
|Marathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ekda Yeun Tar Bagha: मराठमोळ्या कॉमेडीचा तडका, प्रसाद खांडेकरच्या एकदा येऊन तर बघा सिनेमाची घोषणा |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/ekda-yeun-tar-bagha-marathi-movie-announcement-prasad-khandekar-onkar-bhojane-vishakha-subedar-bhau-kadam-drj96 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Lai Jhakaas]]''
|Politician
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''Club 52''
|Gambler
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''Manmauji''
|Shree's Father
|Marathi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[Inspector Zende]]''
|Bhalchandra Patil
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Premachi Goshta 2]]''
|Baburao
|Marathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=बोडके |first=चेतन |date=2025-07-09 |title=लव्हस्टोरीच्या अरेंज मॅरेजची गोष्ट, ‘प्रेमाची गोष्ट २’चा हटके टीझर प्रदर्शित; चित्रपट केव्हा होणार रिलीज |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/movies/satish-rajwade-directed-premachi-goshta-2-marathi-movie-teaser-released-on-social-media-925057.html |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=Navarashtra |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ambat Shaukin]]''
|Bhau
|Marathi
|
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kadam, Bhalchandra}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi theatre]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:21st-century Buddhists]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi television]]
[[Category:Marathi actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Marathi comedians]]

Srikanth Iyengar

2026-05-04T06:58:26Z

GlenDoolittle2:

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Srikanth Iyengar
| birth_name = Srikanth Krishnaswamy Iyengar<ref name=":1" />
| occupation = Actor, director
| years_active = 2005-present
}}
'''Srikanth Krishnaswamy Iyengar''' is an Indian actor and director who works in [[Telugu cinema]].

==Career==
He is a medical doctor by profession and turned actor due to passion towards the acting. He worked as an assistant director for the Deccani film ''[[The Angrez]]'' (2005) before turning director through the English film ''Stalemate… it's your move'' (2007), which was made on the backdrop of cancer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2011/Feb/26/behind-the-curtain-230854.html|title=Behind the curtain|date=26 February 2011|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Serish Nanisetti|date=19 July 2010|title=The play goes on|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/The-play-goes-on%E2%80%A6/article16202768.ece/|access-date=13 June 2021|website=The Hindu|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505104032/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/The-play-goes-on%E2%80%A6/article16202768.ece/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2"/> He directed the documentary ''Ammulu'' and ''[[April Fool (2014 film)|April Fool]]'' (2014).<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":3"/>

He starred in films like ''[[Ante Sundaraniki]]'' (2021), ''[[Raja Raja Chora]]'' (2021) and ''[[Pottel]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Oct/27/telugu-film-critics-association-lodges-complaint-against-srikanth-iyengar|title=Telugu Film Critics Association lodges complaint against Srikanth Iyengar|first=B. H.|last=Harsh|date=27 October 2024|website=Cinema Express}}</ref> He produced the unreleased film ''Yanam'' in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/actor-srikanth-iyengar-turns-producer-with-yanam/5ac3e019bc196|title=Actor Srikanth Iyengar turns producer with Yanam|website=OTTPlay}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;" |{{dagger}}
|Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

===Telugu films===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Chammak Challo (film)|Chammak Challo]]'' || Anshu's father ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Basanti (2014 film)|Basanti]]'' || Gaazi || credited as Dr. K.S.I.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/basanthi.html|title=Basanthi review - Telugu cinema review - Raja Goutham, Alisha Baig|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Ism (film)|Ism]]'' || Trivedi ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Paisa Vasool (2017 film)|Paisa Vasool]]'' || Minister Amit Patel||
|-
| rowspan='4'| 2018 || ''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]'' || Sampath's assistant ||
|-
| ''[[Mehbooba (2018 film)|Mehbooba]]'' || Police Officer ||
|-
| ''[[Officer (2018 film)|Officer]]'' || Bajrangi ||
|-
| ''[[Neevevaro]]'' || Anu's father ||
|-
| rowspan='3'| 2019 || ''[[Brochevarevarura]]'' || Radha Krishna ||
|-
| ''[[Dear Comrade]]'' || Police Officer ||
|-
| ''[[Prati Roju Pandage]]'' || Sai's uncle ||
|-
| rowspan='6'| 2020 || ''[[V (2020 film)|V]]'' || Rashid ||
|-
| ''[[47 Days]]'' || Raja Ram ||
|-
| ''[[Coronavirus (film)|Corona Virus]]'' || Anand Rao ||
|-
| ''[[Murder (2020 film)|Murder]]'' || Madhava Rao ||
|-
| ''[[Amaram Akhilam Prema]]'' || Akhila's father ||
|-
| ''Valliddari Madhya'' || Buchi Babu ||
|-
| rowspan="12" | 2021 || ''[[Chaavu Kaburu Challaga]]'' || Mohan ||
|-
| ''[[Naandhi]]'' || Defence Lawyer ||
|-
| ''[[Gaali Sampath]]'' || Haribabu ||
|-
| ''[[Vakeel Saab]]'' || [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Yugandher ||
|-
|''[[SR Kalyanamandapam]]'' || Paparao ||
|-
| ''[[Raja Raja Chora]]'' || Dr. Tirumala Rao ||
|-
| ''[[Vivaha Bhojanambu (2021 film)|Vivaha Bhojanambu]]'' || Ramakrishna ||
|-
| ''[[Tuck Jagadish]]'' || MRO Mohan Rao ||
|-
| ''[[Republic (film)|Republic]]'' || [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Gopal Rao ||
|-
| ''[[Idhe Maa Katha]]'' || Ajay's father ||
|-
| ''[[Most Eligible Bachelor (film)|Most Eligible Bachelor]]'' || Harsha's godfather ||
|-
| ''1997'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="15" |2022
|''[[Aasha Encounter]]''
|NHRC Chief
|
|-
|''[[Rowdy Boys]]''
|Akshay's father
|
|-
|''Valliddari Madhya''
|Buchi Babu
|
|-
|''[[Hero (2022 Indian film)|Hero]]''
|Mumbai police
|
|-
|''[[Bhala Thandanana]]''
|Sasi's brother-in-law
|
|-
|''[[F3 (film)|F3]]''
|Sharma
|
|-
|''[[Gangster Gangaraju]]''
|Narsareddy
|
|-
| ''[[Ante Sundaraniki]]''
|Jogarao
|
|-
| ''[[Pakka Commercial]]''
|Judge
|
|-
| ''[[Tees Maar Khan (2022 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]''
|Ranga Rajan
|
|-
|''[[Bujji Ila Raa]]''
|Keshava's father-in-law
|
|-
|''[[Dongalunnaru Jaagratha]]''
| Police officer
|
|-
| ''[[The Ghost (2022 film)|The Ghost]]''
| Harish
|
|-
| ''[[Aa Ammayi Gurinchi Meeku Cheppali]]''
| Manohar
|
|-
| ''[[Nachindi Girl Friendu]]'' || Krishna Pandey ||
|-
| rowspan="11" |2023
|''[[Valentine's Night (2023 film)|Valentine's Night]]''
| Businessman
|
|-
|''[[Nenu Student Sir!]]''
| Bank Manager
|
|-
|[[Ugram (film)|''Ugram'']]
| Circle Inspector
|
|-
|''[[Chakravyuham:The Trap]]''
| Srinivas
|
|-
|''[[Samajavaragamana (film)|Samajavaragamana]]''
| Rama Krishna
|
|-
|''[[Kushi (2023 film)|Kushi]]''
| Chatur
|
|-
|''[[Bedurulanka 2012]]''
|Brahmam
|[[22nd Santosham Film Awards|Santosham Best Supporting Actor Award]]
|-
| ''Guns Trance Action''
|
|
|-
|''[[Krishna Rama]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Spark Life]]''
| Lekha's father
|
|-
| ''[[Extra Ordinary Man]]''
|Anand Rao
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2024
|''[[Om Bheem Bush]]''
|Ranjith Vinukonda
|
|-
|''[[Geethanjali Malli Vachindi]]''
|Govinda Govinda
|
|-
|''[[Paarijatha Parvam]]''
|Shetty
|
|-
|''[[Prathinidhi 2]]''
|
|
|-
|[[14 (film)|''14'']]
|Subbu
|
|-
|[[Sarangadhariya (film)|''Sarangadhariya'']]
|Manager
|
|-
|''[[Bhale Unnade]]''
|Dr Anand Kumar
|
|-
|''[[Pottel]]''
|Duryodhana
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2025
|''[[Hathya]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Racharikam]]''
|Raja Reddy
|
|-
|''[[Sankranthiki Vasthunam]]''
|Rajahmundry MLA
|
|-
|[[Thammudu (2025 film)|''Thammudu'']]
|Shiva
|
|-
|''[[Bakasura Restaurant]]''
|Chakravarthy
|
|-
|''[[They Call Him OG]]''
|Satya Dada’s Port member
|
|-
|''[[Ari: My Name is Nobody]]''
|Chaitanya
|
|-
|''[[Kishkindhapuri]]''
|Murugan
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2026
|''[[Nari Nari Naduma Murari (2026 film)|Nari Nari Naduma Murari]]''
|Principal Krishnaprasad
|
|-
|''[[Vishnu Vinyasam]]''
|Manisha’s adoptive father
|
|-
|''[[S Saraswathi]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2026/Mar/05/teluguinterviews2026mar04pooja-sarathkumar-saraswati-has-a-powerful-seven-minute-single-shot-sequence|title=Pooja Sarathkumar: Saraswathi has a powerful seven-minute single-shot sequence|first=Suresh|last=Kavirayani|date=5 March 2026|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gedela Raju Kakinada Taluka]]''
|Durga
|
|}

===Other language films===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
| 2005 || ''[[The Angrez]]'' || Raju || [[English language|English]] [[Deccani language|Deccani]] || Uncredited
|-
|| 2007 || ''Stalemate… it's your move'' || Oncologist || English || <ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Film on life and hope |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/06/stories/2007030613990200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312150159/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/06/stories/2007030613990200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 March 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 March 2007 |accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2016 || ''[[Killing Veerappan]]'' || Ex-police officer Kumar || [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] ||
|-
| ''[[Veerappan (2016 film)|Veerappan]]'' || Ex-police officer Kumar || [[Hindi]] ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Kavacha]]'' || Natraj || Kannada ||
|-
| 2025
|''[[Jaat (film)|Jaat]]''
|District collector
|Hindi
|
|}

===As a film director===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Language
!Notes
|-
| 2007 || ''Stalemate… it's your move'' || English || <ref name=":1"/>
|-
| 2011 || ''Ammulu'' || rowspan="2"|Telugu || Documentary<ref name=":0"/>
|-
| 2014 || ''[[April Fool (2014 film)|April Fool]]'' || <ref name=":3">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jagapathi-babus-april-fool-nearing-completion/articleshow/16365344.cms | title=Jagapathi Babu's April Fool nearing completion | newspaper=The Times of India | archive-date=2023-01-27 | access-date=2023-01-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127013332/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jagapathi-babus-april-fool-nearing-completion/articleshow/16365344.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[11th Hour (web series)|11th Hour]]''
|Sundar Das
|[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
|-
|''Game''
|Varma
|[[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|Hungama]]
|-
|[[The Baker and The Beauty (web series)|''The Baker and The Beauty'']]
|Venkateshwarlu Dasaripalle
|[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
|-
|2023{{Ndash}}2024
|''[[Save the Tigers]]''
|Jagan
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|-
|2025
|[[Mayasabha (TV series)|''Mayasabha'']]
|[[N. Bhaskara Rao|Chekuri Babu Rao]]
|[[SonyLIV]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|9627615}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iyyengar, Srikanth}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Urdu cinema]]
[[Category:Santosham Film Awards winners]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}

PSG Group

2026-05-02T23:17:08Z

GlenDoolittle2: adding basic details basic info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{short description|Indian business conglomerate}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = PSG and Sons
| full_name =
| logo =
| founded = 1926<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/psg-trust-enters-platinum-jubilee-year/articleshow/805723768.cms|title=PSG Trust enters platinum jubilee year|date=21 July 2001|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=21 November 2023}}</ref>
| founder = P. S. Govindasamy Naidu (1856 {{ndash}} 1918)
| location = [[Coimbatore]], [[India]]
| origins = Coimbatore, India
| key_people = L. Gopalakrishnan, Managing trustee
| region_served = [[India]]
| focus = "Let there be charity so that other people may share my family's prosperity"<ref name= "PSG">{{cite web|title= About PSG Charity|url=https://psgsonscharities.org/pages/aboutus.php|publisher=PSG|access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref>
| method = [[education]], [[healthcare]] and [[Community service|service]]
| revenue =
| endowment =
| num_employees =
| website = [http://www.psgsonscharities.org/ psgsonscharities.org]
}}

'''PSG and Sons''' is a [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] involved in education, healthcare and community service in [[Coimbatore]], India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/to-help-them-lead-a-special-life/article5236275.ece|title=To help them lead a special life|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref>

== History ==

The group was established as PSG & Sons' charities in 1926 by the four sons of P.S. Govindasamy Naidu namely Venkataswamy Naidu, Rangaswamy Naidu, Ganga Naidu and Narayanaswamy Naidu.<ref name="PSG1">{{cite web|url=https://www.psgcas.ac.in/about_psgcas.html|title=Founders of PSG|publisher=PSG Group|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Politics of Textiles, The Indian Cotton-mill Industry and the Legacy of Swadeshi, 1900-1985|first=Simon Robert Brough|last=Leadbeater|year=1992|publisher=Sage publications|page=143|isbn=978-8170-3-6296-8}}</ref> The trust was established with the purpose of starting a [[List of titles and names of Krishna|sarvajana]] ("omniscient") school when a family member was denied admission to existing schools run by [[British Raj|British]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://simplicity.in/app/education-detail.php?nid=1767|title=Four PSG Institutions feature in the NIRF Ranking|newspaper=Simplicity|date=14 April 2019|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> The four brothers voluntarily divided their ancestral properties into five parts, reserving the one fifth amounting to {{INR}} 2.01 lakhs to create a charity trust.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/AhE76xU5d45DJmJxp3RAyM/Top-private-engineering-colleges--Industrial-unit-lifts-PSG.html|title=Industrial unit lifts PSG|newspaper=Mint|access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> The trust later established various educational institutions, health facilities and industrial institutes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/celebrating-60-years-of-topnotch-engineering-education/article2652466.ece|title=Celebrating 60 years of top-notch engineering education|date=23 November 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2011/jul/11/pinnacle-of-excellence-270430.html|title=Pinnacle of Excellence|date=11 July 2011|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

== PSG Family ==

Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=PSG College of Technology |url=https://www.psgtech.edu/trustees.php |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.psgtech.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PSG & Son’s CHARITIES -ன் 97- வது நிறுவனர் தின விழா நிகழ்ச்சி – PSG Hospitals in Coimbatore, India |url=https://www.psghospitals.com/news-and-events/psg-sons-charities-%e0%ae%a9%e0%af%8d-97-%e0%ae%b5%e0%ae%a4%e0%af%81-%e0%ae%a8%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%b1%e0%af%81%e0%ae%b5%e0%ae%a9%e0%ae%b0%e0%af%8d-%e0%ae%a4%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%a9-%e0%ae%b5%e0%ae%bf/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Founders |url=https://psgim.ac.in/founders/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=PSG Institute of Management |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=G.R.Govindarajulu, a pioneer par excellence in education, trade, and charity |url=https://kammas2.rssing.com/chan-25970354/article582.html |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=kammas2.rssing.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Founders |url=https://psghsv.edu.in/?page_id=57 |access-date=30 April 2026 |website=psghsv.edu.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PSG &Sons 'Charities |url=https://www.psgsonscharities.org/#home |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.psgsonscharities.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivas |first=Mannam |title=THE MAN AND HIS LEGACY A portrait of PSG Govindasamy Naidu |url=https://www.kammasangham.in/2025/10/the-man-and-his-legacy-portrait-of-psg.html |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=KammaSangham}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Seeds of change |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/seeds-of-change/article6891229.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121143351/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/seeds-of-change/article6891229.ece |archive-date=2023-11-21 |access-date=2026-04-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Metro |first=Kovai |date=2019-01-12 |title=The Iconic Women, Who Inspired Kovaiites |url=https://www.kovaimetro.in/index.php/2019/01/12/1014/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Kovai Metro |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{chart top|PSG Family}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |GrPa|~|~|~|~|y|~|~| GrMa | | | | | | |GrPa=P S Govindasamy Naidu|GrMa=Manguthayammal}}
{{Tree chart| |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.}}
{{Tree chart| |PSGV|y|WoPSGV| | |PSGR|y|Krish| | | |PSGG|y|WoPSGG| | | | |PSGN|y|WoPSGN| |PSGV=P S G Venkataswamy Naidu|PSGR=P S G Rangaswamy Naidu|PSGG= P S G Ganga Naidu|PSGN= P S G Narayanaswamy Naidu|Krish=Krishnammal}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

{{chart top|PSGR Family}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |PSGR|~|~|~|~|y|~|~| Krish | | | | | | |PSGR=P S G Rangaswamy Naidu|Krish=Krishnammal}}
{{Tree chart| |,|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|.}}
{{Tree chart| |Lak| |GRD| |Ruk| | | |GRG| | | |GRVe| | | |GRVa|Lak=Lakshmi Ammal|GRD=[[G. R. Damodaran]]|Ruk=Rukmani Ammal|GRG=G R Govindarajulu|GRVe=G R Venkatesalu|GRVa=G R Varatharajan}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

== Institutions ==

The institutions run by the charity include:<ref>{{cite web|title=PSG Institutions|url=https://psgimsr.ac.in/about/psg-institutions/|work=PSG IMSR|access-date=2 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/psg-launches-new-institution-in-coimbatore/article6146054.ece|title=PSG launches new institution in Coimbatore|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/celebrating-60-years-of-topnotch-engineering-education/article2652466.ece|title=Celebrating 60 years of top-notch engineering education|date=23 November 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/oct/30/navy-psgct-ink-mou-1891688.html|title=Navy, PSGCT ink MoU|newspaper=Indian Express|date=30 October 2018|access-date=21 November 2023}}</ref>
* PSG Sarvajana Higher Secondary school (1924)
* PSG Industrial Institute (1926)
* PSG Polytechnic College (1939)
* PSG Primary School, Vedapatti (1941)
* PSG Primary School, Peelamedu (1943)
* [[PSG College of Arts and Science]] (1947)
* [[PSG College of Technology]] (1951)
* PSG & Sons’ Charities Metallurgy and Foundry division (1974)
* [[PSG Institute of Medical Sciences & Research]] (1985)
* PSG Industrial Training Centre (1986)
* PSG Hospitals (1989)
* PSG Centre for Sponsored Research and Consultancy (1989)
* PSG Centre for Non-formal and Continuing Education (1989)
* PSG College of Nursing (1994)
* PSG Institute of Management (1994)
* PSG College of Physiotherapy (1999)
* PSG College of Pharmacy (2001)
* [[PSG Public Schools]] (2002)
* PSG High School, Vedapatti (2005)
* PSG Institute of Advanced Studies (2006)
* PSG Children's school (2009)
* PSG Vishnugranthi (2013)
* PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research (2014)
* PSG Centre for Academic Research and Excellence (2015)
* PSG Software Technologies (2017)
* PSG Institute of Architecture and Planning (2021)

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{PSG Group}}

[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Environmental organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:1926 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1926]]

Madhu Malhotra

2026-04-26T13:29:00Z

GlenDoolittle2:

{{Infobox person
| name = Madhu Malhotra
| image = Cropped_Photo_of_Madhu_Malhotra.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| spouse =
| website =
}}

{{Short description|Indian actress (1953/1954–2026)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
'''Madhu Malhotra''' (1953 or 1954 – 13 March 2026) was an Indian actress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=कौन थीं सत्ते पे सत्ता फेम एक्ट्रेस Madhu Malhotra? 72 साल की उम्र में हुआ निधन - madhu malhotra satte pe satta actress dies at 72 all about her popular films |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-madhu-malhotra-satte-pe-satta-actress-dies-at-72-all-about-her-popular-films-40172194.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-15 |title=Veteran Hindi actor Madhu Malhotra dies at 72, known for ‘Hero’ song ‘Lambi Judaai’ |url=https://www.hungamaexpress.com/news/43282-veteran-hindi-actor-madhu-malhotra-dies-at-72-known-for-hero-song-lambi-judaai |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=Hungama Express |language=en}}</ref> Her appearance for the song Lambi Judai as a gypsy woman from [[Subhash Ghai|Subhash Ghai’s]] film [[Hero (1983 film)|Hero]] is well remembered.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mazumdar |first=Shreyanka |date=15 March 2026 |title=Madhu Malhotra, ‘Lambi Judai’ Actor From Subhash Ghai's Hero, Dies At 72 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/madhu-malhotra-lambi-judai-actor-from-subhash-ghais-hero-dies-at-72-9961400.html |access-date=15 March 2026 |website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-15 |title=Actor Madhu Malhotra passes away at 72 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/actor-madhu-malhotra-passes-away-at-72-10582743/ |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Malhotra acted in popular films like [[Amitabh Bachchan|Amitabh Bachchan's]] ''[[Satte Pe Satta]]'' (1982) and [[Jackie Shroff|Jackie Shroff’s]] debut film ''[[Hero (1983 film)|Hero]]'' (1983).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-15 |title=Amitabh Bachchan’s Satte Pe Satta co-actor Madhu Malhotra passes away |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2026/Mar/15/amitabh-bachchans-satte-pe-satta-co-actor-madhu-malhotra-passes-away |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=72 साल की वो एक्ट्रेस… जिसने अमिताभ-हेमा के साथ दी ब्लॉकबस्टर फिल्में, फिर अचानक लाइमलाइट से बना ली दूरी, गुमनामी में ली आखिरी सांस |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/photos/72-year-old-actress-madhu-malhotra-death-film-satte-pe-satta-hero-song-lambi-judai-she-did-movie-with-amitabh/3141573 |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=Zee-Hindi |language=hi}}</ref>

Malhotra died on 13 March 2026, at the age of 72. Her funeral was held at Oshiwara Crematorium in Mumbai, on 14 March.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-15 |title=Who was Madhu Malhotra? 'Satte Pe Satta' and 'Hero' actress who passed away at age of 71 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/129586216.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2026-03-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1065949}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malhotra, Madhu}}
[[Category:1950s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]

Marhara Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:30:54Z

GlenDoolittle2: Started A Entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Marhara
| constituency_no = 105
| map_image = 105-Marhara.svg
| mla = [[Virendra Singh Lodhi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Etah district|Etah]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 325,369 (2022)
| type = SLA
}}

'''Marhara Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Etah district|Etah]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Etah Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 2012 after the "[[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008]]" was passed. The constituency is assigned identification number 105. This constituency was also in existence from 1962 to 1967.<ref name="eci_delim">[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3953-delimitation-of-parliamentary-and-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008] - Election Commission of India.</ref>

== Wards / Areas ==
The extent of Marhara Assembly constituency includes Jirasami, Marhara, and Pilua KCs; Dholeshwar, Horchi, Manoura, Magarouli, Nidhouli Kalan, Margaya, Raphat Nagar Senthara, and Gahetoo PCs of Nidholikalan KC; and Marhara MB of Etah Tehsil.<ref name="up_legis">[https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx?sw=105 Marhara Constituency Details] - Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! Term !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Ref
|-
| 01 || [[3rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|3rd Vidhan Sabha]] || Raghubir Singh || [[Praja Socialist Party]] || Mar-1962 || Mar-1967 || <ref>[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3103-uttar-pradesh-1962/ Statistical Report on General Election, 1962] - ECI.</ref>
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#f2f2f2;" | ''Constituency abolished (1967–2012)''
|-
| 02 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Amit Gaurav]] || [[Samajwadi Party]] || Mar-2012 || Mar-2017 || <ref>[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3468-uttar-pradesh-2012/ Statistical Report on General Election, 2012] - ECI.</ref>
|-
| 03 || [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Virendra Singh Lodhi]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Mar-2017 || Mar-2022 || <ref name="eci17">[https://results.eci.gov.in/ UP Assembly Election Results 2017] - ECI.</ref>
|-
| 04 || [[18th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|18th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Virendra Singh Lodhi]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Mar-2022 || Incumbent || <ref name="eci22">[https://results.eci.gov.in/ UP Assembly Election Results 2022] - ECI.</ref>
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Marhara}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Virendra Singh Lodhi
|votes = {{formatnum:101387}}
|percentage = 49.01
|change = +0.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Amit Gaurav
|votes = {{formatnum:83778}}
|percentage = 40.50
|change = +9.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Yogesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:16900}}
|percentage = 8.17
|change = -8.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:847}}
|percentage = 0.41
|change = -0.30
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:17609}}
|percentage = 8.51
|change = -8.97
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:206870}}
|percentage = 66.76
|change = +2.16
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Marhara}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Virendra Singh Lodhi
|votes = {{formatnum:92507}}
|percentage = 48.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Amit Gaurav
|votes = {{formatnum:59075}}
|percentage = 30.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shalabh Maheshwari
|votes = {{formatnum:31966}}
|percentage = 16.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Manch
|candidate = Kailash Lodhi
|votes = {{formatnum:2168}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1351}}
|percentage = 0.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:33432}}
|percentage = 17.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:191339}}
|percentage = 64.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
16th Vidhan Sabha: 2012 Elections
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Marhara}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Amit Gaurav]]
|votes = 61,827
|percentage = 36.16
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
| Independent
|candidate = Virendra
|votes = 39,571
|percentage = 23.14
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Nannu Singh
|votes = 30,340
|percentage = 17.74
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 13 candidates
|votes = 39,243
|percentage = 22.94
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 22,256
|percentage = 13.02
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 170,981
|percentage = 63.79
|change = -
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[Etah district]]
*[[Etah Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Etah district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Daskroi Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:21:34Z

GlenDoolittle2: starting some pg initial version

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Daskroi
| mla = [[Babubhai Patel (politician)|Babubhai Patel]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kheda Lok Sabha constituency|Kheda]]
| established = 2007
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:391597}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 57
}}

'''Daskroi''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]] district.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Ahmedabad City Taluka (Part) – Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (Part) Ward No. – Naroda (OG) 45, Nikol (OG) 46.
# Daskroi Taluka (Part) Villages –
Hanspura, Enasan, Bilasiya, Pardhol, Vahelal, Huka, Navarangpura, Zanu, Lalpur, Bharkunda, Pasunj, Kubadthal, Bhuvaldi, Kuha, Chandial, Kanial, Vadod, Bhavda, Harnivav, Undrel, Ranodra, Govindada, Chavlaj, Bhuval, Hirapur, Badodara, Geratpur, Ropda, Aslali, Laxmipura, Kamod, Vanzar, Badrabad, Visalpur, Bakrol Badrabad, Paldi Kankaj, Ode, Pirana, [[Gamdi, Ahmedabad district|Gamdi]], Devdi, Istolabad, Barejdi, Chosar, Jetalpur, Giramtha, Miroli, Kasindara, [[Bhat, Daskroi|Bhat]], Navapura, Timba, Mahijda, Vasai, Naj, Bareja, Mithiya, Kathwada, Fatewadi, Lambha (CT), Nandej (CT).

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
*2007 - [[Babubhai Patel (politician)|Babubhai Patel]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*2012 - [[Babubhai Patel (politician)|Babubhai Patel]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Babubhai Patel (politician)|Babubhai Patel]]<ref name=election2017/> || rowspan="2" |
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party |rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election candidate==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Daskroi Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Babubhai Patel (politician)|Babubhai Patel]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=159,107|percentage=62.93|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Umedji Budhaji Zala|party=Indian National Congress|votes=67,470|percentage=26.69|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kirankumar Sureshchandra Patel|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=19,644|percentage=7.77|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=4,189|percentage=1.66|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=91,637|percentage=36.24|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:382,297}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022" />

==Election results==
===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2017]]: Daskroi<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Babubhai Patel (politician)|Babubhai Patel]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,27,432
|percentage = 56.93
|change = +1.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pankajbhai Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 82,367
|percentage = 36.80
|change = +3.37
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 20.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,23,822
|percentage = 71.83
|change = -0.05
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Babubhai Patel (politician)|Babubhai Patel]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=95,813|percentage=55.05|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Laxmanbhai Baraiya|party=Indian National Congress|votes=58,180|percentage=33.43|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=37,633|percentage=21.62|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=174,045|percentage=71.88|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Ahmedabad district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|22.94|72.68|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2007]]

Ramagiri Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T06:06:23Z

GlenDoolittle2:

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Odisha Legislative Assembly}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ramagiri
| type = SLA
| constituency_no =
| state = [[Odisha]]
| district = [[Gajapati district|Gajapati]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Berhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Berhampur]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = ST
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}

'''Ramagiri''' was an Assembly constituency from [[Gajapati district]] of [[Odisha]].<ref>https://archive.org/details/delimitation-orders-1967</ref> It was established in 1957 and abolished in 2008. After 2008 delimitation, It was subsumed by the [[Mohana Assembly constituency]].<ref name="dpaco2008">{{cite web |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |page=321}}</ref> This constituency was reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Schedule Tribes]].

== Elected members ==
Between 1957 & 2008, 12 elections were held.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-17 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=orissa.gov.in}}</ref>

List of members elected from Ramagiri constituency are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
! colspan="4"| {{center|''As R. Udaigiri Constituency''}}
|-
| [[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" | Ramachandra Bhoya
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan="4"| {{center|''As Ramagiri Constituency''}}
|-
| [[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Arjun Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| Gorasango Savara
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| Chakradhar Paik
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" | Gorasango Savara
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="4" | Haladhar Karji
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Bharata Paika
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Gajapati district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}

[[Category:Gajapati district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

{{Gajapati-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Apaayavide Eccharike

2026-04-09T01:30:18Z

GlenDoolittle2: started post!

{{Short description|2025 Kannada-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Apaayavide Eccharike
| image = Apaayavide Eccharike.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Abhijith Thirthahalli
| writer = Abhijith Thirthahalli
| producer = V.G. Manjunath Poornima M Gowda
| cinematography = Sunaad Gowtham
| editing = Harshith Prabhu
| music = Sunaad Gowtham
| studio = Yashaswini Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|2|28|df=yes}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''Apaayavide Eccharike''''' ({{translation|Beware of danger}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[horror thriller film]] directed by Abhijith Thirthahalli. The film stars Vikash Uthaiah, Raghav Kodachadri, Mithun Thirthahalli, Ashwin Haasan, Lankesh Ravana, and Radha Bhagavati in pivotal roles. Produced by V.G. Manjunath and Poornima M Gowda under the banner of Yashaswini Creations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vikash Uthaiah makes his silver screen debut with 'Apaayavide Eccharike' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Dec/13/vikash-uthaiah-makes-his-silver-screen-debut-with-apaayavide-eccharike |work=The New Indian Express |date=10 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ವಿಕಾಶ್ ಉತ್ತಯ್ಯ ನಟನೆಯ 'ಅಪಾಯವಿದೆ ಎಚ್ಚರಿಕೆ' ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಹೇಗಿದೆ? ರೇಟಿಂಗ್ ಎಷ್ಟು? |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/review/vikash-uthaiah-radha-bhagavati-ashwin-hassan-starrerapaayavide-eccharike-movie-review-rating-in-kannada/amp_moviereview/118618782.cms |work=[[Vijaya Karnataka]] |date=28 February 2025 |language=kn}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film follows the lives of three underachieving students—Suri (Vikash Uthaiah), Petge (Raghav Kodachadri), and Gaabri (Mithun Thirthahalli)—who live a reckless and carefree life. As they seek quick ways to earn money, they unknowingly get entangled in a supernatural mystery linked to a forest. The film takes a darker turn in the second half, revealing eerie voodoo practices and the consequences of resource exploitation. With a blend of horror and comedy, the film explores the group's survival against unknown forces.

== Cast ==
* Vikash Uthaiah as Suri
* Raghav Kodachadri as Petge
* Mithun Thirthahalli as Gaabri
* Ashwin Haasan as Sripad
* Lankesh Ravana
* Radha Bhagavati as Devika
* Harini Srikanth as Kalavati
* Rudra
* Navya
*Anupama Arulike
*Kiranavarshini
*Keertivardhini

== Production ==
The film was written and directed by Abhijith Thirthahalli, with cinematography by Sunaad Gowtham and editing by Harshith Prabhu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vikash Uthaiah's Film Debut: 'Apaayavide Eccharike' Motion Poster Released |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/vikash-uthaiah-s-film-debut-apaayavide-eccharike-motion-poster-released-article-116085419/ |work=Times Now |date=8 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The background score and music were composed by Sunaad Gowtham.

== Soundtrack ==
The music for ''Apaayavide Eccharike'' was composed by Sunaad Gowtham.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vikash Uthaiah's Debut Film 'Apaayavide Eccharike' Teaser Out |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/vikash-uthaiah-s-debut-film-apaayavide-eccharike-teaser-out-article-117027326/ |work=Times Now |date=7 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Apaayavide Eccharike - All Songs |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/apaayavide-eccharike/NG,9lVbssN0_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=16 December 2024}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was released on 28 February 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Apaayavide Eccharike gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Jan/27/apaayavide-eccharike-gets-a-new-release-date |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=12 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Reception ==
A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and stated, "The horror elements in the second half do pick up; however, the plot meanders through various turns without fully grasping the tension that could have been built".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apaayavide Eccharike Movie Review: A Fleeting Blend of Suspense and Laughter |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Mar/01/apaayavide-eccharike-movie-review-a-fleeting-blend-of-suspense-and-laughter |website=The New Indian Express |date=March 2025 |access-date=2025-03-06}}</ref> Shashiprasad SM of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave the film three out of five stars and wrote, "''Apaayavide Eccharike'', meaning 'Danger, Beware,' delivers both scares and entertainment, though mostly in parts. It can be watched without much danger—for a one-time experience."<ref>{{cite news |title=Apaayavide Eccharike Movie Review: Scary And Entertaining But Works In Parts |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/apaayavide-eccharike-movie-review-scary-and-entertaining-but-works-in-parts-review-118610468/ |work=Times Now |date=27 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Y. Maheswara Reddy of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' gave it two-and-a-half out of five stars and described the film as "scary but too long," stating that while the film has its moments, the stretched runtime affects the overall impact.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannada Movie Review: Apaayavide Eccharike - Scary But Too Long |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-reviewapaayavide-eccharike-scary-but-too-long/articleshow/118633815.cms |website=Bangalore Mirror |access-date=2025-03-06}}</ref> Suma Gaonkar of ''[[Hindustan Times|Hindustan Times Kannada]]'' gave it two-and-a-half out of five stars, mentioning that "Vikas Uthaiah and Radha Bhagavati deliver solid performances, but the film could have benefited from a tighter script."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apaayavide Eccharike Movie Review in Kannada |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sandalwood-vikas-uthayya-and-radha-bhagavati-starr-apaayavide-eccharike-movie-review-in-kannada-ctn-181740751007117.html |website=Hindustan Times Kannada |access-date=2025-03-06}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|34957111}}
* [https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/apaayavide-eccharike/ ''Apaayavide Eccharike''] on Filmibeat

[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]

Anwar Jamal Kidwai

2026-04-04T03:23:37Z

GlenDoolittle2: started new details

{{Short description|Indian academic administrator and civil servant}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anwar Jamal Kidwai
| image =
| image_size = 140px
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = 6th Vice-Chancellor of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]
| term_start = 1978
| term_end = 1983
| chancellor = [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]]
| predecessor = [[Masud Husain Khan]]
| successor = [[Ali Ashraf (academic)|Ali Ashraf]]
| office2 = [[Secretary to the Government of India]] of [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]
| term_start2 = 1980's
| term_end2 = --
| predecessor2 = unknown
| successor2 = unknown
| office3 = [[Secretary to the Government of India]] of [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Ministry of Science and Technology]]
| term_start3 = 1972
| term_end3 = 1973
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 = Dr. A Ramachandran
| birth_place = [[Barabanki]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British India]]
| spouse =
| father = [[Wilayat Ali]]
| relatives = [[Anis Kidwai]] (sister) [[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai]] (uncle) Shafi Ahmed Kidwai (Brother in law)
| official_residence =
| profession =
| awards =
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1917}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1996|01|03|1917}}
| alma_mater =
}}
'''Anwar Jamal Kidwai''' (1917–1996) was an Indian civil servant and educator who served as the [[List of chancellors and vice-chancellors of Jamia Millia Islamia|sixth Vice Chancellor]] of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], from 1978 to 1983.<ref>{{cite news|title=Former VC Profile - Jamia Millia Islamia|url=https://jmi.ac.in/about-jamia/profile/history/history/11530/Past-Vcs-Profile|access-date=9 July 2025|publisher=[[Jamia Millia Islamia]]}}</ref> He established the [[A.J.K. Mass Communication Research Centre]] and also served as the first Chairman of [[Film and Television Institute of India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=FTII - Memorandum of Association|url=https://ftii.ac.in/uploads/FTII_Memorandum_of_Association1.pdf|access-date=17 July 2025|publisher=[[Film and Television Institute of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717060405/https://ftii.ac.in/uploads/FTII_Memorandum_of_Association1.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2025 }}</ref>

== Early Life and education==
Anwar Jamal was born in 1917 in [[Barabanki]] at [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]] during [[British rule]], into the [[Qidwai|Kidwai]] family. He was the youngest son of Indian satirist [[Wilayat Ali]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mahmood |first1=Zubair |last2=Khan |first2=Habibur Rahman |date=2017 |title=Digital Preservation of Rare Manuscripts in Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, Patna |journal=Pearl: A Journal of Library and Information Science |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=55 |doi=10.5958/0975-6922.2017.00008.0 |issn=0973-7081|doi-access=free }}</ref> His older sister [[Anis Kidwai]] was a writer and politician who served as a member of [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of Indian parliament.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Qidvāʾī |first1=Anīs |title=In freedom's shade |last2=Kidwai |first2=Ayesha |last3=Qidvāʾī |first3=Anīs |last4=Qidvāʾī |first4=Anīs |date=2011 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-341609-8 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

==Career==
He worked in the [[National Herald]] followed by a six month stint with the [[BBC]] after which he joined [[The Hindustan Times]] and served as a war correspondent during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia.<ref name="AJK1">{{cite news|title=Three visionaries and a media school|url=https://www.india-seminar.com/2021/739/739_shohini_ghosh.htm|access-date=17 July 2025|publisher=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709115927/https://www.india-seminar.com/2021/739/739_shohini_ghosh.htm|archive-date=2025-07-09}}</ref>

Kidwai initially joined [[Indian Foreign Service]] in 1947 on invitation by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. After 10 years, he quit the foreign service<ref name="AJK1"/> and later joined as an officer of the [[Central Secretariat Service]]. As a civil servant, he served as the deputy secretary to the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Palmer |first=Norman D. |date=1955-01-01 |title=The United States and India |url=https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.1955.28.161.43 |journal=Current History |volume=28 |issue=161 |pages=43–50 |doi=10.1525/curh.1955.28.161.43 |issn=0011-3530|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and later as Educational and Scientific Adviser to the [[India House, London|High Commission of India]] in London.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Malik |first1=Amita |title=Amita, No Holds Barred - An Autobiography |date=1999 |publisher=Harpercollins Publishers India |isbn=9788172233518 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

He then served as the [[Secretary to the Government of India]] in [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] and [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Ministry of Science and Technology]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Former Secretaries - Ministry of Science and Technology|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article600536.ece|access-date=9 July 2025|publisher=[[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Ministry of Science and Technology]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1= Siddiqi |first1=Muhammad Zubair |title=Khuda Bakhsh Lectures, Indian and Islamic: English |date=1999 |publisher=Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library |isbn= |location=New Delhi}}</ref> He retired in 1983.<ref name=":0" />

===Jamia Millia Islamia===
In 1978, he was appointed the vice chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia, a central university, where he established [[A.J.K. Mass Communication Research Centre]] in collaboration with [[James Beveridge]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Mushirul Hasan |title=Partners in freedom: Jamia Millia Islamia |last2=Jalil |first2=Rakhshanda |date=2008 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-81-89738-10-5 |edition=2. impression |location=New Delhi}}</ref> He also established a hostel for working women.

Kidwai expanded academic disciplines and facilities at Jamia Millia Islamia, launching faculties in Humanities, Languages, Natural Sciences, Social Sciences, and creating a Centre for Coaching & Career Planning (1983) catering to student enrichment and support.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jamia - The path to progress|url=https://jamiajournal.com/2013/03/12/jamia-the-path-to-progress/|access-date=17 July 2025|publisher=Jamia Journal}}</ref>

====Support for Palestine and Political Advocacy====
In 1982, during [[1982 Lebanon War|Lebanon’s escalation and the violence]] inflicted on Palestinian refugees, Kidwai publicly campaigned within Delhi’s academic circles for revoking [[Menachem Begin]]’s Nobel Peace Prize as a stance of solidarity with Palestine. He saw the struggle of the Palestinians as spiritually resonant with early Islamic revolutionary history, and evoked figures like Ho Chi Minh when addressing the Palestinian cause.

Palestinian leader [[Yasser Arafat]] visited Jamia on May 23, 1982,<ref>{{cite news|title=Yasser Arafat in Delhi|url=https://zikredilli.com/f/yasser-arafat-in-delhi|access-date=17 July 2025|publisher=zikredilli.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717054655/https://zikredilli.com/f/yasser-arafat-in-delhi|archive-date=2025-07-17}}</ref> invited directly by Kidwai,<ref>{{cite news|title=Are past ties between India and Palestine being eroded?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/3/22/are-past-ties-between-india-and-palestine-being-eroded|access-date=17 July 2025|publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network]]}}</ref> who addressed him with deep reverence—drawing on Jamia’s heritage as an institution born in a freedom struggle. In later years, Jamia established two halls—Yasser Arafat Hall and Edward Said Hall—near the Vice Chancellor’s office to commemorate solidarity with oppressed intellectuals and political figures.

==Personal life==
He died on 3 January 1996.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rvhtAAAAMAAJ |title=Data India |date=1996 |publisher=Press Institute of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

===External links===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250709115927/https://www.india-seminar.com/2021/739/739_shohini_ghosh.htm Three visionaries and a media school]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kidwai, Anwar Jamal}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia people]]
[[Category:People from Barabanki district]]
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:Central Secretariat Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:People from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]

1957 Manipur Territorial Council election

2026-03-30T20:07:38Z

GlenDoolittle2: started a stub!

{{Short description|Election in Manipur, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
'''Elections to the Manipur Territorial Council''' were held between 25 February and 11 March 1957. It was the first council election since the merger of Manipur with the Indian Union. The election produced a fractured outcome in which the [[Indian National Congress]] became the largest party but without holding a majority in the council. Eventually the Congress could obtain a majority of seats due to migration of Independent council members into the party fold.

==Background==
After Manipur merged with the [[India|Indian Union]] in 1949, it became a 'Part C' state without a legislature under the 1950 Constitution.<ref name=apsi/><ref name=tbdl/> In 1954 there was a mass protest movement in Manipur demanding an elected state government.<ref name=pph/> With the passing of the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]] Manipur was upgraded to [[Union Territory]] on 1 November 1956, to be administered by a Chief Commissioner and a Territorial Council.<ref name=mnla>Manipur Legislative Assembly. ''[https://www.assembly.mn.gov.in/ History of Manipur Legislative Assembly]''</ref><ref name=pph>Pradip Phanjoubam. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=YBStCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT172 The Northeast Question: Conflicts and frontiers]''. Routledge, 2015</ref><ref name=tbdl>Tara Boland-Crewe, David Lea. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=lXCOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT371 The Territories and States of India]''. Routledge, 2003.</ref> The provisions for the Territorial Council election was set out in the Union Territorial Council Act, 1956, passed by the [[Parliament of India|Indian parliament]].<ref name=apsi>A. Prafullokumar Singh. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=b3TwS0WRn5kC&pg=PA26 Elections and political dynamics]''. Mittal Publications, 2009. pp. 26–27</ref><ref name=kgsi/><ref name=oksi/>

==Electoral system and preparations==
The Manipur Territorial Council election took place alongside the [[1957 Indian general election|1957 Lok Sabha (parliament) election]].<ref name=rpsi/> Voting took place on 25 February, 2 March and 11 March 1957.<ref name=kgsi/> Per the Union Territorial Council Act, 1956 the Manipur Territorial Council would have 30 elected members and 2 members nominated by the Government of India.<ref name=kgsi/><ref name=oksi/> There would be 30 geographic constituencies electing a single member each – the Valley would have 20 seats and the Hills 10 seats.<ref name=kgsi/><ref name=apsi/><ref name=gsrao>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=1hpQAQAAMAAJ General Statutory Rules and Orders: As modified up to the 1st December, 1963]''. Manager of Publications, 1960. pp. 486–487</ref> There was no reservation of seats for [[Scheduled Caste]]s and [[Scheduled Tribe]]s.<ref name=apsi/> The electorate consisted of 330,211 registered voters – 161,337 men and 168,874 women.<ref name=rpsi>Singh, Rabindra Pratap. ''[https://books.google.at/books/about/Electoral_Politics_in_Manipur.html?id=ww-KAAAAMAAJ Electoral Politics in Manipur: A Spatio-temporal Study]''. New Delhi: Concept publishing company, 1981. pp. 21, 26–30</ref> Four parties contested the election – the [[Indian National Congress]], the [[Socialist Party of India (1955)|Socialist Party]], the [[Communist Party of India]] and the [[Praja Socialist Party]].<ref name="apsi" /> There was also a large cohort of independent candidates in the fray.<ref name="apsi" /> All in all, 148 candidates contested the election.<ref name="kgsi" /><ref name="oksi" />

==Result==
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|Party
!colspan=2|Valley
!colspan=2|Hills
!colspan=4|Total
|-
!Candidates
!Seats won
!Candidates
!Seats won
!Candidates
!Seats won
!Votes
!%
|-
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|20
|9
|10
|3
|30
|12
|48,771
|28.01%
|-
|[[Socialist Party of India (1955)|Socialist Party]]
|18
|5
|5
|2
|23
|7
|34,566
|19.87%
|-
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|16
|4
|1
|0
|17
|4
|19,840
|11.40%
|-
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|20
|0
|1
|0
|21
|0
|10,076
|5.78%
|-
|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
|38
|2
|19
|5
|57
|7
|60,834
|34.94%
|}
<ref name=rpsi/><ref name=apsi/><ref name=jrro>Roach, James R. ''[https://doi.org/10.2307/3024537 India's 1957 Elections]''. ''Far Eastern Survey'', vol. 26, no. 5, 1957, pp. 65–78. JSTOR</ref>

There were only 85 invalid votes cast.<ref name=rpsi/> The highest number of votes polled was that of the Socialist Party candidate [[Laisram Achaw Singh]] in the Wangkhei-Kongba constituency, who obtained 4,667 votes (45.22%).<ref name=rpsi/><ref name=toi1957/> In parallel to the Territorial Council election, Laisram Achaw Singh also contested the [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur Lok Sabha seat]] and was elected to Parliament.<ref name="GE1957Vol1">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Second Lok Sabha Volume-I | work=Election Commission of India| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320181548/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf | archive-date=2012-03-20 }}</ref> The smallest number of votes of any winning candidate was that of the Congress candidate in the Hiyanglam-Sugnoo constituency (956 votes).<ref name=rpsi/> Among the 148 candidates there was a single woman, CPI candidate T. Sabi Devi in the Wangkhei-Kongba constituency.<ref name="vvra">{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=V. Venkata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lG1DAAAAYAAJ |title=A Century of Government and Politics in North East India, 1874-1980: Manipur |date=1991 |publisher=S. Chand |language=en}}</ref><ref name="cjth">{{Cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=C. Joshua |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AFxuAAAAMAAJ |title=Constraints in Development of Manipur |last2=Gopalakrishnan |first2=Ramamoorthy |last3=Singh |first3=R. K. Ranjan |date=2001 |publisher=Regency Publications [for Policy Alternatives for the North-East and Conflict Elimination Awareness] |isbn=978-81-87498-30-8 |language=en}}</ref> T. Sabi Devi was a resident of Wangkhei Ningthem Pukhri Mapal and had been a prominent leader of the 1939 Nupi Lal women's movement.<ref name="kgsi" /><ref name="cjth" /> She was one of five candidates in the fray in the constituency, but lost her deposit having received 482 votes (4.67%).<ref name="kgsi" /><ref name="vvra"/><ref name="oksi" />

==Elected members==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Manipur Territorial Council members elected in 1957<ref name=rpsi/><ref name=toi1957>''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126085/page/n1011/mode/2up?q=paolen The Times Of India Directory And Year Book Including Who's Who 1957–58]''. p. 973</ref><ref name=iara58>''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100487/page/n507/mode/2up India, a Reference Annual]''. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 1958. pp. 491–492</ref><ref name=iara59>''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.113884/page/n471/mode/2up?q=paolen India, a Reference Annual]''. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 1959. p. 471</ref><ref name=toi1959>''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126086/page/n1131/mode/2up?q=paolen The Times Of India Directory And Year Book Including Who's Who 1959–60]''. p. 1093</ref><ref name=iara60>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=Q8NFAQAAIAAJ India, a Reference Annual]''. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 1960. p. 464</ref><ref name=gaz1957>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125722/page/n293/mode/2up | title=Manipur Gazette | date=11 January 1957 | pages=2–4}}</ref><ref name=gsrao/>
!No.
!Constituency
!Member
!Party{{efn-lg|In 1957 the Socialist Party had not been able to register with the [[Election Commission of India]], and contested general elections across India as Independents. As of 1959–1960 the strength of parties in the Manipur Territorial Council was reported as Congress 17, Socialist 6, Communist 4 and Independents 3. Six of the seven Socialists elected in 1957 can be identified by the 1959–1960 ''Times of India'' Directory. And as outlined in the table below, five members elected as Independents in 1957 (including one Valley socialist member) had joined the Congress by 1959–1960 whilst two Congress members had become Independents.<ref name=toi1959/>}}
!Region
!Geographic area of the constituency
|-
|1.
|Khurai
|Kongbrailatpam Borthakur Sarma
|Socialist
|Valley
|Circle IV of Imphal pana of East Imphal tahsil
|-
|2.
|Wangkhei-Kongba
|[[Laisram Achaw Singh]]{{efn-lg|Socialist Party leader [[Laisram Achaw Singh]] was also elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] in the 1957 election, representing the [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur constituency]]. ''India, a Reference Annual 1959'' lists the Wangkhei-Kongba seat as 'vacant'.<ref name=iara59/> ''The Times of India Directory And Year Book Including Who's Who 1959–60'' lists the socialist Thokchom Angou Singh as the member from Wangkhei-Kongba.<ref name=toi1959/>}}
|Socialist
|Valley
|Circle III of Imphal pana of East Imphal tahsil
|-
|3.
|Irinbung-Yairipok-Top Chingtha
|Muhammad Amzed Ali
|Congress
|Valley
|Circle III and V of Khabam pana of East Imphal tahsil
|-
|4.
|Lamlai-Keirao
|Tongbram Kundo Singh
|Communist
|Valley
|Circle II and IV of Khabam pana of East Imphal tahsil
|-
|5.
|Sagolmang
|Athokpam Thabi Singh
|Communist
|Valley
|Circle I of Khabam pana and Circle I of Naharup pana of East Imphal tahsil, as well as various Hill villages{{efn-lg|The Hill villages included in the Sagolmang constituency were Sadanlonga, Makokching, Purum, Khullen, Maibung, Wakan, Lanching, Khamenlok, Khongbal, Tangkhul, Chingmang Maring Tongba, Khangbal Khongjai, Tongkoi, Thayong Chanung, Laikot, Laikot Kom and Khunou, Monoi, Waichei, Waichei Sadar, Samusong, Chingdai Khullen and Khunou, Thangkal Keirao, Thangkal Thanglenba, Makokching Sadu Koireng, Makokching, Sadang Thangkul, Sadangkhonja, Machot, Khuman, Makeng Nganek, Makeng Moloikan, Makeng Nguljadou, Makeng Chinaba, Phaikon, Songbem, Saikul, Aimol Chengjapao, Angom Patong, Laphurak, Sellam Ching, Henjang, Hlongenin, Hongsum, Kangpokpi (v. number 112 including Toribari, Kalapahar and Keithelmanbi), Kangpokpi (v. number 114), Keithelmanbi Military Colony, Thumnoupokpi, Songbem-Helkhotbang, Tumuyon Khunou, Tokpa Kacha Naga, Haipi Kuki, Longphou Bongmel, Sajor-Kangpokpi, Tuyang Kipgen, Heinoupokpi, Kangpokpo Mission Compound, Kangpokpi Forest, Tumayon Khullen, Changounbung, Hengbung, Mayangkhang, Maching, Tuipayang, Hengjang, Motbung Saitu Naga, Leilon Waiphei, Makaan Kasha Naga, Khunkhu Kiki, Khunkhu Kacha Naga, Karakhum Naga, Buhpi, Phoipi Thengpaoo, Mapao Thanga Konsa Kacha Naga, Mapao Khullen, Mapao Christian, Aithu Mangthup, Phayang, Ngaikhokin, Khong-Jang, Haikon Kanglatongbi, Phoibi Laloon, Siroi Kanglatongpi, Thingsat, Khongnangpal Ekpal Chingkha, Charbung, Phairen Kangpokpi, Loowang Sangol, Kharam Thadoikom, Kharam Waifei, Ireng Kacha Naga, Kangchup Bangla Makheng, Kangchup Cairu, Natok Kabui, Natoi Kuki, Lamdaibung, Jukanu, Longa Koireng (Kharam), Sinam Holngam, Maha Koireng, Kharam Palel, Maringtongba, Yonga Koireng, Shinam Khaitheng, Thanling Chiru, Shintha-Pakang, Aimog Tumkhong, Wainem Kabui, Beitum, Loibon Khullen, Loibon Khunou, Tingkhai Khunou, Tingkhai Kullen, Ichum Keirak, Mongbang Khoripok, Sarbung, Phonjang, Wayang, Tulang Khunou, Joulin Thangkhup, Parengba Kabui, Charoipandongba Chiru, Charoipandongba Kabui, Nungshai Chiru, Satunmonsanba-Kabui, Satumonsamba Kuki, Nungang Kabui, Laimaton Kuki and Bungte Chiru.<ref name=gaz1957/>}}
|-
|6.
|Sekmai-Lamsang
|Khwairakpam Chaoba Singh
|Congress
|Valley
|Circles II, III and IV of Naharup pana of Imphal West tahsil
|-
|7.
|Salam Khumbong-Konthaujam
|Khoisnam Heitombi Singh
|Communist
|Valley
|Circles V and VI of Naharup pana of Imphal West tahsil
|-
|8.
|Uripok-Lalambung-Thangmeiband
|Hidangmayum Dwijamani Sharma
|Congress{{efn-lg|name=CI|Listed as an Independent in ''The Times of India Directory And Year Book Including Who's Who 1959–60''.<ref name=toi1959/>}}
|Valley
|Circle I (Part I) of Imphal pana of Imphal West tahsil
|-
|9.
|Sagolband
|Nongthombam Ibomcha Singh
|Independent{{efn-lg|name=ICS|Listed as an Indian National Congress member in ''The Times of India Directory And Year Book Including Who's Who 1959–60''.<ref name=toi1959/>}}
|Valley
|Circle I (Part II) of Imphal pana of Imphal West tahsil
|-
|10.
|Keishamthong
|Laisram Kulachandra Singh
|Socialist
|Valley
|Circle II (Part I) of Imphal pana of Imphal West tahsil
|-
|11.
|Singjamei
|[[Thokchom Chandrasekhar Singh]]
|Socialist
|Valley
|Circle II (Part II) of Imphal pana of Imphal West tahsil
|-
|12.
|Wangoi-Mayang Imphal
|Ningthoujam Tomchow Singh
|Independent{{efn-lg|name=ICS}}
|Valley
|Circles I and VI of Ahalloop pana of Imphal West tahsil
|-
|13.
|Nambol-Keinou
|[[Yumnam Yaima Singh]]
|Congress{{efn-lg|name=CI}}
|Valley
|Circles II and III of Ahalloop pana of Bishenpur tahsil
|-
|14.
|Bishenpur-Moirang
|Hemam Nilamani Singh
|Congress
|Valley
|Circles IV and V of Ahalloop pana of Bishenpur tahsil
|-
|15.
|Kumbi-Thanga
|[[Mairembam Koireng Singh]]
|Congress
|Valley
|Circle VII of Ahalloop pana of Bishenpur tahsil
|-
|16.
|Hiyanglam-Sugnoo
|Elangbam Nadi Singh
|Congress
|Valley
|Circle V and Hiyanglam, Wabgai, Keirak and Mayenglamjao villages of Circle IV of Laifam pana of Thoubal tahsil
|-
|17.
|Kakching-Wangjing
|Khundongbam Itocha Singh
|Communist
|Valley
|Circle VII of Khabam pana and Pallel, Kakching, Mantak, Irengband and Sora villages of Laifam pana of Thoubal tahsil
|-
|18.
|Charangpat-Khonjom
|Sorokhaibam Chourajit Singh
|Congress
|Valley
|Circle III of Laifam pana and Pechi, Langmeithet, Bengi, Icham Thana, Thokchom, Charangpat Mamang, Charangpat Maklang, Foudel, Hayel Loubook, Bishnu Naha and Wangkhem villages of Circle VI of Khabam pana of Thoubal tahsil
|-
|19.
|Thoubal-Chandrakhong
|Waikhom Nimaichand Singh
|Independent
|Valley
|Circle II of Laifam pana and Phanjang-Khong, Ningel, Chandrakhong, Kakmayai How-Leikai, Leirongthel, Malom, Bitr, Sekmai-Khunbi, Kwarok Maring, Khudei Khunou, Khoirom, Kekru, Bamon Leikai, Sikhong, Sikhong Khunou, Ingourok, Ukhongsang and Lourembam villages of Circle VI of Khabam pana of Thoubal tahsil
|-
|20.
|Lilong
|[[Mohammed Alimuddin|Muhammad Alimuddin]]
|Congress
|Valley
|Circle I of Laifam pana of Thoubal tahsil
|-
|21.
|Tengnuoupal
|Paokhohang{{efn-lg|name=Paok|Paokhohang also contested the [[Outer Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Manipur Lok Sabha seat]] election, in which he finished in fourth place with 16.66% of the vote.<ref name="GE1957Vol1"/>}}
|Independent{{efn-lg|name=IC}}
|Hills
|Tengnoupal Circle
|-
|22.
|Phaisat
|[[Rishang Keishing]]{{efn-lg|name=Rish|Rishang also contested the [[Outer Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Manipur Lok Sabha seat]] election, in which he finished in third place with 21.30% of the vote.<ref name="GE1957Vol1"/>}}
|Socialist
|Hills
|The villages of the former Phaisat Circle (now merged with the Ukhrul Subdivision)
|-
|23.
|Ukhrul
|Ngalangzar
|Congress
|Hills
|Ukhrul Subdivision sans the villages from the former Phaisat Circle
|-
|24.
|Mao East
|Ngaono Thoiso
|Independent{{efn-lg|name=IC|Listed as an Indian National Congress member in ''The Times of India Directory And Year Book Including Who's Who 1959-60''.<ref name=toi1959/>}}
|Hills
|Khamson, Ngatan, Thayang Khullen, Calam, Yanoi, Chawal, Tingsung, Changsang Changjapao, Changsang Solet, Laisang Phoong, Washangphung, Ngawar, Ngamju, Theba Khunou, Thingba Khunou, Thingba Khullen, Oinam, Purul Atongba, Purul Akutpa, Koidei Maiba, Ngari Khullen, Ngari Khunou, Ngari Khullen-X'tian, Thiwa, Khungdei Basti X'tian, Lakhamei, Shirung, Kadong, Phaibung Khullen, Phaibung Khunou, Laii, Chingmai Khullen, Chingmai Khunou, Kataphumai, Liyai, Phuba, Thongjoy, Saranamei, Tungam Khunou and Tungam Khullen villages of Mao Circle
|-
|25.
|Mao West
|Sibo Larho
|Congress
|Hills
|Pudunamei, Rubunamei, Punanamei, Chawainu, Songsong, Kalinamei, Tadabi, Sajouba, Makhel Khullen, Makhel Kaibi, Chakumai, Makhan, Chawainamei Khullen, Chawainaemei Khunou, Pudong, Maram Khullen, Karong, Khongnem Phoupi, Khongnem, Khabong Chalhang, Maram, Khunou, Maram Khunou Gurkhali, Taphou Khangdebi, Taphou Kuku, Phoibung, Sadim Pukhri, Sadim Luikang, Sadim Khongjai, Sorbund, Silasi, Oklong, Kangyang, Songtun, Songlun Khunou, Leikot, Pheilenkot, Chaka, Razamei, Wilong, Sangkhongmei, Yangkhullen, Yangkhunou, Thuyeng, Tamphung and Monoilam villages of Mao Circle
|-
|26.
|Aimol
|Athuibo
|Socialist
|Hills
|The villages of the former Aimol Circle (now merged with the Tamenglong Subdivision)
|-
|27.
|Tamenglong
|Kabipu Kabui
|Independent
|Hills
|Tamenglong Subdivision sans the villages from the former Aimol Circle
|-
|28.
|Jiri
|Sinam Bijoy Singh
|Congress
|Hills
|Jiribam Subdivision
|-
|29.
|Thanlon
|Vungkhom
|Independent
|Hills
|The villages of the former Thanlon Circle (now merged with the Churachandpur Subdivision)
|-
|30.
|Churachandpur
|Paolen
|Independent{{efn-lg|name=Paolen|Paolen reportedly joined the Indian National Congress in 1957.<ref>E-Pao. ''[https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=32..010713.jul13 Ex-MLA Paolen Haokip passes away]''</ref> Listed as an Indian National Congress member in ''The Times of India Directory And Year Book Including Who's Who 1959–60''.<ref name=toi1959/>}}
|Hills
|Churachandpur Subdivision sans the villages from the former Thanlon Circle
|-
|colspan=2|Nominated
|R.K. Muthra Devi
|Congress
|colspan=2|
|-
|colspan=2|Nominated
|Anal Akim
|Congress
|colspan=2|
|}

=== Notes ===
{{notelist-lg}}

==Aftermath==
The Manipur Territorial Council was constituted on 16 August 1957.<ref name=mnla/> On 2 September 1957 the Chief Commissioner P.C. Matthew nominated two women as council members – R.K. Mukhara Devi and Anal Akim.<ref name=oksi>Singh, O. Kulabidhu. ''[http://www.jstor.org/stable/42742770 PARTICIPATION OF MANIPURI WOMEN IN ELECTIONS A Critical Analysis]''. ''The Indian Journal of Political Science'', vol. 70, no. 3, 2009, pp. 897–906. JSTOR</ref><ref name=vvra/><ref name=kgsi>Kh. Gourachandra Singh. ''[http://dipr.mn.gov.in/NewsFiles/CE_07Sep22_1201_Text%208%20by%2011%20May%202022%20single.pdf MANIPURI WOMEN IN ASSEMBlY ELECTIONS]'', in ''Manipur Today'', August 2022</ref><ref name=iara58/> The two nominated female council members would eventually join the Indian National Congress.<ref name=apsi/> On 5 September 1957 the Territorial Council elected its chairman.<ref name=vvra/> The election of chairman was marred by the divisions in the Congress faction in the council.<ref name=vvra/> H. Dwijamani Deva Sharma defeated [[Mairembam Koireng Singh]] in a vote for the post of chairman.<ref name=apsi/><ref name=vvra/> On 27 September 1957 Sharma was dismissed from the post of chairman, and Sibo Larho from the Indian National Congress was elected new chairman on 8 October 1957.<ref name=apsi/><ref name=vvra/> The tenure of the Territorial Council elected in 1957 remained until the next Territorial Council election in 1962.<ref name=apsi/>

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:1957 elections in India]]
[[Category:Elections in Manipur]]

Anu Kumari

2026-03-29T18:14:53Z

GlenDoolittle2: started a biography!

{{Short description|Indian kabaddi player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}

'''Anu Kumari''' is an Indian kabaddi player from [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-14 |title=Anu Kumari Biography: Early Life, Domestic Career, Achievements, Social Media and More - Kabaddi Adda |url=https://www.kabaddiadda.com/kabaddi/anu-kumari-biography-early-life-domestic-career-achievements-social-media-and-more/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> She plays for the [[India women's national kabaddi team|Indian women's national kabaddi team]] and for Uttar Pradesh in the domestic tournaments. She is a raider.

Kumari is from Kakra village, Shahpur block, [[Muzaffarnagar district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saini |first=Aman |date=November 2025 |title=World champion Anu Kumari Sen honored in Shahpur |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/muzaffarnagar/paldi/news/world-champion-anu-kumari-sen-honored-in-shahpur-136547887.html |access-date=20 March 2026 |website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref> She is employed as a police constable in Ghaziabad.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-04 |title=महिला कबड्डी विश्वकप में हिस्सा लेने वाली सिपाही का सम्मान |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/ncr/ghaziabad/story-indian-women-s-kabaddi-team-wins-world-cup-ghaziabad-policewoman-anu-kumari-honored-201764845752798.html |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref>

She was a part of the Indian women's national kabaddi team that won gold in the Women’s Kabaddi World Cup 2025 organised by [[International Kabaddi Federation]] at Bangladesh in November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nag |first=Utathya |date=24 November 2025 |title=Women’s Kabaddi World Cup 2025: India defend title - all match results, scores and points table |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/women-kabaddi-world-cup-2025-results-scores-standings-points-table |access-date=20 March 2026 |website=Olympics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-12 |title=Women’s Kabaddi World Cup 2025: India Squad Announced, Ritu Negi To Lead |url=https://sportsdigest.in/womens-kabaddi-world-cup-india-squad/169206/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> After returning from the World Cup victory, she was felicitated by the city Police Commissioner in Ghaziabad. She was also presented with a cash award of Rs.50,000.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumari, Anu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female kabaddi players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

NAL Saras

2026-03-26T11:59:34Z

GlenDoolittle2: Started New Data

{{short description|Indian airliner}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}

{{Infobox aircraft
| name = Saras
| image = File:HAL Saras.jpg
| caption = NAL Saras taking off
| type = [[Business jet]] / [[Military transport aircraft]]
| national_origin = [[India]]
| design_group = [[National Aerospace Laboratories]] [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]
| manufacturer = [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]
| first_flight = ''Mk1'' - 29 May 2004 ''Mk2'' (~2025, planned)<ref name = "ET 2019">{{Cite news|title = NAL plans design, development of 70-seater aircraft|url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/nal-plans-design-development-of-70-seater-aircraft/articleshow/71153821.cms|date = 16 September 2019|access-date = 24 September 2019|newspaper = [[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>
| introduction =
| retired =
| status = In production (Mk1)<ref name="tnie-20jan16">{{cite web|last=Patil|first=Ramu|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/After-16-Years-and-Rs-300-Crore-Civil-Aircraft-Dream-Crashlands/2016/01/20/article3235255.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122094653/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/After-16-Years-and-Rs-300-Crore-Civil-Aircraft-Dream-Crashlands/2016/01/20/article3235255.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 January 2016|title=After 16 Years and Rs 300 Crore, Civil Aircraft Dream Crashlands|date=20 January 2016|work=The New Indian Express|accessdate=7 March 2016}}</ref><ref name = 'UNI'>{{Cite news|title = Ministry of Defence gives nod for proposal to produce Saras civil aircraft developed by NAL|url = http://www.uniindia.com/ministry-of-defence-gives-nod-for-proposal-to-produce-saras-civil-aircraft-developed-by-nal/business-economy/news/1507051.html|date = 21 February 2019|accessdate = 23 March 2019|newspaper = UNI}}</ref>
| primary_user = [[Indian Air Force]] (intended)
| more_users = [[Indian Army]] (intended) 
| produced =
| number_built = 2 prototypes
| unit cost =
| developed_from =
| variants =
}}

The '''NAL Saras''' ({{Lit|[[Sarus crane|Crane]]}}) is the first Indian multi-purpose [[Commercial aviation|civilian aircraft]] in the [[Light aircraft|light transport aircraft]] category as designed by the [[National Aerospace Laboratories]] (NAL).

In January 2016, it was reported that the project had been cancelled.<ref name="tnie-20jan16"/> But in February 2017, the project was revived.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Urs|first1=Anil|title=NAL to revive SARAS, two other civil passenger aircraft|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sars/article9547354.ece|work=The Hindu Business Line|date=16 February 2017|language=en}}</ref> In February 2019, India's [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] approved {{INRConvert|6000|c|lk=on}} for the production of the airliner.<ref name = 'UNI'/>

==Development==
[[File:VT-XSD (14011793813).jpg|left|thumb|Saras at [[Yelahanka Air Force Station]] for Aero India 2007.]][[File:VT-XSD NAL SARAS (8414590830).jpg|thumb|NAL Saras flying Overhead]]
In the mid-1980s, the Research Council recommended that the [[National Aerospace Laboratories]] (NAL) should study the civil aviation requirements of India and recommended ways of establishing a viable civil aviation industry. It further recommended that NAL should carry out a formal techno-economical feasibility study of a multi role light transport aircraft (LTA – renamed SARAS in October 1993). The feasibility study (November 1989) showed that there was a significant demand for a 9–14 seat multi-role LTA in the country and estimated a market potential of about 250–350 aircraft in the next 10 years. NAL submitted the feasibility study report to the Research Council in November 1990 and started its search for an industrial partner.

The project began in 1991 as a collaboration with Russia ([[Myasishchev]] had a similar project called the Duet), but financial trouble led the Russians to drop out early in the project. The project almost came to a halt when it was hit by US-imposed [[International sanctions|sanctions]] in 1998, after India's [[Nuclear testing|nuclear tests]] in [[Pokhran]]. The Saras project was sanctioned on 24 September 1999 with initial schedule of its maiden flight by March 2001. The first Saras (PT1) completed its maiden flight at the [[HAL Bangalore Airport|HAL airport]] in [[Bangalore]] on 29 May 2004.<ref>[http://www.nal.res.in/oldhome/pages/sarasfirstexptflight.htm NAL news report, with pictures, of the First Saras Test Flight] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821175014/http://www.nal.res.in/oldhome/pages/sarasfirstexptflight.htm |date=21 August 2007 }}</ref>

The original design target parameters included a maximum take-off weight of 6,100 kg and a maximum payload of 1,232 kg, a high cruise speed of over 600 km/h, an endurance of six hours, a maximum flight altitude of 12 km (cruise altitude 10.5 km), short take-off and landing distances of about 600 m, a maximum rate of climb of 12 m/s, a low cabin noise of 78 dB, a range of 600 km with 19 passengers, 1,200 km with 14 passengers and 2,000 km with eight passengers, a high specific range of 2.5 km/kg and a low cost of operation of ₹ 5/km.

While the designed empty weight of the aircraft is around 4,125 kg, the first prototype weighed in around 5,118 kg. This issue is sought to be addressed by including composite wings and tail by the third prototype. The airframe of Saras-PT2 was built with lighter composites to reduce its overall weight by about 400 kg from its first prototype, which was overweight by about 900 kg. The aircraft is powered by two Canadian [[Pratt & Whitney]] [[turbo-prop]] engines mounted in the [[pusher configuration]].

The first prototype will be upgraded to meet the latest design criteria including higher-power 1,200 hp (895 kW) Pratt & Whitney [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6|Canada PT6A-67A]] engines and improvements to the flight control and flight operations systems. The upgraded PT1 is due to make its first flight by the end of 2011 leading to certification and first deliveries in 2013 and 2014 respectively.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rao|first=Radhakrishna|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/saras-back-from-the-brink-again-as-nal-targets-2013-353501/|title=Saras back from the brink again as NAL targets 2013 certification|work=Flight International|publisher=Flight Global|date=25 February 2011|accessdate=26 December 2014}}</ref>

=== Revised version ===
[[File:VT-XSD NAL SARAS (8414590604).jpg|thumb|Saras during flight with [[pusher configuration]]. ]]
As of 20 January 2016 National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) had stopped all work on Saras as the funding for the project stopped by end of 2013. Engineers who were working on NAL Saras got redeployed to other ongoing similar projects with higher strategic importance.<ref name="tnie-20jan16"/>

The second prototype of the aircraft was overweight by 500 kg against the specified design weight of 4125 kg. The third prototype has yet to take flight. NAL was hoping to revive funding for the project.<ref>{{cite news|last=Waldron|first=Greg|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/nal-hopeful-of-funding-to-revive-saras-423225/|title=NAL hopeful of funding to revive Saras|date=17 March 2016|work=Flight Global}}</ref>

In October 2016, it was reported that government is mulling a revival plan. The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), that had almost shelved the plan, is on a rethink mode with additional funding in the pipeline.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/news/india/iaf-plans-for-dedicated-satellite-on-track-sukhoi-to-fire-brahmos-in-3-months-aste--1.1402970|title=IAF plans for dedicated satellite on track; Sukhoi to fire BrahMos in 3 months|newspaper=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=4 October 2016|archive-date=25 August 2017|access-date=5 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825233205/http://english.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/news/india/iaf-plans-for-dedicated-satellite-on-track-sukhoi-to-fire-brahmos-in-3-months-aste--1.1402970|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As of 14 February 2017, the reconfigured first prototype had been handed over to the IAF's Aircraft & Systems Testing Establishment (ASTE), which had conducted a few low-speed ground runs. The National Aerospace Lab's (NAL) director Jitendra J. Jadhav is said to be looking at putting the Saras back into the air by June–July, though officers on the programme seem to think August–September was a more likely timeframe.

An upgraded Saras undertook high speed taxi trial on 2 January 2018 at Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/bangalore/others/nals-saras-pt1n-teaser-hints-take-off-time-is-near/articleshow/62328552.cms|title=NAL's Saras PT1N teaser hints take-off time is near|author=Hemanth C S|date=2 January 2018|work=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>

The revised version with 14 seats instead of 19, Saras-PTN1, has improved [[avionics]], [[radar]], linear [[wing flap]] actuator, [[environmental control system]], engine flap actuators and [[flight control system]].

The revised prototype first flew on 24 January 2018 from [[HAL Airport]] for 40 minutes, reaching {{cvt|8,500|ft}} and {{cvt|145|knots|km/h}} before evaluating system performance over 20 flights to freeze the production design.<ref name="airinsight25jan2018">{{cite news|url= https://www.airinsight.com/a-first-flight-in-india/|title= A "first flight" in India|author= Addison Schonland|work= AirInsight|date=25 January 2018}}</ref> In a press conference during Aero India 2019, it was revealed that ₹6,000 crores were released for the production of the aircraft as NAL had got the certification for its improved version recently. Weight was no longer an issue as team was successful in cutting down weight by 0.9 tonnes. The new version will also be fitted with better avionics.<ref name = 'UNI'/> The second test flight lasted for 25 minutes was completed on 21 February 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-21 |title=Indigenously-built Saras aircraft successfully completes second test flight |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indigenously-built-saras-aircraft-successfully-completes-second-test-flight/story-Lg4NJ1Prpow2Fg13vFHTmO.html |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Additional improvements include a pair of 1200 shaft horsepower engines and 104-inch diameter propeller to cater the requirement of second segment climb gradient.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Padmanabhan |first=Sunderarajan |date=2018-02-21 |title=NAL is working on Mark 2 version of its light transport aircraft Saras: CSIR |url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/nal-is-working-on-mark-2-version-of-its-light-transport-aircraft-saras-csir-4361377.html |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Tech2}}</ref> CSIR will collaborate with [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) in developing an indigenous turboprop engine for Saras.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Vijay |date=16 January 2020 |title=CSIR, DRDO to join hands to develop Saras engine |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/csir-drdo-to-join-hands-to-develop-saras-engine-26803 |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL) will manufacture Saras at its Kanpur facility.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CS |first=Hemanth |date=28 September 2019 |title=NAL and HAL prepare to take off with short haul flights |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/cover-story/nal-and-hal-prepare-to-take-off-with-short-haul-flights/articleshow/71342747.cms |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

=== Mark 2 ===
The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]]-[[National Aerospace Laboratories]], NAL is also engaged development of Saras Mk2, a 19-seater version of the airliner. Government has given clearance and fund requirement to NAL for development of same.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=176701|title=SARAS completes the second test-flight successfully; Indian Air Force commits to induct 15 {{sic|nolink=yes|aircrafts}} initially|website=PIB|date=21 February 2018|access-date=12 January 2022}}</ref> NAL has completed basic testing for pre-production standard and aims for certification in 4 years to produce first aircraft in following one-and-a-half-year.<ref name="ET 2019" /> [[Dassault Systèmes]] announced that NAL will be using 3DEXPERIENCE and DraftSight for cabin design, 2D/3D modelling, prototyping and laser cutting.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 September 2021 |title=NAL adopts Dassault Systèmes solutions to design civil aircraft in India |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/security-tech/technology/nal-adopts-dassault-systmes-solutions-to-design-civil-aircraft-in-india/articleshow/86229531.cms |access-date=2022-08-19}}</ref> Mark 2 will undergo wind tunnel testing in November 2019 with [[tractor configuration]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kadidal |first=Akhil |date=2019-09-16 |title=NAL eyes domestic market with Saras-2 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/nal-eyes-domestic-market-with-saras-2-761843.html |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) demanded an additional grant of ₹100 crore for 2021–22.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CS |first=Hemanth |date=13 March 2021 |title=DSIR seeks Rs 100 cr for SARAS to take off |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/dsir-seeks-rs-100-cr-for-saras-to-take-off/articleshow/81474131.cms |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref> NAL is targeting ₹50 crore per unit cost for Saras Mk2 against ₹55 crore for [[Dornier 228]] that has unpressurized cabin with altitude restriction. NAL wants the government to purchase 50-60 units to make manufacturing viable.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Sobhana K. |date=2020-01-05 |title=National Aerospace Laboratory wants govt. push for Saras Mk2 takeoff |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/national-aerospace-laboratory-wants-govt-push-for-saras-mk2-takeoff/article30487826.ece |access-date=2022-08-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Neha LM |date=2021-09-04 |title=If we don't plan today, we won't be able to produce even a toy plane, says Suresh Prabhu |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/if-we-don-t-plan-today-we-won-t-be-able-to-produce-even-a-toy-plane-says-suresh-prabhu-101630776986566.html |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

On 27 March 2022, NAL unveiled 16-seater air ambulance variant of Saras Mk2 at Wings India 2022 in Hyderabad. International Critical Care Air Transfer Team (ICATT) from Bengaluru signed letter of intent to purchase 2 units.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bommakanti |first=Ujwal |date=27 March 2022 |title=Wings India 2022: NAL's 16-seater air ambulance to have ICU facilities |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/16-seater-air-ambulance-to-have-icu-facilities/articleshow/90467248.cms |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

On 14 May 2022, NAL started taxi trials of locally developed digital anti-skid braking system on Saras PT1N that will help landing on shorter runways. A total of 15-20 trials are planned to check system performance. It is a state-of-art brake-by-wire electro-hydraulic braking system that is controlled by high-performance flight control computer. Upon validation, the system will be transferred on Saras Mk2.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-14 |title=Bengaluru: NAL initiates taxi trials for evaluation of indigenously developed digital antiskid braking system for SARAS Mk 2 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-nal-initiates-taxi-trials-for-evaluation-of-indigenously-developed-digital-antiskid-braking-system-for-saras-mk-2-7917342/ |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Paras Defence supplied complete glass avionics suite for Saras MK2 in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balachandran |first=Manu |date=21 March 2024 |title=How Paras Defence Is Building Itself To Become India's One Stop Shop For Everything Critical |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/leadership/how-paras-defence-is-building-itself-to-become-indias-one-stop-shop-for-everything-critical/92151/1 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>

As of April 2024, NAL plans to have the Mark-2's maiden flight by late 2027, which is a delay from the target of 2026–27. NAL had reportedly bought most of the materials and fabrication would start only after release of drawings. While most of the components will be developed by NAL some would be outsourced to [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (metallic parts) and other vendors (fuselage sections). [[Avionics]] is being sourced from Genesis. Two prototypes are to be built whose first flight will follow one year-long taxi trials, or ground-based runs at various speeds. The Saras prototype PT1N will serve as a technology demonstrator from which NAL's brake management and environmental control will be derived.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Koshy |first=Jacob |date=2025-04-12 |title=First test flight of Saras Mk2 plane expected in December 2027: official |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/first-test-flight-of-saras-mk2-plane-expected-in-december-2027-official/article69443472.ece/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Orders ==

The IAF has signed up with [[National Aerospace Laboratories]], Bangalore for the purchase of 15 Saras aircraft and may need 45 more.<ref name = "ET 2019"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-06-14 |title=IAF to induct 15 indigenously-built Saras aircraft |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/8032/iaf-induct-15-indigenously-built.html |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> "NAL signed a memorandum of understanding with IAF to sell 15 Saras aircraft. The Kanpur unit of Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd will manufacture these planes", The aircraft would be used for coastal surveillance as well as training young cadets on transport flying.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ray|first1=Kalyan|title=Home-spun Saras to train Air Force's trainee pilots|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/190990/home-spun-saras-train-air.html|work=Deccan Herald|agency=DHNS|date=14 September 2011}}</ref>

₹6,000 crores were initially released in early 2019 for the production of aircraft. Initial order of 15 aircraft by IAF may go up to 120–140 in upcoming years.<ref name = 'UNI'/>

==Operators==
;{{IND}}
[[Indian Air Force]] – 60 aircraft (intended)

* Phase 1 – 15 aircraft
* Phase 2 – 45 aircraft

==Incidents and accidents==

On 6 March 2009, 2 [[Indian Air Force]] test pilots, Wing Commander Praveen Kotekoppa and Wing Commander Dipesh Shah along with a Flight Test Engineer Squadron Leader Ilayaraja, were killed when the second prototype Saras aircraft operating Flight 49, crashed and caught fire in an open field near [[Bidadi]], about 30 km from [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Three IAF pilots die in trainer plane crash|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/three-iaf-pilots-die-in-trainer-plane-crash/86999-3.html|work=IBNLive|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|date=6 March 2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220170724/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/three-iaf-pilots-die-in-trainer-plane-crash/86999-3.html|archivedate=20 February 2015}}</ref> A court of inquiry found that wrong engine relight drills given to the pilots contributed to the crash,<ref>{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Ravi|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/ldquoWrong-relight-drills-caused-Saras-crashrdquo/article16559571.ece|title=Wrong relight drills caused Saras crash|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 July 2009|accessdate=23 November 2010}}</ref> concluding that an "Incorrect relight procedure devised by the designer and adopted by the crew at insufficient height leading to rapid loss of altitude and abnormal behaviour of aircraft resulted into accident."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/3-pilots-dead-in-aircraft-crash-near-Bangalore/articleshow/4234783.cms|title=3 pilots dead in aircraft crash near Bangalore|work=The Times of India|date=6 March 2009|accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dgca.nic.in/accident/reports/VT-XRM.pdf|title=Final Investigation Report on accident to NAL SARAS PT2|publisher=Directorate General of Civil Aviation, Government of India|accessdate=8 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726112257/http://dgca.nic.in/accident/reports/VT-XRM.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Specifications (Saras Mk2)==
{{Aircraft specs
| ref = NAL,<ref>{{cite web |title=SARAS MK2 brochure |url=https://www.nal.res.in/sites/default/files/inline-files/SARAS%20MK2%20brochure.pdf |publisher=CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories}}</ref>
|prime units?=met

| crew = 3 (Pilot, Co-Pilot, Flight Engineer)
| capacity = 19 passengers / {{cvt|1710|kg|0}}
|length m=17.3
|length note=
|span m=18
|span note=
|height m=5.5
|height note=
|wing area sqm=30.4
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=
|airfoil=[[NACA airfoil|NASA GA(W)-2 mod.]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |accessdate=16 April 2019}}</ref>
|empty weight kg=5100
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight kg=7600
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity=1832 kg
|more general=

|eng1 number=2
|eng1 name= [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-67A]]
|eng1 type=[[turboprop]] engines
|eng1 kw=895
|eng1 note=

|prop blade number=5
|prop name=[[MT-Propeller]]
|prop dia m=2.65
|prop dia note= constant speed pusher propellers

|max speed kmh=550
|max speed note=at FL250
|cruise speed kmh=485
|cruise speed note=
|stall speed kmh=145
|stall speed note=flaps down, power off at sea level
|never exceed speed kmh=688
|never exceed speed note=
|minimum control speed kmh=
|minimum control speed note=
|range km=2350
|range note=with 45 min reserves and 8 passengers
::::{{cvt|590|km|mi nmi|0}} with 14 passengers
|ferry range km=2400
|ferry range note=
|endurance=6 hours * With 45 min reserve
|ceiling m=9100
|ceiling note=maximum certified altitude
|g limits=
|roll rate=
|climb rate ms=10.17
|climb rate sigfig=1
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|wing loading kg/m2=237.4
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|power/mass=
|thrust/weight=

|more performance= 
*'''Takeoff distance:''' {{cvt|670|m}}
* '''Landing distance:''' {{cvt|900|m}}
|avionics=Integrated digital avionics system using ARINC 429 data bus interfaces Full glass cockpit: EFIS-Four PFD/ ND/ MFDs Comm/Nav suite: VHF-VOR and radio, ADF, DME, ILS TAWS- Terrain Avoidance Warning System FMS: Flight Management System TCAS: Traffic Collision Avoidance System Auto pilot and Weather Radar
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Aviation}}
{{aircontent
|related=
* [[NAL NM5]]
* [[NAL Hansa]]
* [[Indian Regional Jet]]
}}
{{aircontent
|similar aircraft=
* [[Beechcraft 1900]]
* [[Beechcraft Model 99]]
* [[Beechcraft Super King Air]]
* [[Dornier 228]]
* [[Embraer EMB 110]]
* [[Embraer/FMA CBA 123 Vector]]
* [[Evektor EV-55 Outback]]
* [[Piaggio P.180 Avanti]]
|lists=
* [[List of civil aircraft]]
* [[List of STOL aircraft]]
|see also=
}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://nal.res.in/pages/saras.htm NAL Saras page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806003837/http://nal.res.in/pages/saras.htm |date=6 August 2007 }}
* [http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2113/stories/20040702002408900.htm A Soaring Success]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070501072646/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/18/stories/2007041801131500.htm Saras second Proto-Type Status]
* [http://www.livemint.com/2008/08/15002523/HAL-to-make-India8217s-firs.html HAL to make India's first passenger aeroplane]

'''Technical''':
* [https://www.nal.res.in/sites/default/files/inline-files/SARAS%20MK2%20brochure.pdf SARAS Mark 2]

{{HAL aircraft}}

[[Category:NAL aircraft|Saras]]
[[Category:2000s Indian civil utility aircraft]]
[[Category:Twin-turboprop pusher aircraft]]
[[Category:HAL aircraft|Saras]]
[[Category:Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear]]
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:T-tail aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 2004]]

Ramkot Banashram

2026-03-24T11:44:17Z

GlenDoolittle2: adding basic info w/ refs

{{Short description|Buddhist temple in Ramu, Cox Bazar}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Ramkot Banashram
| building_name =
| native_name = রাংকূট বনাশ্রম
| native_name_lang = bn
| religious_affiliation = [[Buddhism]]
| image = Rangkut Banasram Pilgrimage Monastery, Ramu (11).jpg
| map_type = Bangladesh
| coordinates = {{coord|21|24|7.81|N|92|06|37.56|E|display=title,inline}}
| location = Rajarkul, [[Ramu Upazila]], [[Cox's Bazar District]]
| deity =
| sect =
| festival =
| district =
| region = [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]]
| country = [[Bangladesh]]
| functional_status = Active
| category =
| founded_by = [[Emperor Ashoka]]
| established = 268 BCE
| completed =
| height_max =
}}
'''Ramkot Banashram Temple''' (also known as '''Rangkut Banashram''' or '''Rangkut Monastery''') is a historic Buddhist monastery located in [[Ramu Upazila]] of [[Cox's Bazar District]], Bangladesh. It is known to be the oldest Buddhist monastery in the country.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date= |title=Rangkut Banashram Deserves to Be UNESCO Heritage Site |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/793476 |access-date=2025-04-26 |work=Daily Sun |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ঐতিহাসিক রাংকুট বনাশ্রম পরিদর্শনে এসে মুগ্ধ কূটনীতিকগণ {{!}} শিরোনাম |url=https://www.bssnews.net/bangla/news-flash/128508 |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=BSS}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name "Rangkut" is derived from the mix of [[Sanskrit]] and [[Rakhine language|Rakhine]] words "rang" (chest bone) and "kut" (hilltop) which reflects the belief that the monastery houses a relic from Buddha's chest.<ref name=":0" /> During that time, it is believed that Sanskrit and Rakhine were the dominant language in the region.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Rangkut Banasram Pilgrimage Monastery (18).jpg|thumb|History about the temple]]

==History==
The origins of Ramkot Banashram Temple trace back to the 3rd century BCE during the reign of [[Ashoka|Emperor Ashoka]], the third [[Mauryan Emperor]] of [[Magadha]]. Following his conversion to [[Buddhism]], Ashoka initiated the construction of 84,000 stupas across the [[Indian subcontinent]] to disseminate the teachings of [[The Buddha|Buddha]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |title=Buddhist Archaeological Heritage & glimpse of " Buragosai" Mandir,Chittagong, Bangladesh. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326976495 |journal=ResearchGate |pages=9–10}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=ঐতিহাসিক রাংকুট বনাশ্রম মহাতীর্থ মহাবিহারে একদিন |url=https://www.banglatribune.com/journey/361285/%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8 |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Bangla Tribune |language=bn}}</ref> Ramkot Banashram is believed to be one of these stupas, established to enshrine a relic of Buddha as due to the presence of a piece of his chest bone which fulfills a prophecy made by Buddha during his visit to the region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ancient monastery stands witness to Bangladesh's rich Buddhist past |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2440006/amp |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2014-04-21 |title=Insight inside |url=https://www.gulf-times.com/story/389267/insight-inside |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Gulf Times |language=en |archive-date=2025-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415053456/https://www.gulf-times.com/story/389267/insight-inside |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Ashoka and Mahendra Stupas.png|thumb|Stupas constructed by Emperor Ashoka|254x254px]]
According to local legend, around 600 BCE, Gautama Buddha, accompanied by his disciple Ananda Bhikkhu, visited the hill where the monastery now stands.<ref name=":12" /> Buddha is said to have rested there for a night and foretold that a pagoda would be built on the site to house a relic from his chest.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Daṭṭhabhaṅgaso". [[Pali Tripitaka]] (2nd century) (in Greek language). |pages=108–122}}</ref>

Over various historical texts, the area of Ramu is described as "Pang-wa/Pano-wa", meaning "land of yellow flowers." Ramu once held the status of a provincial capital in [[Arakan]]. The ruler of Ramu was referred to by the Rakhine kings. According to legend, during the reign of the first Rakhine king [[Sanda Thuriya of Dhanyawadi|Chenda Thuriya]] (580-528 BCE) in the [[List of early and legendary monarchs of Burma#Third Danyawaddy (146–788 CE)|Third Dhanyawadi era]], Gautama Buddha, along with his disciple [[Ānanda|Ananda]] and 500 other disciples, visited Arakan at the king's invitation.<ref name=":6" /> During a religious conference, Buddha addressed his chief disciple Ananda, saying:

{{blockquote|"O Ananda! In the future, on the mountain peak of the eastern shore of the western sea, my relics will be enshrined. This place will be called ‘Rang-oo’."}}

The word ‘Rang-oo’ in the [[Rakhine language]] means to "chest bone." ‘Rang’ means chest, and ‘oo’ means chest bone. Linguistically, ‘Ramu’ and ‘Rang-oo’ share similarities in both sound and meaning. One of the 84,000 stupas erected by Emperor Ashoka (273-232 BCE) contained the relics from [[Ramu Upazila|Ramu]]. The historic Ramkoot Buddhist Monastery was established around 308 BCE on a hilltop in Ramu's Rajarkul Union.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=রামকোট বৌদ্ধ বিহার |url=https://www.coxsbazar.gov.bd/bn/site/tourist_spot/vccp-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0 |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=www.coxsbazar.gov.bd |archive-date=2022-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608201020/http://coxsbazar.gov.bd/bn/site/tourist_spot/vccp-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Geography of Ptolemy, Dhanyawadi Razawon |pages=46–88}}</ref>
[[File:Emperor Ashoka the Great, Rangkut Banasram Pilgrimage Monastery (122542).jpg|thumb|Statue of Emperor Ashoka in the monastery|293x293px]]
In the 7th century CE, the Chinese Buddhist monk and traveler [[Xuanzang]] (also known as Hiuen Tsang) is believed to have visited the site during his pilgrimage.<ref name=":5" /> A large banyan tree near the entrance of the monastery is traditionally associated with Xuanzang and is estimated to be around 1,400 years old.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />

Over time, the existence of Ramkoot was ignored, but in 1919, [[Jagat Jyoti Mahasthavir]], a monk from [[Sri Lanka]], restored the Ramkoot Buddhist Monastery.<ref name=":3" />

In 1930, Burmese monk [[Jagatchandra Mahathero]] discovered a stone inscription in Sri Lanka referencing the monastery. This led to the rediscovery and subsequent restoration of Ramkot Banashram, reaffirming its historical and religious significance.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Ramkot Banashram - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ramkot_Banashram |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=en.banglapedia.org |archive-date=2024-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126161033/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ramkot_Banashram |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4" />

The monastery features a forest hermitage containing ancient Buddhist structures and artifacts. Every year, numerous pilgrims, devotees, and tourists visit the site. At the base of the hermitage is a Buddhist orphanage named "Jagat Jyoti Shishu Sadan", which is supported by well-wishers from countries like Brazil, France, and Italy. The construction of this orphanage involved the destruction of the memorial stones of the descendants of the Poeza (Khijari Dalal), a benefactor of the [[Rakhine people|Rakhine community]]. This has left a sense of regret among the locals.<ref name=":3" />

==Architecture==
The present-day monastery occupies a [[rectangular]] area measuring 34 feet by 19 feet and is constructed with bricks of dimensions 9" x 7.7" x 7.2". The structure features a dome rising to a height of 40 feet. During excavations, an image of [[Buddha]] in the abhayamudra (gesture of fearlessness) was unearthed and is now enshrined within the monastery, accessible to devotees.<ref name=":2" />

Adjacent to the monastery are the ruins of a large building and remnants of sandstone sculptures, including footprints and handprints attributed to Buddha. These archaeological findings suggest the site's historical use as a sangharama (monastic complex).<ref name=":2" />

The monastery holds statue of various figures such as [[Emperor Ashoka]], [[B. R. Ambedkar]] and [[Xuanzang]].

==Location==
It is situated approximately 12 kilometers from Cox's Bazar town, the monastery is nestled atop a hillock surrounded by 17 small and large hills, offering a serene environment conducive to meditation and spiritual practice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buddhist Channel {{!}} Bangladesh |url=https://buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=41,13474,0,0,1,0 |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=buddhistchannel.tv}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Entry path of Rangkut Banasram Pilgrimage Monastery (9).jpg|Entry path to the monastery
File:Entry gate of Rangkut Banasram Pilgrimage Monastery.jpg|Entry gate to the monastery
File:Lion, Rangkut Banasram Pilgrimage Monastery (124050).jpg|Statue of Lion
File:Hiuen Tsang (Xuanzang), Rangkut Banasram Pilgrimage Monastery (122723).jpg|Statue of Chinese traveler Xuanzang
File:Ramkot Buddha statue.jpg|Ramkot Buddha statues
File:Ramu, Cox's Bazar 11.jpg|Statue of Buddha
File:Rangkut Banasram Pilgrimage Monastery (11).jpg|Statue of Buddha
File:Ramu, Cox's Bazar 12.jpg|View of the temple
File:রাংকূট বনাশ্রম বৌদ্ধ বিহার- পরিভোগ জাদি২.jpg|Statues of Buddha
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[List of Buddhist temples in Bangladesh]]
*[[Pillars of Ashoka]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}

[[Category:Buddhism in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Mauryan art]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC religious buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in Bangladesh]]

Alaunt

2026-03-20T11:02:16Z

GlenDoolittle2: started new entry

{{Infobox Dogbreed
| image = Alaunt in Adorazione dei Magi by Gentile da Fabriano.jpg
| image_caption = Detail of the altarpiece, [[Adoration of the Magi (Gentile da Fabriano)|''Adoration of the Magi'']], from 1423 by the Italian painter [[Gentile da Fabriano]]
| origin = [[Pontic-Caspian Steppe]]
| name = Alaunt
| altname = Alão Alano Alangu
| extinct = true
}}
The '''Alaunt''' is an extinct type of [[dog]] which came in different forms,<ref>{{Internet Archive| masterofgameoldexx00edwa|''The Master of Game'': The Oldest English Book on Hunting|116}} (p. 116)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ostrander|first1=Elaine A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94k1mKRcYd0C&dq=extinct+alaunt&pg=PA3|title=The Dog and Its Genome|last2=Giger|first2=Urs|last3=Kerstin|first3=Lindblad-Toh|date=2007-04-03|publisher=CSHL Press|isbn=978-0-87969-781-5|language=en}}</ref> with the original possibly having existed in the [[North Caucasus]], [[Central Asia]] and [[Europe]] from ancient times.

This type of dog may have been developed by the [[Alans]], and was renowned primarily for its quality as a large-game [[catch dog]], and as a [[Dogs in warfare|war dog]] and [[guard dog]].

== Features ==
[[File:National Museum of Iran Darafsh (1037).JPG|200px|thumb|Persian Mastiff statue. [[National Museum of Iran]].]]
In [[France]], the Alaunt as a [[dog crossbreed|crossbreed]] had three distinct types: the ''alant veautre'', ''alant boucherie'' and ''alant gentile''.<ref>Gaston Phébus ''Livre de Chasse'' Tillander, G. Cynegetica XVIII Karlshamn 1971 Ch.17 p125</ref> They all were large, short-coated dogs of varying head-types. The former two resembled the [[mastiff]]-type dogs much like the present-day [[Dogo Argentino]] or like the [[Caucasian Shepherd Dog]] except with short hair and a mesocephalic head which made them excellent large-game hunters, the ''gentile'' was a large sighthound type.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.comneton.com/alaunt|title=Alaunt|website=www.comneton.com|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref> The Alaunt type may have been originally bred by the [[Alans|Alani]] tribes, the nomads of Indo-European [[Sarmatian]] ancestry who spoke an [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] language. The Alans were known as superb warriors, herdsmen, and breeders of [[horse]]s and dogs. The Alans bred their dogs for work and [[Selective breeding|developed different strains within the breed for specific duties]]. The type was further developed in [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], France, [[Germany]], [[England]], and [[Italy]].{{Cn|date=January 2021}}

==History==
[[File:Giardino di boboli, cano molosso in terracotta 02.JPG|200px|thumb|Molossus dog. [[Terracotta]] statue. [[Boboli Gardens]], [[Italy]]]]
The [[Molossus (dog)|Molossus]] belonged to the tribe of the [[Molossians]], from [[Epirus]] in northern [[Greece]] in about 1200 BC, coming from the north. However, their artifacts did not resemble the Mastiff prototype, as they had a long nose of a narrow type, and a long mane. Varro, however, described a [[herding dog]] of Epirus which was white, large-headed, and slightly undershot, used to defend sheep and goats.<ref>Fleig 1996, pp. 18–22 (Varro's description of herding dogs)</ref> One group of [[Alans]] arrived in what is now [[Albania]] in the 5th or 6th centuries BC.<ref>Atlas 1995 p. 30</ref> Molossis of Epirus is located in Southern Albania.<ref>Fleig 1996, p. 18 "Today Epirus is part of Albania."</ref> It is most plausible the Alaunt gave rise to the fighting dogs of the Molossi,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://albanianstudies.weebly.com/molossian-dog.html|title=Molossian Dog|website=My Albanian studies|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref> which were introduced to Britain by [[Roman Empire|Roman]] invasion in 43 BC. The Alans provided cavalry for Rome, many of whom were deployed to [[Hadrian's Wall]] in the second century AD.<ref>Hancock p. 28</ref>

In the 370s AD, [[Hun]] invasions divided the Alani into the Eastern and Western Alans. The Eastern Alani tribes merged with the [[Ossetians]] and other nations, introducing their dogs into the bloodlines of many [[Balkans|Balkan]] breeds, such as the [[Šarplaninac]], Metchkar, Qen Ghedje, Hellenikos Poimenikos and other [[livestock guardian dog]]s of the region. The white-coloured Alaunts may be the direct ancestors of the Balkan breeds, which in turn influenced all other white dogs in the Balkans.{{Cn|date=January 2021}}
[[File:TUMULO DE DOM PERO AFONSO.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Tomb of [[Pedro Afonso, Count of Barcelos|Pedro Afonso of Portugal, Count of Barcelos]]. The tomb has a wild boar hunting scene with dogs, possibly the extinct Portuguese Alaunt dog.]]

The Western Alans joined the [[Vandals]] on their raids through [[Europe]], and by the 410s AD, their fierce dogs were influencing many breeds in [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[England]], and other countries. This spread the use of the "Alaunt" name, which became synonymous with a type of a [[working dog]] rather than a specific breed. Through breeding with various [[scenthound]]s and [[sighthound]]s, some Alaunts became valued large game hunting dogs, existing in a variety of types dictated by regional preferences. In AD 1500, Spain was known for breeding the best Alaunts and used them to conquer the [[New World]].<ref>Hancock 2000, p. 22</ref>

In France, Alaunts were separated into three main categories, based on physical appearance and the duties they performed. The lightest type was the ''alant gentil'', a [[greyhound]]-like dog. The original mastiff variety, known as the ''alant de boucherie'', may have contributed to the development of the [[Fighting dog|fighting]] and baiting dogs of France. The French ''alants de boucherie'' were known as ''alauntz o bouchery'' in England,<ref>James I. McNelis III, ''The Uncollated Manuscripts of The Master of Game: Towards a New Edition'' (PhD diss., Univ. of Washington, 1996) p. 222</ref> famously dramatised by [[Chaucer]] in his "[[Knight's Tale]]" as the mythical hounds of [[Lycurgus of Thrace|Lycurgus]], King of [[Thrace]],<ref>{{cite wikisource |first=Geoffrey |last=Chaucer |author-link=Chaucer |wslink=Canterbury Tales (ed. Skeat)/Knight |title=The Knightes Tale |at=1290}}</ref> and the [[Alano Español|Alano]] in Spain and [[Italy]] and were termed the original Bulldogs as they were used to control and defend herds of cattle. In Spain, the three categories were the Mastins, Alanos, and Lebrels, further separated as the ''ayuda'' (defense types) and the ''presa'' (offense types), such as the [[Spanish dogo|Perro de presa español]].{{Cn|date=January 2021}}

==Form==
[[File:Portuguese Alaunt dog Bocanegra. Cão Alão português.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Bocanegra, a portuguese Alaunt dog, 1904]]
The long, broad, flat head of the Alaunt should never be confused with the modified brachycephalic breeds. The brachycephalic head type is wide in base, but short in length. While the preferred bite is reverse scissor, like the [[mastiff]],<ref name="prisco">{{cite book |author1=Prisco, Andrew de |author2=Johnson, James B. |author3=Johnson, James Burris | title=Canine lexicon | year=1993 | publisher=T.F.H. Publications | isbn=978-0-86622-198-6 | page=121 }} (Mastiff is example of scissors reverse)</ref> and may have been a trait introduced by the [[Mongolia]]n breeds at some remote time in history, skull type and bite type are separate subjects of genetic traits. The dolichocephalic skull is narrow at base yet long in length, so the Alaunt could be referred to as a modified dolichocephalic breed, as mesocephalic is a balance of base to length. Moreover, the Alaunt or mastiff must be separated from the Molossoides in head study, as this term does not separate the Mastiff from the mountain dogs or even the [[pug]].{{Cn|date=January 2021}}

==See also==
*[[Alano Español]]
*[[Bullenbeisser]]
*[[Cane Corso]]
*[[Dogo (dog type)|Dogo]]
*[[Great Dane]]
*[[Greyhound]]
*[[Hound]]
*[[List of extinct dog breeds]]
*[[Molossus (dog)|Molossus]]
*[[Sarabi dog]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book | last=Fleig | first=Dieter | title=Fighting Dog Breeds | date=1996 | publisher=TFH Publications | isbn=0-7938-0499-X }}
*{{Cite book | last=Hancock | first=David | title=The Mastiffs: The Big Game Hunters - Their History, Development and Future | date=2001 | publisher=Charwynne Dog Features | isbn=0-9527801-2-7 }}
*{{Cite book |author1=Jenkins, Robert E. |author2=Mollett, Ken | title=The Story of the Real Bulldog | date=1997 | publisher=TFH Publications | isbn=0-7938-0491-4 }}
*{{Cite book | title=The Lincoln library of essential information | year=1985 | publisher=Frontier Press | location=Columbus, Ohio | isbn=978-0-912168-12-8 }}
*{{Cite book | author=American Kennel Club Staff | title=The complete dog book | year=1998 | publisher=Howell Book House | location=New York | isbn=0-87605-047-X | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/completedogbook100amer }}
*{{Cite book | last=Derr | first=Mark | author-link=Mark Derr | title=A dog's history of America: how our best friend explored, conquered, and settled a continent | year=2004 | publisher=North Point Press | location=New York | isbn=978-0-86547-631-8 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/dogshistoryofame00mark }}
*Couturier, Casey. "The True History of the Spanish Conquest of Americas". ''American Bulldog Review'', Fall 2001.
*{{cite book |author1=Prisco, Andrew de |author2=Johnson, James B. |author3=Johnson, James Burris | title=Canine lexicon | year=1993 | publisher=T.F.H. Publications | isbn=978-0-86622-198-6 }}
*{{cite book | last=Stratton | first=Richard F. | title=This is the American pit bull terrier | year=1976 | publisher=T.F.H. Publications | isbn=978-0-87666-660-9 }}
*{{cite book |author1=Bonnie Wilcox |author2=Chris Walkowicz | title=The Atlas of dog breeds of the world | publisher=TFH Publications | isbn=978-0-7938-1284-4 | year= 1995 }}

{{Extinct breeds of dog}}

[[Category:Extinct dog breeds]]
[[Category:Hunting dogs]]
[[Category:Dog breeds originating in Europe]]

Karam festival

2026-03-19T16:16:47Z

GlenDoolittle2:

{{Short description|Festival celebrated in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox holiday
| official_name =
| holiday_name = Karam
| nickname = Festival of Harvest
| observedby =
| observances = [[Jharkhand]], [[Assam]], [[Chhattisgarh]], parts of [[West Bengal]], [[Odisha]] and [[Bangladesh]]
| type = Regional Festival/[[Public holidays in India|Indian festival]]
| significance = Harvest festival
| begins = Ekadasi tithi (eleventh day) of lunar fortnight of [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhado]]
| date = August–September
| duration = 1 day
| frequency = annual
}}

'''Karam''' (colloquially '''Karma''') is a harvest festival celebrated in Indian states of [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Purvanchal|eastern Uttar Pradesh]], [[West Bengal]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Assam]], [[Odisha]] and [[Bangladesh]]. It is dedicated to the worship of Karam-Devta, the god of power, youth and youthfulness. It is celebrated for good harvest and health.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/wangala-tusu-karma-8-lesser-known-harvest-festivals/cid/1688761|title=Wangala, Tusu, Karma: 8 lesser-known harvest festivals|publisher=m.telegraphindia.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.avenuemail.in/jamshedpur/karam-festival-shows-to-way-to-humanity-harivansh/124287/|title=Karam festival shows to way to humanity: Harivansh|publisher=www.avenuemail.in|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430055911/https://www.avenuemail.in/jamshedpur/karam-festival-shows-to-way-to-humanity-harivansh/124287/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Karam puja in jharkhand.jpg|thumb|Karam puja in [[Jharkhand]]]]
[[File:Karam puja 4.jpg|thumb|Karam puja in [[Jhargram]], [[West Bengal]] ]]
[[File:Karam Festival in Assam.jpg|thumb|Karma puja in [[Assam]]]]
The festival is held on the 11th day of a full moon ([[Purnima]]) of the Hindu month of [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhado]], which falls between August and September. Unmarried girls fast and grow seedlings for 7–9 days. Then next day, groups of young villagers go to the jungle and collect wood, fruits, and flowers. These are required during the [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] (worship) of the Karam God. During this period, people sing and dance together in groups. The entire valley dances to the drumbeat "day of the phases".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/festivals |title=Festivals : Official Website of Government of Jharkhand |publisher=Jharkhand.gov.in |date=2016-04-13 |accessdate=2016-09-04 |archive-date=18 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918081327/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/festivals |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.odishatourism.gov.in/portal/Festivals/TribalFestivals/KaramaFestival.aspx |title=Karama Festival |publisher=Odishatourism.gov.in |date=2014-02-21 |accessdate=2016-09-04 |archive-date=26 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926225527/http://www.odishatourism.gov.in/portal/Festivals/TribalFestivals/KaramaFestival.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Karam festival celebrated by diverse groups of tribes, including: [[Munda people|Munda]], [[Ho people|Ho]], [[Kurukh people|Oraon]], [[Bagal (caste)|Bagal]], [[Baiga tribe|Baiga]], Binjhwari, [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]], [[Kharia people|Kharia]], [[Kudmi Mahato|Kudmi]], [[Karmali]], [[Lohra (tribe)|Lohra]], [[Korwa people|Korwa]] and many more. It's also celebrated by non-tribal Hindus of and Magadh regions of Biharand Jharkhand It's also known as Karma ekarasi(Ekadasi) or Karma Dharma.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Māhāta|first=Paśupati Prasāda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x5npAAAAMAAJ|title=The Performing Arts of Jharkhand|date=1987|publisher=B.B. Prakasan|pages=3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Brahma |first=Tr̥pti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fclJAAAAMAAJ |title=Lokajībane Bāṃlāra laukika dharmasaṅgīta o dharmīẏa melā |date=1983 |publisher=Tr̥pti Brahma |pages=240 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=K. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw9uAAAAMAAJ|title=India's Communities|last2=India|first2=Anthropological Survey of|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563354-2|pages=167|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chakraborty (Anthropologist)|first=Swapan Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XnIJ-HwynRIC|title=Bagals of Border Bengal|date=2012|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India|isbn=978-81-922974-2-2|pages=113–117|language=en}}</ref><ref name="dailypioneer.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/talk-on-nagpuri-folk-music-at-ignca.html|title=talk on nagpuri folk music at ignca|website=daily Pioneer|date=7 November 2018}}</ref>

==Summary of the ritual==
This festival is observed for a good harvest. Nine type of seeds planted in basket such as rice, wheat, corn etc which is called ''Jawa''. Women take care of these seeds for 7–9 days. During this festival women generally fast throughout the days.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-akhara-bachi-to-culture-mukund-nayak-19555098.html|title=अखरा बाची तो संस्कृति बाची : मुकुंद नायक|website=jagran|date=7 September 2019|access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref>
In the ritual, people go to the jungle accompanied by groups of drummers and cut one or more branches of the [[Neolamarckia cadamba|Karam]] tree after worshiping it. The branches are usually carried by unmarried, young girls who sing in praise of the deity. Then the branches are brought to the village and planted in the center of the ground which is plastered with cow-dung and decorated with flowers. A village priest (Pahan or Dehuri according to region) offers germinated grains and liquor in [[propitiation]] to the deity who grants wealth and children. A fowl is also killed and the blood is offered to the branch. The village priest then recites a legend to the villagers about the efficacy of Karam puja. After the rituals, in the next morning the karam branch immersed in the river.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kislaya |first1=Kelly |title=Songs, dance and hadia usher in Karma Puja {{!}} Ranchi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Songs-dance-and-hadia-usher-in-Karma-Puja/articleshow/9921512.cms?from=mdr |work=The Times of India |date=9 September 2011 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dot.odishatourism.gov.in/?q=node/350|title=Karama Festival|publisher=dot.odishatourism|access-date=22 October 2022|archive-date=22 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022020843/https://dot.odishatourism.gov.in/?q=node/350|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The festival is observed in two ways. Firstly, it is commonly held by the villagers on the village street and the expenses on liquor etc. are commonly borne. Alternatively, it is celebrated by a man in his courtyard under his patronage to which he invites all. Even people who come uninvited listening to the sound of drums are also entertained with liquor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 September 2024 |title=Know why unmarried girls keep Karma fast. |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/life-and-style/karma-puja-2024-why-girls-do-karma-fast |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=Prabhat Khabar}}</ref>

==Details==
The Karam festival is celebrated usually on Bhado [[Ekadashi]], on the eleventh day of the bright full moon (Purnima) of the month of Bhado (August–September). In some parts of jharkhand it was also celebrated in November. The Karam tree, scientifically named ''Nauclea Parvifolia'' is the center of the proceedings of the festival. The preparations for the Karam festival begin around ten or twelve days before the festival. Nine type of seeds planted in basket such as rice, wheat, corn etc which is called ''Jawa''. Young, unmarried girls take care these seeds for 7–9 days.

The morning of the Karam festival begins with women pounding rice in the [[dheki]], a wooden implement, to obtain [[rice flour]]. This rice flour is used to make a local delicacy which can be sweet as well as salty. This delicacy is cooked in the morning of the Karam festival for consumption, and shared throughout the neighborhood.

Then the people begin the ritual dance with a yellow bloom tucked behind their ear. A branch of the Karam tree is carried by the Karam dancers and passed among them while they are singing and dancing. This branch is washed with milk and rice beer (Tapan).<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzAoEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA7-PA50|title=JHARKHAND PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION PRELIMS EXAMS COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE PAPER|author=Dr Manish Ranjan|date=2021|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-9390906321|pages=50}}</ref> Then, the branch is raised in the middle of the dancing arena. After reciting the legend - the story behind the worshiping of Karam (Nature/God/Goddess) - all the men and women drink liquor and spend the entire night singing and dancing; both are essential parts of the festival, which is known as [[Karma Naach|Karam Naach]].

Women dance to the beat of drums and folk songs (''siring''). The [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] is followed by a community feast and the drinking of hariya. The next day, the Karam tree is sprinkled with curd of the seas and immersed in the river bed.<ref>Kislaya, Kelly (9 September 2011) [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Songs-dance-and-hadia-usher-in-Karam-Puja/articleshow/9921512.cms?from=mdr Songs, dance and hadia usher in Karam Puja]. Times of India</ref>

==Philosophy==
Karam is a harvest festival. The festival also has a close link to nature. People worship trees during this festival as they are a source of livelihood, and they pray to mother nature to keep their farmlands green and ensure a rich harvest. It is believed that the worship for good germination increases the fertility of grain crops. Karam Devta (the God of power, youth and youthfulness) is worshiped during the festival. The devotees keep a day-long fast and worship the branches of karam and [[Shorea robusta|sal]]. Girls celebrate the festival for welfare, friendship and sisterhood by exchanging a jawa flower.<ref>[http://indroyc.com/2012/09/26/karam/ Karam — a Festival of Jharkhand | Indrosphere]{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Indroyc.com (26 September 2012). Retrieved on 2015-09-27.</ref>

==Story behind the celebration==
There are multiple versions of the story behind the origin of Karam Puja. Anthropologist Hari Mohan writes that after the rituals are over, the karam story is narrated to boys and girls. The story behind the festival, according to Mohan, is this:<ref>Mohan, Hari (1973) ''The Chero: A study in acculturation''. Bihar Tribal Welfare Research Institute</ref>

{{blockquote|Once upon a time there were seven brothers who labored hard at agriculture work. They had no time even for lunch; therefore, their wives carried their lunches to the field daily. Once it so happened that their wives did not bring the lunches for them. They were hungry. In the evening they returned home and found that their wives were dancing and singing near a branch of the karam tree in the court yard. This made them angry, and one of the brothers lost his temper. He snatched the karam branch and threw it into the river. The karam deity was insulted; as a result, the economic condition of their family continued to deteriorate and they were brought to the point of starvation. One day a Brahman (priest) came to them, and the seven brothers told him the whole story. The seven brothers then left the village in search of the Karam Rani. They kept on moving from place to place and, one day, they found the karam tree. Subsequently, they worshiped it and their economic condition began to improve.<ref>[http://www.jharkhandstatenews.com/uprooting-the-trees-in-a-festive-waythe-story-of-karam-rani/#.VgYIRNKqqko Uprooting the trees in a festive way;The Story of karam Rani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221135244/http://www.jharkhandstatenews.com/uprooting-the-trees-in-a-festive-waythe-story-of-karam-rani/#.VgYIRNKqqko |date=21 February 2016 }}. Jharkhand State News. Retrieved on 27 September 2015.</ref>}}

Among the [[Bhumij people|Bhumijs]] and the [[Oraons]] the legend is that there were seven brothers living together. The six oldest used to work in the field and the youngest stayed at home. He was indulging in dance and songs round a karam tree in the courtyard with his six sisters-in-law. One day, they were so engrossed in dance and song that the brothers' morning meal was not carried to the field by the wives. When the brothers arrived home, they became agitated and threw the karam tree into a river. The youngest brother left home in anger. Then evil days fell on the remaining brothers. Their house was damaged, the crops failed, and they virtually starved. While wandering, the youngest brother found the karam tree floating in the river. Then he propitiated the god, who restored everything. Thereafter he returned home and called his brothers and told them that because they insulted Karam Devta, they fell on evil days. Since then the Karam Devta has been worshipped.

Another legend prevalent among the Pauri Bhuiyans is that a merchant returned home after a very prosperous voyage. His vessel was loaded with precious metals and other valuables which he had brought from distant lands. He waited in the vessel to be ceremoniously received by his wife and relatives, as was the custom. As it was the day of the Karam festival, all the women were engrossed with dancing and the men with playing the drums, so no one came to receive him. The merchant became furious with them. He uprooted the karam tree and threw it away. Then the wrath of Karam Devta fell on him. His vessel immediately sank in the sea. The merchant consulted astrologers who told him to propitiate Karam Devta. He launched another vessel, set out in search of the deity, and found him floating in the sea. He propitiated him with great devotion and all his wealth was restored. From that day on, the annual festival of Karam Puja has been held. After spending the whole night with dance and songs, the people uproot the branches and carry them to nearby rivers or rivulets for immersion.<ref>[http://www.odishatourism.gov.in/portal/Festivals/TribalFestivals/Karam Festival.aspx Karam Festival]{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Odishatourism.gov.in (21 February 2014). Retrieved on 2015-09-27.</ref>

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite web|last=Ekka|first=Reetu Raj|date=2016-02-16|title=The Karam festival of the oraon tribals of India|url=http://asbbs.org/files/2009/PDF/E/EkkaR.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-19|series=A socio-religious analysis|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216034343/http://asbbs.org/files/2009/PDF/E/EkkaR.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2016}}
*{{Cite web|last=Bhagvat|first=Durga|title=The Karma Festival and Its Songs|url=https://www.sahapedia.org/sites/default/files/The%20Karma%20Festival%20and%20Its%20Songs.pdf|website=Sahapedia}}

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{Commons category|Karam (festival)}}

[[Category:Harvest festivals]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]
[[Category:Festivals in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Festivals in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Culture of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Nagpuri culture]]
[[Category:Tribal festivals in India]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in Bangladesh]]

Aristophanes

2026-03-17T19:37:07Z

GlenDoolittle2: fixed issues

{{Short description|Classical Athenian comic playwright (c. 446 – c. 386 BC)}}
{{Other uses}}
{{For|the Guadelopean comics artist|Aristophane}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aristophanes
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Bust of Aristophanes.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Bust with the inscription "Aristophanes, (son) of Philippides, the Athenian",{{efn|Some Roman-era inscriptions erroneously make Aristophanes the ''son'' of "Philippides", a name which by itself means "son of Philippos".{{sfn|Slater|2016|p=8, note: 21}}}} 1st century AD{{efn|Although many artists' renderings of Aristophanes portray him with flowing curly hair, several jests in his plays indicate that he may have been prematurely bald.<ref name="Barrett1964p9">{{harvnb|Barrett|1964|p=9}}</ref>}}
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{circa|446 BC}}
| birth_place = [[Classical Athens|Athens]], Greece
| death_date = {{circa|386 BC}} (aged c. 60)
| death_place =
| occupation = Playwright (comedy)
| years_active = 427 BC – 386 BC
| known_for = Playwright and director of [[Old Comedy]]
| notable_works = {{plainlist|
* ''[[The Knights]]'' (424 BC)
* ''[[The Clouds]]'' (423 BC)
* ''[[The Wasps]]'' (422 BC)
* ''[[The Birds (play)|The Birds]]'' (414 BC)
* ''[[Lysistrata]]'' (411 BC)
* ''[[Thesmophoriazusae|Women at the Thesmophoria]]'' (411 BC)
* ''[[The Frogs]]'' (405 BC)
* ''[[Assemblywomen]]'' (392 BC)}}|
}}

'''Aristophanes''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ær|ɪ|ˈ|s|t|ɒ|f|ə|n|iː|z}};<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jones, Daniel|author2=Roach, Peter|editor1=James Hartman|editor2=Jane Setter|title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary|edition=17th|publisher=Cambridge UP|year=2006}}.</ref> {{langx|grc|Ἀριστοφάνης}} {{IPA|el|aristopʰánɛːs|}}; {{circa|446|386 BC}}) was an [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] [[Ancient Greek comedy|comic playwright]] from [[Classical Athens|Athens]]. He wrote forty plays, of which eleven survive virtually complete.<ref>{{harvnb|Thorburn|2005|pp=66-67}}; {{harvnb|Roman|Roman|2010|p=82}}</ref> The majority of his surviving plays belong to the genre of comic drama known as [[Old Comedy]] and are considered its most valuable examples.{{sfn|Dover|1970|p=x}}{{efn|The first nine of Aristophanes's extant plays belong to Old Comedy, while his last two are seen as examples of [[Middle Comedy]] (see {{harvnb|Thorburn|2005|p=67}}), marking the shift towards what would become known as [[New Comedy]] (see {{harvnb|Roman|Roman|2010|p=83}})}} Aristophanes's plays were performed at the religious festivals of Athens, mostly the [[City Dionysia]] and the [[Lenaia]], and several of them won the first prize in their respective competitions.{{sfn|Thorburn|2005|p=67}}

Also known as "The Father of Comedy"<ref>{{cite book|title=Aristophanes in Performance 421 BC – AD 2007: Peace, Birds and Frogs|author1=Edith Hall |author1-link=Edith Hall |author2=Amanda Wrigley|publisher=Legenda|location=Oxford|year=2007|page=1}}</ref> and "the Prince of Ancient Comedy",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://manybooks.net/titles/brewere1143111431-8.html|title=Character Sketches of Romance, Fiction and the Drama, Vol. 1|author=Ebenezer Cobham Brewer|website=manybooks.net}}</ref> Aristophanes wrote plays that often dealt with real-life figures, including [[Euripides]] and [[Alcibiades]], and contemporary events, such as the [[Peloponnesian War]].{{sfn|Thorburn|2005|p=67}} He has been said to recreate the life of ancient Athens more convincingly than any other author.<ref>{{harvnb|Barrett|2003|p=26}}</ref> His plays are characterized by preposterous premises, explicit language, wordplays, and political satire.{{sfn|Roman|Roman|2010|pp=82-83}} His powers of ridicule were feared and acknowledged by influential contemporaries; [[Plato]] singled out Aristophanes's play ''[[The Clouds]]'' as [[slander]] that contributed to the trial and subsequent condemning to death of [[Socrates]],{{sfn|Thorburn|2005|p=67}}<ref>Plato, ''[[Apology (Plato)|The Apology of Socrates]]'' (in Greek), edited by [[John Burnet (classicist)|John Burnet]]; [[s:el:Απολογία Σωκράτους (Πλάτων)|section 19c]]</ref> although other [[Socrates#Satirical playwrights|satirical playwrights]] had also caricatured the philosopher.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Sommerstein|editor-first=Alan|title=Lysistrata, The Acharnians, The Clouds|publisher=Penguin Books|year=1973|page=16}}</ref>

Aristophanes's second play, ''The Babylonians'' (now lost), was denounced by [[Cleon]] as a slander against the Athenian ''[[polis]]''. It is possible that the case was argued in court, but details of the trial are not recorded and Aristophanes caricatured Cleon mercilessly in his subsequent plays, especially ''[[The Knights]]'', the first of many plays that he directed himself. "In my opinion," he says through that play's [[Greek chorus|Chorus]], "the author-director of comedies has the hardest job of all."<ref>{{langx|grc|"κωμῳδοδιδασκαλίαν εἶναι χαλεπώτατον ἔργον ἁπάντων}}." {{cite book|title=Aristophanis Comoediae, Tomus 1|editor1=F. W. Hall|editor2=W. M. Geldart|publisher=Oxford Classical Texts}} "Knights" line 516</ref>

==Biography==
[[File:Athen_Akropolis_(18512008726).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Theatre of Dionysus]], Athens – in Aristophanes's time, the audience probably sat on wooden benches with earth foundations.<ref>{{harvnb|Barrett|1964|p=21}}</ref>]]
An [[Athens|Athenian]] citizen, Aristophanes came from the [[deme]] of [[Kydathenaion]], which was part of the [[Attica|Attic]] tribe (''[[phyle]]'') of [[Pandionis]]. His father was Philippus<ref>{{harvnb|Sidwell|2009|p=111}}; {{harvnb|Fontaine|Scafuro|2014|p=132}}</ref> and his mother was Zenodora.<ref>{{harvnb|Marianetti|1997|p=1}}; {{harvnb|Thorburn |2005|p=66}}</ref> In antiquity, his family was assumed to have connections with the island of [[Aegina]].{{sfn|Sidwell|2009|pp=111-112}} Little is known about Aristophanes's life, his plays being the main source of biographical information. It was conventional in [[Old Comedy]] for the [[Greek chorus|chorus]] to speak on behalf of the author during an address called the [[#Parabasis|''parabasis'']], where some biographical facts can usually be found. These facts, however, relate almost entirely to his career as a dramatist and the plays contain few clear and unambiguous clues about his personal beliefs or his private life. He was a comic poet in an age when it was conventional for the playwright to also serve as the play's director ([[Theatre director#The director in theatre history|''didaskalos'']]). The term literally means "teacher," referring primarily to his role in training the chorus in rehearsal, but perhaps also covered his relationship with the audience as a commentator on significant issues.{{sfn|Dover|1970|p=xiv}}

Aristophanes claimed to be writing for a clever and discerning audience,<ref>''Aristophanis Comoediae'' Tomus 1, F. W. Hall and W. M. Geldart (eds), [[Oxford Classical Texts]], ''Clouds'', pp. 520–525</ref> yet he also declared that "other times" would judge the audience according to its reception of his plays.<ref>''Aristophanis Comoediae'' Tomus 1, F. W. Hall and W. M. Geldart (eds), Oxford Classical Texts, ''Clouds'', pp. 560–562</ref> He sometimes boasts of his originality as a dramatist<ref>''Wasps'' 1536–1537 [http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%82 ] Wikisource (original Greek), ''Clouds'', pp. 545–548, ''Peace'', pp. 739–758</ref> yet his plays consistently espouse opposition to radical new influences in Athenian society. He caricatured leading figures in the arts (notably [[Euripides]], whose influence on his own work however he once grudgingly acknowledged),<ref name="Barrett 2003 p.9">{{harvnb|Barrett|2003|p=9}}</ref> in politics (especially the populist [[Cleon]]), and in philosophy/religion (where Socrates was the most obvious target). Such caricatures seem to imply that Aristophanes was an old-fashioned conservative, yet that view of him leads to contradictions.<ref>Andrewes, Antony. ''Greek Society''. [[Pelican Books]], 1981, pp. 247–248</ref>

It has been argued that Aristophanes produced plays mainly to entertain the audience and to win prestigious competitions.<ref>''Aristophanes: Lysistrata, The Acharnians, The Clouds'' [[Alan Sommerstein|A. H. Sommerstein]] (ed), [[Penguin Books]] 1975, p. 9 footnote</ref> His plays were written for production at the great dramatic festivals of Athens, the [[Lenaia]] and [[City Dionysia]], where they were judged and awarded prizes in competition with the works of other comic dramatists. An elaborate series of lotteries, designed to prevent prejudice and corruption, reduced the voting judges at the City Dionysia to just five. These judges probably reflected the mood of the audiences<ref>{{harvnb|Barrett|1964|p=26}}</ref> yet there is much uncertainty about the composition of those audiences.<ref>{{harvnb|Barrett|1964|p=25}}</ref> The theatres were certainly huge, with seating for at least 10,000 at the Theatre of Dionysus. The day's program at the City Dionysia for example was crowded, with three tragedies and a [[satyr]] play ahead of a comedy, but it is possible that many of the poorer citizens (typically the main supporters of [[demagogues]] like Cleon) occupied the festival holiday with other pursuits. The conservative views expressed in the plays might therefore reflect the attitudes of the dominant group in an unrepresentative audience.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

The production process might also have influenced the views expressed in the plays. Throughout most of Aristophanes's career, the Chorus was essential to a play's success and it was recruited and funded by a ''[[choregus]]'', a wealthy citizen appointed to the task by one of the [[archon]]s. A choregus could regard his personal expenditure on the Chorus as a civic duty and a public honour, but Aristophanes showed in ''[[The Knights]]'' that wealthy citizens might regard civic responsibilities as punishment imposed on them by demagogues and populists like Cleon.<ref>''Aristophanis Comoediae'' Tomus 1, F. W. Hall and W. M. Geldart (eds), Oxford Classical Texts, ''The Knights'' lines 911–925</ref> Thus the political conservatism of the plays may reflect the views of the wealthiest section of Athenian society, on whose generosity all dramatists depended for putting on their plays.<ref>Rennie, W. ''The Acharnians of Aristophanes'', [[Edward Arnold (publisher)|Edward Arnold]] (London, 1909), p. 7 (reproduced by Bibliolife)</ref>

When Aristophanes's first play ''The Banqueters'' was produced, Athens was an ambitious, imperial power and the [[Peloponnesian War]] was only in its fourth year. His plays often express pride in the achievement of the older generation (the [[Greco-Persian Wars#Battle of Marathon|victors at Marathon]])<ref>''Wasps'' 1075–1101 [http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%82 ] Wikisource (original Greek), ''Knights'' 565–576</ref><ref>''Acharnians'' [http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%82 Wikisource (Greek Text)] 692–700</ref> yet they are not jingoistic, and they are staunchly opposed to the war with Sparta. The plays are particularly scathing in criticism of war profiteers, among whom populists such as Cleon figure prominently. By the time his last play was produced (around 386 BC) Athens had been defeated in war, its empire had been dismantled and it had undergone a transformation from being the political to the intellectual centre of Greece.<ref>''Aristophanes: Lysistrata, The Acharnians, The Clouds'' A. H. Sommerstein (ed), Penguin Books 1975, pp. 13–14</ref> Aristophanes was part of this transformation and he shared in the intellectual fashions of the period—the structure of his plays evolves from Old Comedy until, in his last surviving play, ''[[Plutus (play)|Wealth II]]'', it more closely resembles [[Ancient Greek comedy#New Comedy (nea)|New Comedy]]. However it is uncertain whether he led or merely responded to changes in audience expectations.<ref>{{harvnb|Barrett|1964|p=12}}</ref>

Aristophanes won second prize at the [[City Dionysia]] in 427 BC with his first play ''The Banqueters'' (now lost). He won first prize there with his next play, ''The Babylonians'' (also now lost). It was usual for foreign dignitaries to attend the City Dionysia, and ''The Babylonians'' caused some embarrassment for the Athenian authorities since it depicted the cities of the [[Delian League]] as slaves grinding at a mill.<ref>"Greek Drama" P. Levi in ''The Oxford History of the Classical World'' J. Boardman, J. Griffin, O. Murray (eds), Oxford University Press 1986, p. 177</ref> Some influential citizens, notably [[Cleon]], reviled the play as slander against the ''[[polis]]'' and possibly took legal action against the author. The details of the trial are unrecorded but, speaking through the hero of his third play ''[[The Acharnians]]'' (staged at the [[Lenaia]], where there were few or no foreign dignitaries), the poet carefully distinguishes between the ''polis'' and the real targets of his acerbic wit:
{{Verse translation|italicsoff=y
|{{lang|grc|ἡμῶν γὰρ ἄνδρες, κοὐχὶ τὴν πόλιν λέγω,
μέμνησθε τοῦθ᾽ ὅτι οὐχὶ τὴν πόλιν λέγω,
ἀλλ᾽ ἀνδράρια μοχθηρά, παρακεκομμένα...}}<ref>''The Acharnians'', Wikisource [http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%82 ] lines 515–517</ref>

|People among us, and I don't mean the polis,
Remember this – I don't mean the polis –
But wicked little men of a counterfeit kind....}}

Aristophanes repeatedly savages Cleon in his later plays. But these satirical diatribes appear to have had no effect on Cleon's political career—a few weeks after the performance of ''The Knights''—a play full of anti-Cleon jokes—Cleon was elected to the prestigious board of ten generals.<ref>{{harvnb|Barrett|2003|p=34}}</ref> Cleon also seems to have had no real power to limit or control Aristophanes: the caricatures of him continued up to and even beyond his death.

In the absence of clear biographical facts about Aristophanes, scholars make educated guesses based on interpretation of the language in the plays. [[Inscriptiones Graecae|Inscriptions]] and summaries or comments by Hellenistic and Byzantine scholars can also provide useful clues. We know from a combination of these sources,<ref>D. Welsh, ''IG ii2 2343, Philonides and Aristophanes' Banqueters'', Classical Quarterly 33 (1983)</ref> and especially from comments in ''The Knights''<ref>Knights 512–514</ref> and ''The Clouds'',<ref>''Clouds'' 530–533</ref> that Aristophanes's first three plays were not directed by him; they were instead directed by Callistratus and Philoneides,<ref>Ian Storey, General Introduction, in ''Clouds, Wasps, Birds By Aristophanes'', [[Peter Meineck]] (translator), [[Hackett Publishing]] 1998, p. xiii</ref> an arrangement that seemed to suit Aristophanes since he appears to have used these same directors in many later plays as well (Philoneides for example later directed ''The Frogs'' and he was also credited, perhaps wrongly, with directing ''The Wasps'').<ref>MacDowell (1971), p. 124</ref> Aristophanes's use of directors complicates our reliance on the plays as sources of biographical information, because apparent self-references might have been made with reference to his directors instead. Thus, for example, a statement by the chorus in ''The Acharnians''<ref>''The Acharnians'' [http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%82 ] Wikisource (original Greek) lines 652–654</ref> seems to indicate that the "poet" had a close, personal association with the island of [[Aegina]]. Similarly, the hero in ''The Acharnians'' complains about Cleon "dragging me into court" over "last year's play."<ref>''The Acharnians'' [http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%82 ] Wikisource (original Greek) lines 377–382</ref>

Comments made by the Chorus referring to Aristophanes in ''[[The Clouds]]''<ref>''Aristophanis Comoediae'' Tomus 1, F. W. Hall and W. M. Geldart (eds), Oxford Classical Texts, ''The Clouds'' lines 528–32</ref> have been interpreted as evidence that he can hardly have been more than 18 years old when his first play ''The Banqueters'' was produced.<ref>''Aristophanes: Lysistrata, The Acharnians, The Clouds'' Alan Sommerstein (ed), Penguin Classics 1975, p. 9</ref> The second parabasis in ''Wasps''<ref>''Wasps'' [http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%82 ] Wikisource (original Greek) lines 1265–1291</ref> appears to indicate that he reached some kind of temporary accommodation with Cleon following either the controversy over ''The Babylonians'' or a subsequent controversy over ''The Knights''.<ref>MacDowell (1978), p. 299</ref> It has been inferred<ref name="Barrett1964p9"/> from statements in ''The Clouds'' and ''[[Peace (play)|Peace]]'' that Aristophanes was prematurely bald.<ref>''Aristophanis Comoediae'' Tomus 1, F. W. Hall and W. M. Geldart (eds), Oxford Classical Texts, ''Clouds'' 540–545, ''Peace'' 767–774</ref>

Aristophanes was probably victorious at least once at the City Dionysia, with ''Babylonians'' in 427,<ref>[[Inscriptiones Graecae|IG]] II2 [http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/main?url=oi%3Fikey%3D4561%26bookid%3D5%26region%3D1] 2325. 58</ref> and at least three times at the Lenaia, with ''The Acharnians'' in 425, ''Knights'' in 424, and ''Frogs'' in 405. ''Frogs'' in fact won the unique distinction of a repeat performance at a subsequent festival. A son of Aristophanes, Araros, was also a comic poet and he could have been heavily involved in the production of his father's play ''[[Plutus (play)|Wealth II]]'' in 388.<ref>Aristophanes, testimonium 1, lines 54–56, in Kassel-Austin, ''Poetae Comici Graeci'' vol. III.2 (Berlin 1984), p. 4.</ref> Araros is also thought to have been responsible for the posthumous performances of the now lost plays ''Aeolosicon II'' and ''Cocalus'',<ref>Aristophanes, ''Κώκαλος'', testimonium iii, in Kassel-Austin, ''Poetae Comici Graeci'' vol. III.2 (Berlin 1984), p. 201.</ref> and it is possible that the last of these won the prize at the City Dionysia in 387.<ref>IG II2 [http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/main?url=oi%3Fikey%3D4558%26bookid%3D5%26region%3D1] 2318. 196</ref> It appears that a second son, Philippus, was twice victorious at the Lenaia<ref>IG II2 2325. 140</ref> and he could have directed some of [[Eubulus (poet)|Eubulus]]'s comedies.<ref>Eubulus, testimonium 4, in Kassel-Austin, ''Poetae Comici Graeci'' vol. V (Berlin 1986), p. 188.</ref> A third son was called either [[Nicostratus (comic poet)|Nicostratus]] or Philetaerus,<ref>''Clouds'' Peter Meineck (translator) and Ian Storey (Introduction), Hackett Publishing 2000, p. xviii</ref> and a man by the latter name appears in the catalogue of Lenaia victors with two victories, the first probably in the late 370s.<ref>IG II2 2325. 143 (just after Anaxandrides and just before Eubulus)</ref>

Aristophanes survived [[The Peloponnesian War]], two oligarchic revolutions and two democratic restorations; this has been interpreted as evidence that he was not actively involved in politics, despite his highly political plays.{{sfn|Dover|1970|p=ix}} He was probably appointed to the [[Boule (ancient Greece)|Council of Five Hundred]] for a year at the beginning of the fourth century, but such appointments were very common in [[Athenian democracy|democratic Athens]].<ref>{{harvnb|Barrett|2003|p=7}}</ref>

===Plato's ''Symposion''===
Plato's ''[[The Symposium]]'' appears to be a useful source of biographical information about Aristophanes, but its reliability is open to doubt.{{sfn|Dover|1970|p=ix, note 1}} It purports to be a record of conversations at a dinner party at which both Aristophanes and Socrates are guests, held some seven years after the performance of ''The Clouds'', the play in which Socrates was cruelly caricatured. One of the guests, [[Alcibiades]], even quotes from the play when teasing Socrates over his appearance<ref>''Symposium'' 221B; ''Plato'' Vol.3, [[Loeb Classical Library]] (1975), p. 236</ref> and yet there is no indication of any ill-feeling between Socrates and Aristophanes. Plato's Aristophanes is in fact a genial character and this has been interpreted as evidence of Plato's own friendship with him<ref>Sommerstein, Alan (ed). ''Aristophanes: Lysistrata, The Acharnians, The Clouds''. Penguin Books, 1973, p. 10</ref> (their friendship appears to be corroborated by an epitaph for Aristophanes, ''reputedly'' written by Plato, in which the playwright's soul is compared to an eternal shrine for the [[Graces]]).<ref>{{harvnb|Barrett|2003|p=10}}</ref> Plato was only a boy when the events in ''The Symposium'' are supposed to have occurred and it is possible that his Aristophanes is in fact based on a reading of the plays. For example, conversation among the guests turns to the subject of Love and Aristophanes explains his notion of it in terms of an amusing allegory, a device he often uses in his plays. He is represented as suffering an attack of [[hiccups]] and this might be a humorous reference to the crude physical jokes in his plays. He tells the other guests that he is quite happy to be thought amusing but he is wary of appearing ridiculous.<ref>''The Symposium'' original Greek text:[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD section 189b]</ref><ref>''The Symposium'' (English translation) [http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/symposium.html Benjamin Jowett] (scroll half way down).</ref> This fear of being ridiculed is consistent with his declaration in ''The Knights'' that he embarked on the career of comic playwright warily after witnessing the public contempt and ridicule that other dramatists had incurred.<ref>''Aristophanis Comoediae'' Tomus 1, F. W. Hall and W. M. Geldart (eds), ''Knights'' lines 507–550</ref>

==Use of language==
[[File:Muse reading Louvre CA2220.jpg|thumb|200px|Muse reading, Louvre]]
The language of Aristophanes's plays, and in Old Comedy generally, was valued by ancient commentators as a model of the [[Attic Greek|Attic dialect]]. The orator [[Quintilian]] believed that the charm and grandeur of the Attic dialect made Old Comedy an example for orators to study and follow, and he considered it inferior in these respects only to the works of Homer.<ref name="orators">''The Orator's Training'' Quintilian 10.1.65–66, cited in {{harvnb|Barrett|2003|p=15}}</ref><ref>Quintilian 10.1.65–66 [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/10A*.html#1.61 10.1.61]</ref> A revival of interest in the Attic dialect may have been responsible for the recovery and circulation of Aristophanes's plays during the fourth and fifth centuries AD, resulting in their survival today.<ref name="orators" /> In Aristophanes's plays, the Attic dialect is couched in verse and his plays can be appreciated for their poetic qualities.

For Aristophanes's contemporaries the works of [[Homer]] and [[Hesiod]] formed the cornerstones of Hellenic history and culture. Thus poetry had a moral and social significance that made it an inevitable topic of comic satire.<ref>{{harvnb|Barrett|1964|pp=151–152}}</ref> Aristophanes was very conscious of literary fashions and traditions and his plays feature numerous references to other poets. These include not only rival comic dramatists such as [[Eupolis]] and [[Hermippus]]<ref>''Aristophanis Comoediae'' Tomus 1, F. W. Hall and W. M. Geldart (eds), Oxford Classical Texts, ''Clouds'' lines 553–554</ref> and predecessors such as [[Magnes (comic poet)|Magnes]], [[Crates (comic poet)|Crates]] and [[Cratinus]],<ref>''Aristophanis Comoediae'' Tomus 1, F. W. Hall and W. M. Geldart (eds), Oxford Classical Texts, ''Knights'' lines 519–540</ref> but also tragedians, notably [[Aeschylus]], [[Sophocles]] and [[Euripides]], all three of whom are mentioned in e.g. ''The Frogs''. Aristophanes was the equal of these great tragedians in his subtle use of lyrics.<ref>{{harvnb|Barrett|1964|p=30}}</ref> He appears to have modelled his approach to language on that of Euripides in particular, so much so that the comic dramatist [[Cratinus]] labelled him a 'Euripidaristophanist' addicted to hair-splitting niceties.<ref name="Barrett 2003 p.9"/>

A full appreciation of Aristophanes's plays requires an understanding of the poetic forms he employed with virtuoso skill, and of their different rhythms and associations.<ref>MacDowell (1978), p. 21</ref> There were three broad poetic forms: iambic dialogue, tetrameter verses and lyrics:<ref>{{harvnb|Barrett|2003|pp=7–8}}</ref>
{{bulleted list|
'''Iambic dialogue''': Aristophanes achieves an effect resembling natural speech through the use of the [[iambic trimeter]] (corresponding to the effects achieved by English poets such as Shakespeare using iambic pentameters). His realistic use of the meter<ref name="Other Plays' 2003, page 27"/><ref>{{harvnb|MacDowell|1978|p=16}}</ref> makes it ideal for both dialogue and soliloquy, as for instance in the prologue, before the arrival of the Chorus, when the audience is introduced to the main issues in the plot. ''The Acharnians'' opens with these three lines by the hero,<ref>''The Acharnians''[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%82 ] Wikisource (original Greek) lines 1–3</ref> Dikaiopolis (rendered here in English as iambic pentameters):<blockquote><poem>
How many are the things that vex my heart!
Pleasures are few, so very few – just four –
But stressful things are manysandthousandsandheaps!</poem></blockquote>
Here Aristophanes employs a frequent device, arranging the syntax so that the final word in a line comes as a comic climax.<ref name="MacDowell 1978 p.17">MacDowell (1978), p. 17</ref> The hero's pleasures are so few he can number them ({{lang|grc|τέτταρα}}, four) but his causes for complaint are so many they beggar numerical description and he must invent his own word for them ({{lang|grc|ψαμμακοσιογάργαρα}}, literally "sandhundredheaps", here paraphrased "manysandthousandsandheaps"). The use of invented [[compound words]] is another comic device frequently found in the plays.<ref>MacDowell (1978), p. 13</ref><ref>Sommerstein, Alan (ed). ''Aristophanes: Lysistrata, The Acharnians, The Clouds''. Penguin Classics 1973, p. 37</ref>|
'''Tetrameter catalectic verses''': These are long lines of [[anapaest|anapests]], [[trochees]] or iambs (where each line is ideally measured in four ''dipodes'' or pairs of feet), used in various situations within each play such as:{{bulleted list|
formal debates or ''agons'' between characters (typically in anapestic rhythm);|
excited dialogue or heated argument (typically trochaic rhythm, the same as in early tragedy);|
long speeches declaimed by the Chorus in [[#Parabasis|parabases]] (in either anapestic or trochaic rhythms);|
informal debates barely above the level of ordinary dialogue (typically iambic).}}
Anapestic rhythms are naturally jaunty (as in many [[Limerick (poetry)|limerick]]s) and trochaic meter is suited to rapid delivery (the word "trochee" is in fact derived from ''trechein'', "to run", as demonstrated for example by choruses who enter at speed, often in aggressive mood)<ref>L. P. E. Parker, ''The Songs of Aristophanes'', Oxford, 1997, p. 36</ref> However, even though both these rhythms can seem to "bowl along"<ref name="Other Plays' 2003, page 27">{{harvnb|Barrett|2003|p=27}}</ref> Aristophanes often varies them through use of complex syntax and substituted meters, adapting the rhythms to the requirements of serious argument. In an anapestic passage in ''The Frogs'',<ref>''Aristophanis Comoediae'' Tomus 2, F. W. Hall and W. M. Geldart (eds), Oxford Classical Texts, ''Frogs'' lines 1032–1038</ref> for instance, the character Aeschylus presents a view of poetry that is supposed to be serious but which leads to a comic interruption by the god, Dionysus:<blockquote><poem>
'''AES.''':It was [[Orpheus]] singing who taught us religion and how wrong people are when they kill,
And we learned from [[Musaeus of Athens|Musaeus]] medicinal cures and the science of divination.
If it's farming you want, [[Hesiod]] knows it all, when to plant, when to harvest. How godlike
Homer got to be famous, I'll tell if you ask: he taught us what all good men should know,
Discipline, fortitude, battle-readiness. '''DIO.''': But no-one taught Pantocles – yesterday
He was marching his men up and down on parade when the crest of his helmet fell off!</poem></blockquote>
The rhythm begins at a typical anapestic gallop, slows down to consider the revered poets Hesiod and Homer, then gallops off again to its comic conclusion at the expense of the unfortunate Pantocles. Such subtle variations in rhythm are common in the plays, allowing for serious points to be made while still whetting the audience's appetite for the next joke.|
'''Lyrics''': Almost nothing is known about the music that accompanied Greek lyrics, and the meter is often so varied and complex that it is difficult for modern readers or audiences to get a feel for the intended effects, yet Aristophanes still impresses with the charm and simplicity of his lyrics.<ref name="Other Plays' 2003, page 27"/> Some of the most memorable and haunting lyrics are dignified hymns set free of the comic action.<ref>''Greek Drama'', Peter Levi, in ''The Oxford History of the Classical World'' edited by J. Boardman, J. Griffin and O. Murray, Oxford University Press 1986, p. 175</ref> In the example below, taken from ''The Wasps'', the lyric is merely a comic interlude and the rhythm is steadily trochaic. The syntax in the original Greek is natural and unforced and it was probably accompanied by brisk and cheerful music, gliding to a concluding pun at the expense of Amynias, who is thought to have lost his fortune gambling.<ref name="MacDowell1978p27">MacDowell (1978) p. 27</ref><blockquote><poem>
Though to myself I often seem{{block indent|A bright chap and not awkward,|left=1.6}}None comes close to Amynias,{{block indent|Son of Sellos of the Bigwig|left=1.6}}Clan, a man I once saw{{block indent|Dine with rich Leogorus.|left=1.6}}Now as poor as Antiphon,{{block indent|He lives on apples and pomegranates|left=1.6}}Yet he got himself appointed{{block indent|Ambassador to [[Farsala|Pharsalus]],|left=1.6}}Way up there in [[Thessaly]],{{block indent|Home of the poor Penestes:|left=1.6}}Happy to be where everyone{{block indent|Is as penniless as he is!|left=1.6}}</poem></blockquote><ref>MacDowell (1978), Wikisource: [http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%82 ] lines 1265–1274</ref>{{clear}}
The pun here in English translation (''Penestes''–''penniless'') is a weak version of the Greek [[pun]] {{lang|grc|Πενέσταισι-πενέστης}}, ''Penéstaisi-penéstĕs'', "destitute". Many of the puns in the plays are based on words that are similar rather than identical, and it has been observed that there could be more of them than scholars have yet been able to identify.<ref>{{harvnb|Barrett|2003|p=21}}</ref> Others are based on double meanings. Sometimes entire scenes are constructed on puns, as in ''The Acharnians'' with the [[Megarian]] farmer and his pigs:<ref>''The Acharnians'' [http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%82 ] Wikisource (original Greek) lines 729–835</ref> the Megarian farmer defies the Athenian embargo against Megarian trade, and tries to trade his daughters disguised as pigs, except "pig" was ancient slang for "vagina". Since the [[Megarian decree|embargo against Megara]] was the pretext for the Peloponnesian War, Aristophanes naturally concludes that this whole mess happened because of "three cunts".}}

It can be argued that the most important feature of the language of the plays is imagery, particularly the use of similes, metaphors and pictorial expressions.<ref name="MacDowell 1978 p.17"/> In ''The Knights'', for example, the ears of a character with selective hearing are represented as parasols that open and close.<ref>''Aristophanis Comoediae'' Tomus 1, F. W. Hall and W. M. Geldart (eds), Oxford Classical Texts, ''Knights'' lines 1347–1348;</ref> In ''The Frogs'', [[Aeschylus]] is said to compose verses in the manner of a horse rolling in a sandpit.<ref>''The Frogs'' lines 902–904</ref> Some plays feature revelations of human perfectibility that are poetic rather than religious in character, such as the marriage of the hero Pisthetairos to [[Zeus]]'s paramour in ''The Birds'' and the "recreation" of old Athens, crowned with roses, at the end of ''The Knights''.

==Aristophanes and Old Comedy==
[[File:Thalia sarcophagus Louvre Ma475.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Thalia (Muse)|Thalia]], [[muse]] of comedy, gazing upon a comic mask (detail from ''Muses' Sarcophagus'')]]
{{see also|Old Comedy}}

The plays of Aristophanes are the only full-length examples of the genre of Old Comedy to have survived from antiquity. This makes them centrally important to modern understandings of the genre. The themes of Old Comedy included:

* '''Inclusive comedy''': Old Comedy provided a variety of entertainments for a diverse audience. It accommodated a serious purpose, light entertainment, hauntingly beautiful lyrics, the buffoonery of puns and invented words, obscenities, disciplined verse, wildly absurd plots and a formal, dramatic structure.
* '''Fantasy and absurdity''': Fantasy in Old Comedy is unrestricted and impossibilities are ignored.{{sfn|Dover|1970|p=xiii}} Situations are developed logically to absurd conclusions, an approach to humour that is echoed for instance in the works of [[Lewis Carroll]] and [[Eugène Ionesco]] (the [[Theatre of the Absurd]]).<ref>''Aristophanes: Wasps'' Douglas MacDowell, Oxford University Press 1978, p. 12</ref> The crazy costume worn by Dionysus in ''The Frogs'' is typical of an absurd result obtained on logical grounds—he wears a woman's saffron-coloured tunic because effeminacy is an aspect of his divinity, buskin boots because he is interested in reviving the art of tragedy, and a lion skin cape because, like Heracles, his mission leads him into [[Hades]]. Absurdities develop logically from initial premises in a plot. In ''The Knights'' for instance, Cleon's corrupt service to the people of Athens is originally depicted as a household relationship in which the slave dupes his master. The introduction of a rival, who is not a member of the household, leads to an absurd shift in the metaphor, so that Cleon and his rival become [[Pederasty in ancient Greece#Terminology|erastai]] competing for the affections of an [[eromenos]], hawkers of oracles competing for the attention of a credulous public, athletes in a race for approval and orators competing for the popular vote.
* '''The resourceful hero''': In Aristophanic comedy, the hero is an independent-minded and self-reliant individual. He has something of the ingenuity of Homer's [[Odysseus]] and much of the shrewdness of the farmer idealized in [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Works and Days]]'', subjected to corrupt leaders and unreliable neighbours. Typically he devises a complicated and highly fanciful escape from an intolerable situation.<ref>''Clouds'' Peter Meineck (translator) and Ian Storey (Introduction), Hackett Publishing 2000, p. viii</ref> Thus Dikaiopolis in ''The Acharnians'' contrives a ''private'' peace treaty with the Spartans; Bdelucleon in ''The Wasps'' turns his own house into a private law court in order to keep his jury-addicted father safely at home; Trygaeus in ''Peace'' flies to Olympus on a giant dung beetle to obtain an end to the Peloponnesian War; Pisthetairus in ''Birds'' sets off to establish his own colony and becomes instead the ruler of the bird kingdom and a rival to the gods.
* '''The resourceful cast''': The numerous surprising developments in an Aristophanic plot, the changes in scene, and the farcical comings and goings of minor characters towards the end of a play, were managed according to theatrical convention with only three principal actors (a fourth actor, often the leader of the chorus, was permitted to deliver short speeches).<ref>{{SfnRef|Barrett|1964|p=17}}</ref> Songs and addresses to the audience by the Chorus gave the actors hardly enough time off-stage to draw breath and to prepare for changes in scene.
* '''Complex structure''': The action of an Aristophanic play obeyed a crazy logic of its own and yet it always unfolded within a formal, dramatic structure that was repeated with minor variations from one play to another. The different, structural elements are associated with different poetic meters, which are generally lost in English translations.

===Dramatic structure of Aristophanes's plots===
The structural elements of a typical Aristophanic plot can be summarized as follows:
{{glossary}}
{{term|1=prologue}}
{{defn|1=an introductory scene with a dialogue and/or soliloquy addressed to the audience, expressed in [[iambic trimeter]] and explaining the situation that is to be resolved in the play}}
{{term|1=parodos}}
{{defn|1=the arrival of the chorus, dancing and singing, sometimes followed by a choreographed skirmish with one or more actors, often expressed in long lines of tetrameters}}
{{term|1=symmetrical scenes}}
{{defn|1=passages featuring songs and declaimed verses in long lines of tetrameters, arranged symmetrically in two sections such that each half resembles the other in meter and line length; the agon and parabasis can be considered specific instances of symmetrical scenes:
{{glossary}}
{{term|1=parabasis}}
{{defn|1=verses through which the Chorus addresses the audience directly, firstly in the middle of the play and again near the end (see the section below, [[#Parabasis|Parabasis]])}}
{{term|1=agon}}
{{defn|1=a formal debate that decides the outcome of the play, typically in anapestic tetrameter, though iambs are sometimes used to delineate inferior arguments;<ref>''Aristophanes: Wasps'' Douglas MacDowell (ed.), Oxford University Press 1971, p. 207 note 546–630</ref>}}
{{glossary end}}
}}
{{term|1=episodes}}
{{defn|1=sections of dialogue in iambic trimeter, often in a succession of scenes featuring minor characters towards the end of a play}}
{{term|1=songs ('strophes'/'antistrophes' or 'odes'/'antodes')}}
{{defn|1=often in symmetrical pairs where each half has the same meter and number of lines as the other, used as transitions between other structural elements, or between scenes while actors change costume, and often commenting on the action}}
{{term|1=exodus}}
{{defn|1=the departure of the Chorus and the actors, in song and dance celebrating the hero's victory and sometimes celebrating a symbolic marriage.}}
{{glossary end}}
The rules of competition did not prevent a playwright arranging and adjusting these elements to suit his particular needs.<ref>''Aristophanes: Lysistrata, The Acharnians, The Clouds'' A. Sommerstein, Penguin Classics 1975, p. 27</ref> In ''The Acharnians'' and ''Peace'', for example, there is no formal agon whereas in ''The Clouds'' there are two agons.

====Parabasis====
The parabasis is an address to the audience by the chorus or chorus leader while the actors leave or have left the stage. In this role, the chorus is sometimes out of character, as the author's voice, and sometimes in character, although these capacities are often difficult to distinguish. Generally the parabasis occurs somewhere in the middle of a play and often there is a second parabasis towards the end. The elements of a parabasis have been defined and named by scholars but it is probable that Aristophanes's own understanding was less formal.<ref>''Aristophanes: Wasps'' Douglas MacDowell, Oxford University Press 1978, p. 261</ref> The selection of elements can vary from play to play and it varies considerably within plays between first and second parabasis. The early plays (''The Acharnians'' to ''The Birds'') are fairly uniform in their approach however and the following elements of a parabasis can be found within them.
{{glossary}}
{{term|1=kommation}}
{{defn|1=This is a brief prelude, comprising short lines and often including a valediction to the departing actors, such as {{lang|grc|ἴτε χαίροντες}} (Go rejoicing!).}}
{{term|1=parabasis proper}}
{{defn|1=This is usually a defense of the author's work and it includes criticism of the audience's attitude. It is declaimed in long lines of 'anapestic tetrameters'. Aristophanes himself refers to the parabasis proper only as 'anapests'.}}
{{term|1=pnigos}}
{{defn|1=Sometimes known as 'a choker', it comprises a few short lines appended to the parabasis proper as a kind of rapid patter (it has been suggested that some of the effects achieved in a pnigos can be heard in "The Lord Chancellor's Nightmare Song", in act 2 of Gilbert and Sullivan's ''Iolanthe'').<ref name="Aristophanes: Wasps Douglas MacDowell 1978, page 27">''Aristophanes: Wasps'' Douglas MacDowell (ed), Oxford University Press 1978, p. 27</ref>}}
{{term|1=epirrhematic syzygies}}
{{defn|1=These are symmetrical scenes that mirror each other in meter and number of lines. They form part of the first parabasis and they often comprise the entire second parabasis. They are characterized by the following elements:
{{glossary}}
{{term|1=''strophe'' or ''ode''}}
{{defn|1=These are lyrics in a variety of meters, sung by the Chorus in the first parabasis as an invocation to the gods and as a comic interlude in the second parabasis.}}
{{term|1=''epirrhema''}}
{{defn|1=These are usually long lines of trochaic tetrameters. Broadly political in their significance, they were probably spoken by the leader of the Chorus in character.{{sfn|Dover|1970|p=126}}}}
{{term|1=''antistrophe'' or ''antode''}}
{{defn|1=These are songs that mirror the strophe/ode in meter, length and function.}}
{{term|1=''antepirrhema''}}
{{defn|1=This is another declaimed passage and it mirrors the epirrhema in meter, length and function.}}
{{glossary end}}
}}
{{glossary end}}

''[[The Wasps]]'' is thought to offer the best example of a conventional approach<ref>''Aristophanes: Wasps'' Douglas M. MacDowell, Oxford University Press 1978, note 1283 p. 298</ref> and the elements of a parabasis can be identified and located in that play as follows.

{| class="wikitable"
! Elements in ''The Wasps''
! 1st parabasis
! 2nd parabasis
|-
| kommation
| lines 1009–1014<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%82|title=Σφήκες – Βικιθήκη|website=el.wikisource.org}}</ref>
| ---
|-
| parabasis proper
| lines 1015–1050
| ---
|-
| pnigos
| lines 1051–1059
| ---
|-
| strophe
| lines 1060–1070
| lines 1265–1274<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| epirrhema
| lines 1071–1090
| lines 1275–1283
|-
| antistrophe
| lines 1091–1101
| missing
|-
| antepirrhema
| lines 1102–1121
| lines 1284–1291
|}

Textual corruption is probably the reason for the absence of the antistrophe in the second parabasis.<ref>''Aristophanes: Wasps'' Douglas MacDowell (ed), Oxford University Press 1978, pp. 298–299</ref>
However, there are several variations from the ideal even within the early plays. For example, the parabasis proper in ''The Clouds'' (lines 518–562) is composed in eupolidean meter rather than in anapests{{sfn|Dover|1970|p=119, note 518–562}} and the second parabasis includes a kommation but it lacks strophe, antistrophe and antepirrhema (''The Clouds'' lines 1113–1130). The second parabasis in ''The Acharnians'' lines 971–999<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%82|title=Αχαρνείς – Βικιθήκη|website=el.wikisource.org}}</ref> can be considered a hybrid parabasis/song (i.e. the declaimed sections are merely continuations of the strophe and antistrophe)<ref>''Comedy'' E. Handley in 'The Cambridge History of Classical Literature I', P. Easterling, R. MacGregor Walker Knox, E. Kenney (eds), p. 360</ref> and, unlike the typical parabasis, it seems to comment on actions that occur on stage during the address. An understanding of Old Comedy conventions such as the parabasis is necessary for a proper understanding of Aristophanes's plays; on the other hand, a sensitive appreciation of the plays is necessary for a proper understanding of the conventions.

==Influence and legacy==
[[File:Aristophanes Menander.jpg|thumb|200px|Aristophanes, the master of [[Ancient Greek comedy|Old Comedy]], and [[Menander]], the master of [[New Comedy]].]]
The tragic dramatists [[Sophocles]] and [[Euripides]] died near the end of the Peloponnesian War, and the art of tragedy thereafter ceased to develop, yet comedy continued to evolve after the defeat of Athens, and it is possible that it did so because, in Aristophanes, it had a master craftsman who lived long enough to help usher it into a new age.<ref>"Greek Drama" Peter Levi, in ''The Oxford History of the Classical World'' J. Boardman, J. Griffin and O. Murray (eds), Oxford University Press 1986, p. 176</ref> Indeed, according to one ancient source (Platonius, {{circa}} 9th century AD), one of Aristophanes's last plays, ''Aioliskon'', had neither a parabasis nor any choral lyrics (making it a type of Middle Comedy), while ''Kolakos'' anticipated all the elements of New Comedy, including a rape and a recognition scene.<ref>E. W. Handley, 'Comedy' in ''The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Greek Literature'', [[P. E. Easterling]] and [[Bernard Knox]] (eds), Cambridge University Press (1985), p. 400</ref> Aristophanes seems to have had some appreciation of his formative role in the development of comedy, as indicated by his comment in ''Clouds'' that his audience would be judged by other times according to its reception of his plays.<ref>''Clouds'' lines 560–562</ref> ''Clouds'' was awarded third (i.e. last) place after its original performance and the text that has come down to the modern age was a subsequent draft that Aristophanes intended to be read rather than acted.{{sfn|Dover|1970|pp=xxix–xxx}} The circulation of his plays in manuscript extended their influence beyond the original audience, over whom in fact they seem to have had little or no practical influence: they did not affect the career of [[Cleon]], they failed to persuade the Athenians to pursue an honourable peace with Spartans, and it is not clear that they were instrumental in the trial and execution of Socrates, whose death probably resulted from public animosity towards the philosopher's disgraced associates (such as [[Alcibiades]]),{{sfn|Dover|1970|pp=xiv–xv}} exacerbated of course by his own intransigence during the trial.<ref>Plato's ''Apology'', Benjamin Jowett (trans), Wikisource copy: [[s:Apology (Plato)#33]] (section 33)</ref> The plays, in manuscript form, have been put to some surprising uses—as indicated [[#Aristophanes the Poet|earlier]], they were used in the study of rhetoric on the recommendation of [[Quintilian]] and by students of the Attic dialect in the Fourth and Fifth Centuries AD. It is possible that Plato sent copies of the plays to Dionysius of Syracuse so that he might learn about Athenian life and government.<ref>{{cite book|title=Clouds|author=Aristophanes|translator=Peter Meineck |others=Ian Storey (Introduction)|publisher=Hackett Publishing|year=2000|page=x}}</ref>

Latin translations of the plays by [[Andreas Divus]] (Venice 1528) were circulated widely throughout Europe in the Renaissance and these were soon followed by translations and adaptations in modern languages. [[Jean Racine|Racine]], for example, drew ''Les Plaideurs'' (1668) from ''The Wasps''. [[Goethe]] (who turned to Aristophanes for a warmer and more vivid form of comedy than he could derive from readings of Terence and Plautus) adapted a short play ''Die Vögel'' from ''The Birds'' for performance in Weimar. Aristophanes has appealed to both conservatives and radicals in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries—[[Anatoly Lunacharsky]], first Commissar of Enlightenment for the USSR in 1917, declared that the ancient dramatist would have a permanent place in proletarian theatre and yet conservative, Prussian intellectuals interpreted Aristophanes as a satirical opponent of social reform.<ref>{{cite book|title=Aristophanes in Performance 421 BC – AD 2007: Peace, Birds and Frogs|author=Edith Hall and Amanda Wrigley|publisher=Legenda|location=Oxford|year=2007|pages=9–12}}</ref> The avant-gardist stage-director [[Karolos Koun]] directed a version of ''The Birds'' under the Acropolis in 1959 that established a trend in modern Greek history of breaking taboos through the voice of Aristophanes.<ref>''Politics and Aristophanes: watchword Caution!'' by Gonda Van Steen in 'The Cambridge Companion to Greek and Roman Theatre' Marianne McDonald and J. Michael Walton (eds), Cambridge University Press 2007, p. 109</ref>

The plays have a significance that goes beyond their artistic function, as historical documents that open the window on life and politics in [[classical Athens]], in which respect they are perhaps as important as the writings of [[Thucydides]]. The artistic influence of the plays is immeasurable. They have contributed to the history of European theatre and that history in turn shapes our understanding of the plays. Thus for example the operettas of [[Gilbert and Sullivan]] can give us insights into Aristophanes's plays<ref>e.g. ''Aristophanes: Lysistrata, The Acharnians, The Clouds'' A. Sommerstein, Penguin Classics 1975, p. 37</ref> and similarly the plays can give us insights into the operettas.<ref>"W. S. Gilbert: A Mid-Victorian Aristophanes" in ''W. S. Gilbert: A Century of Scholarship and Commentary'', John Bush Jones (ed), New York University Press 1970</ref> The plays are a source of famous sayings, such as "By words the mind is winged."<ref>Birds, l.1447–1448; quotation as translated in ''Macmillan Dictionary of Political Quotations''</ref>

Listed below are some of the many works influenced (more or less) by Aristophanes.

===Literature===
* The [[Romanticism|romantic]] poet, [[Percy Shelley]], wrote a comic, lyrical drama (''Swellfoot the Tyrant'') in imitation of Aristophanes's play ''The Frogs'' after he was reminded of the Chorus in that play by a herd of pigs passing to market under the window of his lodgings in San Giuliano, Italy.<ref>''Note on Oedipus Tyrannus'' by Mrs Shelley, quoted in ''Shelley: Poetical Works'' Thomas Hutchinson (ed), Oxford University Press 1970, p. 410</ref>
* Aristophanes (particularly in reference to ''The Clouds'') is mentioned frequently by the character Menedemos in the [[Hellenic Traders]] series of novels by [[Harry Turtledove|H. N. Turteltaub]].
* A liberal version of the comedies have been published in [[comic book]] format, initially by "Agrotikes Ekdoseis" during the 1980s and republished over the years by other companies. The plot was written by Tasos Apostolidis and the sketches were of George Akokalidis. The stories feature either Aristophanes narrating them, directing the play, or even [[metafiction|as a character inside one of his stories]].
* {{cite book|title=Socrates on Trial: A play based on Aristophanes' Clouds and Plato's Apology, Crito, and Phaedo, adapted for modern performance|last=Irvine|first=Andrew David|year=2008|publisher=University of Toronto Press|location=Toronto|title-link=Socrates on Trial (play)}}

===Radio shows===
* ''[[Acropolis Now (radio)|Acropolis Now]]'' is a comedy radio show for the BBC set in Ancient Greece. It features Aristophanes, Socrates and many other famous Greeks. (Not to be confused with the Australian sitcom of the same name.) Aristophanes is characterised as a celebrity playwright, and most of his plays have the title formula: ''One of Our'' [e.g] ''Slaves has an Enormous Knob'' (a reference to the exaggerated appendages worn by Greek comic actors)
* ''Aristophanes Against the World'' was a radio play by Martyn Wade and broadcast on [[BBC Radio 4]]. Loosely based on several of his plays, it featured [[Clive Merrison]] as Aristophanes.
* ''The Wasps'', radio play adapted by David Pountney, music by [[Vaughan Williams]], recorded 26–28 July 2005, Albert Halls, Bolton, in association with BBC, under Halle label

===Music===
* ''[[Platée]]'' is a French comic opera by [[Jean-Philippe Rameau]] influenced by The Frogs.<ref>GREEN, ROBERT A. “Aristophanes, Rameau and ‘Platée.’” Cambridge Opera Journal, vol. 23, no. 1/2, 2011, pp. 1–26. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41494572. Accessed 6 Oct. 2024.</ref>
* ''Satiric Dances for a Comedy by Aristophanes'' is a three-movement piece for concert band composed by [[Norman Dello Joio]]. It was commissioned in commemoration of the Bicentennial of 19 April 1775 (the start of the [[American Revolutionary War]]) by the Concord ([[Massachusetts]]) Band. The commission was funded by the Town of [[Concord, Massachusetts|Concord]] and assistance was given by the Eastern National Park and Monument Association in cooperation with the [[National Park Service]].
* [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]] wrote ''[[The Wasps (Vaughan Williams)|The Wasps]]'' for a 1909 Cambridge University production of the play.<ref>{{cite web|title=Plays, Radio and Film; Ralph Vaughan Williams List of Works|url=http://www.rvwsociety.com/worksfilm.html|website=RVWSociety.com|publisher=The Ralph Vaughan Williams Society|access-date=7 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409053434/http://www.rvwsociety.com/worksfilm.html|archive-date=9 April 2014}}</ref>

===Greek Language===

* [[Eduard_Johnson|E. Joannides]] used Aristophanes's comedies as the main source of conversational phrases for his famous Ancient Greek phrasebook ''Sprechen Sie Attisch?'' (''Do You Speak Attic Greek?'').<ref name="Attisch1902">{{cite book |last=Joannides |first=E. |title=Sprechen Sie Attisch? : Moderne Konversation in altegriechischer Umgangssprache, nach den besten attischen Autoren |year=1902 |edition=2nd |language=de,grc |publisher=C.A. Kochs Verlagsbuchhandlung (H. Ehlers) |location=Dresden und Leipzig |url=https://archive.org/details/sprechensieatti00johngoog}}</ref><ref name="Buske2012">{{cite book |last=Joannides |first=E. |title=Ἆρ' ἀττικίζεις; – Sprechen Sie Attisch? Moderne Konversation in altgriechischer Umgangssprache |edition=Revised |year=2012 |language=de,grc |publisher=Buske |location=Hamburg |isbn=978-3875486377}}</ref><ref name="Attic2025">{{cite book |last=Joannides |first=E. |title=Do You Speak Attic Greek? |year=2025 |edition=2025 English |publisher=Aristophanic Cloud Publishing |isbn=979-8-90030-048-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/attic-greek-2025}}</ref>

== Translation of Aristophanes ==
Alan H. Sommerstein believes that although there are good translations of Aristophanes's comedies, none could be flawless, "for there is much truth in the paradox that the only really perfect translation is the original."<ref>On Translating Aristophanes: Ends and Means, Alan H. Sommerstein, Greece & Rome, Oct. 1973, Vol. 20, No. 2 (Oct. 1973), pp. 140–154 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Classical Association.</ref> Nevertheless, there are competent, respectable translations in many languages. Despite the fact that translations of Aristophanes may not be perfect, "the reception of Aristophanes has gained extraordinary momentum as a topic of academic interest in the last few years."<ref>Transposing Aristophanes: The Theory and Practice of Translating Aristophanic Lyric, James Robson, Second Series, Vol. 59, No. 2 (October 2012), pp. 214–244 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Classical Association.</ref>

==Works==
===Surviving plays===
[[File:Title page of one of the first editions of Aristophanes (1498). Aldine Aristophanes.jpg|thumb|Table of contents of a 1498 edition, which contains all of Aristophanes's surviving plays except for ''[[Thesmophoriazusae]]'' and ''[[Lysistrata]]'']]
Most of these are traditionally referred to by abbreviations of their ''Latin'' titles; Latin remains a customary language of scholarship in classical studies.
* ''[[The Acharnians]]'' ({{lang|grc|Ἀχαρνεῖς}} ''Akharneis''; Attic {{lang|grc|Ἀχαρνῆς}}; ''{{lang|la|Acharnenses}})'', 425 BC
* ''[[The Knights]]'' ({{lang|grc|Ἱππεῖς}} ''Hippeis''; Attic {{lang|grc|Ἱππῆς}}; Latin: ''{{lang|la|Equites}}''), 424 BC
* ''[[The Clouds]]'' ({{lang|grc|Νεφέλαι}} ''Nephelai''; Latin: ''{{lang|la|Nubes}}''), original 423 BC, incomplete revised version from 419 to 416 BC survives
* ''[[The Wasps]]'' ({{lang|grc|Σφῆκες}} ''Sphekes''; Latin: ''{{lang|la|Vespae}}''), 422 BC
* ''[[Peace (play)|Peace]]'' ({{lang|grc|Εἰρήνη}} ''Eirene''; Latin: ''{{lang|la|Pax}}''), first version, 421 BC
* ''[[The Birds (play)|The Birds]]'' ({{lang|grc|Ὄρνιθες}} ''Ornithes''; Latin: ''{{lang|la|Aves}}''), 414 BC
* ''[[Lysistrata]]'' ({{lang|grc|Λυσιστράτη}} ''Lysistrate''), 411 BC
* ''[[Thesmophoriazusae]]'' or ''The Women Celebrating the Thesmophoria'' ({{lang|grc|Θεσμοφοριάζουσαι}} ''Thesmophoriazousai''), first version {{circa|411 BC}}
* ''[[The Frogs]]'' ({{lang|grc|Βάτραχοι}} ''Batrakhoi''; Latin: ''{{lang|la|Ranae}}''), 405 BC
* ''[[Assemblywomen|Ecclesiazusae]]'' or ''The Assemblywomen''; ({{lang|grc|Ἐκκλησιάζουσαι}} ''Ekklesiazousai''), {{circa|392 BC}}
* ''[[Plutus (play)|Wealth]]'' ({{lang|grc|Πλοῦτος}} ''Ploutos''; Latin ''[[Plutus (play)|Plutus]]'') second version, 388 BC

===Datable non-surviving (lost) plays===
The standard modern edition of the fragments is [[Rudolf Kassel]] and [[Colin François Lloyd Austin]]'s ''Poetae Comici Graeci'' III.2.

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''Banqueters'' (Δαιταλεῖς ''Daitaleis'', 427 BC)
* ''Babylonians'' (Βαβυλώνιοι ''Babylonioi'', 426 BC)
* ''Farmers'' (Γεωργοί ''Georgoi'', 424 BC)
* ''Merchant Ships'' (Ὁλκάδες ''Holkades'', 423 BC)
* ''[[The Clouds|Clouds]]'' (first version, 423 BC)
* ''Proagon'' (Προάγων, 422 BC)
* ''Amphiaraus'' (Ἀμφιάραος, 414 BC)
* ''[[Plutus (play)|Plutus]]'' (''Wealth'', first version, 408 BC)
* ''Gerytades'' (Γηρυτάδης, uncertain, probably 407 BC)
* ''Cocalus'' (Κώκαλος, 387 BC)
* ''Aiolosicon'' (Αἰολοσίκων, second version, 386 BC)
{{div col end}}

===Undated non-surviving (lost) plays===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''Aiolosicon'' (first version)
* ''[[Anagyros (hero)|Anagyrus]]'' (Ἀνάγυρος)
* ''Frying-Pan Men'' (Ταγηνισταί ''Tagenistai'')
* ''Daedalus'' (Δαίδαλος)
* ''Danaids'' (Δαναΐδες ''Danaides'')
* ''Centaur'' (Κένταυρος ''Kentauros'')
* ''Heroes'' (Ἥρωες)
* ''Lemnian Women'' (Λήμνιαι ''Lemniai'')
* ''Old Age'' (Γῆρας ''Geras'')
* ''Peace'' (second version)
* ''Phoenician Women'' (Φοίνισσαι ''Phoinissai'')
* ''Polyidus'' (Πολύιδος)
* ''Seasons'' (Ὧραι ''Horai'')
* ''Storks'' (Πελαργοί ''Pelargoi'')
* ''Telmessians'' (Τελμησσεῖς ''Telmesseis'')
* ''Triphales'' (Τριφάλης)
* ''[[Thesmophoriazusae]]'' (''Women at the Thesmophoria Festival'', second version)
* ''Women in Tents'' (Σκηνὰς Καταλαμβάνουσαι ''Skenas Katalambanousai'')
{{div col end}}

===Attributed (doubtful, possibly by Archippus)===
{{see also|Archippus (poet)}}
* ''Dionysus Shipwrecked'' (Διόνυσος Ναυαγός ''Dionysos Nauagos'')
* ''Islands'' (Νῆσοι ''Nesoi'')
* ''Niobos'' (Νίοβος)
* ''Poetry'' (Ποίησις ''Poiesis'')

==See also==
* [[Agathon]]
* [[Ancient Greek comedy]]
* [[2934 Aristophanes|Asteroid 2934 Aristophanes]], named after the dramatist
* [[Greek literature]]
* [[Onomasti komodein]], the witty personal attack made with total freedom against the most notable individuals
* [[Hubert Parry]] wrote music for ''The Birds''
* [[Theatre of ancient Greece]]
* [[Codex Ravennas 429]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|2}}
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* {{citation|last=Somerstein|first=Alan|title=Aristophanes: Lysistrata, The Acharnians, The Clouds|publisher=Penguin Books|year=1973}}
* {{citation|last=Storey|first=Ian|title=Clouds, Wasps, Birds By Aristophanes|others=translation by Peter Meineck|publisher=Hackett Publishing|year=1998|chapter=Introduction}}
* {{Cite book |last=Thorburn |first=John E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3NnUyqzRNYC |title=The Facts on File Companion to Classical Drama |date=2005 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-7498-3}}
* {{citation|last=Van Steen|first=Gonda|author-link=Gonda Van Steen|title=The Cambridge Companion to Greek and Roman Theatre|veditors=McDonald M, Walton JM |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|chapter=Politics and Aristophanes: watchword Caution!}}
* {{citation|last=Welsh|first=D.|title=Classical Quarterly|volume=33|year=1983|chapter=IG ii2 2343, Philonides and Aristophanes' Banqueters}}
* {{cite book| author = Jeffrey Henderson, Professor of Classics at University of Southern California| title = The Maculate Muse: Obscene Language in Attic Comedy|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aBsR2BEuAq0C|year = 1991|publisher = Oxford University Press|isbn = 978-0-19-536199-5 }}
** [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1087300 reviewed] by W. J. Slater, ''Phoenix'', Vol. 30, No. 3 (Autumn, 1976), pp. 291–293 {{doi|10.2307/1087300}}
* Lee, Jae Num. "Scatology in Continental Satirical Writings from Aristophanes to Rabelais" and "English Scatological Writings from Skelton to Pope." Swift and Scatological Satire. Albuquerque: U of New Mexico P, 1971. 7–22; 23–53.
* {{cite book|last=Murray|first=Gilbert|title=Aristophanes: A Study|location=Oxford and New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1933}}
* {{cite book| last = Platter| first = Charles|title = Aristophanes and the Carnival of Genres| year = 2006| publisher = JHUP|isbn = 978-0-8018-8527-3 }}
* G. M. Sifakis ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/632156 The Structure of Aristophanic Comedy]'' The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 112, 1992 (1992), pp. 123–142 {{doi|10.2307/632156}}
* {{cite book|last=Taaffe|first=L. K.|title=Aristophanes and Women|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge|year=1993}}
* {{cite book|last=Ussher|first=Robert Glenn|title=Aristophanes|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1979}}
* Van Steen, Gonda. 2000 [http://press.princeton.edu/titles/6874.html ''Venom in Verse: Aristophanes in Modern Greece.''] Princeton University Press.
* [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1561948 Jstor.org], The American Journal of Philology, 1996.
* [http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1091777 Life, death and Aristophanes' concept of Eros in Saul Bellow's "Ravelstein".]
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061007212611/http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristophanes/ The Eleven Comedies (in translation)] at the University of Adelaide Library
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/comoediaequaesup01aris |title=Comoediae quae supersunt cum perditarum fragmentis |language=la |author=Aristophanes |last2=Holden |first2=Hubert Ashton |publisher=Cantabrigia |year=1868}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/ScholiaGraecaInAristophanem |title=Scholia graeca in Aristophanem |editor-last=Dübner |editor-first=Friedrich |publisher= Parisiis Editore |year=1883 |orig-date=1855}}
* Kyriakidi, Natalia (2025). ''Aristophanes, Testimonia''. Fragmenta comica, vol. 10.2. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 2025, {{ISBN|9783911065337}}.
* {{cite book|last=MacDowell|first=Douglas M.|title=Aristophanes and Athens: An Introduction to the Plays|location=Oxford and New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0198721598}}

==External links==
{{Library resources box |by=yes |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Aristophanes
|viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}
* {{Wikisource author-inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
* {{Commons-inline}}
* {{Internet Archive author}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=965 | name=Aristophanes}}
* {{FadedPage|id=Aristophanes|name=Aristophanes|author=yes}}
* {{Librivox author |id=1594}}
* {{IMDb name}}

{{Aristophanes Plays}}
{{Athenian drama}}
{{Lysistrata}}
{{Ancient Greece topics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aristophanes}}
[[Category:Aristophanes| ]]
[[Category:440s BC births]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:380s BC deaths]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:4th-century BC Athenians]]
[[Category:4th-century BC Greek poets]]
[[Category:5th-century BC Athenians]]
[[Category:5th-century BC Greek poets]]
[[Category:Ancient Athenian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek satirists]]
[[Category:Satirical dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Old Comic poets]]
[[Category:Writers of lost works]]

Shri Guru Ravidas Gurughar, Tughlakabad

2026-03-09T11:14:12Z

GlenDoolittle2: adding new data.

{{Short description|Important religious places of Ravidasi communities}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Shri Guru Ravidas Gurughar, Tughlakabad
| religious_affiliation = [[Ravidassia]]
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Delhi
| map_caption = Location within Delhi
| coordinates = {{coord|28.520078|77.253563|display=title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[Tughlakabad (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tughlakabad]]
| locale = Tughlakabad
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Ravidas]]
| festivals = [[Guru Ravidass Jayanti]]
| architecture = [[Sikh architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website = [https://www.facebook.com/pages/category/Personal-Blog/Guru-Ravidas-Tughlakabad-Temple-Delhi-106616240702504/ Official website]
}}
{{Ravidasi}}

'''Shri Guru Ravidas Gurughar, Tughlakabad'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/ravidas-temple-case-shows-social-contract-between-dalit-groups-and-judiciary-is-fraying/282837/|title=Ravidas temple case shows social contract between Dalit groups and judiciary is fraying|last1=M|first1=Dilip|last2=al|date=2019-08-28|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-14}}</ref> (or '''Ravidas Temple Tughlakabad''' or '''Guru Ravidas Temple''') is one of the important religious places of [[Ravidassia religion|Ravidasi communities]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/ravidas-temple-demolition-dalit-protests-tughlakabad-supreme-court-5928501/|title=Whose faith will be privileged in the public sphere?|date=2019-08-23|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-14}}</ref> like [[Ad-Dharmi]]s,<ref>{{cite web|title=Ultimate Place of Pilgrimage|url=http://adidharammission.com/}}</ref> [[Ramdasia|Ramdasia Sikh]]s,<ref>{{cite web | author=Sports | title=According to party leaders, more than one lakh dalit Sikhs (also called Ramdasia Sikhs) from Punjab reach Ravidas Temple in Seer Govardhan area of Varanasi every year | website=The Indian Express | date=13 February 2016 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/narendra-modi-arvind-kejriwal-varanasi/ | accessdate=27 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=In view of Punjab Assembly polls, Ravidas Jayanti is significant as lakhs of Sikh followers (Ramdasia Sikhs) from across the country are likely to come to the city on this occasion | website=Zee News | date=13 February 2016 | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/varanasi-to-witness-pm-modi-kejriwal-faceoff-again-this-month-on-ravidas-jayanti_1855308.html | language=la | accessdate=27 February 2016}}</ref> [[Chamar]]s,<ref>{{cite news|title=While Sant Ravidas was a revered guru of Jatav (Chamar) caste|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20160211/2791711.html|archive-date=27 October 2016|access-date=14 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027161036/http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20160211/2791711.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Mochi (Sikh)|Mochi]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/caste/mandir-wahin-banaenge-thousands-protested-against-the-demolition-of-ravidas-temple-in-delhi|title="Mandir wahin banaenge": Thousands protested against the demolition of Ravidas temple in Delhi|last=Koshal|first=Vishnu Sharma, Karishma|website=The Caravan|language=en|access-date=2020-03-14}}</ref> It is situated at [[Tughlakabad (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tughlakabad]] area of [[Delhi]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/dalit-leaders-protest-demolition-of-guru-ravidas-temple-in-delhi-816348|title=Dalit leaders protest demolition of Guru Ravidas temple in Delhi|last=Service|first=Tribune News|website=The Tribune|language=en|access-date=2020-03-14}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Painting1740.jpg|thumb|[[Mughal Empire|Mughal era]] painting of Guru Ravidas at Gurughar]]
Shri Guru Ravidas Gurughar of Tughlaqabad was visited by Sant [[Ravidas]] around 1509.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.uniindia.com/historical-shri-guru-ravidas-temple-demolished-in-delhi-s-tughlaqabad-area-evoking-sc-st-sentiments/north/news/1694640.html|title=Historical Shri Guru Ravidas temple demolished in Delhi's Tughlaqabad area evoking SC/ST sentiments|date=2019-09-10|work=United News of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/ravidas-temple-demolition-dalits-mark-a-month-of-dda-action-push-for-restoration-of-delhi-shrine-2303927.html|title=Ravidas Temple Demolition: Dalits Mark a Month of DDA Action, Push for Restoration of Delhi Shrine|website=News18|date=10 September 2019 |access-date=2020-03-14}}</ref> As per claims of a purported land grant with the Ravidasia community, nearly 160 years ago on land provided by Sikandar Lodi,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/opinion/sant-ravidas-followers|title=Sant Ravidas and his followers|website=The Sunday Guardian Live|date=28 September 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-14}}</ref> an ancestor named Roopa Nand dug out a pond in the area known as ''[[chamar]]wala johar'' in [[Khasra]] No. 123 of Tughlakabad village. The hut of Roopa Nand was situated in khasra No. 124/1 of Tughlakabad village.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/caste/why-the-dda-may-not-have-a-legitimate-claim-on-a-part-of-tughlaqabads-ravidas-temple-land|title=Why the DDA may not have a legitimate claim on a part of Tughlaqabad's Ravidas temple land|last=Sagar|website=The Caravan|language=en|access-date=2020-03-14}}</ref> Later, in the Delhi Land Reforms Act of 1954, this land was shown as 'Shamlat' (village common land). An organization named ''Guru Ravidas Jainti Samaroh Samiti'' was formed in 1959 to build an ashram, Guru Ravidas temple and [[Samadhi (shrine)|samadhi]] of Roopa Nand and other saints on 12350 square yards (ca. 1 ha) of land. Four other rooms were also constructed as part of a [[Dharamshala (type of building)|dharamshala]]. The temple was inaugurated on 1 March 1959 by [[Dalit]] leader and then Union [[Minister of Railways (India)|Railways minister]] [[Jagjivan Ram]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/caste/the-court-relied-on-the-ddas-facts-ours-were-ignored-petitioner-in-the-ravidas-temple-case|title=The court relied on the DDA's facts, ours were ignored: Petitioner in the Ravidas temple case|last=Sagar|website=The Caravan|language=en|access-date=2020-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/why-demolition-of-sant-ravidas-temple-in-a-delhi-forest-has-dalits-up-in-arms/280266/|title=Why demolition of Sant Ravidas temple in a Delhi forest has Dalits up in arms|last=Krishna|first=Tarun|date=2019-08-21|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-14}}</ref>

== Demolition ==
Ravidas Gurughar was demolished by [[Delhi Development Authority]] following an 8 April 2019 Supreme Court order. The apex court, upholding a 2018 order of the Delhi High Court, ordered that the area be vacated within two months. The Supreme Court also asked the authorities to ensure compliance of its order. On 11 August 2019, the temple of Sant Ravidas in Tughlakabad was demolished.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dalit-protest-demolition-ravidas-temple-delhi-tughlakabad-explained-1590482-2019-08-22|title=Explained: Why are Dalits agitated over demolition of Ravidas temple in Delhi|last=Rawat|first=Mukesh|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/twinkle-twinkle/dalit-politics-sant-ravidas-and-a-temple/|title=Dalit politics, Sant Ravidas and a temple|date=2019-08-22|website=Times of India Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/page1/huge-stir-over-razing-of-ravidas-temple-chokes-delhi--many-hurt.html|title=Huge stir over razing of Ravidas temple chokes Delhi, many hurt|last=Pioneer|first=The|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2020-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Krishna|first=Tarun|date=2019-08-21|title=Why demolition of Sant Ravidas temple in a Delhi forest has Dalits up in arms|url=https://theprint.in/india/why-demolition-of-sant-ravidas-temple-in-a-delhi-forest-has-dalits-up-in-arms/280266/|access-date=2020-07-14|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> In October 2019, after several protests against the demolition of the temple, the Supreme Court allowed permanent construction of Guru Ravidas Temple in the place of where structure was demolished in August.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Supreme Court Clears Way For Construction of Sant Ravidas Temple in Delhi's Tughlakabad|url=https://english.newsnationtv.com/cities/delhi-and-ncr/supreme-court-clears-way-for-construction-of-sant-ravidas-temple-in-delhis-tughlakabad-241692.html|access-date=2020-07-14|website=News Nation English|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Guru Ravidas Temple To Be Permanent Structure with a Fence: Top Court|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/supreme-court-says-guru-ravidas-temple-to-be-permanent-structure-with-fence-enclosing-it-2138263|access-date=2020-07-14|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Shri Guru Ravidass Janam Asthan]]
*[[Shri Khuralgarh Sahib]]
*[[Sant Ravidas Ghat]]
*[[Rashtriya Dalit Prerna Sthal and Green Garden]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*[https://velivada.com/2019/08/11/guru-ravidass-teachings-are-against-the-idea-of-hindu-rashtra-hence-demolition-of-ravidas-temple-in-new-delhi/ For more information] on Velivada

{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Temples in Delhi]]
[[Category:Ravidassia]]
[[Category:Dalit monuments]]
[[Category:16th-century religious buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:South East Delhi district]]

London Assembly

2026-03-06T03:18:50Z

GlenDoolittle2: rework article for accuracy

{{Short description|Elected body in London, England}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox legislature
| background_color = #353C42
| name = London Assembly
| native_name =
| legislature =
| logo_pic = London Assembly logo.svg
| logo_caption = [[Symbols of Greater London|Wordmark]]
| coa_pic = File:Coat of arms of Greater London.svg
| logo_res = 220px
| coa_caption = [[Coat of arms of the Greater London Authority]]
| coa_res = 100px
| foundation = 3 July 2000
| house_type = [[Unicameral]] [[deliberative assembly]] of [[London]]
| leader1_type = [[Speaker (politics)|Chair]]
| leader1 = [[Len Duvall]]
| party1 = [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
| election1 = 6 May 2025<ref name="AssemblyChair">{{cite web |title=
Assembly starts 25th Anniversary year with longest serving Member as Chair
|url=https://www.london.gov.uk/who-we-are/what-london-assembly-does/london-assembly-press-releases/assembly-starts-25th-anniversary-year-longest-serving-member-chair |website=London Assembly |access-date=22 May 2025 |date=6 May 2024}}</ref>
| leader2_type = Deputy Chair
| leader2 = [[Andrew Boff]]
| party2 = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| election2 = 6 May 2025<ref name="AssemblyChair"/>
| leader3_type = Group leaders
| leader3 = {{plainlist|
*[[Len Duvall]], [[London Labour|Labour]]
*[[Susan Hall]], [[London Conservatives|Conservative]]
*[[Caroline Russell]], [[London Green Party|Green]]
*[[Hina Bokhari]], [[London Liberal Democrats|Liberal Democrat]]
*[[Alex Wilson (British politician)|Alex Wilson]], [[Reform UK]]
}}
| members = 25
| structure1 = LondonAssembly2025.svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| political_groups1 = {{unbulleted list
| {{nowrap|{{Color box|{{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}|border=darkgray}} [[London Labour Party|Labour]] (11){{efn|Includes 6 [[Labour and Co-operative|Labour Co-op]] AMs.}}}}
| {{nowrap|{{Color box|{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}|border=darkgray}} [[London Conservatives|Conservative]] (7)}}
| {{nowrap|{{Color box|{{party color|Green Party of England and Wales}}|border=darkgray}} [[London Green Party|Green]] (3)}}
| {{nowrap|{{Color box|{{Party color|Liberal Democrats (UK, 2025)}}|border=darkgray}} [[London Liberal Democrats|Liberal Democrats]] (2)}}
| {{nowrap|{{Color box|{{party color|Reform UK}}|border=darkgray}} [[Reform UK]] (2)}}
}}
| committees1 = {{Collapsible list|title=List|Audit|Budget and Performance|Budget Monitoring|Confirmation Hearings|Economy|Education|Environment|GLA Oversight|Health|Housing|Planning|Police and Crime|Regeneration|Transport}}
| house1 =
| voting_system1 = [[Additional-member system]] ([[Mixed-member proportional representation]])
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 = [[2024 London Assembly election|2 May 2024]]
| next_election1 = 4 May 2028
| session_room = Siemens Crystal Building, London.jpg
| session_res = 150px
| meeting_place = [[City Hall, London (2021-present)|City Hall]], [[Newham]], [[London]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.london.gov.uk/|london.gov.uk}}
| footnotes =
}}
{{Politics of London}}
The '''London Assembly''' is a 25-member elected body, part of the [[Greater London Authority]], that scrutinises the activities of the [[mayor of London]] and has the power, with a two-thirds supermajority, to amend the mayor's annual budget and to reject the mayor's draft statutory strategies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2011/20/section/229 |title=Localism Act 2011 |publisher=Legislation.gov.uk |date=2012-02-07 |access-date=2015-04-03}}</ref> The London Assembly was established in 2000. It is also able to investigate other issues of importance to Londoners, publish its findings and recommendations, and make proposals to the mayor.

==Assembly members==
The Assembly comprises 25 members elected using the [[additional-member system]] or [[mixed-member proportional representation]] system. A majority in the chamber (usually 13) is needed to pass measures. Elections take place every four years, at the same time as those for the [[mayor of London]]. London is divided into 14 geographical constituencies, each electing one member. Each voter casts two votes - one for election of the local member; the other as a party vote. A further 11 members are elected from party lists in such as way as to give each substantial party a share of seats that approximates the party's share of the party votes cast across the whole of London. The 11 seats are allocated using a modified [[D'Hondt method|D'Hondt]] allocation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-17769428 |title=How the London election works |publisher=BBC |date=25 April 2012 |access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref> A party must win at least 5% of the party list vote in order to win any seats. Members of the London Assembly have the [[post-nominal title]] "AM". The annual salary for a London Assembly member is approximately £60,416.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-03-19|title=Salaries, expenses, benefits and workforce information|url=https://www.london.gov.uk//about-us/governance-and-spending/spending-money-wisely/salaries-expenses-benefits-and-workforce-information|access-date=2023-07-05|website=London City Hall|language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Former Assembly members===
Since its creation in 2000, sixteen Assembly members subsequently were elected to the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]]: [[David Lammy]], [[Meg Hillier]], [[Diana Johnson]], and [[Florence Eshalomi]] for Labour; [[Andrew Pelling]], [[Bob Neill]], [[Angie Bray]], [[Bob Blackman]], [[Eric Ollerenshaw]], [[Victoria Borwick]], [[James Cleverly]], [[Kit Malthouse]], [[Kemi Badenoch]], [[Gareth Bacon]] and [[Peter Fortune]] for the Conservatives; [[Lynne Featherstone]] for the Liberal Democrats and [[Siân Berry]] for the Green Party.

One Assembly member, [[Jenny Jones, Baroness Jones of Moulsecoomb|Jenny Jones]], was elevated to the [[House of Lords]] as the Green Party's first [[life peer]] in 2013, continuing to sit in the Assembly until May 2016. [[Sally Hamwee, Baroness Hamwee|Sally Hamwee]], [[Graham Tope, Baron Tope|Graham Tope]], and [[Toby Harris, Baron Harris of Haringey|Toby Harris]] were already peers when elected to the assembly, while [[Lynne Featherstone]] and [[Dee Doocey]] were created life peers after standing down from the Assembly.

[[Val Shawcross]], AM for [[Lambeth and Southwark (London Assembly constituency)|Lambeth and Southwark]], unsuccessfully contested [[Bermondsey and Old Southwark (UK Parliament constituency)|Bermondsey and Old Southwark]] as the Labour parliamentary candidate at the 2010 general election, and [[Navin Shah]] stood unsuccessfully as the Labour candidate for [[Harrow East]] in 2017. [[Andrew Dismore]], [[Graham Tope]], and the late [[Richard Tracey]] are all former [[Member of Parliament|MP]]s later elected to the assembly. [[John Biggs (London politician)|John Biggs]], formerly AM for [[City and East (London Assembly constituency)|City and East]], served as the directly elected [[mayor of Tower Hamlets]] from 2015 until 2022.

===Structure of the assembly===
London Assembly elections have been held under the [[additional member system]], with a set number of constituencies elected on a first-past-the-post system and a set number London-wide on a closed party list system. Terms are for four years, so despite the delayed 2020 election, which was held in 2021, the following election was held in 2024.

In December 2016, an Electoral Reform Bill was introduced which would have changed the election system to [[first-past-the-post]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/electoral-reform-proportional-representation-pr-system-london-assembly-electoral-reform-bill-a7492531.html|title=Tory and Labour MPs gang up in bid to strip London Assembly of PR voting system|last=Stone|first=Jon|date=23 December 2016|work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> At the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 general election]], the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] manifesto proposed changing how the Assembly is elected to first-past-the-post.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mayorwatch.co.uk/tories-confirm-london-assembly-also-faces-election-rules-shake-up/|title=Tories confirm London Assembly also faces election rules shake-up|date=19 May 2017|publisher=Mayor Watch|access-date=5 Mar 2026|website=Mayor Watch|last=Hoscik|first=Martin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519102830/https://www.mayorwatch.co.uk/tories-confirm-london-assembly-also-faces-election-rules-shake-up/|archive-date=19 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

However, after the general election of 2017, which resulted in a hung Parliament with the Conservatives and the [[Democratic Unionist Party]] in a [[Conservative–DUP agreement|confidence and supply arrangement]], no action was taken with regard to the electoral arrangements of the London Assembly, and the 2020 election, delayed to 2021 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|COVID-19 pandemic]], was held on the current electoral system of AMS (constituencies and regional lists).

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Political party
! colspan="8" | Assembly members elected
|-
! {{vert header|nb=1|'''[[2000 London Assembly election|2000]]'''}}
! {{vert header|nb=1|'''[[2004 London Assembly election|2004]]'''}}
! {{vert header|nb=1|'''[[2008 London Assembly election|2008]]'''}}
! {{vert header|nb=1|'''[[2012 London Assembly election|2012]]'''}}
! {{vert header|nb=1|'''[[2016 London Assembly election|2016]]'''}}
! {{vert header|nb=1|'''[[2021 London Assembly election|2021]]'''}}
! colspan="2" | [[2024 London Assembly election|2024]]
|-
| {{party color cell|Labour Party (UK)}}
| [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
| style="text-align: right" | 9
| style="text-align: right" | 7
| style="text-align: right" | 8
| style="text-align: right" | 12
| style="text-align: right" | 12
| style="text-align: right" | 11
| style="text-align: right" | 11
| {{Infobox political party/seats|11|25|hex={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Conservative Party (UK)}}
| [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| style="text-align: right" | 9
| style="text-align: right" | 9
| style="text-align: right" | 11
| style="text-align: right" | 9
| style="text-align: right" | 8
| style="text-align: right" | 9
| style="text-align: right" | 8
| {{Infobox political party/seats|8|25|hex={{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Green Party of England and Wales}}
| [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green]]
| style="text-align: right" | 3
| style="text-align: right" | 2
| style="text-align: right" | 2
| style="text-align: right" | 2
| style="text-align: right" | 2
| style="text-align: right" | 3
| style="text-align: right" | 3
| {{Infobox political party/seats|3|25|hex={{party color|Green Party of England and Wales}}}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Liberal Democrats (UK)}}
| [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]]
| style="text-align: right" | 4
| style="text-align: right" | 5
| style="text-align: right" | 3
| style="text-align: right" | 2
| style="text-align: right" | 1
| style="text-align: right" | 2
| style="text-align: right" | 2
| {{Infobox political party/seats|2|25|hex={{party color|Liberal Democrats (UK)}}}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Reform UK}}
| [[Reform UK]]
| style="text-align: right" {{N/A|}}
| style="text-align: right" {{N/A|}}
| style="text-align: right" {{N/A|}}
| style="text-align: right" {{N/A|}}
| style="text-align: right" {{N/A|}}
| style="text-align: right" | 0
| style="text-align: right" | 1
| {{Infobox political party/seats|1|25|hex={{party color|Reform UK}}}}
|-
| {{party color cell|UK Independence Party}}
| [[UK Independence Party|UKIP]]
| style="text-align: right" | 0
| style="text-align: right" | 2
| style="text-align: right" | 0
| style="text-align: right" | 0
| style="text-align: right" | 2
| style="text-align: right" | 0
| style="text-align: right" {{N/A|}}
| style="text-align: center" {{N/A|}}
|-
| {{party color cell|British National Party}}
| [[British National Party|BNP]]
| style="text-align: right" | 0
| style="text-align: right" | 0
| style="text-align: right" | 1
| style="text-align: right" | 0
| style="text-align: right" | 0
| style="text-align: right" {{N/A|}}
| style="text-align: right" {{N/A|}}
| style="text-align: center" {{N/A|}}
|}

On 12 December 2018, following [[Peter Whittle (politician)|Peter Whittle]]'s departure from UKIP, he and [[David Kurten]] disbanded the UKIP grouping and formed the [[Brexit Alliance]] group.

In March 2019, following the departure of [[Tom Copley]] and [[Fiona Twycross]] to take up full-time Deputy Mayor roles, [[Murad Qureshi]] and [[Alison Moore (politician)|Alison Moore]] replaced them as [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] Assembly members. The end of the term in office for AMs was extended from May 2020 to May 2021, as no elections were being held during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].

===List of current Assembly members===
{{further|List of London Assembly constituencies}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[Barnet and Camden (London Assembly constituency)|Barnet and Camden]]
| {{sortname|Anne|Clarke|Anne Clarke (politician)}}
| {{Party name with colour|Labour Co-operative}}
|-
| [[Bexley and Bromley (London Assembly constituency)|Bexley and Bromley]]
| {{sortname|Thomas|Turrell|Thomas Turrell}}
| {{Party name with colour|Conservative Party (UK)}}
|-
| [[Brent and Harrow (London Assembly constituency)|Brent and Harrow]]
| {{sortname|Krupesh|Hirani|Krupesh Hirani}}
| {{Party name with colour|Labour Co-operative}}
|-
| [[City and East (London Assembly constituency)|City and East]]
| {{sortname|Unmesh|Desai|Unmesh Desai}}
| {{Party name with colour|Labour Co-operative}}
|-
| [[Croydon and Sutton (London Assembly constituency)|Croydon and Sutton]]
| {{sortname|Neil|Garratt|Neil Garratt}}
| {{Party name with colour|Conservative Party (UK)}}
|-
| [[Ealing and Hillingdon (London Assembly constituency)|Ealing and Hillingdon]]
| {{sortname|Bassam|Mahfouz|Bassam Mahfouz}}
| {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}}
|-
| [[Enfield and Haringey (London Assembly constituency)|Enfield and Haringey]]
| {{sortname|Joanne|McCartney|Joanne McCartney}}
| {{Party name with colour|Labour Co-operative}}
|-
| [[Greenwich and Lewisham (London Assembly constituency)|Greenwich and Lewisham]]
| {{sortname|Len|Duvall|Len Duvall}}
| {{Party name with colour|Labour Co-operative}}
|-
| [[Havering and Redbridge (London Assembly constituency)|Havering and Redbridge]]
| {{sortname|Keith|Prince|Keith Prince}}{{efn|Keith Prince was elected as a Conservative and defected to Reform UK in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grew |first1=Tony |title=Tory London Assembly member Keith Prince defects to Reform UK |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cqjexze7444o |access-date=6 October 2025 |work=BBC News |date=4 October 2025}}</ref>}}
| {{Party name with colour|Reform UK}}
|-
| [[Lambeth and Southwark (London Assembly constituency)|Lambeth and Southwark]]
| {{sortname|Marina|Ahmad|Marina Ahmad}}
| {{Party name with colour|Labour Co-operative}}
|-
| [[Merton and Wandsworth (London Assembly constituency)|Merton and Wandsworth]]
| {{sortname|Leonie|Cooper|Leonie Cooper}}
| {{Party name with colour|Labour Co-operative}}
|-
| [[North East (London Assembly constituency)|North East]]
| {{sortname|Sem|Moema|Sem Moema}}
| {{Party name with colour|Labour Co-operative}}
|-
| [[South West (London Assembly constituency)|South West]]
| {{sortname|Gareth|Roberts|Gareth Roberts (politician)}}
| {{Party name with colour|Liberal Democrats (UK)}}
|-
| [[West Central (London Assembly constituency)|West Central]]
| {{sortname|James|Small-Edwards|James Small-Edwards}}
| {{Party name with colour|Labour Co-operative}}
|-
| rowspan="11" {{n/a|Additional members London-wide }}
| {{sortname|Zoë|Garbett|Zoë Garbett}}
| {{Party name with colour|Green Party of England and Wales}}
|-
| {{sortname|Susan|Hall|Susan Hall}}
| {{Party name with colour|Conservative Party (UK)}}
|-
| {{sortname|Alex|Wilson|Alex Wilson (British politician)}}
| {{Party name with colour|Reform UK}}
|-
| {{sortname|Caroline|Russell|Caroline Russell}}
| {{Party name with colour|Green Party of England and Wales}}
|-
| [[Shaun Bailey, Baron Bailey of Paddington|Shaun Bailey]]
| {{Party name with colour|Conservative Party (UK)}}
|-
| {{sortname|Emma|Best|Emma Best (politician)}}
| {{Party name with colour|Conservative Party (UK)}}
|-
| {{sortname|Hina|Bokhari|Hina Bokhari}}
| {{Party name with colour|Liberal Democrats (UK)}}
|-
| {{sortname|Zack|Polanski|Zack Polanski}}
| {{Party name with colour|Green Party of England and Wales}}
|-
| {{sortname|Andrew|Boff|Andrew Boff}}
| {{Party name with colour|Conservative Party (UK)}}
|-
| {{sortname|Elly|Baker|Elly Baker}}
| {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}}
|-
| {{sortname|Alessandro|Georgiou}}
| {{Party name with colour|Conservative Party (UK)}}
|}

[[File:London Assembly composition.png|thumb|1000px|center|'''Composition of London Assembly, 2000 – 2021'''{{paragraph}}

{{Color box|#99cc33|border=darkgray}} Green Party {{Color box|#ff0000|border=darkgray}} Labour Party {{Color box|#fdbb30|border=darkgray}} Liberal Democrats {{Color box|#0087dc|border=darkgray}} Conservative Party {{Color box|#70147a|border=darkgray}} UKIP {{Color box|#00008b|border=darkgray}} BNP ]]

==List of chairs of the London Assembly==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Chairs of the assembly
|-
! Name
! Entered office
! Left office
! colspan=2 | Political party
|-
| [[Trevor Phillips]]
| May 2000
| May 2001
| {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}}
|-
| [[Sally Hamwee]]
| May 2001
| May 2002
| {{Party name with colour|Liberal Democrats (UK)}}
|-
| Trevor Phillips
| May 2002
| February 2003
| {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}}
|-
| Sally Hamwee
| February 2003
| May 2004
| {{Party name with colour|Liberal Democrats (UK)}}
|-
| [[Brian Coleman]]
| May 2004
| May 2005
| {{Party name with colour|Conservative Party (UK)}}
|-
| Sally Hamwee
| May 2005
| May 2006
| {{Party name with colour|Liberal Democrats (UK)}}
|-
| Brian Coleman
| May 2006
| May 2007
| {{Party name with colour|Conservative Party (UK)}}
|-
| Sally Hamwee
| May 2007
| May 2008
| {{Party name with colour|Liberal Democrats (UK)}}
|-
| [[Jennette Arnold]]
| May 2008
| May 2009
| {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}}
|-
| [[Darren Johnson]]
| May 2009
| May 2010
| {{Party name with colour|Green Party of England and Wales}}
|-
| [[Dee Doocey]]
| May 2010
| May 2011
| {{Party name with colour|Liberal Democrats (UK)}}
|-
| Jennette Arnold
| May 2011
| May 2013
| {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}}
|-
| Darren Johnson
| May 2013
| May 2014
| {{Party name with colour|Green Party of England and Wales}}
|-
| [[Roger Evans (London politician)|Roger Evans]]
| May 2014
| May 2015
| {{Party name with colour|Conservative Party (UK)}}
|-
| Jennette Arnold
| May 2015
| May 2016
| {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}}
|-
| [[Tony Arbour]]
| May 2016
| May 2017
| {{Party name with colour|Conservative Party (UK)}}
|-
| Jennette Arnold
| May 2017
| May 2018
| {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}}
|-
| Tony Arbour
| May 2018
| May 2019
| {{Party name with colour|Conservative Party (UK)}}
|-
| Jennette Arnold
| May 2019
| May 2020
| {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}}
|-
| [[Navin Shah]]
| May 2020
| May 2021
| {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}}
|-
| [[Andrew Boff]]
| May 2021
| May 2022
| {{Party name with colour|Conservative Party (UK)}}
|-
| [[Onkar Sahota]]
| May 2022
| May 2023
| {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}}
|-
| Andrew Boff
| May 2023
| May 2025
| {{Party name with colour|Conservative Party (UK)}}
|-
| Len Duvall
| May 2025
| Incumbent
| {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}}
|}

==Committees==
The Assembly has formed the following committees:<ref name="AssemblyChair"/>

* Audit Panel, chaired by [[Neil Garratt]]
* Budget and Performance Committee, chaired by [[Neil Garratt]]
* Confirmation Hearings Committee
* Economy, Culture, and Skills Committee, chaired by [[Hina Bokhari]]
* Environment Committee, chaired by [[Leonie Cooper]]
* Fire Committee, chaired by [[Zack Polanski]]
* GLA Oversight Committee, chaired by [[Bassam Mahfouz]]
* Health Committee, chaired by [[Emma Best (politician)|Emma Best]]
* Housing Committee, chaired by [[Zoë Garbett]]
* Planning and Regeneration Committee, chaired by [[James Small-Edwards]]
* Police and Crime Committee, chaired by [[Marina Ahmad]]
* Transport Committee, chaired by [[Elly Baker]]

The Police and Crime Committee was set up under the terms of the [[Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011]] in order to scrutinise the work of [[Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime]], which replaced the [[Metropolitan Police Authority]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2011/13/section/32/enacted |title=Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011 |publisher=Legislation.gov.uk |date=2011-10-26 |access-date=2015-01-29}}</ref>

== Result maps ==
These maps only show constituency results and not list results.
<gallery>
File:Greater London UK assembly election 2000 map.svg|[[2000 London Assembly election|2000]] results
File:Greater London UK assembly election 2004 map.svg|[[2004 London Assembly election|2004]] results
File:Greater London UK assembly election 2008 map.svg|[[2008 London Assembly election|2008]] results
File:Greater London UK assembly election 2012 map.svg|[[2012 London Assembly election|2012]] results
File:Greater London UK assembly election 2016 map.svg|[[2016 London Assembly election|2016]] results
File:Greater London UK assembly election 2021 map.svg|[[2021 London Assembly election|2021]] results
File:Greater London UK assembly election 2024 map.svg|[[2024 London Assembly election|2024]] results
</gallery>

== London Youth Assembly ==
The London Assembly also operates a London Youth Assembly (LYA), which is made up of young people from across London. Each London borough elects or selects a representative and deputy representative to serve on the assembly.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=14 November 2018 |title=The London Youth Assembly |url=https://www.london.gov.uk/who-we-are/what-london-assembly-does/london-assembly-publications/london-youth-assembly |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=London Assembly}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=How the London Assembly Works for You: An Easy Read Guide |url=https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2024-08/London-Assembly-Easy-Read-Guide-2024.pdf |website=www.london.gov.uk |access-date=26 January 2025 |page=17}}</ref> The procedure for choosing a representative is different in each borough, with some boroughs electing representatives while other representatives are selected by their local [[Youth council|youth forum]] or council.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The London Youth Assembly |url=https://gla.moderngov.co.uk/documents/s73752/02b%20-%20London%20Youth%20Assembly%20Standards%20V1%202018.pdf |access-date=26 January 2025 |publisher=Greater London Authority}}</ref> Representatives are aged 11 to 19, or 11 to 25 if they have a disability or special needs.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> A representative may be known as a London Youth Assembly Member (LYAM) and a deputy representative may be known as a Deputy London Youth Assembly Member (DLYAM).<ref name=":1" />

Ashan Khehra served as Chair of the London Youth Assembly (LYA) between 2024-25. He was elected unanimously in April 2024. He previously served as the LYA Member for Hounslow. Khehra has oversaw efforts to re-establish the Assembly following a period of inactivity. During his tenure, the LYA introduced several new initiatives, including the London Youth Achievement Awards, developed in partnership with the London Assembly to mark its 25th anniversary. He also implemented a shadow cabinet within the Assembly, intended to provide a structured way for young people to engage with and contribute to discussions on city-level policy.
The current Chair is Hugo Maxwell who is the LYAM for Bromley.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.london.gov.uk/about-us/london-assembly London Assembly]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090210045243/http://www.london.gov.uk/assembly/reports/index.jsp London Assembly publications]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130222031855/http://cityhalllabour.org/ City Hall Labour]}}
* [http://glaconservatives.co.uk/ Conservatives in the London Assembly]
* [http://www.glalibdems.org.uk/ London Assembly Liberal Democrats]

{{London Assembly}}
{{London}}

[[Category:London Assembly| ]]
[[Category:Local government in London]]
[[Category:Regional assemblies in England]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in England]]

Ramachandra (film)

2026-03-03T04:40:13Z

GlenDoolittle2: small enhance article based on references and improved wording

{{short description|2003 film by Raj Kapoor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ramachandra (film).jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil director)|Raj Kapoor]]
| screenplay = Raj Kapoor
| story = [[Posani Krishna Murali]]
| producer = Singanamala Ramesh Babu
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sathyaraj]]|[[Pandiarajan]]|[[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]]|[[Ashish Vidyarthi]]}}
| cinematography = B. Balamurugan
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Kanagarathna Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2003|01|15}}
| country = India
| runtime = 146 minutes
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Ramachandra''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]], directed by [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil director)|Raj Kapoor]], starring [[Sathyaraj]] and [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]]. The film was released on 15 January 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=9 January 2003 |title=Releases for Pongal |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/entertainment/filmplus/rpongal.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031127153101/http://www.chennaionline.com/entertainment/filmplus/rpongal.asp |archive-date=27 November 2003 |access-date=1 November 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> It is a remake of the 1995 Telugu film ''Khaidi Inspector''.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=February 2024}}
Ramachandran is a police inspector who is sentenced to the death penalty. His teammates release him in secret and Ramachandran begins by killing the criminals one by one.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sathyaraj]] as Inspector Ramachandran
*[[Pandiarajan]] as Thirunavukkarasu
*[[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]] as Divya, Ramachandran's wife
*[[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as "Sodukku" Chockalingam
*[[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] as Chief Minister
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Chockalingam's assistant
*[[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] as Sivarama Gandhi
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Ramachandran's father
*[[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Jeevarathnam / Sathyamoorthy
*[[Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)|Raj Kapoor]] as Naagaa
*[[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] as Suresh Kumar
*[[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Kabaali, Chockalingam's henchman
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Rajagopal
*[[G. M. Kumar]] as DSP Kumar
*[[Mahanadi Shankar]] as Sub-inspector
*[[Thalapathy Dinesh]] as Chockalingam's henchman
*Vinayak as Vijay
*[[Kovai Senthil]]
*[[Siva Narayana Murthy]]
*[[Deepa Venkat]] as Deepa
*[[Abhinayashree]] as Sandhya, Suresh Kumar's sister
*Mumtaj [[Pakoda Kadhar]] as Sub-inspector's wife
*Baby Shathika as Ammukutty
*[[LIC Narasimhan]] as Judge
*Lekhasri in a special appearance
*[[Radhika Chaudhari]] in a special appearance
*[[Nagendra Prasad]] in a special appearance – ''"Paarappa"''
}}

== Production ==
A fight sequence was shot at a newspaper office in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=8 December 2002 |title=Ramachandra |url=http://chennaionline.com/location/ramachandran.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041224071547/http://chennaionline.com/location/ramachandran.asp |archive-date=24 December 2004 |access-date=4 November 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramachandra (2003) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/movie/T0000465.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144354/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/movie/T0000465.html |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=26 December 2011 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramachandra Tamil Film Audio CD by Deva |url=https://mossymart.com/product/ramachandra-tamil-film-audio-cd-by-deva/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001094647/https://mossymart.com/product/ramachandra-tamil-film-audio-cd-by-deva/ |archive-date=1 October 2023 |access-date=8 February 2024 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "Aathukku Paalam" || [[Sabesh–Murali|Sabesh]] || Ponniyin Selvan || 5:27
|-
| "Chinna Chinna" || [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]]|| [[Pa. Vijay]] || 4:45
|-
| "Kuththadi Kuththadi (Paarappa)" || [[Silambarasan]]|| rowspan="2" |Ponniyin Selvan || 5:33
|-
| "Maidha Maidha" || [[Mathangi Jagdish|Mathangi]], Naveen || 4:58
|-
| "Thillaiyaadi" || [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Anuradha Sriram]] || Pa. Vijay || 4:02
|}

== Reception ==
Arkay of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote: "this film is aimed purely at the B and C categories".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arkay |date=17 January 2003 |title=Ramchandra is aimed at the front benches |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ram/20030117.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002346/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ram/20030117.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=23 May 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote: "Writer-director Raj Kapoor sees to it that Ramachandra's reckless, impulsive ventures only lead to mindless melee and every time you expect some intelligent counters from him, he lets you down very badly".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=31 January 2003 |title="Ramachandra" |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/31/stories/2003013101060202.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030630020238/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/31/stories/2003013101060202.htm |archive-date=30 June 2003 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Krishna Chidambaram of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' panned the character design of the film's hero and added he cannot appreciate acting since the characters are poorly developed however he found Pandiarajan as the film's only positive.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சிதம்பரம் |first=கிருஷ்ணா |date=9 February 2003 |title=ராமச்சந்திரா |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-02-09/page/58/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240224121027/https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-02-09/page/58/mode/2up |archive-date=24 February 2024 |access-date=24 February 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=58 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote "'Ramachandra' is insipid fare that offers nothing new".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=19 January 2003 |title=Ramachandra |url=http://chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov241.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031211204553/http://chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov241.asp |archive-date=11 December 2003 |access-date=27 October 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> ''India Info'' wrote "Raj Kapoor's direction is not praise worthy, though he has taken all the care to make the film a mass masala film, which may go well with B and C center audience".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/reviews/ramachandra.html|title=RAMACHANDRA, a masala flick!|website=India Info|access-date=28 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031003135739/http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/reviews/ramachandra.html|archive-date=3 October 2003}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote "The film has a very tame story and climax, but is racy and the end result is not bad".<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramachandra |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=12532378&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040131072451/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=12532378&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=31 January 2004 |access-date=4 December 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> P. Unnikrishnan won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2006 |title=State Film Awards announced |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/20385.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060215150437/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/20385.html |archive-date=15 February 2006 |access-date=28 April 2013 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:2003 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2003 action films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Kasla Paginu Muvadu State

2026-02-28T16:37:06Z

GlenDoolittle2: made details

{{Short description|Princely state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name =Kasla Paginu Muvadu State
|common_name =Kasla Paginu Muvadu
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start =
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = File:Rewa_Kantha_Agency_with_all_Princely_States_Gujarat_during_British_India_1811-1937_with_labels.svg
|image_map_caption = Location of Kasla Paginu Muvadu
|stat_area1 =2.59
|stat_year1 =1931
|stat_pop1 =133
|footnotes =
}}

'''Kasla Paginu Muvadu State''' (or '''Kasla Paginu Muwada''') was a minor [[princely state]] during the [[British Raj]] in what is today [[Gujarat State]] India. It was initially administered by the [[Rewa Kantha Agency]]<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 264, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n295/mode/2up</ref> and then by the [[Baroda and Gujarat States Agency]].<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1935, p. 100
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275347/page/n109/mode/2up</ref> It was part of the 26 Princely States making up the [[Pandu Mehwas]], petty states placed under British protection between 1812 and 1825.<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 270,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n301/mode/2up</ref> The state had a population of 133 and an area of 1 sq mile.<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 22, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n31/mode/2up</ref>

==Rulers==

The state was held by several shareholders.

Between at least 1922 <ref>The Rewakantha directory, p. 120, https://archive.org/details/apz5770.0001.001.umich.edu/page/120/mode/2up</ref> and 1927 <ref>A Collection Of Treaties and Sanads Vol - Xiv (1929), p. 160, https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.1302/page/159/mode/2up</ref> the 4 shareholders of Kasla Paginu Muvadu were:

* Nathabhai Haribhai (b. 1866)
* Melsing Chanrasing (b. 1893)
* Jivabhai Jerbhai (b. 1883)
* Parbhatsing Khatubhai (b. 1890)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Princely states of the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

{{princely states topics}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]

{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}
{{Vadodara-geo-stub}}

Bhanu Chander

2026-02-25T11:49:33Z

GlenDoolittle2:

{{Short description|Indian actor and director (born 1952)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bhanu Chander
| native_name_lang = Telugu
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Madduri Venkatasatya Subramanyeswara Bhanuchander Prasad
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1953|05|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras State]], India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Actor|Film actor]] [[Film director|Director]] [[Screenwriter]] 
[[Music Composer]]
| other_names =
| years_active = 1978–present
| television =
| title = [[Black belt (martial arts)|Black belt]] in Taekwondo
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| parents = [[Master Venu]]
| awards =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bhanu Chander'''<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Piousji |date=14 December 1980 |title=Khaas Baat |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99450/page/n327/mode/2up |magazine=Sunday |volume=8 |issue=19 |page=55 |access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref> (born 31 May 1953) is an Indian actor and director known for his works predominantly in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Tamil cinema]].

==Career==
He is known for his association with directors like [[Balu Mahendra]] and [[K. Viswanath]] in films such as ''[[Moodu Pani]]'' (1980), ''[[Neengal Kettavai]]'' (1984), and ''[[Nireekshana]]'' (1986) apart from acting in ''[[Chaitanya Ratham]]'' (1987). In 1990, he starred in ''[[Sutradharulu]]'', which won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]] for that year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Bhanuchander-to-direct-his-son-Jayanth/articleshow/22886769.cms |title=Bhanuchander to direct his son Jayanth – The Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=8 March 2014 |archive-date=20 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195820/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Bhanuchander-to-direct-his-son-Jayanth/articleshow/22886769.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/camford-students-emerge-winners-at-the-hindu-young-world-quiz/article2561047.ece |title=Camford students emerge winners at The Hindu Young World quiz – The Hindu |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 October 2011 |access-date=8 March 2014 |archive-date=8 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308105238/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/camford-students-emerge-winners-at-the-hindu-young-world-quiz/article2561047.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He is the son of veteran music composer [[Master Venu]]. His paternal family hails from [[Machilipatnam]] and maternal family hails from [[Rajahmundry]]. He was born near [[Madras]]. His son Jayanth acted in the film ''[[Margazhi 16]]'' (2010).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/nov/26/stars-lad-to-debut-in-margazhi-16-107344.html|title=Star's lad to debut in 'Margazhi 16'|date=26 November 2009|access-date=2 August 2020|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Telugu ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Mana Voori Pandavulu]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1980
|''Sivamethina Satyam''
|Lorry Driver Gopal
|
|-
|''[[Bebbuli]]''
|Shankar
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bebbuli (1980) |url=https://indiancine.ma/UOC |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1981 || ''[[Aadavaallu Meeku Joharlu (1981 film)|Adavaalu Meeku Joharulu]]'' ||
|
|-
|''Maro Kurukshetram''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Satyam Sivam]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1982 || ''[[Edi Dharmam Edi Nyayam?]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''Vamsa Gouravam'' ||Ravi
|
|-
| ''Tarangini'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1983 || ''Iddaru Khiladilu'' ||
|
|-
| ''Konte Kodallu'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Gudachari No.1]]'' ||Bujji
|
|-
| ''Mukku Pudaka'' ||
|
|-
|''Bahudoorapu Batasari''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1984 || ''Kurra Chestalu'' ||
|
|-
|''Daku''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daku on Moviebuff.com |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/daku-1984-telugu |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=Moviebuff.com}}</ref>
|Dilip
|
|-
|''Railu Dopidi''
|Suresh
|
|-
| ''[[Swathi (1985 film)|Swathi]]'' ||
|
|-
|''Yama Dhoothalu''
|
|
|-
| ''Merupu Daadi''||Bhanu
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1985 || ''[[Intiko Rudramma]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=shared&v=M7CS6DeiqF8 |title=Intiko Rudramma Full Movie {{!}} Bhanuchander, Sumalatha, Ranganath, Sharada, Sujatha, Giribabu {{!}} ETV Cinema |date=2024-09-09 |last=ETV Cinema |access-date=2024-09-13 |via=YouTube}}</ref>||Vijay
|
|-
|''[[Rechukka (1985)|Rechukka]]''
|Rechukka
|
|-
|''Ranarangam''
|
|
|-
| ''Terror'' ||Nivas
|
|-
|''[[Punnami Ratri]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punnami Rathri 1985 Full Movie Online - Watch HD Movies on Airtel Xstream Play |url=https://www.airtelxstream.in/movies/punnami-rathri/HUNGAMA_MOVIE_24001945 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Airtel Xstream (Airtel TV) |language=en}}</ref>
|Sudheer
|
|-
| ''[[Khooni (1985 Telugu film)|Khooni]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khooni (1985) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ZWJ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>||Inspector Vijay
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1986 || ''[[Manchi Manasulu (1986)|Manchi Manasulu]]'' ||
|
|-
|''Samajamlo Sthree''
|
|
|-
|''[[Vetagallu]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zg1MK_KjW50 |title=VETAGALLU {{!}} { EXCLUSIVE } TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} BHANUCHANDER {{!}} GIRI BABU {{!}}OORVAASI {{!}} INDIAN MOVIE CAFE |language=en |access-date=2024-04-29 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|Raja
|
|-
|''Police Officer''
|Bhanu Prakash
|
|-
| ''[[Nireekshana]]'' ||Murali Krishna
|Nominated-[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1987 || ''Hantakudi Veta'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Lawyer Suhasini]]'' || Shankar
|
|-
| ''Udayam'' ||
|
|-
| [[Chaitanya Ratham|''Chaitanya Radham'']]||
|
|-
| 1988 || ''Veguchukka Pagatichukka'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1989
| ''[[Sutradharulu]]''|| Tirumaladasu
|
|-
|''Aakhari Kshanam''
|
|
|-
|[[Dhruva Nakshatram (1989 film)|''Dhruva Nakshatram'']]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1990 || ''Alajadi'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Neti Dowrjanyam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neti Dowrjanyam (1990) Telugu Movie: Watch Full HD Movie Online On JioCinema |url=https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/neti-dowrjanyam/3496275 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=www.jiocinema.com |language=en}}</ref>||Vikram
|
|-
| ''Udhyamam'' ||Bhargav
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1991 || ''[[Aswani (film)|Aswani]]''|| Prabhakar
|
|-
| ''Keechu Raallu'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Atiradhudu]]''||Teja
|
|-
|''[[Stuvartpuram Dongalu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Nayakuralu''
|
|
|-
|''Ganga''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1992
| ''Gang War''||
|
|-
| ''Public Rowdy'' ||
|
|-
|1993
|''Nakshatra Poratam''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1994 || ''Raithu Bharatam'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Puttinilla Mettinilla]]''
| ||
|-
|''[[President Gari Alludu]]''
|Jagadeesh / Jaggu Dada
|
|-
| 1995 || ''Desa Drohulu'' || || Also director and music composer
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Sindhooram (1997 film)|Sindhooram]]'' || Training Officer
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|1999 || ''[[Velugu Needalu (1999 film)|Velugu Needalu]]'' || || <ref>{{cite web|website=Express India|access-date=28 August 2025|title=Veluguneedalu: Remaking a Gujarati hit|url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/dec11/south.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010609200225/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/dec11/south.htm|archive-date=9 June 2001|date=11 December 1998|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Devi (1999 film)|Devi]]'' || Vijay's elder brother
|
|-
|2001
|''[[Evadra Rowdy]]''
|Sub Inspector of Police
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2003 || ''[[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simhadri]]'' || Aravind
|
|-
| ''[[Hari Villu]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''Inspector'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004 || ''Kushi Kushigaa'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Madhyanam Hathya]]'' || Police Inspector
|
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Style (2006 film)|Style]]'' || Raghava's father
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007 || ''[[Dubai Seenu]]'' || Srinu's brother-in-law
|
|-
| ''[[Hello Premistara]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Evadaithe Nakenti]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2008 || ''Naa Anevaadu'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Deepavali (2008 film)|Deepavali]]'' || Commissioner
|
|-
| ''Indrajith'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Veedu Mamoolodu Kadu]]'' || Chakri's father ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009 || ''[[Baanam]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Rechipo]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || ''[[Manasara (film)|Manasara]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Bindaas (2010 film)|Bindaas]]'' ||
|
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Aakasame Haddu]]'' || Narayana's father
|
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Uu Kodathara? Ulikki Padathara?]]'' || Seshayya
|
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Ram Leela (2015 Telugu film)|Ram Leela]]'' ||
|
|-
| 2017 || ''Mixture Potlam'' || Yathindra
|
|-
| 2019 || ''[[N.T.R: Kathanayakudu|Kathanayakudu]]'' || ACP
|
|-
| 2020 || ''[[HIT: The First Case]]'' || Viswanath
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022 ||[[Kinnerasani (2022 film)|''Kinnerasani'']] ||
|
|-
|''[[Saakini Daakini]]'' ||Pratap IPS
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2024 || ''[[RAM (Rapid Action Mission)]]'' || Jaiprakash Baradwaj "JB"
|
|-
|''[[Music Shop Murthy]]''
| Ramakrishna
|
|}

=== Tamil ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Moodu Pani]]'' || Ravi ||Uncredited
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1982 || ''[[Neethi Devan Mayakkam]]'' || Rajesh ||
|-
| ''[[Nizhal Thedum Nenjangal]]'' || ||
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Silk Silk Silk]]'' || Nirmal Kumar ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1984 || ''[[Neengal Kettavai]]'' || Ramu ||
|-
| ''Theerpu En Kaiyil'' || ||
|-
|1986
|''[[Murattu Karangal]]'' || Maari ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Veedu]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
| 1990 || ''Muthalaliyamma'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2003 || ''[[Arasu (2003 film)|Arasu]]'' || Police Inspector Sundaramurthy||
|-
| ''[[Whistle (2003 film)|Whistle]]'' || Police Inspector Sayyad ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Machi (film)|Machi]]'' || Mohanram ||
|-
| 2005 || ''Vairavan'' || Psychiatrist Doctor ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Thimiru]]'' || Ganesh's uncle ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007 || ''[[Thoovanam]]'' || Anu's father ||
|-
| ''[[Mirugam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || ''[[Vilai]]'' || DCP Venkatanarayanan || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Gowravargal]]'' || Bhagavan ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011 || ''[[Siruthai]]'' || DGP ||
|-
| ''[[Marudhavelu]]'' || || Special appearance
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Etho Seithai Ennai]]'' || Arjun's father ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Marumugam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''[[Ettuthikkum Madhayaanai]]'' || Ponmanikkam ||
|-
| ''[[Kanchana 2]]'' || Chandru ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || ''[[Vilayattu Aarambam]]'' || Emcee ||
|-
| ''Pudhu Varusham'' || ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Oh My Dog]]'' || Nassar ||
|}

=== Kannada ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" |1998
|''Bayalu Deepa''
|
|
|-
|''Goonda Mathu Police'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Karnataka Police (film)|Karnataka Police]]'' || Prashanth ||
|-
|2012||''[[Kanteerava]]'' || ||
|-
|}

=== Television ===
;Tamil
* 1991 ''[[Penn (1991 TV series)|Penn]]''
* 1990s ''Kalloori Kalam''
* 1990s ''Sorgam''
* 2000 ''Micro Thodargal- Mounam Oru Bashai''
* 2004–2005 ''Engiruntho Vandhaal''
* 2006–2008 ''[[Kana Kaanum Kaalangal]]''
* 2012 ''[[Karthigai Pengal]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|0080223}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chander, Bhanu}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male television actors]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{India-film-actor-1950s-stub}}

List of Durrani Wazirs

2026-02-21T00:09:18Z

GlenDoolittle2: Enhanced content and organization

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Short description|List of Viziers of the Durrani Empire 1747-1823/1839-1842}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = [[Grand vizier|Wazir]]
| body = the [[Durrani Empire]]
| insignia = File:Seal of Ahmad Shah Durrani.svg
| insigniasize = 150
| insigniacaption = '''Seal of Ahmad Shah Durrani'''
| image =
| imagesize = 120px
| imagecaption =
| style = [[Vizier|Wazir]]
| residence =
| appointer = The [[List of heads of state of Afghanistan|Shah]]
| appointer_qualified =
| precursor =
| formation = 1747
| first = Shah Wali Khan
| last = [[Fateh Khan Barakzai]]
| abolished = 1823
| succession = List of Wazirs of the Emirate of Afghanistan
| salary =
| incumbent =
}}
{{Politics of Afghanistan}}
{{History of Afghanistan}}
This article lists the '''Wazirs of the Durrani Empire''' beginning from its rise in 1747 and ending with the empire's fall in 1823. The list also includes the brief [[First Anglo-Afghan War|interlude]] of [[Shah Shujah Durrani]] from 1839 to 1842.

==History==
The [[Durrani Empire]] was formed in 1747 following the death of [[Nader Shah]]. The empire was founded by [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], who began expanding the empire in all directions. Ahmad Shah would expand into [[Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754–55)|Khorasan]], [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani|Punjab]], and [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani|India]]. During this period of time, they would establish [[Viziers|Wazirs]], similar to the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Wazirs would often change with different rulers, especially during the succession crisis amongst [[Timur Shah Durrani]]'s sons. The killing of [[Fateh Khan Barakzai|Wazir Fateh Khan]] by [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]] led to the collapse of the [[Durrani Empire]]. [[Shah Shujah Durrani|Shah Shuja Durrani]] would be restored in 1839 in the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]], but he was eventually deposed and killed in 1842.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Jonathan |title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2019 |isbn=9781789140101 |pages=188 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=McChesney|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9QkzAQAAQBAJ|title=The History of Afghanistan (6 vol. set): Fayż Muḥammad Kātib Hazārah's Sirāj al-tawārīkh|last2=Khorrami|first2=Mohammad Mehdi|date=19 December 2012|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-23498-7|language=en}}</ref>

==Wazirs==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center"
|+
! colspan="2" |'''Wazir'''
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" |Shah
|-
!Portrait
!{{Small|Epithet}} Name {{Small|(Birth-Death)}}
!'''Took office'''
!'''Left office'''
!Time in office
|-
|[[File:Painting of Ahmad Shah Abdali and his grand wazir Shah Wali Khan, ca.1760's.jpg|107x107px]]
| rowspan="2" |'''Shah Wali Khan'''
{{Nq|شاه والی خان}}
{{Smaller|(d. 1772)}}
| rowspan="2" |1747
| rowspan="2" |1772
| rowspan="2" |25 years
|'''[[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]'''
[[File:Portrait of Ahmad-Shah Durrani. Mughal miniature. ca. 1757, Bibliothèque nationale de France.jpg|111x111px]] {{Small|(1747–1772)}}
|-
|
| rowspan="4" |'''[[Timur Shah Durrani]]'''
[[File:Temur-Shah.jpg|150x150px]] {{Small|(1772–1793)}}
|-
|[[File:Seal of Ahmad Shah Durrani.png|107x107px]]
|'''[[Hajji Jamal Khan]]'''
{{Nq|حاجی جمال خان بارکزی}} {{Smaller|(1719–1772)}}
|1772
|1772
|1 year
|-
|[[File:Seal of Ahmad Shah Durrani.png|107x107px]]
|'''[[Rahimdad Khan]]'''
{{Nq|رحیمداد خان}} {{Smaller|(?)}}
|1772
|1774
|2 years
|-
|[[File:Sardar Payendah Khan Barakzai.jpg|107x107px]]
|'''[[Payandah Khan]]'''
{{Nq|پاینده خان بارکزی}} {{Smaller|(1758–1800)}}
|1774
|1793
|19 years
|-
|[[File:Seal of Ahmad Shah Durrani.png|107x107px]]
|'''[[Wafadar Khan]]'''
{{Nq|وفادار خان}}
{{Smaller|(d. 1801)}}
|1793
|1801
|8 years
|'''[[Zaman Shah Durrani]]'''
[[File:Emperor Zaman Shah Durrani of Afghanistan-cropped-3.jpg|107x107px]] {{Small|(1793–1801)}}
|-
|
|'''[[Fateh Khan Barakzai]]'''
{{Nq|فتح خان بارکزی}} {{Smaller|(1777–1818)}}
|1801
|1803
|2 years
|'''[[Mahmud Shah Durrani]]'''
[[File:Mahmud Shah Durrani.jpg|107x107px]] {{Small|First reign (1801–1803)}}
|-
|[[File:Seal of Ahmad Shah Durrani.png|107x107px]]
|'''Mukhtar al-Daula'''
{{Nq|مختار الدوله}} {{Smaller|(d. 1808)}}
|1803
|1808
|5 years
|rowspan="2" |'''[[Shah Shuja Durrani]]'''
[[File:Lithograph of Shah Shujah in 1843.jpg|150x150px]] {{Small|(1803–1809)}}
|-
|[[File:Seal of Ahmad Shah Durrani.png|107x107px]]
|'''Akram Khan'''
{{Nq|اکرم خان}} {{Smaller|([[Battle of Nimla (1809)|d. 1809]])}}
|1808
|1809
|1 year
|-
|
|'''[[Fateh Khan Barakzai]]'''
{{Nq|فتح خان بارکزی}} {{Smaller|(1777–1818)}}
|1809
|1818
|9 years
|'''[[Mahmud Shah Durrani]]'''
[[File:Mahmud Shah Durrani.jpg|107x107px]] {{Small|Second reign (1809–1818)}}
|-
|[[File:Sin foto.svg|107x107px]]
|'''Civil war'''
{{Nq|جنگ داخلی}} {{Smaller|(1818–1823)}}
|1818
|1823
|5 years
|'''Civil war'''
[[File:Sin foto.svg|107x107px]] {{Small|(Civil war)}}
|-
|[[File:Seal of Ahmad Shah Durrani.png|107x107px]]
|'''Mullah Shakar'''
{{Nq|ملا شکر}} {{Smaller|(?)}}
|1839
|1840
|1 year
|rowspan="2" |'''[[Shah Shuja Durrani]]'''
[[File:Lithograph of Shah Shujah in 1843.jpg|150x150px]] {{Small|Second reign (1839–1842)}}
|-
|[[File:Usman Khan, Shah Shuja Durrani Wazir.png|150x150px]]
|'''Mohammad Osman Khan'''
{{Nq|محمد عثمان خان}} {{Smaller|(1798–1865)}}
|1840
|1842
|2 years
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of heads of state of Afghanistan]]
*[[Durrani Empire]]
*[[Vizier]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Viziers]]
[[Category:People from the Durrani Empire]]
[[Category:Afghanistan history-related lists|Durrani Wazirs]]
[[Category:Grand viziers]]

Arivazhagan Venkatachalam

2026-02-20T05:01:36Z

GlenDoolittle2: small fix references for accuracy additionally and updated info to improve readability

#REDIRECT [[Arivazhagan]]
{{Rcat shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Sangeetha Sajith

2026-02-18T00:55:29Z

GlenDoolittle2: adding new details

{{Short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sangeetha Sajith
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1976
| birth_place = [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater =
| death_date = {{death date and age|2022|5|22|1976}}
| occupation = Playback singer
| years_active = 1992–2021
| spouse =
| honours =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| background = solo_singer
| genre = {{flat list|
* [[Indian classical music]]
* [[playback singer|Playback singing]]
* [[Filmi]]
}}
| instrument = Vocals
| label =
}}
}}

'''Sangeetha Sajith''' (1976 – 22 May 2022) was an Indian playback singer, known for her works in the [[Cinema of South India|South Indian film industry]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangeetha Sajith, the late playback singer, who wowed Jayalalithaa |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/05/23/sangeetha-sajith-playback-singer-who-wowed-Jayalalithaa.html |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref> She has sung over 200 songs across [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=22 May 2022 |title=Playback singer Sangeetha Sajith passes away |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/playback-singer-sangeetha-sajith-passes-away/article65447451.ece |access-date=2023-01-10 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Sangeetha got her breakthrough with the song "Thaneerai Kaadhalikum" from the 1996 Tamil film ''[[Mr. Romeo]]'', composed by [[A. R. Rahman]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഗായിക സംഗീത സചിത് ഇനി ഓർമ്മ |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/playback-singer-sangeetha-sachith-passes-away-653275/ |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=Indian Express Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Sangeetha made her playback singing debut in 1992 through the Tamil film ''Naalaiya Theerpu''. Her debut in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]] came in 1998 with the song ''Ambilipoovattam Ponnurulil'' from the movie ''[[Ennu Swantham Janakikutty]]''. She is known among the Malayali audience for the Malayalam songs like "Dhum Dhum Dhum Dureyeto" from ''[[Raakilipattu]]'', "Aalare Govinda" from ''[[Kakkakuyil]]'', "Odathandil Talam Kotum" from ''[[Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja (film)|Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja]]'' and "Thaalam Poyi Thappum Poyi" from ''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]''. The theme song of [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] starrer ''[[Kuruthi]]'' was her last song in Malayalam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2022 |title=Playback singer Sangeetha Sajith passes away at 46 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/playback-singer-sangeetha-sajith-passes-away-46-164244 |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

Sangeeta has sung for more than 100 audio cassettes in Malayalam and Tamil. She has also composed the music for the film ''Adukkalail Pani Undu''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=दुखद: मशहूर सिंगर संगीता साजिथ का 46 साल की उम्र में निधन, किडनी की समस्या से थीं पीड़ित |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/famous-singer-sangeeta-sajith-died-at-the-age-of-46-was-suffering-from-kidney-problem |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> Sangeetha was also known for imitating [[K. B. Sundarambal|KB Sundarambal]]'s voice. When Sangeetha sang during [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu government's]] film award ceremony, the then Chief Minister [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]], who was a witness, came up to the stage and presented Sangeetha with a gold necklace from her neck.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഗായിക സംഗീത സചിത് അന്തരിച്ചു സംഗീതമാധുര്യം ഇനി ഓർമ |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/malayalam/kerala/state/thiruvananthapuram/playback-singer-sangeetha-sajith-passes-away/kerala20220522085520682682404 |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=ETV Bharat News |date=22 May 2022 |language=ml}}</ref>

==Discography==
'''Tamil'''
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Film
! Song
! Composer
! Co-singer(s)
|-
|1992
|''[[Naalaiya Theerpu]]''
|"MTV Parthuputta"
| [[M. M. Srilekha|Manimekalai]]
|
|-
|1994
|''[[Sarigamapadani]]''
|"Paithiyam Paithiyam"
|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1995
| rowspan="2" |''[[Lucky Man (1995 film)|Lucky Man]]''
|"Pallana Party "
| rowspan="3" |[[Adithyan]]
|[[Adithyan]]
|-
|"Yaar Seidha Mayam"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|''[[Maaman Magal (1995 film)|Maaman Magal]]''
|“Vadugapatti Vayasu Kutti”
|[[Shahul Hameed]]
|-

|1996
|''[[Mr. Romeo]]''
|"Thaneerai Kaadhalikum"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|
|-
|1996
|''[[Kizhakku Mugam]]''
|"Aathukullea"
|[[Adithyan]]
|[[P. Unni Krishnan]]
|-
|1998
|[[Jeans (film)|''Jeans'']]
|"Varayo Thozhi"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shahul Hameed]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]],
|-
|rowspan="2"|2000
|rowspan="2"|''[[Snegithiye]]''
|"Radhai Manathil"
|rowspan="2"|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|rowspan="2"|[[K. S. Chithra]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
|-
|"Kalluri Malare"
|-
|2006
|''[[Thalai Nagaram]]''
|"Soo Manthrakaali"
| [[D. Imman]]
|Funky Shankar, [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
|-
|2022
|''[[Bigil]]''
|"[[Verithanam]]"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
|-
|}

'''Malayalam'''
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Film
! Song
! Composer
! Co-singer(s)
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Maarconi Mathaai]]'' || "Enna Parayana" || [[M. Jayachandran]] || Ajay Gopal, Bhanu Prakash, Nikhil Raj
|}

==Death==
Sangeetha died on 22 May 2022. She died after reportedly suffering from a [[kidney]]-related problem.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veteran South Indian singer Sangeetha Sajith passes away at 46 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/veteran-south-indian-singer-sangeetha-sajith-passes-away-at-46-1952644-2022-05-22 |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=India Today |date=22 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sajith, Sangeetha}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Singers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Kerala]]

Pallak Lalwani

2026-02-09T06:02:44Z

GlenDoolittle2: adding a stub more to come.

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date = April 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Palak Lalwani
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|1|1}}
| birth_place = [[Allahbad]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2016–present
| height =
| spouse =
| awards =
| honours =
| parents = [[Jiten Lalwani]] Dipika Lalwani
}}

'''Palak Lalwani''' (born 1 January 1998) is an Indian actress who appears in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]-language films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New actress in GV Prakash's next |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/may/19/new-actress-in-gv-prakashs-next-1606728.html |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727144638/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/may/19/new-actress-in-gv-prakashs-next-1606728.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Her father [[Jiten Lalwani]] is an Indian television actor who works in Hindi language television series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=जितेन लालवानी 'पहरेदार पिया की' के लिए राजस्थान में कर रहे हैं शूटिंग |url=https://www.khaskhabar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur-news/news-jiten-lalwani-is-shooting-of-pahredar-piya-ki-in-rajasthan-news-hindi-1-234410-KKN.html |date=7 July 2017 |website=khas khabar |language=hi |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613041103/https://www.khaskhabar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur-news/news-jiten-lalwani-is-shooting-of-pahredar-piya-ki-in-rajasthan-news-hindi-1-234410-KKN.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
She made her debut with the Telugu film ''[[Abbayitho Ammayi]]'' with Naga Shourya.<ref name="A">{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/abbayitho-ammayi-will-be-my-perfect-bday-gift-palak-lalwani/ |title='Abbayitho Ammayi' will be my perfect bday gift: Palak Lalwani |date=29 December 2015 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127214016/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/abbayitho-ammayi-will-be-my-perfect-bday-gift-palak-lalwani/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Palak Lalwani featured in a music video ''Dil Zaffran'' along with [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]], composed by Ravi Shankar and directed by Kamal Chandra.<ref name="D">{{Cite web |title='Dil Zaffran' sung by Rahat Fateh Ali Khan is going to put you in a romantic mood |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/181027-dil-zaffran-sung-rahat-fateh-ali-khan-going |website=radioandmusic.com |language=en |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-date=4 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504122057/http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/181027-dil-zaffran-sung-rahat-fateh-ali-khan-going |url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2019, Lalwani starred in ''[[Crazy Crazy Feeling]]'' with [[Viswant Duddumpudi]].<ref name="C">{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/200218/palak-lalwani-im-a-big-fan-of-mahesh-babu.html |title=I'm a big fan of Mahesh Babu: Palak Lalwani |date=20 February 2018 |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727213745/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/200218/palak-lalwani-im-a-big-fan-of-mahesh-babu.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/crazy-crazy-feeling-ahead-of-its-release-a-brief-journey-with-the-team/articleshow/66793460.cms |title='Crazy Crazy Feeling': Ahead of its release, a brief journey with the team |website=The Times of India |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129023826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/crazy-crazy-feeling-ahead-of-its-release-a-brief-journey-with-the-team/articleshow/66793460.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She made her Tamil debut in [[Baba Bhaskar]]'s ''[[Kuppathu Raja (2019 film)|Kuppathu Raja]]'' in 2019. Lalwani played a North Madras girl in the film.<ref name="H">{{Cite web |title=To be working with Hansika is a very big thing for me: Pallak Lalwani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/to-be-working-with-hansika-is-a-very-big-thing-for-me-pallak-lalwani/articleshow/68510967.cms |author=M Suganth |date=22 March 2019 |work=The Times of India |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328235710/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/to-be-working-with-hansika-is-a-very-big-thing-for-me-pallak-lalwani/articleshow/68510967.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuppathu Raja movie review: A tedious watch that wastes GV Prakash's potential |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kuppathu-raja-movie-review-a-tedious-watch-that-wastes-gv-prakashs-potential-6399461.html |date=6 April 2019 |website=Firstpost |language=en |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118090219/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kuppathu-raja-movie-review-a-tedious-watch-that-wastes-gv-prakashs-potential-6399461.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Later that year, she played a journalist in ''[[Sixer (2019 film)|Sixer]]'' with [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]].<ref name="H"/><ref name="C"/><ref name="S">{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=30 August 2019 |title='Sixer' movie review: Eyes wide shut |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sixer-movie-review-eyes-wide-shut/article29297812.ece |access-date=1 May 2020 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728080806/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sixer-movie-review-eyes-wide-shut/article29297812.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> She starred in ''[[Sinam (2022 film)|Sinam]]'' (2022) with [[Arun Vijay]] and ''[[Partner (2023 film)|Partner]]'' (2023) with [[Aadhi Pinisetty]] and [[Hansika Motwani]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/130919/palak-to-romance-arun-vijay.html |title=Palak to romance Arun Vijay |first=Anupama |last=Subramanian |date=13 September 2019 |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728085213/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/130919/palak-to-romance-arun-vijay.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="P">{{Cite web |title=Hansika Motwani and Aadhi Pinisetty team up for a sci-fi comedy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/hansika-motwani-aadhi-pinisetty-team-up-for-sci-fi-comedy-5641015/ |date=25 March 2019 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-US |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728081017/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/hansika-motwani-aadhi-pinisetty-team-up-for-sci-fi-comedy-5641015/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language
!Notes!! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2016
|''[[Abbayitho Ammayi]]''
|Prardhana
| rowspan="3" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="A"/>
|-
|2018
|''[[Juvva]]''
|Shruthi
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="J">{{Cite web |url=https://telanganatoday.com/movie-review-this-juvva-doesnt-sparkle |title=Movie Review: This 'Juvva' doesn't sparkle |first=Bhawana |last=Tanmayi |website=Telangana Today |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727211633/https://telanganatoday.com/movie-review-this-juvva-doesnt-sparkle |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Rowspan="3"|2019
|''[[Crazy Crazy Feeling]]''
|Spandana
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="C"/>
|-
|''[[Kuppathu Raja (2019 film)|Kuppathu Raja]]''
|Kamala
| rowspan="3" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=I don't have a 'blink-and-miss' role in Kuppathu Raja: Pallak Lalwani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-dont-have-a-blink-and-miss-role-in-kuppathu-raja-pallak-lalwani/articleshow/68645853.cms |date=30 March 2019 |work=The Times of India |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-date=25 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425115850/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-dont-have-a-blink-and-miss-role-in-kuppathu-raja-pallak-lalwani/articleshow/68645853.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sixer (2019 film)|Sixer]]''
|Krithika
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="S"/>
|-
|Rowspan="2"|2022
| ''[[Sinam (2022 film)|Sinam]]''
|Madhangi
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pallak Lalwani in GNR's #AV30 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pallak-lalwani-in-gnrs-av30/articleshow/71098350.cms |author=V Lakshmi |date=13 September 2019 |work=The Times of India |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-date=6 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006160822/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pallak-lalwani-in-gnrs-av30/articleshow/71098350.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Faraaz (film)|Faraaz]]''
| Tarika
| [[Hindi]]
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/actress-pallak-make-bollywood-debut-opposite-aditya-rawal-zahaan-kapoor-hansal-mehtas-faraaz/ |title=Actress Pallak to make her Bollywood debut opposite Aditya Rawal & Zahaan Kapoor in Hansal Mehta's Faraaz |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=17 August 2021 |access-date=9 January 2023 |archive-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109181130/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/actress-pallak-make-bollywood-debut-opposite-aditya-rawal-zahaan-kapoor-hansal-mehtas-faraaz/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Rowspan="3"|2023
|''[[Thalainagaram 2]]''
|Sitara
| rowspan="2"|Tamil
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/team-thalainagaram-2-completes-the-films-shoot/articleshow/92514782.cms |title=Team 'Thalainagaram 2' completes the film's shoot |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2 September 2022 |archive-date=2 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902004003/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/team-thalainagaram-2-completes-the-films-shoot/articleshow/92514782.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Partner (2023 film)|Partner]]''
|Priya
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Partner Movie Review : A flat sci-fi comedy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/partner/movie-review/103064268.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=25 August 2023 |archive-date=25 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825135524/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/partner/movie-review/103064268.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]''
|Reporter
|Telugu
|Cameo Appearance
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Durlabh Prasad Ki Dusri Shadi]]''
|Mehak
|Hindi
|
|
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col" | Music
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2018 || ''Dil Zaffran'' || Ravi Shankar
| Hindi
|<ref name="D"/>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|7752825}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalwani, Palak}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]
[[Category:Sindhi actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Prayagraj]]

Mani Majra

2026-02-06T17:23:46Z

GlenDoolittle2: fixed section per sources for consistency

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
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| name = Sector 13, Chandigarh
| native_name =
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| pushpin_map = India Chandigarh
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| coordinates = {{coord|30|43|09|N|76|50|01|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chandigarh]]
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| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = Around 3 Lakh
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = Main
| timezone1 = Indian Standard Time
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 160101
| registration_plate = CH
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]] (48.32%), [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (47.98%), [[English language|English]] (0.4%)
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
}}

'''Manimajra''' (now referred to as {{'}}''''Sector 13'''{{'}}) is a significant residential and commercial hub in [[Chandigarh]]. Reconstituted in February 2020, it bridges the city's historical princely roots with its modern industrial expansion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-02-11|title=It's official: Chandigarh's Manimajra is now Sector 25|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/chandigarh-s-manimajra-is-now-sector-13/story-ploFPCA4UGpDu9ksUxLtdL.html|access-date=2020-06-14|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|date=|title=UT Administrator issues notification on renaming city areas.|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/its-official-mani-majra-is-sector-13-39042|access-date=2020-06-14|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>

=={{anchor|History}}History==
[[File:Fresco of a religious procession from the Mansa Devi temple of Mani Majra.jpg|thumb|Fresco of a religious procession from the Mansa Devi temple of Mani Majra]]
{{Further information|Manimajra State}}

The town was founded in 1515 by Mani Ram Dhillon, a Zamindar under the Lodhi Dynasty. By the 18th century, his descendent Gangaram Singh Dhillon governed Manimajra and 84 surrounding villages as a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal vassal]]. Following the decline of Mughal authority, Gangaram's son, Gharib Dass Dhillon, established the independent Manimajra State. Despite early conflicts with the Raja of Nahan, Gharib Dass expanded his territory, seizing [[Pinjore]] and establishing the Manimajra Fort as his capital.<ref name="harsamvad1">[http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/Haryana%20Samvad%20October%202018.pdf Haryana Samvad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129225259/http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/Haryana%20Samvad%20October%202018.pdf |date=29 November 2018 }}, Oct 2018.</ref><ref name="dhillon1" />

Upon his death in 1783, his son Raja Gopal Singh took over, eventually receiving the title of Raja from the British in 1814 for his service in the Gurkha campaign. Gopal Singh is notably responsible for building the Mansa Devi Temple (1811–1815). The dynasty continued through Raja Goverdhan Singh and Raja Gurbaksh Singh, ending with Raja Bhagwan Singh, who died without a male heir in 1866. Consequently, the British annexed the state, and the fort later passed to the Raja of Faridkot through marriage.<ref name="dhillon1">Bhagat Singh,1993, A History of the Sikh Misals.</ref>
[[File:Fresco of Raja Gopal Singh of Mani Majra State paying obeisance to the goddess Mahamaya from the Mansa Devi temple of Mani Majra.jpg|thumb|Fresco of Raja Gopal Singh of Mani Majra State (middle, standing with folded hands) paying obeisance to the goddess Mahamaya from the Mansa Devi temple of Mani Majra]]
In the 20th century, the town was led by Sardar Ajit Singh Dhillon, who is credited with protecting local Muslim families during the 1947 Partition. The area also saw migration from the Ranas of Kuthar, who became major landowners.

Today, the historical legacy survives through the 500-year-old Shiv Temple and the Manimajra Fort, which served as a filming location for the movie ''Zero Dark Thirty''.<ref name="TOI20130212">{{cite web |date=12 February 2013 |title=Manimajra residents hope 'Zero Dark Thirty will win Oscar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/cinema/Manimajra-residents-hope-Zero-Dark-Thirty-will-win-Oscar/articleshow/18462172.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518001638/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-12/cinema/37058171_1_burqa-clad-women-and-men-international-film-zero-dark-thirty |archive-date=18 May 2013 |access-date=24 February 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Manimajra Shiv Temple and Thakurdwara is 500 to 600 years old, and was built by the rulers of the area. Shiv temple has Shiva as the main deity and Thakurdwara has Rama, Sita, and Hanuman as chief deities.<ref name=harsamvad1/>

== Modern Development: Sector 13 ==
For decades, Manimajra sat outside Chandigarh's formal grid because the city's planner, [[Le Corbusier]], omitted the number 13 due to superstition. Following long-standing demands from residents in upscale enclaves like the Modern Housing Complex (MHC) and Shivalik Enclave, the area was officially integrated into the sectoral grid as Sector 13 in February 2020.<ref name=":0" /> This change was enacted by Governor V.P. Singh Badnore under the Capital of Punjab Act of 1952.<ref>{{cite web |last=India news |first=ZeeNews |date=Feb 12, 2020 |title=Chandigarh readies for 'Sector 13', eight areas notified under this new sector |url=https://zeenews.india.com/chandigarh-readies-for-sector-13-eight-areas-notified-under-this-new-sector-2263844.html |accessdate=14 June 2020 |website=Zeenews India |publisher=Zee News India}}</ref>

=== Infrastructure and economy ===
The sector is a vital economic engine for [[Chandigarh]], featuring:

* Technology & commerce: Home to the Rajiv Gandhi IT Park, which houses campuses for Infosys, Tech Mahindra, and Airtel. It also features Asia's largest motor market and major shopping centers like Fun Republic and DT Mall.
* Residential & facilities: The area contains a mix of urban societies (Uppal's Marble Arch, Rajeev Vihar) and traditional localities (Mari Wala Town, Pipliwala Town). It is supported by the Kalagram cultural center, The Lalit 5-star hotel, and several prominent schools including RIMT World School and Gurukul Global.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
Mani Majra Fort, Chandigarh, India 01.JPG|Mani Majra Fort, south side entrance view
Mani Majra Fort,east side view Chandigarh, India 02.JPG|Mani Majra Fort, east side view
Mani Majra Fort, west side view Chandigarh, India 04.JPG|Mani Majra Fort, west side view
Mani Majra Fort, North side view Chandigarh, India 03.JPG|Mani Majra Fort, north side view
Mani Majra Fort, ruined courtyard view, Chandigarh, India 05.JPG|Mani Majra Fort, ruined courtyard view
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Vg89BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT96 First Raj of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Banda Singh Bahadur]''

[[Category:Cities and towns in Chandigarh district]]

Subramaniya Swamy Temple, Thiruparankundram

2026-02-05T14:34:02Z

GlenDoolittle2: basic correct formatting for accuracy further for consistency

{{Short description|Murugan Temple in Madurai district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Subramaniya Swamy Temple
| native_name =
| image = Thiruparamkundram (1).jpg
| alt = Temple's Main [[Gopuram]]
| caption = View of the main [[gopuram]]
| district = [[Madurai district|Madurai]]
| deity = [[Murugan]] and [[Deivanai]]
| festivals = {{ubl |[[Vaikasi Visakam]] |[[Sura Samhaaram]] |[[Shashthi Vrata|Kanda Shasti]] |[[Thaipusam]]}}
| temple_board = [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| location = [[Thiruparankundram]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|9.8798|78.0711|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| architecture = [[Tamil architecture]]
| elevation_m =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator = [[Pandyas]]
| website = {{URL | 1=https://hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=31985 | 2=hrce.tn.gov.in }}
| established = 6th century
}}

'''Subramaniya Swamy Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the [[Hindu god]] [[Murugan]], located in [[Thiruparankundram]], a suburb of [[Madurai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It is one of the [[Six Abodes of Murugan]] (''Arupadai Veedu''), a set of foremost and sacred Hindu temples, dedicated to Murugan. The temple follows [[rock-cut architecture]] and is built into a hillock. The original temple was built by the [[Pandyas]] during the 6th century CE. The temple is under the purview of the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

According to [[Hindu mythology]], Murugan killed the [[asura]] [[Surapadman]] at Tiruchendur and later married [[Deivanai]], the daughter of [[Indra]], at Thiruparankundram. Murugan worshipped his father [[Shiva]] here as Parangirinathar. In the main shrine, apart from Murugan, various Hindu deities including Shiva, [[Vishnu]], [[Vinayaka]], and [[Durga]] are housed. The temple follows [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] tradition of worship, with six daily rituals. The [[Shashthi Vrata|Kantha Sashti]] festival, celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of [[Aipasi]], is the most prominent among the festivals celebrated here.

== Mythology ==
[[File:Muruga defeats Surapadman.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|A painting depicting Murugan facing off [[Surapadman]]]]

According to the seventeenth-century CE text ''Kanda Puranam'' (the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] rendition of the older ''Skanda Purana)'', the asura brothers [[Surapadman]], [[Simhamukha|Simhamukhan]] and [[Tarakasura|Tarakasuran]] performed tapas to [[Shiva]], who granted them with various weapons and a wish wherein they could only be killed by the son of Shiva, which offered them near-immortality. They subsequently oppressed other celestial beings including the devas, and started a reign of tyranny in the [[Trailokya|three worlds]].<ref name="Civaraman">{{cite book |title=Kandha Puranam |first=Akila |last=Civaraman |isbn=978-8-179-50397-3 |publisher=Giri Trading |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SXwDdBdMJPwC |access-date=20 August 2024 |archive-date=20 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820142627/https://books.google.com/books?id=SXwDdBdMJPwC |url-status=live |p=55}}</ref><ref name="Handelman">{{cite book |title=One God, Two Goddesses, Three Studies of South Indian Cosmology |last=Handelman |first=Don |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-004-25739-9 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bWJTAQAAQBAJ |p=31-34}}</ref> When the devas pleaded to Shiva for his assistance, [[Murugan]] was born, to take on the asuras.<ref name="Civaraman"/><ref name="Handelman"/> Shiva granted him celestial weapons and the divine spear [[vel]], an embodiment of the power of [[Shakti]] (Parvati).<ref name="Handelman"/>

Texts ''Kanda Puranam'' and ''[[Kumarasambhavam]]'' recount a war fought by Murugan against the asuras. As Murugan was born to save the devas from the tyranny of the asuras, he was appointed as the commander of the devas and engaged in conflict with the asuras.<ref>{{cite book |title=Works of Kalidasa:Kumarasambhava |year=1901 |last=Kalidasa |author-link=Kalidasa |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zTcpAAAAYAAJ |access-date=21 August 2024 |archive-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821045435/https://books.google.com/books?id=zTcpAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live |pages=120-135}}</ref><ref name="Clothey">{{cite book |first=Fred W. |last=Clothey |title=The Many Faces of Murukan̲: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AevljBmCRQC |year=1978 |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |isbn=978-90-279-7632-1 |page=55, 121-}}</ref> Murugan killed Tarakasura and Simhamukha and faced off with Surapadma in the final battle in Tiruchendur. Surapadma took a large form with multiple heads, arms and legs trying to intimidate Murugan. When Murugan threw his vel, Surapadma escaped to the sea and took the form of a large [[mango tree]], which spread across the three worlds. Murugan used his vel to split the tree in half, with each half transforming into a [[peacock]] and a [[rooster]], respectively. After Surapadma was killed, Murugan took the peacock as his [[vahana]] and the rooster as his [[Pennon|pennant]].<ref name="Handelman"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&q=surapadman&pg=PA399|page=399|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=2010|isbn=978-0-143-41421-6}}</ref>

In gratitude, [[Indra]] married his daughter [[Deivanai]] to Murugan at Thiruparamkundram.<ref name="Temple">{{cite book|title=Transition, Infinity, and Ecstasy|first=Suresh|last=Hariramsai|pages=82–3|publisher=[[Partridge Publishing]]|year=2016|isbn=978-1-482-86944-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYRuCwAAQBAJ&q=thiruparankundram}}</ref> [[Surasamharam]] marks the victory of Murugan over Surapadman, marks the end of the [[Shashthi Vrata]], and is celebrated as Kanda Sashti festival in all the Murugan temples.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Skanda-Ṣaṣṭi: A Festival in Tamil India|jstor=1061761|journal=History of Religions|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|volume=8|issue=3|year=1969|page=241|last1=Clothey|first1=Fred|doi=10.1086/462586|s2cid=162341469}}</ref> Murugan worshipped Shiva at Thiruparankundram as Parangirinathar.
<ref name="Temple"/>

==History==
[[File:Tirupparamkundram Murugan temple gopuram.jpg|left|thumb|[[Gopuram]] of the temple]]

The [[Sangam literature]] of ''[[Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai]]'', which is one of the major texts of [[Kaumaram]], mentions [[Six Abodes of Murugan|six shrines]] (''Arupadaiveedu'') dedicated to Murugan, with the first being Thiruparankundram.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Smile of Murugan on Tamil Literature of South India |author=Kamil Zvelebil |author-link=Kamil Zvelebil |publisher= E.J. Brill, Leiden, Netherlands|year=1973 |isbn=90-04-03591-5 |page=125}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Studies in Tamil Literature and History |author=V.R. Ramachandra Dikshitar |publisher= Madras Law Journal Press, Mylapore, Madras|year=1936 |page=32-33}}</ref>

At the top of the hillock, where the temple is located, two natural caverns consisting of rock beds bearing [[Tamil-Brahmi]] are found. These inscriptions have been dated back to the 1st century BCE, and is possibly related to [[Tamil Jains|Jainism]]. The Murugan temple that before the 6th century CE, was converted into a Jain shrine by [[Jain monasticism|Jain monks]] under the aegis of Pandya king [[Koon Pandiyan]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Madurai through the ages. Editor: R. Nagaswamy |author= D. Devakunjari |publisher= Society for Archeological, Historical and Epigraphical Research, Madras-18|year=1979 |page=62-68}}</ref> The temple was later converted back into a Hindu temple under the tutelage of Gajapathy, the minister of a later Pandya King, during the latter part of the 8th century CE. The temple received several additions during the regime of [[Madurai Nayak]]s, who commissioned the pillared halls in the temple.<ref name="Meena">{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|pages=16–17}}</ref>

Uchinathar, the Shiva icon of the temple, is described in the 7th-century by [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] saint [[Sambandar]] in ''[[Tevaram]]'', compiled as the first ''[[Tirumurai]]''. It is classified as one of the ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]s'', a set of 276 Shiva temples that find mention in the Shaiva canon. The temple is counted as the third in the series of the temples on bank of [[Vaigai river]].<ref name="R">{{cite book |last=R. |first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy |title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam |publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies |year=2001 |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=321-22}}</ref> Sambandar met the chiefs of the three Tamil kingdoms, the [[Chera]]s, the [[Chola]]s and the Pandyas in this temple and blessed them. [[Sundarar]], Sambandar, and [[Nakkirar I|Nakkirar]] composed poems at the temple. ''[[Tiruppugazh]]'' from the 14th century CE describes the shrine.<ref name="Dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Subramania Swamy temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=1072|work=[[Dinamalar]]|access-date=31 May 2014|year=2014}}</ref>

A [[Thirupparankundram Rock-cut Cave and Inscription|rock-cut cave temple]] dedicated to Shiva exists nearby at the foot of the hill, dated to 7th or 8th century CE.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kalugumalai and Early Pandyan Rock-Cut Shrines. Heritage of Indian Art Series 3 |author=C. Sivamurthi |publisher= N.M. Tripathi Private Ltd, Princess Street, Bombay-2|year=1961 |page=32-34}}
</ref> Kasi Viswanathar temple, dedicated to Shiva, is located at the top of the hill. Macchamuni Siddhar is said to have attained [[samadhi]] here.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sannidhi.net/sannidhi/machhindranath-machmuni-siddhar-jeevasamadhi-thiruparankundram-tamil-nadu/|title=Machamuni Sidhar|work=Sannidhi|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The temple complex is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Arulmighu Subramania Swamy Temple|url=http://www.thiruparankundrammurugantemple.tnhrce.in/|access-date=29 January 2017|work=[[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]}}</ref>

==Architecture==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=right
| total_width = 300
|direction=horizontal
|image1=Thiruparamkundram (29).jpg
|caption1=[[Gajasurasamhara]], form of [[Shiva]]
|image2=Thiruparamkundram (25).jpg
|caption2=[[Vishnu]] as [[Vamana|Ulagalantha Perumal]]
}}
The temple is located {{cvt|8|km}} from Madurai, on a hillock. The temple is constructed with [[rock-cut architecture]], dating back to the 6th century CE. The life sized sculptures in the [[mandapam]] were added during the Nayaka period during the 16th century.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rajarajan|first=R.K.K.|year=1991|title=Further Light on Tirupparaṅkuṉṟam Caves|url=https://www.academia.edu/4172694|journal=Annali del Istituto Orientale, Naples|volume=51|issue=4|pages=395–408}}</ref><ref>Rajarajan, R.K.K. (2006) ''Art of the Vijayanagara-Nāyakas: Architecture and Iconography.'' 2 Vols., Sharada Publishing House, New Delhi. Pages xxxii + 248 with 25 plans, 350 plates, {{ISBN|81-88934-30-5}}</ref> ''Aasthaana Mandapam'' with several carved [[Column|pillar]]s lead one to the towering {{cvt|150|ft}} high seven-tiered [[gopuram|rajagopuram]] at the entrance.<ref name="Meena"/> The granite hill behind the temple is {{cvt|1050|ft}} high, with the Kasi Viswanatha shrine at the top. The image of [[Ganesha|Vinayaka]] in the temple is depicted as holding [[sugarcane]] and [[fruits]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Pilgrimage to Temple Heritage, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAt8AgAAQBAJ&q=thiruparankundram&pg=PA551|page=551|editor-last=Mathew|editor-first=Biju|publisher=Info Kerala Communications|isbn=9788192128443|year=2013}}</ref>

[[File:Thiruparamkundram (22).jpg|left|thumb|Saravana Poigai (divine pond)]]

The Kambathadi mandapam, Ardha mandapam, and Maha mandapam, are the three halls leading to the sanctum, and are situated at varying elevations. The main shrine is an early rock-cut temple that has various cells that house the sanctums of Murugan, [[Durga]], Vinayaka, Shiva and [[Vishnu]]. All the statues are carved on the walls of the rock. Shiva is worshipped as Parangirinathar with his consort [[Parvati]] as Aavudai Nayaki. Panels depicting Shiva's [[Tandava|dance of bliss]] are seen outside the sanctum.<ref name="Meena"/> The rock cut image of Murgan in the inner sanctum is made from a single stone.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Top Ten Temple Towns of India|publisher=Mark Age Publication|first=S.C.|last=Karkar|location=Kolkata|isbn=978-81-87952-12-1|year=2009|page=21}}</ref>

A feature of this temple is that the Shiva and Vishnu face each other in the main shrine. Outside the temple, there is a [[temple tank]], where the fishes are fed with salt and rice flakes by the devotees. There is a Vedic school on the banks of the temple pond. In front of the ''[[Dhwaja Stambha|Dwajasthambam]]'' (flag staff), there are carved statues of [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] (bull), peacock, and mouse, the [[vahana]]s (vehicles) of Shiva, Murugan and Vinayaka respectively. There is a flight of six steps called the "Shadashara Padigal", before Ardha Mandapam. The rock carvings of Mahisshasura Mardini (Durga), Karpaga Vinayagar (Ganesha), Andarabaranar and Uggirar are seen in the hall. There are five water bodies, namely, Saravana Poigai, Lakshmi Theertham, Saniyasi Kinaru (well), Kasi Sunai, and Sathiya Koopam.<ref name="Meena"/>

==Religious importance and festivals==
[[File:Tirupparankundram Murugam Temple, near Madurai (10) (36847484233).jpg|thumb|250px|View of the temple entrance]]

The temple priests perform ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]s'' three times a day– ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 am, ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 pm and ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 pm. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''[[abhisheka]]'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''[[Naivedhya|naivethanam]]'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for Uchinathar (Shiva) and Uchinayagi (Parvati). There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (Monday) and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'' (Friday), fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'', and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''.<ref name=R/>

Skanda Shashti festival celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of [[Aipasi]] is the most prominent festival of the temple. Murugan killing Surapadman is enacted during the last of the six days and the festive image of Murugan is taken in different mounts around the streets of the temple during the festival. [[Brahmotsavam]] is celebrated in the month [[Panguni]], with Vishnu (Pavalakanivai Perumal), and Murugan taken in procession to Madurai to celebrate [[Minakshi]]'s wedding ([[Chithirai festival|Chittirai festival]]). [[Karthigai Deepam]] festival is also celebrated during the Tamil month of [[Karthigai]] by lighting a lamp on top of the hill. [[Vaikasi Visakam]], commemorating the birth of Murugan, and the float festival in [[Thai (month)|Thai]] are the other festivals celebrated in the temple. Since the image of Vishnu is in the temple, [[Vaikunta Ekadashi]] is also celebrated by [[Vaishnavites]].<ref name="Dinamalar"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Tirupparamkunram Murugan Temple}}

* [http://sss.vn.ua/india/tamilnadu/madurai/thirupparankundram_en.htm Photo gallery of Thirupparamkunram Murugan Temple]

{{Murugan temples}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Madurai district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Madurai]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Madurai]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Madurai]]
[[Category:Murugan temples in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]

1983 elections in India

2026-01-27T20:18:41Z

GlenDoolittle2: slightly fix formatting to improve readability and added references

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 1982 elections in India
| previous_year = 1982
| election_date = 1983
| next_election = 1984 elections in India
| next_year = 1984
}}
{{Politics of India}}
'''Elections in the Republic of India''' in ''1983'' included elections to six state legislative assemblies and to seats in the [[Rajya Sabha]].

==Overall result==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Date(s)
!State
!colspan="2"|Government before
!Chief Minister before
! colspan="2"|Government after
!Elected Chief Minister
!Maps
|-
|
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[R. Gundu Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
| [[Ramakrishna Hegde]]
| [[File:IN-KA.svg|50px]]
|-
|17 February 1983
|[[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|Meghalaya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Williamson A. Sangma]]
|{{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}
|[[B. B. Lyngdoh]]
|[[File:IN-ML.svg|50px]]
|-
|14–20 February 1983
| [[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|Assam]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Hiteswar Saikia]]
|[[File:IN-AS.svg|50px]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|1 May 1983
|[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[N. T. Rama Rao]]
|[[File:IN-AP.svg|50px]]
|-
|[[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|Tripura]]
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| align="left"|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Nripen Chakraborty]]
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| align="left"|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Nripen Chakraborty]]
|[[File:IN-TR.svg|50px]]
|-
|17 November 1983 to 24 November 1983
|[[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|[[Farooq Abdullah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|[[Farooq Abdullah]]
|[[File:IN-JK.svg|50px]]
|-
|}

==Legislative Assembly elections==
===Andhra Pradesh===
{{Main|1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! s.no
! party
! seats contested
! seats won
! seats change
! vote share
! swing
|-
| 1
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 289
| 202
| +202
| 46.3%
| + 46.3%
|-
| 2
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 294
| 60
| -115
| 33.64%
| -22.78%
|-
| 3
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 28
| 5
| -3
| 2.01%
| -0.70%
|-
| 4
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 48
| 6
| +3
| 2.79%
| +0.30%
|-
| 5
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 81
| 3
| +3
| 2.76%
| +2.76%
|-
| 6
| [[Janata Party]]
| 44
| 1
| -59
| 0.96%
| -27.89%
|-
| 7 || others || 1100 || 20 || +5 || 5.00% || -4.20%
|-
|}
===Assam===
{{Main|1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Assam Legislative Assembly 1983.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=1194657|seats1=91|sc1=+65
|party2=[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]|votes2=137685|seats2=4|sc2=New
|party3=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes3=116923|seats3=2|sc3=–9
|party4=[[Plain Tribals Council of Assam]]|votes4=106084|seats4=1|sc4=–3
|party5=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes5=58746|seats5=1|sc5=–4
|party21=Independents|votes21=659995|seats21=10|sc21=–5
|total_sc=–21
|invalid=111100
|electorate=7284612
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3998-assam-1983/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Assam |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>
}}

===Jammu and Kashmir===
{{Main|1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly 1983.svg]]
|party1=[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]|votes1=1039064|seats1=46|sc1={{decrease}}1
|party2=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes2=666112|seats2=26|sc2={{increase}}15
|party3=[[Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference]]|votes3=100622|seats3=1|sc3=New
|party20=Others|votes20=170415|seats20=0|sc20=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=220904|seats21=2|sc21={{decrease}}2
|total_sc={{decrease}}1
|invalid=74692
|electorate=3101665
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3792-jammu-kashmir-1983/ |title=Jammu & Kashmir 1983 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref>
}}

===Karnataka===
{{Main|1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election}}
{{election table|title=Summary of results of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly election, 1983<ref name=eci-karnataka>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>|sortable=yes}}
|- align=center
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" class="unsortable"|
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center|Political Party 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Seats Contested 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Seats Won 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Number of Votes 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |% of Votes 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Seat change 
|-
| {{party color cell|Janata Party}}
|align="left"|[[Janata Party]]||193||95||4,272,318||33.07%||{{increase}} 36
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|align="left"|[[Indian National Congress]]||221||82||5,221,419||40.42%||{{decrease}} 67
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|align="left"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]||110||18||1,024,892||7.93%||{{increase}} 18
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|align="left"|[[Communist Party of India]]||7||3||161,192||1.25%||{{nochange}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|align="left"|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]||4||3||115,320||0.89%||{{increase}} 3
|-
| {{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|align="left"|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]||1||1||16,234||0.13%||{{increase}} 1
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|align="left"|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]||751||22||1,998,256||15.47%||{{increase}} 12
|-
|
|align="left"|'''Total'''||'''1365'''||'''224'''||12,919,459||||
|-
|}
===Meghalaya===
{{Main|1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;"
|+ [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election#Results|←]] Summary of the 17 February 1983 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] election results [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election#Results|→]]
|-
|-
! style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2" colspan="2" width="485"| Parties and coalitions
! colspan="3"| Popular vote
! colspan="2"| Seats
|-
! width="70"| Votes
! width="45"| %
! width="50"| ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! width="30"| Won
! width="30"| +/−
|-
| width="1" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| align="left"| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 130,956 || 27.68 ||1.64 {{Decrease}}
| 25 || 5 {{Increase}}
|-
| width="1" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}"|
| align="left" |[[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]] (AHL)
|118,593
|24.92
|0.15 {{Increase}}
|15
|1 {{Decrease}}
|-
| width="1" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}"|
| align="left" |[[Hill State People's Democratic Party]] (HDP)
|91,386
|19.32
|0.08 {{Increase}}
|15
|1 {{Increase}}
|-
|
|align="left" |[[Public Demands Implementation Convention|Public Demands Implementation Convention (PDIC)]]
|23,253
|4.92
|style="color:inherit;background:#E9E9E9" |
|2
|{{Steady}} {{ref label|alpha|a}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| align="left" |[[Communist Party of India]]
|2,442
|0.52
|0.1 {{Decrease}}
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
| align="left" |[[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (IND)
| 106,378 || 22.49 ||2.33 {{Decrease}}
| 3 ||5 {{Decrease}}{{ref label|beta|b}}
|-
| colspan="7" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| align="left" colspan="2"| Total
| 473,050 || 100.00 || bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
| 60 || ±0
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="7" |Source: [[Election Commission of India]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3672-meghalaya-1983/|title=Meghalaya 1983|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=2 April 2020}}</ref>
|}
{{note label|alpha|a}}In the 1978 election, two candidates from the PDIC were elected, but the party had not obtained registration in time for the election; at that time, the party's representatives were recorded as independents in the official results.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Susmita Sen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRWKAAAAMAAJ|title=Regionalism in Meghalaya|date=2005|publisher=South Asian Publishers|isbn=978-81-7003-288-5|pages=118|language=en}}</ref>

{{note label|beta|b}}Does not include the two PDIC candidates elected as independents in 1978.

===Tripura===
{{Main|1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Performance of the political parties in this election
! Party
! Seats contested
! Seats won
! No. of votes
! % of votes
! 1977 Seats
|-
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4
| 0
| 578
| 0.06%
| -
|-
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 1
| 0
| 7,657
| 0.83%
| 0
|-
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 56
| 37
| 433,608
| 46.78%
| 51
|-
| [[Indian Congress Secular]]
| 3
| 0
| 540
| 0.06%
| -
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 45
| 12
| 282,859
| 30.51%
| 0
|-
| [[Janata Party]]
| 5
| 0
| 515
| 0.06%
| 0
|-
| [[All India Forward Block]]
| 1
| 0
| 6,549
| 0.71%
| 1
|-
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| 2
| 2
| 15,218
| 1.64%
| 2
|-
| [[Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti]]
| 14
| 6
| 97,039
| 10.47%
| 4
|-
| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| 75
| 3
| 82,443
| 8.89%
| 2
|-
! Total
! 206
! 60
! 927,006
!
!
|}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3302-tripura-1983/|title=1983 Tripura Election result}}</ref>

==Local Elections==
===Delhi===
{{Main|1983 Delhi Metropolitan Council election}}
{{election table|title=Summary of results of the Delhi Legislative Assembly election, 1983<ref name="eci-delhi">Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReportDelhi_83.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1983 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF DELHI]''</ref>|sortable=yes}}
|- align=center
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" class="unsortable"|
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center|Political Party 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |No. of candidates 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |No. of elected 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Number of Votes 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |% of Votes 
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|align="left"|[[Indian National Congress]]||56||34||856,055||47.50%
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|align="left"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]||50||19||666,605||36.99%
|-
| {{party color cell|Lok Dal}}
|align="left"|[[Lok Dal]]||6||2||73,765||4.09%
|-
| {{party color cell|Janata Party}}
|align="left"|[[Janata Party]]||37||1||65,980||3.66%
|-
|
! Total !! 400 !! 56 !! 1,802,118 !!
|-
|}

==Rajya Sabha==
{{Main|1983 Indian Rajya Sabha elections}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/statistical-report/statistical-reports/ |title=Election Results - Full Statistical Reports |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}

{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:1983 elections in India]]
[[Category:1983 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:1983 in India]]
[[Category:1983 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Apabhraṃśa

2026-01-24T11:26:54Z

GlenDoolittle2:

{{Short description|Class of Indian languages}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Apabhraṃśa
| nativename = {{lang|psu-deva|अवहंस}}
| states = [[India]] and [[Nepal]]
| region = [[Northern India]]
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Vedic Sanskrit]]
| fam5 = [[Sanskrit]]
| script = [[Devanagari]]
| notice = IPA
| image = Apabhraṃśa.svg
| imagecaption = The word "Apabhraṃśa" written in Devanagari script
}}

'''Apabhraṃśa''' ({{langx|sa|अपभ्रंश}}, {{IPA|sa|ɐpɐbʱrɐ̃ˈɕɐ|IPA}}, [[Prakrit]]: {{lang|psu-deva|अवहंस}} {{IAST|''Avahaṃsa''}}) is a term used by ''[[Vyākaraṇa|vaiyākaraṇāḥ]]'' (native grammarians) since [[Patanjali|Patañjali]] to refer to languages spoken in [[Northern India]] before the rise of the modern languages. In [[Indology]], it is used as an [[umbrella term]] for the dialects forming the transition<ref>{{citation | last= Shapiro | first= Michael C. | year= 2003 | chapter= Hindi | chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&q=indo-aryan&pg=PA250 | editor1-last= Cardona | editor1-first= George | editor2-last= Jain | editor2-first= Dhanesh | title= The Indo-Aryan Languages | publisher= Routledge | isbn= 978-0-415-77294-5 }}{{page needed|date=May 2016}}</ref> between the [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages|late Middle]] and the early [[Indo-Aryan languages|Modern Indo-Aryan languages]], spanning the period between the 6th and 13th centuries CE. However, these dialects are conventionally included in the Middle Indo-Aryan period.<ref name=avabhansa>{{cite book|last=Shastri|first=Devendra Kumar|title=Apabhramsha Bhasha Sahitya Ki Shodh Pravritiyan|year=1996|publisher=Bhartiya Jnanpith. Bhartiya Jnanpith Bhartiya Jnanpith.|location=New Delhi|page=388}}</ref>{{rp|p.42}} [[wikt:अपभ्रंश#Sanskrit|{{IAST|Apabhraṃśa}}]] in Sanskrit literally means "corrupt" or "non-grammatical language", that which deviates from the norm of Sanskrit grammar.

Apabhraṃśa literature is a valuable source for the history of Northern India for the period spanning the 12th to 16th centuries.<ref name="Apabhramsha Sahitya 2003">Apabhramsha Sahitya, Devendra Kumar Jain, Mahavir Jain Vidyalay Suvarna Mahotsav Granth, 2003.</ref>

==Overview==
The term [[Prakrit]], which includes [[Pali]], is also used as a cover term for the [[vernacular]]s of Northern India that were spoken perhaps as late as the 4th to 8th centuries, but some scholars use the term for the entire Middle Indo-Aryan period. Middle Indo-Aryan languages gradually transformed into Apabhraṃśa dialects, which were used until about the 13th century. The Apabhraṃśas later evolved into Modern Indo-Aryan languages. The boundaries of these periods are somewhat hazy, not strictly chronological. Modern Northern Indian languages are often considered to have begun to develop a distinct identity around the 11th century – while Apabhraṃśas were still in use – and became fully distinct by the end of the 12th century.

A significant amount of Apabhraṃśa literature has been found in [[Jainism|Jain]] libraries. While [[Amir Khusrow]] and [[Kabir]] were writing in a language quite similar to modern Urdu and Hindi, many poets, especially in regions that were still ruled by [[Hindu king]]s, continued to write in Apabhraṃśa. These authors include [[Saraha]], [[Tilopa]] and [[Kanha (poet)|Kanha]] of [[Kamarupa]]; Devasena of [[Dhar]] (9th century CE); Pushpadanta of [[Manyakheta]] (9th century CE); Dhanapal; Muni Ramsimha; [[Hemachandra]] of [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]; and [[Raidhu]] of [[Gwalior]] (15th century CE).

An early example of the use of Apabhraṃśa is the ''Vikramorvashiyam'' of [[Kālidāsa]], when [[Pururavas]] asks the animals in the forest about his beloved who had disappeared. Compositions in Apabhramsha continued until the 18th century, when Bhagavatidasa wrote ''Migankaleha Chariu''.<ref name="Apabhramsha Sahitya 2003"/>

The first known example of an Apabhraṃśa work by a Muslim is the [[Sandeśarāsaka]] of Abdur Rahman of Multan, possibly written around 1000 CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alī |first=Saiyada Asad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbpjAAAAMAAJ&q=Sandesh+Rasak |title=Influence of Islam on Hindi Literature |date=2000 |publisher=Idarah-i-Adabiyat-Delli |series=Oriental Original Series |volume=47 |location=Delhi |pages=12–13, 195 |language=en |quote=After Muslim Hindi-Persian poet Masood Saad Salman, "Sandesh Rasak" is the first Apbharansh work of poetry. It was probably written in 11th century. Abdur Rahman, in his ...}}</ref>

== Writers and poets ==
Below is the list of some of the eminent writers and poets of Apabhraṃśa literature:

*Mahakavi Swyambhudev (8th century CE)
:* Ritthanemichariu
:* Pauma-Chariu<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jnanpith.net/book/pauma-chariu-part-i |title=Pauma-Chariu (Part-I) |access-date=13 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124073233/http://www.jnanpith.net/book/pauma-chariu-part-i |archive-date=24 January 2016 }}</ref>
*Mahakavi Pushpadant (10th century)
:* Mahapuran <ref>[http://www.jaingranths.com/Manuscript.asp?id=91&i=1 Jain granths]</ref>
:* Naykumarchariu
:* Jasaharchariu
*[[Hemachandra]] (12th century)
*Abdur Rahman (Addahamāṇa) (12th century) – [[Multan]]i poet who penned the epic romance [[Sandeśarāsaka]] in Apabhraṃśa.<ref name="Flood">{{cite book|last1=Flood|first1=Finbarr Barry|title=Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter|date=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-12594-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLNE_li8C10C&q=Multan&pg=PA155}}</ref>
* [[Padmanābha]] who wrote [[Kanhadade Prabandha]] (15th century)

==See also==
*[[Hindustani language|Hindavi]]
*[[History of Hindustani]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
* Shapiro, Michael C. ''Hindi.'' Facts about the world's languages: An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present. Ed. Jane Garry, and Carl Rubino: New England Publishing Associates, 2001.

==External links==
* "[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195148/http://www.jainworld.com/society/speaksch/dksastri.htm Dr. Devendra Kumar Shastri]"– Jainworld (archived)
* "[https://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/hindiint.html Hindi: The language of songs]" by Yashwant K. Malaiya
* {{cite book |last=Halder |first=Shashwati |year=2012 |chapter=Apabhrangsha |chapter-url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Apabhrangsha |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}

{{Old and Middle Indo-Aryan}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Apabhramsa}}
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 6th century]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 13th century]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Linguistic history of India]]
[[Category:Medieval languages]]
[[Category:North India]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
[[Category:History of the Bengali language]]

Mahishasura Mardini

2025-12-29T04:15:24Z

GlenDoolittle2: typo fix

{{About|the Kannada movie|the hymn|
Mahishasura Mardini Stotra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mahishasura Mardini
| image = Mahishasuramardini 1959.jpg
| caption = Kannada poster
| director = [[B. S. Ranga]]
| producer = B. S. Ranga
| story =
| writer =
| screenplay = B. S. Ranga
| starring = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] [[Sowcar Janaki]] V. Nagayya [[Udaykumar]] [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]]
| music = [[G. K. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = B. S. Ranga
| editing = P. G. Mohan M. Devendranath
| studio = Vikram Productions
| distributor = Vikram Productions
| released = {{Film date|1959|df=y}}
| runtime = 133 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Mahishasura Mardini''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಮಹಿಷಾಸುರ ಮರ್ದಿನಿ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{lit|Slayer of [[Mahishasura]]}}; a name for [[Durga]]) is a 1959 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film, directed and produced by [[B. S. Ranga]]. The film stars [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], V. Nagayya, [[Udaykumar]] and [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]]. It was dubbed in seven other languages and is retrospectively identified as amongst the first major [[Pan-India films]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Did you know? The very first pan-Indian Kannada film is this 1959 classic starring Dr. Rajkumar - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-the-very-first-pan-indian-kannada-film-is-this-1959-classic-starring-dr-rajkumar/articleshow/80664470.cms|access-date=21 June 2021|website=The Times of India|date=3 February 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |author=NFAI |author-link=NFAI |user=NFAIOfficial |number=1448850314870673410 |date=15 October 2021 |title=Wish you all a very #HappyDussehra! Revisit this stunning still from #MahishasuraMardini (1959). A #Kannada film by #BSRanga was dubbed in multiple regional languages & considered as amongst the first major pan-India films. #VijayaDashami2021 #VijayaDashami https://t.co/xycwwtrsPd |access-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524081537/https://twitter.com/NFAIOfficial/status/1448850314870673410 |archive-date=24 May 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |author=NFAI |author-link=NFAI |user=NFAIOfficial |number=1577503319702269952 |date=5 October 2022 |title=Wish you all a very #HappyDussehra! Revisit this stunning still from #MahishasuraMardini (1959). A #Kannada film by #BSRanga was dubbed in multiple regional languages & considered among the first major Pan-India films. #Vijayadashami #Dussehra #विजया_दशमी #दसरा #Dasara https://t.co/86hvsmU2Iv |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref>

The film has musical score by [[G. K. Venkatesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/mahishasura-mardini-1959|title=Mahishasura Mardini|access-date=26 January 2015|publisher=chiloka.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/movie/Mahishasura-Mardini-1959/9219801671|title=Mahishasura Mardini|access-date=26 January 2015|publisher=nthwall.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150126164355/http://www.nthwall.com/ka/movie/Mahishasura-Mardini-1959/9219801671|archive-date=26 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was dubbed in seven languages<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thesouthfirst.com/karnataka/dr-rajkumar-the-singing-star-of-indian-cinema/ | title=Dr Rajkumar, the singing star of Indian cinema | date=24 April 2023 }}</ref> including in Telugu under the same name<ref>{{cite AV media |date=23 August 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=79ji0Ax6zcE |title=Mahishasura Mardhini Telugu movie Songs {{!}}{{!}} Rajkumar Sowcar janaki {{!}}{{!}} Reehari |publisher=Madhu Dugganahalli |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=19 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911063929/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=79ji0Ax6zcE |archive-date=11 September 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> and in Hindi as ''Durga Maata'' ({{lit|Mother Durga}}, 1960).<ref>{{cite AV media |date=4 August 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qwHXCI0A6OA |title=Durga Mata 1960 Hindi Movie Songs {{!}}{{!}} Tum Mere Mann Mein {{!}}{{!}} Dr.Rajkumar {{!}}{{!}} Mannadey Geetha dutt |publisher=Madhu Dugganahalli |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013150112/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qwHXCI0A6OA |archive-date=13 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |date=4 August 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mOAN1Dj2ug |title=Durga Mata 1960 Hindi Movie {{!}}{{!}} S.Janaki Rare songs {{!}}{{!}} Nainan Se Laagi Jhadi {{!}}{{!}} Dr.Rajkumar |publisher=Madhu Dugganahalli |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=19 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910101746/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mOAN1Dj2ug |archive-date=10 September 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> This was the first movie shot in Vikram Studios, Madras.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-the-very-first-pan-indian-kannada-film-is-this-1959-classic-starring-dr-rajkumar/articleshow/80664470.cms | title=Did you know? The very first pan-Indian Kannada film is this 1959 classic starring Dr. Rajkumar | website=[[The Times of India]]|date=February 3, 2021 }}</ref> Rajkumar sang a duet as a playback singer for the first time through the song ''Thumbithu Manava'' in this movie.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=12 June 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O96m2Xd_yVs |title=Smt.S.Janaki Talks about Dr.Rajkumar |publisher=Madhu Dugganahalli |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=19 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911083039/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O96m2Xd_yVs |archive-date=11 September 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://thesouthfirst.com/karnataka/dr-rajkumar-the-singing-star-of-indian-cinema/ | title=Dr Rajkumar, the singing star of Indian cinema | date=24 April 2023 }}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] as [[Mahishasura]]
*[[Sowcar Janaki]] as Gunavathi
*V. Nagayya as [[Shukracharya]]
*[[Udaykumar]] as Rambhesha
*[[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]] as Vyaaghrasimha
*[[K. S. Ashwath]] as Narada
*Rajanala
*Ganapathi Bhat
*Sandhya as Chamundeshwari
*[[T. D. Kusalakumari]]
*Suryakala
*Indrani as Goddess [[Durga]]
*M. Lakshmidevi
*Vasudeva Girimaji
*Hanumantha Rao
*Suryakumar
*Udayashankar as Vishnu
*Sadashivaiah
*Rajendra Krishna
*Y. N. S. Swamy
*Rangaswamy
*Papamma
*Shanthamma
{{div col end}}

[[File:Mahishasura Mardhini poster.jpg|thumb|Theatrical poster of the Telugu version]]

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by G. K. Venkatesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/Mahishasura-Mardhini-songs-K0001026|title=Mahishasura Mardhini Songs|access-date=26 January 2015|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Gaganadali Mugilaneri" || [[S. Janaki]] || Chi. Sadaashiviah || 03:02
|-
| 2 || "Jaya Jagadeeswari" || || Chi. Sadaashiviah || 02:35
|-
| 3 || "Sree Hari Muraari Chakradhaari" || P. B. Srinivas || Chi. Sadaashiviah || 02:49
|-
| 4 || "Sri Hari Narayana Vanamaali" || P. B. Srinivas || Chi. Sadaashiviah || 02:54
|-
| 5 || "Thumbithu Manava" || [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], S. Janaki || Chi. Sadaashiviah || 03:26
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|0261037}}
* {{YouTube|id=eIPbqu7uBfc|title=Mahishasura Mardini}}

[[Category:1950s Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1959 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. K. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]

{{1950s-Kannada-film-stub}}
{{Hindu-film-stub}}

Abul Hasnat (barrister)

2025-12-16T16:21:19Z

GlenDoolittle2: general adjusted intro to improve readability and updated info

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician and lawyer (died 2022)}}
{{other people||Abul Hasnat (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{infobox officeholder
| name = Abul Hasnat
| native_name = আবুল হাসনাত
| native_name_lang = bn
| nationality = Bangladeshi
| office = 1st [[Dhaka City Corporation|Mayor of Dhaka]]
| predecessor1 = ''Position established''
| successor1 = [[Abdul Malek (Manikganj politician)|Mohammad Abdul Malek]]
| successor = [[Mirza Abbas]]
| predecessor = [[Naziur Rahman Manzur]]
| party = [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| termend2 = 10 May 1982
| termend3 = 6 December 1990
| termend4 = 6 December 1990
| termstart4 = 24 May 1990
| termstart3 = 20 October 1990
| termstart1 = 31 October 1977
| termstart2 = 27 November 1981
| termend = 12 December 1990
| termstart = 3 December 1990
| termend1 = 9 May 1982
| office2 = [[Ministry of Housing and Public Works (Bangladesh)|Minister of Housing and Public Works]]
| president2 = [[Abdus Sattar (president)|Abdus Sattar]]
| primeminister2 = {{ubl|[[Shah Azizur Rahman]]|[[Ataur Rahman Khan]]}}
| predecessor2 = [[Muhammad Jamiruddin Sircar|Muhammad Jamiruddin Sarkar]]
| president3 = [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]]
| primeminister3 = [[Kazi Zafar Ahmed]]
| successor2 = [[Abdul Mannan Siddique]]
| predecessor3 = [[Mostafa Jamal Haider]]
| successor3 = [[Wahiduddin Ahmed]]
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Parliament]]
| constituency4 = [[Dhaka-9]]
| predecessor4 = [[Md Korban Ali]]
| successor4 =[[Muhammad Jamiruddin Sircar|Muhammad Jamiruddin Sarkar]]
|otherparty = [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)]]
| birth_date = {{circa|1940}}
| birth_place = [[Lalbagh Thana|Lalbagh]], [[Dhaka District|Dacca district]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]]
| death_date = 16 September 2022 (aged 82)
| death_place = London, England
| resting_place = [[Azimpur, Dhaka|Azimpur Graveyard]], [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
}}

'''Abul Hasnat''' ({{circa|1940}} – 16 September 2022)<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 2022 |title=Dhaka's first mayor Abul Hasnat passes away |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/09/16/dhakas-first-mayor-bnp-leader-abul-hasnat-has-died |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref> was a Bangladeshi politician and lawyer. He was a founding member of the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] standing committee.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/hasnat-speaks-politics-after-long |title=Hasnat speaks politics after long |work=bdnews24.com |date=17 October 2006 |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref>

== Early life and family ==
Abul Hasnat was born in {{circa|1940}} to a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family of [[Sardari system|Sardars]] in [[Lalbagh Thana|Lalbagh]], [[Old Dhaka]]. His father, Ghani Sardar, was a former chairman of the Azimpur Union Committee.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |work=Dainik Shiksha |language=bn |script-title=bn:ঢাকার প্রথম মেয়র ব্যারিস্টার হাসনাত আর নেই - দৈনিকশিক্ষা |url=http://www.dainikshiksha.com/%e0%a6%a2%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%95%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%aa%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%a5%e0%a6%ae-%e0%a6%ae%e0%a7%87%e0%a7%9f%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%ac%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%af%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%b8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%9f%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%b9%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a4-%e0%a6%86%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%87/238190/ |access-date=2022-09-16}}</ref>

== Political life ==
Abul Hasnat served as the first mayor (elected by the commissioners) of [[Dhaka City Corporation]] during 1977–1982 and, again, in 1990.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=bn:পূর্বতন মেয়র/ প্রশাসকগণ |trans-title=Former mayor and administrators |url=http://www.dhaka.gov.bd/site/page/4a79a197-2013-11e7-8f57-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%20%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B0/%20%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3 |publisher=dhaka.gov.bd |language=bn |accessdate=30 January 2020 |archive-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607131952/http://www.dhaka.gov.bd/site/page/4a79a197-2013-11e7-8f57-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%20%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B0/%20%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In the cabinet of Abdus Sattar, he served as the [[Ministry of Housing and Public Works (Bangladesh)|minister of housing and public works]] from 27 November 1981 to 10 May 1982.

Abul Hasnat joined the [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]] in 1990. He was elected to parliament from [[Dhaka-9]] in 1990 in a by-election as a candidate of Jatiya Party. He served as the minister of housing and public works in the cabinet of Hussein Mohammad Ershad from 20 October 1990 to 6 December 1990.

Abul Hasnat later rejoined the Bangladesh Nationalist Party and served as a member of the BNP's standing committee.

== Death ==
Abul Hasnat died at 5pm on 16 September 2022 in his own home in London, England. He was buried next to his father at the [[Azimpur, Dhaka|Azimpur Graveyard]] in [[Dhaka]].<ref name="auto" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abul Hasnat}}
[[Category:1940s births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:4th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi barristers]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Ministers of housing and public works of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Mayors of Dhaka]]
[[Category:2nd Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Burials at Azimpur Graveyard]]
[[Category:Jatiya Party (Ershad) politicians]]
{{Bangladesh-politician-stub}}

Jugal Kishore (physician)

2025-11-25T06:21:40Z

GlenDoolittle2: made article

{{Short description|Indian homoeopathic physician (1915–2012)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jugal Kishore
| image =
| imagesize = 888863221
| birth_date = 1915
| birth_place = India
| death_date = 23 January 2012
| death_place = New Delhi
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Homoeopathic physician
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website = {{URL||Official web site}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}
'''Jugal Kishore''' (1915–2012) was an Indian [[Homeopathy|homoeopathic]] physician<ref name="DJKC">{{cite web | url=http://www.drjugalkishoresclinic.com/ | title=DJKC | publisher=DJKC | date=2014 | access-date=14 December 2014}}</ref> and the founder Director of Nehru Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital,<ref name="NHMC">{{cite web | url=http://www.nhmc.delhigovt.nic.in/ | title=NHMC | publisher=NHMC | date=2014 | access-date=14 December 2014}}</ref> New Delhi, a [[Government of Delhi]] undertaking.<ref name="Homoeorizon">{{cite web | url=http://www.homeorizon.com/homeopathic-articles/general-homeopathy/dr-jugal-kishore-an-obituary | title=Homoeorizon | publisher=Homoeorizon | date=2014 | access-date=14 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="Homeopathy World Community">{{cite web | url=http://www.homeopathyworldcommunity.com/forum/topics/dr-jugal-kishore-no-more | title=Homeopathy World Community | publisher=Homeopathy World Community | date=2014 | access-date=14 December 2014 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064015/http://www.homeopathyworldcommunity.com/forum/topics/dr-jugal-kishore-no-more | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was honored by the [[Government of India]], in 2012, with the fourth highest Indian civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Shri |publisher=Padma Shri |date=2014 |access-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

==Biography==
Jugal Kishore was born in 1915 in the [[British India]].<ref name="Homoeorizon" /><ref name="Homeopathy World Community" /> He did his graduate studies at the Foreman Christian College, Lahore, [[Punjab University, Lahore|Punjab University]] and was preparing to appear for the Indian Civil Service examinations when he contracted a disease which rendered him bedridden for over a year.<ref name="Homoeo Times">{{cite web | url=http://www.homoeotimes.com/doctor/drjugal.htm | title=Homoeo Times | publisher=Homoeo Times | date=2014 | access-date=14 December 2014}}</ref> During the convalescing period, he is reported to have chanced upon a homoeopathic book which helped him in self medication and a reported cure from his illness.<ref name="DJKC about" /> This is known to have prompted him to take up studies on homoeopathy.<ref name="Homoeorizon" /><ref name="Homeopathy World Community" />

Kishore graduated in homoeopathic medicine from the Calcutta Homoeopathic College, West Bengal and started his practice in 1945<ref name="DJKC about">{{cite web | url=http://www.drjugalkishoresclinic.com/about.htm | title=DJKC about | publisher=DJKC about | date=2014 | access-date=14 December 2014}}</ref> to begin a career which spanned for over 65 years.<ref name="Homoeo Times" /> During this period, Kishore served as the honorary physician to the [[President of India]] for four tenures, honorary homoeopathic advisor to the [[Government of India]] once and was the Chairman of ''Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia Committee'' of India.<ref name="Homoeorizon" /><ref name="Homeopathy World Community" /> When the [[Government of Delhi]] established Nehru Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital in New Delhi, Kishore was made its first director. He was the president of the Asian Homoeopathic Medical League (AHML)<ref name="AHML">{{cite web | url=http://drnikomar.tripod.com/ahml/index.html | title=AHML | publisher=Drnikomar | date=2014 | access-date=14 December 2014}}</ref> and a member of the national executive committee of the International Homoeopathic Medical Organization, Geneva. He was a member of the Indian delegation for two sessions of International Homoeopathic Congress in 1973 and 1976<ref name="Homoeorizon" /><ref name="Homeopathy World Community" /> and was the president of the [[Central Council of Homoeopathy]].<ref name="Homoeo Times" /><ref name="CCH">{{cite web | url=http://www.cchindia.com/cch-members.htm | title=CCH | publisher=CCH | date=2014 | access-date=14 December 2014}}</ref>

Jugal Kishore is known to be the creator of ''Kishore Cards'', a punch card system for ''Homoeopathic Reportorial analysis'' on which he has authored three books, ''Kishore Card Repertory'', ''Integrated Repertory - Mind and Generalities'' and ''Evolution of Repertories''.<ref name="Homoeo Times" /><ref name="DJKC about" /> He is also credited with several innovative homoeopathic treatment protocols.<ref name="Homoeo Times" />

Jugal Kishore was married to Sharda who preceded him in death, and the couple had two sons.<ref name="India Today">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/padma-shri-winner-jugal-kishore-award-91033-2012-01-26 | title=India Today | publisher=India Today | date=27 January 2012 | access-date=14 December 2014}}</ref> Dr. Rajeev Kishore, a pediatric allergist, who practices in Akron, Ohio, and Dr. Arvind Kishore, following the path of his father, is a homoeopathic practitioner.<ref name="DJKC" /> Jugal Kishore died on 23 January 2012, two days prior to the announcement of his nomination for the civilian award of [[Padma Shri]] which was announced on 25 January 2012.<ref name="Padma Shri" /><ref name="India Today" />

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Central Council of Homoeopathy]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OV4F4sUV7xE | title=Civil Investiture Ceremony - Padma Shri | publisher=YouTube | work=Video | date=4 April 2012 | access-date=1 December 2014}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kishore, Jugal}}
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Indian homeopaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]

2025 Pro Kabaddi League

2025-11-16T07:49:42Z

GlenDoolittle2: started info

{{Short description|12th Season of Pro Kabaddi League}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox tournament
|name=2025 Pro Kabaddi League Season 12
|start_date= 29 August 2025
|end_date= 31 October 2025
|image=
|image_size=275px
|caption=
|tournament_format= [[Round-robin tournament|Double round robin]] and [[Page playoff system|playoffs]]
|host= India
|champion= [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]] (2nd title)
|runner-up1= [[Puneri Paltan]]
|teams= [[#Participating teams|12]]
|previous= [[2024 Pro Kabaddi League|2024]]
|next= [[Pro Kabaddi League|2026]]
|administrator= Mashal Sports
|matches= 117
|broadcast=[[Star Sports Network]] [[JioHotstar]]|website= {{URL|prokabaddi.com|Pro Kabaddi}}
|stat1_label= Most valuable player
|stat2_label= Most raid points
|stat3_label= Most tackle points
|stat1= {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Fazel Atrachali]] ([[Dabang Delhi K.C.]])
|stat2= {{flagicon|IND}} Ayan Lohchab (316) ([[Patna Pirates]])
|stat3= {{flagicon|IND}} Navdeep Singh (73) ([[Patna Pirates]])
|top_scorer= {{flagicon|IND}} Ayan Lohchab (324) ([[Patna Pirates]])
}}
The '''2025 Pro Kabaddi League''' is the 12th edition of the [[Pro Kabaddi League]], a franchise-based [[Kabaddi]] [[Kabaddi in India|league in India]], organised by Mashal Sports since [[2014 Pro Kabaddi League season|2014]]. The season began on 29 August 2025.

[[Haryana Steelers]] are the defending champions, winning their maiden title in the [[2024 Pro Kabaddi League season|previous edition]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=31 May 2025 |title=Pro Kabaddi Legaue: Full list of winners with captains PKL 2024 champion |url=https://www.business-standard.com/sports/pro-kabaddi-league/pro-kabaddi-legaue-full-list-of-winners-with-captains-pkl-2024-champion-124122800316_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

In the [[2025 Pro Kabaddi League #Final|final]] of [[2025 Pro Kabaddi League|PKL 12]], [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]] won the second title by defeating [[Puneri Paltan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2025-10-31 |title=PKL 2025 final, Highlights: Dabang Delhi K.C. defeats Puneri Paltan to win second PKL title |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/kabaddi/pro-kabaddi-league/pkl-2025-final-live-score-updates-dabang-delhi-puneri-paltan-highlights-ashu-fazal-aslam-pankaj/article70225425.ece |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Participating teams==
{{location map+ |India
|width=350
|float=right
|caption=Locations of the Pro Kabaddi teams
|alt=Locations of the Pro Kabaddi teams
|places=
{{location map~ |India |lat=12.9629|long=77.5775 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Bengaluru Bulls]]</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=18.97500 |long=72.82583 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[U Mumba]]</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=18.47361 |long=73.79778 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Puneri Paltan]]</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=22.56972 |long=88.36972 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Bengal Warriorz]]</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=26.93 |long=75.82 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=25.61 |long=85.14 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Patna Pirates]]</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=17.37 |long=78.48 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Telugu Titans]]</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=28.61 |long=77.23 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=23.0225 |long=72.5714 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:65%;">[[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=26.8467 |long=80.9462 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[UP Yoddha]]</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=29.0588 |long=76.0856 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:70%;">[[Haryana Steelers]]</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=13.0843 |long=80.2705 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Tamil Thalaivas]]</div>|position=right}}
}}

The same 12 teams from the previous season returned to compete in the 2025 Pro Kabbadi League.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/pro-kabaddi-pkl-2025-teams-players-squad-list|title=Pro Kabbadi 2025 teams and players|work=[[Olympics.com]]|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Teams
! Head coach<ref>{{cite web |date=28 May 2025 |title=Know all the head coaches ahead of PKL Season 12 Player Auction |url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/features/meet-the-head-coaches-of-all-teams-ahead-of-pkl-season-12-player-auction |access-date=28 August 2025 |work=[[Pro Kabaddi League]]}}</ref>
! Captain<ref>{{cite web |date=28 August 2025 |title=Pro Kabaddi Season 12: Get the list of captains of all 12 teams |url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/features/pkl-season-12-all-teams-captains-pro-kabaddi-league |access-date=28 August 2025 |work=[[Pro Kabaddi League]]}}</ref>
|-
|style=text-align:left"|[[Bengal Warriorz]]
|Naveen Kumar
|Devank Dalal
|-
|[[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|BC Ramesh
|Yogesh Dahiya
|-
|[[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|Joginder Narwal
|Ashu Malik
|-
|[[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|Jaivir Sharma
|[[Mohammad Reza Shadloui|Md Reza Shadloui]]
|-
| [[Haryana Steelers]]
|Manpreet Singh
|Jaideep Dahiya
|-
|[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|Narender Redhu
|Reza Mirbagheri
|-
|[[Patna Pirates]]
|Randeep Dalal
|Ankit Jaglan
|-
|[[Puneri Paltan]]
|[[Ajay Thakur]]
|[[Aslam Inamdar]]
|-
| [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|Sanjeev Baliyan
|[[Arjun Deshwal]]
|-
|[[Telugu Titans]]
|Krishan Kumar Hooda
|Vijay Malik
|-
|[[U Mumba]]
|Anil Chaprana
|[[Sunil Kumar (kabaddi)|Sunil Kumar]]
|-
|[[UP Yoddha]]
|[[Jasvir Singh (kabaddi)|Jasvir Singh]]
|Sumit Sangwan
|}

==Format==
The format for the season consisted of a league stage followed by playoffs. The league stage consisted of 108 matches, with each team playing 18 matches.<ref name="PKL">{{cite web|url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/news/pkl-season-12-new-format-2025|title=PKL Season 12 Raises the Stakes with a More Competitive, High-Intensity Format|date=23 August 2025|work=[[Pro Kabaddi League]]|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="ESPN">{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/kabaddi/story/_/id/46095185/pro-kabaddi-league-2025-only-pkl-12-preview-need-read|title=Pro Kabaddi League 2025: The only PKL 12 preview you need to read|date=28 August 2025|work=[[ESPN]]|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="SS">{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/kabaddi/pro-kabaddi-league-all-rules-format-changes-regulations-terms-points-system-meaning-pkl-12-news-updates/article69980978.ece|title=Pro Kabaddi League: All PKL rules explained ahead of season 12|date=28 August 2025|work=[[Sportstar]]|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>

Teams are awarded two points for a win and none for a loss.<ref name="PKL"/><ref name="ESPN"/> A tie-breaker rule was introduced to all league-stage matches in case the teams finish with the same number of points at the end of regular time. The tie-breaker consisted of a five raid shootout with specific conditions. The teams would have seven players at all time with no outs or revivals, and the baulk line would become the bonus line. Each team nominated five different raiders to raid in the specified order with raids alternating between teams.<ref name="PKL"/><ref name="SS"/> If the points were still tied after five raids, the winner would be decided by a golden raid. In case both teams remain tied after golden raids, the winner would be decided by a coin toss.<ref name="PKL"/><ref name="SS"/>

The playoff system was also revamped compared to the previous seasons to include more matches and additional teams. As per the new playoff rules, the top eight teams qualified for the knockout stages.<ref name="PKL"/><ref name="ESPN"/> The playoffs consisted of nine matches.<ref name="PKL"/><ref name="SS"/>
* The teams finishing from 5th to 8th competed in two play-in matches with the winners advancing to the first eliminator.
* The sides in 3rd and 4th position compete in a Mini-qualifier with the winner qualifying to the Eliminator 3, and the loser facing off against the winner of Eliminator 1 in Eliminator 2.
* The winners of Eliminators 2 and 3 compete to determine the team that advances to Qualifier 2
* The top two sides compete in Qualifier 1 with the winner advancing to the final
* The winner of the Eliminator 3 and the loser of Qualifier 1 face-off in Qualifier 2 to determine the second finalist

==Venues==
The league stage was played across four venues.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/pro-kabaddi-league-pkl-2025-season-12-schedule-fixtures-matches-list|title=The league stages of PKL Season 12 will be held in Vizag, Jaipur, Chennai and Delhi.|work=[[Olympics.com]]|date=21 July 2025|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center"
|-
! Venue
! Location
! Capacity
! Dates
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |Rajiv Gandhi Indoor Stadium
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| style="text-align: center;" |10,000
|29 August–11 September
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Sawai Mansingh Indoor Stadium]]
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| style="text-align: center;" |2,000
|12 September–27 September
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Nehru Stadium, Chennai|SDAT Multi purpose Indoor Stadium]]
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| style="text-align: center;" |5,000
|29 September–12 October
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Thyagaraj Sports Complex|Thyagaraj Indoor Stadium]]
| style="text-align: left;" |[[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
| style="text-align: center;" |4,500
|13 October–31 October
|}

== Points table ==
{{2025 Pro Kabaddi League points table}}

== League stage ==
=== Performance summary ===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|sortable=y|legendpos=b
|team1=[[Bengal Warriorz]]
|pos1=W/L/L/L/L/W/L/W/L/L/W/L/L/W/L/L/W/L
|team2=[[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|pos2=L/L/L/W/W/W/W/L/W/L/L/W/W/W/L/W/W/W
|team3=[[Dabang Delhi K.C.|Dabang Delhi]]
|pos3=W/W/W/W/W/W/L/W/W/W/W/W/L/W/L/W/L/L
|team4=[[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|pos4=L/L/W/L/L/L/L/L/W/L/W/W/L/L/W/L/L/L
|team5=[[Haryana Steelers]]
|pos5=L/W/W/L/W/W/W/W/L/L/L/L/L/W/W/L/W/W
|team6=[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|pos6=W/L/L/W/L/W/W/W/L/W/L/L/L/L/W/W/L/L
|team7=[[Patna Pirates]]
|pos7=L/L/L/W/L/L/W/L/L/W/L/L/L/W/W/W/W/W
|team8=[[Puneri Paltan]]
|pos8=W/W/W/L/L/W/W/W/L/W/W/W/W/W/W/W/L/L
|team9=[[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|pos9=W/L/L/W/W/L/L/L/W/L/W/L/W/L/L/L/L/L
|team10=[[Telugu Titans]]
|pos10=L/L/W/W/W/L/L/L/W/W/W/W/W/L/L/W/W/L
|team11=[[U Mumba]]
|pos11=W/W/L/W/L/W/L/L/L/W/W/L/W/L/W/W/W/L
|team12=[[UP Yoddhas]]
|pos12=W/W/L/L/L/L/W/W/L/L/L/L/L/W/W/L/L/W
|color_W = green2| text_W =Win
|color_L = red2| text_L =Lose
|update =
|source = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/schedule-fixtures-results Results]
}}

===Leg 1 — Visakhapatnam ===
''All times are in [[Indian Standard Time|Indian Standard Time (UTC+5.30)]].'' ''R'' indicated raid points, while ''T'' indicated tackle points.
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 29 August 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''1'''
|score = 35 – 38
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1= Bharat Hooda (9R)
|tackle1= Shubham Shinde (4T)
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid2= [[Arjun Deshwal]] (12R)
|tackle2= Himanshu (3T) Suresh Jadhav (3T)
|result= Tamil Thalaivas won by 3 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6464-scorecard Scorecard]
|notes=Tamil Thalaivas won the toss and elected to defend first.
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 29 August 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''2'''
|score = 32 – 32
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1= [[Akash Shinde]] (12R)
|tackle1= Ankush Rathee (5T)
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid2= Aditya Shinde (9R)
|tackle2= Gaurav Khatri (5T)
|result=Puneri Paltan won by tie-breaker
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6465-scorecard Scorecard]
|notes = Puneri Paltan won the toss and elected to raid first.
|tiebreak=4 – 6}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 30 August 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''3'''
|score = 35 – 40
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1= Vijay Malik (14R)
|tackle1= Ajit Pawar (2T) Ankit (2T)
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|raid2= Gagan Gowda (14R)
|tackle2= Sumit Sangwan (8T)
|result= UP Yoddhas won by 5 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6466-scorecard Scorecard]
|notes=UP Yoddhas won the toss and elected to defend first.
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 30 August 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''4'''
|score = 29 – 29
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1= Rohit Raghav (5R) (2T)
|tackle1= Lokesh Ghosliya (2T)
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid2= Himanshu Singh (6R)
|tackle2= [[Mohammad Reza Shadloui]] (3T) Himanshu (3T)
|result= U Mumba won by tie-breaker
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6467-scorecard Scorecard]
|notes=U Mumba won the toss and elected to defend first.
|tiebreak=6 – 5
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 31 August 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''5'''
|score = 33 – 36
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1= [[Arjun Deshwal]] (12R)
|tackle1= Nitesh Kumar (4T) Himanshu (4T)
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid2= Ajit Chavan (9R)
|tackle2= Lokesh Ghosliya (4T) Rinku Sharma (4T)
|result= U Mumba won by 3 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6468-scorecard Scorecard]
|notes=Tamil Thalaivas won the toss and elected to defend first.
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 31 August 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''6'''
|score = 54 – 44
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|raid1= Devank Dalal (21R)
|tackle1= Ashish Malik (5T)
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid2= Shivam Patare (17R)
|tackle2= Rahul Sethpal (3T) Neeraj Kumar (3T)
|result= Bengal Warriors won by 10 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6469-scorecard Scorecard]
|notes=Bengal Warriors won the toss and elected to defend first.
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 01 September 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''7'''
|score = 31 – 34
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1= Ayan Lohchab (9R)
|tackle1= Ankit Jaglan (3T) Deepak (3T)
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|raid2= Gagan Gowda (7R)
|tackle2= Sumit Sangwan (5T) Ashu Singh (5T)
|result= UP Yoddhas won by 3 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6470-scorecard Scorecard]
|notes=UP Yoddhas won the toss and elected to defend first.
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 01 September 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''8'''
|score = 41 – 19
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= Aditya Shinde (6R)
|tackle1= Abinesh Nadarajan (6T)
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid2= Rakesh Sungroya (6R)
|tackle2= Shubham Kumar (3T)
|result= Puneri Paltan won by 22 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6471-scorecard Scorecard]
|notes=Gujarat Giants won the toss and elected to defend first.
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 02 September 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''9'''
|score = 41 – 34
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid1= Ashu Malik (15R)
|tackle1= [[Surjeet Singh Narwal|Surjeet Singh]] (3T) [[Fazel Atrachali]] (3T) Saurabh Nandal (3T)
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid2= Alireza Mirzaian (10R)
|tackle2= Yogesh Dahiya (2T) Manish (2T)
|result= Dabang Delhi K.C. won by 7 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6472-scorecard Scorecard]
|notes=Dabang Delhi K.C. won the toss and elected to defend first.
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 02 September 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''10'''
|score = 39 – 36
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1= Nitin Kumar (13R)
|tackle1= Reza Mirbagheri (3T)
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid2= [[Maninder Singh (kabaddi)|Maninder Singh]] (15R)
|tackle2= Ashish Birwal (2T) Sanket Sawant (2T) Navdeep (2T)
|result= Jaipur Pink Panthers won by 3 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6473-scorecard Scorecard]
|notes=Jaipur Pink Panthers won the toss and elected to defend first.
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 03 September 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''11'''
|score = 45 – 36
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= Aditya Shinde (11R)
|tackle1= [[Vishal Bhardwaj (kabaddi)|Vishal Bhardwaj]] (5T) Gurdeep Sangwan (5T)
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|raid2= Devank Dalal (17R)
|tackle2= Manjeet Choudary (2T)
|result= Puneri Paltan won by 9 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6474-scorecard Scorecard]
|notes=Puneri Paltan won the toss and elected to raid first.
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 03 September 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''12'''
|score = 36 – 36
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1= [[Naveen Kumar (kabaddi)|Naveen Kumar]](9R)
|tackle1= Rahul Sethpal(2T) Jaideep Dahiya(2T) Neeraj Kumar(2T)
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid2= Ajit Chavan(12R)
|tackle2= [[Sunil Kumar (kabaddi)|Sunil Kumar]](3T) Lokesh Ghosliya(3T) Rohit Raghav(3T)
|result= Haryana Steelers won by tie-breaker
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6475-scorecard Scorecard]
|notes=Haryana Steelers won the toss and elected to defend first.
|tiebreak=7 – 6
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 04 September 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''13'''
|score = 32 – 37
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1= Nitin Kumar(13R)
|tackle1= Reza Mirbagheri(3T) [[Nitin Rawal]](3T)
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid2= Vijay Malik (8R)
|tackle2= Ajit Pawar (5T)
|result= Telugu Titans won by 5 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6476-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 04 September 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''14'''
|score = 28 – 28
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= Aditya Shinde(6R)
|tackle1= Gaurav Khatri(5T)
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid2= Ashu Malik (10R)
|tackle2= [[Fazel Atrachali]] (5T)
|result= Dabang Delhi K.C. won by golden raid
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6477-scorecard Scorecard]
|tiebreak= 5 – 5
|goldenraid = 0 - 2
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 05 September 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''15'''
|score = 48 – 28
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1= Ajit Chavan(13R)
|tackle1= Rinku Sharma(5T)
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid2= Alireza Mirzaian (6R) Ashish Malik (6R)
|tackle2= Deepak Sankar (3T)
|result= U Mumba won by 20 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6478-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 05 September 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''16'''
|score = 37 – 32
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1= [[Naveen Kumar (kabaddi)|Naveen Kumar]](6R)
|tackle1= Rahul Kalirawna(6T)
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|raid2= Gagan Gowda (13R)
|tackle2= Hitesh(4T)
|result= Haryana Steelers won by 5 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6479-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 06 September 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''17'''
|score = 30 – 38
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1= Ayan Lohchab (10R)
|tackle1= Deepak Rathee (3T)
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid2= Alireza Mirzaian (10R)
|tackle2= Deepak Sankar (4T)
|result= Bengaluru Bulls won by 8 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6480-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 06 September 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''18'''
|score = 28 – 37
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1= [[Pawan Sehrawat]] (6R)
|tackle1= Nitesh Kumar (5T)
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid2= Rakesh Sungroya (6R)
|tackle2= Nitin Panwar (8T)
|result= Gujarat Giants won by 9 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6481-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 07 September 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''19'''
|score = 34 – 44
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|raid1= Devank Dalal (13R)
|tackle1= [[Nitesh Kumar]](6T)
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid2= Bharat Hooda (11R)
|tackle2= Ankit (5T)
|result= Telugu Titans won by 10 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6482-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 07 September 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''20'''
|score = 36 – 35
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid1= Ashu Malik (20R)
|tackle1= Saurabh Nandal(3T)
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid2= Nitin Kumar (14R)
|tackle2= [[Nitin Rawal]] (2T)
|result= Dabang Delhi K.C. won by 1 point
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6483-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 08 September 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''21'''
|score = 33 – 40
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1= Shivam Patare (7R)
|tackle1= Jaideep Dahiya(3T) Rahul Kalirawna(3T)
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid2= Alireza Mirzaian (12R)
|tackle2= Yogesh Dahiya (6T)
|result= Bengaluru Bulls won by 7 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6484-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 08 September 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''22'''
|score = 37 – 48
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= Sachin Tanwar (6R)
|tackle1= Rakesh Rajesh (2T)
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid2= Ayan Lohchab (21R)
|tackle2= Ankit Jaglan (3T) Deepak Rathee (3T) Navdeep (3T)
|result= Patna Pirates won by 11 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6485-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 09 September 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''23'''
|score = 45 – 34
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid1= Ashu Malik (16R)
|tackle1= [[Surjeet Singh Narwal|Surjeet Singh]] (3T)
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|raid2= Devank Dalal (12R)
|tackle2= Parteek (2T)
|result= Dabang Delhi K.C. won by 11 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6486-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 09 September 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''24'''
|score = 30 – 30
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1= Rakesh Sungroya (11R)
|tackle1= Nitin Panwar (4T)
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid2= Nitin Kumar (15R)
|tackle2= Deepanshu Khatri (3T)
|result= Jaipur Pink Panthers won by golden raid
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6487-scorecard Scorecard]
|tiebreak= 5 – 5
|goldenraid = 0 - 1
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 10 September 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''25'''
|score = 37 – 45
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1= Sandeep Kumar (7R) Amirmohammad Zafardanesh (7R)
|tackle1= [[Sunil Kumar (kabaddi)|Sunil Kumar]] (6T)
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid2= Bharat Hooda (12R)
|tackle2= Chetan Sahu (4T)
|result= Telugu Titans won by 8 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6488-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 10 September 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''26'''
|score = 32 – 43
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|raid1= Gagan Gowda (12R)
|tackle1= Hitesh (2T) Mahender Singh (2T)
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid2= Aditya Shinde (12R)
|tackle2= Gaurav Khatri (5T)
|result= Puneri Paltan won by 11 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6489-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 11 September 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''27'''
|score = 40 – 39
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1= Amirmohammad Zafardanesh (12R)
|tackle1= Vijay Kumar (4T)
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid2= Ayan Lohchab (21R)
|tackle2= Ankit Jaglan (3T)
|result= U Mumba won by 1 point
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6490-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 11 September 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''28'''
|score = 38 – 28
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid1= Ashu Malik (14R)
|tackle1= [[Fazel Atrachali]] (5T)
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid2= Prateek Dahiya (9R)
|tackle2= Himanshu (2T) [[Mohammad Reza Shadloui]] (2T)
|result= Dabang Delhi K.C. won by 10 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6491-scorecard Scorecard]
}}

===Leg 2 — Jaipur ===
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 12 September 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''29'''
|score = 23 – 28
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1= Nitin Kumar (8R)
|tackle1= Aryan Kumar (2T)
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid2= Alireza Mirzaian (8R)
|tackle2= Deepak Sankar (5T)
|result= Bengaluru Bulls won by 5 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6492-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 12 September 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''30'''
|score = 46 – 36
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1= [[Arjun Deshwal]] (17R)
|tackle1= Ronak (4T)
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|raid2= Devank Dalal (13R)
|tackle2= Ankit (3T)
|result= Tamil Thalaivas won by 10 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6493-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 13 September 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''31'''
|score = 29 – 41
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|raid1= Gagan Gowda (16R)
|tackle1= Sumit Sangwan (4T)
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid2= Nitin Kumar (11R)
|tackle2= Reza Mirbagheri (4T)
|result= Jaipur Pink Panthers won by 12 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6494-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 13 September 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''32'''
|score = 39 – 33
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= [[Aslam Inamdar]] (5R) Pankaj Mohite (5R) Aditya Shinde(5R)
|tackle1= Gaurav Khatri (7T)
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid2= Bharat Hooda (11R)
|tackle2= Avi Duhan (4T)
|result= Puneri Paltan won by 6 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6495-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 15 September 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''33'''
|score = 37 – 40
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1= Rakesh Sungroya (14R)
|tackle1= Nitin Panwar (3T)
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid2= Shivam Patare (10R)
|tackle2= Jaideep Dahiya (5T)
|result= Haryana Steelers won 3 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6496-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 15 September 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''34'''
|score = 34 – 32
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1= Alireza Mirzaian (11R)
|tackle1= Yogesh Dahiya (3T)
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid2= Bharat Hooda (13R)
|tackle2= Shubham Shinde (2T) Ankit (2T)
|result= Bengaluru Bulls won 2 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6497-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 16 September 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''35'''
|score = 37 – 41
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|raid1= Shivam Chaudhary (7R) Gagan Gowda(7R)
|tackle1= Ashu Singh(4T) Hitesh(4T)
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|raid2= Devank Dalal (17R)
|tackle2= Ashish Malik (6T)
|result= Bengal Warriorz won by 4 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6498-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 16 September 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''36'''
|score = 35 – 29
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1= [[Arjun Deshwal]] (13R)
|tackle1= Ronak (4T)
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid2= Alireza Mirzaian (10R)
|tackle2= Yogesh Dahiya (3T)
|result= Tamil Thalaivas won by 6 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6499-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 17 September 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''37'''
|score = 29 – 33
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1= Vijay Malik (5R)
|tackle1= Ajit Pawar (4T)
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid2= Neeraj Narwal (8R)
|tackle2= Saurabh Nadal (5T) [[Fazel Atrachali]] (5T)
|result= Dabang Delhi K.C. won by 4 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6500-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 17 September 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''38'''
|score = 43 – 32
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1= Shivam Patare (13R)
|tackle1= Hardeep Ranbir (5T) Jaideep Dahiya (5T)
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid2= Ayan Lohchab (6R)
|tackle2= Navdeep (4T)
|result= Haryana Steelers won by 11 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6501-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 18 September 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''39'''
|score = 45 – 41
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1= Nitin Kumar (13R)
|tackle1= Ashish Bambal (4T)
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|raid2= Devank Dalal (16R)
|tackle2= Ashish Malik (6T)
|result= Jaipur Pink Panthers won by 4 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6502-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 18 September 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''40'''
|score = 22 – 40
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1= Amirmohammad Zafardanesh (5R)
|tackle1= Rinku Sharma (4T)
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid2= Stuwart Singh (8R)
|tackle2= Gurdeep (5T)
|result= Puneri Paltan won by 18 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6503-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 19 September 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''41'''
|score = 30 – 34
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= Pankaj Mohite (14R)
|tackle1= Vishal Bhardwaj (3T)
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid2= Vinay (13R)
|tackle2= Jaideep Dahiya (4T)
|result= Haryana Steelers won by 4 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6504-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 19 September 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''42'''
|score = 29 – 43
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1= [[Arjun Deshwal]] (7R)
|tackle1= Narender(2T) Ronak(2T)
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid2= Vijay Malik (10R)
|tackle2= Ankit (4T)
|result= Telugu Titans won by 14 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6505-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 20 September 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''43'''
|score = 33 – 30
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1= Ankit Rana (12R)
|tackle1= Ankit Jaglan (6T)
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid2= Neeraj Narwal (8R)
|tackle2= Saurabh Nandal (3T)
|result= Patna Pirates won by 3 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6506-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 20 September 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''44'''
|score = 38 – 36
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1= Shivam Patare (9R)
|tackle1= Jaideep Dahiya (3T) Sahil (3T)
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid2= [[Arjun Deshwal]] (13R)
|tackle2= Himanshu (4T)
|result= Haryana Steelers won by 2 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6507-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 22 September 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''45'''
|score = 24 – 28
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1= Vishwanath V (5R)
|tackle1= Lucky Sharma (4T)
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid2= Akash Shinde (6R)
|tackle2= Yogesh Dahiya (4T)
|result= Bengaluru Bulls won by 4 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6508-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 22 September 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''46'''
|score = 22 – 39
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1= Moein Shafagi (3R)
|tackle1= Nitesh Kumar (7T)
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|raid2= Gagan Gowda (7R)
|tackle2= Sumit (5T)
|result= UP Yoddhas won by 17 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6509-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 23 September 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''47'''
|score = 29 – 30
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1= [[Mohammad Reza Shadloui]] (6R)
|tackle1= Rohit Nandal (2T)
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid2= Bharat (8R)
|tackle2= Shubham Shinde (4T)
|result= Telugu Titans won by 1 point
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6510-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 23 September 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''48'''
|score = 38 – 38
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1= Nitin Kumar (14R)
|tackle1= Reza Mirbagheri (3T)
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid2= Sandeep Kumar (14R)
|tackle2= Lokesh Ghoslita (4T
|result= Jaipur Pink Panthers won by tie-breaker
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6511-scorecard Scorecard]
|tiebreak=6 – 4
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 25 September 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''49'''
|score = 36 – 36
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1= Alireza Mirzaian (10R)
|tackle1= Deepak Sankar (3T)
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|raid2= Bhavani Rajput (10R)
|tackle2= Ashu Singh (4T)<>Sumit Sangwan (4T)
|result= UP Yoddhas won by tie-breaker
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6512-scorecard Scorecard]
|tiebreak=5 – 6
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 25 September 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''50'''
|score = 47 – 26
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid1= Ashu Malik (23R)
|tackle1= [[Fazel Atrachali]] (4T)
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid2= Sandeep Kumar (11R)
|tackle2= [[Sunil Kumar (kabaddi)|Sunil Kumar]] (3T)
|result= Dabang Delhi K.C. won by 21 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6513-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 27 September 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''51'''
|score = 42 – 48
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1= Ayan Lohchab (15R)
|tackle1= Ankith Jaglan (4T)
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|raid2= Devank (22R)
|tackle2= Ashish Malik (5T)
|result= Bengal Warriorz won by 6 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6514-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 27 September 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''52'''
|score = 28 – 37
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1= Nitin Kumar (8R)
|tackle1= Aryan Kumar (2T)
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid2= [[Arjun Deshwal]] (13R)
|tackle2= Nitesh Kumar (6T)
|result= Tamil Thalaivas won by 9 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6515-scorecard Scorecard]
}}

=== Leg 3 — Chennai ===
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 29 September 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''53'''
|score = 27 – 33
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|raid1= Bhavani Rajput (8R)
|tackle1= Sumit (4T)
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid2= Rakesh Sungroya (6R)
|tackle2= Ankith Dahiya (7T)
|result= Gujrat Giants won by 6 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6516-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 29 September 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''54'''
|score = 38 – 37
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid1= Ashu Malik (15R)
|tackle1= Surjeet Singh (3T)
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid2= Vinay (18R)
|tackle2= Jaideep Dahiya (5T)
|result= Dabang Delhi K.C won by 1 point
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6517-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 30 September 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''55'''
|score = 37 – 28
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1= Vijay Malik (12R)
|tackle1= Ankith (4T)
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid2= Ayan Lohchab (13R)
|tackle2= Deepak Rathee (1T)
|result= Telugu Titans won by 9 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6518-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 30 September 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''56'''
|score = 44 – 49
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|raid1= Devank (25R)
|tackle1= Ashish Malik (3T)
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid2= Aditya Shinde (18R)
|tackle2= Abhinesh Nadarajan (3T)
|result= Puneri Paltan won by 5 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6519-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 1 October 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''57'''
|score = 36 – 37
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1= Vinay (11R)
|tackle1= Rahul Sethpal (5T)
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid2= Sahil Satpal (7R)
|tackle2= Deepanshu Khatri (4T)
|result= Jaipur Pink Panthers won by 1 point
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6520-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 1 October 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''58'''
|score = 42 – 24
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1= Sandeep Kumar (12R)
|tackle1= [[Sunil Kumar (kabaddi)|Sunil Kumar]] (6T)
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid2= Rohit Gopal Lal Beniwal (7R)
|tackle2= Nitesh Kumar (5T)
|result= U Mumba won by 12 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6521-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 2 October 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''59'''
|score = 29 – 29
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Puneri Paltan won by tie-breaker
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6522-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 2 October 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''60'''
|score = 25 – 40
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= U Mumba won by 15 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6523-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 3 October 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''61'''
|score = 43 – 26
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Dabang Delhi K.C. won by 17 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6524-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 3 October 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''62'''
|score = 45 – 33
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Tamil Thalaivas won by 12 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6525-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 4 October 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''63'''
|score = 41 – 36
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Puneri Paltan won by 5 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6526-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 4 October 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''64'''
|score = 47 – 40
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Gujarat Giants won by 7 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6527-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 5 October 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''65'''
|score = 35 – 40
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Telugu Titans won by 5 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6528-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 5 October 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''66'''
|score = 33 – 29
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Bengaluru Bulls won by 4 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6529-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 6 October 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''67'''
|score = 26 – 29
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Dabang Delhi K.C. won by 3 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6530-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 6 October 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''68'''
|score = 28 – 36
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Patna Pirates won by 8 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6531-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 7 October 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''69'''
|score = 37 – 56
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Tamil Thalaivas won by 19 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6532-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 7 October 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''70'''
|score = 33 – 33
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Dabang Delhi K.C. won by tie-breaker
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6533-scorecard Scorecard]
|tiebreak=3 - 9
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 8 October 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''71'''
|score = 46 – 29
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Telugu Titans won by 17 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6534-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 8 October 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''72'''
|score = 37 – 27
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Puneri Paltan won by 10 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6535-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 9 October 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''73'''
|score = 37 – 36
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Bengal Warriorz won by 1 point
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6536-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 9 October 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''74'''
|score = 41 – 39
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Gujarat Giants won by 2 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6537-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 10 October 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''75'''
|score = 33 – 39
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Dabang Delhi K.C. won by 6 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6538-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 10 October 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''76'''
|score = 29 – 48
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= U Mumba won by 19 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6539-scorecard Scorecard]
}}

=== Leg 4 — Delhi ===
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 11 October 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''77'''
|score = 47 – 26
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Bengaluru Bulls won by 21 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6540-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 11 October 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''78'''
|score = 23 – 36
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Puneri Paltan won by 13 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6541-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 12 October 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''79'''
|score = 38 – 38
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Puneri Paltan won by tie-breaker
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6542-scorecard Scorecard]
|tiebreak=5 - 6
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 12 October 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''80'''
|score = 32 – 43
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Bengaluru Bulls won by 11 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6543-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 13 October 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''81'''
|score = 32 – 39
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Haryana Steelers won by 7 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6544-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 13 October 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''82'''
|score = 24 – 40
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= UP Yoddhas won by 16 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6545-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 14 October 2025
|time = 20:00
|match = '''83'''
|score = 32 – 40
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Gujarat Giants won by 8 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6546-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 14 October 2025
|time = 21:00
|match = '''84'''
|score = 32 – 31
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= UP Yoddhas won by 1 point
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6547-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 15 October 2025
|time = 19:30
|match = '''85'''
|score = 45 – 45
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Bengal Warriorz won by tie-breaker
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6548-scorecard Scorecard]
|tiebreak=5 - 7
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 15 October 2025
|time = 20:30
|match = '''86'''
|score = 33 – 57
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Puneri Paltan won by 24 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6549-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 15 October 2025
|time = 21:30
|match = '''87'''
|score = 42 – 35
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Gujarat Giants won by 7 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6550-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 16 October 2025
|time = 19:30
|match = '''88'''
|score = 32 – 32
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Patna Pirates won by tie-breaker
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6551-scorecard Scorecard]
|tiebreak=5 - 6
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 16 October 2025
|time = 20:30
|match = '''89'''
|score = 26 – 33
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= U Mumba won by 7 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6552-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 16 October 2025
|time = 21:30
|match = '''90'''
|score = 26 – 53
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Haryana Steelers won by 27 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6553-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 17 October 2025
|time = 19:30
|match = '''91'''
|score = 49 – 51
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Patna Pirates won by 2 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6554-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 17 October 2025
|time = 20:30
|match = '''92'''
|score = 31 – 37
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Dabang Delhi K.C. won by 6 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6555-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 17 October 2025
|time = 21:30
|match = '''93'''
|score = 42 – 29
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Jaipur Pink Panthers won by 13 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6556-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 18 October 2025
|time = 19:30
|match = '''94'''
|score = 33 – 23
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Bengaluru Bulls won by 10 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6557-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 18 October 2025
|time = 20:30
|match = '''95'''
|score = 40 – 31
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Telugu Titans won by 9 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6558-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 18 October 2025
|time = 21:30
|match = '''96'''
|score = 30 – 38
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Jaipur Pink Panthers won by 8 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6559-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 19 October 2025
|time = 19:30
|match = '''97'''
|score = 30 – 25
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Telugu Titans won by 5 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6560-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 19 October 2025
|time = 20:30
|match = '''98'''
|score = 37 – 37
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= U Mumba won by tie-breaker
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6561-scorecard Scorecard]
|tiebreak=7 - 5
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 19 October 2025
|time = 21:30
|match = '''99'''
|score = 38 – 27
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Patna Pirates won by 11 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6562-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 21 October 2025
|time = 19:30
|match = '''100'''
|score = 44 – 43
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Bengal Warriorz won by 1 point
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6563-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 21 October 2025
|time = 20:30
|match = '''101'''
|score = 37 – 36
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= U Mumba won by 1 point
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6564-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 21 October 2025
|time = 21:30
|match = '''102'''
|score = 50 – 32
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Haryana Steelers won by 18 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6565-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 22 October 2025
|time = 19:30
|match = '''103'''
|score = 45 – 34
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Haryana Steelers won by 11 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6566-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 22 October 2025
|time = 20:30
|match = '''104'''
|score = 54 – 24
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Bengaluru Bulls won by 30 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6567-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 22 October 2025
|time = 21:30
|match = '''105'''
|score = 26 – 61
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Patna Pirates won by 35 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6568-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 23 October 2025
|time = 19:30
|match = '''106'''
|score = 54 – 26
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Bengaluru Bulls won by 28 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6569-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 23 October 2025
|time = 20:30
|match = '''107'''
|score = 35 – 32
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= UP Yoddhas won by 3 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6570-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 23 October 2025
|time = 21:30
|match = '''108'''
|score = 33 – 18
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1=
|tackle1=
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid2=
|tackle2=
|result= Patna Pirates won by 15 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6571-scorecard Scorecard]
}}

==Playoffs==
'''''{{Hatnote|All playoff matches were played at [[Thyagaraj Sports Complex|Thyagaraj Indoor Stadium]], [[Delhi]]}}'''''
===Bracket===
{{#invoke:Build bracket|main
| rounds = 6
| noheaders=yes

| col1-matches = 4,7
| col2-matches = 3,6
| col3-matches = 4
| col4-matches = 2,6
| col5-matches = 7
| col6-matches = 4

| col1-col2-paths = (4,7)-6:#0B6623
| col2-col3-paths = 6-4:#0B6623,3-4:#FF3333
| col3-col4-paths = (3,4)-6:#0B6623
| col4-col5-paths = 2-4:#0B6623,2-7:#FF3333,6-7:#0B6623
| col5-col6-paths = (2,7)-4:#0B6623

| RD1-text1 = '''Play-in 1'''
| RD1-seed1 = 5
| RD1-team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
| RD1-score1 = 27
| RD1-seed2 = 8
| RD1-team2 = '''[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]'''
| RD1-score2 = '''30'''

| RD1-text2 = '''Play-in 2'''
| RD1-seed3 = 6
| RD1-team3 = [[U Mumba]]
| RD1-score3 = 31
| RD1-seed4 = 7
| RD1-team4 = '''[[Patna Pirates]]'''
| RD1-score4 = '''40'''

| RD2-text1 = '''Mini-qualifier'''
| RD2-seed1 = 3
| RD2-team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
| RD2-score1 = 32
| RD2-seed2 = 4
| RD2-team2 = '''[[Telugu Titans]]'''
| RD2-score2 = '''37'''

| RD2-text2 = '''Eliminator 1'''
| RD2-team3 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
| RD2-score3 = 32
| RD2-team4 = '''[[Patna Pirates]]'''
| RD2-score4 = '''48'''

| RD3-text1 = '''Eliminator 2'''
| RD3-team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
| RD3-score1 = 37
| RD3-team2 = '''[[Patna Pirates]]'''
| RD3-score2 = '''46'''

| RD4-text1 = '''Qualifier 1'''
| RD4-seed1 = 1
| RD4-team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
| RD4-score1 = 34 (4)
| RD4-seed2 = 2
| RD4-team2 = '''[[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]'''
| RD4-score2 = '''34 (6)'''

| RD4-text2 = '''Eliminator 3'''
| RD4-team3 = '''[[Telugu Titans]]'''
| RD4-score3 = '''46'''
| RD4-team4 = [[Patna Pirates]]
| RD4-score4 = 39

| RD5-text1 = '''Qualifier 2'''
| RD5-team1 = '''[[Puneri Paltan]]'''
| RD5-score1 = '''50'''
| RD5-team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
| RD5-score2 = 45

| RD6-text1 = '''Final'''
| RD6-team1 = '''[[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]'''
| RD6-score1 = '''31'''
| RD6-team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
| RD6-score2 = 28
}}

===Play-ins===
'''Play-in 1'''
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 25 October 2025
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = '''109'''
|score = 27 – 30
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1= Shivam Patare (6R)
|tackle1= Neeraj Kumar (5T)
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid2= Nitin Kumar (7R)
|tackle2= Aryan Kumar (5T)
|result= Jaipur Pink Panthers won by 3 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6768-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
'''Play-in 2'''
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 25 October 2025
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = '''110'''
|score = 31 – 40
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1= Ajit Chavan (12R)
|tackle1= Parvesh Bhainswal (3T)
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid2= Ayan Lohchab (13R)
|tackle2= Navdeep (6T)
|result= Patna Pirates won by 9 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6769-scorecard Scorecard]
}}

===Eliminator 1===
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 26 October 2025
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = '''111'''
|score = 32 – 48
|team1 = '''[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]'''
|raid1= Ali Samadi (10R)
|tackle1= Aryan Kumar (3T)
|team2 = '''[[Patna Pirates]]'''
|raid2= Ayan Lohchab (20R)
|tackle2= Navdeep (6T)
|result= Patna Pirates won by 16 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6770-scorecard Scorecard]
}}

===Mini-qualifier===
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 26 October 2025
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = '''112'''
|score = 32 – 37
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1= Alireza Mirzaian (11R)
|tackle1= Satyappa Matti (4T)
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid2= Bharat Hooda (12R)
|tackle2= Ajit Pawar(2T) Sagar(2T) Aman(2T)
|result= Telugu Titans won by 5 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6771-scorecard Scorecard]
}}

===Eliminator 2===
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 27 October 2025
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = '''113'''
|score = 37 – 46
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1= Shubham Bitake (7R)
|tackle1= Deepak Sankar (3T)
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid2= Ayan Lohchab (19R)
|tackle2= Deepak Rathee (5T) Navdeep (5T)
|result= Patna Pirates won by 9 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6772-scorecard Scorecard]
}}

===Qualifier 1===
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 27 October 2025
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = '''114'''
|score = 34 – 34
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= Aditya Shinde (10R)
|tackle1= Gaurav Khatri (4T)
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid2= Neeraj Narwal (7R)
|tackle2= Sandeep Deshwal (3T) Saurabh Nandal (3T)
|result= Dabang Delhi K.C. won by tie-breaker
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6773-scorecard Scorecard]
|tiebreak = 4 – 6
}}

===Eliminator 3===
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 28 October 2025
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = '''115'''
|score = 46 – 39
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1= Bharat Hooda (23R)
|tackle1= Ajit Pawar (3T) Shubham Shinde (3T)
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid2= Ayan Lohchab (22R)
|tackle2= Navdeep (5T)
|result= Telugu Titans won by 7 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6774-scorecard Scorecard]
}}

===Qualifier 2===
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 29 October 2025
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = '''116'''
|score = 50 – 45
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= Aditya Shinde (21R)
|tackle1= Gaurav Khatri (5T)
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid2= Bharat Hooda (23R)
|tackle2= Ankit (3T)
|result= Puneri Paltan won by 5 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6775-scorecard Scorecard]
}}

===Final===
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 31 October 2025
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = '''117'''
|score = 31 – 28
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid1= Neeraj Narwal (8R)
|tackle1= Saurabh Nandal(2T) Surjeet Singh(2T)
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid2= Aditya Shinde (10R)
|tackle2= Abinesh Nadarajan (4T)
|result= Dabang Delhi K.C. won by 3 points
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6776-scorecard Scorecard]
}}

==Statistics and awards==
=== Most raid points ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text- align: center;"
!Rank!!Player !!Team !!Matches!!Raid Points
|-
| 1 || style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Ayan Lohchab|| [[Patna Pirates]] || 22 || 316
|-
| 2 || style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Devank Dalal|| [[Bengal Warriorz]]|| 16 || 271
|-
| 3 || style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Deshwal]]|| [[Tamil Thalaivas]]|| 18 || 209
|-
| 4 || style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Bharat Hooda || [[Telugu Titans]]|| 20 || 207
|-
| 5 || style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IRN}} Alireza Mirzain || [[Bengaluru Bulls]]|| 20 || 197
|-
| colspan="5" |
{{updated|27 October 2025}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/stats/185-22-player-raid-points-statistics|title=Pro Kabaddi Player Raid Points|work=[[Pro Kabaddi League]]|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>
|}

=== Most tackle points ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text- align: center;"
!Rank!!Player !!Team !!Matches!!Tackle Points
|-
| 1 || style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Navdeep || [[Patna Pirates]]|| 21 || 73
|-
| 2 || style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Jaideep Dahiya || [[Haryana Steelers]]|| 19 || 68
|-
| 3 || style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Nitesh Kumar || [[Tamil Thalaivas]]|| 18 || 65
|-
|4 || style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Deepak Sankar || [[Bengaluru Bulls]] || 19 || 64
|-
|5 || style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Gaurav Khatri || [[Puneri Paltan]] || 17 || 54
|-
|-
| colspan="5" |
{{updated|27 October 2025}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/stats/185-103-player-tackle-points-statistics|title=Pro Kabaddi Player Tackle Points|work=[[Pro Kabaddi League]]|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>
|}
===End of season awards===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ End of season awards<ref>{{Cite web |title=PKL 12: List of all award winners of Pro Kabaddi 2025 |url=https://khelnow.com/kabaddi/pkl-12-all-award-winners-list-202510 |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref>
! scope=col | Award
! scope=col | Prize
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Team
|-
| style="background: gold;" | Champions || {{INRConvert|3|c}} and PKL trophy || {{N/A}} || [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|-
| style="background: silver;" | Runners-up || {{INRConvert|1.8|c}} || {{N/A}} || [[Puneri Paltan]]
|-
| Most Valuable Player of the season || {{INRConvert|20|l}} || [[Fazel Atrachali]] || [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|-
| Raider of the Season || {{INRConvert|15|l}} || Ayan Lohchab || [[Patna Pirates]]
|-
| Defender of the Season || {{INRConvert|15|l}} || Navdeep Singh || [[Patna Pirates]]
|-
| New Young Player of the Season || {{INRConvert|8|l}} || Deepak Sankar || [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|-
| Shriram Finance Tackle of the Season || {{INRConvert|5|l}} || [[Sunil Kumar (kabaddi)|Sunil Kumar]] || [[U Mumba]]
|-
| Birla White Tiles Super Tackle of the Season || {{INRConvert|5|l}} || Shankar Gadai || [[Telugu Titans]]
|-
| Shriram Finance Tackle Of the Final || {{INRConvert|50|k}} || [[Fazel Atrachali]] || [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.prokabaddi.com/}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/browse/editorial/pro-kabaddi-league-2025-starts-aug-29/1271438611 PKL Season 12] at [[JioHotstar]].

{{Pro Kabaddi League}}
[[Category:Pro Kabaddi League seasons]]
[[Category:2025 in Indian sport]]
[[Category:Professional sports leagues in India|Kabaddi]]

National Institute of Advanced Studies

2025-11-07T00:38:47Z

GlenDoolittle2: expand references to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian academic research institute}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Other uses|NIAS (disambiguation){{!}}NIAS}}
{{Infobox university
| name = National Institute of Advanced Studies
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = National_Institute_of_Advanced_Studies_Logo.png
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| other_name = 
| former_name = 
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| established = {{start date and age|20 June 1988}}
| type = {{hlist|Autonomous Research Institute|''Institute of Exceptional Repute''}}
| founder = [[J.R.D. Tata]] [[Raja Ramanna|Dr. Raja Ramanna]]
| affiliation =
| religious_affiliation =
| academic_affiliation =
| endowment =
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| chairperson =
| chancellor =
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| rector =
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| director = [[Shailesh Nayak]]
| head_label =
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| academic_staff =
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| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Bengaluru]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| province =
| country = India
| coor = {{Coord|13.01978|77.56605|display=title}}
| campus =
| language =
| free_label =
| free =
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| sporting_affiliations =
| website = {{URL|https://www.nias.res.in}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}
'''National Institute of Advanced Studies''' ('''NIAS''') is an [[India]]n multidisciplinary research institute.<ref name="Dorabji Trust profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.dorabjitatatrust.org/id/54/National%20Institute%20Of%20Advanced%20Studies/ | title=Dorabji Trust profile | publisher=Dorabji Trust | date=2015 | accessdate=10 July 2015 | archive-date=31 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731134504/http://www.dorabjitatatrust.org/id/54/National%20Institute%20Of%20Advanced%20Studies/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> The institution, based in [[Bengaluru]],<ref name="ResearchGate profile">{{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/institution/National_Institute_of_Advanced_Studies | title=ResearchGate profile | date=2015 | accessdate=11 July 2015}}</ref> in the south Indian state of [[Karnataka]], started functioning on 20 June 1988 with [[Dr. Raja Ramanna]] as its founder director.<ref name="Dorabji Trust profile" /><ref name="Raja Ramanna Biography">{{cite web | url=http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/raja-ramanna.html | title=Raja Ramanna Biography | publisher=iLove India | date=2015 | accessdate=10 July 2015}}</ref>

==Overview==
The National Institute of Advanced Studies was conceived by [[Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata]], a businessman and a pioneer of Indian aviation,<ref name="Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata">{{cite web | url=http://global.britannica.com/biography/J-R-D-Tata | title=Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica | date=2015 | accessdate=10 July 2015}}</ref> who envisaged the institute to act as a meeting ground for the intellectuals of India for exchange views and ideas. The institute came into being on 20 June 1988, registered as a society under the Karnataka Societies Registration Regulation Act with [[Raja Ramanna]], the Indian physicist, as the founder director. During a short period when he joined the central government as a Minister of State, [[C. N. R. Rao]] held the responsibilities of the director as the honorary director (pro tempore).<ref name="History">{{cite web | url=http://www.nias.res.in/docs/NIAS-Timeline.pdf | title=History | publisher=NIAS | date=2015 | accessdate=10 July 2015 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711234238/http://www.nias.res.in/docs/NIAS-Timeline.pdf | archivedate=11 July 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Ramanna returned to NIAS and stayed with the institute until his superannuation in July 1997 to hand over the directorship to [[Roddam Narasimha]] who headed NIAS until March 2004. The next director, [[K. Kasturirangan]], was with NIAS from April 2004 until August 2009 and the leadership changed hands to [[V. S. Ramamurthy]],<ref name="V. S. Ramamurthy">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.org/detail.php?id=N87-0974 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712141955/http://insaindia.org/detail.php?id=N87-0974 | url-status=dead | archive-date=2015-07-12 | title=V. S. Ramamurthy | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2015 | accessdate=10 July 2015 }}</ref> in September 2009. [[Baldev Raj]] became the director of the institute in 2014, and served the office until his untimely demise on January 6, 2018. [[V. S. Ramamurthy]], the former director of the institute, was called in as the interim director. [[Shailesh Nayak]] assumed the directorship in March 2018.

The National Institute of Advanced Studies is involved in four areas of activities such as research, analysis, publications and education.<ref name="History" /> It acts as a platform for advanced research in the disciplines of sciences, arts, and humanities. The research findings are compiled and disseminated through printed literature, personal interactions, lectures and conferences. The centre works as a forum for the social and political leaders and academics to interact with each other for interdisciplinary exchange of knowledge and information. Besides regular courses, it also started PhD programmes in 2004.<ref name="History" />

NIAS is located within the campus of the [[Indian Institute of Science]], Bengaluru, with an extent of five acres earmarked for the institute's activities. The campus houses lecture halls, conference facilities, theatre and an auditorium, ''J. R. D. Tata Auditorium'', named after its founder.<ref name="History" /> The institute maintains a well stocked library and has accommodation facilities for guests and visitors.<ref name="History" />

In 2022, NIAS produced a documentary film called ''Keni: Preserving Indigenous Food Culture'' about the indigenous food culture and ways of life of the Mullukuruman, a scheduled tribal community who inhabits the Wayanad. This film is directed by Sukanya G and cinematography done by [[Midhun Eravil]].<ref>{{cite news|author=|title='കേണി'ക്ക് പുരസ്കാരത്തിളക്കം|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/bengaluru/2022/08/08/bengaluru-award.html|accessdate=21 September 2024|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|language=ml|date=8 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=|title=IDSFFK 2022: മുള്ളുക്കുറുമരുടെ ജീവിതവുമായി കേണി|url=https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/idsffk-2022/story/international-documentary-and-short-film-festival-2022-keni-movie-440199-2022-08-26|accessdate=21 September 2024|work=[[India Today]]|language=ml|date=26 August 2022}}</ref>

==Objectives==
The institute is mandated with a mission to:<ref name="Mission">{{cite web | url=http://www.nias.res.in/aboutnias-mission.php | title=Mission | publisher=NIAS | date=2015 | accessdate=10 July 2015 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609040849/http://www.nias.res.in/aboutnias-mission.php | archivedate=9 June 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* Organize interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary research in natural sciences, social sciences, arts, humanities and technology.
* Integrate the research findings and dissemination of information for the benefit of Indian and global society.
* Create a new leadership in all sectors of the society by education and interaction.

==Divisions==
The academic activities of the institute are segmented into four schools. Each school functions as a separate division and has a host of permanent teaching faculty and a set of visiting professors.

'''School of Conflict and Security Studies''' This new School has come into being in May 2016 and covers research in areas related to conflict resolution, strategy and security issues. Programmes of the School focus on major conflicts that affect India or have the potential to do so; and international strategic and geopolitical issues that have bearing on India's national security.

'''School of Humanities''' is a centre for advanced research in the disciplines of philosophy, psychology, literature, fine arts and culture. The school offers research facilities in:
* Cognitive sciences
* Scientific and philosophical studies of consciousness
* Indian psychology and philosophy
* History and philosophy of biology
* Archaeometalurgy and analysis of ancient metals
* Neuropsychiatry, Neurophenemenology and Neurophilosophy

'''School of Social Sciences''' is a research platform but is also engaged in teaching, outreach, advocacy and consultancy. It undertakes research cum outreach projects in the areas of education, gender, inequality, governance, urbanization and development. It has interests in the topics of globalization, economic sociology and organizations.

'''School of Natural Sciences and Engineering''' is the division which focuses on energy, environment, climate change, complex systems, ecology, animal behaviour, cognition and conservation biology. Studies are conducted on wildlife conservation and cognitive studies of primates. Research has been carried out number theory, artificial intelligence, soft computing, and mathematical modelling of complex chaotic systems.

==Courses==
The institute offers several courses through four of its schools and many programmes anchored by the institute. Listed below are few of the many interdisciplinary courses offered at the institute.

* School of Conflict and Security Studies
# Understanding Theories of Conflict
# Global Politics
# Maritime Security
# GIS application in security

* School of Humanities
# Course title: Relevance of Psychology
# Behavior, Cognition and Consciousness: An Introduction
# Core course in Humanities
# Effective Communication and Interpersonal Intelligence

* School of Natural and Engineering Sciences
# Energy Systems: Technology and Policy
# Introduction to Dynamical Systems Theory

* School of Social Sciences
# Anthropology of circulation and value
# Gifted Education
# Perspectives in Education Research
# Core course in Social Sciences

==Notable faculty==
Several notable personalities have served as the members of faculty at NIAS, some of whom have been awarded the highest civilian awards in the country.<ref name="Faculty">{{Cite web |url=http://nias.res.in/content/people |title=Faculty |website=NIAS |access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> The institute hosts four chairs of excellence namely [[JRD Tata]] Chair, [[Raja Ramanna]] Chair, [[Homi J. Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]] Chair and [[T. V. Raman Pai]] chair.<ref name="Faculty" />
* [[Raja Ramanna]], Physicist and [[Padma Vibhushan]] awardee
*[[M. N. Srinivas]], Sociologist and [[Padma Bhushan]] awardee
* [[C. N. R. Rao]], Chemist and [[Bharat Ratna]] awardee
* [[Roddam Narasimha]], Aerospace scientist and [[Padma Vibhushan]] awardee
* [[K. Kasturirangan]], Space scientist and [[Padma Vibhushan]] awardee
* [[V. S. Ramamurthy]], Nuclear physicist and [[Padma Bhushan]] awardee
* [[B. V. Sreekantan]], Physicist and [[Padma Bhushan]] awardee
* [[C. Venkataraman Sundaram]], Metallurgist and [[Padma Bhushan]] awardee<ref name="Biography">{{Cite web |url=http://www.igcar.gov.in/press_releases/PROFCVSUNDARAM.pdf |title=Biography |date=2018-06-03 |website=Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research |access-date=2018-06-03 |archive-date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901220152/http://www.igcar.gov.in/press_releases/PROFCVSUNDARAM.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Timothy Poston]], Mathematician
* [[Shadakshari Settar]], Art-Historian
* [[Sundar Sarukkai]], Philosopher
* [[Sharada Srinivasan]], Archaeologist
* [[Ricky Kej]], Grammy Award winner
* [[Balachandra Rao|S Balachandra Rao]], mathematician and science historian
* [[Heribert Dieter]], Political Economist

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Indian Institute of Science]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Education}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Bangalore topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Institute of Advanced Sciences}}
[[Category:1988 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Multidisciplinary research institutes]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1988]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Institute for Advanced Study]]

Shanmugam Subbaiah

2025-10-04T14:43:19Z

GlenDoolittle2: adding a post.

{{Short description|Indian film distributer}}
{{Orphan|date=June 2016}}

'''Shanmugam Subbaiah''' (1930–2012) was a well known film distributor in the Madurai district of Tamil Nadu, India, with an experience of 40 years. His initial film career started off as a ticket checker in the Natraj film theatre<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://karaikudi.info/blog/nataraja-theatre-karaikudi/ |title=Nataraja Theatre karaikudi » Karaikudi Blog |access-date=2016-05-13 |archive-date=2016-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604233424/http://karaikudi.info/blog/nataraja-theatre-karaikudi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> in Karaikudi. Then he advanced to become the owner of the same theatre. This was followed by a series of successes which made him start a film distribution unit called 'Venkateshwara Films' in the Thirunalveli district of Tamil Nadu. After that turned out to be a success, he proceeded to Madurai and started another unit called 'Vaideki movies ' as a partnership with noted producer, lyricist and writer Panju Arunachalam.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-documentary-on-panchu-arunachalam-veteran-screenwriter-and-producer-in-tamil-cinema/article8399359.ece|title=The man who made Rajinikanth|date=2016-03-26|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-05-13}}</ref> He kept closing and opening distribution units due to internal problems. He retired from film distribution at the end of the 20th century due to chronic health problems.

== Early life ==
Shanmugam was born to Subbaiah, a rich businessman, and Seethai, a rich landlady belonging to the Ilupakudi village,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiamapia.com/Perambalur/Iluppaikudi.html|title=Iluppaikudi Pin Code, Iluppaikudi, Perambalur Map, Latitude and Longitude, Tamil Nadu|website=www.indiamapia.com|access-date=2016-05-13}}</ref> in the Karaikudi district of Tamil Nadu. His mother died some time after his birth and his father married another woman. He was hated by his stepmother who did not even give him food to eat. He was a talented boy and was also a star footballer in his school, but he had to discontinue schooling due to lack of support. He was born a rich boy but live like a poor one. His aunt bore witness to this and made him stay at her house in Aravayal. His uncle got him the job of a ticket checker at the Natraj theater, following his interest in the cinema industry. Due to his determination and hard work, he was liked by the theater owner and was eventually given the post of manager. And thus, he started his film career.

Shanmugam married Manimeghalai of Kandadevi, a village adjoining his hometown and moved to a rented flat in Thirunalveli. He had five children in all. He started a film distribution circuit called ‘Venkateshwara films’ as a joint venture. It was a success . This was his first attempt at distribution. Then he started his lone distribution project in the form of ‘Priya films’. That too was a success. He received a big income and distributed a large number of films. He wanted to replicate his success at an even bigger scale. So he closed that unit and from the rented flat of Thirunalveli, he shifted to his own house in Madurai.

In Madurai, he started a distribution company called ‘Vaideki movies’ with Panju Arunachalam as a partner. It was a major hit. He mostly distributed films of Actors [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Kamal Haasan]]. He had also distributed the films of Actors [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and MG Ramachandran from his previous unit, including the super hit Sivaji film ‘Vazhkai’. He closed this unit and started another one called ‘Gayathri films’. This was his last unit and that too was a major hit.

== Problems ==
It was his film career, which brought him his fortune, that caused his downfall. The tension and pressure of success prevented him from sleeping and breathing properly. This made him take overdoses of sleeping tablets. This cost him dearly in his later days. He lost his hearing and could only see partially. He could not walk properly. His neural system got damaged severely. He tried to fight it but could not. He died on 26 May 2012.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subbaiah, Shanmugam}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Film distributors of India]]

O. P. Sharma (magician)

2025-09-23T03:11:12Z

GlenDoolittle2:

{{Short description|Indian magician (died 2022)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_name = Om Prakash Sharma
| name =
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_date = 1942
| birth_place = [[Ballia district|Ballia]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], British India
| death_date = 16 October 2022
| death_place = Fortune hospital, [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| other_names =
| burial_place = [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| occupation = [[Magic (illusion)|Magician]], musician, illusionist
| known_for = Magic
| notable_works = 37,800+ Magic shows across the country (to 2018)
}}

'''Jadugar Om Prakash Sharma''' (1942 – 16 October 2022),<ref>[https://www.dnaindia.com/india/photo-gallery-op-sharma-world-famous-magician-passes-away-in-kanpur-know-everything-about-op-shamra-up-news-2993154/ OP Sharma passes away: Know everything about the popular magician]</ref> popularly known as '''O. P. Sharma''', was an Indian [[magic (illusion)|magician]].

== Early life ==
Sharma was born and grew up in [[Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh]]. He began performing magic at the age of seven, and later earned a mechanical engineering degree. By 2018, he had performed nearly 39,000 shows, and was aided in his act by his son.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110607/jsp/bihar/story_14078719.jsp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030054558/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110607/jsp/bihar/story_14078719.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=30 October 2013 | title=Wish to make Nitish vanish | work=The Telegraph | date=June 7, 2011 | access-date=Dec 31, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/magic-shows-have-evolved-with-time-says-magician/645435.html |title=Magic shows have evolved with time, says magician |website=The Tribune India |date=2018-08-31 |access-date= |archive-date=8 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608141515/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/magic-shows-have-evolved-with-time-says-magician/645435.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mythicalindia.com/features-page/an-exclusive-chat-with-the-great-magician-o-p-sharma/ |title=An Exclusive Chat With The Great Magician – Over Powered Sharma |website=Mythical India |date= |access-date=}}</ref>

'''Death'''

He died on October 16th, due to prolonged illness at a private hospital in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-16 |title=Magician O.P Sharma passes away at 76 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/magician-o-p-sharma-passes-away-at-76-8212256/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, O. P.}}
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian magicians]]
[[Category:Indian male entertainers]]
[[Category:People from Ballia district]]
[[Category:Entertainers from Kanpur]]
{{magic-stub}}
{{india-bio-stub}}

Amar Nagaram

2025-09-14T04:16:19Z

GlenDoolittle2: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Virgio]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Tirukkural translations into Fijian

2025-07-12T14:29:37Z

GlenDoolittle2: adding data

{{Translation sidebar}}As of 2024, [[Fijian language|Fijian]] had at least two translations available of the [[Tirukkural]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Pallu | first1 = Nelza Mara | last2 = Mohanty | first2 = Panchanan | last3 = Durga | first3 = Shiva | author-link = | title = Thirukkural Translations: A Sacred Text From the Town of Peacocks—Mayilâpûr India | journal = International Journal of Development Research | volume = 13 | issue = 5 | pages = 62551–62553 | date = May 2023 | url = https://www.journalijdr.com/sites/default/files/issue-pdf/26323.pdf | jstor = | issn = 2230-9926 | doi = 10.37118/ijdr.26323.05.2023 | doi-broken-date = 12 July 2025 | access-date = 18 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="ValaiTamilPub"/>

==History of translations==
There are at least two translations known of the Kural text in the Fijian language. The first Fijian translation of the Kural was made by Samuel L. Berwick who translated it in 1964. [[Swami Rudrananda]], who established the [[Ramakrishna Mission]] in Fiji in 1953, requested Berwick, then editor of the Fijian section of his newspaper ''Pacific Review'' (''Vakalewa ni Pasifika'') published from [[Nadi, Fiji|Nadi]], to work on the translation in 1962 to mark the birth centenary of [[Swami Vivekananda]]. It was published in [[Nadi]], [[Fiji]] under the title ''Na Tirukurala''.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Sanjeevi
| first = N.
| author-link =
| title = ''Bibliography on Tirukkural''. ''In'' First All India Tirukkural Seminar Papers
| publisher = University of Madras
| series =
| volume =
| edition =
| date = 1973
| location = Chennai
| pages = 139
| language =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn =
| mr =
| zbl =
| jfm = }}</ref><ref name="Polilan2019">{{cite book |editor1= Polilan|editor2=K. Gunathogai|editor3=Lena Kumar|editor4=Tagadur Sampath|editor5=Mutthamizh|editor6=G. Picchai Vallinayagam|editor7=D. Anbunidhi|editor8=K. V. Neduncheraladhan|title=Tiruvalluvar 2050 |url= |year=2019 |edition=1|publisher=Periyar Enthusiasts Group |location=Chennai|access-date= |language=Tamil|page=686|isbn= }}</ref> This has long been out of print and is now said to be available only in National Archives of Fiji.<ref name="IndWeekend"/>

The second one was by the Irish-English linguist [[Paul Geraghty]], based at the [[University of the South Pacific]] in [[Suva]], Fiji.<ref name="IndWeekend">{{cite news
| last = Dev Nadkarni and Padmini Gaunder
| title = And Now, Thirukkural in Fijian
| newspaper = The Indian Weekender
| location =
| pages =
| language =
| date = 10 July 2009
| url = https://www.indianweekender.co.nz/Pages/ArticleDetails/14/273/Fiji/And-now-Thirukkural-in-Fijian#google_vignette
| access-date = 20 November 2023}}</ref> Not knowing Tamil, he made the Fijian translation from English and French translations of the Kural text in two years.<ref name="IndWeekend"/> It was published under the title ''Tirukurali Na sere tabu'' in 2008,<ref name="ValaiTamilPub">{{cite book|last1=Parthasarathy|first1=Sa.|last2=Ashraf|first2=N.V.K.|last3=Rajendiran|first3=C.|last4=Thangavelu|first4=Elangovan|last5=Duraisamy|first5=Senthilselvan|last6=Selvan|first6=Ajey Kumar|title=Thirukkural Translations in World Languages|year=2023|publisher=ValaiTamil Publications|location= Chennai}}</ref>{{Rp|pp=67–68}}<ref name="Polilan2019"/> which was released by former Vice President of Fiji [[Ratu Joni Madraiwiwi]].<ref name="IndWeekend"/>

==Translations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="text-align:center; width:25%;" rowspan="2"|Translation
!colspan="2"|Chapter 26, Tabu lewenimanumanu
|-
!''Kural'' 254 (Couplet 26:4)
!''Kural'' 258 (Couplet 26:8)
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Samuel L. Berwick, 1964''||Na veivakamatei na tawa loloma Vakamatei me kanii kua e tokona. ||Ke da rai yawa ka savasava Lewe ni manumanu ’da na tawa sagaa.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Paul Geraghty, 2008''||Na laba na ivalavalaca; e ivalavalaca tale ga na kania na lewe ni manumanu labati. ||Koya e cecere nona vakasama ena sega ni kana lewenimanumanu, ni dau rawa ga ena kena kau tani na bula ni manumanu.
|}

==Published translations==
* {{cite book |author=S. L. Berwick |title=Na Tirukurala |url= |year=1964 |publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Mission |location=Nadi|access-date= |isbn= }}
* {{cite book |author=Paul Geraghty |title=Fijian Tirukkurali: Na sere tabu |url= |year=2008 |publisher=Reddy Group of Companies |location=Suva|access-date= |isbn= 978-982-98034-1-2}}

==See also==
* [[Tirukkural translations]]
* [[List of Tirukkural translations by language]]

== References ==
{{Portal box|Tamils|India|Literature|Poetry}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url = http://www.oocities.org/nvkashraf/kur-trans/languages.htm | title = Thirukkural translations in different languages of the world | last = | first = | date = n.d. | website = OOCities | publisher = | access-date = 30 April 2017 | quote = }}

{{Tirukkural|state=collapsed}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

[[Category:Tirukkural translations by language|Fijian]]
[[Category:Translations into Fijian]]

Abhinaya

2025-06-07T19:55:01Z

GlenDoolittle2: basic adjusted lead for accuracy further and corrected details

{{Short description|Art of expression in Indian aesthetics}}
{{For|the actresses|Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya (Kannada actress)}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2008}}

'''Abhinaya''' ([[Sanskrit]] ''abhi-'' 'towards' + ''nii-'' 'leading/guide') is the art of expression in [[Indian aesthetics]]. More accurately it means "leading an audience towards" the experience (''{{lang|xct-Latn|bhava}}'') of a sentiment (''{{lang|xct-Latn|rasa}}''). The concept, derived from [[Bharata Muni]]'s ''[[Natya Shastra]]'', is used as an integral part of all [[Classical Indian dance|Indian classical dance]] styles.<ref name="TarlaMehta">
{{cite book
| title = Sanskrit Play Production
| author = Tarla Mehta
| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass
| year = 1995
}}pp. 131–186</ref>

Abhinaya has four interrelated aspects: ''angika'' (the body), ''vacika'' (the voice), ''aharya'' (costumes, make-up, scenery), and ''sattvika'' (mental states). <ref>{{Cite book |title=The Companion to Theatre and Performance |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199574193}}</ref>

==Expression of the limbs (''Āṅgika Abhinaya'')==
Angika Abhinaya denotes the movements of angas like head, hands, waist and face. Pratyangas like shoulder, shoulder arm's, thighs, knees and elbows and upangas like eyes, eyelid, cheeks, nose, lips and teeth. Additional hastas (hand gestures) have always played a significant role in conveyance of the emotion and through of a soul. Many of the natural gestures are found common to mankind and their meaning easily understood.

Mastery of ''abhinaya'' includes the ability to direct the audience's gaze toward a particular sight, through eye movements. The performer's focused gaze cues the audience for where to look.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coorlawala |first=Uttara Asha |date=1996 |title=Darshan and Abhinaya: An Alternative to the Male Gaze |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1478103 |journal=Dance Research Journal |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=19–27 |doi=10.2307/1478103 |jstor=1478103 |issn=0149-7677|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Expression of speech (''Vāchika Abhinaya'')==
[[File:Mani Madhava Chakyar-Sringara-new.jpg|thumb|200px|left|''Nātyācārya'' [[Māni Mādhava Chākyār]] performing ''Sringāra Rasa'']]
Speech is used in drama and also in music when the singer expresses the emotion through his or her singing. In the [[Kuchipudi]] and [[Melattur style]]s of [[Bharatanatyam|Indian classical dance]] the dancers often mouth the words of the songs (''padartha abhinaya''). Kerala still has stage art forms that have ''Vāchika Abhinaya'' as a dominant component - Koodiyattam, Nangyar Kooothu, Ottan, Seetangan & Parayan - the three types of Thullal, Mudiyettu are the most popular.

==Costume and scene (''Āhārya Abhinaya'')==
Another means of representation of the play is the costumes and physical decorations of the actors and the theatre. In dramas and dance dramas, costume and making are distinguished by the sex, race, sect or class, or the social position of the characters, giving the production of the presentation some semblance of reality.
The decorations of the stage theatre including lights and accessories are related to the scene of the depiction in which enhances the rasa between the audience and artists also comes under this category.
[[File: G. Nalini as Krsna.jpg|thumb|G. Nalini as Krsna is stealing fruits]]

In [[Kathakali]], there are seven basic makeup types that signify different character tropes. For example, divine figures and epic heroes have green makeup with a white outline, and elaborate ornaments. The demons have Kati vesham in which the nose is painted red. But in [[solo dance]] performances ''aharya abhinaya'' is a convention to it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zarrilli |first=Phillip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gluFAgAAQBAJ |title=Kathakali Dance-Drama: Where Gods and Demons Come to Play |date=2003-09-02 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-65110-8 |pages=53 |language=en}}</ref>

==True expression (''Sāttvika Abhinaya'')==
''Sāttvika Abhinaya'' is the mental message, emotion or image communicated with the audience through the performer's own inner emotions. The dancer or actor has to use experience, something authentic, to capture the audience and to elicit an empathetic response.
The human activity in other words, is traditionally classified as belonging to the mind, voice and body. Bharatha Muni in Natyashastra mentioned that {{lang|xct-Latn|sathva}} is something originated in mind.

==Lokadharmi and Natyadharmi Abhinaya==
[[File:Durga-mudra.png|thumb|226x300px|Dancer performing abhinaya]]
A principal division is that between ''natyadharmi abhinaya'' and ''lokadharmi abhinaya''. The former is poetic and stylistic in nature, following a codified manner of presenting emotion and expression which pertains to the conventions of the stage, which appear to have greater 'artistry' by virtue of taking something from natural life and rendering it in a suitably stylised way. ''Lokadharmi abhinaya'' is the opposite: realistic and un-stylised, involving very natural expression and movement, as occurs in daily life. Often this is the more difficult as the possibilities for interpretation of an emotion or a line of poetry are endless.

==See also==
* [[Classical Indian dance]]
* [[Natyashastra]]
* [[Navarasa]]
* [[Nātyakalpadrumam]]
* [[Rasa (aesthetics)]]
* [[Sanskrit drama]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book

| last=Chakiar
| first=Mani Madhava
| title=[[Nātyakalpadrumam]]
| publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Academi]], [[New Delhi]]
| year=1975
| ID=
}}

[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Performing arts in India]]
[[Category:Dance in India]]
[[Category:Concepts in Indian aesthetics]]

Harindanga, Nadia

2025-06-06T14:23:17Z

GlenDoolittle2: made a data

{{other uses|Harindanga (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Harindanga
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.493194|N|88.467317|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.4764
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5440
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 741139
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03472
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnanagar]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Krishnanagar Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Krishannagar Dakshin]]
| website = {{URL|http://nadia.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Harindanga''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Krishnanagar II]] [[Community development block|CD block]] in the [[Krishnanagar Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Nadia district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

== Location ==
Harindanga is located at {{coord|23.493194|N|88.467317|E|display=inline}}.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=420| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|34|0|N|88|30|0|E}}| float=right|caption='''Cities and towns in Krishnanagr Sadar subdivision of Nadia district''' M: municipal town/ city, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: place of historical/ religious interest, T: place of tourist interest. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|31|44|N|88|32|48|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Chapra | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Chapra, Nadia]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|25|0|N|88|31|23|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Sonda | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Sonda, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|21|30|N|88|29|11|E}} | label-pos3=bottom|label3=Baruihuda | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Baruihuda]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|22|10|N|88|28|40|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Paschimbhatjangla | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Paschimbhatjangla]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|29|35|N|88|28|2|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Harindanga | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= Harindanga, Nadia (CT)|shape-color5=black| label-size5=13|label-color5=black 
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|27|5|N|88|24|40|E}} | label-pos6=top|label6=Bamanpukur | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Bamanpukur]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|25|50|N|88|25|10|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Tiorkhali | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Tiorkhali]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|25|50|N|88|19|30|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8=Bablari |labela8=Dewanganj | numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Bablari Dewanganj]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|23|40|N|88|24|14|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Gadigachha | numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Gadigachha]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|22|55|N|88|23|50|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Majdia | numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Majdia, Nabadwip]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|22|50|N|88|23|0|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Char Maijdia | numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Char Maijdia]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|23|50|N|88|22|50|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Char Brahmanagar | numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Char Brahmanagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|46|14|N|88|17|13|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13=Mira | numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Mira, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|37|38|N|88|12|16|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Matiari | numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Matiari, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|37|15|N|88|23|48|E}} | label-pos15=top|label15= Jagadanandapur | numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Jagadanandapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|36|26|N|88|24|6|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Kshidirpur | numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Kshidirpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|23|35|N|88|31|30|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17=Krishnanagar |label-size17=13 | numbered17=M| mark-title17= [[Krishnanagar, Nadia]] (M)|label-color17=#800000
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|25|0|N|88|21|50|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18=Nabadwip |label-size18=13 | numbered18=M| mark-title18= [[Nabadwip]] (M)|label-color18=#800000
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|30|30|N|88|32|33|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Bangaljhi| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Bangaljhi]] (R)| shape-color19=#C40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|25|7|N|88|41|50|E}} | label-pos20=top|label20= Krishnaganj| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Krishnaganj]] (R)| shape-color20=#C40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|24|53|N|88|43|10|E}} | label-pos21=bottom|label21= Majhdia| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Majhdia, Krishnaganj]] (R)| shape-color21=#C40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|29|30|N|88|46|36|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Gede| labela22= check point|numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Gede, Nadia]] (R)| shape-color22=#C40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|26|52|N|88|26|36|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Ruipukur|numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Ruipukur]] (R)| shape-color23=#C40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|22|55|N|88|30|25|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24= Asannagar|numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Asannagar]] (R)| shape-color24=#C40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|22|0|N|88|25|42|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Bishnupur|numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Bishnupur, Nadia]] (R)| shape-color25=#C40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|29|17|N|88|27|4|E}} | label-pos26=left|label26= Dhubulia|numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Dhubulia]] (R)| shape-color26=#C40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|26|5|N|88|30|42|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Ghurni|numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Ghurni]] (R)| shape-color27=#C40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|25|10|N|88|23|54|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= Maheshganj|numbered28=R| mark-title28= [[Maheshganj]] (R)| shape-color28=#C40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|44|5|N|88|13|45|E}} | label-pos29=right|label29= Kaliganj| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Kaliganj, Nadia]] (R)| shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|41|50|N|88|17|1|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Debagram| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Debagram]] (R)| shape-color30=#C40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|35|35|N|88|20|57|E}} | label-pos31=left|label31= Nakashipara| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Nakashipara]] (R)| shape-color31=#C40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|36|38|N|88|23|0|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32= Bethuadahri| numbered32=R| mark-title32= [[Bethuadahri]] (R)| shape-color32=#C40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|42|37|N|88|12|24|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33= Juranpur| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Juranpur, Nadia]] (R)| shape-color33=#C40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|26|20|N|88|24|40|E}}| label-pos34=left|label34= Mayapur| numbered34=H| mark-title34= [[Mayapur]] (H) |shape-color34=#AA6666
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|47|11|N|88|17|26|E}}| label-pos35=top|label35= Palashi| numbered35=H| mark-title35= [[Palashi]] (H) |shape-color35=#AA6666
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|35|40|N|88|23|31|E}} | label-pos36=bottom|label36=Bethuadahari|labela36=Wildlife Sanctuary| numbered36=T|shape-color36= #74C365| mark-title36= [[Bethuadahari Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T)
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|31|30|N|88|19|0|E}}|label37= Bhagirathi| label-color37 = #77A1CB| label-angle37=0| label-pos37=top| label-size37=11| mark-size37=0| mark-title37=none
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|31|0|N|88|21|0|E}}|label38= River| label-color38 = #77A1CB| label-angle38=80| label-pos38=top| label-size38=11| mark-size38=0| mark-title38=none
|mark-coord39={{coord|23|32|0|N|88|28|0|E}}|label39= Jalangi River| label-color39 = #77A1CB| label-angle39=65| label-pos39=top| label-size39=11| mark-size39=0| mark-title39=none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|48|0|N|88|41|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=40| arc-gapA=4.5| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Area overview===
Nadia district is mostly [[alluvial plain]]s lying to the east of [[Hooghly River]], locally known as Bhagirathi. The alluvial plains are cut across by such distributaries as Jalangi, Churni and Ichhamati. With these rivers getting silted up, floods are a recurring feature.<ref>Gangopadhyay, Basudev, ''Paschimbanga Parichay'', 2001, {{in lang|bn}}, p. 70, Sishu Sahitya Sansad</ref> The Krishnanagar Sadar subdivision, presented in the map alongside, has the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi]] on the west, with [[Purba Bardhaman district]] lying across the river. The long stretch along the Bhagirathi has many swamps. The area between the Bhagirathi and the [[Jalangi River|Jalangi]], which flows through the middle of the subdivision, is known as Kalantar, a low-lying tract of black clay soil. A big part of the subdivision forms the Krishnanagar-Santipur Plain, which occupies the central part of the district. The Jalangi, after flowing through the middle of the subdivision, turns right and joins the Bhagirathi. On the south-east, the [[Churni River|Churni]] separates the Krishnanagar-Santipur Plain from the Ranaghat-Chakdaha Plain. The east forms the boundary with [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Nadia, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 13,14 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 15 October 2020 }}</ref> The subdivision is moderately urbanized. 20.795% of the population lives in urban areas and 79.205% lives in rural areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia | work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 October 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map. All the four subdivisions are presented with maps on the same scale – the size of the maps vary as per the area of the subdivision.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Harindanga had a total population of 5,440, of which 2,788 (51%) were males and 2,652 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 433. The total number of literate persons in Harindanga was 4,141 (82.70% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 2 October 2020}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Nadia'', Harindanga covered an area of 2.4764 km2. Among the civic amenities, the protected water supply involved BWT, tubewell, borewell. It had 569 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had 1 hospital, 6 dispensary/ health centres, 1 veterinary centre, 7 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had were 1 primary school, nearest middle school, secondary school, senior secondary school at Dhubelia 2 km away.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Nadia, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 635-656; Statement I: Status and Growth History, Page 635; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Page 641; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Page 643; Statement IV: Medical Facilities, Page 646; Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Page 655; Statement VI: Industry and Banking, Page 2833 | publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 30 September 2020}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Dhubulia Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at Dhubulia, is the major government medical facility in the Krishnanagr II CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =3 October 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nadia District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Nadia district]]

Tere Dil Vich Rehan De

2025-05-27T05:11:38Z

GlenDoolittle2:

{{Short description|Indian Punjabi television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Tere Dil Vich Rehan De ZP.webp
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| developer =
| writer =
| story = Laxmi Jaikumar Vishakha Sharma
| director = Rakesh Vyas
| creative_director = Saurabh Deepa Junaid Choudhary
| presenter =
| starring = Vandana Singh Robin Sohi Balwinder Kaur
| voices =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 110
| executive_producer = Daljeet Singh
| producer =
| location =
| cinematography = Sainath Ravi Amit Jaiswal
| editor = Krishna Tiwari
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company =
| network = [[Zee Punjabi]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|11|22|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|4|22|df=y}}
| related = ''[[America Ammayi (TV series)|America Ammayi]]''
| opentheme = Maaye Ni Maaye Tere Dil Vich Rehan De
| endtheme =
}}

'''''Tere Dil Vich Rehan De''''' ({{Translation|''Let me stay in your heart''}}) is a 2021 [[India]]n [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] drama television series which aired on [[Zee Punjabi]]. It premiered from 22 November 2021 and ended on 22 April 2022. It is directed by Rakesh Vyas of [[Zee Studios]] Ltd. and stars Vandana Singh and Robin Sohi in the lead roles. It is an official remake of [[Zee Telugu]] TV series ''[[America Ammayi (TV series)|America Ammayi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Punjabi’s new show ‘Tere Dil Vich Rehen De’ to air Tomorrow, 22nd November 2021|url=https://onlinenewsofindia.com/entertainment/zee-punjabis-new-show-tere-dil-vich-rehen-de-to-air-tomorrow-22nd-november-2021/|access-date=2021-12-13|website=Online News of India}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Tere Dil Vich Rehan De is a story about a girl, Simart, who was born and brought up in [[Canada]] and values Indian traditions and culture. Her mother, Gurleen, was disowned by her parents after she chose to marry a Canadian, Chris, against their wishes.

Gurleen falls ill and wishes to reunite with her family. Simrat takes it upon herself to bring the family together. Simrat tries to fill the gap between her mother, Gurleen and her maternal family, but faces various challenges. She moves in her grandparents' home with a disguised identity. During the course of her stay, she falls in love with her maternal uncle's son, Pukhraj. Her many adventures also include helping her cousin, Preet, marry her loved one, Amreek. After Preet's marriage, Pukhraj and Sam become engaged. Simrat's covert plan is soon exposed.Pukhraj got angry about Sam, Simrat and learn about Sam's mother and Father is Gurleen and Chris. Pukhraj burn Sam's bag and clothes.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Vandana Singh as Simrat Williams Walia aka Sam, Chris and Gurleen's daughter, Pukhraj's cousin and love interest. (2021–2022)
* Robin Sohi as Pukhraj Walia, Gurbash and Baani's son, Maahi's real brother, Simrat's cousin and love interest. (2021–2022)
* Balwinder Kaur Bhagowal as Navjot Walia aka Biji, Gurleen's mother, Simrat's grandmother. (2021–2022)
* Hardeep Kaur Khalsa as Gurleen Walia Williams, Chris's wife, Simrat's mother, Navjot and Jagjit's middle class daughter, Preet, Maahi, Pukhraj and Amandeep's aunty. (2021–2022)

=== Recurring ===
* Ramnik Amandeep Sharma as Harpreet Walia Sharma, Mahinder's wife, Navjot Kaur and Jagjit Singh's oldest daughter, Simrat, Pukhraj, Maahi, Preet and Amandeep's aunty, Gurbash, Paramjeet and Gurleen's elder sister. (2022)
* Gavie Luthra as Mahinder Sharma as Villain, Harpreet's husband, Navjot Walia and Jagjit Walia's son in law, Simrat, Pukhraj, Maahi, Preet and Amandeep's uncle, Gurbash, Paramjeet and Gurleen 's brother in law, who murdered his father in law Jagjit Walia and wanted to marry Gurleen. (2022)
* Jassi Saggu as Gurbash Walia, Navjot Walia and Jagjit Walia's oldest son, Preet and Amandeep's uncle, Pukhraj and Maahi's father, Baani's husband, Harpreet, Paramjeet and Gurleen's first elder brother, Simrat's uncle and later became father in law. (2021–2022)
* Manu Dhanjal as Baani Walia, Maahi and Pukhraj's mother, Gurbash's wife, Gurleen's sister in law, Navjot and Jagjit's daughter in law, Sam's aunty and later became mother in law. (2021–2022)
* Himanshu Gandhi as Amandeep Walia, Lovely and Param's son, Preet's real brother. (2021–2022)
* Guneet Sharma as Amreek, Preet's love interest. (2021–2022)<ref>{{Cite web|title='Punjabi munda' Guneet Sharma stars in 'Tere Dil Vich Rehn De'|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=896376|access-date=2021-12-13|website=Daiji World}}</ref>
* Preeti Arora Jain as Amreek's mother, Preet's mother in law. (2021-2022)
* Preety Pari as Lovely Walia, Amandeep and Preet's mother, Navjot and Jagjit's second daughter in law, Param's wife, Gurleen's sister in law. (2021–2022)
* Sunny Prabhakar as Paramjit Walia, Amandeep and Preet's father, Navjot and Jagjit's second son, Lovely's husband, Harpreet, Gurleen's second real brother, Gurbash's younger brother. (2021–2022)
* Rajbeer Singh Sidhu as Unknown, Manoj's fake mother, who was becoming Preet's fake mother in law and but plan failed, suddenly arrested to Unknown and Manoj by police because Sam reveals Manoj killed his mother, he will marry to Preet and ruin her life and kill Preet, he will go to Canada with his fake mother and Preet to kill both. (2022)

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width: 90%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;"| Language
! style="background:Violet; width:25%;"| Title
! style="background:Violet; width:20%;"| Original release
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;"| Last aired
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[America Ammayi (TV series)|America Ammayi]]'' అమెరికా అమ్మాయి
| 27 July 2015
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 21 July 2018
| Original
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Suryavamsam (TV series)|Suryavamsam]]'' சூர்யவம்சம்
| 21 September 2020
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 21 August 2021
| rowspan="2"| Remake
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| ''Tere Dil Vich Rehan De'' ਤੇਰੇ ਦਿਲ ਵਿੱਚ ਰਹਿਣ ਦੇ
| 22 November 2021
| [[Zee Punjabi]]
| 22 April 2022
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt18305334}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/tere-dil-vich-rehn-de/0-6-4z529305 ''Tere Dil Vich Rehan De''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{Zee Punjabi}}

[[Category:Zee Punjabi original programming]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

Creating a New Medina

2025-05-26T14:08:45Z

GlenDoolittle2: starting first info w/ infobox

{{Italic title}}'''''Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India''''' ({{ISBN|978-1-107-05212-3}}) is an academic monograph on the [[Partition of India]] by Venkat Dhulipala, a Professor of South Asian History at [[University of North Carolina]]. The work attracted mixed reception — while [[Ian Talbot (Historian)|Ian Talbot]], [[Gail Minault]] and David Gilmartin admired the work as a significant intervention,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Talbot |first=Ian |date=November 2015 |title=Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India. By Venkat Dhulipala. Delhi: Cambridge University Press, 2015. viii, 530 pp. 96.00 (e-book, ISBN 9781316258408). |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/creating-a-new-medina-state-power-islam-and-the-quest-for-pakistan-in-late-colonial-north-india-by-venkat-dhulipala-delhi-cambridge-university-press-2015-viii-530-pp-12000-cloth-isbn-9781107052123-9600-ebook-isbn-9781316258408/8E2C0D2F787BBE097B6007308E09E359 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=1054–1055 |doi=10.1017/S0021911815001461 |issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gilmartin |first=David |date=February 2015 |title=The Historiography of India's Partition: Between Civilization and Modernity |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/historiography-of-indias-partition-between-civilization-and-modernity/B9374751017C32339207DEB71CEF9D62 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=23–41 |doi=10.1017/S0021911814001685 |issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Minault |first=Gail |date=October 2015 |title=Review of Venkat Dhulipala — Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India. |url=https://networks.h-net.org/node/22055/reviews/88726/minault-dhulipala-creating-new-medina-state-power-islam-and-quest |website=H-Net: H-Asia Book Reviews}}</ref> reviews by [[Barbara D. Metcalf]], [[Faisal Devji]], Yasmin Khan, [[Manan Ahmed|Manan Ahmed Asif]], and Julian Levesque were scathing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara D. |date=June 2015 |title=Review of "Creating a New Medina" |url=https://www.thebookreviewindia.org/16653-2/ |journal=[[The Book Review]] |language=en-US |volume=39 |issue=6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Devji |first=Faisal |title=Young Fogeys: The Anachronism of New Scholarship on Pakistan |url=https://thewire.in/books/young-fogeys-the-anachronism-of-new-scholarship-on-pakistan |date=4 October 2015 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Yasmin |date=February 2016 |title=Review of Venkat Dhulipala — Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India. |url=https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/ahr/121.1.217 |journal=The American Historical Review |language=en |volume=121 |issue=1 |pages=217–218 |doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.217 |issn=0002-8762|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Asif |first=Manan Ahmed |title=Excavating the many histories of partition |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reviews-essays/between-lines-partition-history |date=1 July 2015 |website=[[The Caravan]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Monographs]]
[[Category:Academic literature]]

Thota Narasayya Naidu

2025-05-26T06:39:29Z

GlenDoolittle2: adding a post.

{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{tone|date=March 2016}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Thota Narasayya Naidu
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Thota Narasaiah Naidu
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Pagolu]], [[Machilipatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| other_names = Flag Hero, [[Freedom Fighter]]
| known_for = [[Salt March]] in [[Machilipatnam]]
| occupation = Wrestler
}}

'''Thota Narasayya Naidu''' (also spelled as '''Thota Narasaiah Naidu''') was an Indian freedom fighter and a resident of [[Pagolu|Pagolu taluk]], [[Machilipatnam]] (present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT UNDER THE ZAMINDAR RULE IN CHALLAPALLI ESTATE|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/8104/11/11_chapter%204.pdf}}</ref> He was a wrestler by profession and served in the court of the [[Challapalli]] [[Zamindar]].

On 6 May 1930, there was rioting across India due to the arrest of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] for leading the [[Dandi March]]. In Machilipatnam, Naidu, along with other leaders, led a protest against this arrest.<ref>{{cite web|title=An Absorbing Account Of The Vibrant Town MACHILIPATNAM|date=13 March 2014 |url=http://jonnalagaddanarasimha.blogspot.in/2014/03/an-absorbing-account-of-vibrant-town.html}}</ref>

Naidu, along with two other leaders, tried to hoist the [[Swaraj flag]] at the top of a tall pillar located at the center of the Koneru Center.<ref>{{cite web|title=Koneru Center|url=http://wikimapia.org/17492132/Koneru-centre}}</ref> To stop the protest and the flag hoist, the police started to rain severe blows on them. They lost their grip and were severely bruised; however, they continued to chant slogans. Naidu took the flag and hoisted it on top of the pillar. After 45 minutes of being beaten by the police, he collapsed from the top of the pillar and suffered severe injuries.<ref>{{cite web|title=An Absorbing Account Of The Vibrant Town MACHILIPATNAM|date=13 March 2014 |url=http://jonnalagaddanarasimha.blogspot.in/2014/03/an-absorbing-account-of-vibrant-town.html}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naidu, Thota Narasaiah}}
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Indian wrestlers]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:Date of death missing]]
[[Category:People from Machilipatnam]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Andhra Pradesh]]

{{India-martialart-bio-stub}}

National Highway 502 (India)

2025-05-14T23:12:52Z

GlenDoolittle2: minor add information per standard format and updated info

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{one source|date=March 2012}}

{{infobox road
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route= 502
|map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=320|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
|id= Q18619667|title=National Highway 502|text= Map of National Highway '''502''' in red}}
| map_custom = yes
|length_km= 23
|direction_a=
|terminus_a= [[Venus Saddle]]
|junction=
|direction_b=
|terminus_b= [[Saiha]]
|destinations=
|states=[[Mizoram]]
|previous_type=NH
|previous_route=302
|next_type=NH
|next_route=502A
}}
'''National Highway 502''' or '''NH 502''' connects [[Venus Saddle]] and [[Saiha]] in Mizoram, India. The total length of the highway is 23 km and runs only in the state of Mizoram.<ref>[http://morth.nic.in/writereaddata/sublink2images/NH_StartEnding_Station8634854396.htm Start and end points of National Highways] {{webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090410062034/http%3A//morth%2Enic%2Ein/writereaddata/sublink2images/NH_StartEnding_Station8634854396%2Ehtm |date=10 April 2009 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[National Highways Development Project]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/3208496 NH 502 on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH2 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Mizoram|502]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Charu Chandra Chakraborty

2025-03-18T10:06:15Z

GlenDoolittle2: starting initial article first draft

{{Short description|Indian writer (1902–1981)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{context|date=March 2025}}
{{External links|date=March 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Charu Chandra Chakraborty
| native_name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1902|03|23}}
| birth_place =Brahmandanga, [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India|British Raj]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1981|
05|25|df=yes|1902|03|23}}
| death_place =[[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
| alma_mater = [[Hare School]], [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]]
| occupation = {{hlist| Writer}}
| nationality = Indian
| awards = Saratchandra Puraskar
| parents =
| children =
| signature =
| spouse =

}}

'''Charu Chandra Chakraborty''' (23 March 1902 — 25 May 1981) was an Indian Bengali fiction writer and novelist. He is commonly known by the pen name '''Jarasandha'''.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.kalbela.com/ajkerpatrika/joto-mot-toto-path/75232|title=Charuchandra Chakraborty}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
He was born on 23 March 1902 in Brahmandanga village, [[Faridpur district]] (present day in [[Bangladesh]]. His father's name was Ambikacharan Chakraborty. After completing his primary school studies, he passed matriculation examination in 1920 from [[Hare School]] in Kolkata, securing seventh place and passed his MA in economics from [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]].
<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.chharpatra.com/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8/9740|title=কথাসাহিত্যিক চারুচন্দ্র চক্রবর্তীর আজ জন্মদিন|website=Chharpatra.com}}</ref>

==Career==

He started his career as a Deputy District Magistrate in Darjeeling. After thirty years of service in various places, he retired as Superintendent of [[Alipore Jail]] in 1960. During this time, while performing duties in various jails, he gained a very deep understanding of the lives of prisoners.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.priofaridpur.com/famousperson/details/23|title=চারুচন্দ্র চক্রবর্তী (জরাসন্ধ) - ফরিদপুর জেলার স্মরণীয় ব্যক্তিত্ব|website=www.priofaridpur.com}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=March 2025}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ekusheysangbad.com/literature/news/383513|title='জরাসন্ধ'-যেন এক ভুলে যাওয়া নক্ষত্র!|date=March 29, 2023|website=ekusheysangbad.com}}</ref><ref name="auto2"/>

== Literature contribution ==
The tales and stories of the people he saw in the prison during his long career were embodied in his novels. On May 1, 1953, the first part of ''Louhakpat'' was published in book form. Later, it was published in four parts one by one.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abasar.net/abasarold/abasar/UNIoldbooks_louh-kopat.htm|title=লৌহকপাট|website=abasar.net}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

Notable among his novels are: ''Tamasi'', ''Pari'', ''Masirekha'', ''Nyaydand'', ''Parashmani'', ''Lakhdar'', ''Chhaya'', ''Nishana'', ''Tritiya Nayan'', ''Hira Chuni Panna'', ''Ashraya'', ''Ekush Baar'', ''Aasar'' and ''A Bari O Bari''.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto3"/>

His autobiographical work, written in two volumes, is ''Nisang Pathik''. The first volume was published in 1971. He also has six collections of short stories. In addition, he has written some works for children in 'Rangchang', 'Rabibar' 'Yamrajer Bipod' etc.<ref name="auto2"/>

== Film adaptations ==
In 1963, Indian film producer and director [[Bimal Roy]] made a Hindi film based on his novel 'Tamsi' titled [[Bandini (film)|''Bandini'']] and won [[11th Filmfare Awards|Best Film Award]] and [[National Film Award for Best Hindi Feature Film|National Film Award]] in 1964.<ref name="auto"/>
Three films also made based on his story ''Aparna'' (1972) by Salil Sen, ''Shama'' (1981) by Naeem Basit, ''Din Jay Kotha Theke'' (1979) by [[Khan Ataur Rahman]].<ref name="auto2"/>

==References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==

[[Category:1902 births]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]

Maghmandal Vrata

2024-11-06T10:26:29Z

GlenDoolittle2: Started A Details

{{Short description|Bengali Hindu sun ritual}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=September 2024}}
{{notability|date=September 2024}}
}}

'''Maghamandal Vrata''' ({{langx|bn|মাঘমণ্ডল ব্রত}}) is an annual monthwide Hindu ritual or vrata (religious vow), mainly observed in the [[Bengali Hindu]] community in [[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]]. It is a significant [[vrata]] of Bengal where the Sun is worshipped.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta|first=Bhabataran|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.36376/2015.36376.Folk-Art-Of-Bengal-A-Study-Of-An-Art-For-And-Of-The-People_djvu.txt |title=The Folk-Rhymes of the Bengali Vratas : Complete and Fully Translated and Annotated |date=2007 |publisher=The Asiatic Society |isbn= |pages=250 |language=en}}</ref> The unmarried girls (age of 6 to 10) of the Bengali Hindu houses of rural Bengal observe this fast for a month from the first day of the month of Magh to the entire Magh (Mid-January to mid-February). The purpose of the vow is to get a good husband and family.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chowdhury|first=Dulal|url=https://phgc-opac.l2c2.co.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1787 |title=বাংলার লোকসংস্কৃতির বিশ্বকোষ (Bengali) |date=2004 |publisher=Akademi of Folklore |isbn= |pages=259 |language=bn}}</ref>

==Features of the vrata ==
This vrata is performed at the waterbodies near the homestead of rural Bengal. During the winter month of Magh, the little girls would rise at dawn to take the clay stupa depicting the sun to the edge of the tank, where she would chant mantras and worship with flowers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=BORTHWICK|first=MEREDITH|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt17t75mq |title=The Changing Role of Women in Bengal, 1849-1905 |date=1984 |publisher=The Asiatic Society |isbn= 978-0-691-62818-9|pages=15 |jstor=j.ctt17t75mq |language=en}}</ref> Being a feminine vow, no [[Veda|vedic mantra]] or priest is required to observe the vrata.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chowdhury|first=Dulal|url=https://phgc-opac.l2c2.co.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1787 |title=বাংলার লোকসংস্কৃতির বিশ্বকোষ (Bengali) |date=2004 |publisher=Akademi of Folklore |isbn= |pages=259 |language=bn}}</ref>

* In the first phase of observing Maghamandal Vrata, the girls need to collect the necessary materials i.e. Pituligola, Durbagrass and flowers with Atap chal (parboiled rice).
* In the second stage, on the morning of the vrata, before sunrise, after taking a bath before sunrise, clean the pond on the ground and draw the [[moon]], [[sun]], [[earth]], [[stars]] and elm trees.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta|first=Bhabataran|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.36376/2015.36376.Folk-Art-Of-Bengal-A-Study-Of-An-Art-For-And-Of-The-People_djvu.txt |title=The Folk-Rhymes of the Bengali Vratas : Complete and Fully Translated and Annotated |date=2007 |publisher=The Asiatic Society |isbn= |pages=250 |language=en}}</ref>
* In the third stage, at the moment of worship, the mantra of worship for the Sun God in front of the painted alpana is to be recited one by one.<ref>{{Cite book |last=BORTHWICK|first=MEREDITH|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt17t75mq |title=The Changing Role of Women in Bengal, 1849-1905 |date=1984 |publisher=The Asiatic Society |isbn= 978-0-691-62818-9|pages=15 |jstor=j.ctt17t75mq |language=en}}</ref>

In the alpana drawing of the Maghamandal Vrata various coloured powders are used. This design usually consists of five concentric circles with representations of the sun and the moon at the top and the bottom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta|first=Bhabataran|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.36376/2015.36376.Folk-Art-Of-Bengal-A-Study-Of-An-Art-For-And-Of-The-People_djvu.txt |title=The Folk-Rhymes of the Bengali Vratas : Complete and Fully Translated and Annotated |date=2007 |publisher= Princeton University Press|isbn= |pages=250 |language=en}}</ref> On the other hand, The songs and actions in performance of the rituals regarding this cult take the shape of a drama showing the power of the bright sunshine over the miserable conditions of wintertime.
<ref>{{Cite book |last=BORTHWICK|first=MEREDITH|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt17t75mq |title=The Changing Role of Women in Bengal, 1849-1905 |date=1984 |publisher=The Asiatic Society |isbn= 978-0-691-62818-9|pages=15 |jstor=j.ctt17t75mq |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bengali Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Vrata]]
[[Category:Rituals in Hindu worship]]

Clothing of Hyderabad, India

2024-04-15T21:17:05Z

GlenDoolittle2:

{{notability|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
The traditional clothing of [[Hyderabad]], India has both [[Muslim]] and [[South Asian]] influences. Men wear ''[[sherwani]]'' and ''[[kurta]]–[[paijama]]'' and women wear ''[[khara dupatta]]'' and ''[[salwar kameez|Halfsaree,silksaree]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rajamani|first=Radhika|title=Clothes make-over for men|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/03/21/stories/2002032100230100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020523034656/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/03/21/stories/2002032100230100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 May 2002|date=21 March 2002|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=22 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="TOI_Culture">{{cite news|title=Changing trends in city's culture|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Changing-trends-in-citys-culture/articleshow/14738898.cms?referral=PM|newspaper=The Times of India|date=8 July 2012|accessdate=8 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Karen Leonard">{{cite book|last=Leonard|first=Karen Isaksen|title=Locating home: India's Hyderabadis abroad|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|pages=14 and 248–255|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8047-5442-2}}</ref>,halfsaree,pattusaree

Most Muslim women wear ''[[burqa]]'' and ''[[hijab]]'' outdoors.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Untold Charminar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ww3GYpMrwysC&pg=PT187|publisher=Penguin|page=187|year=2008|isbn=978-81-8475-971-6|first=Syeda|last=Imam}}</ref> Western-style clothing is increasingly common among younger people.<ref>{{cite news|title=Efforts should be made to preserve traditional wear|url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2009/03/23/stories/2009032350730400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110234115/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2009/03/23/stories/2009032350730400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2013|date=23 March 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=14 April 2012}}</ref>

==Men's wear==

* [[Sherwani]]
* [[Kurta]]–[[paijama]] / [[Churidar]]
* [[Lungi]]

==Women's wear==
* Silk [[Sarees]]
* [[Langa voni]]
* [[Gaagra Choli]]
* [[Khada dupatta]]
* [[Shalwar kameez]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Culture of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian clothing|Hyderabad]]

Pearl City Worship

2023-08-19T19:44:45Z

GlenDoolittle2: adding basic place v1.

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Pearl City Worship
| image =
| image_size =
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption =
| origin = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| alias =
| genre = [[contemporary worship music|Worship]], [[contemporary Christian music|Christian pop]], [[pop rock]]
| years_active = {{start date|2016}}–present
| label = Radiate
| associated_acts = [[Ian Eskelin]]
| website = {{URL|pearlcityworship.com}}
| current_members = Allen Ganta Mayuri Ganta Rufus Ganta Anand Gantela
}}
'''Pearl City Worship''' is an Indian [[Christian music]] [[contemporary worship music|worship]] group from [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India, where they started in 2016, after being discovered by [[Ian Eskelin]] at Pearl City Church. They have released one [[studio album]], ''[[We Won't Be Silent]]'' (2016).

== Background ==

The group formed at Pearl City Church which is now, Hope Unlimited Church in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India, in 2016, after being discovered by [[Ian Eskelin]], and signing to his label Radiate Music.<ref name="NRT Artist Profile">{{cite web|author=NRTTeamAdmin|title=Pearl City Worship Artist Profile |url=http://www.newreleasetoday.com/artistdetail.php?artist_id=5203 |publisher=New Release Today |accessdate=19 March 2016 |date=10 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="Hallels Review">{{cite web|first=Timothy|last=Yap|title=Pearl City Worship "We Won't Be Silent" Album Review |url=http://www.hallels.com/articles/14960/20160315/pearl-city-worship-we-won-t-be-silent-album-review.htm |publisher=Hallels |accessdate=19 March 2016 |date=15 March 2016}}</ref> The leaders of the church are Allen Ganta, Rufus and Mayuri Ganta, and Anand Gantela. This group is currently part of Hope Unlimited Church, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

== Music history ==

Their first [[studio album]], ''[[We Won't Be Silent]]'', was released on 18 March 2016, through Radiate Music.<ref name="CCM Review">{{cite journal|first=Matt|last=Conner|title=Pearl City Worship – 'We Won't Be Silent' album review |url=http://www.ccmmagazine.com/reviews/pearl-city-worship-we-wont-be-silent-album-review/ |journal=[[CCM Magazine]] |accessdate=19 March 2016 |date=15 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="365DoIM Review">{{cite web |first=Joshua |last=Andre |title=Music Reviews: Pearl City Worship – We Won't Be Silent |url=http://www.365daysofinspiringmedia.com/reviews/pearl-city-worship-we-wont-be-silent/ |publisher=365 Days of Inspiring Media |accessdate=19 March 2016 |date=18 March 2016}}</ref>

== Discography ==

'''Studio albums'''
*''[[We Won't Be Silent]]'' (18 March 2016, Radiate)

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|http://www.pearlcityworship.com/}}
* [http://www.hallels.com/articles/14947/20160312/allen-ganta-of-indias-pearl-city-worship-speaks-of-impacting-the-globe-with-worship.htm Hallels Interview]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pearl City Worship}}
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2016]]
[[Category:Indian musical groups]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Telangana]]

Duty Free Tariff Preference

2023-08-09T08:01:00Z

GlenDoolittle2: starting initial post first draft

'''Duty Free Tariff Preference (DFTP)''' is a [[unilateral]] [[Reciprocal trade agreement|non-reciprocal]] preferential [[tariff]] scheme provided by the [[Government of India]] for the [[least developed countries]] (LDCs). The scheme was officially introduced on 13 August 2008. India was the first [[developing country]] to introduce a preferential tariff program for the LDCs.<ref name="LRA">{{cite web|date=November 2015|title=India’s Duty Free Tariff Preference (DFTP) Scheme for Least Developed Countries (LDCs)|url=https://www.lra.org.ls/sites/default/files/2017-03/India%20s%20Duty%20Free%20Tariff%20Preference%20DFTP%20Scheme%20for%20Least%20Developed%20Countries%20DCs.pdf|access-date=5 October 2021|website=Lesotho Revenue Authority}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Utilising India’s Duty Free Preference Scheme for LDCs: Analysis of the Trade Trends|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257635823_Utilising_India%27s_Duty_Free_Preference_Scheme_for_LDCs_Analysis_of_the_Trade_Trends_Centre_for_WTO_Studies_Indian_Institute_of_Foreign_Trade|access-date=5 October 2021|website=researchgate.net|publisher=Centre for WTO Studies}}</ref>

Under the DFTP scheme, 98.2% of product categories originating from LDCs are offered duty free and preferential treatment. Only 1.8% of product categories imported into India from LDCs are subject to regular duties. As of March 2018, 31 LDCs benefit from the scheme. India made US$ 9.93 billion worth of imports from LDCs in 2016.<ref name="UN"/>

India also provides preferential market access to [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Maldives]] and [[Nepal]] under the [[South Asian Free Trade Area|South Asia Free Trade Arrangement]], and to [[Laos]] and Bangladesh under the [[Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement]].<ref name="UN"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tavares |first1=Marcia |title=Preferential market access for goods {{!}} LDC Portal |url=https://www.un.org/ldcportal/preferential-market-access-for-goods/ |website=United Nations |access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref>

==Background==
The [[World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005|World Trade Organization Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration]] of December 2005 required all [[Developed country|developed countries]], and [[Developing country|developing countries]] who declared themselves in a position to do so, to extend duty-free and quota-free market access for products originating from the least developed countries (LDCs).<ref name="CommerceMin">{{cite web |title=India’s Duty Free Tariff Preference (DFTP) Scheme for Least Developed Countries (LDCs) |url=https://commerce.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/MOC_636434269763910839_international_tpp_DFTP.pdf |website=Ministry of Commerce |access-date=5 October 2021 |date=9 October 2017}}</ref>

Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] announced the introduction of the Duty Free Tariff Preference scheme at the first [[India–Africa Forum Summit]] in [[New Delhi]] on 8 April 2008.<ref name="UNCTAD">{{cite web |title=HANDBOOK ON INDIA’S DUTY-FREE TARIFF PREFERENCE SCHEME for least developed countriesfor least developed countries |url=https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/itcdtsbmisc77_en.pdf |website=UNCTAD |access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref> The scheme was officially introduced on 13 August 2008, and was notified to the [[World Trade Organization]] on 5 September 2011.<ref name="UN">{{cite web |last1=Scelta |first1=Gabriella |title=Preferential Market Access: India's Duty Free Tariff Preference Scheme for LDCs |url=https://www.un.org/ldcportal/preferential-market-access-indias-duty-free-tariff-preference-scheme-for-ldcs/ |website=United Nations |access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref>

==Benefits==
When the DFTP scheme was introduced in 2008, India committed to eliminating customs duties on over 85% of tariff lines (for items in the [[Harmonized System]] 6-digit level of classification), reducing duties on the basis of a prescribed margin of preference{{efn|The margin of preference is the percentage difference between the [[most favoured nation]] (MFN) rate of duty and the preferential rate of duty}} for 9% of tariff lines, and maintaining duties on the remaining 6% tariff lines over a period of 5 years. India had successfully met its pledge by 2012. The margin of preference granted for the 9% of tariff lines ranged from 10-90%.<ref name="UNCTAD"/>

Following consultations with beneficiary countries, the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry]] revised the scheme in April 2014 to further boost exports from LDCs by eliminating tariffs on 98.2% of all tariff lines imported from LDCs. As a result, only 1.8% of tariff lines imported into India from LDCs are subject to duties. The most common items on the excluded list are vegetables and vegetable products, which accounted for 37% of the excluded items list, and prepared foodstuffs which accounted for 33%.<ref name="UNCTAD"/><ref>{{cite web |title=India increases duty free tariff line to African exports up to 98 percent |url=https://ictsd.iisd.org/bridges-news/bridges-africa/news/india-increases-duty-free-tariff-line-to-african-exports-up-to-98 |website=International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development |access-date=5 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Beneficiary countries==
In order to become a beneficiary under the DFTP scheme, a prospective beneficiary country must provide a [[letter of intent]] and specimen seals and signatures of the officials authorised to issue the [[certificate of origin]].<ref name="CommerceMin"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No. !! Country !! Date joined
|-
| 1 || Cambodia || 13 August 2008<ref name="Intercen"/>
|-
| 2 || Tanzania || 13 August 2008<ref name="Intercen"/>
|-
| 3 || Ethiopia ||28 August 2008<ref name="Intercen" />
|-
| 4 || Mozambique ||28 August 2008<ref name="Intercen" />
|-
| 5 || Samoa ||28 August 2008<ref name="Intercen" />
|-
| 6 || Malawi ||28 August 2008<ref name="Intercen" />
|-
| 7 || Laos ||28 August 2008<ref name="Intercen" />
|-
| 8 || Uganda ||31 October 2008<ref name="Intercen" />
|-
| 9 || Rwanda ||31 October 2008<ref name="Intercen" />
|-
| 10 || Madagascar ||31 October 2008<ref name="Intercen" />
|-
| 11 || Benin ||19 January 2009<ref name="Intercen" />
|-
| 12 || Myanmar ||19 January 2009<ref name="Intercen" />
|-
| 13 || Eritrea ||19 January 2009<ref name="Intercen" />
|-
| 14 || Burkina Faso ||20 March 2009<ref name="Intercen" />
|-
| 15 || Gambia ||20 March 2009<ref name="Intercen" />
|-
| 16 || Sudan ||4 May 2009<ref name="Intercen" />
|-
| 17 || Senegal ||9 June 2009<ref name="Intercen" />
|-
| 18 || Lesotho ||6 August 2009<ref name="Intercen" />
|-
| 19 || Mali ||6 August 2009<ref name="Intercen" />
|-
| 20 || Somalia ||13 May 2010<ref name="Intercen" />
|-
| 21 || Bangladesh ||14 May 2010<ref name="Intercen" />
|-
| 22 || Burundi ||15 May 2010<ref name="Intercen" />
|-
| 23 || East Timor ||8 June 2010<ref name="Intercen" />
|-
| 24 || Zambia ||8 June 2010<ref name="Intercen" />
|-
| 25 || Central African Republic ||1 December 2010<ref name="Intercen" />
|-
| 26 || Afghanistan ||1 June 2011<ref name="Intercen" />
|-
| 27 || Comoros ||1 January 2012<ref name="Intercen" />
|-
| 28 || Liberia ||1 January 2012<ref name="Intercen" />
|-
| 29 || Yemen ||2 April 2013<ref name="Intercen" />
|}

===Previous beneficiaries===
Countries cease to become DFTP beneficiaries when they are no longer designated as LDCs by the [[United Nations]], although the transition is not immediate and countries often continue to receive LDC benefits for a period even after they graduate from LDC status. Samoa and Equatorial Guinea which graduated in 2015 and 2017 continue to be beneficiaries.<ref name="UN"/>

Maldives graduated from LDC status in 2011 and was removed from the DFTP scheme in 2015.<ref name="Intercen">{{cite web |title=INDIA’S DUTY FREE TARIFF PREFERENCE SCHEME FOR LDCs |url=https://www.intracen.org/uploadedFiles/intracenorg/IndiaDutyFreeTariff.pdf |website=International Trade Centre |access-date=5 October 2021 |date=2015}}</ref> However, under article 12 of the South Asia Free Trade Agreement, Maldives is accorded LDC status in the agreement and in any subsequent contractual undertakings.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tavares |first1=Marcia |title=Preferential market access for goods {{!}} LDC Portal |url=https://www.un.org/ldcportal/preferential-market-access-for-goods/ |website=United Nations |access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{noteslist}}

==See also==
* [[Free trade agreements of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Foreign trade of India]]
[[Category:Custom and excise duties in India| ]]

College of Horticulture

2022-04-11T18:00:15Z

GlenDoolittle2: added structure also and corrected details

#REDIRECT [[List of forestry universities and colleges]]

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