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Mumbai Police (film)

2026-05-08T01:22:18Z

Glasierwellness: Added new details w/ infobox

{{short description|2013 Indian film by Rosshan Andrrews}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mumbai Police
| image = Mumbai Police (film).jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Rosshan Andrrews]]
| producer = Nisad Haneefa
| writer = [[Bobby–Sanjay]]
| starring = [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] [[Jayasurya]] [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]]
| music = [[Gopi Sundar]]
| cinematography = R. Diwakaran
| editing = [[Mahesh Narayanan|Mahesh Narayan]]
| studio = Nisad Haneefa Productions
| distributor = Central Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|5|3}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| runtime = 145 minutes
| budget = {{INR|5.75 [[crore]]}}<ref name="budget"/>
| gross = 
}}

'''''Mumbai Police''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[neo-noir]] [[Psychological thriller|psychological]] [[thriller film]] written by [[Bobby–Sanjay]] and directed by [[Rosshan Andrrews]]. It stars [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Jayasurya]], and [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] in the lead roles, along with Kunjan, [[Aparna Nair]], Deepa Vijayan, and debutant Hima Davis in supporting roles. [[Shweta Menon]] and [[Riyaz Khan]] appear in guest roles. The film was remade into [[Action film|action thriller]]s in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Hunt (2023 film)|Hunt]]'' (2023) by Mahesh Surapaneni and in [[Hindi]] as [[Deva (2025 film)|''Deva'']] (2025) by the director himself.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hunt Movie Review : A dry crime drama with baffling intentions|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/hunt/movie-review/97344115.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|author=Neeshita Nyayapati|date=January 26, 2023|access-date=27 January 2023|archive-date=27 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127043303/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/hunt/movie-review/97344115.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Deva movie review - Deva review: Shahid Kapoor is ready for bhasad as mafia police, but does he clean it? - India Today | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/deva-movie-review-shahid-kapoor-police-2672853-2025-01-31 | access-date=2025-10-05 | website=www.indiatoday.in}}</ref>

The film is produced by Nisad Haneefa and co-produced by Nivas Haneef and Niyas Haneefa. The background score was composed by [[Gopi Sundar]] and the cinematography was handled by G. Diwakaran. The film was edited by Mahesh Narayanan. ''Mumbai Police'' was completed filming in 56 days, when the original schedule was for 60 days. The budget was {{INR}}5.75 crores.<ref name="budget"/> The ''[[Khaleej Times]]'' identified Mumbai Police as one of the "remarkable box-office success[es]" of 2013.<ref>Deepa Gauri. [http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=/data/citytimes/2013/December/citytimes_December198.xml&section=citytimes The best of Malayalam cinema in 2013] 26 December 2013 ''[[Khaleej Times]]''</ref>

== Plot ==
In 2013, [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] of [[Kochi]], Antony Moses, aka Rascal Moses, is involved in an accident that causes him partial memory loss. Before the accident, he was on a call with his brother-in-law, Farhan Aman, the Commissioner of Police. He informs Farhan that he has solved the murder case of his friend, Assistant Commissioner Aaryan John Jacob, who was killed during a gallantry awards ceremony at the police parade ground. However, before disclosing the murderer's name, the accident occurs, resulting in his memory loss.

Farhan tells Antony about his past and the tragedy that befell their friend Aaryan. Together, the trio had been known as the 'Mumbai Police' owing to their earlier presence in the Mumbai police department. Given Antony's impressive capabilities as a police officer, Farhan reassigns him to the case despite his condition.

As Antony retraces his past investigation, he notices discrepancies between his new findings and the direction his old self had taken. He reexamines evidence, revisits witness statements, and reconstructs the crime scene, but certain details do not align. During this process, he also discovers that he had been in a relationship with a male flight attendant. Upon confronting his partner, Antony learns that, on the night before the awards ceremony, Aaryan had walked in on them in an intimate moment. Aaryan was upset—not because of Antony's sexuality but because Antony had hidden this part of his life from him despite their close friendship. The two had a heated argument, after which Aaryan stormed out.

After Aaryan left, Antony's boyfriend started to panic, as homosexuality was not only illegal at the time but also a taboo, making Antony anxious as well. In his paranoia, Antony irrationally convinced himself that Aaryan would expose his secret during his speech at the ceremony.

Having uncovered the motive behind Aaryan's murder, Antony deduces that he himself was the killer. His past self had premeditated the murder, installing a remote-controlled automatic rifle on a rooftop overlooking the stage and shooting his friend with a tap on his phone during the gallantry awards ceremony. Upon revealing all of this to Farhan, it is shown that Farhan already knew he was the culprit, as the old Antony had confessed on the call right before the accident. However, Farhan needed Antony's investigative brilliance to solve the case once again.

Accepting responsibility for his old self's actions, Antony surrenders to the police.

== Cast ==
* [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Antony Moses [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Jayasurya]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Aaryan John Jacob [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as [[Commissioner]] Farhan Aman [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Aparna Nair]] as [[Assistant Superintendent of Police|ASP]] Rakhee Menon [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Riyaz Khan]] as a Sharpshooter
* [[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|ASI]] Sudhakaran Nair
* [[Mukundan (actor)|Mukundan]] as [[Captain]] Srivinas
* [[Chali Pala]] as [[DySP]] Karunakaran
*Nihal Pillai as Antony's boyfriend
*[[Harish Uthaman]] as Roy
* [[Captain Raju]] as [[Inspector general|IG]] Gopinathan Nair
* [[Swetha Menon]] as Doctor
* Deepa Vijayan as Annie Farhan

== Production ==
Shooting started in January 2013, and finished on schedule by March. ''Mumbai Police'' completed filming in 56 days, when the original schedule was for 60 days. The expected budget was {{INR}}6 crores but was completed with a production cost of {{INR}}5.75 crores.<ref name="budget">{{cite news |first=Vijay |last=George |title=Dreaming big |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/dreaming-big/article4676604.ece |accessdate=7 November 2015 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 May 2013 |location=SCT Trivandrum}}</ref>

The film was released in May 2013.

== Reception ==
''[[Sify]].com'' called ''Mumbai Police'' one of the best recent Malayalam films.<ref>[http://www.sify.com/movies/mumbai-police-review-malayalam-15028048.html Review: Umubail Police] ''Sify'' {{Rating|4|5}} ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509001132/http://www.sify.com/movies/mumbai-police-review-malayalam-15028048.html |date=9 May 2013 }}</ref> Paresh of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' called the film a "good suspense thriller which will make history for its interesting story."<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-mumbai-police-is-impressive/20130506.htm{{Rating|3|5}} Review: Mumbai Police is impressive – Rediff.com Movies]. Rediff.com (6 May 2013). Retrieved 19 August 2013.</ref> Aswin of ''[[The Times of India]]'' says that the film "arrests and engages the audience with bold portrayals from a well-chosen cast."<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/movie-reviews/Mumbai-Police/movie-review/19893068.cms{{Rating|3|5}}] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508093636/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/movie-reviews/Mumbai-Police/movie-review/19893068.cms |date=8 May 2013 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{facebook|mumbaipolicemovie|''Mumbai Police''}}
* {{IMDb title|2924472|Mumbai Police}}

{{Rosshan Andrrews}}

[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Bobby-Sanjay]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rosshan Andrrews]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]

Battle of Duimunisila

2026-05-07T09:46:35Z

Glasierwellness: added basic info from scratch

{{Short description|16th century confrontation in India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Duimunisila
| place = Duimunisila, [[Assam]], [[India]]
| partof = [[Turbak's invasion of Assam]]
| date = 1533
| result = [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] victory
| combatant1 = [[File:Ahom insignia plain.svg|25px]] [[Ahom Kingdom]] {{tree list}}
** [[Kachari Kingdom]] {{tree list/end}}
| combatant2 = [[Bengal Sultanate]]
| commander1 = [[File:Ahom insignia plain.svg|25px]] [[Suhungmung]] [[File:Ahom insignia plain.svg|25px]] [[Suklenmung|Suklen]]{{WIA}} [[File:Ahom insignia plain.svg|25px]] Senglung
| commander2 = Turbak Taju{{KIA}} Sangul{{KIA}}
| strength1 = Large 700 ships
| strength2 = 1,000 cavalry Unknown infantry 36 elephants many guns and canons
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = 2500 men 28 ships
| image = Ahom warriors.JPG
| image_size =
| caption = Statue of Ahom warriors near Sivasagar town, Assam.
}}

The '''Battle of Duimunsilla''' took place at Duimunisila, [[Assam]] in 1533, was an engagement which was the part of [[Turbak's invasion of Assam]]. The battle was fought between the forces of [[Bengal Sultanate]] led by Turbak, and [[Suhungmung]] of [[Ahom Kingdom]]. Despite the initial setbacks, the Ahom forces emerged victorious in this naval battle, inflicting many casualties on the Bengal Sultanate.

== Background ==
[[File:Kachari Palace.JPG|thumb|{{center|Kachari palace ruins at Khaspur}}]]
In [[Turbak's invasion of Assam]], after the initial setbacks in the at Singri, the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahoms]] retreated to Sala,{{sfn|Shakespear|2012|p=31–32}} where they regrouped with reinforcements and appointed Senglung as the new commander-in-chief. Meanwhile, the [[Muslim]] forces advanced and set up camp at Kaliabar. Recognizing that the previous defeat was largely due to their weak naval capabilities, King [[Suhungmung]] ordered the preparation of a stronger navy. By June, the Ahoms had assembled 700 ships, and the [[Kachari Kingdom|Kachari]] army joined forces with them to strengthen their position.{{sfn|Acharyya|1966|p=95}}

== Battle ==
In October, the [[Muslims]] advanced to Ghiladhari, and by November, [[Suklenmung]] had recovered from his injuries and took command of the Ahom forces at Sala. The Muslim forces launched an attack, setting fire to houses outside the fort, but were caught off guard and routed in a surprise counterattack by the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahoms]].{{sfn|Acharyya|1966|p=95}} However, in subsequent confrontations, the Muslims deployed cavalry and artillery, creating confusion among the Ahom ranks. The elephants leading the Ahom forces failed to hold the enemy, leading to significant losses and the retreat of the Ahom army.{{sfn|Basu|1970|p=25}}{{sfn|Acharyya|1966|p=96}}
[[File:Weapons and firearms of Ahom kingdom.jpg|thumb|200px|{{center|Weapons of Ahom era.]]}}
Despite the [[Muslims]] maintaining their cautious advance in the following months, the tide of the conflict shifted in March 1533, When they were attacked again, but this time they successfully defended the fort by pouring boiling water over the enemy. Despite this, the Muslims managed to gain some ground in subsequent encounters.{{sfn|Acharyya|1966|p=96}} By March 1533, however, the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahoms]] turned the tide in their favor. In a naval battle at Duimunisila, they inflicted significant losses on the Muslim forces, The Muslim commanders, Taju and Sangal, were killed, The invading forces lost 2,500 men, 20 ships, and several large cannons, marking a turning point in the war in favor of the Ahoms.{{sfn|Shakespear|2012|p=31–32}}{{sfn|Basu|1970|p=25}}
== Legacy ==
The triumph at Duimunisila was a game-changer for the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahoms]]. They reportedly started using firearms taken from the defeated [[Mohammedan|Muhammadan]] forces, shifting away from bows and spears.{{sfn|Nath|2019|p=20}} Stories suggest that [[Muslims|Muslim]] prisoners helped the Ahoms learn to forge cannons and make gunpowder. By the time [[Mir Jumla's invasion of Assam|Mir Jumla invaded Assam]] a century later, the Ahoms were skilled in making and using these weapons. Even the [[France|French]] traveler Tavernier wrote about their expertise.{{sfn|Nag|2023|p=449}}{{sfn|Shakespear|2012|p=32}}

== See also ==
* [[Turbak's invasion of Assam]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}
=== Sources ===
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Cite book |last=Nath |first=Pratyay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmGRxgEACAAJ |title=Climate of Conquest: War, Environment, and Empire in Mughal North India |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-949555-9 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Shakespear |first=Leslie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dA5E8UJ7TpkC |title=History of Upper Assam, Upper Burmah and North-Eastern Frontier |date=2012-04-26 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-04607-7 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Nag |first=Sajal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kEa8EAAAQBAJ |title=The Mughals and the North-East: Encounter and Assimilation in Medieval India |date=2023-07-17 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-90525-0 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Basu |first=Nirmal Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C8UBAAAAMAAJ |title=Assam in the Ahom Age, 1228-1826: Being Politico-economic and Socio-cultural Studies |date=1970 |publisher=Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Acharyya |first=Nagendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7cKAQAAIAAJ |title=The History of Medieval Assam, from the Thirteenth to the Seventeenth Century: A Critical and Comprehensive History of Assam During the First Four Centuries of Ahom Rule, Based on Original Assamese Sources, Available Both in India and England |date=1966 |publisher=Dutta Baruah |language=en}}
{{Refend}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Bengal Sultanate]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Ahom kingdom]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1533]]
[[Category:1533 in India]]

Seoni Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-19T09:02:14Z

Glasierwellness: Creating First Article Added Tags.

{{Short description|Former Lok Sabha constituency in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Seoni
| constituency_no =
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| abolished = {{ubl|First:1967|Second:2008}}
| established = {{ubl|First:1961|Second:1976}}
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| reservation = None
}}

'''Seoni''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. This seat was created in 1962 as a [[Scheduled Tribe]] seat. Following its inaugural appearance on the election rolls, Seoni ceased to exist for the next two [[general elections]] before it was made a permanent open seat in 1977.<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

==Members of Parliament==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! {{Abbr|Con. No.|Constituency Number}}
! {{Abbr|Res.|Reservation}}
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
! Ref.
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| MP-25
| ST
| Narayanrao Maniram Wadiwa
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|<ref name="election1962">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4113-general-election-1962-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1962 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|align=center colspan=7|''Did not exist between 1967 and 1977''
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| rowspan="8" | MP-26
| rowspan="9" | None
|[[Nirmal Chandra Jain]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Lok Dal]]
|<ref name="election1977">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1977 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|Gargishaker Ramkrishna Mishra
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
|
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Gargi Shankar Mishra|Gargishanker Mishra]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Prahlad Singh Patel|Prahlad Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Vimla Verma]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|<ref name="election1991">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4121-general-election-1991-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1991 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Prahlad Singh Patel]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Vimla Verma]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|Ram Naresh Tripathi
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|<ref name="election1999">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|MP-15
|[[Neeta Pateriya]]
|<ref name="election2004">{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Seoni]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}

{{coord|22.089|79.550|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seoni Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

Delta Corp

2026-04-16T09:23:25Z

Glasierwellness: made a details...

{{Short description|Indian casino company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Delta Corp Limited
| logo = Delta Corp Limited.png
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|532848}} {{NSE|DELTACORP}}
| founded = {{start date and age|1985}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Jaydev Mody (chairman)
| industry = [[Casino industry|Casino]] [[Hospitality industry|Hospitality]]
| hq_location = Delta House,
Hornby Vellard Estate,
Dr. Annie Besant Road,
Next to Copper Chimney,
Worli, Mumbai – 400018
| hq_location_city = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India<ref name="Adda">{{cite news |title=Pune's Delta Corp Ltd Forays into Online Gaming; Acquires Poker Site Adda.com For $27 Mn |url=https://inc42.com/flash-feed/adda-com-acquisition/ |access-date=25 May 2022 |work=Inc42 Media |date=1 September 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|1067|c}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23"/>
| profit = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|261|c}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23">{{cite web |title=Delta Corp Ltd Q4FY23 consolidated PAT at Rs. 51.17 crores|url=https://www.equitybulls.com/category.php?id=330019 |publisher=Equity Bulls |access-date=12 July 2023}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.deltacorp.in/}}
}}
'''Delta Corp Limited''', formerly Arrow Webtex Limited, is an Indian [[public company]] specializing in gaming and hospitality. The firm's primary assets encompass offshore [[Casino industry|casino]] and hospitality services, operating under the '''[[Deltin|Deltin Casinos & Hotels]]''' brand. The company engages in various forms of casino gaming, including live and electronic gaming, with a significant focus on operations in [[Goa]].

== History ==
Delta Corp Limited was initially established on 5 November 1985, as a [[privately held company]] known as Creole Holdings Company Private Limited. Following the acquisition of shares by the [[Finolex Group]], the company underwent a transition into a deemed [[public limited company]] and changed its name to Creole Holdings Company Ltd on 2 June 1992. During the period of 2003–04, Finolex Cables Limited divested its shareholdings, leading to the company no longer being a [[subsidiary]]. On 25 September 2003, the company was transformed into a private limited company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edelweiss.in/stocks/delta-corp-ltd/company-history/17211.html|title=Delta Corp Ltd|website=Edelweiss|accessdate=23 February 2017}}</ref> In 2007, it was rebranded as Arrow Webtex Limited, and in 2008, it adopted its current name, Delta Corp Limited.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/delta-corp-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-9453.cms|title=Delta Corp Ltd.|website=The Economic Times|accessdate=23 February 2017}}</ref>

== Divisions ==
=== Offshore casinos and casino hotels ===
On 1 December 2015, Delta Corp Limited announced that it had been granted a license to operate a casino at its Deltin Suite hotel in Goa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/delta-corp-inches-up-after-bagging-license-for-a-casino-in-goa-115120200240_1.html|title=Delta Corp inches up after bagging license for a casino in Goa|work=Business Standard|date=2 December 2015 |accessdate=8 September 2016}}</ref> Subsequently, the [[Government of Goa]] extended the company's offshore casino license to allow on the [[Mandovi River]], with annual renewals subject to license fees and compliance with government regulations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/delta-corp-surges-as-goa-extends-offshore-casino-licenses/articleshow/51724400.cms|title=Delta Corp surges as Goa extends offshore casino licenses |work= The Economic Times|date=7 April 2016|accessdate=23 February 2017}}</ref>

As of 2026, Delta Corp holds three of the six offshore gaming licenses issued in Goa and operates additional land-based casinos in Goa and Sikkim. Additionally, the company operates India's largest integrated five-star resort in [[Daman, Daman and Diu|Daman]], known as The Deltin<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delta Corp: Reports, Company History, Directors Report, Chairman's Speech, Auditors Report of Delta Corp |url=http://profit.ndtv.com/stock/delta-corp-ltd_deltacorp/reports |accessdate=8 September 2016 |website=profit.ndtv.com}}</ref>.

== See also ==
* [[Casino Goa]]
* [[Deltin|Deltin Casinos & Hotels]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.deltacorp.in/ Official website]

[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Hospitality companies]]

Keolari Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:47:11Z

Glasierwellness: starting stub - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Keolari
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 116
| map_image = 116-Keolari.svg
| mla = [[Rajneesh Harvansh Singh]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Rakesh Pal Singh]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Seoni district|Seoni]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mandla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandla]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
}}

'''Keolari Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

It is part of [[Seoni district]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan=5| Vimla K. P. Verma
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Neha Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|rowspan=4|[[Harvansh Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Rajneesh Harvansh Singh]]
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Rakesh Pal Singh (politician)|Rakesh Pal Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Rajneesh Harvansh Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Keolari<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Rajneesh Harvansh Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:122814}}
|percentage = 53.2
|change = +13.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rakesh Pal Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:89054}}
|percentage = 38.58
|change = -4.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Preetam Uikey
|votes = {{formatnum:11639}}
|percentage = 5.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2492}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change = +0.01
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:33760}}
|percentage = 14.62
|change = +11.27
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:230858}}
|percentage = 88.64
|change = +4.3
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Keolari<ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rakesh Pal Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:85839}}
|percentage = 43.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rajneesh Harvansh Singh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:79160}}
|percentage = 39.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rajendra Rai
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|votes = {{formatnum:21694}}
|percentage = 10.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sheakh Mustufa (Ehsan) Ansari
|votes = {{formatnum:2014}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Swarn Rekha
|votes = {{formatnum:1790}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2125}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6679}}
|percentage = 3.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:199096}}
|percentage = 84.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Keolari]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|22.37|79.92|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Seoni district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Piraisoodan

2026-04-06T13:57:31Z

Glasierwellness: Stub

{{Short description|Indian poet and lyricist (1956–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Piraisoodan (born as Chandrasekar)
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date |1956|2|6}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nadigarsangam.org/member/piraisoodan/|title=Piraisoodan | Official Site of South Indian Artists Association, Nadigar Sangam, Tamil Nadigar Sangam}}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|10|8|1956|2|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nannilam]], [[Tiruvarur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = actor, poet, dialogue writer
| years_active = 1980-2021
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Piraisoodan''' (6 February 1956 – 8 October 2021) was a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poet and lyricist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/News/12-3-05/deva_piraisoodan.htm|title=Behindwoods : Lyricist Piraisoodan returns for Deva|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref>

He won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Lyricist]] for his songs in movies like ''[[Thayagam]]'', ''[[En Rasavin Manasile]]'' and ''Neeyum Naanum'' in 1996, 1991 and 2010 respectively. He was a director in IPRS (Indian Performing Rights Society) and was holding many key posts including secretary of SWAN (South Indian Writers Association). He wrote ‘Jagam Pughazum’, a Carnatic song that sums up the life of Thyagaraja.

He was conferred the title "Kavi Gnaani" by the late music director [[M.S.Viswanathan]]. He is notable for his eloquent literary speeches and for his ability to complete a song in few minutes. In a television reality program called "Vanampadi" he explained the meaning and intricate nuances of various Tamil film songs that won him accolades and place him as the best analyser and critic for Tamil film songs.

He was conferred a Doctorate in literature by the University Of Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/tv-varadharajens-play-sri-thyagarar-is-an-emotionallycharged-musical/article8134756.ece |title=The music saint on stage |work=The Hindu |date= 21 January 2016 |access-date= 21 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/a-tribute-to-tyagaraja/article8110178.ece |title=A tribute to Tyagaraja |work=The Hindu |date= 15 January 2016 |access-date= 15 January 2016}}
</ref>

==Personal life==
Piraisoodan was born and brought up in [[Nannilam]], a small [[panchayat town]] in [[Tiruvarur district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Originally named Chandrasekhar, he took the pseudonym as a Tamil translation of his name. Piraisoodan has nine siblings - seven brothers and two sisters. One of them is [[R. Madhi]], a cinematographer who also works in the Tamil film industry.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article844975.ece|title=Through the looking glass|author=Malathi Rangarajan|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 October 2010 }}</ref> Piraisoodan has a daughter and son [[Dhayanandh Piraisoodan]], a music director who also works in the film industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/events/mei-marenthen-audio-launch-report/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530142518/http://silverscreen.in/events/mei-marenthen-audio-launch-report/|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 May 2014|title=Mei Marenthen Audio Launch Report|date=28 May 2014}}</ref> He made his debut as lyricist with ''[[Sirai (1984 film)|Sirai]]'' (1985).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/a-darling-of-lyricists/article7423848.ece |title=A darling of lyricists |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=15 July 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 April 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417112940/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/a-darling-of-lyricists/article7423848.ece |archive-date=17 April 2019}}</ref>

==Death==
He died on 8 October 2021 at the age of 65 due to heart attack.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Popular Tamil poet & film lyricist Piraisoodan passes away | url=http://www.uniindia.com/popular-tamil-poet-film-lyricist-piraisoodan-passes-away/south/news/2528253.html | access-date=2025-03-28 | website=www.uniindia.com}}</ref>

==Partial filmography==
===Lyricist===
==== Films ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Songs !! Notes
|-
| 2017 || ''Jayikkira Kudhira''|| Veetukkoru Saamiyundu ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Aranmanai 2]]'' || Amma (The Amman song) ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Aranmanai]]'' || Unnaye Nambiye ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Masani (film)|Masani]]''|| Masani ||
|-
| rowspan=3|2013 || ''Ullamellam Talladuthe''|| Ullamellam Talladuthe ||
|-
| ''[[Chatrapathi (2005 film)|Chandramouli]]'' || Dharmam Vazha & Nallavan Endrum ||
|-
| ''[[Arya Surya]]'' || Star Star ||
|-
| 2012 || ''Nachiyarpuram ''|| Nachiyarpuram ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2011 || ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]'' || All Songs and Dialogues ||
|-
| ''[[Sakthi (2011 film)|Om Sakthi]]'' || Jolly Aa Jolly Aa, Pongum Kanalai & Yemana Kolluthu ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2009 || ''[[Enga Raasi Nalla Raasi]]'' || Vaaya Vaaya ||
|-
| ''[[Thee (2009 film)|Thee]]''|| Theepporiyil ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2008 || ''[[Gorintaku (2008 film)|Marudhani]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kodaikanal (film)|Kodaikanal]]'' || All Songs except 'Mettu Mettu' ||
|-
| rowspan=4|2007 || ''[[Piragu]]''|| Aasa Dosa ||
|-
| ''[[Cheena Thaana 001]]''|| Acha Acha ||
|-
| ''[[Adavadi]]''|| Idhu One Day & Dindugal Poottu ||
|-
| ''[[Manikanda]]''|| Madhippukuriya ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Dhoom 2 (soundtrack)|Dhoom 2]]'' || All songs except "Dhoom Again" || Tamil version<ref>https://music.apple.com/us/album/dhoom-2-tamil-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/673573136</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4|2005 || ''[[Ravanna (film)|Aatchi]]'' || All Songs ||
|-
| ''[[Girivalam (film)|Girivalam]]''|| Adiyae Aandaal Amma ||
|-
|''[[Mass (2004 film)|Veeran]]''||all songs||
|-
| ''[[Iyer IPS]]''|| Hi-Tech Kangala ||
|-
| rowspan=7|2004 || ''Manathil'' || Ponnu Paarthathum ||
|-
| ''Kadhal Thiruda'' || Thalukki Nikkara ||
|-
| ''[[Maha Nadigan]]''|| Alwa Nayagane ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Murai Sollividu]]''|| Enna Kichu Kichu ||
|-
| ''[[Super Da]]''|| Iduppu Madippu ||
|-
| ''[[Jore (film)|Jore]]''|| Muttikkalama ||
|-
| ''[[Adi Thadi]]'' || Thagadu Thagadu ||
|-
| rowspan=3|2003 || ''Vaanam Vaazhthattum'' || All Songs ||
|-
| ''[[Okariki Okaru|Unnai Paartha Naal Mudhal]]'' || Engu Ullayamma & Naathirinna ||
|-
| ''[[Anbe Un Vasam]]''|| Thirumugam ||
|-
| rowspan=3|2002 || ''[[Eduruleni Manishi (2001 film)|Rudhiran]]'' || All Songs ||
|-
| ''[[Daddy (2001 film)|Dance Master]]'' || All Songs ||
|-
| ''[[Jjunction]]''|| Poo Mugam Siricha ||
|-
| rowspan=4|2001 || ''[[Star (2001 film)|Star]]''|| Machaa Machiniyae||
|-
| ''[[Super Kudumbam]]'' || Yenthen Selaiyum and Uyirae En Uyirai ||
|-
| ''[[Krishna Krishna]]'' || Aandavan Namaku ||
|-
| ''[[Engalukkum Kaalam Varum (2001 film)|Engalukkum Kaalam Varum]]'' || Engalukkum Kalam Varum ||
|-
| rowspan=5|2000 || ''[[Azad (2000 film)|Kurukshetram]]'' || Koila Koila and So So So Adi Sonare
|-
| ''[[Thenali]]'' || Porkalam Ange ||
|-
| ''[[Krodham 2]]''|| All Songs ||
|-
| ''[[Kandha Kadamba Kathir Vela]]'' || Thenatru Meena || Not in Film
|-
| ''[[Athey Manithan]]'' || All songs except Idiyappam
|-
| rowspan=4| 1999 || ''[[Seetharama Raju|Sathriya Dharmam]]'' || All Songs ||
|-
| ''[[Ponvizha]]''|| Adiye Annakiliye & Naadu Sezhikka ||
|-
| ''Kaadhal'' || All Songs ||
|-
| ''[[Endrendrum Kadhal]]'' || Take It Easy ||
|-
| rowspan=2| 1998 || ''Endrum Anandham'' || Laila Majunu || Not Released
|-
| ''[[Auto Driver|Autokaran]]'' || All Songs ||
|-
| rowspan=7| 1997 || ''Adhanda Idhanda'' || All Songs || Not Released
|-
| ''[[Putham Puthu Poove]]'' || Rettai Jadai || Not Released
|-
| ''[[Arasiyal]]'' || Varai En Thozhiyae ||
|-
| ''[[Thambi Durai]]'' || Aathu Mettula ||
|-
| ''[[Paththini (1997 film)|Paththini]]'' || Mellathan Solla ||
|-
| ''[[Pagaivan]]'' || Oh My Butterfly ||
|-
| ''[[Adimai Changili]]'' || Kaanangatha Meenu ||
|-
| rowspan=4| 1996 || ''[[Krishna (1996 Tamil film)|Krishna]]''|| Idhu Nee Irukkum Nenjamadi & Ingu Aadum Varai ||
|-
| ''[[Mounam|Mouna Yuddham]]'' || All Songs ||
|-
| ''[[Puthiya Parasakthi]]''|| Kizhakku Veluchu ||
|-
| ''[[Thayagam]]''|| All Songs || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Lyricist]]
|-
| rowspan=12|1995 || ''Chinna Ponnu Radha'' || All Songs || Not Released
|-
| ''[[Dear Son Maruthu]]'' || Malarodu Nilavu and Poovizhi Vaasalile ||
|-
| ''[[Mannai Thottu Kumbidanum]]'' || Mannai Thottu Kumbidanum ||
|-
| ''[[Varraar Sandiyar]]'' || All songs except 'Dindukallu' ||
|-
| ''[[Muddula Priyudu|Sabash Ramu]]'' || All Songs ||
|-
| ''[[Asuran (1995 film)|Asuran]]''|| Chakku Chakku Vathikuchi and O Vanmathi ||
|-
| ''Anbu Magan'' || Chinna Chiru ||
|-
| ''[[Criminal (1994 film)|Ellame En Kadhali]]'' || All Songs ||
|-
| ''[[Lucky Man (1995 film)|Lucky Man]]'' || All songs ||
|-
| ''[[Paattu Vaathiyar]]'' || Mutham Endral ||
|-
| ''[[Veluchami]]'' || Uyire Uyire ||
|-
| ''[[Karuppu Nila]]'' || Chinnavare Chinnavare and Pallakku Pallakku ||
|-
| rowspan=8| 1994 || ''Kizhakku Pakkam Kaathiru'' || Sevvanthi Poove ||
|-
| ''[[Allari Premikudu|Pokkiri Kadhalan]]'' || All Songs ||
|-
| ''[[Allari Alludu|Galatta Maappillai]]'' || All Songs ||
|-
| ''[[Chinna Pulla]]'' || All songs ||
|-
| ''Pandiyanin Rajyathil'' || All songs except 'Raasathi Nee' ||
|-
| ''[[Ilaignar Ani]]'' || All songs except 'Kanni Poove Vaa' ||
|-
| ''[[Sevvanthi]]'' || Punnaivana Poonguyil ||
|-
| ''[[Pathavi Pramanam]]'' || Ore Oru Paattu and Poo Mudithu Pottu Vachu ||
|-
| rowspan=8| 1993 || ''[[Rakshana|Kaaval Thurai]]'' || Kanni Ponnu Bossu, Ku Ku Malar Inge and Neeyum Naanum ||
|-
| ''[[Parvathi Ennai Paradi]]'' || Kadhalil Maatamal and Kombugal Illa ||
|-
| ''[[Naan Pesa Ninaipathellam]]'' || Devan Kovil ||
|-
| ''Chinna Devan'' || Ada Editha Veettu ||
|-
| ''[[Aranmanai Kili]]'' || Nattu Vecha Roja and Ramera Ninaikkum ||
|-
| ''Minmini Poochigal'' || Kanmanikku Nenjil, Ottaga Marangal and Thithikkum Paaru ||
|-
| ''[[Chinna Kannamma]]'' || Chinna Chinna Poongodi ||
|-
| ''[[Sinna Mapplai]]'' || Vennilavu Kothipathenna ||
|-
| rowspan=16| 1992 || ''[[Aapadbandhavudu|Veera Marudhu]]'' || All Songs ||
|-
| ''Pudhu Varusham'' || Chinna Pasanga Paattu, Manasula Manasula and Yaaradi Unpurushan ||
|-
| ''[[Onna Irukka Kathukanum]]'' || Kadhalunna ||
|-
| ''Mangala Nayagan'' || En Kanmani and Poove Ilampoove ||
|-
| ''[[David Uncle]]'' || Devan Sabaiyinil, Thattungadi and Vaaya Hey Soodu Yeruthu ||
|-
| ''[[Endrum Anbudan]]'' || Manjal Veyil ||
|-
| ''[[Naalaya Seidhi]]'' || Manthiram Sonnathu ||
|-
| ''[[Nadodi Pattukkaran]]'' || Vaanga Vaanga ||
|-
| ''[[Unna Nenachen Pattu Padichen]]'' || Ennai Thottu and Kanna Un Kannil ||
|-
| ''[[Chembaruthi]]''|| Nadandhal Irandadi, Ada Vanjiram and Kadile Thanimayile ||
|-
| ''[[Thanga Manasukkaran]]''|| Manikuyil Isaikkuthadi and Maaney Mayanguvatheno ||
|-
| ''[[Unnai Vaazhthi Paadugiren]]'' || Oru Raagam ||
|-
| ''[[Kaaval Geetham]]'' || Sokkanukku Vaacha ||
|-
| ''[[Pandithurai]]'' || Ennai Paarthu and Malaiyitta Ponnu ||
|-
| ''[[Ilavarasan]]'' || Yaaro Neeyaaro ||
|-
| ''[[Amaran (1992 film)|Amaran]]''|| Vethala Potta, Tring Tring, Vasanthame Arugil Vaa, Paanja Janiyam and Abhyam Krishna ||
|-
| rowspan=11| 1991 || ''Anbulla Thangachikku'' || Manja Thanni ||
|-
| ''Nenjamundu Nermaiundu'' || Rajave Chinna Rajave ||
|-
| ''[[En Pottukku Sonthakkaran]]'' || Manasonnu Thudikkuthu ||
|-
| ''Manasara Vazhthungalen'' || Nee Sonadhu ||
|-
| ''Oorellam Un Paattu'' || Thom Thom ||
|-
| ''[[Idhayam (film)|Idhayam]]''|| Idhayamae Idhayamae ||
|-
| ''[[Captain Prabhakaran]]''|| Aattama Therottama ||
|-
| ''[[En Rasavin Manasile]]''|| Sola Pasunkiliye || '''[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Lyricist]]'''
|-
| ''[[Gopura Vasalile]]''|| Kadhal Kavithaigal, Keladi En and Naatham ||
|-
| ''[[Perum Pulli]]''|| Aanum Pennum and Mambala Thota ||
|-
| ''[[Eeramana Rojave]]''|| Kalakalakum Maniosai ||
|-
| rowspan=15| 1990 || ''Nee Sirithaal Deepavali'' || Sayangala Sandhya ||
|-
| ''[[Raja Kaiya Vacha]]'' || Kadhalukku Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Vellaiya Thevan]]'' || Nall Isai Thattu ||
|-
| ''[[Mallu Vetti Minor]]'' || Adi Matthalam ||
|-
| ''[[Amman Kovil Thiruvizha]]'' || Madhura Oyilattam ||
|-
| ''[[My Dear Marthandan]]'' || Oh Azhagu Nilavu ||
|-
| ''[[Keladi Kanmani]]''|| Thendral Thaan ||
|-
| ''[[Sirayil Pootha Chinna Malar]]'' || Ethanai Per Unnai Nambi ||
|-
| ''[[Athisaya Piravi]]'' || Thanananthan ||
|-
| ''[[Periya Veetu Pannakkaran]]'' || Summa Nee ||
|-
| ''[[Maruthu Pandi]]'' || Adhamum Yevalum ||
|-
| ''[[Pondatti Thevai]]'' || Amma Naan ||
|-
| ''[[Arangetra Velai]]''|| Gundu Onnu ||
|-
| ''[[Panakkaran]]''|| Silence Idhu Kadhal ||
|-
| ''[[Nalla Kaalam Porandaachu]]'' || Paattu Oru Paattu and Kelamma Unathu Vithai ||
|-
| rowspan=11| 1989 || ''[[Vaathiyaar Veettu Pillai]]'' || Chikkunu Irukku ||
|-
| ''[[Mappillai (1989 film)|Mappillai]]''|| Veru Velai Unakku ||
|-
| ''[[Anbu Kattalai]]'' || Oru Koottin Kiligal ||
|-
| ''[[Kai Veesamma Kai Veesu]]'' || Nal Anbedhan ||
|-
| ''[[Ninaivu Chinnam]]'' || Oorellam Thoonguthu ||
|-
| ''Padicha Pulla'' || Poongatre Ini Pothum and Poongatre Ithu Pothum ||
|-
| ''[[Enga Ooru Mappillai]]'' || Oorukulla Vantha ||
|-
| ''[[Rajadhi Raja (1989 film)|Rajadhi Raja]]''|| Meenamma Meenamma ||
|-
| ''[[En Purushanthaan Enakku Mattumthaan]]'' || Pullai Kooda ||
|-
| ''[[Pongi Varum Kaveri]]'' || Indha Rasave and Mannavan Paadum ||
|-
| ''Ennai Peththa Rasa''|| Sontham Ondrai ||
|-
| rowspan=3| 1988 || ''[[Enga Ooru Kavalkaran]]'' || Jivvu Jivvu ||
|-
| ''[[En Bommukutty Ammavukku]]'' || Uyire Uyirin Oliye ||
|-
| ''[[Irandil Ondru]]'' || Naarinil Poo ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Sirai (1984 film)|Sirai]]''|| Rasathi Rosapoove || Debut Movie 
|}

==== Television ====
* 1995 ''Vizhuthugal''
* 1995 ''Nila Penn''
* 1999 ''Mangai''
* 1999 ''Pallankuzhi''
* 2000 ''Gopuram''
* 2000 ''Maya Machindra''
* 2003 ''[[Anandham]]''
* 2006 ''Agni Pravesam''
* 2008 ''[[Rekha IPS]]''
* 2009 ''Avalukkendru Oru Manam''
* 2010 ''Uyirin Niram Oodha''

;Dialogue writer
*1999 ''[[Seetharama Raju|Sathriya Dharmam]]''
* 2000 ''[[Krodham 2]]''
* 2000 ''[[Ravoyi Chandamama|Shankar]]''
* 2011 ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]'' (Tamil version)

;Actor
* 1992 ''[[Amaran (1992 film)|Amaran]]''
* 2014 ''[[Sathuranga Vettai]]''
* 2016 ''[[Pugazh (film)|Pugazh]]''
*2019 ''Enakku Innum Kalyanam Aagala''
*2021 ''[[Annaatthe]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Discogs artist|Piraisoodan}}
* {{IMDb name|5833167}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Piraisoodan}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Tiruvarur district]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Tamil film poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Wi-Fi

2026-03-26T15:56:27Z

Glasierwellness: improved details also and added references after review

{{Short description|Family of wireless network protocols}}
{{distinguish|Hi-Fi|Lo-fi (disambiguation)|Li-Fi}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox protocol
| image = WiFi Logo.svg
| image-upright = 0.5
| alt = A round black-and-white yin-yang logo stating 'Wi-Fi Alliance'
| developer =
| introdate = {{Start date and age|1997|9|21|df=yes}}
| industry =
| connector =
| hardware = [[Personal computer]]s, [[video game console]]s, [[smart device]]s, [[television]]s, [[Printer (computing)|printers]], [[security camera]]s
| range =
}}

{{Antennas|systems}}

'''Wi-Fi''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|aɪ|f|aɪ}})<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/why-fi-or-wiffy-how-americans-pronounce-techs-most-common-terms/373082/ |title='Why-Fi' or 'Wiffy'? How Americans Pronounce Common Tech Terms |last=Garber |first=Megan |date=23 June 2014 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615190651/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/why-fi-or-wiffy-how-americans-pronounce-techs-most-common-terms/373082/ |archive-date=15 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Efn|According to a founding member of the Wi-Fi Alliance, "Wi-Fi" has no expanded meaning, and was simply chosen as a more memorable name for the technology. Some Wi-Fi Alliance materials produced soon after this selection used the phrase ''wireless fidelity'', but this was quickly dropped.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/question/what-does-wi-fi-stand-for/ |title=What Does Wi-Fi Stand For? |access-date=7 January 2022 |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105184518/https://www.newscientist.com/question/what-does-wi-fi-stand-for/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} is a family of [[wireless network]] protocols based on the [[IEEE 802.11]] family of standards, which are commonly used for [[Wireless LAN|local area networking]] of devices and [[Internet]] access, allowing nearby digital devices to exchange data by [[radio wave]]s. These are the most widely used computer networks, used globally in [[small office/home office|home and small office networks]] to link devices and to provide [[Internet access]] with [[wireless router]]s and [[wireless access point]]s in public places such as coffee shops, restaurants, hotels, libraries, and airports.

''Wi-Fi'' is a trademark of the [[Wi-Fi Alliance]], which restricts the use of the term "''Wi-Fi Certified''" to products that successfully complete [[Interoperability Solutions for European Public Administrations|interoperability]] certification testing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/W/Wi_Fi.html |title=What is Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11x)? A Webopedia Definition |last=Beal |first=Vangie |website=Webopedia |date=2 May 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308123721/http://www.webopedia.com/term/w/wi_fi.html |archive-date=8 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2007/may/21/thedangersof |title=The Dangers of Wi-Fi Radiation (Updated) |first=Jack |last=Schofield |newspaper=The Guardian |date=21 May 2007 |via=TheGuardian.com |access-date=1 November 2019 |archive-date=1 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101204649/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2007/may/21/thedangersof |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wi-fi.org/certification |title=Certification |publisher=Wi-Fi Alliance |website=Wi-Fi.org |access-date=1 November 2019 |archive-date=13 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513210825/https://wi-fi.org/certification |url-status=live }}</ref> Non-compliant hardware is simply referred to as [[WLAN]], and it may or may not work with "''Wi-Fi Certified''" devices. {{As of|2017|post=,}} the Wi-Fi Alliance consisted of more than 800 companies from around the world.<ref name="alliance-history">{{Cite web |title=History | Wi-Fi Alliance |url=https://www.wi-fi.org/who-we-are/history |access-date=15 September 2020 |website=Wi-Fi Alliance |archive-date=24 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024205733/https://www.wi-fi.org/who-we-are/history |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2019|post=,}} over 3.05 billion Wi-Fi-enabled devices are shipped globally each year.<ref name="global-forecast" />

Wi-Fi uses multiple parts of the [[IEEE 802]] [[Communication protocol|protocol]] family and is designed to work well with its wired sibling, [[Ethernet]]. Compatible devices can network through wireless access points with each other as well as with wired devices and the Internet. Different versions of Wi-Fi are specified by various [[IEEE 802.11]] protocol standards, with different radio technologies determining radio bands, maximum ranges, and speeds that may be achieved. Wi-Fi most commonly uses the {{convert|2.4|GHz|mm}} [[UHF]] and {{convert|5|GHz|mm|sigfig=1}} [[Super high frequency|SHF]] radio bands, with the 6 gigahertz SHF band used in newer generations of the standard; these bands are subdivided into multiple channels. Channels can be shared between networks, but, within range, only one transmitter can transmit on a channel at a time.

[[File:TP-Link_AX1500_Wi-Fi_6_Router_Front.jpg|thumb|TP-Link AX1500 [[Wi-Fi 6]] router]]

Wi-Fi's radio bands work best for [[line-of-sight propagation|line-of-sight]] use. Common obstructions, such as walls, pillars, home appliances, etc., may greatly reduce range, but this also helps minimize interference between different networks in crowded environments. The range of an access point is about {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on|sp=us}} indoors, while some access points claim up to a {{convert|150|m|abbr=on|sp=us}} range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can be as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves or as large as many square kilometers using multiple overlapping access points with [[roaming]] permitted between them. Over time, the speed and [[spectral efficiency]] of Wi-Fi has increased. {{As of|2025|post=,}} some versions of Wi-Fi, running on suitable hardware at close range, can achieve speeds of {{nowrap|23 Gbit/s}} ([[gigabit]] per second).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weatherbed |first=Jess |date=2025-10-13 |title=Wi-Fi 8 demonstrated with first prototype connection |url=https://www.theverge.com/news/798780/wi-fi-8-prototype-tp-link-test-explained |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
{{main|IEEE 802.11#History}}

A 1985 ruling by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission released parts of the [[ISM band]]s for unlicensed use for communications in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marcus-spectrum.com/documents/81413RO.txt |format=txt |title=Authorization of Spread Spectrum Systems Under Parts 15 and 90 of the FCC Rules and Regulations |publisher=Federal Communications Commission of the USA |date=18 June 1985 |access-date=31 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928054826/http://www.marcus-spectrum.com/documents/81413RO.txt |archive-date=28 September 2007 }}</ref> These frequency bands include the same 2.4 GHz bands used by equipment such as [[microwave oven]]s, and are thus subject to interference.<ref name="scienceabc" />

In 1991 in the city of [[Nieuwegein]] in the [[Netherlands]], the [[NCR Corporation]] and [[AT&T Corporation|AT&T]] invented the precursor to 802.11,<ref name="birth" /> intended for use in cashier systems, under the name [[WaveLAN]]. NCR's [[Vic Hayes]], who held the chair of IEEE 802.11 for ten years, along with [[Bell Labs]] engineer Bruce Tuch, approached the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE) to create a standard and were involved in designing the initial 802.11b and 802.11a specifications within the IEEE.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.cnet.com/1200-1070-975460.html |title=Vic Hayes – Wireless Vision |author=Ben Charny |date=6 December 2002 |website=[[CNET]] |access-date=30 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826164642/http://news.cnet.com/1200-1070-975460.html |archive-date=26 August 2012 }}</ref> They have both been subsequently inducted into the Wi-Fi NOW Hall of Fame.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vic Hayes & Bruce Tuch inducted into the Wi-Fi Now Hall of Fame|url=https://wifinowglobal.com/news-and-blog/vic-hayes-bruce-tuch-inducted-into-the-wi-fi-now-hall-of-fame/|newspaper=Wi-Fi Now Global|date=8 November 2019|access-date=27 November 2020|archive-date=7 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207194505/https://wifinowglobal.com/news-and-blog/vic-hayes-bruce-tuch-inducted-into-the-wi-fi-now-hall-of-fame/|url-status=live|last1=Hetting |first1=Claus }}</ref>

In 1989 in Australia, a team of scientists began working on wireless LAN technology.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rimmer |first1=Matthew |title=CSIRO wins Wi-Fi patent litigation |journal=QUT ePrints |url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/215127/ }}</ref> A prototype [[test bed]] for a [[wireless local area network]] (WLAN) was developed in 1992 by a team of researchers from the Radiophysics Division of the [[CSIRO]] (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) in Australia, led by [[John O'Sullivan (engineer)|John O'Sullivan]].<ref name="csirowifi" /> A patent for Wi Fi was lodged by the CSIRO in 1992.<ref name="O’Sullivan 147–147">{{cite journal |last1=O’Sullivan |first1=John |title=How we made the wireless network |journal=Nature Electronics |date=8 February 2018 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=147 |doi=10.1038/s41928-018-0027-y }}</ref>

The first version of the 802.11 protocol was released in 1997, and provided up to {{nowrap|2 Mbit/s}} link speeds. This was updated in 1999 with [[802.11b]] to permit {{nowrap|11 Mbit/s}} link speeds.

In 1999, the [[Wi-Fi Alliance]] formed as a trade association to hold the Wi-Fi trademark under which most IEEE 802.11 products are sold.<ref>{{cite web |title= Wi-Fi Alliance: Organization |publisher= Official industry association Web site |url= http://www.wi-fi.org/organization.php |access-date= 23 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090903004711/http://www.wi-fi.org/organization.php |archive-date= 3 September 2009 }}</ref>
[[File:Apple Airport Extreme 802.11g card.jpg|thumb|Apple AirPort Extreme installed in an iBook G4]]
The major commercial breakthrough came with [[Apple Inc.]] adopting Wi-Fi for their [[iBook]] series of laptops in 1999.<ref name="birth"/> It was the first mass consumer product to offer Wi-Fi network connectivity, which was then branded by Apple as [[AirPort]].<ref>{{cite news|access-date=2 January 2023|date=12 July 2004|quote=in July 1999 Apple introduced Wi-Fi as an option on its new iBook computers, under the brand name AirPort|title=A brief history of Wi-Fi|url=https://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2004/06/12/a-brief-history-of-wi-fi|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|archive-date=2 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102075107/https://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2004/06/12/a-brief-history-of-wi-fi|url-status=live}}</ref> This was in collaboration with the same group that helped create the standard: [[Vic Hayes]], Bruce Tuch, [[Cees Links]], Rich McGinn, and others from [[Lucent]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/22/business/apple-offers-imac-s-laptop-offspring-the-ibook.html|title=Apple Offers iMac's Laptop Offspring, the iBook|author=Steve Lohr|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=22 July 1999|access-date=28 November 2020|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202003816/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/22/business/apple-offers-imac-s-laptop-offspring-the-ibook.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/25/technology/state-of-the-art-not-born-to-be-wired.html?pagewanted=all|title=State of the Art; Not Born To Be Wired|first=Peter H.|last=Lewis|newspaper=The New York Times|date=25 November 1999|access-date=28 November 2020|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002735/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/25/technology/state-of-the-art-not-born-to-be-wired.html?pagewanted=all|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2000, Radiata, a group of Australian scientists connected to the CSIRO, were the first to use the 802.11a standard on chips connected to a Wi-Fi network.<ref name="O’Sullivan 147–147"/>

Wi-Fi uses a large number of [[patent]]s held by multiple different organizations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://standards.ieee.org/about/sasb/patcom/patents/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410074816/http://standards.ieee.org/about/sasb/patcom/pat802_11.html|url-status=live|title=IEEE SA – Records of IEEE Standards-Related Patent Letters of Assurance|archive-date=10 April 2012|website=[[IEEE]]}}</ref> Australia,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/world-changing-aussie-inventions.htm|title=World changing Aussie inventions|work=[[Australian Geographic]]| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215082408/http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/world-changing-aussie-inventions.htm|archive-date=15 December 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> the United States<ref>{{cite web |last1=Field |first1=Shivaune |title=Hedy Lamarr: The Incredible Mind Behind Secure WiFi, GPS And Bluetooth |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/shivaunefield/2018/02/28/hedy-lamarr-the-incredible-mind-behind-secure-wi-fi-gps-bluetooth/?sh=5871237541b7 |work=forbes.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419123256/https://www.forbes.com/sites/shivaunefield/2018/02/28/hedy-lamarr-the-incredible-mind-behind-secure-wi-fi-gps-bluetooth/?sh=5871237541b7 |access-date=19 April 2023|archive-date=19 April 2023 }}</ref> and the Netherlands<ref>{{cite web |last1=Van Der Meer |first1=Hilde |title=10 Inventions You Didn't Know Were Dutch |url=https://investinholland.com/news/10-inventions-didnt-know-dutch/ |website=investinholland.com |date=26 March 2018 |publisher=Netherlands Foreign Investment Agency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419124142/https://investinholland.com/news/10-inventions-didnt-know-dutch/ |access-date=19 April 2023|archive-date=19 April 2023 }}</ref> simultaneously claim the invention of Wi-Fi, and a consensus has not been reached globally.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2012/04/how-the-aussie-government-invented-wifi-and-sued-its-way-to-430-million.ars|title=How the Aussie government "invented WiFi" and sued its way to $430 million|last=Mullin|first=Joe|date=4 April 2012|work=[[Ars Technica]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508201202/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2012/04/how-the-aussie-government-invented-wifi-and-sued-its-way-to-430-million.ars|archive-date=8 May 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="patent-troll">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/australias-biggest-patent-troll-goes-after-at038t-verizon-and-t-mobile/|title=Australia's Biggest Patent Troll Goes After AT&T, Verizon and T-Mobile|last=Popper|first=Ben|date=3 June 2010|work=[[CBS News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506135649/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505124_162-43340647/australias-biggest-patent-troll-goes-after-at038t-verizon-and-t-mobile/|archive-date=6 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009, the Australian [[CSIRO]] was awarded $200 million after a patent settlement with 14 technology companies, with a further $220 million awarded in 2012 after legal proceedings with 23 companies.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brodkin |first1=Jon |date=31 March 2012 |title=WiFi patent case results in $229 million payment to Australian government |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/04/wifi-patent-case-results-in-229m-payment-to-australian-government/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419131311/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/04/wifi-patent-case-results-in-229m-payment-to-australian-government/ |archive-date=19 April 2023 |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=Ars Technica}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/australian-scientists-cash-in-on-wifi-invention-20120331-1w5gx.html|title=Australian scientists cash in on Wi-Fi invention|last=Schubert|first=Misha|date=31 March 2012|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401162238/http://www.smh.com.au/it-pro/government-it/australian-scientists-cash-in-on-wifi-invention-20120331-1w5gx.html|archive-date=1 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-04-01/csiro-receives-payment-for-wifi-technology/3925814|title=CSIRO wins legal battle over wi-fi patent|date=1 April 2012|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-date=7 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807090636/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-04-01/csiro-receives-payment-for-wifi-technology/3925814|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, the CSIRO's WLAN prototype test bed was chosen as Australia's contribution to the exhibition ''[[A History of the World in 100 Objects]]'' held in the [[National Museum of Australia]].<ref name="csirowifi" />

== Etymology and terminology ==
The name ''Wi-Fi'', commercially used as early as August 1999,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tsdr.uspto.gov/documentviewer?caseId=sn75799629&docId=IPC20070420145537#docIndex=19&page=3|title=Statement of Use, s/n 75799629, US Patent and Trademark Office Trademark Status and Document Retrieval|date=23 August 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428011752/http://tsdr.uspto.gov/documentviewer?caseId=sn75799629&docId=IPC20070420145537#docIndex=19&page=3|archive-date=28 April 2015|url-status=live|access-date=21 September 2014|quote=first used the Certification Mark … as early as August 1999}}</ref> was coined by the brand-consulting firm Interbrand. The Wi-Fi Alliance had hired Interbrand to create a name that was "a little catchier than 'IEEE 802.11b Direct Sequence'."<ref name="boing" /><ref name="wifi_debunked" /> According to Phil Belanger, a founding member of the Wi-Fi Alliance, the term ''Wi-Fi'' was chosen from a list of ten names that Interbrand proposed.<ref name="boing" /> Interbrand also created the Wi-Fi [[logo]]. The [[yin-yang]] Wi-Fi logo indicates the certification of a product for [[interoperability]].<ref name="wifi_securing_2003" /> The name is often written as ''WiFi'', ''Wifi'', or ''wifi'', but these are not approved by the Wi-Fi Alliance.

The name ''Wi-Fi'' is ''not'' short-form for 'Wireless Fidelity',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Corrigan |first=Hope |date=2022-12-30 |title=I just found out what Wi-Fi means and it's sending me |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/i-just-found-out-what-wi-fi-means-and-its-sending-me/ |access-date=2025-05-02 |work=PC Gamer}}</ref> although the Wi-Fi Alliance did use the [[advertising slogan]] "The Standard for Wireless Fidelity" for a short time after the brand name was created,<ref name="boing" /><ref name="wifi_securing_2003">{{cite web | url=http://www.netsense.info/downloads/Whitepaper_Wi-Fi_Networks2-6-03.pdf | title=Securing Wi-Fi Wireless Networks with Today's Technologies | date=6 February 2003 | publisher=Wi-Fi Alliance | access-date=25 June 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626100202/http://www.netsense.info/downloads/Whitepaper_Wi-Fi_Networks2-6-03.pdf | archive-date=26 June 2015 }}</ref><ref name="wifi_deployment_2004">{{cite web|url=http://www.wi-fi.org/files/wp_6_WPA%20Deployment%20for%20Public%20Access_10-28-04.pdf |title=WPA Deployment Guidelines for Public Access Wi-Fi Networks |date=28 October 2004 |publisher=Wi-Fi Alliance |access-date=30 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306081352/http://www.wi-fi.org/files/wp_6_WPA%20Deployment%20for%20Public%20Access_10-28-04.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2007 }}</ref> and the Wi-Fi Alliance was also called the "Wireless Fidelity Alliance Inc." in some publications.<ref>{{cite book |title=HTC S710 User Manual |date=2006 |publisher=High Tech Computer Corp. |page=2 |quote=Wi-Fi is a registered trademark of the Wireless Fidelity Alliance, Inc.}}</ref> [[IEEE]], a separate but related organization, has stated "WiFi is a short name for Wireless Fidelity" on their website.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ieee.org/about/technologies/emerging/wifi.pdf|title=Wireless Fidelity{{snd}}WiFi|last=Varma|first=Vijay K.|website=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829232140/http://www.ieee.org/about/technologies/emerging/wifi.pdf|archive-date=29 August 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=16 October 2016}} (originally published 2006)</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aime |first1=Marco Domenico |last2=Calandriello |first2=Giorgio |last3=Lioy |first3=Antonio |title=Dependability in Wireless Networks: Can We Rely on WiFi? |journal=IEEE Security & Privacy |date=January 2007 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=23–29 |doi=10.1109/MSP.2007.4 |bibcode=2007ISPri...5a..23D }}</ref> The name ''Wi-Fi'' was partly chosen because it sounds similar to [[Hi-Fi]], which consumers take to mean ''high fidelity'' or ''high quality''. Interbrand hoped consumers would find the name catchy, and that they would assume this ''wireless'' protocol has high fidelity because of its name.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-15 |title=You May Feel Silly When You Find Out What Wi-Fi Actually Stands For |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/why-called-wi-fi_l_5cace3f7e4b01bf960065841 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=HuffPost}}</ref>

Other technologies intended for fixed points, including [[Motorola Canopy]], are usually called ''[[fixed wireless]]''. Alternative wireless technologies include [[Zigbee]], [[Z-Wave]], [[Bluetooth]] and [[mobile phone standards]].

To connect to a Wi-Fi LAN, a computer must be equipped with a [[wireless network interface controller]]. The combination of a computer and an interface controller is called a ''[[Station (networking)|station]]''. Stations are identified by one or more [[MAC address]]es.

Wi-Fi nodes often operate in infrastructure mode in which all communications go through a base station. ''[[Ad hoc mode]]'' refers to devices communicating directly with each other, without communicating with an access point.

A [[Service set (802.11 network)|service set]] is the set of all the devices associated with a particular Wi-Fi network. Devices in a service set need not be on the same wavebands or channels. A service set can be local, independent, extended, mesh, or a combination. Each service set has an associated identifier, a 32-byte service set identifier (SSID), which identifies the network. The [[SSID]] is configured within the devices that are part of the network. A basic service set (BSS) is a group of stations that share the same wireless channel, SSID, and other settings that have wirelessly connected, usually to the same access point.<ref name="IEEE802.11-2007">{{cite web|url=https://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/802.11.html|title=IEEE 802.11-2007: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications|date=8 March 2007|publisher=[[IEEE Standards Association]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418182559/http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/802.11.html|archive-date=18 April 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{rp|3.6}} Each BSS is identified by a MAC address called the ''BSSID''.

== Certification ==
[[File:Wifi certified logo.png|thumb|upright=0.5|Wi-Fi certification logo]]

The [[IEEE]] does not test equipment for compliance with their standards. The [[Wi-Fi Alliance]] was formed in 1999 to establish and enforce standards for interoperability and [[backward compatibility]], and to promote [[wireless]] local-area-network technology. The Wi-Fi Alliance enforces the use of the Wi-Fi brand to technologies based on the [[IEEE 802.11]] standards from the IEEE. Manufacturers with membership in the Wi-Fi Alliance, whose products pass the certification process, gain the right to mark those products with the Wi-Fi logo. Specifically, the certification process requires conformance to the IEEE 802.11 radio standards, the [[Wi-Fi Protected Access|WPA and WPA2]] security standards, and the [[Extensible Authentication Protocol|EAP]] authentication standard. Certification may optionally include tests of IEEE 802.11 draft standards, interaction with cellular-phone technology in converged devices, and features relating to security set-up, multimedia, and power-saving.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.wi-fi.org/certification_programs.php
|title = Wi-Fi Alliance: Programs
|publisher = www.wi-fi.org
|access-date = 22 October 2009
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091125024029/http://www.wi-fi.org/certification_programs.php
|archive-date = 25 November 2009
}}</ref>

Not every Wi-Fi device is submitted for certification. The lack of Wi-Fi certification does not necessarily imply that a device is incompatible with other Wi-Fi devices.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wi-Fi Alliance|url=http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/Wi-Fi-Alliance|publisher=TechTarget|access-date=8 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422151727/http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/Wi-Fi-Alliance|archive-date=22 April 2016}}</ref> The Wi-Fi Alliance may or may not sanction derivative terms, such as [[Super Wi-Fi]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Wi-Fi Alliance statement regarding "Super Wi-Fi"|url=http://www.wi-fi.org/news-events/newsroom/wi-fi-alliance-statement-regarding-super-wi-fi|publisher=Wi-Fi Alliance|access-date=8 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409001236/http://www.wi-fi.org/news-events/newsroom/wi-fi-alliance-statement-regarding-super-wi-fi|archive-date=9 April 2016}}</ref> coined by the US [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) to describe proposed networking in the UHF TV band in the US.<ref name="Super">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2399447,00.asp |title='Super Wi-Fi': Super, But Not Wi-Fi |author=Sascha Segan |date=27 January 2012 |magazine=[[PC Magazine]] |access-date=8 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420010038/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2399447,00.asp |archive-date=20 April 2016 }}</ref>

==Versions and generations==
{{Wi-Fi generations}}

Equipment frequently supports multiple versions of Wi-Fi. To communicate, devices must use a common Wi-Fi version. The versions differ between the radio wavebands they operate on, the radio bandwidth they occupy, the maximum data rates they can support and other details. Some versions permit the use of multiple antennas, which permits greater speeds as well as reduced interference.

Historically, the equipment listed the versions of Wi-Fi supported using the name of the IEEE standards. In 2018, the [[Wi-Fi Alliance]] introduced simplified Wi-Fi generational numbering to indicate equipment that supports Wi-Fi 4 ([[802.11n]]), Wi-Fi 5 ([[802.11ac]]) and Wi-Fi 6 ([[802.11ax]]). These generations have a high degree of backward compatibility with previous versions. The alliance has stated that the generational level 4, 5, or 6 can be indicated in the user interface when connected, along with the signal strength.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wi-fi.org/news-events/newsroom/wi-fi-alliance-introduces-wi-fi-6 |title=Wi-Fi Alliance Introduces Wi-Fi 6 |publisher=Wi-Fi Alliance |date=3 October 2018 |access-date=24 October 2019 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403165940/https://www.wi-fi.org/news-events/newsroom/wi-fi-alliance-introduces-wi-fi-6 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="generational" />

The most important standards affecting Wi‑Fi are: 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n ('''Wi-Fi 4'''), 802.11h, 802.11i, 802.11-2007, 802.11–2012, 802.11ac ('''Wi-Fi 5'''),<ref name="generational" /> 802.11ad, 802.11af, 802.11-2016, 802.11ah, 802.11ai, 802.11aj, [[802.11aq]], 802.11ax ('''Wi-Fi 6'''),<ref name="generational" /> [[802.11ay]].

==Uses==

=== Internet ===
[[File:SSID ESS.svg|thumb|An example of a service set called ''WiFi Bharatpedia'' consisting of two basic service sets. The clients automatically [[roaming|roam]] between the two BSSs without the user having to explicitly connect to the second network.]]

Wi-Fi technology may be used to provide local network and [[Internet access]] to devices that are within Wi-Fi range of one or more routers that are connected to the Internet. The coverage of one or more interconnected access points can extend from an area as small as a few rooms to as large as many square kilometres. Coverage in the larger area may require a group of access points with overlapping coverage. For example, public outdoor Wi-Fi technology has been used successfully in [[wireless mesh network]]s in London. An international example is [[Fon Wireless|Fon]].

Wi-Fi provides services in private homes, businesses, as well as in public spaces. [[Wi-Fi hotspot]]s may be set up either free of charge or commercially, often using a [[captive portal]] webpage for access. Organizations, enthusiasts, authorities and [[business]]es, such as airports, hotels, and restaurants, often provide free or paid-use hotspots to attract customers, to provide services to promote business in selected areas. [[Router (computing)|Routers]] often incorporate a [[digital subscriber line]] modem or a [[cable modem]] and a Wi-Fi access point, are frequently set up in homes and other buildings, to provide Internet access for the structure.

Similarly, battery-powered routers may include a [[mobile broadband modem]] and a Wi-Fi access point. When subscribed to a cellular data carrier, they allow nearby Wi-Fi stations to access the Internet. A number of smartphones have a built-in [[mobile hotspot]] capability of this sort, though carriers often disable the feature, or charge a separate fee to enable it. Standalone devices such as [[MiFi]]- and [[WiBro]]-branded devices provide the capability. Some laptops that have a cellular modem card can also act as mobile Internet Wi-Fi access points.

Multiple traditional university campuses in the developed world provide at least partial Wi-Fi coverage. [[Carnegie Mellon University]] built the first campus-wide wireless Internet network, called [[Wireless Andrew]], at its [[Pittsburgh]] campus in 1993 before Wi-Fi branding existed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://popcitymedia.com/innovationnews/wifi100511.aspx|title=How Wi-Fi got its start on the campus of CMU, a true story|last=Smit|first=Deb|date=5 October 2011|website=[[Pop City]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007191316/http://www.popcitymedia.com/innovationnews/wifi100511.aspx|archive-date=7 October 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=6 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Wireless Andrew: Creating the World's First Wireless Campus | publisher=Carnegie Mellon University | year=2007 | url=http://www.cmu.edu/corporate/news/2007/features/wireless_andrew.shtml | access-date=6 October 2011 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901202026/http://www.cmu.edu/corporate/news/2007/features/wireless_andrew.shtml | archive-date=1 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OMoL5Irm08C&pg=PA121|title=The Innovation Journey of Wi-Fi: The Road to Global Success|last1=Lemstra|first1=Wolter|last2=Hayes|first2=Vic|last3=Groenewegen|first3=John|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-521-19971-1|page=121|author-link2=Vic Hayes|access-date=6 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112175135/http://books.google.com/books?id=-OMoL5Irm08C&pg=PA121|archive-date=12 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> A number of universities collaborate in providing Wi-Fi access to students and staff through the [[Eduroam]] international authentication infrastructure.

=== City-wide ===
{{Further|Municipal wireless network}}
[[File:Metro Wireless Node.jpg|thumb|An outdoor Wi-Fi access point]]

In the early 2000s, multiple cities around the world announced plans to construct citywide Wi-Fi networks. There are a number of successful examples; in 2004, [[Mysore]] (Mysuru) became India's first Wi-Fi-enabled city. A company called WiFiyNet has set up hotspots in Mysore, covering the whole city and a few nearby villages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/say-hello-to-india-s-first-wirefree-city/cid/1025843|title=Say Hello to India's First Wirefree City|last=Verma|first=Veruna|date=20 August 2006|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120071302/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060820/asp/opinion/story_6632793.asp|archive-date=20 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2005, [[St. Cloud, Florida]] and [[Sunnyvale, California]], became the first cities in the United States to offer citywide free Wi-Fi (from [[MetroFi]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.besttech.com.tr/urun/bq100-gsm-role-kontrol/|title=Sunnyvale Uses Metro Fi|publisher=besttech.com.tr|language=tr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722113251/http://www.besttech.com.tr/urun/bq100-gsm-role-kontrol/|archive-date=22 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Minneapolis]] has generated $1.2 million in profit annually for [[Minneapolis wireless internet network|its provider]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.startribune.com/business/111286134.html|title=Minneapolis moves ahead with wireless|last1=Alexander|first1=Steve|date=5 December 2010|work=[[The Star Tribune]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209140054/http://www.startribune.com/business/111286134.html|archive-date=9 December 2010|url-status=dead|last2=Brandt|first2=Steve}}</ref>

In May 2010, the then [[London]] mayor [[Boris Johnson]] pledged to have London-wide Wi-Fi by 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8692103.stm|title=London-wide wi-fi by 2012 pledge|date=19 May 2010|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=19 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522121915/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/8692103.stm|archive-date=22 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Several [[London boroughs|boroughs]] including [[City of Westminster|Westminster]] and [[London Borough of Islington|Islington]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.govtech.com/dc/118717|title=City of London Fires Up Europe's Most Advanced Wi-Fi Network|last=Bsu|first=Indrajit|date=14 May 2007|work=Digital Communities|access-date=14 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907195450/http://www.govtech.com/dc/118717|archive-date=7 September 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/home-and-office/networking/london-gets-a-mile-of-free-wi-fi/|title=London gets a mile of free Wi-Fi|last=Wearden|first=Graeme|date=18 April 2005|work=[[ZDNet]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107174238/http://www.zdnet.com/article/london-gets-a-mile-of-free-wi-fi/|archive-date=7 November 2015|url-status=live|access-date=6 January 2015}}</ref> already had extensive outdoor Wi-Fi coverage at that point.

[[New York City]] announced a city-wide campaign to convert old [[phone booths]] into [[digital kiosk]]s in 2014. The project, titled [[LinkNYC]], has created a network of kiosks that serve as public Wi-Fi hotspots, high-definition screens and [[landline]]s. Installation of the screens began in late 2015. The city government plans to implement more than seven thousand kiosks over time, eventually making LinkNYC the largest and fastest public, government-operated Wi-Fi network in the world.<ref name="Forbes-PayPhonesWifiKiosks-2014">{{cite web|last=Chowdhry|first=Amit|date=19 November 2014|title=Pay Phones In NYC To Be Replaced With Up To 10,000 Free Wi-Fi Kiosks Next Year|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/amitchowdhry/2014/11/19/linknyc-free-wifi/#11c29eb27028|access-date=17 September 2016|website=[[Forbes]]|archive-date=22 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922212101/http://www.forbes.com/sites/amitchowdhry/2014/11/19/linknyc-free-wifi/#11c29eb27028|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WNYC-GoodbyePayPhones-20162">{{cite news|last1=Gould|first1=Jessica|date=5 January 2016|title=Goodbye Pay Phones, Hello LinkNYC|work=[[WNYC]]|url=https://www.wnyc.org/story/goodbye-pay-phones-hello-linknyc/|access-date=26 January 2016|archive-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820213828/http://www.wnyc.org/story/goodbye-pay-phones-hello-linknyc/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WashingtonPost-PayphoneOfTheFuture-2014">{{cite news|date=17 November 2014|title=New York City unveils the pay phone of the future{{snd}}and it does a whole lot more than make phone calls|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/11/17/new-york-city-unveils-the-payphone-of-the-future-and-it-does-a-whole-lot-more-than-make-phone-calls/|access-date=17 September 2016|archive-date=19 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919171319/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/11/17/new-york-city-unveils-the-payphone-of-the-future-and-it-does-a-whole-lot-more-than-make-phone-calls/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NYCGov-MayorAnnouncesWinner-20142">{{cite news|date=17 November 2014|title=De Blasio Administration Announces Winner of Competition to Replace Payphones with Five-Borough Wi-Fi Network|work=[[nyc.gov]]|publisher=[[Government of New York City]]|url=http://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/923-14/de-blasio-administration-winner-competition-replace-payphones-five-borough|access-date=17 November 2014|archive-date=7 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180607153357/http://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/923-14/de-blasio-administration-winner-competition-replace-payphones-five-borough|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NYDailyNews-PayphonesReplaced-20162">{{cite news|last1=Alba|first1=Alejandro|date=5 January 2016|title=New York to start replacing payphones with Wi-Fi kiosks|work=[[New York Daily News]]|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/new-york-start-replacing-payphone-wi-fi-kiosks-article-1.2485429|access-date=26 January 2016|archive-date=24 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624191512/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/new-york-start-replacing-payphone-wi-fi-kiosks-article-1.2485429|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[UK]] has planned a similar project across major cities of the country, with the project's first implementation in the [[London Borough of Camden]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=McCormick|first=Rich|date=25 October 2016|title=Link brings its free public Wi-Fi booths from New York to London|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/10/25/13401348/link-public-wi-fi-kiosk-london|access-date=25 July 2021|website=The Verge|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226145341/http://www.theverge.com/2016/10/25/13401348/link-public-wi-fi-kiosk-london|url-status=live}}</ref>

Officials in South Korea's capital [[Seoul]] were moving to provide free Internet access at more than 10,000 locations around the city, including outdoor public spaces, major streets, and densely populated residential areas. Seoul was planning to grant leases to KT, [[LG]] Telecom, and SK Telecom. The companies were supposed to invest $44 million in the project, which was to be completed in 2015.<ref name="Voice of America">{{cite web|url=https://blogs.voanews.com/breaking-news/2011/06/15/seoul-moves-to-provide-free-city-wide-wifi-service/|title=Seoul Moves to Provide Free City-Wide WiFi Service|date=15 June 2011|website=[[Voice of America]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110050549/http://blogs.voanews.com/breaking-news/2011/06/15/seoul-moves-to-provide-free-city-wide-wifi-service/|archive-date=10 November 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref>{{update inline|date=September 2023}}

=== Geolocation ===
[[Wi-Fi positioning system]]s use known positions of Wi-Fi hotspots to identify a device's location.<ref name="KolodziejHjelm2017">{{cite book|author1=Krzysztof W. Kolodziej|author2=Johan Hjelm|title=Local Positioning Systems: LBS Applications and Services|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aV3LBQAAQBAJ|date=19 December 2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-0500-4|access-date=6 October 2019|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117221756/https://books.google.com/books?id=aV3LBQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>.{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=C. |last2=Zheng |first2=X. |last3=Chen |first3=Y. |last4=Yang |first4=J. |date=September 2017 |title=Locating Rogue Access Point Using Fine-Grained Channel Information |journal=IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing |volume=16 |issue=9 |pages=2560–2573 |doi=10.1109/TMC.2016.2629473 |bibcode=2017ITMC...16.2560W |doi-access= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cisco Prime Network Control System Configuration Guide, Release 1.0 - Chapter 6: Monitoring Maps [Cisco Prime Network Control System Series Appliances] |url=https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/wireless/ncs/1-0/configuration/guide/NCS10cg/maps.html |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Cisco}}</ref> It is used when [[GPS]] isn't suitable due to issues like signal interference or slow satellite acquisition.<ref>{{cite conference |author1=Magda Chelly |author2=Nel Samama |title=Detecting visibility in heterogeneous simulated environments for positioning purposes |conference=IPIN 2010: International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation |date=September 2010 |location=Hoenggerberg, Switzerland |id=hal-01345039 |url=https://hal.science/hal-01345039}}</ref> This includes assisted GPS, urban hotspot databases, and indoor positioning systems.<ref>{{cite conference |author1=Magda Chelly |author2=Nel Samama |title=New techniques for indoor positioning, combining deterministic and estimation methods |conference=ENC-GNSS 2009: European Navigation Conference – Global Navigation Satellite Systems |date=May 2009 |location=Naples, Italy |pages=1–12 |id=hal-01367483 |url=https://hal.science/hal-01367483/}}</ref> Wi-Fi positioning relies on measuring signal strength ([[RSSI]]) and fingerprinting.<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{cite conference |author1=Y. Chen |author2=H. Kobayashi |title=Signal strength based indoor geolocation |book-title=Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC ’02) |volume=1 |pages=436–439 |doi=10.1109/ICC.2002.996891 |isbn=0-7803-7400-2 |location=New York, NY, USA |date=April–May 2002}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{cite conference |last1=Youssef |first1=M.A. |last2=Agrawala |first2=A. |last3=Udaya Shankar |first3=A. |book-title=Proceedings of the First IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications, 2003. (PerCom 2003) |title=WLAN location determination via clustering and probability distributions |date=2003 |pages=143–150 |doi=10.1109/PERCOM.2003.1192736 |isbn=0-7695-1893-1 }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{cite conference |last1=Youssef |first1=Moustafa |last2=Youssef |first2=Adel |last3=Rieger |first3=Chuck |last4=Shankar |first4=Udaya |last5=Agrawala |first5=Ashok |book-title=Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Mobile systems, applications and services |title=PinPoint: An Asynchronous Time-Based Location Determination System |date=2006 |pages=165–176 |doi=10.1145/1134680.1134698 |isbn=1-59593-195-3 }}</ref> Parameters like [[SSID]] and MAC address are crucial for identifying access points. The accuracy depends on nearby access points in the database. Signal fluctuations can cause errors, which can be reduced with noise-filtering techniques. For low precision, integrating Wi-Fi data with geographical and time information has been proposed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Danalet |first1=Antonin |last2=Farooq |first2=Bilal |last3=Bierlaire |first3=Michel |title=A Bayesian approach to detect pedestrian destination-sequences from WiFi signatures |journal=Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies |date=July 2014 |volume=44 |pages=146–170 |doi=10.1016/j.trc.2014.03.015 |bibcode=2014TRPC...44..146D |url=https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/199471/files/DanaletFarooqBierlaire_2014.pdf }}</ref><ref name=":1"/>

The [[Wi-Fi RTT]] capability introduced in [[IEEE 802.11mc]] allows for positioning based on round trip time measurement, an improvement over the RSSI method.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hashem |first1=Omar |last2=Harras |first2=Khaled A. |last3=Youssef |first3=Moustafa |title=Accurate indoor positioning using IEEE 802.11mc round trip time |journal=Pervasive and Mobile Computing |date=August 2021 |volume=75 |article-number=101416 |doi=10.1016/j.pmcj.2021.101416 }}</ref> The [[IEEE 802.11az]] standard promises further improvements in geolocation accuracy.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://standards.ieee.org/beyond-standards/newly-released-ieee-802-11az-standard-improving-wi-fi-location-accuracy-is-set-to-unleash-a-new-wave-of-innovation/ |title=Newly Released IEEE 802.11az Standard Improving Wi-Fi Location Accuracy is Set to Unleash a New Wave of Innovation |access-date=2023-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.arubanetworks.com/solutions/wi-fi-location-based-services-how-did-we-get-here/ |title=Wi-Fi location-based services: How did we get here? |date=27 February 2023 |access-date=2023-10-24}}</ref>

=== Motion detection ===
[[Wi-Fi sensing]] is used in applications such as [[motion detection]] and [[gesture recognition]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khalili |first1=Abdullah |last2=Soliman |first2=Abdel-Hamid |last3=Asaduzzaman |first3=Md |last4=Griffiths |first4=Alison |title=Wi-Fi sensing: applications and challenges |journal=The Journal of Engineering |date=March 2020 |volume=2020 |issue=3 |pages=87–97 |doi=10.1049/joe.2019.0790 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Operational principles ==
Wi-Fi stations communicate by sending each other [[data packet]]s, blocks of data individually sent and delivered over radio on various channels. As with all radio, this is done by the [[modem|modulation and demodulation]] of [[carrier wave]]s. Different versions of Wi-Fi use different techniques, 802.11b uses [[direct-sequence spread spectrum]] on a single carrier, whereas 802.11a, Wi-Fi 4, 5 and 6 use [[orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing]].<ref>Cisco Systems, Inc. White Paper Capacity, Coverage, and Deployment Considerations for IEEE 802.11g</ref><ref name="oreilly-802.11ac">{{cite web |url=http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1234000001739/ch04.html |work=802.11ac: A Survival Guide |first1=Matthew S. |last1=Gast |date=2013 |title=Chapter 4. Beamforming in 802.11ac |publisher=O'Reilly Atlas |access-date=17 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703105148/http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1234000001739/ch04.html |archive-date=3 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Channels are used [[half duplex]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 January 2020|title=Why can't WiFi work as full duplex while 3G and 4G can|url=https://community.meraki.com/t5/Wireless-LAN/Why-can-t-WiFi-work-as-full-duplex-while-3G-and-4G-can/m-p/74017#M11290|access-date=19 September 2020|website=Meraki Community|archive-date=17 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017103935/https://community.meraki.com/t5/Wireless-LAN/Why-can-t-WiFi-work-as-full-duplex-while-3G-and-4G-can/m-p/74017#M11290|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bad Info Is Nothing New for WLAN- Don't Believe "Full Duplex" in Wi-Fi 6|url=https://www.toolbox.com/tech/it-strategy/blogs/bad-info-is-nothing-new-for-wlan-dont-believe-full-duplex-in-wi-fi-6-082619/ |date= August 26, 2019 |first1=Lee |last1=Badman |access-date=19 September 2020|website=Toolbox|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119071542/https://www.toolbox.com/tech/it-strategy/blogs/bad-info-is-nothing-new-for-wlan-dont-believe-full-duplex-in-wi-fi-6-082619/|url-status=live}}</ref> and can be [[Time-division multiple access|time-shared]] by multiple networks. Any packet sent by one computer is locally received by stations tuned to that channel, even if that information is intended for just one destination.{{Efn|This ''one speaks, all listen'' property is a security weakness of shared-medium Wi-Fi since a node on a Wi-Fi network can eavesdrop on all traffic on the wire if it so chooses.}} Stations typically ignore information not addressed to them.{{Efn|name=promiscuous|Unless it is put into [[promiscuous mode]].}} The use of the same channel also means that the data bandwidth is shared, so for example, available throughput to each device is halved when two stations are actively transmitting.

As with other IEEE 802 LANs, stations come programmed with a globally unique 48-bit MAC address.{{Efn|In some cases, the factory-assigned address can be overridden, either to avoid an address change when an adapter is replaced or to use [[locally administered address]]es.}} The MAC addresses are used to specify both the destination and the source of each data packet. On the reception of a transmission, the receiver uses the destination address to determine whether the transmission is relevant to the station or should be ignored.

A scheme known as [[carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance]] (CSMA/CA) governs the way stations share channels. With CSMA/CA stations attempt to avoid collisions by beginning transmission only after the channel is sensed to be idle,<ref name="federalstandard">{{cite web |url=http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/fs-1037c.htm |title=Federal Standard 1037C |website=Institute for Telecommunication Sciences |date=August 7, 1996 |access-date=9 September 2012 |archive-date=2 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302235918/http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/fs-1037c.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="atis">{{cite web |url=http://www.atis.org/tg2k/ |title=ATIS Telecom Glossary 2007 |id=ATIS-0100523.2007 |website=Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions |access-date=9 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302071329/http://www.atis.org/tg2k/ |archive-date=2 March 2008 }}</ref> but then transmit their packet data in its entirety. CSMA/CA cannot completely prevent collisions, as two stations may sense the channel to be idle at the same time and thus begin transmission simultaneously. A collision happens when a station receives signals from multiple stations on a channel at the same time. This corrupts the transmitted data and can require stations to re-transmit. The lost data and re-transmission reduces throughput, in some cases severely.

=== Waveband ===
{{Main|List of WLAN channels}}

The 802.11 standard provides several distinct [[radio frequency]] ranges for use in Wi-Fi communications: 900 [[MHz]], 2.4 GHz, 3.6 GHz, 4.9 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz and 60 GHz [[band (radio)|bands]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.radio-electronics.com/info/wireless/wi-fi/80211-channels-number-frequencies-bandwidth.php |title=Wi-Fi Channels, Frequencies, Bands & Bandwidths |website=Electronics Notes |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-date=16 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216081725/https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/connectivity/wifi-ieee-802-11/channels-frequencies-bands-bandwidth.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=IEEE Standard for Information technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systems Local and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements - Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications |doi=10.1109/IEEESTD.2016.7786995 |isbn=978-1-5044-3645-8 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lifewire.com/wireless-standards-802-11a-802-11b-g-n-and-802-11ac-816553|title=802.11 WiFi Standards Explained|work=Lifewire|access-date=18 August 2018|archive-date=12 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212063416/https://www.lifewire.com/wireless-standards-802-11a-802-11b-g-n-and-802-11ac-816553|url-status=live}}</ref> Each range is divided into a multitude of [[Channel (communications)|channels]]. In the standards, channels are numbered at 5 MHz spacing within a band (except in the 60 GHz band, where they are 2.16 GHz apart), and the number refers to the centre frequency of the channel. Although channels are numbered at 5 MHz spacing, transmitters generally occupy at least 20 MHz, and standards allow for neighbouring channels to be bonded together to form a wider channel for higher throughput.

Countries apply their own regulations to the allowable channels, allowed users and maximum power levels within these frequency ranges. 802.11b/g/n can use the 2.4 GHz band, operating in the United States under FCC [[Part 15]] rules and regulations. In this frequency band, equipment may occasionally suffer [[Interference (communication)|interference]] from microwave ovens,<ref name="scienceabc" /> [[cordless telephone]]s, [[USB 3.0]] hubs,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/whitepapers/327216.pdf |title=USB 3.0 Radio Frequency Interference Impact on 2.4 GHz Wireless Devices |website=USB.org |publisher=USB Implementers Forum |date=April 2012 |access-date=14 October 2019}}</ref> [[Bluetooth]] and other devices.<ref name="wired">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2010/09/wireless-explainer/|title=Why Everything Wireless Is 2.4 GHz|magazine=WIRED|access-date=18 August 2018|archive-date=26 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726115300/https://www.wired.com/2010/09/wireless-explainer/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Spectrum assignments and operational limitations are not consistent worldwide: Australia and Europe allow for an additional two channels (12, 13) beyond the 11 permitted in the United States for the 2.4 GHz band, while Japan has three more (12–14).

802.11a/h/j/n/ac/ax can use the [[U-NII|5 GHz U-NII band]], which, for much of the world, offers at least 23 non-overlapping 20 MHz channels. This is in contrast to the 2.4 GHz frequency band where the channels are only 5 MHz wide. In general, lower frequencies have longer range but have less capacity. The 5 GHz bands are absorbed to a greater degree by common building materials than the 2.4 GHz bands and usually give a shorter range.

As 802.11 specifications evolved to support higher throughput, the protocols have become much more efficient in their bandwidth use. Additionally, they have gained the ability to [[Link aggregation|aggregate]] channels together to gain still more throughput where the bandwidth for additional channels is available. 802.11n allows for double radio spectrum bandwidth (40 MHz) per channel compared to [[802.11a]] or 802.11g (20 MHz). 802.11n can be set to limit itself to 20 MHz bandwidth to prevent interference in dense communities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/wireless/aironet-1250-series/design_guide_c07-693245.html#_Toc309331071|title=802.11n Data Rates Dependability and scalability|publisher=[[Cisco]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705034144/http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/wireless/Aironet-1250-series/design_guide_c07-693245.html#_Toc309331071|archive-date=5 July 2017|url-status=live|access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref> In the 5 GHz band, 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and 160 MHz channels are permitted with some restrictions, giving much faster connections.

{|style="margin: 0 auto;"
| [[File:2.4 GHz spectrum example Screenshot.png|thumb|An example of 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi spectrum]]
| [[File:5 GHz Wi-Fi spectrum screenshot.png|thumb|An example of 5 GHz Wi-Fi spectrum]]
| [[File:Netgear-Nighthawk-AC1900-WiFi-Router.jpg|thumb|upright| This [[Netgear]] Wi-Fi router contains dual bands for transmitting the 802.11 standards across the 2.4 and 5 GHz spectrums and supports MIMO.]]
| [[File:Huawei 4G+ Modem.jpg|thumb|upright| A dual-band cellular 4G+ Wi-Fi modem by Huawei]]
|}

=== Communication stack ===
{{Main|IEEE 802|IEEE 802.11}}
[[File:802.11 MAC Frame.svg|alt=|right|frameless|622x622px|Generic 802.11 Frame]]

Wi-Fi is part of the IEEE 802 protocol family. The data is organized into [[802.11 frame types|802.11 frames]] that are very similar to [[Ethernet frame]]s at the data link layer, but with extra address fields. MAC addresses are used as [[network address]]es for routing over the LAN.<ref name="IEEE 802.3 Clause 3.1.1">{{cite web| url = http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.3-2012_section1.pdf| title = 3.1.1 Packet format| work = IEEE Standard for Ethernet, 802.3-2012 – section one| date = 28 December 2012| access-date = 6 July 2014| page = 53| url-status=dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141021020414/http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.3-2012_section1.pdf| archive-date = 21 October 2014}}</ref>

Wi-Fi's MAC and [[physical layer]] (PHY) specifications are defined by IEEE 802.11 for modulating and receiving one or more carrier waves to transmit the data in the infrared, and 2.4, [[IEEE 802.11y-2008|3.6]], 5, 6, or [[IEEE 802.11ad|60 GHz]] frequency bands. They are created and maintained by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee ([[IEEE 802]]). The base version of the standard was released in 1997 and has had many subsequent amendments. The standard and amendments provide the basis for wireless network products using the Wi-Fi brand. While each amendment is officially revoked when incorporated in the latest version of the standard, the corporate world tends to market to the revisions because they concisely denote capabilities of their products.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gadgetreview.com/what-does-wifi-stand-for |title=What Does WiFi Stand For? {{!}} WiFi Meaning & How It Works |last=Stobing |first=Chris |date=14 February 2024 |website=GadgetReview |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref> As a result, in the market place, each revision tends to become its own standard.

In addition to 802.11, the IEEE 802 protocol family has specific provisions for Wi-Fi. These are required because Ethernet's cable-based media are not usually shared, whereas with wireless all transmissions are received by all stations within the range that employ that radio channel. While Ethernet has essentially negligible error rates, wireless communication media are subject to significant interference. Therefore, the accurate transmission is not guaranteed so delivery is, therefore, a [[best-effort delivery]] mechanism. Because of this, for Wi-Fi, the [[Logical Link Control]] (LLC) specified by [[IEEE 802.2]] employs Wi-Fi's [[media access control]] (MAC) protocols to manage retries without relying on higher levels of the protocol stack.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Geier|first1=Jim|title=Overview of the IEEE 802.11 Standard|url=http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=24411&seqNum=7|publisher=InformIT|access-date=8 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420043213/http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=24411&seqNum=7|archive-date=20 April 2016|date=6 December 2001}}</ref>

For internetworking purposes, Wi-Fi is usually [[protocol layering|layered]] as a [[link layer]]{{efn|The link layer is equivalent to the physical and data link layers of the [[OSI model]].}} below the [[internet layer]] of the [[Internet Protocol]]. This means that nodes have an associated [[internet address]] and, with suitable connectivity, this allows full Internet access.

===Modes===

====Infrastructure====
[[File:Wi-Fi.gif|thumb|A Wi-Fi network in infrastructure mode. The print job is sent from the computer via the AP to the printer.]]

In infrastructure mode, which is the most common mode used, all communications go through a base station. For communications within the network, this introduces an extra use of the airwaves but has the advantage that any two stations that can communicate with the base station can also communicate through the base station, which limits issues associated with the [[hidden node problem]] and simplifies the protocols.

==== Ad hoc and Wi-Fi direct ====
Wi-Fi also allows communications directly from one computer to another without an access point intermediary. This is called [[wireless ad hoc network|''ad hoc'' Wi-Fi transmission]]. Different types of ad hoc networks exist. In the simplest case, network nodes must talk directly to each other. In more complex protocols nodes may forward packets, and nodes keep track of how to reach other nodes, even if they move around.

Ad hoc mode was first described by [[Chai Keong Toh]] in his 1996 patent of wireless ad hoc routing,<ref>{{Cite patent|country=US|number=5987011|title=Routing Method for Ad-Hoc Mobile Networks|status=|pubdate=16 November 1999|gdate=|invent1=Toh|inventor1-first=Chai Keong|inventorlink=Chai Keong Toh}}</ref> implemented on Lucent WaveLAN 802.11a wireless on IBM [[ThinkPad]]s over a size nodes scenario spanning a region of over a mile. The success was recorded in ''Mobile Computing'' magazine (1999)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mobileinfo.com/education/magazines.htm|title=Mobile Computing Magazines and Print Publications|website=www.mobileinfo.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426220723/http://www.mobileinfo.com/education/magazines.htm|archive-date=26 April 2016|access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref> and later published formally in ''[[IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications]]'', 2002<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Toh|first1=C.-K|author-link=Chai Keong Toh|last2=Delwar|first2=M.|last3=Allen|first3=D.|date=7 August 2002|title=Evaluating the Communication Performance of an Ad Hoc Mobile Network|journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications]]|volume=1|issue=3|pages=402–414|doi=10.1109/TWC.2002.800539}}</ref> and ''ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review'', 2001.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Toh |first1=C.-K. |last2=Chen |first2=Richard |last3=Delwar |first3=Minar |last4=Allen |first4=Donald |title=Experimenting with an Ad Hoc wireless network on campus: insights and experiences |journal=ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review |date=December 2000 |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=21–29 |doi=10.1145/377616.377622 }}</ref>

This wireless ad hoc network mode has proven popular with [[multiplayer video game]]s on [[handheld game console]]s, such as the [[Nintendo DS]] and [[PlayStation Portable]]. It is also popular on [[digital camera]]s, and other [[consumer electronics devices]]. Some devices can also share their Internet connection using ad hoc, becoming hotspots or [[virtual router]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techsansar.com/internetworking/wireless-home-networking-virtual-wifi-hotspot/|title=Wireless Home Networking with Virtual WiFi Hotspot|last=Subash|date=24 January 2011|website=Techsansar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830150439/http://techsansar.com/internetworking/wireless-home-networking-virtual-wifi-hotspot-2946/|archive-date=30 August 2011|url-status=live|access-date=14 October 2011}}</ref>

Similarly, the Wi-Fi Alliance promotes the specification [[Wi-Fi Direct]] for file transfers and media sharing through a new discovery and security methodology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.networkworld.com/news/2009/101409-wi-fi-direct.html?hpg1=bn|title=Wi-Fi Direct allows device-to-device links|last=Cox|first=John|date=14 October 2009|website=[[Network World]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091023052219/http://www.networkworld.com/news/2009/101409-wi-fi-direct.html?hpg1=bn|archive-date=23 October 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wi-Fi Direct launched in October 2010.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.wi-fi.org/news-events/newsroom/wi-fi-gets-personal-groundbreaking-wi-fi-direct-launches-today |title=Wi-Fi gets personal: Groundbreaking Wi-Fi Direct launches today |date=25 October 2010 |publisher=[[Wi-Fi Alliance]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120701/http://www.wi-fi.org/news-events/newsroom/wi-fi-gets-personal-groundbreaking-wi-fi-direct-launches-today |archive-date=26 June 2015 |url-status=dead |access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref>

Another mode of direct communication over Wi-Fi is [[Tunneled Direct Link Setup]] (TDLS), which enables two devices on the same Wi-Fi network to communicate directly, instead of via the access point.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wi-fi.org/knowledge-center/faq/what-is-wi-fi-certified-tdls|title=What is Wi-Fi Certified TDLS?|publisher=[[Wi-Fi Alliance]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108145755/http://www.wi-fi.org/knowledge-center/faq/what-is-wi-fi-certified-tdls|archive-date=8 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Multiple access points ===
[[File:802.11 Beacon frame.gif|thumb|Access points send out [[beacon frame]]s to announce the presence of networks.]]

An [[Extended Service Set]] may be formed by deploying multiple access points that are configured with the same SSID and security settings. Wi-Fi client devices typically connect to the access point that can provide the strongest signal within that service set.<ref>{{citation
|last=Edney
|first=Jon
|year=2004
|chapter=What is an ESS?
|title=IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee Meeting, July 2004
|location=Piscataway, New Jersey
|publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
|chapter-url=http://www.ieee802.org/21/doctree/2004_Meeting_Docs/2004-07_meeting_docs/21-04-0105-00-0000-what_ess.ppt
|page=8}}</ref>

Increasing the number of Wi-Fi access points for a network provides [[Redundancy (engineering)|redundancy]], better range, support for fast [[handover]], and increased overall network capacity by using more channels or by defining smaller [[cellular network|cells]]. Except for the smallest implementations (such as home or small office networks), Wi-Fi implementations have moved toward ''thin'' access points, with more of the [[network intelligence]] housed in a centralized network appliance, relegating individual access points to the role of dumb transceivers. Outdoor applications may use [[mesh networking|mesh]] topologies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newscutzy.com/windows/fix-wifi-connected-but-no-internet-access/|title=Fix WiFi Connected But No Internet Access On Windows 11/10/8/7|access-date=25 June 2020|publisher=newscutzy.com|date=3 December 2021|author=Mohsin Beg|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202339/https://newscutzy.com/windows/fix-wifi-connected-but-no-internet-access/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Performance ==
{{See also|Long-range Wi-Fi}}

Wi-Fi operational range depends on factors such as the frequency band, modulation technique, [[transmitter power output]], receiver sensitivity, antenna gain and type, and propagation and interference characteristics in the environment. At longer distances, speed is typically reduced.

=== Transmitter power ===
Compared to cell phones and similar technology, Wi-Fi transmitters are low-power devices. In general, the maximum amount of power that a Wi-Fi device can transmit is limited by local regulations, such as [[FCC Part 15]] in the US. [[Equivalent isotropically radiated power]] (EIRP) in the [[European Union]] is limited to 20 [[dBm]] (100 mW).

Wi-Fi, however, has higher power compared to some other standards designed to support [[wireless personal area network]] applications. For example, Bluetooth provides a much shorter [[Radio propagation|propagation]] range between 1 and 100 metres (1 and 100 yards)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://janmagnet.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/comparison-ieee-802-standards.pdf|title=Comparison of the IEEE 802.11, 802.15.1,802.15.4, and 802.15.6 wireless standards|last=Tjensvold|first=Jan Magne|date=18 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720054917/http://janmagnet.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/comparison-ieee-802-standards.pdf|archive-date=20 July 2013|url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2013}} section 1.2 (scope)</ref> and so in general has a lower power consumption. Other low-power technologies such as [[Zigbee]] have fairly long range, but much lower data rate. The high power consumption of Wi-Fi makes battery life in some mobile devices a concern.

===Antenna===
On wireless routers with detachable antennas, it is possible to improve range by fitting upgraded antennas. An access point compliant with either [[IEEE 802.11#802.11b|802.11b]] or 802.11g, using the stock [[omnidirectional antenna]] might have a range of 0.1 km. The same radio with an external semi-parabolic antenna (15 dB [[Gain (antenna)|gain]]) with a similarly equipped receiver at the far end might have a range of over 32 km.

Higher gain rating ([[dBi]]) indicates deviation from a theoretical, perfect [[isotropic radiator]] toward a [[directional antenna]], and therefore the antenna can project or accept a usable signal further in particular directions, as compared to a similar output power on a more isotropic antenna.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dslreports.com/forum/r15405199-Somebody-explain-dBi|title=Somebody explain dBi – Wireless Networking |work=DSL Reports Forums |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809101928/http://www.dslreports.com/forum/r15405199-Somebody-explain-dBi|archive-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> For example, an 8 dBi antenna used with a 100 mW driver has a similar horizontal range to a 6 dBi antenna being driven at 500 mW. This assumes that radiation in the vertical direction is not useful for communications.

{| style="margin: 0 auto;"
| [[File:Wifi point to point.jpg|thumb|upright|Parabolic dishes are [[Directional antenna|directional]] and can give much greater range than [[omnidirectional antenna]]s.]]
| [[File:Yagi-Uda antenna for Wi-Fi on Router.jpg|thumb|[[Yagi–Uda antenna]]s, widely used for television reception, are relatively compact at Wi‑Fi wavelengths.]]
| [[File:Antenna of wireless network interface controller Gigabyte GC-WB867D-I - 2018-05-18.jpg|thumb|Antenna of a Gigabyte GC-WB867D-I wireless network interface controller. Simple stick-like antennas have omnidirectional reception and relatively low range of 20 metres (yards) or so.]]
|}

=== MIMO (multiple-input and multiple-output) ===
{{Main|MIMO}}

Wi-Fi 4 and higher standards allow devices to have multiple antennas on transmitters and receivers. Multiple antennas enable the equipment to exploit [[multipath propagation]] on the same frequency bands, giving higher speeds and more than doubled range.<ref name=wifiplanet>{{cite web|url=http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/tutorials/article.php/3680781 |title=802.11n Delivers Better Range |date=31 May 2007 |work=Wi-Fi Planet |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108080354/http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/tutorials/article.php/3680781 |archive-date=8 November 2015 }}</ref>

The Wi-Fi 5 standard uses the 5 GHz band exclusively, and is capable of multi-station WLAN throughput of at least 1 gigabit per second, and a single station throughput of at least {{nowrap|500 Mbit/s}}. This standard uses several signal processing techniques such as multi-user MIMO and {{times|4x4}} spatial multiplexing streams, and wide channel bandwidth (160 MHz) to achieve its gigabit throughput.

===Radio propagation===
With Wi-Fi signals, [[Line-of-sight propagation|line-of-sight]] usually works best, but signals can absorb, reflect, [[refract]], [[diffract]] and [[fading|fade]] through and around structures, both man-made and natural. Wi-Fi signals are very strongly affected by metallic structures (including [[rebar]] in concrete, [[Window insulation#Low-e coatings|low-e coatings]] in glazing), rock structures (including [[marble]]) and water (such as found in vegetation).

Due to the complex nature of radio propagation at typical Wi-Fi frequencies, particularly around trees and buildings, algorithms can only approximately predict Wi-Fi signal strength for any given area in relation to a transmitter.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.alyrica.net/node/20
|title = WiFi Mapping Software:Footprint
|publisher = Alyrica Networks
|access-date = 27 April 2008
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090502175411/http://www.alyrica.net/node/20
|archive-date = 2 May 2009
}}</ref> Performance associated with [[long-range Wi-Fi]] is more easily predicted, since longer links typically operate line-of-sight from towers that transmit above the surrounding foliage.

====Distance records====
Distance records (using non-standard devices) include {{convert|382|km|mi|abbr=on}} in June 2007, held by Ermanno Pietrosemoli and EsLaRed of Venezuela, transferring about {{nowrap|3 MB/sec}} of data between the mountain-tops of [[Pico El Águila|El Águila]] and Platillon.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = https://interred.wordpress.com/2007/06/18/ermanno-pietrosemoli-has-set-a-new-record-for-the-longest-communication-wi-fi-link/
|title = Ermanno Pietrosemoli has set a new record for the longest communication Wi-Fi link
|last = Kanellos
|first = Michael
|date = 18 June 2007
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080321104324/http://interred.wordpress.com/2007/06/18/ermanno-pietrosemoli-has-set-a-new-record-for-the-longest-communication-wi-fi-link/
|archive-date = 21 March 2008
|url-status = live
|access-date = 10 March 2008
}}</ref> The [[Swedish National Space Agency]] transferred data {{convert|420|km|mi|abbr=on}}, using 6 watt amplifiers to reach an overhead [[stratospheric balloon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yourgadgetgeek.com/media_file/long_distance_wiFi_trial.pdf|title=Long Distance WiFi Trial|last=Pietrosemoli|first=Ermanno|date=18 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305165645/http://www.wifiadvies.be/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/200705_long_distance_wiFi_trial.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live|access-date=10 March 2008}}</ref>

=== Interference ===
{{Further|Electromagnetic interference at 2.4 GHz#Wi-Fi}}
[[File:Wi-Fi Allocations 4.gif|thumb|upright=0.9|Network planning frequency allocations for North America and Europe. Using these types of frequency allocations can help minimize co-channel and adjacent-channel interference.]]
[[File:Co-Channel Wi-Fi Interference 01.png|thumb|In the 2.4 GHz wavebands as well as others, transmitters straddle multiple channels. Overlapping channels can suffer from interference unless this is a small portion of the total received power.]]

Wi-Fi connections can be blocked or the [[network throughput]] lowered by having other devices in the same area. Wi-Fi protocols are designed to share the [[radio bandwidth]] reasonably fairly. To minimize collisions with Wi-Fi and non-Wi-Fi devices, Wi-Fi employs [[Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance]] (CSMA/CA), where transmitters listen before transmitting and delay transmission of packets if they detect that other devices are active on the channel, or if noise is detected from adjacent channels or non-Wi-Fi sources. Nevertheless, Wi-Fi networks are still susceptible to the [[hidden node]] and [[exposed node problem]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Sandip |last2=Nandi |first2=Sukumar |last3=Chattopadhyay |first3=Subhrendu |title=Alleviating Hidden and Exposed Nodes in High-Throughput Wireless Mesh Networks |journal=IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications |date=February 2016 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=928–937 |doi=10.1109/TWC.2015.2480398 }}</ref>

A standard speed Wi-Fi signal occupies five channels in the 2.4 GHz band. [[Adjacent-channel interference]] can be caused by overlapping channels. Any two channel numbers that differ by five or more, such as 2 and 7, do not overlap. Channels 1, 6, and 11 are the only ''group of three'' non-overlapping channels in North America. However, whether the overlap is significant depends on physical spacing. Channels that differ by four interfere a negligible amount{{snd}}much less than reusing channels (which causes [[co-channel interference]]){{snd}}if transmitters are at least a few metres apart.<ref name="villegas">{{cite book |last1=Villegas |first1=Eduard Garcia |last2=Lopez-Aguilera |first2=Elena |last3=Vidal |first3=Rafael |last4=Paradells |first4=Josep |title=2007 2nd International Conference on Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Communications |chapter=Effect of adjacent-channel interference in IEEE 802.11 WLANs |date=2007 |pages=118–125 |doi=10.1109/CROWNCOM.2007.4549783 |hdl=2117/1234 |isbn=978-1-4244-0814-6 }}</ref> In Europe and Japan where channel 13 is available, using Channels 1, 5, 9, and 13 for [[IEEE 802.11#802.11g|802.11g]] and [[IEEE 802.11#802.11n|802.11n]] is viable and [[IEEE 802.11#Channels and frequencies|recommended]].

However, multiple 2.4 GHz 802.11b and 802.11g access points default to the same channel on initial startup, contributing to congestion on certain channels. Wi-Fi pollution, or an excessive number of access points in the area, can prevent access and interfere with other devices' use of other access points, as well as decreasing overall [[signal-to-noise ratio]] (SNR). These issues can become a problem in high-density areas, such as large apartment complexes or office buildings with multiple Wi-Fi access points.<ref>den Hartog, F., Raschella, A., Bouhafs, F., Kempker, P., Boltjes, B., & Seyedebrahimi, M. (November 2017). [http://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:50254/bin458a10d9-f568-479c-a9b5-5c185ef64e78?view=true A Pathway to solving the Wi-Fi Tragedy of the Commons in apartment blocks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713111300/http://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:50254/bin458a10d9-f568-479c-a9b5-5c185ef64e78?view=true |date=13 July 2020 }}. In 2017 27th International Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ITNAC) (pp. 1–6). IEEE.</ref> It is also an issue when municipalities<ref>{{cite web|url=https://computer.howstuffworks.com/municipal-wifi.htm|title=How Municipal WiFi Works|last=Wilson|first=Tracy V.|date=17 April 2006|website=[[HowStuffWorks]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223120947/http://computer.howstuffworks.com/municipal-wifi.htm|archive-date=23 February 2008|url-status=live|access-date=12 March 2008}}</ref> or other large entities (such as universities) seek to provide large area coverage.

Other devices use the 2.4 GHz band:<ref name="wired" /> microwave ovens, ISM band devices, [[security camera]]s, Zigbee devices, Bluetooth devices, [[video sender]]s, cordless phones, [[baby monitor]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.monitorshq.com/6-easy-steps-to-protect-your-baby-monitor-from-hackers/|title=6 Easy Steps To Protect Your Baby Monitor From Hackers|last=Caravan|first=Delia|date=12 September 2014|website=Baby Monitor Reviews HQ|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018042051/https://www.monitorshq.com/6-easy-steps-to-protect-your-baby-monitor-from-hackers/|archive-date=18 October 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=12 September 2014}}</ref> and, in some countries, [[amateur radio]], all of which can cause significant additional interference. On some 5 GHz bands interference from radar systems can occur in some places. Access points that support those bands employ [[dynamic frequency selection]], which listens for radar, and if detected, will not permit transmission on that band.

These bands can be used by low-power transmitters without a licence, and with few restrictions. However, while unintended interference is common, users who have been found to cause deliberate interference (particularly for attempting to locally monopolize these bands for commercial purposes) have been issued large fines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.networkworld.com/article/949170/wi-fi-hotspot-blocking-persists-despite-fcc-crackdown.html|title=Wi-Fi hotspot blocking persists despite FCC crackdown|last=Brown|first=Bob|date=10 March 2016|website=[[Network World]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227033935/https://www.networkworld.com/article/3042454/wi-fi-hotspot-blocking-persists-despite-fcc-crackdown.html|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Throughput ===
Various layer-2 variants of IEEE 802.11 have different characteristics. Across all flavours of 802.11, maximum achievable throughputs are either given based on measurements under ideal conditions or in the layer-2 data rates. This, however, does not apply to typical deployments in which data are transferred between two endpoints of which at least one is typically connected to a wired infrastructure, and the other is connected to an infrastructure via a wireless link.

This means that typically data frames pass an 802.11 (WLAN) medium and are being converted to 802.3 (Ethernet) or vice versa.

Due to the difference in the frame (header) lengths of these two media, the packet size of an application determines the speed of the data transfer. This means that an application that uses small packets (e.g. VoIP) creates a data flow with high overhead traffic (low [[goodput]]).

Other factors that contribute to the overall application data rate are the speed with which the application transmits the packets (i.e. the data rate) and the energy with which the wireless signal is received. The latter is determined by distance and by the configured output power of the communicating devices.<ref>{{cite conference |title=Towards Energy-Awareness in Managing Wireless LAN Applications |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241631429 |doi=10.1109/NOMS.2012.6211930 |publisher=IEEE/IFIP NOMS |date=2012 |conference=IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |title=Application Level Energy and Performance Measurements in a Wireless LAN |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224264522 |conference=2011 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Green Computing and Communications |doi=10.1109/GreenCom.2011.26 |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref>

The same references apply to the attached throughput graphs, which show measurements of [[User Datagram Protocol|UDP]] throughput measurements. Each represents an average throughput of 25 measurements (the error bars are there, but barely visible due to the small variation), is with specific packet size (small or large), and with a specific data rate ({{nowrap|10 kbit/s}} – {{nowrap|100 Mbit/s}}). Markers for traffic profiles of common applications are included as well. This text and measurements do not cover packet errors but information about this can be found at the above references. The table below shows the maximum achievable (application-specific) UDP throughput in the same scenarios (same references again) with various WLAN (802.11) flavours. The measurement hosts have been 25 metres (yards) apart from each other; loss is again ignored.

{| style="margin: 0 auto;"
| [[File:Throughputenvelope80211g.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Graphical representation of Wi‑Fi application-specific performance envelope of 802.11g, which uses the {{nowrap|2.4 GHz}} band]]
| [[File:ThroughputEnvelope11n.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Graphical representation of Wi‑Fi application-specific performance envelope of 802.11n using a 40 MHz channel width in the {{nowrap|2.4 GHz}} band]]
|}

== Hardware ==
[[File:RouterBoard 112 with U.FL-RSMA pigtail and R52 miniPCI Wi-Fi card.jpg|thumb|An [[embedded system|embedded]] [[MikroTik#RouterBOARD|RouterBoard]] 112 with [[U.FL]]-[[SMA connector|RSMA]] pigtail and R52 [[Conventional PCI|mini PCI]] Wi-Fi card widely used by [[wireless]] Internet service providers ([[Wireless Internet service provider|WISPs]]) in the [[Czech Republic]]]]
[[File:3GN.jpg|thumb|OSBRiDGE 3GN – [[IEEE 802.11n-2009|802.11n]] access point and [[High-Speed Downlink Packet Access|UMTS/GSM]] gateway in one device]]

Wi-Fi allows wireless deployment of local area networks (LANs). Also, spaces where cables cannot be run, such as outdoor areas and historical buildings, can host wireless LANs. However, building walls of certain materials, such as stone with high metal content, can block Wi-Fi signals.

A Wi-Fi device is a [[Short-range device|short-range]] [[wireless]] device. Wi-Fi devices are [[semiconductor device fabrication|fabricated]] on [[RF CMOS]] [[integrated circuit]] ([[RF circuit]]) chips.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Veendrick |first1=Harry J. M. |title=Nanometer CMOS ICs: From Basics to ASICs |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319475974 |page=243 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lv_EDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA243 |access-date=26 October 2019 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117221755/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lv_EDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA243 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since the early 2000s, manufacturers are building wireless network adapters into most laptops. The price of [[chipset]]s for Wi-Fi continues to drop, making it an economical networking option included in ever more devices.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedigitalworm.com/free-wifi-analyzer-apps/|title=Free WiFi Analyzer-Best Channel Analyzer Apps For Wireless Networks|date=8 June 2017|website=The Digital Worm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808000116/https://www.thedigitalworm.com/free-wifi-analyzer-apps/|archive-date=8 August 2017|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

Different competitive brands of access points and client network-interfaces can inter-operate at a basic level of service. Products designated as "Wi-Fi Certified" by the Wi-Fi Alliance are [[backward compatible]]. Unlike [[mobile phone]]s, any standard Wi-Fi device works anywhere in the world.

=== Access point ===
[[File:Apple-Airport-Extreme-80211g-WiFi-Card.jpg|thumb|upright|An [[AirPort]] Wi‑Fi adapter, supporting 802.11g, from an Apple [[MacBook]]]]

A wireless access point (WAP) connects a group of wireless devices to an adjacent wired LAN. An access point resembles a [[Ethernet hub|network hub]], relaying [[data (computing)|data]] between connected wireless devices in addition to a (usually) single connected wired device, most often an Ethernet hub or switch, allowing wireless devices to communicate with other wired devices.

=== Wireless adapter ===
[[File:Wireless network interface controller Gigabyte GC-WB867D-I - front and back - 2018-05-15.jpg|thumb|Wireless network interface controller Gigabyte GC-WB867D-I]]

Wireless adapters allow devices to connect to a wireless network. These adapters connect to devices using various external or internal interconnects such as mini PCIe ([[mPCIe]], [[M.2]]), USB, [[ExpressCard]] and previously PCI, Cardbus, and [[PC Card]]. As of 2010, most newer laptop computers come equipped with built-in internal adapters.

=== Router ===
[[Wireless router]]s integrate a Wireless Access Point, Ethernet [[Network switch|switch]], and internal router firmware application that provides [[Internet Protocol|IP]] [[routing]], [[Network address translation|NAT]], and [[DNS]] forwarding through an integrated WAN-interface. A wireless router allows wired and wireless Ethernet LAN devices to connect to a (usually) single WAN device such as a cable modem, [[DSL modem]], or [[optical modem]]. A wireless router allows all three devices, mainly the access point and router, to be configured through one central utility. This utility is usually an integrated [[web server]] that is accessible to wired and wireless LAN clients and often optionally to WAN clients. This utility may also be an application that is run on a computer, as is the case with as Apple's AirPort, which is managed with the [[AirPort Utility]] on [[macOS]] and iOS.<ref>{{cite web |title=Apple.com Airport Utility Product Page |url=https://www.apple.com/airportextreme/features/utility.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608183330/http://www.apple.com/airportextreme/features/utility.html |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=14 June 2011 |publisher=Apple, Inc.}}</ref>

=== Bridge ===
Wireless [[network bridge]]s can act to connect two networks to form a single network at the [[OSI model#Layer 2: Data link layer|data-link layer]] over Wi-Fi. The main standard is the [[wireless distribution system]] (WDS).

Wireless bridging can connect a wired network to a wireless network. A bridge differs from an access point: an access point typically connects wireless devices to one wired network. Two wireless bridge devices may be used to connect two wired networks over a wireless link, useful in situations where a wired connection may be unavailable, such as between two separate homes or for devices that have no wireless networking capability (but have wired networking capability), such as [[Consumer electronics|consumer entertainment devices]]; alternatively, a wireless bridge can be used to enable a device that supports a wired connection to operate at a wireless networking standard that is faster than supported by the wireless network connectivity feature (external dongle or inbuilt) supported by the device (e.g., enabling Wireless-N speeds (up to the maximum supported speed on the wired Ethernet port on both the bridge and connected devices including the wireless access point) for a device that only supports Wireless-G).
A dual-band wireless bridge can also be used to enable 5 GHz wireless network operation on a device that only supports 2.4 GHz wireless and has a wired Ethernet port.

=== Repeater ===
Wireless range-extenders or [[wireless repeater]]s can extend the range of an existing wireless network. Strategically placed range-extenders can elongate a signal area or allow for the signal area to reach around barriers such as those pertaining in L-shaped corridors. Wireless devices connected through repeaters suffer from an increased latency for each hop, and there may be a reduction in the maximum available data throughput. Besides, the effect of additional users using a network employing wireless range-extenders is to consume the available bandwidth faster than would be the case whereby a single user migrates around a network employing extenders. For this reason, wireless range-extenders work best in networks supporting low traffic throughput requirements, such as for cases whereby a single user with a Wi-Fi-equipped tablet migrates around the combined extended and non-extended portions of the total connected network. Also, a wireless device connected to any of the repeaters in the chain has data throughput limited by the "weakest link" in the chain between the connection origin and connection end. Networks using wireless extenders are more prone to degradation from interference from neighbouring access points that border portions of the extended network and that happen to occupy the same channel as the extended network.

=== Embedded systems ===
[[File:Ezurio wism2 small.jpg|thumb|Embedded serial-to-Wi-Fi module]]

The security standard, [[Wi-Fi Protected Setup]], allows embedded devices with a limited graphical user interface to connect to the Internet with ease. Wi-Fi Protected Setup has 2 configurations: The Push Button configuration and the PIN configuration. These embedded devices are also called The [[Internet of things]] and are low-power, battery-operated embedded systems. Several Wi-Fi manufacturers design chips and modules for embedded Wi-Fi, such as GainSpan.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.gainspan.com/technology/technology_overview.php
|title=GainSpan low-power, embedded Wi-Fi
|publisher=www.gainspan.com
|access-date=17 June 2017
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100630050952/http://www.gainspan.com/technology/technology_overview.php
|archive-date=30 June 2010
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

Increasingly in the last few years (particularly {{As of| 2007 | lc=on}}), embedded Wi-Fi modules have become available that incorporate a real-time operating system and provide a simple means of wirelessly enabling any device that can communicate via a serial port.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://edageek.com/2008/04/18/embedded-wifi-radio/
|title = Quatech Rolls Out Airborne Embedded 802.11 Radio for M2M Market
|access-date = 29 April 2008
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080428103306/http://edageek.com/2008/04/18/embedded-wifi-radio/
|archive-date = 28 April 2008
}}</ref> This allows the design of simple monitoring devices. An example is a portable ECG device monitoring a patient at home. This Wi-Fi-enabled device can communicate via the Internet.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://wifiscan.fr/research/article_19742.htm
|title = CIE article on embedded Wi-Fi for M2M applications
|access-date = 28 November 2014
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150418040305/http://wifiscan.fr/research/article_19742.htm
|archive-date = 18 April 2015
}}</ref>

These Wi-Fi modules are designed by [[OEM]]s so that implementers need only minimal Wi-Fi knowledge to provide Wi-Fi connectivity for their products.

In June 2014, [[Texas Instruments]] introduced the first ARM Cortex-M4 microcontroller with an onboard dedicated Wi-Fi MCU, the SimpleLink CC3200. It makes embedded systems with Wi-Fi connectivity possible to build as single-chip devices, which reduces their cost and minimum size, making it more practical to build wireless-networked controllers into inexpensive ordinary objects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macinstallations.com/wifi-connectivity-explained/|title=Wifi Connectivity Explained {{!}} MAC Installations & Consulting|access-date=9 February 2020|archive-date=5 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505091852/https://www.macinstallations.com/wifi-connectivity-explained/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Security ==
{{Main|Wireless security}}

The main issue with wireless [[network security]] is its simplified access to the network compared to traditional wired networks such as Ethernet. With wired networking, one must either gain access to a building (physically connecting into the internal network), or break through an external [[Firewall (computing)|firewall]]. To access Wi-Fi, one must merely be within the range of the Wi-Fi network. Most business networks protect sensitive data and systems by attempting to disallow external access. Enabling wireless connectivity reduces security if the network uses inadequate or no encryption.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://networkbits.net/wireless-printing/80211-g-pros-cons-of-a-wireless-network-in-a-business-environment/|title=802.11 X Wireless Network in a Business Environment – Pros and Cons.|last=Jensen|first=Joe|date=26 October 2007|website=Networkbits|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305075900/http://networkbits.net/wireless-printing/80211-g-pros-cons-of-a-wireless-network-in-a-business-environment/|archive-date=5 March 2008|url-status=usurped|access-date=8 April 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.app.com/article/20130701/NJNEWS/307010010/Free-Wi-Fi-User-beware-Open-connections-Internet-full-security-dangers|title=Free Wi-Fi? User beware: Open connections to Internet are full of security dangers, hackers, ID thieves|last=Higgs|first=Larry|date=1 July 2013|work=[[Asbury Park Press]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130702002841/http://www.app.com/article/20130701/NJNEWS/307010010/Free-Wi-Fi-User-beware-Open-connections-Internet-full-security-dangers|archive-date=2 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-26762198|title=Data-stealing Snoopy drone unveiled at Black Hat|last=Gittleson|first=Kim|date=28 March 2014|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=29 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330062159/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-26762198|archive-date=30 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

An attacker who has gained access to a Wi-Fi network router can initiate a DNS spoofing attack against any other user of the network by forging a response before the queried DNS server has a chance to reply.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://cr.yp.to/djbdns/forgery.html
|title = DNS forgery
|first = Daniel J.
|last = Bernstein
|author-link = Daniel J. Bernstein
|year = 2002
|access-date = 24 March 2010
|quote = An attacker with access to your network can easily forge responses to your computer's DNS requests.
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090727073417/http://cr.yp.to/djbdns/forgery.html
|archive-date = 27 July 2009
}}</ref>

=== Securing methods ===
A common measure to deter unauthorized users involves hiding the access point's name by disabling the SSID broadcast. While effective against the casual user, it is ineffective as a security method because the SSID is broadcast in the clear in response to a client SSID query. Another method is to only allow computers with known MAC addresses to join the network,<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.cs.wright.edu/~pmateti/InternetSecurity/Lectures/WirelessHacks/Mateti-WirelessHacks.htm#_Toc77524658
|title = Hacking Techniques in Wireless Networks
|last = Mateti
|first = Prabhaker
|year = 2005
|publisher = [[Wright State University]] Department of Computer Science and Engineering
|location = Dayton, Ohio
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100305180937/http://www.cs.wright.edu/~pmateti/InternetSecurity/Lectures/WirelessHacks/Mateti-WirelessHacks.htm#_Toc77524658
|archive-date = 5 March 2010
|url-status = live
|access-date = 28 February 2010
}}</ref> but determined eavesdroppers may be able to join the network by [[MAC spoofing|spoofing]] an authorized address.

[[Wired Equivalent Privacy]] (WEP) encryption was designed to protect against casual snooping but it is no longer considered secure. Tools such as [[AirSnort]] or [[Aircrack-ng]] can quickly recover WEP encryption keys.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.today/20060919203035/http://www.wirelessve.org/entries/show/WVE-2005-0020#selection-373.1-376.0 |title=AirSnort |website= Wireless Vulnerabilities & Exploits }}</ref> Because of WEP's weakness the Wi-Fi Alliance approved Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) which uses [[Temporal Key Integrity Protocol|TKIP]]. WPA was specifically designed to work with older equipment usually through a firmware upgrade. Though more secure than WEP, WPA has known vulnerabilities.

The more secure [[WPA2]] using [[Advanced Encryption Standard]] was introduced in 2004 and is supported by most new Wi-Fi devices. WPA2 is fully compatible with WPA.<ref name="wpa2-mandatory">{{cite web|url=http://www.wi-fi.org/news_articles.php?f=media_news&news_id=16|title=WPA2 Security Now Mandatory for Wi-Fi CERTIFIED Products|date=13 March 2006|work=[[Wi-Fi Alliance]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807093143/http://www.wi-fi.org/news_articles.php?f=media_news&news_id=16|archive-date=7 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2017, a flaw in the WPA2 protocol was discovered, allowing a key replay attack, known as [[KRACK]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.krackattacks.com/|title=Key Reinstallation Attacks: Breaking WPA2 by forcing nonce reuse|last=Vanhoef|first=Mathy|date=2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022022042/https://www.krackattacks.com/|archive-date=22 October 2017|url-status=live|access-date=21 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/10/severe-flaw-in-wpa2-protocol-leaves-wi-fi-traffic-open-to-eavesdropping/|title=Serious flaw in WPA2 protocol lets attackers intercept passwords and much more|last=Goodin|first=Dan|date=16 October 2017|website=[[Ars Technica]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021121658/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/10/severe-flaw-in-wpa2-protocol-leaves-wi-fi-traffic-open-to-eavesdropping/|archive-date=21 October 2017|url-status=live|access-date=21 October 2017}}</ref>

[[File:QR code Wi-Fi generic.svg|thumb|upright=0.63|A [[QR code]] to automate a Wi-Fi connection, encoding the information ''WIFI:S:Bharatpedia;T:WPA;P:Password1!;;'']]

A flaw in a feature added to Wi-Fi in 2007, called [[Wi-Fi Protected Setup]] (WPS), let WPA and WPA2 security be bypassed. The only remedy {{as of|2011|lc=on}} was to turn off Wi-Fi Protected Setup,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/723755 |title=CERT/CC Vulnerability Note VU#723755 |access-date=1 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103152902/http://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/723755 |archive-date=3 January 2012 }} [[US CERT]] Vulnerability Note VU#723755</ref> which is not always possible.

[[Virtual private network]]s can be used to improve the confidentiality of data carried through Wi-Fi networks, especially public Wi-Fi networks.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0014-tips-using-public-wi-fi-networks#protect |title=Tips for Using Public Wi-Fi Networks |publisher=Federal Trade Commission |date=March 2014 |website=Federal Trade Commission – Consumer Information |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809122844/https://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0014-tips-using-public-wi-fi-networks#protect |url-status=deviated}}</ref>

A [[URI]] using the Wi-Fi scheme can specify the SSID, encryption type, password/passphrase, and if the SSID is hidden or not, so users can follow links from [[QR code]]s, for instance, to join networks without having to manually enter the data.<ref>{{cite web|title=Share your Wi-Fi SSID & Password using a QR Code|url=http://www.technostarry.com/share-wi-fi-details-using-qr-code/|date=19 July 2015|access-date=28 July 2021|archive-date=12 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112193217/http://www.technostarry.com/share-wi-fi-details-using-qr-code/|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[MeCard (QR code)|MeCard]]-like format is supported by Android and iOS 11+.<ref>{{cite web |title=zxing documentation: barcode contents |url=https://github.com/zxing/zxing/wiki/Barcode-Contents |website=GitHub |publisher=zxing |access-date=28 July 2021 |archive-date=15 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215201205/https://github.com/zxing/zxing/wiki/Barcode-Contents |url-status=live }}</ref>

* Common format: <code>WIFI:S:<SSID>;T:<WEP|WPA|blank>;P:<PASSWORD>;H:<true|false|blank>;</code>
* Sample <code>WIFI:S:MySSID;T:WPA;P:MyPassW0rd;;</code>

=== Data security risks ===
Wi-Fi access points typically default to an encryption-free (''open'') mode. Novice users benefit from a zero-configuration device that works out-of-the-box, but this default does not enable any [[wireless security]], providing open wireless access to a LAN. To turn security on requires the user to configure the device, usually via a software [[graphical user interface]] (GUI). On unencrypted Wi-Fi networks connecting devices can monitor and record data (including personal information). Such networks can only be secured by using other means of protection, such as a [[VPN]], or [[Hypertext Transfer Protocol]] over [[Transport Layer Security]] ([[HTTPS]]).

The older wireless-[[encryption]] standard, Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), has been [[Fluhrer, Mantin, and Shamir attack|shown]] easily breakable even when correctly configured. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) encryption, which became available in devices in 2003, aimed to solve this problem. Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2) ratified in 2004 is considered secure, provided a strong [[passphrase]] is used. The 2003 version of WPA has not been considered secure since it was superseded by WPA2 in 2004.

In 2018, [[WPA3]] was announced as a replacement for WPA2, increasing security;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.techspot.com/news/72656-wpa3-protocol-make-public-wi-fi-hotspots-lot.html|title=WPA3 protocol will make public Wi-Fi hotspots a lot more secure|last=Thubron|first=Rob|date=9 January 2018|website=Techspot|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116023123/https://www.techspot.com/news/72656-wpa3-protocol-make-public-wi-fi-hotspots-lot.html|archive-date=16 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> it rolled out on 26 June.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/6/26/17501594/wpa3-wifi-security-certification|title=Wi-Fi security is starting to get its biggest upgrade in over a decade|last=Kastrenakes|first=Jacob|date=26 June 2018|website=[[The Verge]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220012909/https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/6/26/17501594/wpa3-wifi-security-certification|archive-date=20 February 2019|url-status=live|access-date=26 June 2018}}</ref>

=== Piggybacking ===
{{Main|Piggybacking (Internet access)}}
{{Further|Legality of piggybacking}}
{{Further|Wi-Fi Protected Setup#Physical security issues}}

Piggybacking refers to access to a wireless Internet connection by bringing one's computer within the range of another's wireless connection, and using that service without the subscriber's explicit permission or knowledge.

During the early popular adoption of [[802.11]], providing open access points for anyone within range to use was encouraged{{By whom|date=March 2010}} to cultivate [[wireless community network]]s,<ref>{{cite web|title=NoCat's goal is to bring you Infinite Bandwidth Everywhere for Free|url=http://nocat.net/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022034826/http://nocat.net/|archive-date=22 October 2011|access-date=14 October 2011|website=NoCat.net}}</ref> particularly since people on average use only a fraction of their downstream bandwidth at any given time.

Recreational logging and mapping of other people's access points have become known as [[wardriving]]. Indeed, many access points are intentionally installed without security turned on so that they can be used as a free service. Providing access to one's Internet connection in this fashion may breach the Terms of Service or contract with the [[Internet service provider]] (ISP). These activities do not result in sanctions in most jurisdictions; however, legislation and [[case law]] differ considerably across the world. A proposal to leave [[graffiti]] describing available services was called [[warchalking]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blackbeltjones.com/warchalking/warchalking0_9.pdf|title=Let's Warchalk|last=Jones|first=Matt|date=24 June 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705034313/http://www.blackbeltjones.com/warchalking/warchalking0_9.pdf|archive-date=5 July 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=9 October 2008}}</ref>

Piggybacking often occurs unintentionally – a technically unfamiliar user might not change the default "unsecured" settings to their access point and operating systems can be configured to connect automatically to any available wireless network. A user who happens to start up a laptop in the vicinity of an access point may find the computer has joined the network without any visible indication. Moreover, a user intending to join one network may instead end up on another one if the latter has a stronger signal. In combination with automatic discovery of other network resources (see [[DHCP]] and [[Zeroconf]]) this could lead wireless users to send sensitive data to the wrong middle-man when seeking a destination (see [[man-in-the-middle attack]]). For example, a user could inadvertently use an unsecured network to log into a [[website]], thereby making the login credentials available to anyone listening, if the website uses an insecure protocol such as plain [[HTTP]] without [[Transport Layer Security|TLS]].

On an unsecured access point, an unauthorized user can obtain security information (factory preset passphrase or Wi-Fi Protected Setup PIN) from a label on a wireless access point and use this information (or connect by the Wi-Fi Protected Setup pushbutton method) to commit unauthorized or unlawful activities.

== Societal aspects ==
{{See also|Internet #Social Impact}}

Wireless Internet access has become much more embedded in society. It has thus changed how the society functions in a number of ways.

=== Influence on developing countries ===
{{See also|Long-range Wi-Fi}}

{{As of|2017}} over half the world did not have access to the Internet,<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Decker |first1=Kris De |title=Comment bâtir un internet low tech |trans-title=How to Build a Low-tech Internet |language=fr |journal=Techniques & Culture |date=6 June 2017 |issue=67 |pages=216–235 |doi=10.4000/tc.8489 |url=http://journals.openedition.org/tc/8489 }}</ref> prominently rural areas in developing nations. Technology that has been implemented in more developed nations is often costly and energy inefficient. This has led to developing nations using more low-tech networks, frequently implementing renewable power sources that can solely be maintained through [[solar power]], creating a network that is resistant to disruptions such as power outages. For instance, in 2007, a {{convert|450|km|mi|adj=on}} network between Cabo Pantoja and [[Iquitos]] in [[Peru]] was erected in which all equipment is powered only by [[solar panel]]s.<ref name=":1" /> These long-range Wi-Fi networks have two main uses: offer Internet access to populations in isolated villages, and to provide healthcare to isolated communities. In the case of the latter example, it connects the central hospital in Iquitos to 15 medical outposts which are intended for remote diagnosis.<ref name=":1" />

=== Work habits ===
Access to Wi-Fi in public spaces such as cafés or parks allows people, in particular freelancers, to work remotely. While the accessibility of Wi-Fi is the strongest factor when choosing a place to work (75% of people would choose a place that provides Wi-Fi over one that does not),<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Forlano |first1=Laura |title=WiFi Geographies: When Code Meets Place |journal=The Information Society |date=8 October 2009 |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=344–352 |doi=10.1080/01972240903213076 }}</ref> other factors influence the choice of specific [[Wi-Fi hotspot|hotspots]]. These vary from the accessibility of other resources, like books, the location of the workplace, and the social aspect of meeting other people in the same place. Moreover, the increase of people working from public places results in more customers for local businesses thus providing an economic stimulus to the area.

Additionally, in the same study it has been noted that wireless connection provides more freedom of movement while working. Both when working at home or from the office it allows the displacement between different rooms or areas. In some offices (notably Cisco offices in New York) the employees do not have assigned desks but can work from any office connecting their laptop to Wi-Fi [[Hotspot (Wi-Fi)|hotspot]].<ref name=":2" />

=== Housing ===
The Internet has become an integral part of living. {{As of|2016}}, 81.9% of American households have Internet access.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Digest of Education Statistics, 2017|url=https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_702.60.asp|website=nces.ed.gov|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=14 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514043300/https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_702.60.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, 89% of American households with broadband connect via wireless technologies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wi-Fi: How Broadband Households Experience the Internet {{!}} NCTA – The Internet & Television Association|url=http://www.ncta.com/whats-new/wi-fi-how-broadband-households-experience-the-internet|website=www.ncta.com|date=6 April 2018|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=12 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512044128/https://www.ncta.com/whats-new/wi-fi-how-broadband-households-experience-the-internet|url-status=live}}</ref> 72.9% of American households have Wi-Fi.

Wi-Fi networks have also affected how the interior of homes and hotels are arranged. For instance, architects have described that their clients no longer wanted only one room as their home office, but would like to work near the fireplace or have the possibility to work in different rooms. This contradicts architect's pre-existing ideas of the use of rooms that they designed. Additionally, some hotels have noted that guests prefer to stay in certain rooms since they receive a stronger Wi-Fi signal.<ref name=":2" />

== Health concerns ==
{{Further|Wireless device radiation and health}}

The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) says, "no health effects are expected from exposure to RF fields from base stations and wireless networks", but notes that they promote research into effects from other RF sources.<ref>{{cite web
|url =https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs304/en/
|title = Electromagnetic fields and public health – Base stations and wireless technologies
|date = 2006
|publisher = [[World Health Organization]]
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160522225458/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs304/en/
|archive-date = 22 May 2016
|url-status = dead
|access-date = 28 May 2016
}}</ref> Although the WHO's [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] (IARC) later classified radio-frequency [[electromagnetic field]]s (EMFs) as "possibly carcinogenic to humans ([[List of IARC Group 2B carcinogens|Group 2B]])"<ref>
{{cite web
|url = https://www.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/pr208_E.pdf
|title = IARC Classifies Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields as Possibly Carcinogenic to Humans
|date = 31 May 2011
|publisher = [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]]
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120404203349/http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2011/pdfs/pr208_E.pdf
|archive-date = 4 April 2012
|url-status = live
|access-date = 28 May 2016
}}</ref> (a category used when "a causal association is considered credible, but when chance, bias or confounding cannot be ruled out with reasonable confidence"),<ref>
{{cite web
|url =https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs193/en
|title = Electromagnetic Fields and Public Health: Mobile Phones
|date = October 2014
|access-date = 28 May 2016
|publisher = [[World Health Organization]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160525183100/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs193/en/
|archive-date = 25 May 2016
}}</ref> this classification was based on risks associated with wireless phone use rather than Wi-Fi networks.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

The United Kingdom's [[Health Protection Agency]] reported in 2007 that exposure to Wi-Fi for a year results in the "same amount of radiation from a 20-minute mobile phone call".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6677051.stm|title=Q&A: Wi-fi health concerns|date=21 May 2007|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=28 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421152005/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6677051.stm|archive-date=21 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

A review of studies involving 725 people who claimed [[electromagnetic hypersensitivity]], "...suggests that 'electromagnetic hypersensitivity' is unrelated to the presence of an EMF, although more research into this phenomenon is required."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rubin |first1=G James |last2=Munshi |first2=Jayati Das |last3=Wessely |first3=Simon |title=Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity: A Systematic Review of Provocation Studies |journal=Psychosomatic Medicine |date=March 2005 |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=224–232 |doi=10.1097/01.psy.0000155664.13300.64 |pmid=15784787 }}</ref>

== Alternatives ==
Several other wireless technologies provide alternatives to Wi-Fi for different use cases:
* [[Bluetooth Low Energy]], a low-power variant of Bluetooth
* [[Bluetooth]], a short-distance network
* [[Cellular network]]s, used by smartphones
* [[LoRa]], for long range wireless with low data rate
* [[NearLink]], a short-range wireless technology standard
* [[WiMAX]], for providing long range wireless internet connectivity
* [[Zigbee]], a low-power, low data rate, short-distance communication protocol

Some alternatives are "no new wires", re-using existing cable:
* [[G.hn]], which uses existing home wiring, such as phone and [[power line communication|power lines]]

Several ''wired'' technologies for computer networking, which provide viable alternatives to Wi-Fi:
* [[Ethernet over twisted pair]]

== See also ==
{{cols|colwidth=23em}}
* [[Gi-Fi]]{{snd}}a term used by some trade press to refer to faster versions of the IEEE 802.11 standards
* [[HiperLAN]]
* [[High-speed multimedia radio]]
* [[Indoor positioning system]]
* [[Li-Fi]]
* [[List of WLAN channels]]
* [[Operating system Wi-Fi support]]
* [[Passive Wi-Fi]]
* [[Power-line communication]]
* [[San Francisco Digital Inclusion Strategy]]
* [[WLAN Authentication and Privacy Infrastructure|WAPI]]
* [[WiGig]]
* [[Wireless Broadband Alliance]]
* [[Wi-Fi Direct]]
{{colend}}

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="generational">{{cite web |url=https://www.wi-fi.org/file/generational-wi-fi-user-guide |title=Generational Wi-Fi User Guide |website=[[Wi-Fi Alliance|www.wi{{nbh}}fi.org]] |format=PDF |date=October 2018 |access-date=16 March 2021 |archive-date=30 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130074844/https://www.wi-fi.org/downloads-public/Generational_Wi-Fi_User_Guide_20181003.pdf/35678 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="global-forecast">{{Cite web |date=1 July 2020 |title=Global Wi-Fi Enabled Devices Shipment Forecast, 2020 – 2024 |url=https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5135535/global-wi-fi-enabled-devices-shipment-forecast |access-date=23 November 2020 |website=Research and Markets |archive-date=15 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315203540/https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5135535/global-wi-fi-enabled-devices-shipment-forecast |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="scienceabc">{{cite web |url=https://www.scienceabc.com/innovation/do-microwaves-interfere-with-wifi-signals.html |title=Do Microwaves Interfere With WiFi Signals? |date=17 January 2018 |access-date=16 August 2022 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816204740/https://www.scienceabc.com/innovation/do-microwaves-interfere-with-wifi-signals.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="birth">{{Cite web|author=Claus Hetting|title=How a 1998 meeting with Steve Jobs gave birth to Wi-Fi|url=https://wifinowglobal.com/news-and-blog/how-a-meeting-with-steve-jobs-in-1998-gave-birth-to-wi-fi/|access-date=27 May 2021|date=19 August 2018|website=Wi-Fi NOW Global|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215231732/https://wifinowglobal.com/news-and-blog/how-a-meeting-with-steve-jobs-in-1998-gave-birth-to-wi-fi/|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="csirowifi">{{Cite news|url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/national/act/csiro-wifi-invention-to-feature-in-upcoming-exhibition-at-national-museum-of-australia-20160803-gqjyuv.html|title=CSIRO Wi-Fi invention to feature in upcoming exhibition at National Museum of Australia|last=Sibthorpe|first=Clare|date=4 August 2016|newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]]|access-date=4 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809200721/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/csiro-wifi-invention-to-feature-in-upcoming-exhibition-at-national-museum-of-australia-20160803-gqjyuv.html|archive-date=9 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="boing">{{cite web|url=https://boingboing.net/2005/11/08/wifi-isnt-short-for.html|title=WiFi isn't short for "Wireless Fidelity"|last=Doctorow|first=Cory|author-link=Cory Doctorow|date=8 November 2005|website=[[Boing Boing]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221132049/http://boingboing.net/2005/11/08/wifi-isnt-short-for.html|archive-date=21 December 2012|url-status=live|access-date=21 December 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="wifi_debunked">{{cite web|url=http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/columns/article.php/3674591|title='Wireless Fidelity' Debunked|last=Graychase|first=Naomi|date=27 April 2007|website=Wi-Fi Planet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928040415/http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/columns/article.php/3674591|archive-date=28 September 2007|url-status=dead|access-date=31 August 2007}}</ref>
}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |author=The WNDW Authors |title=Wireless Networking in the Developing World |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=Jane |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4840-3935-9|title-link=:File:Wireless Networking in the Developing World (WNDW) Third Edition.pdf |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |edition=Third}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Wi-Fi}}
* {{Official website|https://www.wi-fi.org//}}
* [https://www.wiisfi.com/ wiisfi.com – Understanding Wi-Fi 4/5/6/6E/7/8 (802.11 n/ac/ax/be/bn)]

{{Internet access}}
{{cdma}}
{{IEEE standards}}
{{Telecommunications}}
{{Internet access}}
{{IEEE standards|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Wireless video}}
{{Telecommunications}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bluetooth]]
[[Category:Mobile computing]]
[[Category:Networking standards]]
[[Category:Wireless communication systems]]
[[Category:Telecommunications-related introductions in 1989]]
[[Category:Swedish inventions]]
[[Category:Dutch inventions]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Harald Bluetooth]]
[[Category:Wi-Fi| ]]
[[Category:Australian inventions]]
[[Category:Telecommunications-related introductions in 1997]]
[[Category:Networking standards]]
[[Category:Wireless communication systems]]
[[Category:Dutch inventions]]

Bonda people

2026-03-24T10:46:04Z

Glasierwellness: general fixed intro per standard format further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description| Munda ethnic group from Odisha, India}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| image = [[Image:Inde bondo 8593a.jpg|200px]]
| image_caption = A young Bonda girl
| population = 12,231
| total_ref = <ref name="census">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|title=A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2017-11-18}}</ref>
| regions = {{flag|India}}
| langs = [[Bonda language|Bonda]]
| rels =
| Script =
| religions = [[File:Aum Om black.svg|16px]] [[Hinduism]]<ref>{{cite web |title=ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community - Odisha |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14/ST-21-00-014-DDW-2011.XLS |website=census.gov.in |access-date=12 February 2020}}</ref>
| related = [[Munda people|Mundas]], [[Ho people|Ho]], [[Santhal people|Santhal]] and other [[Austroasiatic languages|Mon-Khmers]]
}}

The '''Bonda''' (also known as the Bondo, Bondo Poraja, Bhonda, or Remo) are a [[Munda peoples|Munda ethnic]] group numbering approximately 12,000 (2011 census) who live in the isolated hill regions of the [[Malkangiri]] district of southwestern [[Odisha]], [[India]], near the junction of the three states of [[Odisha]], [[Chhattisgarh]], and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. They are classified as [[Scheduled Tribes]].

==Bonda culture==
The Bonda people are a tribal people who currently live in the hills of Odisha's Malkangiri district in India. There are two different Bonda tribes: the Upper Bondas with a population of 6,700 who are the most isolated from mainstream Indian society, and the Lower Bonda with a population of 17,000. Upper Bondas have almost no connection to the outside world. [[Dambaru Sisa|Dambaru Sisha]] took the oath of office to become the first [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] to the Bonda tribe, to which he traces his ancestry. Sisha attempts to protect the traditions and culture of the people while providing them with educational opportunities. Only 6% of Bondas are literate. The life expectancy of the tribe is so low they are nearly extinct.<ref>Ranjan Sahu, Priya. "Bondas, a Primitive Tribe in Odisha Hills, Get Their First MLA." Points of View Reference Center. Hindustan Times, 24 May 2014. Web. 22 Oct. 2014.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-05-23|title=Bondas, a primitive tribe in Odisha hills, get their first MLA|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bondas-a-primitive-tribe-in-odisha-hills-get-their-first-mla/story-mSDlCeBofbXmmasbMN7QdO.html|access-date=2021-11-27|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

The [[unfree labour]] or ''Goti'' system in India is known as ''Gufam'' by the Bonda people. According to Pati, a male bonded labour is called ''Gufam-Rem'' whereas a female laborer is a ''Gufam-Boy''. Bonda people are often led to bonded labour through marriage, also known as {{Transliteration|bfw|diosing}}.

A form of [[dowry]] (known as ''Gining'') is paid for brides. In '' Gining'' items are used to determine how many arranged marriages will take place. For instance, the number of cows relies upon the social status of the girl.

Bonda boys are expected to marry between the ages of 10 and 12. Although a man may pay the price of a bride for his brother, the brother must always return the amount owed.<ref name="Pati, Rabindra Nath 2002">Pati, Rabindra Nath., and Jagannatha Dash. Tribal and Indigenous People of India: Problems and Prospects. New Delhi: A.P.H. Pub., 2002. Print.</ref>

Divorce, also known as “Lung Sisi” is also an issue within the Bonda people. In some extreme circumstances, such as if a Bonda woman is divorced for adultery, the former husband demands double the price that was paid for their marriage.<ref name="Pati, Rabindra Nath 2002"/>{{RP|138}} The village council determines the severity of the case arrives at a decision based upon the number of cows given back. However, if a man is the one who caused the wrong which resulted in divorce, he can no longer get married through an arranged marriage system.

When a death or ''mora'' occurs, it is custom to sacrifice a cow on the tenth day, a practice also known as “Gaitang.”<ref name="Pati, Rabindra Nath 2002"/>

The chief god of the Bondo people is called Mahāprabhu ({{lit|Great Lord}}).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lurker |first1=Manfred |title=The Routledge Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |location=London and New York |page=116 |isbn=9780415340182 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vtj0wSsw1JcC}}</ref>

Population growth in the Bonda Hills in India led to forest habitat decrease although there existed a well-balanced ecosystem. Poverty, however, became a fundamental issue among the Bonda people due to social customs regarding obligatory marriages and deaths, along with myriad other socio-religious practices. These customs did not improve health condition nor economic status, which has created much poverty for them.{{Citation needed|date=February 2016}} For instance, crop production is hardly able to feed the population. In order to overcome starvation, the Bonda people, or ''Ku duburu Remo'', often take out loans ('' Kalantar'' or ''Badi'') in order to eat. The loans are usually in cash and are taken from a community member or a figure that serves as a landlord ''Sakar Remo''.<ref name="Pati, Rabindra Nath 2002"/> Roughly 62 out of 245 households in the Bonda hills are in debt. Loans taken even in cash are charged interest rates, and these funds often provide payments for: bride prices, fines, and the performance of socio-religious rites. As a result, debt payment becomes difficult, with constant fines and interest rates being increased. Very often the Bonda people are led to [[debt bondage]] and are forced to liquidate assets such as: land, trees, animals, etc.<ref name="Pati, Rabindra Nath 2002"/>

== Bonda language ==
{{Main|Bonda language}}
The Bonda are a [[scheduled tribe]] of India and are also known as the Remo (meaning "people" in the [[Bonda language]]). The tribe is one of the oldest and most primitive in mainland India; their culture has changed little for more than a thousand years. They are one of the 75 Primitive Tribal Groups identified by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Tribal Groups in India|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/stdy_land.pdf|publisher=Planning Commission of India|access-date=25 September 2012|archive-date=27 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927193940/http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/stdy_land.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Their isolation and known aggressiveness continue to preserve their culture despite the pressures of an expanding Indian population. Their language belongs to the [[Munda languages|Munda branch]] of the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic language family]]. It is most closely related to the [[Gutob language]].<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bfw Ethnologue report on the Bonda language]</ref>

Realizing that the Bonda people were in a cultural decline, the Government of Odisha brought to life the Bonda Development Agency (BDA) in 1977.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://malkangiri.nic.in/RTI_2005_BDA.pdf |title=BONDA DEVELOPMENT AGENCY, MUDULIPADA |access-date=24 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307113426/http://malkangiri.nic.in/RTI_2005_BDA.pdf |archive-date=7 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Despite the initiatives taken by the Bonda Development Agency since then, the literacy rates of the Bonda tribes remain one of the lowest, as low as 14 percent.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121228053509/http://newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article1394905.ece Bonda Population on the Decline]</ref>

Two of the most important phonetic features that characterize the Bonda language are the glottal stop, which is a glottal plosive produced by the release of the breath behind the vocal chords, and checked consonants. Those sounds are also featured in Munda languages as a whole. It is the checked consonants ''k’'' and ''p’'' that occur in Bonda, found mostly in the final position of native words. The glottal stop, however, may occur initially in native words. In fact, the checked consonants ''k’'' and ''p’'' are pre-glottalized. The checked consonants behave differently in Bonda depending on whether they are followed by a vowel or another consonant. It has been found that when ''k’'' and ''p’'' are followed by a vowel their glottal stop remains, but they become the sounds ''g'' and ''b''. It currently appears as though the Bonda ''k''' is being fully replaced by the ''g'' sound. This may be a product of recent Bonda assimilation into contemporary Indian culture. It is resulting in the loss of one of the original Bonda sounds.

==Attire==
[[File:Inde bondo 8859a.jpg|thumb|A Bonda woman in traditional attire.]]
[[File:OpenSpeaks-Bfw-Munaremo-Gobardhan Panda-Story.webm|thumb|[[Gobardhan Panda]] narrating the Bonda origin myth in Bonda, with interpretation in [[Odia language|Odia]]]]
The Bonda are generally semi-clothed, the women wear thick silver neck bands. The Bonda attire is explained in a legend relating to the [[Ramayana]]. According to it, some Bonda women chanced upon [[Sita]] who was bathing at a pond in the Bonda hills and, seeing her naked, they sniggered. Enraged, Sita cursed them to a life where they would be condemned to remaining naked and having their heads shaven. When the Bonda women pleaded forgiveness, Sita gave them a piece of cloth she tore off her [[sari]]. This explains, according to the legend, why Bonda women have shorn heads and wear only a {{Transliteration|bfw|ringa}}, a length of cloth that covers the waist. Their torsos are covered in strings of colourful beads. Bonda women also wear metal rings that cover their necks and bangles on their arms. Since Bonda women hunt and forage for food in the forest it is thought that these ornaments have a function of protecting them from injuries and attacks by wild animals.<ref name="outlookindia">{{cite news|last=Dasgupta|first=Debarshi|title=Being Remo|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?263897|newspaper=Outlook Magazine|date=February 1, 2010}}</ref>

Bonda women have their heads shaved and adorned with two types of headbands, called {{Transliteration|bfw|turuba}} and {{Transliteration|bfw|lobeda}}. The {{Transliteration|bfw|turuba}} is made of grass and the {{Transliteration|bfw|lobeda}} made of beads. Worn together the {{Transliteration|bfw|turuba}} secures the {{Transliteration|bfw|lobeda}} by preventing the beaded headband from slipping off the woman's head. Bonda women wear metal bands adorning their necks, which are called {{Transliteration|bfw|khagla}} and are made from aluminum. Including the bands around their neck, necklaces made of beads are also worn, these are called ''Mali''. Due to the culture surrounding their {{Transliteration|bfw|ringa}} cloth which covers the waist down, the {{Transliteration|bfw|khagla}} and ''Mali'' act as a sort of clothing for the upper body of the women. Both men and women of the tribe wear earrings called {{Transliteration|bfw|limbi}} made of brass, and rings on their fingers called {{Transliteration|bfw|orti}} made of aluminum. For bachelors or newly married men, it is customary to wear their own set of ornaments. Beginning at the ages of eight or nine, males will adorn their bodies with headbands called {{Transliteration|bfw|ornaghboh}}, bangles called {{Transliteration|bfw|sungrai}}, necklaces called {{Transliteration|bfw|thangimali}}, earrings called {{Transliteration|bfw|unsurul}}, and rings called {{Transliteration|bfw|sanbah}}. Once married, men typically do not continue to adorn their bodies with more ornaments.<ref>Kanungo, A. (2000). Bondo Costume Ornaments. Ornament, 23(4), 20.</ref>

==Gender roles==
[[File:OpenSpeaks-Bfw-Munaremo-Mangala Sisa-Pendom.webm|thumb|A Bonda man and an [[Odia people|Odia]] man discuss, in [[Bonda language|Bonda]], and drink ceremonial [[Handia (drink)|pendom]] in a [[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]] village]]
[[File:A Bonda tribe of Odisha drinking Mahua drink.jpg|thumb|left|A Bonda tribeswoman drinking [[Handia (drink)|pendom]].]]
In Bonda society, the women enjoy a privileged position. They are the primary workers and providers of food for the community. This matriarchal dominance is also seen in the marital norms of the community. Bonda girls largely marry boys who are at least five to ten years younger than them. Thus the girl looks after her husband as he grows up and in turn he cares for his older wife. In contrast with many other populations in India, the number of women among the Bonda greatly exceeds the number of men.

Among the men [[alcoholism]] is a major issue. They spend much time brewing and consuming liquor from rice, palm and the [[Madhuca longifolia|mahua flower]]. The Bondas are trained in using arms at a young age. This, coupled with rampant alcoholism and their reputation for a quick temper, has contributed to high rates of [[fratricide]] among them.<ref name="outlookindia" />

The Bondas still use ''binnimaya pratha'', or [[barter]], and they customarily go to a market every Sunday.

They like to put [[castor oil]] on their heads. The women make paintings in their homes.

==Threats to Bonda culture==
The [[Government of Odisha]] has over the years tried to bring the Bonda into the mainstream and set up the Bonda Development Agency (BDA) in 1977 with this aim. Outside influences resulted in the Bondas being given new gods. The curriculum in the government school also seeks to inject this process through prayers and songs.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pati |first1=Biswamoy |title=Koraput: Perceptions in a Changing Society |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=1990 |volume=25 |issue=18/19 |pages=986–988 |jstor=4396254 }}</ref> The Bonda have begun to take up non traditional occupations as migrant labourers and as peons and clerks in government offices. This process of mainstreaming has however also had its fallout. Remo or Bonda has approximately 2,500 speakers in the Jayapur hills of Koraput. Despite the large number of speakers of a few Munda languages, bilingualism is widespread. At the present break-neck speed of assimilation, most Munda languages will not survive to the end of this century. All Munda language communities are under heavy demographic and socio-economic pressure to assimilate linguistically to the local Indo-Aryan majority language.<ref>van Driem, G. (2007). Endangered Languages of South Asia. Language Diversity Endangered, B. Matthias, ed. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 303-341.</ref> The Remo language is now an endangered tongue as more Bondas have taken to [[Odia language|Odia]] as their primary language of communication. The absence of a script or text for Remo adds to the threat of its extinction. It is also feared that other indigenous knowledge of the Bondas will also become casualty to this emphasis on integrating them with Odia society.<ref name="outlookindia" />

In response to threat of a cyclone on 12 October 2014, roughly 1,300 members of Bonda and Didai tribes living "in different villages under Mudulipada and Andrahal gram panchayats" have been moved to the Tribal Welfare Department which is managed by the Mudulipada Boys High School on Saturday. About 3,000 more would be moved to other schools and buildings near Bonda Hill if necessary. For those tribes staying in "thatched and [[kutcha house]]s" are being moved to cyclone shelters.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Bonda Tribals Shifted to Safety|journal=Access World News. New Indian Express, Via HT Media Ltd|date= 20 October 2014}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* Pancorbo, Luis (2008):"Bonda" en "Avatares. Viajes por la India de los dioses". pp. 147–167. Miraguano Ediciones, Madrid.
* {{cite journal |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=S. |title=Glottal stop and checked consonants in Bonda |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |date=1965 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=69–71 |doi=10.1163/000000065790086496 |jstor=24650223 |s2cid=162369751 |doi-access=free }}
* Ranjan Sahu, Priya. "Bondas, a Primitive Tribe in Odisha Hills, Get Their First MLA." Points of View Reference Center. Hindustan Times, 24 May 2014. Web. 22 Oct. 2014.
* Pati, Rabindra Nath., and Jagannatha Dash. Tribal and Indigenous People of India: Problems and Prospects. New Delhi: A.P.H. Pub., 2002. Print.
* "Bonda Tribals Shifted to Safety." Access World News. New Indian Express, via HT Media Ltd., 12 Oct. 2014. Web. 20 October 2014.
* van Driem, G. (2007). Endangered Languages of South Asia. Language Diversity Endangered, B. Matthias, ed. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 303–341.
* {{cite journal |last1=Pati |first1=Biswamoy |title=Koraput: Perceptions in a Changing Society |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=1990 |volume=25 |issue=18/19 |pages=986–988 |jstor=4396254 }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Bonda people}}
* [http://www.indiatogether.org/manushi/issue127/bonda.htm ''Manushi'' on INDIA TOGETHER: Reversal of family roles / Societal patterns of Orissa's Bonda tribals]
* [http://www.sinlung.com Sinlung] Sinlung — Indian tribes.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SD-YRXXvF2E L'Inde Fantôme (Louis Malle, 1969) 6 — Les etrangers en Inde Part I.] A French documentary film about the Bonda.

{{Scheduled tribes of India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bonda People}}
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Odisha]]
[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]
[[Category:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]

Smita Patil

2026-03-22T08:52:35Z

Glasierwellness: minor edit

{{Short description|Indian actress (1955–1986)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Smita Patil
| image = Smita Patil 2013 stamp of India (cropped).jpg
| caption = Patil on a 2013 Indian postage stamp
| birth_date = {{birth date|1955|10|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Poona]], [[Bombay State]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1986|12|13|1955|10|17|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actress, television newscaster
| years_active = 1974–1986
| works = [[Smita Patil filmography|Full list]]
| spouse = [[Raj Babbar]]
| children = [[Prateik Smita Patil]]
| parents = [[Shivajirao Girdhar Patil]] (father)
| nationality =
| honors = [[Padma Shri]] (1985)
}}

'''Smita Patil''' (17 October 1955 – 13 December 1986) was an Indian actress who primarily worked in [[Hindi]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] films.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |author1=Gulzar |author2=Nihalani, Govind |author3=Chatterji, Saibal |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |year=2003 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=81-7991-066-0 |page=601}}</ref> Regarded among the greatest and finest actresses in the history of [[Indian cinema]],<ref name="Top heroines of Bollywood" /> she was known for her unconventional portrayal of strong and independent women.<ref name="Finest Smita" /><ref name="independent woman" /> Patil appeared in over [[Smita Patil filmography|80 films]], in a career that spanned over a decade and was the recipient of two [[National Film Awards]], a [[Filmfare Award]], a [[Maharashtra State Film Award]] and two [[Filmfare Awards Marathi]].<ref name="Kapoor2002">{{cite book |author=Subodh Kapoor |title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: Biographical, Historical, Religious, Administrative, Ethnological, Commercial and Scientific. Indo-Pak War-Kamla Karri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3Lt1sOKGxwC|access-date=29 December 2012 |date=1 July 2002 |publisher=Cosmo Publication |isbn=978-81-7755-257-7 |pages=6699–}}</ref> In 1985, Patil received the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian honour.<ref name="Kuhn1990">{{cite book |author=Annette Kuhn |author-link=Annette Kuhn |title=The Women's Companion to International Film |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pjqOM04aGJ8C&pg=PA310 |access-date=29 December 2012 |year=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-08879-5 |pages=310–}}</ref>

Patil made her film debut with [[Shyam Benegal]]'s ''[[Charandas Chor]]'' (1975).<ref name="Subbārāvu2007">{{cite book |author=Si. Vi Subbārāvu |title=Hyderabad: the social context of industrialisation, 1875–1948 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tGgm0z6vthYC&pg=PA82 |access-date=29 December 2012 |year=2007 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1608-3 |pages=82–}}</ref><ref name="Heide2006">{{cite book |author=William van der Heide |title=Bollywood Babylon: Interviews with Shyam Benegal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3fi_o1JzY4C&pg=PA208 |access-date=29 December 2012 |date=12 June 2006 |publisher=Berg |isbn=978-1-84520-405-1 |pages=208–}}</ref> She became one of the leading actresses of [[parallel cinema]], a New Wave movement in India cinema, though she also appeared in several mainstream movies throughout her career.<ref name=hindu>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |title=A blazing talent remembered |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/12/20/stories/2002122001290500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031003193833/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/12/20/stories/2002122001290500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 October 2003 |date=20 December 2002 |access-date=1 February 2011 |author=Lahiri, Monojit}}</ref> Her performances were highly acclaimed, and her most notable roles include ''[[Manthan]]'' (1976),<ref name="Kapoor2002"/><ref name="Heide2006"/> ''[[Bhumika (film)|Bhumika]]'' (1977) for which she won her first [[National Film Award for Best Actress]],<ref name="Kapoor2002"/><ref name="Heide2006"/> ''[[Jait Re Jait]]'' (1978), ''[[Aakrosh (1980 film)|Aakrosh]]'' (1980), ''[[Chakra (1981 film)|Chakra]]'' (1981) which earned her a second National Film Award for Best Actress and her first and only [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]], ''[[Namak Halaal]]'' (1982), ''[[Bazaar (1982 film)|Bazaar]]'' (1982), ''[[Umbartha]]'' (1982), ''[[Shakti (1982 film)|Shakti]]'' (1982), ''[[Arth (film)|Arth]]'' (1982), ''[[Ardh Satya]]'' (1983), ''[[Mandi (1983 film)|Mandi]]'' (1983), ''[[Aaj Ki Awaaz]]'' (1984), ''[[Chidambaram (film)|Chidambaram]]'' (1985), ''[[Mirch Masala]]'' (1987), ''[[Amrit (1986 film)|Amrit]]'' (1986), ''[[Dance Dance (film)|Dance Dance]]'' (1987) and ''[[Waaris (1988 film)|Waaris]]'' (1988).<ref name="Naqvi2007"/><ref name="Kapoor2002"/><ref name=hindu/>

Apart from acting, Patil was an active feminist and a member of the Women's Centre in Mumbai. She was deeply committed to the advancement of women's issues and gave her endorsement to films which sought to explore the role of women in traditional Indian society, their sexuality, and the changes facing the middle-class woman in an urban milieu.<ref name="News18-Irreplaceable-2016" /><ref name="ibnlive" />

Patil was married to actor [[Raj Babbar]], with whom she had a son, actor [[Prateik Babbar|Prateik Smita Patil.]] She died on 13 December 1986 at the age of 31 due to childbirth complications. Over ten of her films were released after her death.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Smita Patil on her 62nd birth anniversary |work=Indian Express |accessdate=20 August 2022 |date=17 October 2017 |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/remembering-smita-patil-on-her-62nd-birth-anniversary-4895128/lite/}}</ref>

== Early life ==
[[File:Aga Khan Bridge in Pune.jpg|thumb|Patil was born and brought up in [[Pune]]]]

Smita Patil was born on 17 October 1955,<ref>{{cite news |title=Smita Patil: Celebrating legendary actress birth anniversary with a glimpse into her life, movies, and songs |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/smita-patil-celebrating-legendary-actress-birth-anniversary-with-a-glimpse-into-her-life-movies-and-songs-8620282.html |access-date=20 October 2023 |work=News18 India |language=en}}</ref> in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]<ref name="Sharma2004">{{cite book |author=D. Sharma |title=Mass Communication : Theory & Practice In The 21St Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ePXdIGYe6oC&pg=PA298 |access-date=29 December 2012 |date=1 January 2004 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7629-507-9 |page=298}}</ref><ref name="UCLA" /> into a Hindu-[[Marathi people|Marathi]] family, to a Maharashtrian politician father, [[Shivajirao Girdhar Patil]] and social worker mother Vidyatai Patil, from [[Shirpur]] town of [[Khandesh]] province of Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/1793007/report-puneites-bag-1-padma-bhushan-3-padma-shri | title=Puneites bag 1 Padma Bhushan, 3 Padma Shri Saturday | newspaper=Daily News and Analysis | date=26 January 2013 | access-date=21 September 2013 |location=Pune}}</ref><ref name="Print-Pothukuchi-Relate-2019">{{Cite web |last=Pothukuchi |first=Madhavi |date=17 October 2019 |title=Smita Patil — the 'real' woman Indian women could relate to |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/smita-patil-real-woman-indian-women-relate/306732/ |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> She has two sisters, Dr. Anita Patil Deshmukh, a faculty neonatologist and Manya Patil Seth, a costume designer.<ref>{{cite news |title=Smita Patil as remembered by her sister: Funny, generous, uncaged |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1007792/smita-patil-as-remembered-by-her-sister-funny-generous-uncaged |access-date=20 November 2023 |work=Scroll.in |date=17 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

As a child, Patil participated in dramas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lesser known facts about Smita Patil |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/lesser-known-facts-about-smita-patil/photostory/66427051.cms |access-date=20 November 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Patil studied literature at [[University of Mumbai]],<ref name="Rajadhyaksha-Encyclopedia-2014">{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94318-9 |pages=173–174}}</ref><ref name="Yahoo-Farook-Incomplete-2020">{{Cite web |first=Farhana |last=Farook |date=16 October 2020 |title=Smita Patil – An incomplete dream |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/smita-patil-a-tribute-on-her-65th-birth-anniversary-094752164.html |access-date=5 May 2021 |website=Yahoo Entertainment}}</ref> and was a part of local theatre groups in Pune and spent much of her time at the campus of the [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII), causing many to mistake her for an alumna. The family mov's election as a [[cabinet minister]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Maithili |date=31 October 2015 |title=The making of Smita Patil |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-the-making-of-smita-patil-2140367 |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Debut and early success (1974–1980)===
Patil began her career in the early 1970s as a television newsreader<ref>{{cite web |title=स्मिता पाटिल बॉयोग्राफी |url=https://www.newstrend.news/177026/smita-patil-biography-hindi/ |website=newstrend.news |date=17 October 2018 |publisher=Newstrend |access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Shampa |author2=Anil Srivastava |title=One Hundred Indian Feature Films: An Annotated Filmography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zX4GY37rG8kC&q=Smita+Patil+ |year=1988 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=0-8240-9483-2 |ref=Ba}}</ref> on the newly transmitting Mumbai [[Doordarshan]], the Indian government run broadcaster. Her first film role was in the FTII student film ''Teevra Madhyam''<ref>{{Cite news|title= Teevra Madhyam (1974)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3GuErG7cEME|date=21 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="GulazāraNihalani2003">{{cite book |author1=Gulazāra |author2=Govind Nihalani |author3=Saibal Chatterjee |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema: An Enchanting Close-Up of India's Hindi Cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC |access-date=29 December 2012 |year=2003 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7991-066-5 |page=601}}</ref> by Arun Khopkar.<ref name="Rajadhyaksha-Encyclopedia-2014" /> [[Shyam Benegal]] then discovered her<ref name="UCLA">{{Cite web |title=Smita Patil |url=https://southasia.ucla.edu/culture/cinema/stars/smita-patil/ |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=MANAS |publisher=UCLA Social Sciences}}</ref> and cast her in his 1974 children's film, ''[[Charandas Chor]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/did-you-know-shyam-benegals-manthan-was-indias-first-crowdfunded-film/20203176 |title=Did you know Shyam Benegal's Manthan was India's first crowdfunded film? |date=2019-06-01 |website=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=2019-06-16}}</ref> Patil's first major role was in his other film, ''[[Manthan]]'', in which she played a [[Harijan]] woman who leads the revolt of the milk co-operative.<ref name="Rajadhyaksha-Encyclopedia-2014" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/manthan-1976/article3892670.ece|title=Shyam Benegal's Manthan (1976)|last=Us Salam|first=Ziya|date=12 September 2012|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-07-21|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=182&catName=MTk3Ng==|title=Top Earners 1976|access-date=2017-07-11|publisher=boxofficeindia.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210050538/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=182&catName=MTk3Ng==|archive-date=2009-02-10}}</ref>

Patil then won her first [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] and her first nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] for her performance in the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Bhumika (film)|Bhumika]]'',<ref>{{cite web | title = 'Hansa Wadkar' is the most difficult film I have done so far: Smita Patil|work= India Today| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/30-years-ago-on-india-today/story/20111128-smita-patil-in-shyam-benegal-film-hansa-wadkar-749733-2011-11-19 |author=Vaiju Mahindroo|date= 19 November 2011 |access-date = 27 September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/dec/14slide1.htm|title=The Best of Smita Patil – Bhumika|work=Rediff.com|author1=Dinesh Raheja|author-link=Dinesh Raheja|author2=Jitendra Kothari|access-date=1 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="Naqvi2007">{{cite book |author=Hena Naqvi |title=Journalism And Mass Communication |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0aFH2KFhFOkC&pg=PA202 |access-date=29 December 2012 |date=1 January 2007 |publisher=Upkar Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7482-108-9 |pages=202–}}</ref> just three years after her debut. The film, in which she portrays an actress leading a tumultuous life through sudden fame and stardom, brought her talent to the attention of the world.<ref name="Federal-Parthiban-Rare-2019">{{Cite web |last=Parthiban |first=Praveena |date=15 December 2019 |title=Reminiscing Smita Patil, a rare talent gone too soon |url=https://thefederal.com/features/reminiscing-smita-patil-a-rare-talent-gone-too-soon/ |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=The Federal |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Smita Patil's Bhumika (1977)|work=The Hindu | url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/bhumika-1977/article6221624.ece |date=17 July 2014| access-date = 27 September 2014 | first = Anuj | last = Kumar }}</ref> Patil attended the [[1976 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes Film Festival]] in 1976 with Shabana Azmi and Shyam Benegal for the film ''[[Nishant (film)|Nishant]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Smita Patil's debut film Nishant (1975) |work=The Hindu
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/nishant-1975/article3965004.ece |author=Ziya Us Salam|date=4 October 2012| access-date = 2014-09-27 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shabana Azmi recalls going to Cannes with Smita Patil, Shyam Benegal for 1976 film Nishant; shares pic |work=News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/shabana-azmi-recalls-going-to-cannes-with-smita-patil-shyam-benegal-for-1976-film-nishant-shares-pic-5185303.html| access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=184&catName=MTk3OA==|title=Top Earners 1978|access-date=2017-07-12|publisher=boxofficeindia.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213231634/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=184&catName=MTk3OA==|archive-date=2009-02-13}}</ref> Patil won [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi]] for her performance in ''[[Jait Re Jait]]'' in 1977.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Happy Birthday, Dr Mohan Agashe: A look at the best Marathi movies of veteran star |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/happy-birthday-dr-mohan-agashe-a-look-at-the-best-marathi-movies-of-veteran-star/photostory/84671378.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cinema India: The Visual Culture of Hindi Film |first=Rachel |last=Dwyer |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-81353-175-5}}</ref>

=== Acclaim in parallel cinema and stardom (1981–1987)===
Patil was a part of the radically political cinema of the 1970s, which included actresses such as [[Shabana Azmi]] and [[Deepti Naval]].<ref name="Hindu-Sarma-VeryGood-2015">{{Cite news |last=Sarma |first=Ramya |date=16 October 2015 |title=When she was good, she was very, very good |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/tribute-to-smita-patil/article7770080.ece |access-date=4 May 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Her work includes films with parallel cinema directors like [[Shyam Benegal]],<ref name="Heide2006" /> [[Govind Nihalani]], [[Satyajit Ray]] (''Sadgati'', 1981),<ref name="Robinson1989" /> [[G. Aravindan]] (''Chidambaram'', 1985) and [[Mrinal Sen]] as well as forays into the more commercial [[Hindi film industry]] cinema of [[Mumbai]].<ref name="Print-Pothukuchi-Relate-2019" /> In her films, Patil's character often represents an intelligent femininity that stands in relief against the conventional background of male-dominated cinema. Patil was a women's rights activist and became famous for her roles in films that portrayed women as capable and empowered.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Diptakirti |title=Bollybook: The Big Book of Hindi Movie Trivia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gq-CBAAAQBAJ |date=2014 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-93-5118-799-8 |language=en |access-date=1 November 2020 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420025038/https://books.google.com/books?id=gq-CBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tk5gBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT139|title=100 Bollywood Films|first=Rachel|last=Dwyer|date= 2005|publisher=Roli Books Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=9788174369901}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=K. Jha |first1=Subhash |last2=Bachchan |first2=Amitabh |author-link1=Subhash K. Jha |author-link2=Amitabh Bachchan |title=The Essential Guide to Bollywood |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialguideto00jhas |date=2005 |publisher=Lustre Press |isbn=978-81-7436-378-7 |language=en}}</ref>

Patil received widespread critical acclaim for her performances in ''[[Chakra (1981 film)|Chakra]]'' (1981),<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Purie |first=Aroon |date=15 May 1981 |title=Film review: Chakra, starring Smita Patil, Naseeruddin Shah, Kulbhushan Kharbanda|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19810515-film-review-chakra-starring-smita-patil-naseeruddin-shah-kulbhushan-kharbanda-805947-2014-02-27 |magazine=India Today |access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref> which earned her a second National Film Award for Best Actress and her first and only Filmfare Award for Best Actress.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsKR1RKoJKUC&dq=suraiya+nargis+madhubala+meena+kumari&pg=PA101|title=Filming the Gods: Religion and Indian Cinema|first=Rachel|last=Dwyer|date= 2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0415314240}}</ref> As a part of her preparation for the role of a slum-dweller, Patil used to visit the slums in Bombay during the making of ''Chakra''.<ref>{{cite interview |interviewer=Mimansa Shekhar |title=Satish Kaushik revisits Chakra |series=First of Many |date=10 July 2019 |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/satish-kaushik-debut-film-chakra-first-of-many-5792127/ |access-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031230604/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/satish-kaushik-debut-film-chakra-first-of-many-5792127/ |archive-date=31 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inuth.com/my-space/the-classical-kishore-kumar-10-songs-of-the-legendary-singer-based-on-indian-raagas/|title=Classical Kishore: 10 Songs Of The Legendary Singer Based On Indian Ragas|date=5 September 2017}}</ref>

Patil went onto star in ''[[Bazaar (1982 film)|Bazaar]]'' (1982)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HsRbAAAAMAAJ&q=+Bazaar Bazaar]. p. 25.</ref> and ''[[Aaj Ki Awaaz]]'' (1984), which earned her two nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Deepali|date=2017-08-05|title=Evolution of the rape scene|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-evolution-of-the-rape-scene-2520956|access-date=2021-02-10|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> For [[Mandi (1983 film)|''Mandi'']] (1983), she earned her a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20130202030643/http://www.screenindia.com/news/1982--On-the-sets-of-Mandi/3375/ 1982: On the sets of Mandi by Screen]</ref> Patil's performance in the marital drama ''[[Arth (film)|Arth]]'' (1982) was highly appreciated.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Rohit K. |last2=Datta |first2=Sangeeta |author-link1=Rohit K. Dasgupta |title=100 Essential Indian Films |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YT9xDwAAQBAJ |date=2018 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-1-4422-7799-1 |language=en}}</ref> For her portrayal as "the other woman" while acting opposite Shabana Azmi, she earned a second nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress.<ref name="Hindu-Sarma-VeryGood-2015" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100528/ttlife1.htm#12|last=Walia|first=Neha|title=Easy come, easy go? Nah|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|location=Chandigarh, India|date=28 May 2010|accessdate=15 July 2021}}</ref> During this time, she also starred in several notable [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] film ''[[Umbartha]]'' (1982), winning her second Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi for her performance in the films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm25thNFAAward.aspx|title=25th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|accessdate=4 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010041511/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm25thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=10 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/IP1981.pdf |title=Indian Cinema '80/'81 |access-date=22 September 2014 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232755/http://dff.nic.in/2011/IP1981.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-02-01 |title=BoxOffice India.com |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=189&catName=MTk4Mw== |access-date=2021-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201143724/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=189&catName=MTk4Mw== |archive-date=1 February 2009}}</ref>

Patil gradually moved to more commercial cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sood |first=Samira |date=17 October 2020 |title=Smita Patil in Aakhir Kyon? is an example of how art and mainstream films aren't so far apart |url=https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/smita-patil-in-aakhir-kyon-is-an-example-of-how-art-and-mainstream-films-arent-so-far-apart/524966/ |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> In an interview, she stated:{{blockquote|"I remained committed to small cinema for about five years ... I refused all commercial offers. Around 1977–78, the small cinema movement started picking up and they needed names. I was unceremoniously dropped from a couple of projects. This was a very subtle thing but it affected me a lot. I told myself that here I am and I have not bothered to make money. I have turned down big, commercial offers because of my commitment to small cinema and what have I got in return? If they want names I'll make a name for myself. So I started and took whatever came my way."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering The Timeless Bhuika... |first=Monojit |last=Lahiri |work=The Sunday Indian |url=http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/remembering-the-timeless-bhuika/275/48561/ |access-date=2021-04-03 |archive-date=23 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923234210/http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/remembering-the-timeless-bhuika/275/48561/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}

In time, commercial filmmakers like [[Raj Khosla]], [[Ramesh Sippy]] and [[B.R. Chopra]] offered her roles, agreeing that she was "excellent".<ref>{{cite book|author=Ravi Vasudevan|title=The Melodramatic Public: Film Form and Spectatorship in Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXfFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA145|date=2011|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-11812-6|pages=145–}}</ref> Her fans, too, grew with her new-found stardom.<ref name="boi82" /> Patil's glamorous roles in her more commercial films, such as ''[[Shakti (1982 film)|Shakti]]'' (1982) and ''[[Namak Halaal]]'' (1982) with [[Amitabh Bachchan]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5659 |title=Top Comedy Nett Grossers - Housefull 4 Tops |publisher=boxofficeindia.com |date=28 November 2019 |access-date=28 November 2019}}</ref> She showed that one can act in both, "serious" cinema and the "Hindi cinema" masala in the Hindi film industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ramesh-sippy-casting-amitabh-bachchan-dilip-kumar-together-shakti/|title=Ramesh Sippy on casting Amitabh Bachchan and Dilip Kumar together in Shakti|website=Bollywood Hungama|first=Subhash K.|last=Jha|date=23 January 2017|accessdate=14 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="Tribune-Dhillon-Superstar-2015">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2015 |last=Singh Dhillon |first=Chitvan |title=Superstar Smita |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/entertainment/superstar-smita-157290 |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=Tribune India News Service}}</ref> However, her sister Manya Patil Seth stated, "Smita was never comfortable in big-budget movies.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1L2DAAAQBAJ|title=INDIAN CINEMA A VISUAL VOYAGE|author=NFDC|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=9788123021928}}</ref> She wept her heart out after performing the rain dance with Mr [[Amitabh Bachchan|Bachchan]] in ''Namak Halaal''; she felt she wasn't doing the right thing."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Khalid |date=8 December 2017 |title=Remembering the legend that was Smita Patil |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/wknd/bollywood/remembering-the-legend-that-was-smita-patil |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="boi82">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=188&catName=MTk4Mg== |title=Box Office 1982 |website=[[Box Office India]] |date=5 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005013955/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=188&catName=MTk4Mg== |archive-date=5 October 2013 |access-date=9 September 2019}}</ref> In 1984, she served as a jury member of the [[Montreal World Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Awards of the Montreal World Film Festival – 1984 |url=http://www.ffm-montreal.org/en/awards/33-awards-of-the-montreal-world-film-festival-1984.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313184947/http://www.ffm-montreal.org/en/awards/33-awards-of-the-montreal-world-film-festival-1984.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=13 March 2014 |work=Montreal World Film Festival |access-date=13 March 2014}}</ref> Patil acted with [[Raj Babbar]] in films such as ''[[Bheegi Palkein]]'', ''Tajurba'', ''[[Aaj Ki Awaaz]]'', ''[[Awam (film)|Awam]]'' and ''Hum Do Hamare Do'' and later fell in love with him.<ref name="News18-Irreplaceable-2016" /><ref name="google book nVbGBgAAQBAJ">{{cite book|author=Emily Bronte|title=Wuthering Heights (Annotated)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVbGBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT225|publisher=Bronson Tweed Publishing|pages=225–|id=GGKEY:JXQKH8ETFJN}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Director [[C. V. Sridhar]] was the first one to pair her opposite [[Rajesh Khanna]] in ''[[Dil-E-Nadan]]'' in 1982.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Patel|first=Baburao|url=http://archive.org/details/filmindia194915unse|title=Film India|date=1949|publisher=Bombay|others=New York The Museum of Modern Art Library|pages=78}}</ref><ref name="Bajaj2014">{{cite book |author=J.K. Bajaj |title=On & Behind the Indian Cinema |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_1UqAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2008-IA87 |access-date=4 August 2015 |date=26 March 2014 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-5083-621-7 |pages=2008– |chapter=3, Year wise Popular Films with their main cast}}</ref> After the success of this film, Patil and Khanna were paired in successful films like ''[[Aakhir Kyon?]]'', ''[[Anokha Rishta]]'', ''[[Angaaray (1986 film)|Angaarey]]'', ''[[Nazrana (1987 film)|Nazrana]]'', ''[[Amrit]]''.<ref>[https://archive.today/20140527171047/http://www.ebay.com/itm/India-Bollywood-1986-Angaaray-press-book-Rajesh-Khanna-Smita-Patil-Raj-Babbar-/390762826596?pt=LH_DefaultDomain_0&hash=item5afb478b64 Angaaray press book - Rajesh Khanna, Smita Patil and Raj Babbar]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Box Office 1987 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=193&catName=MTk4Nw== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012172152/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=193&catName=MTk4Nw== |archive-date=12 October 2012 |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> With the release of ''Aakhir Kyon?'' her popularity and her pairing with Khanna were at its peak.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ | title=Movie Overview - Smita Patil and Rajesh Khanna's Aakhir Kyon | website=Bollywood Hungama | date=13 August 2011 | accessdate=15 May 2012}}</ref> The songs "Dushman Na Kare Dost Ne Woh" and "Ek Andhera Lakh Sitare" from ''Aakhir Kyon?'' were chartbusters. Each of these films were different and dealt with various social issues. Their performances were critically acclaimed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Motwani |first=Monica |date=20 September 2001 |title=1987 files |work=Screen |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20010928/f19.html |url-status=dead |access-date=2 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011031023302/http://www.screenindia.com/20010928/f19.html |archive-date=31 October 2001}}</ref> In 1986, ''[[Amrit (1986 film)|Amrit]]'' directed by [[Mohan Kumar (director)|Mohan Kumar]] became the fifth highest-grossing film of the year. ''Nazrana'', co-starring [[Sridevi]] released posthumously and became a box office success and was among the top 10 films of 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5UqAAAAYAAJ&q=nazrana|title=Collections - Nazrana|accessdate=20 July 2023|date=29 September 1991|publisher=Update Video Publication|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-01-15|title=Boxofficeindia 1986|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=192&catName=MTk4Ng==|access-date=2021-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115225618/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=192&catName=MTk4Ng==|archive-date=15 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-01-15|title=Boxofficeindia.com|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=125&catName=MTk4MC0xOTg5|access-date=2021-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115031410/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=125&catName=MTk4MC0xOTg5|archive-date=15 January 2013}}</ref>

{{quote box|align=left|width=31em|quote="Patil was a great actress. Many of her great performances are laser-like in focus on a few things. So Arth for instance was about vulnerability and desire. Jait Re Jait was about resilience and belief. Mirch Masala covers the entire oeuvre of her acting chops. From the low key of the early frames to the full blast upper registers in the closing stages of the film: The transformation is awesome."|source=—''[[Forbes India]]'' on Patil's performance in ''Mirch Masala'' (1987)<ref name="SmitaForbes" />}}

Patil's association with artistic cinema remained strong, however.<ref name="News18-Irreplaceable-2016">{{Cite web |date=17 October 2016 |title=Remembering Smita Patil: Why The Actress is Irreplaceable |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/remembering-smita-patil-why-the-actress-is-irreplaceable-in-indian-cinema-1302347.html |access-date=4 May 2021 |website=News18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ojha |first=Rajendra |date=1988 |title=75 Glorious Years of Indian Cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q7UEAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Mr.+Lambu%22 |location=[[Google Books]] |publisher=Screen World Publication |page=95,176 }}</ref> Her arguably greatest (and unfortunately final) role came when Patil re-teamed with [[Ketan Mehta]] to play the feisty and fiery Sonbai in ''[[Mirch Masala]]'', which released after her death in 1987.<ref>[http://imgur.com/vRi4j As seen here]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1987 |title=15th Moscow International Film Festival (1987) |accessdate=2013-02-18 |work=MIFF |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116194338/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1987 |archivedate=16 January 2013 }}</ref> Patil's performance as a spirited spice-factory worker who stands up against a lecherous petty official in this film was highly praised, and won her the [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Actress (Hindi)]].<ref name="Tribune-Dhillon-Superstar-2015" /> On the centenary of Indian cinema in April 2013, ''[[Forbes (India)|Forbes]]'' included her performance in the film on its list, "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema".<ref name="SmitaForbes">{{cite web |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/100-years-of-indian-cinema/25-greatest-acting-performances-of-indian-cinema/35125/0 |title=25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema |magazine=[[Forbes (India)|Forbes]] |first1=Shishir |last1=Prasad |first2=N. S. |last2=Ramnath |first3=Sohini |last3=Mitter |date=27 April 2013 |access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called her work "an enigmatically feisty final performance".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kempley |first1=Rita |title='Spices' (NR) |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/spices.htm |access-date=18 October 2021 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=18 November 1989}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Cinemas of India|last=Thorval |first= Yves|year=2000 |publisher=Macmillan India|isbn= 0-333-93410-5|pages= 181–182}}</ref><ref>Meer, Ameena http://bombsite.com/issues/29/articles/1262 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514080436/http://bombsite.com/issues/29/articles/1262 |date=14 May 2013 }} Fall 1989, Retrieved 13 May 2013</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ganti |first=Tejaswini |author-link=Tejaswini Ganti |title=Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIVlw5AzQTgC&pg=PA133 |year=2004 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-28853-8 |access-date=16 October 2016 |archive-date=10 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010235326/https://books.google.com/books?id=DIVlw5AzQTgC&pg=PA133 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Posthumous films (1987–1990) ===
Some of Patil's last works and posthumous releases include the Bengali film ''[[Debshishu]]'', where she worked without remuneration,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ray |first=Kunal |date=2015-10-17 |title='Smita struggled with curious contradictions' |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/literary-review/maithili-rao-speaks-with-kunal-ray-about-smita-patil-a-brief-incandescence/article7769651.ece |access-date=2022-03-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mybindi.com/arts-entertainment/WHATSON/bengali_filmfest.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717060502/http://www.mybindi.com/arts-entertainment/WHATSON/bengali_filmfest.html|url-status=dead|title=Debashishu|archive-date=17 July 2009}}</ref> ''[[Hum Farishte Nahin]]'', ''[[Dance Dance (film)|Dance Dance]]'', ''[[Insaniyat Ke Dushman]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rangoonwala |first1=Firoze |title=1987: a year of cinematic mediocrity |url=https://archive.org/details/ArabTimes1987KuwaitEnglish/Dec%2024%201987%2C%20Arab%20Times%2C%20%237127%2C%20Kuwait%20%28en%29/page/n7/mode/2up |access-date=27 April 2023 |work=[[Arab Times]] |date=24-25 December 1987}}</ref> ''[[Thikana (film)|Thikana]]'', ''[[Oonch Neech Beech]]'' and ''[[Waaris (1988 film)|Waaris]]''. Patil was pregnant during the filming of ''Thikana''. For ''Waaris'', Patil received wide acclaim.<ref>{{cite news|last1=KBR|first1=Upala|title=Does Bollywood need a no-pregnancy clause?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Does-Bollywood-need-a-no-pregnancy-clause/articleshow/9038577.cms|access-date=28 June 2015|work=The Times of India|date=30 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=afu0zjd5DYoC |title=Of the issue: Guftagu |date=23 April 1989 |volume=110 |issue=1–18 |magazine=The Illustrated Weekly of India |page=53 }}</ref> The 1990 film ''[[Galiyon Ka Badshah (1989 film)|Galiyon Ka Badshah]]'' marked her final film appearance. For ''Waaris'', Patil won her final acting award, the [[Lux|Lux Award for Best Actress]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617205737/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5274/index.html Galiyon Ka Badshah 1989] ''Bollywood Hungama'' Retrieved 17 December 2011</ref><ref>''[[Waaris (1988 film)|Waaris]]''</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Box Office India |title=Top Earners 1988 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=194&catName=MTk4OA== |publisher=boxofficeindia.com |access-date=3 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131224648/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=194&catName=MTk4OA== |archive-date=31 January 2009 }}</ref><ref name="boi89">{{cite web |date=15 January 2013 |title=Box Office 1989 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=195&catName=MTk4OQ== |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115225557/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=195&catName=MTk4OQ== |archive-date=15 January 2013 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Patil was an active feminist and was member of the Women's Centre in Mumbai. She attempted to portray women's issues through her different films. She was also involved in charity work, donating the winnings of her first National Award to charity.<ref name="News18-Irreplaceable-2016" /><ref name="ibnlive">{{cite web |title='25 years on, a phenomenon named Smita Patil ' |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/25-years-on-phenomenon-named-smita-patil/211601-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108034535/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/25-years-on-phenomenon-named-smita-patil/211601-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2012 |work=IBN Live |access-date=27 December 2011 |date=13 December 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Smita Patil's Bhumika is the celebrity biopic that should have been the blueprint for The Dirty Picture, Mahanati |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/smita-patil-bhumika-celebrity-biopic-should-have-been-blueprint-for-the-dirty-picture-mahanati-8618328/lite/ |work=Indian Express |date=20 May 2023 |accessdate=12 September 2023}}</ref>

When Patil became romantically involved with actor [[Raj Babbar]],<ref name="Rediff">{{cite web |title='She was a great human being' |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/dec/13smita.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=27 December 2011 |date=13 December 2006}}</ref> she drew severe criticism from her fans and the media, clouding her personal life and throwing her into the eye of a media storm. Raj Babbar left his wife [[Nadira Babbar]] to marry Patil.<ref>{{cite web |title=On Smita Patil's death anniversary, remembering her sensational affair with a married Raj Babbar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/smita-patil-death-anniversary-sensational-affair-raj-babbar-1106182-2017-12-13 |work=India Today |date=13 December 2017 |accessdate=13 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Raj Babbar remembers late wife Smita Patil on death anniversary with old pic: She was a noble soul |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/raj-babbar-remembers-late-wife-smita-patil-on-death-anniversary-with-old-pic-she-was-a-noble-soul-101639387864623.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=13 December 2021 |accessdate=12 December 2022}}</ref> Babbar and Patil first met on the sets of the 1982 film ''Bheegi Palkein.''<ref name="Hindu-Sarma-VeryGood-2015" /> Their son, actor [[Prateik Babbar]] was born on 28 November 1986.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/throwback-when-smita-patil-refused-to-take-a-maternity-leave-and-danced-despite-being-pregnant/articleshow/105976738.cms |title=Throwback: When Smita Patil refused to take a maternity leave and danced despite being pregnant |work=Times of India |date=14 December 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Dhingra |first=Deepali |title=Prateik's learning curve |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/prateiks-learning-curve/172626 |access-date=27 July 2014 |work=Mid-Day |date=16 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721134039/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/prateiks-learning-curve/172626 |archive-date=21 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Death ==
Patil died from childbirth complications ([[Puerperal sepsis]]) on 13 December 1986,<ref name="Robinson1989">{{cite book |author=Andrew Robinson |title=Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye |url=https://archive.org/details/satyajitrayinner00robi_0 |url-access=registration |access-date=29 December 2012 |year=1989 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-06946-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/satyajitrayinner00robi_0/page/258 258]–}}</ref> age 31.<ref name="Agnihotri1998">{{cite book |author=Ram Awgnihotri |title=Film stars in Indian politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Q5lAAAAMAAJ |access-date=29 December 2012 |year=1998 |publisher=Commonwealth Publishers |isbn=978-81-7169-506-5}}</ref> Nearly two decades later, notable film director [[Mrinal Sen]] alleged that Patil had died due to "gross medical negligence".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/feb/02mrinal.htm |title=Smita Patil - Memories from Mrinal da |work=Rediff.com |accessdate=28 December 2010 |date=2 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Prateik Babbar on mother Smita Patil: Got to be her sunshine kid |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/prateik-babbar-on-mother-smita-patil-got-to-be-her-sunshine-kid-458026 |work=NDTV |access-date=8 July 2014 |date=12 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612025136/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/prateik-babbar-on-mother-smita-patil-got-to-be-her-sunshine-kid-458026 |archive-date=12 June 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> After Patil's death, [[Prateik Babbar|her son]] was raised by her parents in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Lalwani |first=Vickey |title=Dad was not around while I was growing up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Dad-was-not-around-while-I-was-growing-up/articleshow/35462990.cms?imageid=29941634#slide7 |access-date=8 July 2014 |work=The Times of India |date=22 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525050739/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Dad-was-not-around-while-I-was-growing-up/articleshow/35462990.cms?imageid=29941634#slide7 |archive-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the media, she died an idol, a cult figure reaching beyond her grave. On her death, poet [[Kaifi Azmi]] said in his inaugural speech at a charity function, "Smita Patil is not dead. Her son is still amongst us."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thequint.com/on-smita-patils-death-anniversary-a-vivid-recollection-of-her-last-few-hours-and-her-final-fight-raj-babbar |title=Her Last Few Hours: Smita Patil Loved Life Till The End |work=The Quint |author=Bhawana Somaaya |date=12 December 2016 |accessdate=14 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Neepa |title=Wanted Cultured Ladies Only!: Female Stardom and Cinema in India, 1930s-1950s |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TdM2Ben3alIC |year=2009 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-09178-0}}</ref>

== Public image ==
Patil is regarded as one of the greatest and most accomplished actresses of [[Indian cinema]].<ref name="Top heroines of Bollywood">{{Cite news |title=Top heroines of Bollywood |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/top-actresses-of-bollywood-ever-367543-2012-05-01/2 |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/top-actresses-of-bollywood-ever-367543-2012-05-01/2 |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> ''[[Rediff.com]]'' placed her as the second-greatest Indian actress of all time, behind [[Nargis]].<ref name="SmitaRediff.com">{{cite web |title=Readers Choice: The Greatest Actresses of all time |work=Rediff.com |author=Raja Sen |access-date=22 September 2011 |date=29 June 2011 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-greatest-actresses-of-all-time/20110629.htm}}</ref> In 2022, she was placed in ''[[Outlook India]]''{{'}}s 75 Best Bollywood Actresses list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=75 Bollywood Actresses Who Ruled The Silver Screen With Grace, Beauty And Talent |work=Outlook India |date=16 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-bollywood-actresses-who-ruled-the-silver-screen-with-grace-beauty-and-talent-news-216694/amp |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-bollywood-actresses-who-ruled-the-silver-screen-with-grace-beauty-and-talent-news-216694/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> Patil was placed 5th in ''Rediff.com''{{'}}s "Best Bollywood Debut Ever" list, for her films ''Charandas Chor'' and ''Manthan''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Best Bollywood Debutants Ever |work=Rediff.com |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/24sd6-best-actresses-ever.htm |url-status=live |access-date=24 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/24sd6-best-actresses-ever.htm |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> Patil was known for her beauty and fashion throughout the 70s and 80s. In the media, she is cited a style icon with various publications like ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', including her among the topmost sex symbols of Bollywood.<ref>{{Cite web |archive-date=2022-08-16 |title=Thinking man's sex symbol |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/thinking-man-s-sex-symbol/photo-ktBtYJCdPomR11VoG7UCFO.html |access-date=2021-11-27 |website=Hindustan Times |date=15 September 2011 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/thinking-man-s-sex-symbol/photo-ktBtYJCdPomR11VoG7UCFO.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/125738/Top-10-Beautiful-Actresses-of-Bollywood-during-70-s- |title=Top 10 Beautiful Actresses of Bollywood during 70's |work=India Herald |date=21 April 2016 |access-date=27 February 2020}}</ref> ''[[Yahoo!]]'' placed Patil 5th in its "Ten most iconic beauties of Hindi cinema" list,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.lifestyle.yahoo.com/photos/10-iconic-and-eternal-beauties-of-bollywood-slideshow/actress-photo-1339137407.html |title=10 iconic and eternal beauties of Bollywood |date=8 June 2012 |work=Yahoo! India Lifestyle |access-date=12 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611042029/http://in.lifestyle.yahoo.com/photos/10-iconic-and-eternal-beauties-of-bollywood-slideshow/actress-photo-1339137407.html |archive-date=11 June 2012}}</ref> and ''[[Times of India]]''{{'}}s placed her in its "50 Beautiful Faces" list.<ref>{{cite web |title=Photos - 50 Beautiful Faces: 100 years of Indian Cinema |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 December 2021 |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/movies/100-yrs-of-indian-cinema/50-beautiful-faces-100-years-of-indian-cinema/morphshow/19713202.cms?from=mdr}}</ref> In 2023, [[Rajeev Masand]] named Patil as one of Hindi cinema's best actresses of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The eyes have it: Hindi cinema's best actresses |author=Rajeev Masand |work=India Today |date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/the-eyes-have-it-hindi-cinemas-best-actresses-2320786-2023-01-12 |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122142138/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/the-eyes-have-it-hindi-cinemas-best-actresses-2320786-2023-01-12 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood's top tawaifs |author=Sukanya Verma |work=Rediff.com |access-date=10 September 2022 |url=https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/30slid7.htm |archive-date=28 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128142138/https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/30slid7.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

Patil is highly regarded for her range as an actor, her beauty, and her style. Suresh Kohli of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' noted, "Smita Patil was, perhaps, the most accomplished actress of Hindi cinema. Her oeuvre is outstanding, investing almost every portrayal with a powerhouse realistic performance."<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=22 September 2011 |author=Kohli, Suresh |access-date=22 November 2019 |title=Smita Patil - Immortal performances |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/150885/immortal-performances.html}}</ref> Several actresses have been inspired by Patil's work. Actress [[Deepika Padukone]] said, "Smita Patil is someone whose work I admire a lot." [[Bhumi Pednekar]] credited the actress for "ushering in the change for heroines on screen", by her progressive portrayals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smita Patil award makes me feel more confident, says Deepika Padukone |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/smita-patil-award-makes-me-feel-more-confident-says-deepika-padukone-628276 |work=NDTV India |accessdate=20 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhumi Pednekar thanks yesteryear actors for ushering change on screen |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-bhumi-pednekar-thanks-yesteryear-actors-for-ushering-change-on-screen-145782/amp |work=Zee Business |accessdate=15 January 2021}}</ref> [[Katrina Kaif]] said, "Smita Patil's roles were an inspiration and touched the lives of millions of women. She showed us that not even sky is the limit"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smita Patil an inspiration, she showed us not even sky is the limit, says Katrina Kaif |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/smita-patil-an-inspiration-she-showed-us-not-even-sky-is-the-limit-says-katrina-kaif-3039289/lite/ |work=Indian Express |date=19 September 2016 |accessdate=12 October 2020}}</ref> [[Somy Ali]] said that Patil inspired her to become an actress, she also termed Patil, her "favourite".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did you know? The late Smita Patil inspired Somy Ali to become an actress |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/did-you-know-the-late-smita-patil-inspired-somy-ali-to-become-an-actress-news-303610/amp |work=Outlook India |date=17 July 2023 |accessdate=17 July 2023}}</ref> [[Rekha]] termed Patil a "far better actor" than her or anybody else.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smita Patil is a far better actor than me, says Rekha |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/smita-patil-a-far-better-actor-than-me-says-rekha/story-sE6e3iA8IQcSHUHpOeU6DO.html |agency=Press Trust of India |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 December 2017 |accessdate=30 December 2022}}</ref>

Talking about Patil, her co-actor [[Om Puri]] stated: "Smita had an understanding of love, a lot of sincerity and warmth came through in her performances. She was a Bohemian. She was not class conscious, rather was very bubbly, full of life. Never saw her low or depressed about anything. Very liberated and progressive in her thoughts and work."<ref name="RealSmita">{{Cite news |title=Smita Patil: The Woman Behind The Image |work=Rediff.com |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/smita-patil-the-woman-behind-the-image/20151015.htm |url-status=live |access-date=28 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/special/smita-patil-the-woman-behind-the-image/20151015.htm |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> [[W. Andrew Robinson|Andrew Robinson]] wrote in his book ''Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye'', that Ray once said, "There is no one who can replace Smita Patil".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=Andrew |author-link1=W. Andrew Robinson |title=Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520069466 |date=1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TnkcLvYRNfMC&q=smita+patil |language=en}}</ref> Aruna Vasudev termed Patil as one of the "most intense" actress, Indian cinema ever had.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vasudev |first1=Aruna |title=The New Indian Cinema |publisher=Macmillan India |isbn=9780333909287 |date=1986 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F7IaAQAAIAAJ&q=The+new+Indian+cinema%0ABy+Aruna+Vasudev+%C2%B7 |language=en}}</ref> [[Sumita S. Chakravarty]] noted that, "In the 1960-1970, "new cinema" emerged and Patil became one of the foremost actress of the prosixties.<ref>{{cite book |last1=S. Chakravarty |first1=Sumita |title=National Identity in Indian Popular Cinema, 1947-1987 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=9780292789852 |date=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8T0uwJtMxkC&q=Smita+Patil+ |language=en}}</ref> Filmmaker [[Mahesh Bhatt]] added, "There was something very special about her from the start. When I decided to make ''Arth'', I wanted to make it with two powerful actresses as the wife and the other woman. Looking back, I'm proud to say that Smita Patil [with Shabana Azmi] made ''Arth'' what it was."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Smita looked very serene and happy |work=Rediff.com |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/smita-looked-very-serene-and-happy/20231017.htm |url-status=live |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019234730/https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/smita-looked-very-serene-and-happy/20231017.htm |archive-date=19 October 2023}}</ref> Actor [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] praised Patil's beauty and said, "Smita Patil would appear as a typical Indian girl. But as soon as she faced the camera, no one looked more beautiful. If she were here today, she would have been a favourite for international filmmakers. The West was drawn to her."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui applauds Smita Patil's enduring beauty: The West was drawn to her |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nawazuddin-siddiqui-applauds-smita-patils-enduring-beauty-says-west-drawn/ |url-status=live |access-date=28 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310234730/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/features/nawazuddin-siddiqui-applauds-smita-patils-enduring-beauty-says-west-drawn/ |archive-date=10 March 2024}}</ref>

== Reception and legacy ==
Patil is known among the greatest actresses of Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bollywood Beauties - Then and Now |work=NDTV India |url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/bollywood-beauties-then-and-now-8682 |url-status=live |access-date=26 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127234730/https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/bollywood-beauties-then-and-now-8682 |archive-date=27 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Joshi |first1=Sumit |title=Bollywood Through Ages |publisher=Best Book Reads |isbn=9781311676696 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WHQWCgAAQBAJ&q=Smita+Patil+&pg=PT272 |language=en}}</ref> On Patil's successful film career, Rachit Gupta of ''[[Filmfare]]'' noted, "Her dusky, unconventional looks, choice of roles, active socio-political career worked to her advantage. Smita Patil made an enviable movie career."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eternal sunshine: Smita Patil |work=Filmfare |access-date=26 September 2021 |url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/eternal-sunshine-smita-patil-4638.amp |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://m.filmfare.com/features/eternal-sunshine-smita-patil-4638.amp |url-status=live }}</ref> Mamun M. Adil of [[Pakistan]]'s newspaper ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'' noted, "Patil was in her early 20s when she delivered towering turns which, speak volumes for the talent that simmered behind her mesmerising eyes."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smita Patil - Star power |work=Dawn |date=2 October 2016 |access-date=28 November 2022 |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1287531 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.dawn.com/news/1287531 |url-status=live }}</ref> Santanu Das of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' added, "Rarely has an actor arrived in Indian Cinema quite like Patil; so full-bodied in her approach to the art of performance."<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 essential performances of the trailblazing Smita Patil |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 October 2023 |access-date=21 November 2023 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/smita-patil-5-essential-performances-of-the-trailblazing-actor-101697517462774.html |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017142138/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/smita-patil-5-essential-performances-of-the-trailblazing-actor-101697517462774-amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Filmmaker [[Shyam Benegal]] praised the actress and said, "Smita Patil was a chameleon. She could be a part of the story without your thinking about it. She was instinctive. The camera loved her. The camera looked at her, it picked her out of everyone else. That was the thing about her."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Camera loved Smita Patil: Shyam Benegal |work=Indian Express |date=28 November 2015 |access-date=26 October 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/camera-loved-smita-patil-shyam-benegal/lite/ |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/camera-loved-smita-patil-shyam-benegal/lite/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[News18 India]]'' named her as an actress "remembered for her work and influence" and noted, "Smita Patil was famous for her serious roles, expressive eyes, and impeccable acting."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Camera loved Smita Patil: Shyam Benegal |work=News18 India |access-date=12 January 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/how-smita-patil-left-an-incredible-body-of-work-in-bollywood-before-her-tragic-death-at-31-8596994.html |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021142138/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/how-smita-patil-left-an-incredible-body-of-work-in-bollywood-before-her-tragic-death-at-31-8596994.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=When Smita Patil spoke about objectification of women, nudity in films |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 October 2023 |access-date=10 November 2023 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/when-smita-patil-spoke-about-objectification-of-women-nudity-in-films-101697475511888.html |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019142138/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/when-smita-patil-spoke-about-objectification-of-women-nudity-in-films-101697475511888-amp.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Acting style and screen image ===
Patil is considered among the finest actresses. She established herself as one of the most prominent actress of arthouse and [[parallel cinema]],<ref>{{cite web |title=India's Art House Cinema |author=Lalit Mohan Joshi |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |date=17 July 2007 |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/contemporary/india-arthouse.html |access-date=2 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122162218/http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/contemporary/india-arthouse.html |archive-date=22 November 2009}}</ref> and was widely known as the "Queen of parallel cinema and new wave movement". Patil was also known for her work in the mainstream films.<ref name="Finest Smita" /> Writing for ''[[Scroll.in]]'', film critic [[Maithili Rao]] stated, "Art or mainstream, Smita was a magnet to film-makers hopelessly in love with her screen presence and the wonderful woman behind the image."<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Smita Patil put gravitas into the gravy |work=Scroll.in |date=30 September 2015 |access-date=16 September 2020 |url=https://scroll.in/reel/758241/how-smita-patil-put-gravitas-into-the-gravy |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://amp.scroll.in/article/758241/how-smita-patil-put-gravitas-into-the-gravy |url-status=live }}</ref> Gargi Nandwana from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' stated, "Smita Patil's films fearlessly traversed uncharted terrain — an absolute anathema for a Bollywood actress of that time poised for an illustrious career — navigating the intricate nuances, complexities, strengths, and vulnerabilities intrinsic to the female experience."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smita Patil's pathbreaking filmography that celebrated the female experience |work=Indian Express |access-date=28 October 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/feminism-through-smita-patils-lens-in-a-short-lived-career-she-prised-open-a-space-for-feminist-interventions-8986498/lite/ |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821142138/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/feminism-through-smita-patils-lens-in-a-short-lived-career-she-prised-open-a-space-for-feminist-interventions-8986498/lite/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Patil was known for her path-breaking roles and she changed the portrayal of women onscreen with her morally complex characters.<ref name="25 must see">{{cite web|url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/Special_Features/25_Must_See_Bollywood_Movies/articleshow/msid-1250837,curpg-8.cms|title=25 Must See Bollywood Movies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015033906/http://movies.indiatimes.com/Special_Features/25_Must_See_Bollywood_Movies/articleshow/msid-1250837,curpg-8.cms|date=15 October 2007 |archive-date=15 October 2007|work=Indiatimes Movies}}</ref><ref name="independent woman">{{Cite web |title=How Smita Patil has influenced the idea of cinema, identity, and the independent woman |work=Firstpost |date=17 October 2021 |access-date=16 February 2023 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/how-smita-patil-has-influenced-my-idea-of-cinema-identity-and-the-independent-woman-10058261.html/amp |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329142138/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/how-smita-patil-has-influenced-my-idea-of-cinema-identity-and-the-independent-woman-10058261.html/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> Patil received critical acclaim for her portrayal of a feisty village girl in ''Manthan'', an actress in ''Bhumika'', a rape victim in ''Aakrosh'', a slum-dweller in ''Chakra'', a woman involved with a married man in ''Arth'', a prostitute and classical singer in ''Mandi'', a divorcee in ''Aakhir Kyon?'' and a strong woman against oppressors in ''Mirch Masala''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smita Patil in Aakhir Kyon? is an example of how art and mainstream films aren't so far apart |work=The Print |date=17 October 2020 |access-date=19 October 2022 |url=https://theprint.in/feature/reel-take/smita-patil-in-aakhir-kyon-is-an-example-of-how-art-and-mainstream-films-arent-so-far-apart/524966/?amp |archive-date=11 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811142138/https://theprint.in/feature/reel-take/smita-patil-in-aakhir-kyon-is-an-example-of-how-art-and-mainstream-films-arent-so-far-apart/524966/?amp |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Forbes India|Forbes]]'' included her performance in ''Mirch Masala'' in its, "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema" list.<ref name="SmitaForbes" /> ''[[Filmfare]]'' included Patil's performances in ''Bhumika'' and ''Mirch Masala'' in its list of "80 Iconic Performances" of Bollywood, placed 24th and 8th respectively. For ''Bhumika'', it noted, "Smita's role is memorable not only because of her keen understanding of an actor and a woman's mindset but also because she flawlessly became Hansa during the film-within-the-film portions and her act giving the bygone era glimpse."<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://tanqeed.com/filmfare-top-80-iconic-performances-old-article-2010/ |title=80 Iconic Performances |journal=Filmfare Via Tanqeed.com |date=4 June 2010 |access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref> ''[[NDTV]]'' added her character, Usha, from ''Bhumika'' in its "Trailblazing Women of Bollywood" list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Trailblazing Women From Bollywood |work=NDTV India |date=8 March 2024 |access-date=9 March 2024 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/womens-day-special-10-trailblazing-female-characters-5200044 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310142138/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/womens-day-special-10-trailblazing-female-characters-5200044/amp/1 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On not working in commercial cinema, Patil said, "I hope I don't get pushed into doing commercial films because, truly, that will be the end of Smita Patil."<ref name="Finest Smita">{{Cite web |title=Smita Patil - Finest actresses Bollywood has ever had |work=India Today |date=4 December 2006 |access-date=28 July 2022 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/30-years-ago-on-india-today/story/20061204-smita-patil-bollwood-talented-and-art-actor-781968-2006-12-03 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/30-years-ago-on-india-today/story/20061204-smita-patil-bollwood-talented-and-art-actor-781968-2006-12-03 |url-status=live }}</ref> Shaikh Ayaz of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' noted, "In this repertory of talent that dominated the Hindi art cinema landscape, Patil was but a comet. Her films made space for feminist interventions, serving as a template for every succeeding generation of actors."<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 essential Smita Patil moments that prove why there's nobody like her |work=Indian Express |date=17 October 2022 |access-date=11 December 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/5-essential-smita-patil-moments-that-prove-why-theres-nobody-like-her-8213774/ |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016142138/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/5-essential-smita-patil-moments-that-prove-why-theres-nobody-like-her-8213774/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Praising Patil's screen presence and work, S. Shivakumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' termed her a "rare and refreshing exception in cinema" and said, "The lines between parallel and mainstream cinema may have blurred but her performances in both are priceless."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The star who shunned stardom |work=The Hindu |date=11 April 2016 |access-date=28 December 2021 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/the-star-who-shunned-stardom/article8461119.ece |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/the-star-who-shunned-stardom/article8461119.ece/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Raja Sen from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' noted, "The more striking side of the coin was Smita Patil, who had a compellingly intelligent presence that stood for both empowerment and sensitivity."<ref name="SmitaRediff.com" /> Ali Peter John from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' noted, "Smita Patil was a complete and consummate actress, whose ability to face the most difficult challenges and triumph over them has become a part of the art of great acting. She was the life of art, parallel or new wave cinema."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Legendary Smita Patil and her spell over the industry |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=4 December 2018 |access-date=28 March 2022 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/remembering-legendary-smita-patil-spell-industry/ |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/remembering-legendary-smita-patil-spell-industry/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{main|Smita Patil filmography}}

== Accolades ==
=== Civilian Award ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| 1985
| [[Padma Shri]]
| [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (1980–1989)|Contribution in the field of Arts]]
| {{honoured}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2014)|url=https://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Year_Wise_main_25042017.pdf|work=Ministry of Home Affairs - India|date=21 May 2014|access-date=23 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002842/http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Year_Wise_main_25042017.pdf|archive-date=9 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

=== Film Awards ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| [[25th National Film Awards|1977]]
| [[National Film Awards]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| rowspan="2"|''[[Bhumika (film)|Bhumika]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/92_25thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=25th National Film Awards|work=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=3 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103082138/https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/92_25thNfacatalogue.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[25th Filmfare Awards|1978]]
| [[Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners|title=Check out all the Filmfare Awards Winners from 1953 to 2020 |accessdate=30 December 2021 |work=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Marathi Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Best Actress – Marathi]]
| ''[[Jait Re Jait]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref name="MarathiAwards">{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xU3jAAAAMAAJ |work=The Times of India |title=Directory and Year Book Including Who's Who|last1 = Reed|first1= Sir Stanley|year=1984}}</ref>
|-
| [[28th National Film Awards|1980]]
| [[National Film Awards]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| rowspan="2"|''[[Chakra (1981 film)|Chakra]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/89_28thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=28th National Film Awards|work=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725172353/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/89_28thNfacatalogue.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[29th Filmfare Awards|1982]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=29th Filmfare Awards - Nominees and {{sic|nolink=1|Winner}} |url=https://archive.org/details/FilmfareAwards |access-date=10 May 2022 |work=The Times Group |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[30th Filmfare Awards|1983]]
|''[[Bazaar (1982 film)|Bazaar]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Filmfare|title=Some things never change at the awards...Thank the lord|issue=April 2002|author=Gahlot, Deepa|url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/april2002/fb3.html|access-date=2011-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703170426/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/april2002/fb3.html|archive-date=3 July 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Marathi Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Best Actress – Marathi]]
| rowspan="2"|''[[Umbartha]]''
| {{won}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref name="MarathiAwards" />
|-
| [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
| [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[31st Filmfare Awards|1984]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| ''[[Arth (film)|Arth]]''
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite magazine |date=30 April 1984 |title=Govind Nihalani's film 'Ardh Satya' sweeps 31st Filmfare Awards |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19840430-govind-nihalani-film-ardh-satya-sweeps-five-filmfare-awards-802980-1984-04-29 |magazine=India Today |access-date=27 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mandi (1983 film)|Mandi]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[32nd Filmfare Awards|1985]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| ''[[Aaj Ki Aawaz]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref name="SmitaAwards" />
|-
| 1987
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Actress (Hindi)|Best Actress]] [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|–]] Hindi
| ''[[Mirch Masala]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref name="SmitaAwards">{{Cite news |title=Smita Patil - All her award winning performances |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/smita-patil-award-winning-performances/photostory/49416248.cms |access-date=15 September 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 1989
| [[Lux|Star & Style - Lux Awards]]
| Best Actress
| ''[[Waaris (1988 film)|Waaris]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=List of awards and nominations received by Smita Patil |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Smita-Patil/awards |access-date=29 September 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

== Honours and tributes ==
{{quote box
|quote= "I describe her as an illusion. She was not intelligent or intellectual but sensitive. Intense. And there were people all over the world who cared for her. From John Warrington to a Polish actor, a Swedish director, they were all in love with her."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rare Appeal: Remembering Smita Patil |work=Rediff.com |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/column/rare-appeal-remembering-smita-patil/20221213.htm |url-status=live |access-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/column/rare-appeal-remembering-smita-patil/20221213.htm |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref>
|source=—[[Mohan Agashe]] on Smita Patil (Smita Patil, A Brief Incandescence)
|bgcolor=lightblue
|align=right
|salign=left
|width=20em
}}

The Priyadarshni Academy started the [[Smita Patil Memorial Award for Best Actress]], as a tribute to the veteran actress in 1986. It is awarded every other year to an actress for her contribution to Indian cinema.<ref>[http://www.priyadarshniacademy.com/smita-patil-memorial-awards.php Official site - Smita Patil Memorial Award for Best Actress]</ref> In 2012, the Smita Patil International Film Festival Documentaries and Shorts was initiated in her honour.<ref name="Time Out">{{cite web |last1=staff |title=Smita Patil Documentary and Short Film Festival |url=https://www.timeout.com/pune/events/smita-patil-documentary-and-short-film-festival |work=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]] |access-date=19 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/7th-smita-patil-international-film-festival-to-be-held-in-pune-on-december-8-9/story-EiOo4iO5n1fNnfVEJhrqyN.html |title=7th Smita Patil international film festival to be held in Pune on December 8–9 |date=7 December 2018 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/every-life-matters-says-the-man-who-has-saved-scores/articleshow/65739732.cms |title=Every life matters, says the man who has saved scores |location=Pune |website=The Times of India|date=9 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/salvage-army/articleshow/65371969.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812062745/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/salvage-army/articleshow/65371969.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 August 2018 |title=Salvage army |website=Pune Mirror }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/cop-documents-work-of-punes-unsung-hero/articleshow/64626498.cms |title=Cop documents work of Pune's unsung hero |website=Pune Mirror |access-date=15 February 2019 |archive-date=25 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525090409/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/cop-documents-work-of-punes-unsung-hero/articleshow/64626498.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2015, film critic Maithili Rao published Patil's biography "Smita Patil: A Brief Incandescence". In the same year, [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|National Centre for the Performing Arts]] and [[National Film Archive of India]] organised a retrospective on the actress named, "Smita - A minor retrospective of a major actress".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maithili Rao's book on Smita Patil gives marvellous insights |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 December 2015 |access-date=11 August 2022 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/maithili-rao-s-book-on-smita-patil-gives-marvellous-insights/story-OC2kY8TxoHRR9AMG0XPblL.html |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/maithili-rao-s-book-on-smita-patil-gives-marvellous-insights/story-OC2kY8TxoHRR9AMG0XPblL_amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Smita Patil |work=Mid Day |date=2 October 2015 |access-date=27 September 2021 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai-guide/famous-personalities/article/remembering-smita-patil-16578196 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.mid-day.com/amp/mumbai-guide/famous-personalities/article/remembering-smita-patil-16578196 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1989, [[Meera Dewan]], made a documentary on her, named "Searching for Smita".<ref name="RealSmita" /> Odissi dancer Jhelum Paranjape named her dance institute "Smitalaya" (launched in 1989), in fond memory of Patil. Smita Patil Street Theatre, has been named in the late actress honor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Smita Patil: Attend this tribute organised by the actor's childhood friend |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/remembering-smita-patil-attend-this-tribute-organised-by-the-actor-s-childhood-friend/story-PWreNRuHOnFhdpa0iwCi6J.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 October 2015 |accessdate=10 September 2019}}</ref>

On the occasion of 100 years of the Indian cinema, a postage stamp bearing her face was released by [[India Post]] to honour her on 3 May 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=3 May 2013 |title=President Pranab Mukherjee releases stamps on 50 Bollywood personalities |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/president-pranab-mukherjee-releases-stamps-on-50-bollywood-personalities/articleshow/19870256.cms |access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref> Patil's father, Shivajirao Giridhar Patil started the Smita Patil Charitable Trust in 1996, in her memory. It was started with a mission to provide co-education to the students of the rural areas. The same year, a school named, Smita Patil Public School was started in [[Dhule]], Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://smitapatilpublicschool.org/SPPSAboutUs.aspx | title=About Us|work=Smita Patil Public School | access-date=26 May 2013 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714043524/http://smitapatilpublicschool.org/SPPSAboutUs.aspx | archive-date=14 July 2015 }}</ref> In 2010, the [[Indo-American Arts Council]], organised an 11-film retrospective of the late actress’ films in [[New York City|New York]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Restoring Smita Patil's legacy |work=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=22 January 2021 |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/views/restoring-smita-patils-legacy/articleshow/21738569.cms |archive-date=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128142138/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/views/restoring-smita-patils-legacy/articleshow/21738569.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Polish Film Institute]] and the Indian embassy in [[Warsaw]] organised "Smita Patil Retrospect", in [[Poland]] in her memory. Thus, she became the first Indian actress to be honored with a retrospective abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poland pays tribute to actress Smita Patil |work=NDTV |access-date=11 January 2021 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/poland-pays-tribute-to-actress-smita-patil-608770 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/poland-pays-tribute-to-actress-smita-patil-608770/amp/1 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, her son Prateik Babbar changed his name to Prateik Patil Babbar, as a heartfelt homage to his late mother. He said, "When my name appears in film credits or anywhere, I want it to be a reminder to myself, the people and the audience, of her extraordinary and remarkable legacy, of my legacy, a reminder of her brilliance and greatness."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prateik Babbar pays tribute to late mother Smita Patil; changes name to Prateik Patil Babbar |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/prateik-babbar-pays-tribute-late-mother-smita-patil-changes-name-prateik-patil-babbar/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=6 June 2023 |accessdate=29 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prateik Babbar pays tribute to his mother actress Smita Patil, adds Patil to his name |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/prateik-babbar-pays-tribute-to-mother-smita-patil-adds-patil-to-his-name-news-292434/amp |work=Outlook India |date=6 June 2023 |accessdate=10 September 2023}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
===In film===
* In 2012, ''[[Times of India|India Times]]'' included her film ''[[Arth (film)|Arth]]'' (1982), in its "25 must-see Bollywood films" list.<ref name="25 must see" />
* In 2013, ''[[News18]]'' included her 1982 films - ''[[Umbartha]]'' and ''[[Akaler Shandhaney]]'', in its "100 greatest Indian films" list.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2013 |title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time |url=http://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/100-years-of-indian-cinema-the-100-greatest-indian-films-of-all-time-903065.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425234818/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-56.html |archive-date=25 April 2013 |access-date=29 April 2021 |website=[[News18]] |page=36}}</ref>
* While, [[Richa Chadha]] gave Patil a tribute by recreating her look for a magazine shoot,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Richa Chadha revisits late Smita Patil's iconic look, Prateik Babbar reacts |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/richa-chadha-revisits-late-smita-patils-iconic-look-prateik-babbar-reacts-2444582.html |work=Zee News |accessdate=26 November 2022}}</ref> actress [[Madhuri Pawar]] gave her a tribute by recreating her ''[[Jait Re Jait]]'''s look.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Madhuri Pawar pays tribute to late actress Smita Patil on her birth anniversary with iconic 'Jait Re Jait' look |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/madhuri-pawar-pays-tribute-to-late-actress-smita-patil-on-her-birth-anniversary-with-iconic-jait-re-jait-look/articleshow/104497619.cms |work=Times of India |access-date=26 October 2023}}</ref>
* In 2024, restored version of her 1976 film ''[[Manthan]]'' was selected for premier at the [[2024 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Restored version of Shyam Benegal's Manthan starring Smita Patil to premiere at Cannes Film Festival 2024 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/restored-version-shyam-benegals-manthan-starring-smita-patil-premiere-cannes-film-festival-2024/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=27 April 2024}}</ref>

===Biography===
* In 2015, film critic [[Maithili Rao]], wrote Patil's biography titled, ''Smita Patil: A Brief Incandescence''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rao |first1=Maithili |title=Smita Patil: A Brief Incandescence|author-link=Maithili Rao |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=9789351775133 |date=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iMFMDQAAQBAJ&q=smita+patil |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jul/23dinesh.htm |title=Raw stock, rare appeal: Smita Patil |work=Rediff.com |accessdate=23 December 2019 |author=Dinesh Raheja}}
* {{cite book |last1=Wadkar |first1=Hansa |title=You Ask, I Tell - An Autobiography|author-link=Maithili Rao |publisher=Zubaan Books Publishers India |isbn=9789383074686 |date=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WrKPDAAAQBAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Kidwai |first=Rashid |title=Neta–Abhineta: Bollywood Star Power in Indian Politics |publisher=Hachette UK |year=2018 |isbn=978-9350098035 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3v5sDwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Wani |first=Aarti |title=Fantasy of Modernity |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2016 |isbn=9781107117211 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6kwCwAAQBAJ}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{Portal bar|India|Biography|Films}}

{{National Film Award for Best Actress}}
{{FilmfareBestActressAward}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Smita}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses from Pune]]
[[Category:Deaths in childbirth]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Best Actress National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Actresses in Gujarati cinema]]
[[Category:People from Dhule district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:People from Dhule]]
[[Category:Actresses from Maharashtra]]

Pune–Rani Kamalapati Humsafar Express

2026-03-19T14:13:56Z

Glasierwellness:

{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

{{Short description|Train in India}}

{{Italic title}}{{Infobox rail service
| color = 20B2AA
| name = Pune-Rani Kamalapati Humsafar Express
| logo =
| image = Pune humsafar express.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| caption = Pune Humsafar Express At [[Itarsi Junction railway station|Itarsi Junction]]
| type = [[Humsafar Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|2018|10|06}}
| last =
| operator = [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Pune}} ('''PUNE''')
| stops = 7
| end = {{rws|Rani Kamalapati}} ('''RKMP''')
| distance = {{convert|890|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 13h 30m
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC 3 tier
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Yes
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach|LHB Humsafar]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 22171 / 22172
| speed = {{cvt|66|km/h}} Avg. Speed
| map = {{Pune–Rani Kamalapati (Habibganj) Humsafar Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The 22171/22172 '''Pune–Rani Kamalapati Humsafar Express''' is a [[Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train of the [[Indian Railways]] which belongs to [[West Central Railway zone]] that runs between {{rws|Pune Junction}} of [[Maharashtra]] and {{rws|Rani Kamalapati}} ([[Bhopal]]) of [[Madhya Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It is currently being operated with 22171/22172 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[https://www.patrika.com/khandwa-news/five-years-50-letters-still-not-received-3609711/ Five years, 50 letters still not available ]</ref><ref>[https://www.patrika.com/hoshangabad-news/hamsafar-s-journey-started-331-passengers-were-on-board-in-the-first-day-3526544/ Hamsafar's journey started, 331 passengers ]</ref><ref>[http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=4532&did=15387416798304DA48C2ECB18AEB8460B4856D122B205 Introduction of Pune-Habibganj Weekly Superfast Humsafar Express]</ref><ref>[http://www.everythinginhindi.com/articles/199/20181005199.php Bhopal gets three more Gwalior ]</ref>

==Coach composition ==
The train is completely 3-tier AC sleeper designed by [[Indian Railways]] with features of LED screen display to show information about stations, train speed etc. and will have announcement system as well, Vending machines for tea, coffee and milk, Bio toilets in compartments as well as CCTV cameras.

== Service==

It averages {{cvt|66|km/h}} as 22171/Pune - Rani Kamalapati Humsafar Express starts on Sunday from {{rws|Pune Junction}} covering {{convert|890|km|0|abbr=on}} in 13 hrs 30 mins & {{cvt|56|km/h}} as 22172/Rani Kamalapati- Pune Humsafar Express starts on Saturday from {{rws|Rani Kamalapati}} covering {{convert|890|km|0|abbr=on}} in 15 hrs 55 min.

==Traction==
Both trains are hauled by an Electric Loco Shed [[Electric Loco Shed, Itarsi|Itarsi]] based [[WAP 7]] locomotives from {{rws|Pune}} to {{rws|Rani Kamalapati}} and vice versa.

== Route and halts ==

* '''{{rws|Pune Junction}}'''
* {{rws|Daund Junction}}
* {{rws|Ahilyanagar}}
* {{rws|Kopargaon}}
* {{rws|Manmad}}
* {{rws|Bhusaval Junction}}
* {{rws|Itarsi Junction}}
* {{rws|Narmadapuram}}
* '''{{rws|Rani Kamalapati}}'''

==Rake sharing==
The train shares its rake with 22169/22170 [[Santragachi-Rani Kamalapati Humsafar Express]].

== Direction reversal==
Train reverses its direction one time:
* {{rws|Daund Junction}}

==See also==
* [[Santragachi-Rani Kamalapati Humsafar Express]]
* [[Humsafar Express]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/89661 22171/Pune - Habibganj Humsafar Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/89660 22172/Habibganj - Pune Humsafar Express]

{{Humsafar Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pune - Habibganj Humsafar Express}}
[[Category:Humsafar Express trains]]
[[Category:Transport in Bhopal]]
[[Category:Transport in Pune]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2018]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

List of districts of Ladakh

2026-03-12T08:45:37Z

Glasierwellness:

{{Short description|None}}

The [[union territory]] of [[Ladakh]] in [[Administrative divisions of India|India]] consists of two [[The Gazette of India|notified]] and operationalised [[list of districts in India|districts]], with the 5 new districts announced on 26th August 2024 are being progressively made infrastructure-ready while awaiting the formal Gazetted notification by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-26 |title=MHA announces five new districts in Ladakh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mha-announces-five-new-districts-in-ladakh/articleshow/112797243.cms |access-date=2024-08-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Ladakh has no unition territory level legislative, but it has one [[Ladakh Lok Sabha constituency|member of parliament]], and each of the notified two districts of Ladakh has an elected [[autonomous administrative divisions of India|autonomous district council]] for [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil|Kargil]] and [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh|Leh]].

==History==
{{see also | History of Ladakh }}

Until 31 October 2019, the districts of [[Kargil district|Kargil]] and [[Leh]] in Ladakh were part of the former state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] state of India, when Jammu and Kashmir state was denotified as state and split into two new [[Union territory|Union territories]], namely the [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir union territory]] and the Ladakh union territory of India.

==List==

===Existing: notified and operationalised===
{{anchor | Existing }}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-bottom: 0;"
! District!! Headquarters !! Area (km2) !! Population (2011 Census)
!Established
!Predecessor!! Autonomous District Council !! Comments !! URL
|-
| [[Kargil district|Kargil]] || [[Kargil]] || {{formatnum: 14086}} || {{formatnum:140802}}
|1979
|[[Leh district|Leh]]|| [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil]] || Shia Muslim majority || http://kargil.nic.in/
|-
| [[Leh district|Leh]] || [[Leh]] || {{formatnum: 45110}}* || {{formatnum:133487}}
|1979
|Ladakh|| [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh]] || Buddhist majority || http://leh.nic.in/
|-
|Total || ||{{formatnum: 59146}}* || {{formatnum:274289}}
|
| || || ||
|-
|}

* Indicates area under the actual control of India.

===New districts: Announced, but yet to be notified or operationalised ===
{{anchor | Announced }}

; {{anchor | Creation }} Five new districts: In August 2024, the Central Government proposed to create 5 additional districts in the union territory of Ladakh namely:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=Ladakh Gets 5 New Districts Amid Demand For Statehood, PM Modi Lauds Move |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/ladakh-5-news-districts-created-zanskar-drass-sham-nubra-changthang-announces-amit-shah-1712727 |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-26 |title=MHA announces five new districts in Ladakh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mha-announces-five-new-districts-in-ladakh/articleshow/112812881.cms |access-date=2025-11-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In December 2025, the government of Ladakh confirmed that the financial approval from the Union Finance Ministry and official approval from the Union Home Ministry is awaited for the following five new districts, the new district headquarters and 33 new proposed administrative units have been identified including 6 new ''tehsils'', 9 ''niabats'' (sub-tehsils), and 18 ''[[patwari|Patwar]]'' circles.<ref name=dec2025>[https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/ladakh-to-have-33-administrative-units-in-5-new-districts-mha-fm-nod-awaited/#:~:text=JAMMU%2C%20Dec%2010:%20Along%20with,identified%20in%20the%20new%20districts. Ladakh to have 33 administrative units in 5 new districts; MHA, FM nod awaited], dailyexcelsior.com, 11 Dec 2025.</ref> All are Buddhist dominated while Dras is Shia majority. More than 97% of the population in these new districts belongs to Scheduled Tribes, including the Balti Shia, Boto, Brokpa, and Changpa communities.

; {{anchor | Infra | Shadow }}Infrastructure building and shadow recruitment: No new districts, tehsils or administrative units can be notified while the [[2027 census of India]] is being undertaken from 1st January 2026 to 31 March 2027. However, Ladakh administration is constructing the physical infrastructure (buildings, etc) and making shadow recruitments via UPSC and UT recruitment for the lower cadres while also delegating powers to the officials who will likely be promoted to manage the new districts. In early 2026, the UT administration is has identifying land in Khaltsi (Sham), Diskit (Nubra), Nyoma (Changthang), Padum (Zanskar), and Drass for future District Collectorate complexes. A drive for 359 gazetted posts via UPSC and nearly 4,000 non-gazetted posts via the Ladakh Subordinate Services Staff Selection Board is underway in 2026 to provide the "human resource backbone" for these new offices.

; {{anchor | NewList }} New districts list: clockwise from the India-administered northwest Ladakh:

* [[Nubra]] (from northwestern Leh district) with Diskit as likely HQ: Demands have been raised and the BJP also supported the creation of Nubra as new district.<ref name=san1/> Turtuk or Panamik likely as new tehsil or Niabats to manage the border areas.

* [[Changthang]] (Durbuk and Nyoma subdivisions in eastern and southern Leh district) with Nyoma as likely HQ: The people of Durbuk and Nyoma subdivisions of Leh district also demanded district status for the historical and cultural Changthang region in the southern Leh district comprising Durbuk and Nyoma subdivisions. With Chushul likely as new tehsil.

* [[Zanskar]] (from the southeastern part of Kargil district) with Padum as likely HQ: Demanding for Zanskar as new district is more seven decades old.<ref name=san1/><ref name=san2>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ladakh-buddhist-association-district-status-for-zanskar-1595142-2019-09-04 Ladakh-based Buddhist association demands district status for Zanskar], India Today, September 4, 2019.</ref> In 2020, the town's population was 20,000.<ref name=san2/> It lies 250 km south of Kargil town. Lungnak or Zangla likely to be upgraded to tehsil for the reduced travel time for the administrative work.

* [[Sham Valley]] (from the western part of Leh district) with Khalatse as likely HQ: The Khalatse (Khalsi) is the existing sub-division and tehsil headquarters, with Saspol and Nimmu being other major towns. Potential for Nimmu or Basgo to be upgraded to Tehsil or Niabat status to support Khaltsi. Aryan Valley (villages like [[Dah Hanu|Dah and Hanu]]) are expected to be part of Sham district, and the local delegations have specifically requested the formation of a new sub-division at Hanu Thang to serve the Aryan valley once the new Sham valley district is notified.

* [[Dras|Drass]] (from the western part of Kargil district) with Drass town as likely HQ: People of have been demanding for more than past seven decades for a new district from the existing Kargil district.[4][5] In 2020, the town's population was 30,000.[5] It lies 60 km south of Kargil town.drass is inhabited second coldest place in the world.

==Other demands for new districts==
{{anchor | Demand }}

Listed clockwise from northwest part of India-administered Ladakh:

* [[Turtuk]] from Leh district: Recommendations of the Member of Parliament of Ladakh to upgrade the tehsil of Turtuk to district comprising Turtuk and Siachen glacier.

* [[Sankoo]] or new Suru Valley district from Kargil district: In February 2020, organised by various youth, religious and several political parties, nearly 3,000 people protested for the creation of a new {{convert|14,000|km2}} Muslim-majority district of Sankoo out of Kargil because it remains cut-off from Kargil and the rest of India during snowfall of winters.<ref name=san1>[https://thewire.in/rights/sankoo-district-protests-kargil 3,000 Demonstrate for Separate District in Sub-Zero Temperatures at Kargil], The Wire, 06/FEB/2020.</ref> It had 40,000 or more than 25% population of Kargil district in 2011.<ref name=san1/> It lies 42 km southwest of Kargil town.

* [[Aryan valley]] spread across Kargil and Leh districts: The people of Aryan valley of Ladakh are demanding either to grant them a subdivision or a district because to protect their culture which is different as compared to other part of the Ladakh.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ladakh.nic.in/mp-ladakh-raises-important-issues-in-the-parliament/ | title=MP Ladakh raises important issues in the Parliament | the Administration of Union Territory of Ladakh | India }}</ref>

==See also==

* Ladakh
** [[Geography of Ladakh]]
** [[Tourism in Ladakh]]

* Jammu and Kashmir region
** [[List of districts in Azad Kashmir]], Pakistan-administered claimed-by-India
** [[List of districts in Gilgit-Baltistan]], Pakistan-administered claimed-by-India
** [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir]], India-administered claimed-by-Pakistan

* India
** [[List of districts in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Districts of India}}
{{Ladakh}}

[[Category:Lists of districts in India|Ladakh]]
[[Category:Ladakh-related lists|Districts]]
[[Category:Geography of Ladakh|Districts]]
[[Category:Districts of Ladakh|*]]

2023 Durand Cup group stage

2026-03-11T07:24:47Z

Glasierwellness: added first data and citations - done

{{Short description|Group stage of 2023 Durand Cup}}
{{infobox football tournament season
| title = Durand Cup group stage
| year = 2023
| country = India
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| num_teams = 24
| top goal scorer =
| prevseason = [[2022 Durand Cup group stage|2022]]
| nextseason = [[2025 Durand Cup group stage|2024]]
}}
The '''[[2023 Durand Cup|2023 IndianOil Durand Cup]] group stage''' will be played from 3 August to 22 August 2023.<ref>{{#invoke:cite tweet|main|number=1682822557236613121|user=thedurandcup|author=Durand Cup|date=22 July 2023|access-date=23 June 2023|title=Presenting the official Durand Cup-132nd Edition fixtures|archive-date=22 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722193013/https://twitter.com/thedurandcup/status/1682822557236613121|url-status=live}}</ref> A total of 24 teams, consisting 12 [[Indian Super League|ISL]] clubs, 5 [[I-League]] clubs, 1 [[I-League 2]] club, 1 regional league team, 3 [[Indian Armed Forces]] teams and 2 Foreign armed force teams, compete in the group stage to decide the 8 places in the [[2023 Durand Cup#Knockout stage|knockout stage]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-07-indian-football-durand-cup-teams-groups-venue |title=Durand Cup 2023: Groups, Teams, Venue revealed |date=10 July 2023 |publisher=Khel Now |access-date=22 July 2023|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719103439/https://khelnow.com/football/2023-07-indian-football-durand-cup-teams-groups-venue|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Format ==
In the group stage, each group is played on a single [[round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format. The table-toppers from each group & two best second-placed teams from group stage advances to the [[2023 Durand Cup#Knockout stage|knockout stage]].

=== Tiebreakers ===
The teams are ranked according to [[Three points for a win|points]] (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss). If tied on points, tiebreakers are applied in the following order:

# Points in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
# [[Goal difference]] in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
# Goals scored in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
# If more than two teams are tied, and after applying all head-to-head criteria above, a subset of teams are still tied, all head-to-head criteria above are reapplied exclusively to this subset of teams;
# Goal difference in all group matches;
# Goals scored in all group matches;
# Drawing of lots.

== Centralised venues ==
On 10 July, Durand Cup Organising Committee announced that the tournament would be played across more than one city—3 cities—[[Kolkata]], [[Guwahati]] and [[Kokrajhar]].<ref name="auto1"/> The six groups were assigned one or more than one centralised venue, with four out of the six groups having at least one of the teams in the group based from the host city, except Group C and Group E.

* Group A: [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] ([[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]] and [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]])
* Group B: [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] ([[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]], [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]] and [[Mohun Bagan Ground]])
* Group C: [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] ([[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]], [[Mohun Bagan Ground]] and [[East Bengal Ground]])
* Group D: [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]] and [[Kokrajhar]], [[Assam]] ([[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]] and [[Sports Authority of India|SAI Stadium]])
* Group E: [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]] and [[Kokrajhar]], [[Assam]] ([[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]] and [[Sports Authority of India|SAI Stadium]])
* Group F: [[Kokrajhar]], [[Assam]] ([[Sports Authority of India|SAI Stadium]])

== Group A ==
<onlyinclude>
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|show_matches=yes
|section=Group A
|class_rules=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#Tiebreakers|Group stage tiebreakers]]
|source=[https://twitter.com/thedurandcup/status/1680606681380843521 Twitter]
|name_BAN={{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh Army football team|Bangladesh Army]]
|name_EAB=[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|name_MBG=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|name_PUN=[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]


|update=complete
|win_BAN=0 |draw_BAN=2 |loss_BAN=1 |gf_BAN=2 |ga_BAN=7
|win_EAB=2 |draw_EAB=1 |loss_EAB=0 |gf_EAB=4 |ga_EAB=2 |status_EAB=H
|win_MBG=2 |draw_MBG=0 |loss_MBG=1 |gf_MBG=7 |ga_MBG=1 |status_MBG=H
|win_PUN=0 |draw_PUN=1 |loss_PUN=2 |gf_PUN=0 |ga_PUN=3


|team1=EAB
|team2=MBG
|team3=BAN
|team4=PUN

|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |result2=KO |col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Qualify for the [[2023 Durand Cup#Knockout stage|knockout stage]]


|match_BAN_EAB=null
|match_BAN_MBG=null
|match_BAN_PUN=null

|match_EAB_BAN=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#A2|2-2]]
|match_EAB_MBG=null
|match_EAB_PUN=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#A6|1-0]]

|match_MBG_BAN=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#A1|5-0]]
|match_MBG_EAB=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#A5|0-1]]
|match_MBG_PUN=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#A3|2-0]]

|match_PUN_BAN=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#A4|0-0]]
|match_PUN_EAB=null
|match_PUN_MBG=null

}}</onlyinclude>

=== Matches ===
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = A1
| date = {{start date|2023|08|03|df=y}}
| time = 17:45 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 5–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19691 Report]
| team2 = {{#invoke:flag|icon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh Army football team|Bangladesh Army]]
| goals1 =
*[[Liston Colaco|Colaco]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 15'
*[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|M. Singh]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 30' ([[Penalty kick (association football)|pen.]])
*[[Suhail Bhat|Bhat]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 40'
*[[Lalrinliana Hnamte|Hnamte]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 58'
*[[Kiyan Nassiri|Nassiri]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 89'
| goals2 =
*M. Rahman {{sent off|2|10|45+3}}
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance = 11,195
| motm = [[Liston Colaco]] (Mohun Bagan)
| referee = Rahul Kumar Gupta
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = A2
| date = {{start date|2023|08|06|df=y}}
| time = 16:45 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| score = 2–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19696 Report]
| team2 = {{#invoke:flag|icon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh Army football team|Bangladesh Army]]
| goals1 =
*[[Saúl Crespo|Crespo]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 34' ([[Penalty kick (association football)|pen.]])
*[[Javier Siverio|Siverio]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 45+4'
*[[Nishu Kumar|N. Kumar]] {{sent off|0|67}}
| goals2 =
*[[Shahriar Emon|Emon]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 88'
*M. Pradhan [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 90+6'
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance = 9,820
| motm = [[Harmanjot Singh Khabra]] (East Bengal)
| referee = I Jamal Mohamed
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = A3
| date = {{start date|2023|08|07|df=y}}
| time = 18:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 2–0
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19698
| team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| goals1 =
*M. Assisi [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 23' ([[Own goal#Association football|o.g.]])
*[[Hugo Boumous|Boumous]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 48'
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Hugo Boumous]] (Mohun Bagan SG)
| referee = Venkatesh R
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = A4
| date = {{start date|2023|08|10|df=y}}
| time = 18:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| score = 0–0
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19704
| team2 = {{#invoke:flag|icon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh Army football team|Bangladesh Army]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Ashraful Islam Rana]] (Bangladesh Army)
| referee =
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = A5
| date = {{start date|2023|08|12|df=y}}
| time = 16:45 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 0–1
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19708
| team2 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
*[[Nandhakumar Sekar|Sekar]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 61'
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance = 56,833
| motm = [[Nandhakumar Sekar]] (East Bengal)
| referee =
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = A6
| date = {{start date|2023|08|16|df=y}}
| time = 18:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| score = 1–0
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19714
| team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| goals1 =
*[[Javier Siverio|Siverio]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 22'
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Nandhakumar Sekar]] (East Bengal)
| referee =
}}

== Group B ==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|show_matches=yes
|section=Group B
|class_rules=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#Tiebreakers|Group stage tiebreakers]]
|source=[https://twitter.com/thedurandcup/status/1680831944727330816 Twitter]
|name_INV=[[Indian Navy (football team)|Indian Navy]]
|name_JAM=[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|name_MSC=[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|name_MCI=[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]


|update=complete
|win_INV=0 |draw_INV=0 |loss_INV=3 |gf_INV=1 |ga_INV=7
|win_JAM=1 |draw_JAM=0 |loss_JAM=2 |gf_JAM=1 |ga_JAM=11
|win_MSC=2 |draw_MSC=0 |loss_MSC=1 |gf_MSC=9 |ga_MSC=4 |status_MSC=H
|win_MCI=3 |draw_MCI=0 |loss_MCI=0 |gf_MCI=12 |ga_MCI=1


|team1=MCI
|team2=MSC
|team3=JAM
|team4=INV

|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Qualify for the [[2023 Durand Cup#Knockout stage|knockout stage]]


|match_INV_JAM=null
|match_INV_MSC=null
|match_INV_MCI=null

|match_JAM_INV=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#B4|1-0]]
|match_JAM_MSC=null
|match_JAM_MCI=null

|match_MSC_INV=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#B3|2-1]]
|match_MSC_JAM=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#B6|6-0]]
|match_MSC_MCI=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#B1|1-3]]

|match_MCI_INV=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#B5|4–0]]
|match_MCI_JAM=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#B2|5-0]]
|match_MCI_MSC=null

}}</onlyinclude>

=== Matches ===
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = B1
| date = {{start date|2023|08|05|df=y}}
| time = 16.45 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| score = 1–3
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19694 Report]
| team2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| goals1 =
*D. Lalhlansanga [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 42'
| goals2 =
*[[Rostyn Griffiths|Griffiths]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 12'
*[[Jorge Pereyra Díaz|Díaz]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 24'
*[[Lallianzuala Chhangte|Chhangte]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 35'
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance = 3,652
| motm = [[Alberto Noguera]] (Mumbai City)
| referee = Harish Kundu
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = B2
| date = {{start date|2023|08|08|df=y}}
| time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| score = 5–0
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19700
| team2 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| goals1 =
*[[Jorge Pereyra Díaz|Díaz]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 8', 14'
*[[Alberto Noguera|Noguera]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 40'
*[[Yoell van Nieff|van Nieff]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 47'
*[[Vikram Partap Singh|V. Singh]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 55'
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Lalengmawia Ralte]] (Mumbai City)
| referee = Pranjal Banerjee
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = B3
| date = {{start date|2023|08|11|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| score = 2–1
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19705
| team2 = [[Indian Navy (football team)|Indian Navy]]
| goals1 =
*D. Lalhlansanga [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 50'
*[[Lalremsanga Fanai|Lalremsanga]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 69'
*D. Moirangthem {{sent off|2|88|90+5}}
| goals2 =
*[[Britto P. M.|Britto]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 90+7' ([[Penalty kick (association football)|pen.]])
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| motm =
| referee =
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = B4
| date = {{start date|2023|08|17|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| score = 1–0
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19715
| team2 = [[Indian Navy (football team)|Indian Navy]]
| goals1 =
*A. Koli [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 70'
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| motm = Ashley Alban Koli (Jamshedpur)
| referee =
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = B5
| date = {{start date|2023|08|19|df=y}}
| time = 14.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| score = 4–0
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19719
| team2 = [[Indian Navy (football team)|Indian Navy]]
| goals1 =
*[[Jorge Pereyra Díaz|Díaz]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 34'
*[[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Stewart]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 62'
*[[Gurkirat Singh|G. Singh]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 74'
*N. Rodrigues [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 90+4'
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Bipin Singh Thounaojam|Bipin Singh]] (Mumbai City)
| referee = I Jamal Mohamed
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = B6
| date = {{start date|2023|08|20|df=y}}
| time = 16.45 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| score = 6–0
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19722
| team2 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| goals1 =
*[[Lalremsanga Fanai|Lalremsanga]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 10', 16'
*D. Lalhlansanga [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 28', 69', 82', 89'
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| motm = David Lalhlansanga (Mohammedan)
| referee =
}}

== Group C ==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|show_matches = yes
|section=Group C
|class_rules=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#Tiebreakers|Group stage tiebreakers]]
|source=[https://twitter.com/thedurandcup/status/1680835802425860100 Twitter]
|name_BEN=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|name_GOK=[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|name_IAF=[[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force]]
|name_KER=[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]


|update=complete
|win_BEN=1 |draw_BEN=2 |loss_BEN=0 |gf_BEN=5 |ga_BEN=3
|win_GOK=2 |draw_GOK=0 |loss_GOK=1 |gf_GOK=6 |ga_GOK=5
|win_IAF=0 |draw_IAF=1 |loss_IAF=2 |gf_IAF=1 |ga_IAF=8
|win_KER=1 |draw_KER=1 |loss_KER=1 |gf_KER=10 |ga_KER=6


|team1=GOK
|team2=BEN
|team3=KER
|team4=IAF

|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Qualify for the [[2023 Durand Cup#Knockout stage|knockout stage]]


|match_BEN_GOK=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#C6|2-0]]
|match_BEN_IAF=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#C3|1-1]]
|match_BEN_KER=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#C4|2-2]]

|match_GOK_BEN=null
|match_GOK_IAF=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#C1|2-0]]
|match_GOK_KER=null

|match_IAF_BEN=null
|match_IAF_GOK=null
|match_IAF_KER=null

|match_KER_BEN=null
|match_KER_GOK=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#C2|3-4]]
|match_KER_IAF=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#C5|5–0]]

}}</onlyinclude>

=== Matches ===
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = C1
| date = {{start date|2023|08|09|df=y}}
| time = 16.45 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| score = 2–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19702 Report]
| team2 = [[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force]]
| goals1 =
*[[Sourav K.|Sourav]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 36'
*[[Sreekuttan V. S.|Sreekuttan]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 67'
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| motm =
| referee = K Ramdasan
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = C2
| date = {{start date|2023|08|13|df=y}}
| time = 14.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| score = 3–4
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19709
| team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| goals1 =
*J. Emmanuel [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 35'
*[[Prabir Das|Das]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 54'
*[[Adrián Luna|Luna]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 77'
| goals2 =
*[[Aminou Bouba|Bouba]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 17'
*[[Sreekuttan V. S.|Sreekuttan]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 43'
*[[Naocha Singh|N. Singh]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 45+1' ([[Own goal#Association football|o.g.]])
*Abhijith [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 47'
| stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance = 234
| motm = [[Nili (footballer)|Nili Perdomo]] (Gokulam Kerala)
| referee =
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = C3
| date = {{start date|2023|08|14|df=y}}
| time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| score = 1–1
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19712
| team2 = [[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force]]
| goals1 =
*S. Johnson Singh [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 58'
| goals2 =
*V. Kumar [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 20'
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| motm = Vivek Kumar (Indian Air Force)
| referee =
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = C4
| date = {{start date|2023|08|18|df=y}}
| time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| score = 2–2
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19718
| team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| goals1 =
*[[Edmund Lalrindika|Lalrindika]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 38'
*A. Jha [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 51'
| goals2 =
*J. Emmanuel [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 14'
*[[Hormipam Ruivah|Ruivah]] {{sent off|2|42|85}}
*M. Aimen [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 84'
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| motm = Bekey Oram (Bengaluru)
| referee =
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = C5
| date = {{start date|2023|08|21|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| score = 5–0
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19723
| team2 = [[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force]]
| goals1 =
*M. Aimen [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 9'
*[[Bidyashagar Singh|B. Singh]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 12', 61', 82'
*[[Danish Farooq Bhat|Farooq]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 57'
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[East Bengal Ground]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Bidyashagar Singh]] (Kerala Blasters)
| referee =
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = C6
| date = {{start date|2023|08|22|df=y}}
| time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| score = 2–0
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19726
| team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| goals1 =
*R. Yadav [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 58'
*Lalpekhlua [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 89'
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| motm = Robin Yadav (Bengaluru)
| referee =
}}

== Group D ==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|show_matches=yes
|section=Group D
|class_rules=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#Tiebreakers|Group stage tiebreakers]]
|source=[https://twitter.com/thedurandcup/status/1680894584891797506 Twitter]
|name_DTH=[[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
|name_GOA=[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|name_NEU=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|name_SHI=[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]


|update=complete
|win_DTH=0 |draw_DTH=0 |loss_DTH=3 |gf_DTH=2 |ga_DTH=8
|win_GOA=2 |draw_GOA=1 |loss_GOA=0 |gf_GOA=11 |ga_GOA=2
|win_NEU=2 |draw_NEU=1 |loss_NEU=0 |gf_NEU=9 |ga_NEU=3 |status_NEU=H
|win_SHI=1 |draw_SHI=0 |loss_SHI=2 |gf_SHI=2 |ga_SHI=11


|team1=GOA
|team2=NEU
|team3=SHI
|team4=DTH

|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |result2= KO |col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Qualify for the [[2023 Durand Cup#Knockout stage|knockout stage]]


|match_DTH_GOA=null
|match_DTH_NEU=null
|match_DTH_SHI=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#D4|1-2]]

|match_GOA_DTH=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#D5|3-0]]
|match_GOA_NEU=null
|match_GOA_SHI=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#D2|6-0]]

|match_NEU_DTH=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#D6|3-1]]
|match_NEU_GOA=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#D3|2-2]]
|match_NEU_SHI=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#D1|4-0]]

|match_SHI_DTH=null
|match_SHI_GOA=null
|match_SHI_NEU=null

}}</onlyinclude>

=== Matches ===
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = D1
| date = {{start date|2023|08|04|df=y}}
| time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| score = 4–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19692 Report]
| team2 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| goals1 =
*[[Parthib Sundar Gogoi|Gogoi]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 26', 65', 70'
*[[Romain Philippoteaux|Philippoteaux]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 35' ([[Penalty kick (association football)|pen.]])
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| location = [[Guwahati]]
| attendance = 13,450
| motm = [[Parthib Sundar Gogoi|Parthib Gogoi]] (NorthEast United)
| referee = Senthil Nathan Sekaran
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = D2
| date = {{start date|2023|08|08|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| score = 6–0
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19699
| team2 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| goals1 =
*[[Rowllin Borges|Borges]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 15'
*[[Noah Sadaoui|Sadaoui]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 20', 27', 86'
*[[Víctor Rodríguez (Spanish footballer)|Rodríguez]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 68'
*[[Carlos Martínez (footballer, born June 1986)|Martínez]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 83'
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| location = [[Guwahati]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Noah Sadaoui]] (Goa)
| referee =
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = D3
| date = {{start date|2023|08|12|df=y}}
| time = 14.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| score = 2–2
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19707
| team2 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| goals1 =
*[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 2001)|M. Singh]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 24'
*[[Sandesh Jhingan|Jhingan]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 52' ([[Own goal#Association football|o.g.]])
| goals2 =
*[[Rowllin Borges|Borges]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 45+4'
*[[Noah Sadaoui|Sadaoui]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 80' ([[Penalty kick (association football)|pen.]])
| stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| location = [[Guwahati]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Seriton Fernandes]] (Goa)
| referee =
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = D4
| date = {{start date|2023|08|13|df=y}}
| time = 16.45 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
| score = 1–2
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19710
| team2 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| goals1 =
*R. Kharbudon [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 24' ([[Own goal#Association football|o.g.]])
| goals2 =
*N. Haokip {{sent off|0|10}}
*R. Kharbudon [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 36', 52'
| stadium = [[Sports Authority of India|SAI Stadium]]
| location = [[Kokrajhar]]
| attendance =
| motm = Ronney Kharbudon (Shillong Lajong)
| referee =
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = D5
| date = {{start date|2023|08|16|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| score = 3–0
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19713
| team2 = [[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
| goals1 =
*[[Muhammed Nemil|Nemil]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 19'
*[[Carlos Martínez (footballer, born June 1986)|Martínez]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 38'
*[[Devendra Murgaonkar|Murgaokar]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 90+6'
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| location = [[Guwahati]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Carlos Martínez (footballer, born June 1986)|Carlos Martínez]] (Goa)
| referee =
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = D6
| date = {{start date|2023|08|20|df=y}}
| time = 14.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| score = 3–1
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19721
| team2 = [[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
| goals1 =
*[[Ibson Melo|Melo]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 48'
*[[Romain Philippoteaux|Philippoteaux]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 52'
*[[Parthib Sundar Gogoi|Gogoi]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 78'
| goals2 =
*P. Bhuiya [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 9'
| stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| location = [[Guwahati]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Romain Philippoteaux]] (NorthEast United)
| referee =
}}

== Group E ==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|show_matches=yes
|section=Group E
|class_rules=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#Tiebreakers|Group stage tiebreakers]]
|source=[https://twitter.com/thedurandcup/status/1680899434136338436 Twitter]
|name_CHN=[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|name_DEL=[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
|name_HYD=[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|name_TRI={{flagicon|NEP}} [[Nepal Army F.C.|Tribhuvan Army]]


|update=complete
|win_CHN=3 |draw_CHN=0 |loss_CHN=0 |gf_CHN=8 |ga_CHN=2
|win_DEL=0 |draw_DEL=2 |loss_DEL=1 |gf_DEL=3 |ga_DEL=4
|win_HYD=1 |draw_HYD=1 |loss_HYD=1 |gf_HYD=5 |ga_HYD=4
|win_TRI=0 |draw_TRI=1 |loss_TRI=2 |gf_TRI=1 |ga_TRI=7


|team1=CHN
|team2=HYD
|team3=DEL
|team4=TRI

|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Qualify for the [[2023 Durand Cup#Knockout stage|knockout stage]]


|match_CHN_DEL=null
|match_CHN_HYD=null
|match_CHN_TRI=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#E4|3-0]]

|match_DEL_CHN=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#E5|1-2]]
|match_DEL_HYD=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#E1|1-1]]
|match_DEL_TRI=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#E2|1-1]]

|match_HYD_CHN=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#E3|1-3]]
|match_HYD_DEL=null
|match_HYD_TRI=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#E6|3-0]]

|match_TRI_CHN=null
|match_TRI_DEL=null
|match_TRI_HYD=null

}}</onlyinclude>

=== Matches ===
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = E1
| date = {{start date|2023|08|06|df=y}}
| time = 14.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| score = 1–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19695 Report]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| goals1 =
*[[Himanshu Jangra|Jangra]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 6'
| goals2 =
*[[Ramhlunchhunga]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 57'
| stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| location = [[Guwahati]]
| attendance = 1,253
| motm = [[Ramhlunchhunga]] (Hyderabad)
| referee = Crystal John
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = E2
| date = {{start date|2023|08|09|df=y}}
| time = 14.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| score = 1–1
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19701
| team2 = {{#invoke:flag|icon|NEP}} [[Nepal Army F.C.|Tribhuvan Army]]
| goals1 =
*{{Tooltip|Kuntal|Kuntal Pakira}} [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 88'
| goals2 =
*D. Henjan [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 39'
| stadium = [[Sports Authority of India|SAI Stadium]]
| location = [[Kokrajhar]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Girik Khosla]] (Delhi)
| referee = Ashwin
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = E3
| date = {{start date|2023|08|10|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| score = 1–3
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19703
| team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| goals1 =
*[[Chinglensana Singh (footballer)|Sana]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 4' ([[Penalty kick (association football)|pen.]])
| goals2 =
*[[Alex Saji|Saji]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 6' ([[Own goal#Association football|o.g.]])
*[[Connor Shields|Shields]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 15'
*[[Jordan Murray (soccer)|Murray]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 47'
| stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| location = [[Guwahati]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Connor Shields]] (Chennaiyin)
| referee = Crystal John
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = E4
| date = {{start date|2023|08|14|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| score = 3–0
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19711
| team2 = {{#invoke:flag|icon|NEP}} [[Nepal Army F.C.|Tribhuvan Army]]
| goals1 =
*[[Farukh Choudhary|Choudhary]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 23'
*[[Rahim Ali|R. Ali]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 40'
*[[Rafael Crivellaro|Crivellaro]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 84'
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| location = [[Guwahati]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Rafael Crivellaro]] (Chennaiyin)
| referee =
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = E5
| date = {{start date|2023|08|18|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| score = 1–2
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19717
| team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| goals1 =
*[[Pape Gassama|Gassama]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 54'
| goals2 =
*[[Rafael Crivellaro|Crivellaro]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 38'
*[[Vincy Barretto|Barretto]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 51'
| stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| location = [[Guwahati]]
| attendance =
| motm = Vanlalhriatzuala K (Delhi)
| referee =
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = E6
| date = {{start date|2023|08|22|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| score = 3–0
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19725
| team2 = {{#invoke:flag|icon|NEP}} [[Nepal Army F.C.|Tribhuvan Army]]
| goals1 =
*A. D'Silva [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 16', 24', 69'
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| location = [[Guwahati]]
| attendance =
| motm = Aaren D'Silva (Hyderabad)
| referee =
}}

== Group F ==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|show_matches=yes
|section=Group F
|class_rules=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#Tiebreakers|Group stage tiebreakers]]
|source=[https://twitter.com/thedurandcup/status/1680939149023670273 Twitter]
|name_BDO=[[Bodoland FC|Bodoland]]
|name_ARM=[[Army Red (football team)|Indian Army]]
|name_OFC=[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|name_RJU=[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]


|update=complete
|win_BDO=1 |draw_BDO=0 |loss_BDO=2 |gf_BDO=3 |ga_BDO=4 |status_BDO=H
|win_ARM=2 |draw_ARM=1 |loss_ARM=0 |gf_ARM=3 |ga_ARM=1
|win_OFC=1 |draw_OFC=0 |loss_OFC=2 |gf_OFC=3 |ga_OFC=4
|win_RJU=1 |draw_RJU=1 |loss_RJU=1 |gf_RJU=2 |ga_RJU=2


|team1=ARM
|team2=RJU
|team3=BDO
|team4=OFC

|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Qualify for the [[2023 Durand Cup#Knockout stage|knockout stage]]


|match_BDO_ARM=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#F4|1-2]]
|match_BDO_OFC=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#F5|2-1]]
|match_BDO_RJU=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#F1|0–1]]

|match_ARM_BDO=null
|match_ARM_OFC=null
|match_ARM_RJU=null

|match_OFC_BDO=null
|match_OFC_ARM=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#F2|0–1]]
|match_OFC_RJU=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#F3|2-1]]

|match_RJU_BDO=null
|match_RJU_ARM=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#F6|0-0]]
|match_RJU_OFC=null

}}</onlyinclude>

=== Matches ===
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = F1
| date = {{start date|2023|08|05|df=y}}
| time = 14.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Bodoland FC|Bodoland]]
| score = 0–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19693 Report]
| team2 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
*[[William Pauliankhum|Pauliankhum]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 47'
| stadium = [[Sports Authority of India|SAI Stadium]]
| location = [[Kokrajhar]]
| attendance = 9,246
| motm = [[William Pauliankhum]] (Rajasthan United)
| referee = Ashwin
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = F2
| date = {{start date|2023|08|07|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| score = 0–1
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19697
| team2 = [[Army Red (football team)|Indian Army]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
*L. Shil [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 43' {{sent off|0|77}}
| stadium = [[Sports Authority of India|SAI Stadium]]
| location = [[Kokrajhar]]
| attendance =
| motm = Bhabindra Malla Thakuri (Indian Army)
| referee =
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = F3
| date = {{start date|2023|08|11|df=y}}
| time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| score = 2–1
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19706
| team2 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| goals1 =
*C. Murmu [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 49'
*A. Aphaoba Singh [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 64' ([[Penalty kick (association football)|pen.]])
| goals2 =
*R. Denzell [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 52'
| stadium = [[Sports Authority of India|SAI Stadium]]
| location = [[Kokrajhar]]
| attendance =
| motm = Ashangbam Aphaoba Singh (Odisha)
| referee =
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = F4
| date = {{start date|2023|08|17|df=y}}
| time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Bodoland FC|Bodoland]]
| score = 1–2
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19716
| team2 = [[Army Red (football team)|Indian Army]]
| goals1 =
*J. Aidoo [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 90+11'
| goals2 =
*S. Murmu [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 6'
*[[Suresh Meitei|S. Meitei]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 90+4' ([[Penalty kick (association football)|pen.]])
*B. Thakuri {{sent off|2|88|90+11}}
| stadium = [[Sports Authority of India|SAI Stadium]]
| location = [[Kokrajhar]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Suresh Meitei]] (Indian Army)
| referee =
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = F5
| date = {{start date|2023|08|19|df=y}}
| time = 16.45 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Bodoland FC|Bodoland]]
| score = 2–1
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19720
| team2 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| goals1 =
*M. Mushahary [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 80'
*Z. Mbenda [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 90'
| goals2 =
*P. Lapung [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 62'
| stadium = [[Sports Authority of India|SAI Stadium]]
| location = [[Kokrajhar]]
| attendance =
| motm = Zacharie Mbenda (Bodoland)
| referee =
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| id = F6
| date = {{start date|2023|08|21|df=y}}
| time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| score = 0–0
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19724
| team2 = [[Army Red (football team)|Indian Army]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Sports Authority of India|SAI Stadium]]
| location = [[Kokrajhar]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Sairuat Kima]] (Rajasthan United)
| referee =
}}

== References ==
<references />

{{Durand Cup}}
{{2023–24 in Indian football}}
{{2023–24 in Asian football (AFC)}}

[[Category:2023 Durand Cup]]
[[Category:2023 in domestic association football cups]]
[[Category:2023 in Asian domestic association football cups|Durand Cup]]
[[Category:2023–24 in Indian football|Durand Cup]]
[[Category:August 2023 sports events in India|Durand Cup]]
[[Category:September 2023 sports events in India|Durand Cup]]

Deepaaradhana

2026-03-03T20:57:02Z

Glasierwellness: adjusted layout and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Deepaaradhana
| image =
| caption =
| director = Vijayanand
| producer = T. K. Balachandran
| writer = [[T. K. Balachandran]]
| screenplay = T. K. Balachandran
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[M. G. Soman]] [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] [[T. G. Ravi]]
| music = [[A. T. Ummer]]
| cinematography = C. Ramachandra Menon
| editing = [[K. Narayanan]]
| studio = Teakebees
| distributor = Teakebees
| released = {{Film date|1983|10|21|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Deepaaradhana''''' is a 1983 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by Vijayanand and produced by T. K. Balachandran. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[M. G. Soman]], [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] and [[T. G. Ravi]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[A. T. Ummer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1433|title=Deepaaradhana|accessdate=2014-10-19|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/s.php?13976 |title=Deepaaradhana |accessdate=2014-10-19 |publisher=malayalasangeetham.info |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019173713/http://malayalasangeetham.info/s.php?13976 |archivedate=19 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/deepaaradhana-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019173557/http://spicyonion.com/title/deepaaradhana-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 October 2014|title=Deepaaradhana|accessdate=2014-10-19|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Prem Nazir]] as Rahim
*[[M. G. Soman]] as Damu
*[[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as Vilasini
*[[T. G. Ravi]] as Menon
*[[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]] as Painkili/Padmaja
*[[Nellikode Bhaskaran]] as Sankaran Potti
*[[Santhakumari]] as Dakshyayani
*[[Vanitha Krishnachandran]] as Jaanu
*[[Krishnachandran]] as Vishnu
*[[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Vasu
*[[Meena (Malayalam actress)|Meena]] as Chinthamani Chellamma
*[[Prathapachandran]] as Minister
*[[Poojappura Ravi]] as Kuttan
*[[V. D. Rajappan]] as Kittan
*[[C. I. Paul]] as Muthalali

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[A. T. Ummer]] and the lyrics were written by [[Poovachal Khader]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Brahmaswaroopini Devi" || [[Krishnachandran]] || [[Poovachal Khader]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Njan Ninakkaay" || B. Vasantha || Poovachal Khader ||
|-
| 3 || "Vaippin Karayile" || [[P. Jayachandran]] || Poovachal Khader ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0317332|Deepaaradhana}}

[[Category:1983 films]]
[[Category:1983 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1983 Indian films]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Yamudiki Mogudu (2012 film)

2026-03-03T17:57:53Z

Glasierwellness: Creating Some Stub First Draft.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Yamudiki Mogudu 2012 poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = E. Satti Babu
| producer = Chanti Addala
| screenplay = E. Satti Babu
| story = Jaya Siddu
| writer = Kranthi Reddy Sakinala
| starring = [[Allari Naresh]] [[Richa Panai]] [[Sayaji Shinde]] [[Ramya Krishnan]] [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]
| music = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| cinematography = Ravindra Babu
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = Friendly Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|12|27}}
| runtime = 157 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Yamudiki Mogudu''''' ({{Translation|Overlord to [[Yama]]}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[fantasy comedy]] film directed by E. Satti Babu, produced by Chanti Addala under Friendly Movies banner and starring [[Allari Naresh]] and [[Richa Panai]] in lead roles. The film also features [[Ramya Krishnan]] and [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] in pivotal roles. The soundtrack for the film was composed by music director [[Koti (composer)|Koti]], and the cinematography was handled by Ravindra Babu. The film was theatrically released on 27 December 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/yamudiki-mogudu-going-strong-at-the-box-office.html|title=Yamudiki Mogudu going strong at the box office|date=30 December 2012|publisher=123telugu.com|access-date=30 Dec 2012|archive-date=1 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101220006/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/yamudiki-mogudu-going-strong-at-the-box-office.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
Because of a mistake by Lord Brahma, Naresh is born a month early without the mandatory ‘Thalaratha’. Due to this, Naresh does not have the normal human attributes like death or disease, which are inherently unknown to him. He is also addicted to mythological dramas and takes part in them actively. During one such Swayamvaram drama, Lord Yama's daughter Yamaja is deliberately brought to the proceedings by Narada Maharshi. Yamaja marries Naresh in that play and takes him for her husband in real life too. She keeps hounding him and slowly, Naresh reciprocates her feelings. Lord Yama learns of this and sends his son Yamaganda and Chitra Gupta to bring her back.

As they fail in their mission, Lord Yama himself travels to Earth and takes her back. But Naresh catches the tail of the Bull of Yama and ended up in [[Trishanku|Trishanku's Heaven]] after accidentally letting go and with the blessings of a Disguised Narada, he reaches Yamalokam. There he befriends Aiyo, the wife of Yama and gains her support by telling his story. Later again through Narada, he learns that Yamaja has been captured in the [[Gada (weapon)|Gada]] of Yama. He however manages to enter by disguising himself as a woman and reconciles with Yamaja. Even after being expelled by Yama from his Gada, Naresh continues to gain the support of Yamaja and Aiyo.

Frustrated, Yama tries to eliminate him but fails as Naresh had no 'Thalaratha', a script by Lord Brahma regarding Naresh's Birth, Life, and Death. This also comes to the knowledge of Naresh and he enters as Yama Jr. Meanwhile, Yama realises that though he can't kill Naresh, eventually his family will be killed as they possess 'Thalaratha'. Thus to save his family, Naresh begs Yama to take his life after 3 days as he may try to save his family. He leaves his powers and Yamaja and returns home sadly. In Yamalokam, he foresees his father's and brother's death. His Father dies in accident by hitting a Bus with his Scooter while his brother is killed by Royyala Naidu, a Don as his brother was responsible for his imprisonment.

First he lets his father travel by bus and follows it on his scooter, and saves his father as his father attempts suicide. He learns that his brother, a bank manager, owes {{INR}} 25 Lakhs to the bank after being falsely accused of taking money from it, the false evidences made by Royyala Naidu. Naresh participates in a stage play for which he is paid a remuneration of {{INR}} 25 Lakhs. He clears his brother's financial debt. But Royyala Naidu enters the scene and tries to stab Naresh's brother. Naresh remembers that the shirt worn by his brother is same as he saw in his premonition. After a fight he changes the shirt, wears it and gets stabbed. Before Yama can snatch his soul, Naresh stabs Royyala Naidu fatally and enters Yamalokam as a spirit now. After Aiyo's protest and upon Yamaja and Yamaganda's request, Yama restores Naresh's body and Naresh is married to Yamaja.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Allari Naresh]] as Naresh
* [[Richa Panai]] as Yamaja
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as [[Yama]]
* [[Ramya Krishnan]] as Ayyo, Yama's wife
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as [[Narada]], [[Trishanku]], [[Michael Jackson]]
* [[Krishna Bhagavaan]] as [[Chitragupta]]
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Bangaraju
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Royyala Naidu
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] as Snehalatha, Naresh's mother
* [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] as Kancha Kanakaratnam, Yamaja's mother
* [[Giri Babu]] as Rama Chandra Murthy, Yamaja's father
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Chandram, Naresh's father
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Subramanyam
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Silk Dada
* [[Satya Krishnan]] as Naresh's sister-in-law
* [[Master Bharath]] as Yama's son
* [[Rathna Shekar Reddy]] as Varuna Deva
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as [[Brahma]]
* [[Shanoor Sana]]
}}

==Production==
In January 2012, E. Satti Babu who previously worked with Allari Naresh on ''[[Betting Bangaraju]]'' and ''[[Nenu (film)|Nenu]]'' had announced that they would collaborate again for a new film.<ref>{{cite web|title=Allari Naresh new film titled Nela Thakkuvodu|url=http://telugu.way2movies.com/newssingle_telugu/Allari-Naresh-new-film-titled-Nela-Thakkuvodu--4-175738.html|publisher=Way2Movies|access-date=22 August 2012|archive-date=12 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212030156/http://telugu.way2movies.com/newssingle_telugu/Allari-Naresh-new-film-titled-Nela-Thakkuvodu--4-175738.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was reported that the film was titled as ''Nela Thakkuvodu'' and would begin production in early 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Naresh as Nela Thakkuvodu|url=http://www.raagalahari.com/news/13265/naresh-as-nela-thakkuvodu.aspx|publisher=Ragalahari|access-date=22 August 2012|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083927/http://www.raagalahari.com/news/13265/naresh-as-nela-thakkuvodu.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2012, more details about the project were revealed about the project It was announced that the project would be a socio-fantasy film and eight huge sets were being built for the project. The director also announced that prominent music composer Koti had already started working on the project and would compose the entire soundtrack. It was also revealed that pre-production work was going on since three months and the filming will begin from 17 March 2012. It was also announced that the process of selecting the heroine has not been completed. The director also revealed that the title for the film had not been decided.<ref>{{cite web|title=E. Sattibabu's Next With Allari Naresh|url=http://www.cinegoer.com/telugu-cinema/news-archives/february-2012/e-sattibabu-s-next-with-allari-naresh-060212.html|publisher=Cine Goer|access-date=22 August 2012|archive-date=28 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528144645/http://www.cinegoer.com/telugu-cinema/news-archives/february-2012/e-sattibabu-s-next-with-allari-naresh-060212.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 18 March, the film was officially launched and the muhurat of the film was held at [[Ramoji Film City]] in Hyderabad. It was announced that the film would be produced by Chanti Addala under Friendly Movies banner. In the muhurat event, it was announced that the film is set on Yamalokam backdrop and Sayaji Shinde will play the role of [[Yama]] while popular actress Ramya Krishna would be playing the role of Yama's wife.<ref>{{cite web|title=Allari Naresh-E Satti Babu Film Muhurat|url=http://www.raagalahari.com/functions/4852/allari-naresh-e-satti-babu-film-muhurat.aspx|publisher=Ragalahari|access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref> Producer Chanti Addala announced that the regular shooting will begin in April and the entire filming will be done in 4 schedules from April to July. He also revealed that there would be six songs in the film and that graphics would play a vital role in the film.<ref>{{cite web|title=Allari Naresh-Satti Babu's film muhurat held|url=http://www.raagalahari.com/news/13724/allari-naresh-satti-babus-film-muhurat-held.aspx|publisher=Ragalahari|access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref>

On 7 August, Times Of India newspaper reported that the film is likely to be titled as ''Yamudiki Mogudu'' after the 1988 film ''[[Yamudiki Mogudu (1988 film)|Yamudiki Mogudu]]'' starring [[Chiranjeevi]].<ref>{{cite news|last=AS|first=Sashidhar|title=Allari Naresh's new movie is Yamudiki Mogudu|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Allari-Nareshs-new-movie-is-Yamudiki-Mogudu/articleshow/15385073.cms|access-date=22 August 2012|newspaper=The Times Of India|date=7 Aug 2012}}</ref> On 22 August, title of the film was officially announced as ''Yamudiki Mogudu''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Naresh's tryst with Chiru film title Yamudiki Mogudu|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/85077.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823231625/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/85077.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 August 2012|website=IndiaGlitz|access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref> The announcement came on the occasion of popular actor [[Chiranjeevi]]'s birthday, as the film title was inspired by his 1988 hit film.<ref name="audrel">{{cite web|title=Yamudiki Mogudu for Vijayadasami|url=http://www.raagalahari.com/news/14691/yamudiki-mogudu-for-vijayadasami.aspx|publisher=Ragalahari|access-date=22 August 2012|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192222/http://www.raagalahari.com/news/14691/yamudiki-mogudu-for-vijayadasami.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also announced that the popular song "Attho Atthamma Koothuro" from Chiranjeevi's [[Alluda Majaka]] was remixed in the film. The film is scheduled to release on 27 December 2012.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Yamudiki Mogudu
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2012|11|25}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 22:10
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Koti
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The soundtrack for the film was provided by Telugu music director [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]. The album was released through [[Aditya Music]] label on 25 November 2012 at an event held at [[Shilpakala Vedika]] in Hyderabad. Koti remixed one of his popular song "Attho Atthamma Koothuro" from the 1995 film ''[[Alluda Majaka]]'' in the film.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 22:10
| title1 = Orori Magadheera
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]], Anjana Sowmya
| length1 = 04:17
| title2 = Pistolu Pilladanivo
| lyrics2 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra2 = [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]], [[Sravana Bhargavi]]
| length2 = 03:39
| title3 = Narothama
| lyrics3 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra3 = [[Vasundhara Das]]
| length3 = 03:31
| title4 = Atto Attamma Koothuro
| extra4 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]], [[Geetha Madhuri]]
| lyrics4 = Pothula Ravi Kiran
| length4 = 03:56
| title5 = Jhanak Jhanak
| extra5 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| lyrics5 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| length5 = 04:44
| title6 = Gotitho Pekalinchu
| extra6 = Rohit
| lyrics6 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| length6 = 01:09
| title7 = Mamaho Yama
| extra7 = Chandra Teja
| lyrics7 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| length7 = 00:54
}}

== Reception ==
Ch Sushil Rao of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film two out of five stars and wrote, "Well, the story goes on. The dialogues which rhyme are impressive. Nothing else. Not even Allari Naresh. He might have the ease to pull off his role but the storyline which appears a bit clumsy leaves you scratching your head."<ref>{{cite news |title=Yamudiki Mogudu Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/yamudiki-mogudu/movie-review/17783153.cms |work=The Times of India |date=27 December 2012 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |access-date=27 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705170313/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/yamudiki-mogudu/movie-review/17783153.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[NDTV]]'' wrote, "Director Satti Babu loses his grip in the second half. The screenplay in the second half is mediocre. Watch the film for the first half and go home. The entire second half is boring but for a few scenes."<ref>{{cite news |title=Movie review: Yamudiki Mogudu |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/movie-review-yamudiki-mogudu-609796 |work=www.ndtv.com |date=28 December 2012 |language=en}}</ref>

Cheruku Raja of ''India Herald'' wrote, "''Yamudiki Mogudu'' will appeal to the audience who love to see Allari Naresh movies without any conviction and concept."<ref>{{cite news |title=Yamudiki Mogudu Movie Review, Rating - Allari Naresh s Film |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Reviews/10966/Yamudiki-Mogudu-Movie-Review-Rating--Allari-Naresh-s-Film |work=indiaherald.com |date=27 December 2012 |language=en}}</ref> Y. Sunita Chowdhary of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Naresh is not at his best but is okay, he enjoys his repartees. He clearly fails in bringing out melancholy in the finale. Krishna Bhagwan’s dialogues and some by Naresh are down right disgusting. A better second half could have made the film an average watch. This one is clearly made for the mass audience."<ref>{{cite news |title=Yamudiki Mogudu: Bag of gags falls flat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/yamudiki-mogudu-bag-of-gags-falls-flat/article4252807.ece |work=The Hindu |date=29 December 2012 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' wrote, "This film has a promising premise with the scope to weave sensible comedy. Sadly, what we get finally is an unsatisfying spoof on several films and film stars."<ref>{{cite news |title='Yamudiki Mogudu' Review: It has a weak script |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/yamudiki-mogudu-review-it-has-a-weak-script-528884.html |work=News18 |date=28 December 2012 |language=en |archive-date=18 November 2016 |access-date=27 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118105937/http://www.news18.com/news/india/yamudiki-mogudu-review-it-has-a-weak-script-528884.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2433542|Yamudiki Mogudu}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:2010s fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:2012 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by E. Satti Babu]]
[[Category:Yama in popular culture]]

Sushmita Mitra

2026-02-28T12:04:23Z

Glasierwellness: Creating Initial Info Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian computer scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sushmita Mitra
| native_name =
| image = Sushmita Mitra c. 2020.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Mitra, {{circa|2022}}
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Kolkata
| citizenship = {{ubl|India}}
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[University of Calcutta]]|[[Indian Statistical Institute]]}}
| thesis_title =
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year = 1995
| doctoral_students =
| known_for =
| awards = J. C. Bose National Fellow & Fellow of IEEE, INSA, IAPR, AAAI, IASc, INAE, NASI
| field = [[Computer Science]], [[Artificial Intelligence]], Healthcare applications, [[Data Science]]
| work_institutions = [[Indian Statistical Institute]]
| family = Late Dr. Maya Mitra {d. 2006} & Late Dr. Girindra Nath Mitra {d. 1983} (parents); Somosmita Mitra (daughter)
}}

'''Sushmita Mitra''' is an Indian female computer scientist. She is currently a Full Professor (HAG) and a former head of the Machine Intelligence Unit at [[Indian Statistical Institute]], Kolkata.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.isical.ac.in/~sushmita/|title=Sushmita Mitra's Home Page|website=www.isical.ac.in|access-date=2019-02-16}}</ref> Her research interests include [[data science]], [[machine learning]], [[bioinformatics]], [[soft computing]] and [[medical imaging]].<ref name=":0" /> She got recognised as a fellow of [[IEEE]] for her [[neuro-fuzzy]] and hybrid approaches in pattern recognition.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.isical.ac.in/~sushmita/images/SM-inae-story.pdf|title=Reminisces from the Past}}</ref> She is a Fellow of all three science academies and the engineering academy of India, along with several others from abroad.

== Life and career ==
=== The journey ===
Sushmita was born to Dr. Maya Mitra, a professor of Botany at [[Bethune College]] in Kolkata, and Dr. Girindra Nath Mitra, a scientist with [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR).<ref name=":1" /> Her mother did her PhD in Botany, receiving the Agarkar Gold Medal, from the University of Calcutta (1960). In those days a woman completing Ph.D. was indeed a rarity.
Sushmita's parents had the privilege of publishing research articles in ``Nature". They inspired her to achieve; whatever she is today, she owes it to their immense love and sacrifice for her.

Sushmita did her ISC from Calcutta Girls’ High School and her [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] from [[Auxilium Convent School]].<ref name=":1" /> In her high school, she was also awarded [[National Talent Search Scholarship]] by National Council for Educational Research and Training ([[NCERT]]) which continued till her master's-level education (1978–1983).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/public/Resources/Initiatives/Women_in_Science/Contributors/sushmitamitra.pdf|title=How I Became What I Am}}</ref> Then she studied physics honours in [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]], under the guidance of Prof. [[Amal Raychaudhuri]] and Prof. Shyamal Sengupta.<ref name=":1" /> Subsequently, she secured an admission to B.Tech in Computer Science of [[Rajabazar Science College]], [[University of Calcutta]] and also cleared the entrance test for Integrated five-year M.E. course of [[Indian Institute of Science]] which she did not join.<ref name=":1" /> Instead, she met the renowned Prof. Arun Choudhury who taught her the basics of electrical circuits.<ref name=":1" />

After she ranked first in her undergraduate class, she gained admission to M.Tech. at [[IIT Kharagpur]].<ref name=":1" /> However, she came back to Kolkata and pursued her M.Tech at the Science college campus of [[University of Calcutta]], where she ranked first and was awarded the University Gold Medal for her performance.<ref name=":1" />
After her M.Tech., she took up a project assistantship at [[Indian Statistical Institute]] on the topic of [[pattern recognition]] under Dr. [[Sankar K. Pal]].<ref name=":1" /> She received the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] Senior Research Fellowship to work on her Ph.D. in Neuro-Fuzzy Pattern Recognition under the supervision of Prof. [[Sankar K. Pal]] in 1989.<ref name=":1" />
In 1992, she was selected for the [[German Academic Exchange Service|DAAD]] fellowship to work with Prof. H. -J. Zimmermann in [[RWTH Aachen University]] in [[Germany]] from 1992-1994.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
She completed her Ph.D. in computer science from ISI in 1995. She started working there in 1991 and has risen up the academic ladder to the level of a full professor (HAG).<ref name=":1" />

Simultaneously she has been a single parent to Somosmita, who is now doing her PhD in [[Purdue University]]. Her current pursuits include [[Meditation]] and [[Kriya Yoga school]].

=== Career and research ===
Dr. Mitra received the IEEE Neural Networks Council Outstanding Paper Award in 1994 and the CIMPA-INRIA-UNESCO Fellowship in 1996 for her pioneering work on neuro fuzzy computing and its generic hybridization with other soft computing paradigms.<ref name=":0" /> On recommendation of one of her Ph.D. examiners, she authored a book based on her publication - Neuro Fuzzy Pattern Recognition: Methods in Soft Computing.<ref name=":1" /> published by [[John Wiley & Sons|John Wiley]]. Her research also resulted in several fellowships - which includes those of IEEE, [[Indian National Science Academy]] (INSA), [[International Association for Pattern Recognition]] (IAPR), [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (IASc), [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] (INAE), Asia-Pacific Artificial Intelligence Association (AAIA), and The [[National Academy of Sciences]], India (NASI).<ref name=":0" /> She is also a recipient of prestigious J. C. Bose National Fellowship in 2021 and is a member of the Inter-Academy Panel for Women in STEMM.<ref name=":0" />
She has authored several other books, including Data Mining: Multimedia, Soft Computing, and Bioinformatics; and Introduction to Machine Learning and Bioinformatics.<ref name=":0" />

Mitra was a visiting professor in the Computer Science Departments of [[University of Alberta]], [[Edmonton]], [[Canada]] in 2004 and 2007.<ref name=":0" /> She also visited [[Meiji University]], [[Japan]] in 1999, 2004, 2005, and 2007; and [[Aalborg University Copenhagen|Aalborg University]], [[Esbjerg]], [[Denmark]] in 2002 and 2003.<ref name=":0" /> She has also been associated with the editorial activity of several international journals, and has chaired many international conferences.<ref name=":0" /> Dr. Mitra has guest edited special issues of several journals; is an Associate Editor of “IEEE/ACM Trans. on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics”,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.computer.org/portal/web/tcbb|title=IEEE Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics • IEEE Computer Society|website=www.computer.org|access-date=2019-02-16}}</ref> “[[Information Sciences]]”,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.journals.elsevier.com/information-sciences|title=Information Sciences}}</ref> [[Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy]], [[Computers in Biology and Medicine]], and is a Founding Associate Editor of “[[Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery]] (WIRE DMKD)”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/19424795|title=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery - Wiley Online Library|website=onlinelibrary.wiley.com|access-date=2019-02-16}}</ref>

Two of her research papers have been ranked 3rd and 15th in the list of top-cited papers in [[Engineering Science]] from India during 1992-2001, according to the [[Science Citation Index]] (SCI).<ref name=":0" /> There are more than 150 research publications in her name in refereed international journals. For the period 2014-2016, 2018-2021, Dr. Mitra was an IEEE CIS Distinguished Lecturer. She was a Fulbright-Nehru Academic and Professional Excellence (FNAPE) Fellow in 2018-2020, and INAE Chair Professor during 2018-2020.<ref name=":0" /> She was the Chair, IEEE Kolkata Section (2021-22), and also of the IEEE CIS Kolkata Chapter.<ref name=":0" /> She has visited more than 30 countries as a Plenary/Invited Speaker or an academic visitor.<ref name=":0" /> She served in the capacity of General Chair, Program Chair, Tutorial Chair, of many international conferences.<ref name=":0" />

== Cited in ==
* A Bangla clip from ''Sananda'', August 15, 2000 <ref name=":0" />
* "How I Became What I Am" in ''Lilavati's Daughters: The Women Scientists of India'', R. Godbole and R. Ramaswamy (Eds.), Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore, pp. 196–197, 2008. (ISBN 978-81-8465-005-1)<ref name=":0" />
* "Reminisces from the Past" in ''The Mind of an Engineer'' (2016)<ref name="INAE2016">{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=P. |url=http://www.isical.ac.in/~sushmita/images/SM-inae-story.pdf |title=The Mind of an Engineer |last2=Raj |first2=B. |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineering |isbn=978-981-10-0118-5 |pages=261–266 |chapter=Reminisces from the Past}}</ref>

* Television interview from University of San Pablo, Peru (2019)<ref name="Peru2019">{{cite AV media |url= |title=Television interview clip from University of San Pablo, Arequipa, Peru |date=June 2019 |medium=Video |publisher=University of San Pablo}}</ref>

* UNESCO: ''A Braided River: The Universe of Indian Women in Science'' (2022)<ref name="UNESCO2022">{{cite book |last1=Coley |first1=C. |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000380700 |title=A Braided River: The Universe of Indian Women in Science |last2=Gressel |first2=C. |date=2022 |publisher=UNESCO New Delhi |isbn=978-81-89218-82-9 |page=21}}</ref>

* TCS: ''Real Leaders, Real Stories'' (2022)<ref name="TCS2022">{{cite book |last1=Sukhu |first1=S. |url=http://www.isical.ac.in/~sushmita/images/tcs-coffee.pdf |title=Real Leaders, Real Stories |last2=Shankar |first2=C. |date=2022 |publisher=Tata Consultancy Services Limited |pages=21–24}}</ref>

* ''Women Engineers in India, Vol. I'' (2022)<ref name="INAE2022">{{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=P. |url=http://www.isical.ac.in/~sushmita/images/INAE-book.pdf |title=Women Engineers in India, Vol. I |date=2022 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineering |isbn=978-81-7480-362-7 |pages=92–93}}</ref>

* IAPR (International Association for Pattern Recognition) Interview (2023)<ref name="IAPR2023">{{cite web |date=March 2023 |title=Diversity in the Pattern Recognition Community |url=https://iapr.org/aboutus/diversity.php |access-date=February 28, 2026 |website=iapr.org |publisher=International Association for Pattern Recognition}}</ref>

* INSA: ''Women Shaping Scientific Frontiers'' (2024)<ref name="INSA2024">{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=A. |url=http://www.isical.ac.in/~sushmita/images/INSA-book.pdf |title=Women Shaping Scientific Frontiers: From Lab Coats to Leadership |last2=Harshitha |first2=K. S. |date=2024 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |isbn=978-81-939482-7-9}}</ref>

* ''Bigyan Bishwe Banglar Meyera'' (2025)<ref name="Mitra2025">{{cite book |last=Mitra |first=A. |url=http://www.isical.ac.in/~sushmita/images/Amitra.jpg |title=Bigyan Bishwe Banglar Meyera (Girls of Bengal in World of Science) |date=2025 |publisher=Tapati Publication}}</ref>

* "Life is a Journey" (2025)<ref name="Lilavati2025">{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=N. K. |url=http://www.isical.ac.in/~sushmita/images/SOAFAL.pdf |title=SOAFAL Mala Vol IV, Lilavati's Daughters |date=2025 |publisher=Siksha O Anusandhan |isbn=978-93-91315-34-4 |pages=102–108 |chapter=Life is a Journey: Harnessing Artificial Intelligence for Healthcare}}</ref>
* [[IEEE Computational Intelligence Society]] Distinguished Lecturer 2025-2027<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distinguished Lecturers and Available Talks - IEEE Computational Intelligence Society |url=https://cis.ieee.org/activities/membership-activities/dlp/distinguished-lecturers |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240622162533/https://cis.ieee.org/activities/membership-activities/dlp/distinguished-lecturers |archive-date=2024-06-22 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=cis.ieee.org |language=en-gb}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

*
* [https://www.isical.ac.in/~sushmita/ Indian Statistical Institute faculty profile]
* [http://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=PrUB1fAAAAAJ&hl=en Google Scholar Citations page]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mitra, Sushmita}}
[[Category:Fellows of the IEEE]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian computer scientists]]
[[Category:Indian women computer scientists]]

Malik Kafur

2026-02-22T04:58:19Z

Glasierwellness:

{{Short description|General of Delhi Sultanate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Malik Kāfūr
| death_date = February 1316
| death_place = [[Delhi]]
| resting_place =
| allegiance = [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| other_name = Tāj al-Dīn 'Izz al-Dawla, Malik Nā'ib, Hazār-Dīnārī, al-Alfī{{sfn|S. Digby|1990|p=419}}
| rank = ''[[Nawab|Na'ib]]'' ([[viceroy]])
| battles = {{plainlist|
* [[Mongol invasion of India, 1306|Mongol invasion]] (1306)
* [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Devagiri|Siege of Devagiri]] (1308)
* [[Siege of Warangal, 1310|Siege of Warangal]] (1310)
* [[Siege of Dwarasamudra]] (1311)
* [[Malik Kafur's invasion of the Pandya kingdom|Pandya kingdom raids]] (1311)
}}
}}
'''Malik Kafur''' (died February 1316), also known as '''Taj al-Din Izz al-Dawla''', was a prominent general of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]]. He was captured by Alauddin's general [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari|Nusrat Khan]] during the [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat|1299 invasion of Gujarat]], and rose to prominence around 1305.

As a commander of Alauddin's forces, Kafur defeated the [[Mongol invasion of India, 1306|Mongol invaders in 1306]]. Subsequently, he led a series of expeditions in the southern part of India, against the [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Devagiri|Yadavas]] (1308), the [[Siege of Warangal, 1310|Kakatiyas]] (1310), the [[Siege of Dwarasamudra|Hoysalas]] (1311), and the [[Malik Kafur's invasion of the Pandya kingdom|Pandyas]] (1311). From these campaigns, he brought back many treasures, and many elephants and horses for the Delhi Sultanate.

From 1313 to 1315, Kafur served as Alauddin's governor of [[Devagiri]]. When Alauddin fell seriously ill in 1315, Kafur was recalled to Delhi, where he exercised power as ''[[Nawab|Na'ib]]'' ([[viceroy]]). After Alauddin's death, he tried to usurp control by appointing Alauddin's minor son, [[Shihab-ud-din Omar|Shihabuddin Omar]], as a [[puppet monarch]]. Kafur's [[regency]] lasted for about a month, before he was assassinated by Alauddin's former bodyguards. Alauddin's elder son, [[Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah|Mubarak Shah]], succeeded him as regent, and usurped power shortly afterward.

== Early life and career ==
Malik Naib Kafur Hazar Dinari was a slave, seized by Nusrat Khan, the wazir of Ala-ud-din Muhammad Shah Khilji, from a merchant at Cambay, during the conquest of Gujarat in 1299. He was called Hazar Dinari (al-Alfi) since he was purchased by his owner for 1000 dinars.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-22 |title=Ala-ud-din's Relationship with Malik Kafur |url=https://www.notesonindianhistory.com/2018/04/ala-ud-dins-relationship-with-malik.html |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=www.notesonindianhistory.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Kafur was captured from the port city of Khambhat by Alauddin's general [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari|Nusrat Khan]], during the [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat|1299 invasion of Gujarat]],{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=86}} and converted to [[Islam]].{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|2009|p=420}} Nusrat Khan presented him to Alauddin in Delhi.{{sfn|S. Digby|1990|p=419}}<ref name="Commissariat3">{{cite book|author1=Mānekshāh Sorābshāh Commissariat|title=A History of Gujarat: Including a Survey of Its Chief Architectural Monuments and Inscriptions, Volume 1|date=1938|publisher=Longmans, Green, and co.|page=3}}</ref> Nothing is known about Kafur's early career in Alauddin's service.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=175}} According to [[Isami (historian)|Isami]], Alauddin favoured Kafur because "his counsel had always proved appropriate and fit for the occasion".{{sfn|Abraham Eraly|2015|pp=178-179}} Kafur rose rapidly, mainly because of his proven ability as a wise counsellor and military commander.{{sfn|Abraham Eraly|2015|p=177-8}} By 1306, Kafur held the rank of ''barbeg'',{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=175}} used to designate a [[chamberlain (office)|chamberlain]] who also served as a military commander.{{sfn|Iqtidar Alam Khan|2008|p=28}} By 1309–1310, he held the [[iqta']] (administrative grant) of Rapri.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=175}}

== Military career ==
[[File:Delhi Sultanate under Khalji dynasty - based on A Historical Atlas of South Asia.svg|thumb|[[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]] territory (''dark green'') after annexation of the Sevuna (Yadava) kingdom of Devagiri, showing capital Delhi (''star'') and territories of the Khalji tributaries (''light green'')]]
In 1306, Alauddin sent an army led by Kafur to the [[Punjab]] to repulse a [[Mongol invasion of India, 1306|Mongol invasion]] by the [[Chagatai Khanate]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=171}}{{sfn|S. Digby|1990|p=419}} The Mongol army had advanced to the [[Ravi River]], ransacking the territories along the way. This army included three contingents, led by Kopek, Iqbalmand, and Tai-Bu.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|pp=171-172}} Kafur routed the Mongol army, with support from other commanders, including [[Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq|Malik Tughluq]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=172}} Kafur was known by this time as Na'ib-i Barbak ("assistant master of ceremonies"). This may be the origin of his name Malik Na'ib, although some historians believe this relates instead to his later, and more important, role of Na'ib-i Sultan.{{sfn|S. Digby|1990|p=419}}

The 16th-century chronicler [[`Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni]] also credits Kafur with leading Alauddin's army in the [[Battle of Amroha|1305 Battle of Amroha]]. This claim, however, is based on the erroneous identification of another officer, called Malik Nayak ({{aka}} Malik Nanak), with Malik Kafur.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=227}}{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=168}}

Kafur was then sent to the [[Deccan Plateau]], as the commander of a series of great military raids that laid the foundations of Muslim power in that region.{{sfn|S. Digby|1990|p=419}} In 1307,{{sfn|S. Digby|1990|p=419}} Alauddin decided to invade the [[Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadava]] kingdom of [[Devagiri]], whose king, [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]], had discontinued [[tribute]] payments to Delhi for three or four years.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=400}} Alauddin had originally intended to select another slave to lead this invasion: Malik Shahin, who was the governor of [[Chittor Fort]]. But Malik Shahin had fled, fearing a [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] resurgence in the neighbouring territory of [[Gujarat]]. Alauddin appointed Kafur instead.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=401}}

Alauddin took measures to raise Kafur above all other officers. The royal canopy and the royal pavilion were sent with Kafur, and the officers were directed to pay their respects to Kafur daily and to take their orders from him.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=401}} Kafur easily [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Devagiri|subjugated the Yadavas]]. Along with rich spoils, Kafur brought Ramachandra back to Delhi, where the Yadava king acknowledged Alauddin's [[suzerainty]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=192}}{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|pp=401-402}}{{sfn|S. Digby|1990|p=419}}

In 1309, Alauddin sent Kafur on an expedition to the [[Kakatiya]] kingdom.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=194}} Kafur's army reached the Kakatiya capital, [[Warangal]], in January 1310, and breached its outer fort after [[Siege of Warangal, 1310|a month-long siege]].{{sfn|S. Digby|1990|p=419}}{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|pp=408-410}} The Kakatiya ruler, [[Prataparudra]], surrendered and agreed to pay tribute. Kafur returned to Delhi in June 1310 with a huge amount of wealth obtained from the defeated king.{{sfn|S. Digby|1990|p=419}}{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|pp=408-410}} The [[Koh-i-Noor]] diamond was said to be among the loot.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=410}}{{sfn|Hermann Kulke|Dietmar Rothermund|1998|p=160}} Alauddin was very pleased with Kafur, and rewarded him generously.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=200}}

In Warangal, Kafur had learned that the southernmost regions of India were also very wealthy. He obtained Alauddin's permission to lead an expedition there.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=201}} The expedition set off on 19 October 1310, and reached the extremity of peninsular India.{{sfn|S. Digby|1990|p=419}} On 25 February 1311,{{sfn|S. Digby|1990|p=419}} Kafur [[Siege of Dwarasamudra|besieged Dwarasamudra]], the [[Hoysala empire|Hoysala]] capital, with 10,000 soldiers.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=412-414}} The Hoysala king, [[Veera Ballala III|Ballala]], surrendered vast wealth as part of a truce negotiation, and agreed to pay an annual tribute to the Delhi Sultanate.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|pp=413-414}} From [[Dwarasamudra]], Kafur proceeded to the [[Pandya kingdom]], where he [[Malik Kafur's invasion of the Pandya kingdom|raided several places]], obtaining much treasure, elephants and horses.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=213}}{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=417}} Kafur occupied [[Madurai]] on 24 April, and reached [[Delhi]] in triumph on 18 October 1311.{{sfn|S. Digby|1990|p=419}}

At court, Kafur seems to have excited the enmity of a faction led by Mahru, Alauddin's second wife; Khizr Khan, his eldest son by her; and [[Alp Khan]], Mahru's brother, who was also Khizr Khan's father-in-law and the governor of Gujarat.{{sfn|S. Digby|1990|p=419}}{{sfn|Abraham Eraly|2015|p=177}} In 1313, probably at his own request,{{sfn|S. Digby|1990|p=419}}{{sfn|Abraham Eraly|2015|p=177}} Kafur led another expedition to Devagiri, when Ramachandra's successor Singhana (or Shankaradeva) refused to continue the tribute payments. Kafur subdued him, and annexed Devagiri to the Delhi Sultanate. Kafur remained in Devagiri as governor of the newly annexed territory for two years, until he was urgently summoned to Delhi when Alauddin's health began deteriorating.{{sfn|Shanti Sadiq Ali|1996|p=38}}{{sfn|S. Digby|1990|p=419}} He had administered the territory with sympathy and efficiency.{{sfn|Shanti Sadiq Ali|1996|p=38}}

== As viceroy ==
Kafur ultimately rose to the position of ''[[Nawab|Na'ib]]'' ([[viceroy]]),{{sfn|Iqtidar Alam Khan|2008|p=84}} although the date of his appointment to this position is not known.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=175}} In 1315, when Alauddin fell seriously ill, Kafur was recalled from Devagiri to Delhi.{{sfn|Shanti Sadiq Ali|1996|p=38}} Kafur handed over charge of Devagiri to [[Ayn al-Mulk Multani]].{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=426}}

During Alauddin's last days, Kafur held the executive power.{{sfn|Iqtidar Alam Khan|2008|p=84}} During this period, Alauddin became very distrustful of his other officers, and started concentrating power in the hands of his family and his slaves. He removed several experienced administrators, abolished the office of ''[[vizier|wazir]]'' (prime minister), and even executed the minister Sharaf Qa'ini. It appears that Kafur, who considered these officers his rivals and a threat, convinced Alauddin to carry out this purge.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=176}} Alauddin had greater trust in Kafur than other officers because, unlike the other officers, Kafur had no family or followers.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=421a|ps=:"...since Kafur, unlike all other officers, had no family or followers, the Sultan had a greater trust in him."}} According to Isami, during the final days of Alauddin's reign, Kafur allowed no one to see the sultan, and became de facto ruler of the Sultanate.{{sfn|Abraham Eraly|2015|p=177-8}}

=== Relationship with Alauddin ===
Kafur had been captured by [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]] forces in 1299, and had caught the fancy of Alauddin.{{sfn|Shanti Sadiq Ali|1996|p=35a|ps=:"As a young slave he was snatched away [...] by Nusrat Khan, one of Alauddin's generals, in the year 1299. Malik Kafur, an attractive man, then caught the fancy of the Sultan."}} A deep emotional bond developed between the two.{{sfn|Shanti Sadiq Ali|1996|p=35}} During his reign (even before his illness), Alauddin was infatuated with Kafur, distinguishing him above all his other friends and helpers, and Kafur held the highest place in his esteem.{{sfn|Abraham Eraly|2015|p=177a|ps=:"...Ala-ud-din, according to Barani, ‘was infatuated with Malik Kafur, and made him the commander of his army and vizier. He distinguished him above all his other helpers and friends, and this eunuch and minion held the chief place in his regards.’"}} Regarding the time when Alauddin was ill, the chronicler [[Ziauddin Barani]] (1285–1357) states:{{sfn|R. Vanita|S. Kidwai|2000|p=132}}

{{quote|
text=In those four or five years when the Sultan was losing his memory and his senses, he had fallen deeply and madly in love with the Malik Naib. He had entrusted the responsibility of the government and the control of the servants to this useless, ungrateful, ingratiate, [[sodomy|sodomite]].
|author=Barani
}}

Based on Barani's description, several scholars including [[Ruth Vanita]] and [[Saleem Kidwai]] among others believe that Alauddin and Kafur were in a homosexual relationship.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Judith E. Walsh|title=A Brief History of India|date=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=1438108257|page=[https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin0000wals/page/71 71]|url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin0000wals/page/71}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Nilanjan Sarkar|title=Forbidden Privileges and History-Writing in Medieval India|journal=The Medieval History Journal|date=2013|volume=16|issue=1|pages=33–4, 48, 55}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Gugler TK|title=Politics of Pleasure: Setting South Asia Straight|journal=South Asia Chronicle|date=2011|volume=1|pages=355–392}}</ref> Historian [[Banarsi Prasad Saxena|Banarsi Prasad Saksena]] states that Alauddin was infatuated with Kafur during the last years of his reign, but believes that the closeness between the two was not sexual.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=421|ps=:"During the last four or five years of his reign, Alauddin was infatuated with Malik Naib... There was no element of homosexuality in Alauddin's character; and though Kafur was a eunuch, there was nothing wrong in Alauddin's relations with Kafur, apart from the fact that since Kafur, unlike all other officers, had no family or followers, the Sultan had a greater trust in him."}}

=== Murder of Alp Khan ===
Kafur's hold on power was threatened by [[Alp Khan]], an influential noble whose two daughters were married to Alauddin's sons, Khizr Khan (the [[heir apparent]]) and Shadi Khan. Kafur convinced Alauddin to order the killing of Alp Khan in the royal palace.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=176}} He also had Khizr Khan first banished from court to [[Amroha]], and then imprisoned in Gwalior, and had Khizr's brother Shadi Khan imprisoned. According to stories that circulated as far as Persia, Khizr Khan, his mother and Alp Khan had hatched a conspiracy to poison Alauddin, so that Khizr Khan could be appointed as the new Sultan, but Alauddin was able to execute them all before he died. This story was corroborated to some extent by Ibn Battuta. The story may just have been Kafur's propaganda.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=176}}

Next, Kafur convened a meeting of important officers at Alauddin's bedside. At this meeting, Alauddin's six-year-old son [[Shihab-ud-din Omar|Shihabuddin]] was declared the new heir apparent, and it was decided that Kafur would act as his [[regent]] after Alauddin's death. According to Isami, Alauddin was too weak to speak during the meeting, but his silence was taken as consent.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=425}}

The officers supportive of Kafur included [[Kamal al-Din Gurg|Kamal al-Din "Gurg"]], whose family came from [[Kabul]]. It appears that Kafur and other officers of non-Turkic origin allied to counter the [[Khalaj people|Khalaj]] establishment of the Sultanate.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=177}}

== As regent ==
[[File:The last act of Malik Naib Kafur, A.D. 1316.jpg|thumb|''The last act of Malik Naib Kafur, 1316 CE.'', 20th century [[artist's impression]]]]
When Alauddin died, on the night of 4 January 1316, Kafur brought his body from the [[Siri Fort|Siri Palace]] and had it buried in the mausoleum that had been built before Alauddin's death.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=425}} Barani claims that, according to "some people", Kafur murdered Alauddin.{{sfn|R. Vanita|S. Kidwai|2000|p=132}}

The day after Alauddin's death, Kafur convened a meeting of important officers and nobles in the palace. There, he read out a will of the late sultan that named Shihabuddin as his successor while disinheriting Khizr Khan, and then seated Shihabuddin on the throne as the new Sultan.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=425}}{{sfn|Abraham Eraly|2015|p=177-8}} As regent, Kafur held power for a short time—35 days, according to Barani; 1 month, according to Isami; and 25 days, according to the 16th-century historian [[Firishta]].{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=428}}{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=322}} During this period, he held a daily ceremonial court in the morning at the [[Siri Fort#Structure|Hazar Sutun Palace]]. After the short ceremony, Kafur would send Shihabuddin to his mother, and dismiss the courtiers. He would then meet the officers in his chambers on the ground floor, and issue various orders. He ordered the ministries of revenue, secretariat, war, and commerce to maintain the laws and regulations established by Alauddin.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|pp=425-426}} The officers of the ministries were asked to consult Kafur on all policy matters.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=426}}

Kafur took several actions to maintain his control over the throne. Before burying Alauddin, he had taken the royal ring from the Sultan's finger. He gave this ring to his general, Sumbul, and asked him to march to [[Gwalior Fort|Gwalior]] and take control of the fort, using the ring as a symbol of royal authority. He asked Sumbul to send the fort's governor to Delhi, and ordered Sumbul to return to Delhi after blinding Khizr Khan, who had been imprisoned in Gwalior.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=425}} Sumbul carried out these orders, and was appointed ''Amir-i Hijab''(Commander of the Faithful) as a reward.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=425}} On his first day as regent, Kafur also ordered his barber to blind Khizr Khan's [[Sibling#Half|uterine brother]] Shadi Khan.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=426}} This incident intensified resentment of Kafur among the Turkic nobles.{{sfn|Abraham Eraly|2015|p=177-8}} Kafur deprived Alauddin's senior queen, who bore the title [[Malika-i-Jahan (wife of Alauddin Khalji)|''Malika-i Jahan'']], of all her property, and later imprisoned her at Gwalior fort. He also imprisoned [[Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah|Mubarak Shah]], another adult son of Alauddin. According to Firishta, Kafur married Alauddin's widow Jhatyapalli, the mother of Shihabuddin. Becoming the new Sultan's step-father was probably Kafur's way of legitimizing his power.{{sfn|S. Digby|1990|p=419}}{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=426}}

Alp Khan's murder had led to a rebellion in Gujarat, and Kafur had sent [[Kamal al-Din Gurg|Kamal al-Din "Gurg"]] to suppress it.{{sfn|Iqtidar Alam Khan|2008|p=85}} Meanwhile, Kafur summoned the [[Devagiri]] governor, [[Ayn al-Mulk Multani]], to Delhi with all his soldiers.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=426}} While Multani was on his way, Kamal al-Din was killed in Gujarat.{{sfn|I. H. Siddiqui|1980|p=105}} Kafur then appointed Multani as governor of Gujarat, and asked him to march there to suppress the rebellion. The rebellion could be suppressed only after Kafur's death.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=426}}

== Death ==
Alauddin's former bodyguards (''paiks'') disapproved of Kafur's actions against the family of their deceased master. Led by Mubashshir, Bashir, Saleh, and Munir, these bodyguards decided to kill Kafur. When Kafur became suspicious of a conspiracy against him, he summoned Mubashshir to his room. Mubashshir, who had been permitted to carry arms in the royal quarters since Alauddin's day, wounded Kafur with his sword. His associates then entered the room and beheaded Kafur, also killing two or three gatekeepers who had attempted to protect him.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=427}} This event took place sometime in February 1316.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=322}}

According to an account cited by the 16th-century chronicler Firishta, Kafur had sent some ''paiks'' to blind Mubarak Shah, but the captive prince gave them his jeweled necklace and convinced them to kill Kafur instead.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=321}} Another legend attributes Kafur's death to his mother's prayers to the mystic Shaikhzada Jam. These accounts are latter-day fabrications. According to Barani's near-contemporary account, the ''paiks'' decided to kill Kafur on their own initiative.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|pp=428-429}}

Kafur's killers freed Mubarak Shah, who was appointed as the new regent.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|pp=427-428}} A few months later, Mubarak Shah usurped control by blinding Shihabuddin.{{sfn|Abraham Eraly|2015|pp=178-179}} Kafur's killers claimed credit for making him king, and began demanding high positions in the royal court.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=426}} Instead, Mubarak Shah had them executed.{{sfn|S. Digby|1990|p=419}}{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=426}}

The chronicler Barani was severely critical of Kafur. Historian [[Abraham Eraly]], however, believes that Barani's criticism of Kafur is not credible as Barani was deeply prejudiced against Kafur, presumably because of Kafur's non-[[Turkic people|Turkic]], Hindu origins and eunuch status.{{sfn|Abraham Eraly|2015|p=178|ps=:"Barani is severely critical of Kafur, but his excoriations are not quite credible, for he was deeply prejudiced against Malik Kafur, whom he invariably described as a 'wicked fellow', presumably because he was not a Turk but an Islamised Hindu and a eunuch."}}

=== Tomb ===
The location of Kafur's grave is unknown today. His [[mausoleum]] existed in the 14th century, when it was repaired by Sultan [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] (r. 1351–1388).{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=426}} Firuz Shah's autobiography ''Futuhat-i-Firuzshahi'' states:{{sfn|S. R. Bakshi|Suresh K. Sharma|1995|p=276}}

{{quote|Tomb of ''Malik'' ''Taj-ul-Mulk'' Kafur, the great ''wazir'' of Sultan Ala-ud-din. He was a most wise and intelligent minister, and acquired many countries, on which the horses of former sovereigns had never placed their hoofs, and he caused the ''[[Khutba]]'' of Sultan Ala-ud-din to be repeated there. He had 52,000 horsemen. His grave had been levelled with the ground, and his tomb laid low. I caused his tomb to be entirely renewed, for he was a devoted and faithful subject.}}

== Popular culture ==
In the 2018 [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Padmaavat]]'', Malik Kafur is portrayed by [[Jim Sarbh]].

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Abraham Eraly |author-link=Abraham Eraly |title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178 |year=2015 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-93-5118-658-8 |page=178 }}
* {{cite book |author=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |author-link=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji |editor=Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 }}
* {{cite book |author=Carole Boyce Davies |author-link=Carole Boyce Davies |title=Encyclopedia of the African diaspora: origins, experiences, and culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=skEOAQAAMAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-700-5 }}
* {{cite book |author1=[[Hermann Kulke]]|author2=[[Dietmar Rothermund]]|title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V0GEtXp-GsUC&pg=PA160 |year=1998 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-15482-6 }}
* {{cite book |author=I. H. Siddiqui |editor1=C. E. Bosworth |editor-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor2= E. van Donzel |editor3= Charles Pellat |editor3-link=Charles Pellat |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=New |volume=Supplement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=95Q3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA105 |year=1980 |publisher=E. J. Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=90-04-06167-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=Iqtidar Alam Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGSKTttoa3IC&pg=PR17 |title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval India |publisher=Scarecrow |year=2008 |isbn=9780810864016 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 }}
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA221 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}
* {{cite book |author1=R. Vanita |author2=S. Kidwai |title=Same-Sex Love in India: Readings in Indian Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VbvIDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 |year=2000 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-05480-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=Romila Thapar |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Y02AiEu1kcC&pg=PT342 |year=1990 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-194976-5 }}
* {{cite book |author=S. Digby |chapter=Kāfūr, Malik |editor1=E. Van Donzel |editor2=B. Lewis |editor3=Charles Pellat |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2 |year=1990 |publisher=Brill |location=Vol. 4, Iran–Kha |isbn=90-04-05745-5 |page=419 }}
* {{cite book |editor1=S. R. Bakshi |editor2=Suresh K. Sharma |title=Delhi through ages |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8SFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1995 |publisher=Anmol |isbn=978-81-7488-138-0 }}
* {{cite book |author=Shanti Sadiq Ali |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&pg=PA35 |year=1996 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1 }}
* {{cite book |author=Wendy Doniger |author-link=Wendy Doniger |title=The Hindus: An Alternative History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aoiwqK8D_7AC&pg=PT420 |year=2009 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-101-02870-4 }}
{{ref end}}

{{Alauddin Khalji}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Alauddin Khalji]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam from Hinduism]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:1316 deaths]]
[[Category:Generals of the Delhi Sultanate]]

Mizoram

2026-02-19T12:37:25Z

Glasierwellness: added content to improve readability per sources

{{Short description|State in northeastern India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian state or territory
| name = Mizoram
| official_name =
| type = State
| image_seal = Seal of Mizoram.svg
| motto = [[Satyameva Jayate]] ([[Sanskrit]]) 
"Truth alone triumphs"
| anthem = [[List of Indian state symbols|Ro Min Rêlsak Ang Che]] ([[de facto]]) 
"Be Thou Our Counsellor"
| image_skyline = {{Multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
| image1 = Embossed Figures Kawtchhuah Ropui Vangchhia Mapuia Hnamte (1).JPG
| caption1 = [[Kawtchhuah Ropui|Kawtchhuah Ropui, Vangchhia]]
| image2 = Vantawng Khawhthla.jpg
| caption2 = [[Vantawng Falls]]
| image3 = Cheraw Mizoram.jpg
| caption3 = [[Cheraw (dance)|Cheraw dance]]
| image4 = Phawngpui national park.jpg
| caption4 = [[Phawngpui National Park]]
| image5 = Kolodyne castle in Mizoram.jpg
| caption5 = [[Lawngtlai district|Castle of Bawinu]]
| image7 = Solomon Temple Aizawl 2.jpg
| caption7 = [[Solomon's Temple, Aizawl]]
}}
| image_map = IN-MZ.svg
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.36|92.8|region:IN-MZ_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| region = Northeast India
| before_was = [[Mizoram (union territory)|Union Territory]]
| formation_date1 =
| formation_date2 =
| formation_date4 = 20 February 1987
| capital = Aizawl
| largestcity = capital
| districts = [[List of districts of Mizoram|11]]
| Governor = [[V. K. Singh]]
| Chief_Minister = [[Lalduhoma]]
| party = [[Zoram People's Movement|ZPM]]
| judiciary = [[Gauhati High Court]]
| legislature_type = Unicameral
| assembly = [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]
| assembly_seats = 40 seats
| rajya_sabha_seats = 1 seat
| lok_sabha_seats = 1 seat
| area_footnotes = <ref name=MizoramCensusarea>{{Cite web |title=Area and Population – Statistical Year Book India 2017 |url=http://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/statistical_year_book_india_2015/Table%202.1_5.xls |website=Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation {{!}} Government Of India |access-date=9 February 2020 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804025424/http://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/statistical_year_book_india_2015/Table%202.1_5.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 21081
| area_rank = 24th
| elevation_m =
| elevation_max_m = 2,157
| elevation_max_point = [[Phawngpui]]
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_min_point = [[Longai River]]
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite book | url=https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/library/resource/population-projections-for-india-and-states-2011-2036/ | title=Population Projections for India and States, 2011–2036 | date=July 2020 | access-date=25 March 2023 | archive-date=13 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313055356/https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/library/resource/population-projections-for-india-and-states-2011-2036/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_total = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 1,264,000
| population_as_of = 2025
| population_rank = 27th
| population_urban = 55.52%
| population_rural = 44.48%
| population_density = 59.96
| 0fficial_Langs = {{Hlist|[[Mizo language|Mizo]]|[[English language|English]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mizoramassembly.in/storage/Assembly/Gazette/EO/GZEO6ISS_043.pdf |title=The Mizoram Gazette 1977 |publisher=Mizoram Assembly |access-date=25 June 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Development of Northeastern Region |title=Mizoram |url=https://mdoner.gov.in/about-north-east/mizoram |website=MDONER |location=India |publisher=Government of India |access-date=12 July 2025}}</ref>
| official_script = [[Latin script]]
| GDP_total = {{Increase}} $4.25 billion (nominal) {{Increase}} $17.88 billion (PPP)
| GDP_year = 2025–26
| GDP_rank = 32nd
| GDP_per_capita = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|275633|lk=r}} (nominal) {{Increase}} $14,149 (PPP)
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 17th
| Growth_rate =
| Growth_year =
| HDI = {{Increase}}[[List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index|0.709]] {{Color|#0c0|High}}<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{Cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/hdi-how-states-fare-in-human-development/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |access-date=25 September 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| HDI_year = 2022
| HDI_rank = 10th
| literacy = 98.2%<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/AnnualReport_PLFS2023-24L2.pdf |title=Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (July 2023 – June 2024) |date=23 September 2024 |publisher=National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India |pages=A-10 |chapter=Appendix-A: Detailed tables, Table (7): Literacy rate (in per cent) of persons of different age groups for each State/UT (aged 7 & above, rural+urban)}}</ref>
| literacy_year = 2024
| literacy_rank = 1st
| sex_ratio = 976[[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]
| sexratio_year = 2025
| iso_code = IN-MZ
| registration_plate = MZ
| website = mizoram.gov.in
| mammal = [[Himalayan serow|Saza]]
| bird = [[Mrs. Hume's pheasant]]
| flower = [[Renanthera imschootiana]]
| tree = [[Mesua ferrea|Herhse]]
| image_highway = SH IN-MZ.png
| SH_numbers = [[List of state highways in Mizoram|SH 1- SH 11]]
| cm_first = Pu Lal Ch. Chhunga
}}

'''Mizoram'''{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=Mizorampron.ogg|m|ɪ|ˈ|z|ɔːr|ə|m}}}} is a [[States and union territories of India|state]] in [[northeastern India]], with [[Aizawl]] as its [[Capital city|capital]] and largest city. It shares 722-kilometres (449 miles) of international borders with [[Bangladesh]] to the west, and [[Myanmar]] to the east and south, with domestic borders with the Indian states of [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], and [[Tripura]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/page/about-mizoram |title=About Mizoram |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620093508/http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/page/about-mizoram |archive-date=20 June 2014 |work=Directorate Of Information & Public Relations, Government of Mizoram |access-date=30 October 2023}}</ref> It covers an area of 21,081 square kilometres<ref name=MizoramCensusarea/> (8,139 sq mi). Via satellite data forests cover 84.53% of Mizoram's area, making it [[Forest cover by state in India|the fourth most heavily forested state in India]].<ref name=FRI2021>{{cite web |date=2021 |title=India State of Forest Report 2021 |url=https://fsi.nic.in/forest-report-2021-details |website=Forest Survey of India |location=Uttarkhand |access-date=12 July 2025}}</ref> With an estimated population of 1.26 million in 2023, it is the [[List of states in India by past population|second least populated state]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://statisticstimes.com/demographics/india/indian-states-population.php|title=Indian states 2023 population estimates|date=1 December 2023|website=www.main.mohfw.gov.in|language=en-in|access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref> With an [[urbanisation rate]] of 51.5% it is the [[Urbanization in India|most urbanised state in northeast India]], ranking fifth in urbanisation nationwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdn.ihs.com/www/blog/india_map_and_urbanization_rates.pdf|title=India Map and Urbanization Rates|date=2011}}</ref> One of the two official languages and most widely spoken tongue is [[Mizo language|Mizo]],{{efn|the other language being English}} which serves as a [[lingua franca]] among various ethnic communities who speak a variety of other [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] or [[Indo-Aryan languages]].{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} Mizoram is home to the highest percentage of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled tribes]] in India, with the [[Mizo people]] forming the majority.<ref name=2011Census>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/SCST%20Presentation%2028-10-2013.ppt |title=Census of India 2011, Primary Census Abstract (28 October 2013) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923224617/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/SCST%20Presentation%2028-10-2013.ppt |date=23 September 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |format=ppt |publisher=Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India}}</ref>

Early civilisations in Mizoram are believed to have thrived since around 600 [[Before Christ|BC]], with significant archaeological evidence uncovered in the [[Vangchhia]] region.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mizoramtourism.com/top-destination/66 | title=Mizoram Tourism|website=Mizoram Tourism}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/destination-of-the-week/the-discovery-of-vangchhia/ | title=The Discovery of Vangchhia | date=3 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.oknortheast.com/2018/06/city-of-dead-and-lost-civilization-of-mizoram.html | title=City of the dead and the lost civilization of Vangchhia – an unexplored heritage site in Mizoram}}</ref> Following this, Tibeto-Burman-speaking peoples gradually migrated from the [[Chin Hills]] in present-day Myanmar.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lloyd |first=J.M. |date=1991 |title=History of the Church in Mizoram: Harvest in the Hills |location=Aizawl |publisher=Synod Publication Board |page=2|oclc=29798339}}</ref> These groups formed [[Mizo Chieftainship|organised chiefdoms]] and adopted [[jhum |jhum agricultural practices]]. By the 18th century, various clans in the region united to form the Mizo identity, becoming the dominant inhabitants of the area, introducing the [[Mizo language]], [[Mizo culture|culture]], and the [[Mizo religion|Sakhua religion]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Lalthangliana |first=B. |date=2009 |title=Mizo Chanchin (Reprinted)|trans-title=Mizo History (reprinted) |location=Aizawl, Electric Veng |publisher=Gilzom Offset}}</ref> In the mid-19th century, the British conducted [[Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889–90|a series of military expeditions]] to assert control over the region, [[British rule in the Lushai Hills|Mizoram was annexed by the British]] in 1895 and incorporated into the [[Assam Province]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pau |first1=Pum Khan |date=2007 |title=Administrative Rivalries on a Frontier: problem of the Chin-Lushai Hills |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/31992380/Administrative_Rivalries_on_a_Frontier.pdf |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=34 |issue=187|pages=187–209 |doi=10.1177/037698360703400108|access-date=30 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vanlalhmangaihsanga |first=R. |date=June 2020 |title=Political History of Lushai Hills since the Pre-Colonial Era |url=http://mzuhssjournal.in/images/resources/v6n1/vanlalhmangaihsanga.pdf |access-date=25 January 2025 |website=mzuhssjournal.in}}</ref> Under British rule, the introduction of administrative reforms and the spread of [[Christianity in Mizoram|Christianity]] significantly impacted Mizo society.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Angom |first=Rebecca |date=31 January 2020 |title=Christianization and its Impact on Mizo Culture |url=https://al-kindipublisher.com/index.php/jhsss/article/view/232 |journal=Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=55–61 |issn=2663-7197}}</ref>

After India gained independence in 1947, Mizoram remained part of Assam as the [[Mizo District|Lushai Hills District]]. After the [[Government of Assam|Assamese Government]]'s negligence of the Mizos during the [[mautam|famine]], insurgency was led by the [[Mizo National Front]] in the 1960s which culminated in the signing of the [[Mizoram Peace Accord]] in 1986.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/playing-the-piper/article5389646.ece |title=Playing the Piper |date=27 November 2013}}</ref> On 20 February 1987, Mizoram was granted full statehood, becoming the 23rd state of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Memorandum of Settlement (Mizoram Accord) |url=https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/IN_860630_Mizoram%20Accord.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709112754/https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/IN_860630_Mizoram%20Accord.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2024 |website=peacemaker.un.org |date=30 June 1986 |access-date=25 January 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History of Mizoram |url=https://mizoram.nic.in/about/history.htm |website=Mizoram NIC |location=Mizoram |publisher=Government of Mizoram |access-date=12 July 2025}}</ref>

Mizoram is predominantly [[Christianity in Mizoram|Christian]], with about 87% of the population practising [[Christianity]], mainly [[Protestantism|Protestant]] denominations such as [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] and [[Baptists|Baptist]]. It is one of the three states of India with a Christian majority (87%). Other religions such as [[Buddhism in Mizoram|Buddhism]] (8.51%), [[Hinduism in Mizoram|Hinduism]] (2.75%), and [[Islam in Mizoram|Islam]] (1.35%) are also practised in the state.<ref name=Census>{{Citation | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm | contribution = Mizoram | title = Population by religious communities | publisher = Census | place = [[India|IN]] | year = 2001 | access-date = 11 October 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100701214405/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm | archive-date = 1 July 2010 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}.</ref> Mizoram's population is predominantly made up of Mizo or [[Zo people|Zo]] tribes, comprising about 83.4% of the state's population, with other significant communities including the [[Chakma people|Chakma]] (8.5%) and [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]] (3%). Due to the prolonged [[Myanmar conflict|civil conflict in Myanmar]], Mizoram has also seen an influx of [[Burmese community in India|Burmese communities]], especially from the [[Chin people|Chin]] ethnic group, which has sought refuge in the region.<ref>{{cite news |last=Agarwala |first=Tora |date=7 July 2025 |title=Thousands of refugees flee into India's Mizoram state after clashes in Myanmar |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/thousands-refugees-flee-into-indias-mizoram-state-after-clashes-myanmar-2025-07-07/ |work=Reuters |publisher=Reuters |access-date=12 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Basu|editor-first=Sibaji Pratim|last=Bannerjee |first=Paula|chapter=Women, Trafficking and Statelessness |date=2009 |title=The Fleeing People of South AsiaL Selections from Refugee Watch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZOaEAAAQBAJ |location=New Delhi |publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-81-905835-7-2 |access-date=12 July 2025|page=345}}</ref>

Mizoram is a highly literate [[Agrarian society|agrarian economy]]. [[Slash-and-burn]] farming, also known as [[jhum]], is the most common form of farming in the state.<ref name=sapagri/> In recent years, the jhum farming practices have been steadily replaced with a significant [[horticulture]] and [[bamboo]] products industry.<ref name=agristat/><ref name=ibef2/> Mizoram's estimated gross state domestic product for 2025 was estimated at {{INRConvert|36089|c|lk=c}}.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 April 2025 |title=Mizoram Budget Analysis 2025–2026 |url=https://prsindia.org/files/budget/budget_state/mizoram/2025/Mizoram_Budget_Analysis_2025-26.pdf |website=PRS India|access-date=12 July 2025}}</ref> About 20% of Mizoram's population lives below the poverty line, with 35% [[rural poverty]] as of 2014.{{Update after|2025|7|12}} The state has about 871 kilometres of national highways, with NH–54 and NH–150 connecting it to Assam and Manipur respectively.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} It is also a growing transit point for trade with Myanmar and Bangladesh.<ref name=ibef/>

==Etymology and names==
The name Mizoram is derived from two [[Mizo language|Mizo]] words: ''Mizo'' and ''ram''. ''[[Mizo people|Mizo]]'' refers to the native inhabitants of the region, with ''Mi'' meaning "human" or "civilian" and ''[[Zo people|Zo]]'' holding varied interpretations. Some suggest ''Zo'' signifies "highland" or "remote," drawing parallels to Willem van Schendel's concept of [[Southeast Asian Massif|''Zomia'']]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=van Schendel |first1=Willem |title=Geographies of knowing, geographies of ignorance: Jumping scale in Southeast Asia |journal=Environment and Planning D: Society and Space |date=2002 |volume=20 |issue=6 |page=653 (note 13) |doi=10.1068/d16s |bibcode=2002EnPlD..20..647V |s2cid=220080961 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254901953 |access-date=16 April 2022}}</ref> Others associate it with the feeling of "cool" or "crisp," evoking the climate of the high-altitude region.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=71}} The term Mizo has evolved into a broad ethnic classification, encompassing various subgroups and clans inhabiting the area, historically known as the [[Mizo Chieftainship|Lushai Hills]]. Many speakers of [[Central Kuki-Chin languages]] have also adopted the Mizo identity while others have not.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pachuau |first1=Joy L. K. |last2=van Schendel |first2=Willem |year=2015 |title=The Camera as Witness |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=8–9 |isbn=978-1-107-07339-5}}</ref>

The second component, ''ram'', means "land" or "forest". Together, Mizoram translates to "land of the Mizos" or simply "Mizo land."<ref>{{cite book |last=Sajnani |first=Manohar |date=2001 |title=Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India|volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdMNBxOsvrUC |location=Delhi |publisher=Gran Publishing House |isbn=81-7835-017-3 |access-date=13 July 2025|page=241}}</ref>

The Lushais were known as the Ka Lin Kaw or the Kalinko ({{langx|my|ကလင်ကော}}) by the pre-modern [[Bamar people|Burmans]], though detailed etymological studies specific to this name are limited.<ref>{{cite book |last=Maung |first=Pusokhon |date=2014 |title=တိုင်းရင်းသားလူမျိုးများ အဘိဓာန်|trans-title=Dictionary of Ethnic Groups|page=109|language=Burmese}}</ref>

According to Lalthangliana, the term Mizo is believed to have originated from an early settlement in present-day Mizoram. When [[Lallula|Chief Lallula]] established the [[Lallula#Thalnrawn Massacre|Chiefdom of Zopui]] ('big town of the Zo") in the 1750s, he gained a formidable reputation through successful raids against the [[Chin people|Chins]] and the consolidation of his power. It is suggested that the term Mizo emerged as a way for the inhabitants of Zopui to distinguish themselves as descendants of this settlement under Chief Lallula.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lalthangliana |first1=B. |title=History of Mizo In Burma |date=1975 |publisher=Arts and Science University Mandalay |location=Mandalay |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.14107/page/n3/mode/2up |access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref>

The widespread adoption of ''Mizo'' gained momentum by the 1961 census, with over 96% of the population identifying under the term. This surge in popularity is attributed to political developments, particularly the efforts of the [[Mizo Union]]. Founded to unify various tribes of the [[Lushai Hills]], the Mizo Union played a pivotal role in redefining regional identity. In 1954, the organisation successfully advocated for renaming the Lushai Hills District as the [[Mizo District]], further solidifying the term Mizo as a collective identity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roluahpuia |title=Nationalism in the Vernacular |date=2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/9781009346061 |isbn=9781009346061 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009346061 |access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref>

Before gaining statehood in 1987, the region was historically had been known as the [[Mizo District|Lushai Hills District]] from British colonial rule and for the first 40 years of Indian independence. The term Lushai is an [[anglicised]] form of Lusei, one of the prominent clans among the Mizo people. Then, the new [[Government of Mizoram|state government of Mizoram]] replaced the old name with Mizoram to reflect the broader identity of the Mizo community.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.irjmsh.com/abstractview/336 | title=Historical Backdrop and Cultural Life of the Mizo Ethnic Tribe | date=16 February 2024 |last1=Adhikari|first1=Paresh}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main |History of Mizoram}}

===Prehistory (600 BC)===
[[File:Kawtchhuah Ropui Vangchhia Mapuia Hnamte (2).JPG|thumb|left|Vangchhia necropolis site]]
The prehistory and early history of Mizoram are marked by the presence of ancient human settlements, with evidence suggesting that people inhabited the region as early as 2,000 to 3,000 years ago. The archaeological evidence from the Vangchhia site has provided insights into the region's ancient past, with human remains, ornaments, [[pottery]], and burial practices dating back to 600 BC and extending up to AD 1750. Excavations at Vangchhia revealed a sophisticated culture with distinct socio-political structures of the Indo–Lushai cultural [[genus]]. This [[necropolis]] is considered one of the largest in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/busted-myths-linked-to-vangchhia-burials/cid/1667396|title=Busted Myths Linked to Vangchhia Burials}}</ref><ref name="thebetterindia.com">{{Cite web|url=https://thebetterindia.com/72222/mysterious-menhirs-vangchhia-mizoram/|title="Their preliminary archaeological excavations suggested that the village could be one of the largest necropolis sites in the world"|date=19 October 2016 }}</ref>

Similar megalithic stones have been discovered in nearby villages like [[Farkawn|Fârkawn]], [[Lianpui]], [[Khankawn]], [[Khawbung]], and [[Vaphai]], suggesting a widespread culture. In addition, remnants of small, man-made cave dwellings, topped with towering [[menhir]]s, were found at the hilltop village of [[Dungtláng]]. These large stones, taller than an average grown man, raise intriguing questions about their purpose, the people who erected them, and how these massive boulders were transported up steep mountain slopes from the [[Tlawng|Tlawng valley]] below, possibly the region's only apparent stone quarry.<ref name="thebetterindia.com"/>

A unique discovery at Vangchhia is the {{lang|lus|Pipute Lamlian}} ({{translation|grandparents' big path}}), also known as the "Ancestors' Pathway," a footpath that traverses the site and branches out in three directions—north, south, and east. The path is lined with rocks engraved with images of [[gayal|{{lang|lus|sial|nocat=yes}}]] heads, flowers, and human figures, reminiscent of carvings found at [[Kawtchhuah Ropui]].<ref name="The Discovery of Vangchhia">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/destination-of-the-week/the-discovery-of-vangchhia/|title=The Discovery of Vangchhia|date=3 April 2016 }}</ref> This suggests that the region's ancient societies developed their own unique cultural practices, separate from other civilisations, with [[Trade route|trade connections]] extending across the region, including [[Bangladesh]], [[Mainland India]], and [[Myanmar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-news-analysis/kawtchhuah-ropuithe-heritage-site-mizoram|title=Kawtchhuah Ropui The Heritage Site Mizoram}}</ref>

Among the most significant findings is a 200-metre long [[pavilion|water pavilion]], a stone structure resembling those found in [[Mughal Empire|Mughal cities]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mizoramtourism.com/top-destination/66 | title=Mizoram Tourism }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/a-lost-civilization-was-just-discovered-at-vangchhia-in-mizoram|title=A Lost Civilization Was Just Discovered At Vangchhia In Mizoram|date=8 June 2021 }}</ref> This water pavilion, likely used as a recreational arena, is surrounded by an elevated platform, suggesting its role in entertainment and social gatherings. The discovery of such a feature points to the possibility of a much larger, lost civilisation, and further excavation is essential to draw definitive conclusions about the site's full historical significance.<ref name="The Discovery of Vangchhia"/>

===Arrival of the Mizos (1500s)===
The Mizos, part of the [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman linguistic group]], are believed to have embarked on a southward journey between the 16th and 18th centuries, originating from areas in present-day [[China]] and [[Myanmar]].

The [[Sinlung|{{lang|lus|Chhînlung|nocat=yes}}]] origin legend, cherished in Mizo folklore, speaks of an ancestral homeland, often associated with a location near the [[Yalong River]] in China. Linguistic and anthropological evidence suggests that the Mizos passed migrated from the [[Chindwin River|Chindwin]] and [[Irrawaddy River]] regions before the 8th century AD through the [[Shan States]] of Myanmar, the [[Kabaw Valley]], settled in the [[Chin Hills]], then the Lusei tribe first crossed the [[Tyao River|Ṭiau river]] to settle in the [[Lushai Hills]] by the 1500s. Following the Luseis, the [[Hmar people|Hmâr]], [[Thadou people|Thado]], [[Lai people|Pawi]], [[Sukte clan|Suktê]], [[Mara people|Mara]], and other subgroups occupied different regions of Mizoram by the 1700s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zogam.com/articles/articles-ii/educational/2664-origin-and-migration-of-the-zo-people.html|title=Origin and Migration of the Zo People}}</ref><ref name="GrantSteve_2010">{{cite book | title = Rodent Outbreaks: Ecology and Impacts | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yaI0NFQb36UC&pg=PA22 | editor1-first = Grant | editor1-last = Singleton | editor2-first = Steve | editor2-last = Belmain | editor3-first = Peter | editor3-last = Brown | editor4-first = Bill | editor4-last = Hardy | access-date = 28 August 2013 | year = 2010 | publisher = International Rice Research Institute | isbn = 978-971-22-0257-5 | pages = 22– | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131231142819/http://books.google.com/books?id=yaI0NFQb36UC&pg=PA22 | archive-date = 31 December 2013 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

[[File:First Shell Fired At Howsatta's Village - ILN 1889.jpg|thumb|upright|One of the many battles between British troops and British-aligned tribes of Mizoram against a Lusei clan in Mizoram.<ref name=cnun2/> This sketch is by Lieutenant Cole in 1889 titled "[[Lushai Expedition|Looshai expedition]]".]]
The people living in the Lushai Hills were generally referred to as the Cucis or [[Kukis]] by their neighbouring ethnic groups, which was also a term adopted by the British writers. The claim that 'The [[Kuki people|Kukis]] are the earliest known residents of the Mizo hills area,' must be read in this light.<ref name = "Suhas1994">{{cite book | first=Suhas | last=Chatterjee | title=Making of Mizoram: Role of Laldenga | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GI-1rMckfpEC&pg=PA1 | access-date=28 August 2013 | year=1994 | publisher=M.D. Publications | isbn=978-81-85880-38-9 | page=1 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231142843/http://books.google.com/books?id=GI-1rMckfpEC&pg=PA1 | archive-date=31 December 2013 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Chieftainship (1500s–1954)===
{{main|Mizo Chieftainship}}
[[File:Mizo-Village-Zawlbuk.jpg|thumb|[[Zawlbuk]], a Mizo traditional bachelor's dormitory]]
Historically, Mizo [[chiefdom]]s were primarily [[Subsistence economy|subsistence]]-based, practising slash-and-burn, locally called ''[[jhum cultivation|jhum]]'' cultivation,<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Ramakrishnan |last2= Patnaik | jstor=23002231 |title=Jhum: Slash and Burn Cultivation  |journal= India International Centre Quarterly|volume =19|number =1/2: Indigenous Vision: Peoples of India Attitudes to the Environment |date=Spring–Summer 1992|pages= 215–220}}</ref> but they also engaged in trade due to their proximity to ancient [[trade route]]s linking [[Yunnan]] to the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref>John Shakespeare, {{Google book|N0PXAAAAMAAJ|The Lushei Kuki Clans}}, pages 60, 144–158, 200–220</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bin |first1=Yang|date=September 2004 |title=Horses, Silver and Cowries: Yunnan in Global Perspective |journal=Journal of World History|volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=281–322|doi=10.1353/jwh.2004.0039  |id={{ProQuest|225236916}} }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pachuau |first1=Joy|last2=Schendel|first2=Willem Van|date=2015 |title=The Camera as Witness: A social history of Mizoram, Northeast India|publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=168 |isbn=978-1-107-07339-5}}</ref> Chiefs often demanded tributes from neighbouring kingdoms in the plains and established a barter system within their chiefdoms.<ref name = "Suhas1995">{{cite book | first = Suhas | last = Chatterjee | title = Mizo Chiefs and the Chiefdom | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YON9iVgsDRUC&pg=PA1 | access-date = 28 August 2013 | date = 1 January 1995 | publisher = M.D. Publications | isbn = 978-81-85880-72-3 | pages = 1–3 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160609201244/https://books.google.com/books?id=YON9iVgsDRUC&pg=PA1 | archive-date = 9 June 2016 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Larger transactions relied on the {{lang|lus|sial}} ([[gayal|tame bison]]) as a unit of wealth and compensation, while [[elephant tusks]] served as an alternative currency.<ref name=Suhas1995/> Mizo chiefs also employed ''karbari'' or "men of business", who acted as intermediaries between the chiefs and foreign traders. Skilled in jungle navigation and multiple languages, such as [[Bengali language|Bengali]], the ''karbari'' facilitated trade, particularly in South Lushai Hills.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zou |first1=S. Thangboi |date=2019 |title=Riverine bazaars, trade and chiefs in the colonial Lushai Hills |journal=Asian Ethnicity |volume=22|issue=4 |pages=563–582 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2019.1687284 }}</ref>

The forests of Mizoram provided valuable resources such as elephant hides and bones, which were highly sought after by merchants from [[Sylhet]] during the [[Mughal Empire]]. Elephant hides were used for shields in local infantry and cavalry, while the bones were crafted into luxury items and sword parts. Chiefs maintained a rudimentary system for measuring and sorting goods like rice, using specially shaped buckets.<ref>{{cite book|first=K. C. |last=Kabra|title=Economic Growth of Mizoram: Role of Business & Industry|year=2008|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788180695186|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0PcdaYllHNUC| page=17}}</ref> The first Mizo chief was [[Zahmuaka]] in the 16th century.<ref name="Suhas1995"/>

The [[Zawlbûk|{{lang|lus|zawlbûk|nocat=yes}}]] system was established during the chieftainship era as a cornerstone of Mizo society, blending governance, defence, and cultural education. Originating as a [[dormitory|bachelor dormitory]] for young men, it was situated at the village entrance to serve as both a sentinel hub and a training ground. Chiefs and elders implemented the Zawlbûk to prepare the youth for communal responsibilities, teaching them skills in warfare, agriculture, and social customs. This system fostered unity, discipline, and loyalty, ensuring that the village thrived under the collective effort and vigilance of its people.<ref>{{cite book |last=Parry |first=N.E |date=1928 |title= Lushai Custom: A monograph on Lushai Customs and Ceremonies |url=https://archive.org/details/lushaicustommono00parr/mode/2up |location=Shillong |publisher=Assam Government Press |pages=8–12}}</ref>

===Selesih Confederation (1700s)===
{{main|Selesih}}
The migration of the Lusei tribe from the neighbouring region, prompted by conflicts with the [[Chin people|Chins]] (or "[[Lai people|Pawi]]" in Mizo), led to the establishment of this significant site. Around 1720, the tribe, under the leadership of Chief Sailova’s sons, Chungnunga and Lianlula, created a refuge in Selesih,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mizoram Governor visits Falkawn, Aibawk, and Selesih |url=http://www.uniindia.com/news/east/governor-mizoram-visit/3295472.html |website=www.uniindia.com |date=1 October 2024 |access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref> forming a confederation of seven chiefs to defend their land. This confederation brought together a diverse range of tribes from the region, including the five major tribes and twelve minor tribes, creating a peaceful coexistence among them. The settlement, with a population estimated to be between 50,000 and 100,000, housed approximately 7,000 homes, making it one of the most prosperous and populous settlements in [[Mizo Chieftainship|ancient Mizoram]].<ref name="zo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.burmalibrary.org/docs12/Zo_History-Vumson.pdf|title=Zo History}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ganc.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/attachments/2024/04/fc99333413bbf1a3cf24c0ad364dac34/2024-3-a-report-on-the-study-tour-of-mizo-department.pdf|title=A Report On the Study Tour of Mizo Department}}</ref>

The Selesih Confederation began to decline in the late 18th century, mainly due to socio-political and environmental factors. One of the primary reasons for its fall was the unsustainable agricultural practices, particularly [[Slash-and-burn|shifting cultivation (jhum)]], which required regular migration to maintain fertile land.<ref name="zo" /> It is now located between [[South Khawbung]] and [[Zawlsei]] villages in [[Champhai district]].

===Rise of Lallula and the Sailo clan (1750s)===
{{main|Lallula}}
[[File:Lallula territory.png|thumb|Territory of the Sailo clan under the rule of Lallula before his death in 1803.]]
[[Lallula]] inherited the Confederation of Selesih. By the early 1750s, Selesih was home to multiple subtribes that had banded together to withstand the Zahâu and Hakha, the ruling tribes of the [[Chin people|Chins]] who regularly demanded tribute from the Lusei.<ref name="zo" />{{rp|98}}

Determined to free his people from this burden, Lallula devised a plan to end Zahâu domination. He invited their chief, Thanchhûma, along with three hundred Zahâu warriors, elders, and youth, under the pretence of a great feast. For three days, Lallula provided his guests with rice, [[Zu (beverage)|{{lang|lus|zû|nocat=yes}}]] (local [[rice beer]]), and meat, ensuring they felt welcome and unsuspecting. On the third night, while the Zahâu slept, Lallula and his warriors ambushed them in a massacre known as "''[[Lallula#Thlanrawn Rawt|Thlanrâwn Râwt]]''". Thanchhûma and another leader, Cherkuanga, were captured, while their [[Pasalṭha|champion fighter]], Thanghlianga, barely escaped to report the disaster.<ref name="zo" />{{rp|99}}

The victory was decisive—Lallula had broken the Zahâu's hold over the Lusei, freeing them from the annual [[tribute]] system and establishing himself as the dominant power in the region. Since his rule, the Lusei have used the [[Mizo language|Duhlián dialect]] as a common language and is the [[lingua franca]] of all Mizoram ethnicities till today.<ref name="zo" />{{rp|100}}

==={{lang|lus|Lal Sawi}}===
{{main|Lal Sawi}}
Following the conclusion of the {{lang|lus|Chhak Leh Thlang Indo}} ({{translation|East-West War}}) in the late 1880s the nature of chieftainship became unpopular among the Mizo populace. In the Eastern Lushai Hills, the village of Chief Lalkhûma plotted an uprising. The villagers pledged unity in their pursuit of ending their oppression. The villagers bloodlessly rounded up their chief and his councillors and made them, under duress, take a burnt piece of firewood to submerge in a basin of water and declare their chieftainship to be extinguished. The uprising spread throughout the Lushai Hills. The sons of Chief [[Vûta]] were affected first, followed by the southern Haulong chiefs under the influence of [[Bengkhuaia]] and the western chiefs who were sons of [[Suakpuilala]]. Some villages succeeded in abolishing chieftainship completely, while others forced their leaders to reform their regime or equity towards their subjects.<ref name=Sangkima>{{cite book |last=Sangkima|date=2004 |title=Essays on the History of the Mizos |location=Guwahati |publisher=Spectrum Publications|isbn=81-87502-77-0}}</ref>

However, the movement began to decline as villages without chiefs could not remain unified in the diverse tribes that were cohabiting together. Disputes over tribal legitimacy for leadership led to a dilemma, which encouraged the deposed chief to be reinstated. Chief [[Lianphunga]] with Lalhluma was tasked with putting down the rebellion in the village of Hmawngkawn. When threatened to keep away from the barricade, Lalhluma declared his name and lineage of Lallula and stepped inside. Two shots were fired which both missed him. As a result the village surrendered and the chief was reinstated. The news of Hmawngkawn further encouraged the return of the chiefs. The chiefs sought to punish the ringleaders but were unable to succeed on account of the beginning of the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]] by the British to annex the Lushai Hills.<ref name=Sangkima/>

===British Lushai Hills (1898–1947)===
{{main|British rule in the Lushai Hills}}
[[File:Lushai woman reading western magazine.jpg|thumb|left|A Lushai woman reading an English magazine]]
Following the conclusion of the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]], the British solidified their presence in [[Colonial Assam|Assam]] and [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], bringing them closer to the Lushai Hills. The first Anglo–Lushai skirmishes occurred after the [[Lushai Expedition|Lushai Expedition in 1870–71]], prompted by the Lushai kidnapping of a British tea owner's daughter, [[Mary Winchester (Zoluti)|Mary Winchester]], during a major raid in Alexandrapur.<ref name=cnun2>C. Nunthara (2002), Mizoram: Society and Polity, {{ISBN|978-8173870590}}, pp 51–55</ref> Various Lushai chiefs invaded [[Chittagong Hill Tracts|Chittagong]], [[Cachar district|Cachar]], [[Tripura (princely state)|Tripura]], [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]], and [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]] between the end of 1870 and the beginning of 1871. These were attributed to [[Vanhnuailiana]], [[Lalburha]], [[Bengkhuaia]] and [[Savunga]]. After the British retaliated, the region remained peaceful until 1888 when chiefs resumed raiding British enterprises and settlements, which saw the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889–90]].<ref name=cnun2/><ref>Lalrinnunga Hmar (2010), Migration and Social Formation of the Mizo, PhD Thesis (Awarded), The North Easter Hill University Shillong, Chapter 5, pages 115–140</ref> British historical records on the Mizo Hills state that similar inter-ethnic tribal raids continued for decades after the ''First British Invasion.'' Such raids would be to seek out loot, slaves, or retaliation for earlier lost battles.<ref name=misai/>

Following the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]], the southern region of the Lushai Hills was occupied first in 1889 and was part of the [[Bengal Presidency]]. Its capitals were [[Hnahthial district|Fort Treagor]] (1889–1892) and [[Lunglei|Lung Leh]] (1892–1898). Then, North Lushai Hills was occupied in 1891 and was part of the [[Assam Province]]. In 1898, both regions merged into the Lushai Hills of [[Assam Province]], with [[Aizawl|Aijal]] as the capital.<ref>Ved Prakash (2007), Encyclopaedia of North-East India, Vol. 1 ({{ISBN|978-81-269-0703-8}}), 4 ({{ISBN|978-81-269-0706-9}}) & 5 ({{ISBN|978-81-269-0707-6}})</ref><ref>[http://mizoram.nic.in/about/history.htm Mizoram History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721173040/http://www.mizoram.nic.in/about/history.htm |date=21 July 2011 }}, National Informatics Centre, Government of India (2012)</ref> At the time of the British conquest, there were around 60 chiefs.<ref name="Suhas1995"/>
{{main|Lushai Rising}}
[[File:Zakapa captured by Shakespear.jpg|thumb|[[Zakapa]] on the day he was captured by John Shakespear.]]
The annexation of the Lushai Hills sparked resistance from the chiefs across separate periods between 1890 and 1895. A western Lushai Rising was led by [[Kalkhama]] in 1890.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1985 |title=British rule in Mizoram |location=New Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications}}</ref> An Eastern Lushai Rising was led by [[Lalburha]] in 1892.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=109-112}} The southern chiefs such as [[Ropuiliani]] and [[Zakapa]] were also subdued.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=112-116,121–122}} The Zahau chief [[Nikuala]] was also captured and imprisoned by the British.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sailo |first1=Ngurthankima |title=Nikaual (c 1939-1896) |journal=Historical Journal of Mizoram |date=2010 |volume=X |issue=1 |url=https://historicaljournalmizoram.in/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/historical-journal-mizoram-volume-XI-NOV-2010.pdf |access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref> Other chiefs opted for cooperation such as chieftainess [[Darbilhi]] who helped set up Fort Tregear.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lianchhinga |first1=F. |title=Darbilhi: Chieftainess of Muallianpui(1841–1901) |journal=History Journal of Mizoram |date=2010 |volume=X |issue=1 |url=https://historicaljournalmizoram.in/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/historical-journal-mizoram-volume-XI-NOV-2010.pdf |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> Soon after the Lushai Rising, [[Dâra]] became the first non-noble person to be made a chief by the British. He was given control of Pukpui as a reward for his service in the Lushai Rising by Captain Shakespear's side.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zorema |first1=James |title=The South Lushai Hills |date=2021 |publisher=Mittal Publications |location=Delhi}}</ref>

====World War I====
During [[World War I]], few Lushais initially enlisted, but social pressures and benefits like tax exemptions and travel opportunities boosted recruitment.<ref name = "Thorpe">{{cite podcast |url=https://www.westernfrontassociation.com/the-latest-wwi-podcast/ep-138-the-indian-labour-corps-in-the-first-world-war-pratap-chhetri/ |title=The Indian Labour Corps in the First World War – Pratap Chhetri |website=Western Front Association |publisher=WFA |host=Thomas Thorpe |date= |access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref> By April 1917, 2100 Lushai men joined the [[Indian Labour Corps|27th Indian Labour Corps]], serving in France, [[Mesopotamian campaign|Mesopotamia]], and other regions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jackson |first1=Kyle |date=February 2016 |title=Globalizing an Indian Borderland Environment: Aijal, Mizoram, 1890–1919 |journal=Studies in History |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=39–71 [67] |doi=10.1177/0257643015616000 }}</ref> They faced challenges such as disease and casualties, with 71 deaths recorded. Exposure to foreign cultures influenced [[Modernization theory|modernisation]], introducing [[Culture of Europe|European styles]] and [[French cuisine|French culinary elements]]. Returning veterans joined Indian military units, and a memorial was built in [[Aizawl|Aijal]] to honour those who served.{{sfn|Jackson|2016|p=68}}

====First political movements====
Organised political movements in the Lushai Hills began in 1925 under Telela Raltê, seeking representation in the [[Government of Assam|Assam administration]].<ref name="Alexander p158">{{cite book |last=Alexander |first=Colin R |date=August 2019 |title=Administering Colonialism and War: The Political Life of Sir Andrew Clow of the Indian Civil Service |url= |location=New Delhi |publisher= Oxford University Press|page=158 |isbn=9780199096954}}</ref>
Supported by Chawngbawia, a schoolteacher, and [[Khasi people|Khasi]] leader [[James Joy Mohan Nichols Roy|J.J.M. Nichols Roy]], the group advocated for administrative change but faced suppression, with arrests by the [[List of superintendents of Mizoram|Superintendent]] [[Nevill Edward Parry]] halting progress until after [[World War II]]. Concurrently, the [[Inner Line Permit|Inner Line Regulation]] was amended to restrict external influence, preserving cultural and land integrity while ensuring British dominion boundaries.<ref>{{cite book |last=Goswami |first=B.B|date=1979 |title=The Mizo Unrest: A study of politicisation of culture |location=Jaipur |publisher=Aalekh Publishers}}</ref>

During Superintendent [[Anthony Gilchrist McCall]]'s administration (1933–1943), significant initiatives such as [[British rule in the Lushai Hills#McCall's Developments of the Lushai Hills|Ten Point Code]] promoted cultural preservation and modernisation, while the Village Welfare System addressed public health and living conditions, managed by [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross]] committees. McCall also supported Lushai Hills Cottage Industries privately and established the Chief's Durbar to coordinate chiefs to prepare the Lushai Hills for self-governance and align them with British administrative policies.<ref name="Alexander p158"/>

Later, the rise of education and inspiration from the [[Young Men's Buddhist Association (Burma)|Young Men's Buddhist Association]] in [[British rule in Burma|Burma]] led to the formation of the [[Young Mizo Association|Young Lushai Association]] (YLA) in 1935, a cultural organisation initially composed of chiefs' sons but eventually dominated by commoners. The YLA opposed [[Mizo Chieftainship|Lushai chieftainship]], shaping the ideology of future political leaders like Vanlawma. McCall's progressive policies complemented the YLA's cultural influence, which transitioned to political activism with the founding of the [[Mizo Union]].<ref name="Suhas1994" />

====World War II====
[[File:Lushai chiefs allegience to the Union Jack.jpg|thumb|left|Lushai chiefs pledging allegiance to the [[Union Jack]] during World War II]]
[[File:Lushai recruits departing for enlistment.jpg|thumb|Lushai recruits departing for enlistment]]
In April 1942, during the [[Japanese occupation of Burma]], Superintendent [[Anthony Gilchrist McCall]] of the Lushai Hills implemented the Total Defence Scheme (TDS) to counter the threat of Japanese invasion.{{sfn|Alexander|2019|p=153}} He secured the loyalty of 300 tribal chiefs to the British Crown and prepared for asymmetrical warfare, including guerrilla tactics, scorched earth measures, and strategic ambushes.{{sfn|Alexander|2019|p=158}} Despite McCall’s recall in 1943, the TDS, aided by Australian trainers like Colonel Parsons, successfully defended the region, contributing to the Japanese retreat from India’s borderlands by late 1944.{{sfn|Alexander|2019|p=163}}

====Pre-independence====
The Mizo Union, while largely supporting union with [[India]],{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=98}} faced internal divisions as a [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] faction emerged, favouring alternatives like Prof. [[Coupland Crown Colony Scheme|Coupland's Crown Colony Scheme]], which proposed a unified [[Crown colony|British colony]] for [[Zogam|Zo-Kuki-Chin areas]].{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=132}} This faction later formed the United Mizo Freedom Organization (UMFO) under [[Mizo people in Myanmar|Burmese Mizo]] influence, led by Burmese ex-military officer Lalbiakthanga and Lalmawia Khiangte.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=98}} Known as {{lang|lus|Zalên Pawl}} ({{translation|Party of the Privileged}}), the UMFO struggled to gain significant support, failing to counteract the Mizo Union’s push for integration with India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nag |first=Sajal|date=April 2016 |title=The Uprising: Colonial State, Christian Missionaries and Anti-Slavery Movement in North-East India (1908–1954) |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/10383 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-946089-2}}</ref>

===Post-independence===
{{main|Mizo District}}
[[File:Lushai chiefs having tea at superintendent's house.jpg|thumb|Lushai chiefs having tea at the superintendent's house]]
On 15 August 1947, India celebrated its [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]], but in the Lushai Hills District, no Indian flags were hoisted.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=59}} This was due to strong opposition from rival factions of the Mizo Union (MU), which resisted recognising Mizoram’s accession to the [[India|Indian Union]].{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=156}}

Later, the [[Mizo Union]] (MU) and [[United Mizo Freedom Organisation]] (UMFO) emerged as political rivals, with the UMFO losing support after Mizoram joined India. The MU opposed [[Mizo Chieftainship|chieftainship]], while Superintendent Leonard Lamb Peters supported the chiefs, leading to a [[civil disobedience movement]] in 1948. Protests intensified, with the Mizo Union demanding Peters' removal, resulting in mass arrests and crackdowns until Assam’s government mediated and replaced Peters in 1949 with [[Satyen Barkataki]]. Barkataki would be the first Indian superintendent of the district and would establish the Aizawl-Lungleh road via voluntary labour, which would be widely covered in Indian newspapers.

The Lushai Hills District gained autonomy in 1951, and by 1954, the institution of [[Mizo District#Chieftianship and village councils|chieftainship was abolished]], ending the chiefs' customary rights in exchange for compensation.<ref name="Suhas1995"/><ref name=misai/> On the same year, the district was renamed as the Mizo District.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://kanoongpt.in/bare-acts/the-lushai-hills-district-change-of-name-act-1954/section-3 | title=Section 3: Amendment of the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution | the Lushai Hills District (Change of Name) Act, 1954 }}</ref> The [[Mautam|1959 Mautam famine]] devastated the region, killing over a hundred people, which led to the formation of the Mizo National Famine Front, later evolving into the [[Mizo National Front]] (MNF), which spearheaded Mizoram’s separatist movement.

====1966 uprising====
[[File:Laldenga.jpg|thumb|Laldenga, then-president of the Mizo National Front]]
{{main|Mizo National Front uprising}}
{{see also|Bombing of Aizawl|Operation Accomplishment}}
On 1 March 1966, the Mizo National Front (MNF), led by [[Laldenga]], [[declaration of independence|declared independence]] from India, marking the beginning of the Mizo Uprising.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goswami|first=Namrata|date=2009|title=The Indian Experience of Conflict Resolution in Mizoram|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09700160902907118|journal=Strategic Analysis|language=en|volume=33|issue=4|pages=579–589|doi=10.1080/09700160902907118|s2cid=154851791 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The movement had been brewing for years, fuelled by grievances such as the 1959 Mautam famine and perceived neglect by the Assam government. Mizo leaders, having gained external support and arms from [[East Pakistan]] (now Bangladesh), meticulously planned a coordinated attack on government installations across the Mizo District. The MNF launched [[Mizo National Front uprising#Operation Jericho|Operation Jericho]], a surprise offensive targeting [[Assam Rifles]] posts, the Aizawl treasury, and key administrative buildings.{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012|p=35}}

By dawn, MNF forces had seized control of [[Aizawl]], [[Lunglei]], [[Champhai]], and other towns, effectively cutting off Indian government authority. In their declaration of independence, they appealed to the [[United Nations]] for recognition and sought support from neighbouring countries, such as [[China]], [[United States]], [[Japan]], [[France]], [[Indonesia]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. However, none of the countries the MNF appealed via their embassies and conculs helped them.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=211}}

[[File:IAF Ouragan surrender 1965.jpg|thumb|An Indian Air Force MD 450 Toofani, the jet used during the 1966 airstrikes on Aizawl, marking the only instance of India bombing its own territory.]]
The Indian government, caught off guard, responded with unprecedented military force, including the first and only aerial bombing of its own territory. Aizawl was targetted on 5 March 1966 in the [[Bombing of Aizawl]].<ref name="sahrdc_afspa">{{cite web|title=Armed Forces Special Powers Act: A study in National Security tyranny|url=http://www.hrdc.net/sahrdc/resources/armed_forces.htm|access-date=13 October 2010|publisher=South Asia Human Rights Documentation Centre (SAHRDC)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410183225/https://www.hrdc.net/sahrdc/resources/armed_forces.htm|archive-date=10 April 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Indian Air Force]] used [[Dassault Ouragan|Toofani]] and Hunter fighter jets to strafe and bomb rebel positions, forcing thousands of Mizos to flee into forests. The overwhelming military retaliation quickly regained control of Aizawl, and MNF forces retreated into the hills, continuing a [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla insurgency]] for the next two decades.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Phukan |first1=Mridula Dhekial |date= August 2013 |title= Ethnicity, Conflict and Population Displacement in Northeast India|url=https://www.academia.edu/36348465 |journal=Asian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences |volume= 1 |issue= 2 |pages= 91–101 |via=[[Academia.edu]]}}</ref>

To respond to the ensuing insurgency, the army proposed [[Operation Accomplishment]] to demolish smaller villages and merge the populations to larger centres. The plan scheme was contributed with input from [[Sam Manekshaw]] and [[Sagat Singh]]. This was done in four stages between 1967–1969. The centres would be fitted with facilities for shops, roofing material, dispensaries, schools and food.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nag |first1=Sajal |title=Government of Peace: Social Governance, Security and the Problematic of Peace |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |location=Delhi |isbn=9781317125389 |pages=57–78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ew2rCwAAQBAJ |access-date=8 November 2025|chapter=Disciplining Villages and Restoring Peace in the Countryside|editor-last=Samaddar|editor-first=Ranabir|url-access=limited}}</ref> The scheme oversaw numerous human rights abuses. The Indian army burnt down 21 villages, gutted 2133 houses and raped 54 women in the evacuations. A total of 17 churches were burnt down, and others were occupied with worship restricted.{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012|p=}}{{pn|date=November 2025}} Despite the failure of the initial uprising, the MNF remained active, operating from bases in East Pakistan and [[Burma]], eventually leading to peace negotiations in the 1980s.

===Union Territory (1972–1987)===
{{main|Union Territory of Mizoram}}
Following years of unrest and insurgency, Mizoram was granted [[Union territory|Union Territory status]] on 21 January 1972, separating it from Assam. This move was part of a larger reorganisation in India's [[Northeast India|Northeast]], which also saw the creation of [[Meghalaya]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. Although this provided Mizos with greater autonomy, it fell short of full statehood, and the Mizo National Front (MNF) continued its armed struggle for complete independence.<ref>Lodrick, D. O. (29 January 2024). Mizoram. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Mizoram</ref>

However, in 1973, the Indian central government expelled [[missionaries|foreign missionaries]], which unintentionally led to a revival of indigenous [[Mizo culture]]. One of the most notable revivals was [[Chapchâr Kût]], a traditional Mizo new harvest year festival that had faded under Christian influence. In 1973, the [[List of chief ministers of Mizoram|first Chief Minister]] [[Ch. Chhunga|Ch. Chhûnga]], wearing traditional Mizo attire, officially inaugurated the festival’s return. While Chapchar Kut was revived, it underwent [[Christianization]], with [[Zu (beverage)|{{lang|lus|zû|nocat=yes}}]] ([[rice beer]]) omitted and new elements like dance formations inspired by [[Star of David|David’s Star]] introduced.{{sfn| Pachuau|Schendel|2015|p=278-283}}

After years of diplomatic efforts, [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]] and MNF leader [[Laldenga]] signed the [[Mizoram Peace Accord]] on 30 June 1986. This historic agreement ended two decades of insurgency, with MNF leaders agreeing to disarm and join mainstream politics. As part of the accord, Mizoram was granted full statehood on 20 February 1987, becoming India’s 23rd state.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mizoram To Be 23rd State Of India, Tribal Customs Protected|url=https://apnews.com/3ad643fb331a404302e1b02172ded7b5|access-date=20 August 2012|newspaper=APN News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728192739/http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1986/Mizoram-To-Be-23rd-State-Of-India-Tribal-Customs-Protected/id-3ad643fb331a404302e1b02172ded7b5|archive-date=28 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = "AlfredJuan2011">{{cite book | first1 =Alfred | last1 =Stepan | first2 =Juan J | last2 =Linz | first3 =Yogendra | last3 =Yadav | title =Crafting State-Nations: India and Other Multinational Democracies | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=kGUuOdeCiXQC&pg=PA105 | access-date =28 August 2013 | date =20 January 2011 | publisher =JHU Press | isbn =978-0-8018-9723-8 | pages =105– | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20131231142846/http://books.google.com/books?id=kGUuOdeCiXQC&pg=PA105 | archive-date =31 December 2013 | url-status =live | df =dmy-all }}</ref> Laldenga became the first Chief Minister of the State of Mizoram, and the state was given two seats in the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]], one each in the [[Lok Sabha]] and in the [[Rajya Sabha]], marking the beginning of a peaceful and democratic era.<ref>{{cite book|last=Baruah|first=Sanjib|title= Durable Disorder: Understanding the Politics of Northeast India|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[file:Tuirihiau falls, Mizoram 2.jpg|thumb|Tuirihiau falls]]
{{Main|Geography of Mizoram}}
Mizoram is a landlocked state in [[Northeast India|North East India]] whose southern part shares 722<ref name=ppimizo/> kilometres long international borders with Myanmar and Bangladesh, and northern part share domestic borders with Manipur, Assam and Tripura. It is the fifth smallest state of India with {{convert|21087|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}. It extends from 21°56'N to 24°31'N latitudes, and 92°16'E to 93°26'E longitudes. The [[tropic of cancer]] runs through the state nearly at its middle. The maximum north–south distance is 285 km, while maximum east–west stretch is 115 km.<ref name=ripa>{{cite book |last=Pachuau |first=Rintluanga |date=2009 |title=Mizoram: A study in Comprehensive Geography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MYaYKXgAwLwC |location=New Delhi |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-264-6 |access-date=16 July 2025|page=24}}</ref>

Mizoram is a land of rolling hills, valleys, rivers and lakes. As many as 21 major hill ranges or peaks of different heights run through the length and breadth of the state, with plains scattered here and there.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2006|p=1}} The average height of the hills to the west of the state is about {{convert|1000|m|ft}}. [[Phawngpui|Phawngpui Tlang]] also known as the Blue Mountain, situated in the southeastern part of the state, is the highest peak in Mizoram at {{convert|2210|m|ft}}.<ref name=haba>{{cite book |last=Bareh |first=H.M |date=2000 |title=Eneccylopaedia of North-East India: Mizoram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JlHhTlPpanIC |location=New Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=9788170997870 |access-date=17 July 2025|page=1}}</ref> The state is hilly and mountainous with various slope percentages. Low slopes are used for wet rice cultivation, slightly higher slopes in the 8-20% range function for terraced cultivation. Medium slopes from 20–50% are used for horticulture, and high-end slopes above 50% are used for forestry.{{efn|Percentages represent the gradient over 100m, 10% is a gradient of 10 over 100m.}}{{sfn|Singh|1996|p=95}} The largest valley in the state is located in Champhai with {{convert|1356.5|ha}} and an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}}.{{sfn|Singh|1996|p=96}}

About 76% of the state is covered by forests, 8% is fallows land, 3% is barren and considered uncultivable area, while cultivable and sown area constitutes the rest.<ref>[http://power.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/files/hydro-power-policy-of-mizoram.pdf Hydro Electric Power Policy of Mizoram] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903093148/http://power.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/files/hydro-power-policy-of-mizoram.pdf |date=3 September 2014 }} Government of Mizoram (2010), page 2</ref>{{update after|2025|7|16}} [[Slash-and-burn]] or ''jhum'' cultivation, though discouraged, remains in practice in Mizoram and affects its topography.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Raman |first1=T.R. Shankar|date=June 2001 |title=Effect of Slash-and-Burn Shifting Cultivatggion on Rainforest Birds in Mizoram, Northeast India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3061448 |journal=Conservation Biology |volume=15 |issue=3 |publisher=Wiley |pages=685–698|doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.015003685.x |jstor=3061448 |access-date=16 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grogan |first1=Paul |last2=Lalnunmawia |first2=F.|last3=Tripathi|first3=S.K. |date=February 2012 |title=Shifting cultivation in steeply sloped regions: a review of management options and research priorities for Mizoram state, Northeast India |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-011-9469-1 |journal= Agroforestry Systems|volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=163–177 |doi=10.1007/s10457-011-9469-1 |bibcode=2012AgrSy..84..163G |access-date=16 July 2025|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A report by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change in 2021 states that Mizoram has the highest forest cover as a percentage of its geographical area of any Indian state, being 84.53% forest.<ref>{{cite web |title=Forest Survey report 2021 released; increase of 2,261 sq km in the total forest and tree cover of the country in last two years. |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1789635 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228161544/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1789635 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{multiple image
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| footer = Tlawng River (top) and Tuipui river of Mizoram
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}}

Mizoram terrain is, according to the Geological Survey of India, an immature topography, and the physiographic expression consists of several almost north–south longitudinal valleys containing series of small and flat hummocks, mostly anticlinal, parallel to sub-parallel hill ranges and narrow adjoining synclinal valleys with series of topographic highs. The general geology of western Mizoram consists of repetitive succession of Neogene sedimentary rocks of the Surma Group and Tipam Formation such as sandstone, siltstone, mudstone and rare pockets of shell limestone. The eastern part is the Barail Group.<ref name=gsi/> Mizoram lies in [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India|seismic zone V]], according to the India Meteorological Department; as with other northeastern states of India, this means the state has the highest risk of earthquakes relative to other parts of India. The risk of the seismic zone combined with diversity in geology, geomorphology, rapid urban growth and monsoon seasons has also made it significantly at risk of landslides. The Mizoram government classified 5 landslide hazard zones as a result. Aizawl is ranked first in landslide frequency followed by Lunglei.<ref name=MMH>{{cite book |editor-last1=Das|editor-first1=Jayanta|editor-last2=Bhattacharya|editor-first2=Sudip Kumar|last1=Barman |first1=Jonmenjoy|last2=Biswas|first2=Brototi|last3=Das|first3=Jayanta |date=2 December 2022 |title=Monitoring and Managing Multi-hazards: A multidisciplinary Approach |chapter=Mizoram, the Capital of landslide: A review of Articles Published on Landslides in Mizoram:India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VaKfEAAAQBAJ |location=West Bengal |publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-031-15376-1|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-15377-8|access-date=16 July 2025|page=98}}</ref>

The biggest river by water volume in Mizoram is the [[Chhimtuipui]] ([[Kaladan]]) river. It originates in [[Chin state]] near Vanum village in Burma at an altitude of {{convert|2325|m}}. It enters Mizoram via Sabawngte village ([[Siaha district|Saiha]]) and flows north to the [[Lawngtlai district|Lawngtlai]] in the southern tip of Mizoram and forms the international boundary before merging back to the Tiau river flowing opposite it.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sati |first=Vishwambhar Prasad |date=2019 |title=Economic and Ecological Implications of Shifting Cultivation in Mizoram, India |series=Environmental Science and Engineering |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bKjDDwAAQBAJ |location=Germany |publisher=Springer Edition Publishing |isbn=978-3-030-36601-8|issn=2661-8222|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-36602-5 |access-date=16 July 2025|page=32}}</ref> Although many more rivers and streams drain the hill ranges, the most important and useful rivers are the [[Tlawng]], [[Tut River|Tut]], [[Tuirial River|Tuirial]] and [[Tuivawl River|Tuivawl]] which flow through the northern territory and eventually join the [[Barak River]] in [[Cachar District]]. The rivers have a gentle drainage gradient, particularly in the south.{{sfn|Sati|2019|p=27-34}}

===Climate===
Mizoram has a humid, [[subtropical]] climate with temperate to warm summers ranging from {{convert|20|to|30|C|F}}. Winters experience a cool and arid ambiance in a temperature range of {{convert|10|to|20|C|F}}. The region is influenced by [[monsoon]]s, raining heavily from June to September which sustains high humidity and lush forestry.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Singh |editor-first1=Hukum|editor-last2=Kumar|editor-first2=Narendra |date=15 July 2025 |title=Forest Fire and Climate Change: Insights into Science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxlxEQAAQBAJ |location=Germany |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-031-89967-6|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-89967-6 |access-date=16 July 2025|chapter=Evaluation of Forest Fire Susceptibility in Mizoram State utilizing analytical hierarchy processes and frequency ratios|last1=Babu|first1=K.V. Suresh|last2=Pillutla|first2=Rama Chandra Prasad}}</ref> The climate pattern is moist tropical to moist sub-tropical, with average state rainfall {{convert|254|cm|in}} per annum. In the capital Aizawl, rainfall is about {{convert|215|cm|in}} and in [[Lunglei]], another major centre, about {{convert|350|cm|in}}.<ref name=gsi>{{Cite report| title= Geology and mineral resources of Manipur, Mizoram, '''Nagaland''' and Tripura| url= http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiImages/information/miscpub30-4-2_man-mizo-naga-tripura.pdf| publisher= Geological Survey of India, Government of India| series= Miscellaneous publication No. 30 Part IV| volume= 1 (Part-2)| year= 2011| access-date= 20 June 2014| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130510091749/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiImages/information/miscpub30-4-2_man-mizo-naga-tripura.pdf| archive-date= 10 May 2013| df= dmy-all}}</ref> The state is in a region where cyclones and landslides can cause weather-related emergencies.<ref name=MMH/> The rainy season is the longest and lasts for six months, starting with violent storms beginning in the [[Bay of Bengal]] which accompany hailstorms, thunderstorms and cyclones.{{sfn|Singh|1996|p=97}}

{{Weather box
|collapsed=
|open= yes
|metric first=yes
|single line= yes
|location= Aizawl, the capital of Mizoram

|temperature colour= 


|Jan high F= |Jan high C=20.4
|Feb high F= |Feb high C=21.7
|Mar high F= |Mar high C=25.2
|Apr high F= |Apr high C=26.8
|May high F= |May high C=26.3
|Jun high F= |Jun high C=25.5
|Jul high F= |Jul high C=25.3
|Aug high F= |Aug high C=25.5
|Sep high F= |Sep high C=25.7
|Oct high F= |Oct high C=24.7
|Nov high F= |Nov high C=23.0
|Dec high F= |Dec high C=21.0
|year high F= |year high C=

|Jan low F= |Jan low C=11.4
|Feb low F= |Feb low C=12.8
|Mar low F= |Mar low C=15.6
|Apr low F= |Apr low C=17.5
|May low F= |May low C=18.1
|Jun low F= |Jun low C=18.9
|Jul low F= |Jul low C=19.1
|Aug low F= |Aug low C=19.1
|Sep low F= |Sep low C=19.2
|Oct low F= |Oct low C=18.0
|Nov low F= |Nov low C=15.1
|Dec low F= |Dec low C=12.2
|year low F= |year low C=

|precipitation colour= 

|Jan precipitation inch= |Jan precipitation cm= |Jan precipitation mm=13.4
|Feb precipitation inch= |Feb precipitation cm= |Feb precipitation mm=23.4
|Mar precipitation inch= |Mar precipitation cm= |Mar precipitation mm=73.4
|Apr precipitation inch= |Apr precipitation cm= |Apr precipitation mm=167.7
|May precipitation inch= |May precipitation cm= |May precipitation mm=289.0
|Jun precipitation inch= |Jun precipitation cm= |Jun precipitation mm=406.1
|Jul precipitation inch= |Jul precipitation cm= |Jul precipitation mm=320.4
|Aug precipitation inch= |Aug precipitation cm= |Aug precipitation mm=320.6
|Sep precipitation inch= |Sep precipitation cm= |Sep precipitation mm=305.2
|Oct precipitation inch= |Oct precipitation cm= |Oct precipitation mm=183.7
|Nov precipitation inch= |Nov precipitation cm= |Nov precipitation mm=43.2
|Dec precipitation inch= |Dec precipitation cm= |Dec precipitation mm=15.3
|year precipitation inch= |year precipitation cm= |year precipitation mm=

|source 1=<ref name="IMD">{{cite report |author= |date=30 September 2016 |title=Climatology Data of Important Cities |url=https://www.data.gov.in/catalog/climatology-data-important-cities-0 |work=Open Government Data Platform India |publisher=OPen Government Data Platform India |access-date=16 July 2025}}</ref>
}}

===Soil===
The soil of Mizoram is young and consists of [[sedimentary]] formations. Generally, soils consist of properties of being loamy, deep, well-drained and acidic in reaction.{{sfn|Singh|1996|p=98}} Across the districts of Mizoram the soil is free of rocks with the exception of in the Southernmost areas. The consistency is considered satisfactory. Clay-like soil with poor drainage is typically found restricted to few valleys while loam is common on hills. Nutrition-wise, the soils are deficient due to high levels of forest cover, high rainfall and dense vegetation, leading to high organic carbon and nitrogen content. Phosphorus is also lacking up to as high as 40% of all soil due to the strong acidityand presence of exchangeable aluminium. Nitrogen deficiency is restricted to the western and southern borders of the state while potassium is lacking in the western areas of the state.{{sfn|Singh|1996|p=98}}

===Biodiversity===
{| class="toccolours" style="margin:1em; float:right; width:25%;"
|+ '''State symbols of Mizoram'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Mizoram at a glance|url=http://mizoram.nic.in/about/glance.htm|publisher=National Informatics Centre:Mizoram|access-date=5 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630154732/http://mizoram.nic.in/about/glance.htm|archive-date=30 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=SSM>{{cite book |last=Sivakumar |first=Akila |date=2017 |title=National and State Symbols |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-1pODwAAQBAJ |location= New Delhi|publisher=The Energy and Resources Institute |isbn=978-93-8653-006-6 |access-date=16 July 2025|page=36}}</ref>
|-
| '''Animal'''
| [[Serow]] (Saza) || [[File:Serow_Capricornis_sumatraensis.JPG|50px]]
|-
| '''Bird'''
| [[Mrs. Hume's pheasant]] (Vavu)|| [[File:Syrmaticus_humiae.jpg|50px]]
|-
| '''Tree'''
| [[Mesua ferrea|Indian rose chestnut]] (Herhse) || [[File:MesuaFerrea_IronWood.jpg|50px]]
|-
| '''Flower'''
| [[Red Vanda]] (Senhri)|| [[File:Wanda_blau.JPG|50px]]
|}
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| align = left
| width =
| footer = Vavu ([[Mrs. Hume's pheasant]]) is the state bird<ref>[http://mizoram.nic.in/about/glance.htm Mizoram at a glance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630154732/http://mizoram.nic.in/about/glance.htm |date=30 June 2015 }} Government of India</ref><ref name=SSM/> (top) and Senhri (''[[Renanthera imschootiana]]'') the state flower of Mizoram.<ref>[http://www.dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/state-flower State Flower] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106125602/http://www.dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/state-flower |date=6 November 2014 }} Government of Mizoram</ref><ref name=SSM/>
| image2 =
| image1 = Burmese Barred-backed Pheasant by George Edward Lodge.png
}}
Mizoram has the fourth highest total forest cover with {{convert|17820|km2|sqmi}}, with a percentage area of 84.53% of forest cover in the 2021 forestry report.<ref name=FRI2021/> Tropical semi-evergreen, tropical moist deciduous, subtropical broadleaved hill and subtropical pine forests are the most common vegetation types found in Mizoram. Bamboo is common in the state, typically intermixed with other forest vegetation; about 9,245 km2 (44%) of the state's area is bamboo bearing. The state and central governments of India have cooperated to reserve and protect 67% of the land covered by forests, and additional 15% by management. Only 17% of the land is non-forested area for cultivation, industry, mining, housing and other commercial human activity. Satellite data suggests 91% of state's geographical area is covered by forests.<ref name=fsi11>[http://www.fsi.org.in/cover_2011/mizoram.pdf 9.19 Mizoram] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126034506/http://www.fsi.org.in/cover_2011/mizoram.pdf |date=26 November 2013 }} India State of Forest Report 2011, Govt of India (2012)</ref>

Historically, Mizoram participated in [[jhum]] cultivation ([[shifting cultivation]]). During the 1970s and 80s, jhum cultivation decreased from {{convert|58000|ha}} to {{convert|40000|ha}} despite a population increase. In 1986, 70% of the total population participated in jhumming.{{sfn|Sati|2019|p=4}} In 1984, to deal with deforestation, the Mizoram government passed the New Land Use Policy (NULP). The act provided that all lands other than towns and land allotted for permanent cultivation would be classified as a natural and protected forest. Commercial feeling became prohibited with exceptions for home consumption. Lands were leased to rural families to practice jhumming.{{sfn|Maithani|2005|p=65}}

[[File:Neptunia oleracea-IMG 1661.jpg|thumb|Neptunia oleracea]]
Mizoram is host to numerous species of birds, wildlife and flora. About 640 species of birds have been identified in the state, many of which are endemic to the Himalayan foothills and southeast Asia. Of the birds found in Mizoram forests, 27 are on the worldwide threatened species lists and eight are on the critically endangered list.<ref name=avibase>[http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?region=INneml&list=howardmoore Birds of Meghalaya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122054357/http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?region=INneml&list=howardmoore |date=22 January 2015 }} Avibase (2013)</ref> Prominent birds spotted in Mizoram include those from the families of [[Phasianidae]], [[Anatidae]], [[Ciconiidae]], [[Threskiornithidae]], [[Ardeidae]], [[Pelecanidae]], [[Phalacrocoracidae]], [[Falconidae]], [[Accipitridae]], [[Otididae]], [[Rallidae]], [[Heliornithidae]], [[Turnicidae]], [[Burhinidae]], [[Charadriidae]], [[Scolopacidae]], [[Jacanidae]], [[Laridae]], [[Columbidae]], [[Psittacidae]], [[Cuculidae]], [[Strigidae]], [[Caprimulgidae]], [[Apodidae]], [[Alcedinidae]], [[Meropidae]], [[Bucerotidae]], [[Ramphastidae]], [[Picidae]], [[Pittidae]], [[Laniidae]], [[Campephagidae]], [[Dicruridae]], [[Corvidae]], [[Paridae]], [[Hirundinidae]], [[Cisticolidae]], [[Pycnonotidae]], [[Sylviidae]], [[Timaliidae]], [[Sittidae]], [[Sturnidae]], [[Turdidae]], Dicaedae, [[Chloropseidae]], [[Ploceidae]], [[Motacillidae]], [[Fringillidae]], [[Nectariniidae]] and [[Muscicapidae]].<ref name=avibase/>

The state is also host to a variety of fauna, just like its sister northeastern Indian states. Mammal species observed in the Mizoram forests include [[Sunda slow loris|slow loris]] (''Nycticebus coucang''), [[red serow]] (''Capricornis rubidus''), which is the state animal, [[Himalayan goral|goral]] (''Nemorhaedus goral''), [[tiger]] (''Panthera tigris''), [[leopard]] (''Panthera pardus''), [[clouded leopard]] (''Neofelis nebulosi''), [[leopard cat]] (''Prionailurus bengalensis''), [[Bengal fox]] (''Vulpes bengalensis''), and [[Asiatic black bear]] (''Ursus thibetanus''). Primates seen include [[stump-tailed macaque]] (''Macaca arctoides''), [[Western hoolock gibbon]] (''Hylobates hoolock''), [[Phayre's leaf monkey]] (''Trachypithecus phayrei'') and [[capped langur]] (''Trachypithecus pileatus''). The state is also home to many reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates.<ref>Pawar, S. and Birand, A. (2001), A survey of amphibians, reptiles and birds in Northeast India, CERC Technical Report 6, Centre for Ecological Research and Conservation, Mysore</ref><ref>Choudhury (2001), Primates in Northeast India: An overview of their Distribution and Conservation Status, In: ENVIS Bulletin: Wildlife and Protected Areas, Non-Human Primates of India. (Editor: Gupta) 1(1): 92–101</ref>

The state has two national parks (Blue Mountain (Phawngpui) National Park and [[Murlen National Park]]) and six wildlife sanctuaries ([[Dampa Tiger Reserve]] (largest), [[Lengteng Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Ngengpui Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Tawi Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Khawnglung Wildlife Sanctuary]], and [[Thorangtlang Wildlife Sanctuary]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tourism.mizoram.gov.in/page/wildlife-sanctuary.html |title=Wildlife Sanctuary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718022426/http://tourism.mizoram.gov.in/page/wildlife-sanctuary.html |archive-date=18 July 2014 |work=Department of Tourism, Government of Mizoram |date=2013 |access-date=30 October 2023}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Historical population
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html|title=Census of India Website: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=11 March 2021|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010234955/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 1901 | 82434
| 1911 | 91204
| 1921 | 98406
| 1931 | 124404
| 1941 | 152786
| 1951 | 196202
| 1961 | 266063
| 1971 | 332390
| 1981 | 493757
| 1991 | 689573
| 2001 | 888573
| 2011 | 1091014
| percentages=
}}
Mizoram has a population of 1,091,014 with 552,339 males and 538,675 females.<ref name=mizocensus>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/Mizoram/Chapter_2.pdf|title=Chapter 2 Size, Growth Rate and Rural-Urban Distribution of Population in Mizoram|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=20 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113201758/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/Mizoram/Chapter_2.pdf|archive-date=13 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> This reflects a 22.8% growth since 2001 census; still, Mizoram is second least populated state of [[India]]. The sex ratio of the state is 976 females per thousand males, higher than the national ratio 940. The density of population is 52 persons per square kilometre.<ref name=mizocensus2>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND015_Mizoram.pdf|title=Mizoram Profile|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=20 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324140658/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND015_Mizoram.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[literacy rate]] of Mizoram in 2011 was 91.58 per cent,<ref name="Literacy">{{cite web |title=State of Literacy |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |page=110 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113155245/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2012 |access-date=11 June 2023}}</ref> higher than the national average 74.04 per cent, and second best among all the states of India. About 52% of Mizoram population lives in urban areas, much higher than India's average. Over one third of the population of Mizoram lives in [[Aizawl district]], which hosts the capital.<ref name=mizocensus/><ref>{{cite web|title= Classification of urban areas and rural areas in Mizoram|url= http://mizoram.nic.in/printing/508/227.pdf|publisher= The Mizoram Gazette|access-date= 27 August 2012|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130412010645/http://mizoram.nic.in/printing/508/227.pdf|archive-date= 12 April 2013|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Alphabetical list of towns & their population, Mizoram| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/towns/miz_towns.pdf| publisher = Census| location = [[India]]| access-date = 27 August 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120927073924/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/towns/miz_towns.pdf| archive-date = 27 September 2012| url-status = live| df = dmy-all}}</ref>

===Largest cities or towns===
{{Largest cities
| country = Mizoram
| stat_ref = [https://www.census2011.co.in/]
| list_by_pop =
| div_name = District
| div_link =

| city_1 = Aizawl
| div_1 = Aizawl District{{!}}Aizawl
| pop_1 = 415,000

| city_2 = Lunglei
| div_2 = Lunglei District{{!}}Lunglei
| pop_2 = 80,000

| city_3 = Champhai
| div_3 = Champhai District {{!}}Champhai
| pop_3 = 44,000

| city_4 = Saiha
| div_4 = Saiha District{{!}}Siaha (Saiha)
| pop_4 = 35,500

| city_5 = Kolasib
| div_5 = Kolasib District{{!}}Kolasib
| pop_5 = 34,200

| city_6 = Serchhip
| div_6 = Serchhip District{{!}}Serchhip
| pop_6 = 30,010

| city_7 = Lawngtlai
| div_7 = Lawngtlai District{{!}}Lawngtlai
| pop_7 = 29,400

| city_8 = Saitual
| div_8 = Saitual district{{!}}Saitual
| pop_8 = 16,300

| city_9 = Khawzawl
| div_9 = Khawzawl district{{!}}Khawzawl
| pop_9 = 15,500

| city_10 = Vairengte
| div_10 = Kolasib District{{!}}Kolasib
| pop_10 = 14,550
}}

===Ethnic groups===
{{see also|List of Mizo clans}}
The great majority of Mizoram's population consists of several ethnic tribes who are either culturally or linguistically linked. These ethnic groups are collectively known as [[Mizo people|Mizo]]s (''Mi'' means People, ''Zo'' meaning the name of a progenitor; Mizo thus is People of [[Zo people|Zo]] origin<ref name=misai>Michael Sailo (2006), Administration of Justice in Mizoram, {{ISBN|978-8183240598}}, Chapter 2</ref>).

Sometime in the 16th century, the first batch of Mizo crossed Tiau River and settled in Mizoram and they were called as [[Kuki people|Kukis]] by [[Bengalis]].<ref name=lsmgov/> The term Kuki mean the inhabitants of the interior and inaccessible mountain tracts. Sometimes grouped as [[Kuki-Chin-Mizo people|Kuki-Chin]] tribes, The First batch were called Old Kukis, which are the [[Biate people|Biate]], [[Ranglong]] and the [[Hrangkhol people|Hrangkhol]], and the second batch that followed include [[Lushei]] (or Lusei), [[Paite people|Paite]], [[Lai people|Lai]], [[Mara people|Mara]], [[Ralte people|Ralte]], [[Hmar people|Hmar]], [[Thadou people|Thadou]], Shendus, and several other.<ref name=lsmgov>[http://landrevenue.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/files/historical-evolution-of-mizoram.pdf The Land Systems of Mizoram] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714155933/http://landrevenue.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/files/historical-evolution-of-mizoram.pdf |date=14 July 2014 }}, Govt of Mizoram (2007)</ref>

The [[Bru people|Bru]] ([[Reang language|Reang]]), [[Chakma people|Chakma]], [[Tanchangya people|Tanchangya]] are some non-Kuki tribes of Mizoram, with some suggestion that some of these are [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] in their origins.<ref name="lsmgov" /> The [[Bnei Menashe]] tribe claim [[Jews|Jewish]] descent.<ref name="mzote">Zote, Mona (2005), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23006028 Heaven in Hell: A paradox] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913002342/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23006028 |date=13 September 2018 }}, India International Centre Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 2/3, pp 203–212.</ref>

The diversity of tribal groups reflects the historical immigration patterns. Different tribes and sub-tribes arrived in the present Mizoram, in successive waves and settled down in different parts of the state. Further, as they arrived, there were raids, fear of raids and intertribal feuds. The resulting isolation and separation created numerous tribes and sub-tribes.<ref name=lsmgov/>

Other than tribal groups, other ethnic groups inhabit Mizoram including [[Bengalis]] and [[Nepalis]].<ref name="Lang2011"/><ref name="Bareh"/> [[Gurkha|Nepali Gorkhas]], for example, were encouraged to settle in [[Aizawl]] area and other parts of Mizoram during the British colonial times. Thousands of their descendants are now residents of Mizoram.<ref name="Bareh">Hamlet Bareh, Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Mizoram, Volume 5, {{ISBN|8170997925}}, pp 260–261</ref>

===Protected demographic category===
[[File:Mizo girls in Mizo traditional dress.jpg|thumb|[[Mizo people|Mizo]] girls in Lushei tribe traditional dress.]]
According to 2011 census, Mizoram had 1,036,115 people (nearly 95% of total) classified as [[Scheduled Tribe]], the highest concentration of protected tribal people in all states of India.<ref name=tribalmizo>[http://www.tribal.gov.in/WriteReadData/CMS/Documents/201306110208002203443DemographicStatusofScheduledTribePopulationofIndia.pdf Demographic Status of Scheduled Tribe Population of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903101121/http://www.tribal.gov.in/WriteReadData/CMS/Documents/201306110208002203443DemographicStatusofScheduledTribePopulationofIndia.pdf |date=3 September 2013 }} Table 1.1, Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Govt of India (2013)</ref><ref>[http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/10th/volume2/v2_ch4_2.pdf SCHEDULED TRIBES Chapter 4.2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616053238/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/10th/volume2/v2_ch4_2.pdf |date=16 June 2015 }} Planning Commission, Govt of India (2012)</ref> This demographic classification, given to [[List of Scheduled Tribes in India|Mizoram tribes]] since the 1950s, has provided reservations and extra resources in education and government job opportunities, a preferential treatment as a means to accelerate their integration with mainstream society.<ref>[http://www.tribal.nic.in/Content/IntroductionScheduledTribes.aspx Scheduled Tribes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620031439/http://tribal.nic.in/Content/IntroductionScheduledTribes.aspx |date=20 June 2014 }} Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Govt of India (2013)</ref>

===Languages===
{{Main|Mizo language}}

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Languages of Mizoram in 2011<ref name="Lang2011">{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10215/download/13327/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1500.XLSX |title=Census of India Website: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|last=ORGI|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=9 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815035759/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|archive-date=15 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1500.XLSX |website=census.gov.in |access-date=3 January 2021 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112015704/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1500.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>
|label1 = [[Mizo language|Mizo]] | value1 = 73.13 | color1 = red
|label2 = [[Chakma language|Chakma]] |value2 = 8.51 | color2 = purple
|label3 = [[Mara language|Mara]] |value3 = 3.84 |color3 = lightcoral
|label4 = [[Kokborok language|Tripuri]] |value4 = 2.99 |color4 = gold
|label5 = [[Hakha Chin language|Pawi]] |value5 = 2.62 |color5 = green
|label6 = [[Paite language|Paite]] |value6 = 2.04 |color6 = dodgerblue
|label7 = [[Hmar language|Hmar]] |value7 = 1.65 |color7 = pink
|label8 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value8 = 1.37 |color8 = darkcyan
|label9 = Other |value9 = 3.85 |color9 = powderblue
}}

[[Mizo language|Mizo]] and English are the official languages of the state.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 November 2021|title=Ministry of Development of Northeastern Region, Mizoram State Information|url=https://mdoner.gov.in/about-north-east/mizoram|access-date=9 November 2021|website=[[Ministry of Development of Northeastern Region]]|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111092907/https://mdoner.gov.in/about-north-east/mizoram|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion in Mizoram (2011)<ref name= "census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Christianity in Mizoram|Christianity]]
| value1 = 87.16
| color1 = Red
| label2 = [[Buddhism in Mizoram|Buddhism]]
| value2 = 8.51
| color2 = gold
| label3 = [[Hinduism in Mizoram|Hinduism]]
| value3 = 2.75
| color3 = darkorange
| label4 = [[Islam in Mizoram|Islam]]
| value4 = 1.35
| color4 = green
| label5 = Other or not religious
| value5 = 0.23
| color5 = White
}}

The majority (87%) of Mizos are [[Christians]] in various denominations, predominantly [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]]. Mizoram has a significant [[Theravada Buddhist]] population of 8.5%, who are mainly [[Chakma people]], making them the largest religious minority in the region, followed by [[Hindus]] at 2.7% according to the 2011 census.<ref name = "census2011"/> There are several thousand people, mostly ethnic Mizo, who have converted to [[Judaism]] claiming to be one of the lost Judaic tribe group [[Bnei Menashe]], with descent from the biblical [[Manasseh (tribal patriarch)|Manasseh]].<ref name=mzote/>

====Christianity====
{{Main|Christianity in Mizoram}}

[[File:Solomon's Temple on a cloudy day.jpg|thumb|left|[[Solomon's Temple, Aizawl]]]]
The major Christian denomination is the [[Mizoram Presbyterian Church]], which was established by the Welsh missionary [[David Evan Jones (missionary)|David Evan Jones]] starting in 1894.<ref>T Raatan, Encyclopaedia of North-east India: Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoram; {{ISBN|978-8178350684}}</ref> By the time [[India]] gained independence from [[British Empire]], some 80% of [[Lushei]] tribe people had converted to [[Christianity]].<ref name=cnun>C. Nunthara (2002), Mizoram: Society and Polity, {{ISBN|978-8173870590}}, pp 59–63</ref> The Mizoram Presbyterian Church is one of the constituted bodies of the [[Presbyterian Church of India|General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of India]] at [[Shillong]] in [[Meghalaya]]; it became the dominant Christian group in north Mizoram hills. In the southern hills of Mizoram, the [[Baptist Church of Mizoram|Baptist Church]] had the dominant following.<ref name=cnun/>

====Buddhism====
{{Main|Buddhism in Mizoram}}

According to 2011 census report, there are 93,411 people (8.51%) who follow [[Buddhism]] in Mizoram.<ref name= "census2011"/> The [[Chakma people|Chakmas]] and [[Tanchangya people|Tanchangya]] have been Buddhist for many centuries<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pu C. |first1=Chawngkunga |title=Chakma Settlement in Mizoram |publisher=State Central Library, Aizawl, Mizoram |pages=11, 12 |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/chakma-settlement-mizoram |language=en |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328170937/https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/chakma-settlement-mizoram |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Hinduism====
{{Main|Hinduism in Mizoram}}

According to the 2011 census, there were 30,136 [[Hindu]]s in Mizoram or about 2.75% of the population.<ref name= "census2011"/>

====Islam====
{{Main|Islam in Mizoram}}

According to the 2011 census, there were 14,832 [[Muslim]]s in Mizoram or about 1.35% of the population in which 29% are tribals.<ref name= "census2011"/>

====Others====
{{see also|Mizo religion}}
There are also a few Mizos who practice [[Judaism]] (866 according to the 2001 census) and a modernised traditional Mizo religion called ''Hnam sakhua'', which places a special emphasis on Mizo culture and seeks to revive traditional Mizo values while opposing the influence of [[Christianity]] on Mizo people.<ref name="Government of Mizoram">{{Cite web|url=https://www.panchayatportals.gov.in/web/department-of-panchyati-raj-mizoram/hidden/-/asset_publisher/h7cmn7e306iI/content/about-mizoram|title=About Mizoram|publisher=Dept of Panchayati Raj, Government of Mizoram|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328052720/https://www.panchayatportals.gov.in/web/department-of-panchyati-raj-mizoram/hidden/-/asset_publisher/h7cmn7e306iI/content/about-mizoram|url-status=live}}</ref>

A total of 1,367 people practised the Mizo religion according to the 2001 census. This number included, in addition to the original Mizo religion (755 people), adherents of other tribal religions such as Lalchhungkua (279), Lalhnam (122), and Nunna Lalchhungkua (211).<ref>Table ST-14a, Indian Census 2001</ref>

==Politics==
{{Main|Politics of Mizoram|Government of Mizoram}}

[[File:Mizoram Assembly House (front entrance).jpg |thumb|Mizoram Assembly House]]
Originally village land, locally called ''ram'', was the property of the tribal chief. The institution of [[chieftainship]] began in the 16th century. Each village behaved like a small state, and the chief was called ''Lal''. The rule was hereditary, and there were no written laws (the first script for Mizo language was developed by [[Christian Missionaries]] Lorraine and Savidge about 1895).<ref name=misai/>

After annexation by the [[British Empire|British]] in the 1890s, the northern part of Mizoram was administered as the [[Lushai Hills]] district of [[Assam]], while southern Mizoram was part of [[Bengal]]. In 1898, the southern part was transferred from Bengal to Assam. The colonial power retained the chiefs and Mizo customs, including the socially stratified hereditary transfer of political power. In 1937, under Section 6 of the Scheduled District Act, the British administration<ref name=misai/> consolidated executive and legislative political power to the [[Deputy Commissioner (India)|Deputy Commissioner]] and [[District magistrate]]s, with village chiefs in advisory role. The political and judiciary powers of chiefs were neither final nor exclusive, thereafter. Rulings could be appealed to courts staffed with British officials. After India gained independence from the colonial rule, the region was granted autonomous status in 1952, where Mizo people formulated their own laws and delivered judicial decisions. The region was renamed as Mizo District within Assam State in April 1954 and in that year, the institution of hereditary chieftainship was abolished, and instead village courts/council were set up.<ref name=misai/>

The representatives of the Lushai Hills Autonomous District Council and the [[Mizo Union]] pleaded with the [[States Reorganisation Commission]] (SRC) to integrate the Mizo-dominated areas of [[Tripura]] and [[Manipur]] with the District Council in Assam. The tribal leaders in the northeast were unhappy with the final SRC recommendations and met in Aizawl in 1955 to form a new political party, [[Eastern Indian Tribal Union|Eastern India Tribal Union (EITU)]].<ref name=dommen>Dommen, A. J. (1967). Separatist Tendencies in Eastern India. Asian Survey, Vol. 7, No. 10 (Oct. 1967), 726–739</ref>

[[File:Mizoram University Entrance.JPG|thumb|left|Mizoram Peace Accord was signed in June 1986. The Accord granted political freedoms by making Mizoram a full state of India, and included infrastructure provisions such as a High Court and establishment of Mizoram University (shown).<ref>[http://peacemaker.un.org/india-mizoram-accord86 Memorandum of Settlement (Mizoram Accord)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013222318/http://peacemaker.un.org/india-mizoram-accord86 |date=13 October 2016 }}, United Nations</ref>]]
In the 1950s, the fears of [[Assamese people|Assamese]] hegemony and perceived lack of government concern led to growing discontent among the Mizos. The Mizos were particularly dissatisfied with the government's inadequate response to the 1959–60 [[mautam]] famine. The Mizo National Famine Front, a body formed for famine relief in 1959, later developed into a new political organisation, the [[Mizo National Front]] (MNF) in 1961.<ref name="Braja1998">{{cite book | first=Braja Bihārī | last=Kumāra | title=Small States Syndrome in India | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&pg=PA75 | access-date=28 August 2013 | date=1 January 1998 | publisher=Concept | isbn=978-81-7022-691-8 | pages=75 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231142829/http://books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&pg=PA75 | archive-date=31 December 2013 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Front sought sovereign independence for the Mizo territory, staging an armed insurrection with the [[March 1966 Mizo National Front uprising|28 February 1966 uprising]] against the government.<ref name=dommen/> The revolt was suppressed by the government of India, which carried out airstrikes in Aizawl and surrounding areas.<ref>{{cite book|last = Lalchungnunga |title= Mizoram politics of regionalism and national integration|year= 1994|publisher=Reliance}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.newslink.in/2007/03/06/memories-of-inferno-still-remain-fresh | title = Memories of inferno still remain fresh | date = 6 March 2007 | newspaper = News link | place = IN | access-date = 17 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171951/http://www.newslink.in/2007/03/06/memories-of-inferno-still-remain-fresh | archive-date = 3 March 2016 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}.</ref>

Assam state was split, re-organised into multiple political regions, Mizo hills area was declared Mizoram after the insurgency, and it received status as a Union Territory in 1972.<ref name=misai/> A Peace Accord was signed between central government and insurgent groups of Mizoram on 30 June 1986. Per the accord, insurgents surrendered their arms and Mizoram became the 23rd state of India in 1986, formalised the following year. The first election of Mizoram Legislative Assembly was held on 16 February 1987.<ref name=misai/> Elections have been held at 5-year intervals since then. [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|Elections were held]] for 40 seats of legislative assembly in 2023, ZPM won the elections.<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |work=ECI |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215221429/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ |archive-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=4 May 2017 }}</ref>

[[V. K. Singh]] is the governor of Mizoram since December 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Ajay |date=24 December 2024 |title=Ajay Kumar Bhalla Appointed as Manipur Governor, Ex-Army Chief VK Singh as Mizoram Guv |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/former-home-secretary-ajay-bhalla-appointed-manipur-governor-ex-army-chief-vk-singh-as-mizoram-guv-arif-mohammed-bihar-article-116637481 |work=Times Now |access-date=24 December 2024}}</ref>

==Administration==
{{Main|List of districts of Mizoram}}

{| class="wikitable floatleft" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!District<ref>[http://mizoram.nic.in/ Districts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040130015404/http://mizoram.nic.in/ |date=30 January 2004 }} Government of Mizoram</ref>
!Population (2011)
!Population Density per km2
|-
| [[Aizawl district|Aizawl]]
| 400,309
| 117
|-
| [[Lunglei district|Lunglei]]
| 161,428
| 35
|-
| [[Champhai district|Champhai]]
| 125,745
| 37
|-
| [[Lawngtlai district|Lawngtlai]]
| 117,894
| 39
|-
| [[Mamit district|Mamit]]
| 86,364
| 29
|-
| [[Kolasib district|Kolasib]]
| 83,955
| 56
|-
| [[Serchhip district|Serchhip]]
| 64,937
| 47
|-
| [[Siaha district|Saiha]]
| 56,574
| 52
|-
| [[Khawzawl district|Khawzawl]]
| 36,381
| 36
|-
| [[Hnahthial district|Hnathial]]
| 28,468
| 27
|-
| [[Saitual district|Saitual]]
| 11,619
|
|}
[[File:Districts of Mizoram (2021).png|thumb|right|Districts of Mizoram (2021)]]

The Mizoram State Legislative Assembly has 40 seats and the Village Councils are the [[grassroots]] of democracy and leadership in Mizoram. The state has a chief minister, council of ministers with a portfolio of ministries responsible for different priorities and role of the government.<ref>[http://mizoram.nic.in/gov/minister.htm Council of Ministers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624163948/http://mizoram.nic.in/gov/minister.htm |date=24 June 2014 }} Govt of Mizoram</ref>

There are eleven districts in Mizoram. A district of Mizoram is headed by a [[Deputy Commissioner]] who is in charge of the administration in that particular district. The Deputy Commissioner is the executive head of the district, responsible for implementing government regulations, the law and order situation in the district, as well as being responsible for tax collection for the government.<ref name="distgov" />

A Superintendent of Police is responsible for the police administration of each district.<ref name=distgov>[http://www.mizoram.gov.in/web/guest/districts Districts in Mizoram] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006040655/http://www.mizoram.gov.in/web/guest/districts |date=6 October 2013 }} Govt of Mizoram (2012)</ref>

The Capital city of Aizawl is managed by [[Aizawl Municipal corporation|Aizawl Municipal Corporation]] and the Lunglei town is managed by [[Lunglei Municipal Council]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=3 April 2023 |title=Opposition ZPM sweeps Lunglei civic polls in major setback to Mizoram's ruling MNF |url=https://theprint.in/india/opposition-zpm-sweeps-lunglei-civic-polls-in-major-setback-to-mizorams-ruling-mnf/1494470/ |access-date=5 April 2023 |work=ThePrint |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405062847/https://theprint.in/india/opposition-zpm-sweeps-lunglei-civic-polls-in-major-setback-to-mizorams-ruling-mnf/1494470/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The state has 3 autonomous district councils for ethnic minorities- [[Chakma Autonomous District Council]], [[Lai Autonomous District Council]] and [[Mara Autonomous District Council]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Centre To Form 3-Member Committee To Look Into NE Autonomous Councils' Demands, Issues To Be Addressed In A Month |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/centre-to-form-3-member-committee-to-look-into-ne-autonomous-councils-demands-issues-to-be-addressed-in-a-month/ |work=Northeast Live |date=25 July 2024 |access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref> Additionally, the local body [[Sinlung Hills Council]] was formed for Hmar minority.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sinlung Hills Council elections on November 5 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/mizoram/sinlung-hills-council-elections-on-november-5-3217943 |website=Deccan Herald |agency=PTI |date=3 October 2024 |access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Mizoram}}

[[File:View of the ridgetop city of Aizawl, state capital of Mizoram.jpg|left|thumb|Aizawl, the capital city of Mizoram]]
Mizoram [[gross state domestic product]] (GSDP) in 2011–2012 was about {{INRConvert|69.91|b}}.<ref name=ppimizo/> The state's gross state domestic product (GSDP) growth rate was nearly 10% annually over 2001–2013 period. As of 2019, the states's provisional GSDP was expected to be {{INRConvert|251.4857|b}}.<ref>{{cite report |author=Government of Mizoram|date=February 2022 |title=Economic Survey of Mizoram (2021–2022) |url=https://planning.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/attachments/2022/02/5040f97f2c404c9c2bce7c6866f333e9/economic-survey-of-mizoram-2021-22.pdf|publisher=Planning and Programme Implementation Department (Research & Development Branch) |page=2|access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref> With international borders with Bangladesh and Myanmar, it is an important trade state for [[southeast Asia]]n imports to India, as well as exports from India.<ref name=ibef/>

The biggest contributors to state's GSDP growth are [[agriculture]], [[public administration]], and [[construction work]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Mizoram GSDP a thang chak NLUP inrêlbawlna sum a tam lo | url = http://vanglaini.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13838:mizoram-gsdp-a-thang-chak-nlup-inrelbawlna-sum-a-tam-lo-pl-thanga&catid=99:tualchhung&Itemid=2 | access-date = 24 August 2012 | newspaper = Vanglaini | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131017165537/http://www.vanglaini.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13838:mizoram-gsdp-a-thang-chak-nlup-inrelbawlna-sum-a-tam-lo-pl-thanga&catid=99:tualchhung&Itemid=2 | archive-date = 17 October 2013 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref> [[Tertiary period|Tertiary]] sector of service sector continued to have the contribution to the GSDP with its share hovering between 58% and 60% during the past decade.<ref name=ibef/><ref>{{cite news|title= Mizoram per capita income|url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mizoram-per-capita-income-rs-50-021/768758/|access-date= 20 August 2012|newspaper= Indian Express|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110406031208/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mizoram-per-capita-income-rs-50-021/768758/|archive-date= 6 April 2011|url-status= live|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

As of 2013, according to the [[Reserve Bank of India]], 20.4% of the state population is below [[poverty line]], about the same as the 21.9% average for India. [[Rural poverty]] is significantly higher in Mizoram, with 35.4% below the poverty line compared to India's rural poverty average of 25.7; while in [[Mizoram#Demographics#Largest cities or towns|urban areas of Mizoram]], 6.4% are below the poverty line.<ref name=rbipov>{{cite web|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=15283 |title=See 2012 data in 3rd set of Table 162, Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line |publisher=Reserve Bank of India, Government of India |year=2013 |access-date=20 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407102043/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=15283 |archive-date= 7 April 2014 }}</ref>

Mizoram has a highly literate work force, with [[literacy rate]] of nearly 90% and widespread use of English. The state has a total of 4,300 kilometres of roads of which 927 kilometres are high quality [[National highways of India|national highways]] and 700 kilometres of [[State highways in India|state highways]]. The state is developing its [[Kaladan River|Kolodyne River]] ({{lang|lus|Chhimtuipui lui}}) for [[navigation]] and [[international trade]]. [[Lengpui Airport|Mizoram's airport]] is at the capital city of [[Aizawl]]. The state is a power deficit state, with plans to develop its [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] potential. After agriculture, the major employer of its people include [[handloom]] and [[horticulture]] industries. [[Tourism in Mizoram|Tourism]] is a growth industry. In 2008, the state had nearly 7,000 registered companies. The state government has been implementing [[special economic zone]]s (SEZs) to encourage economic growth.<ref name=ibef2>[http://www.ibef.org/download/Mizoram_190111.pdf Mizoram Economy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233831/http://www.ibef.org/download/Mizoram_190111.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }} IBEF, New Delhi (2010)</ref>

===Agriculture===
[[File:Serchhip Zawlpui.jpg|thumb|A paddy field in Zawlpui, Serchhip]]
Between 55% and 60% of the working population of the state is annually deployed on agriculture.<ref name=sapagri/><ref name=agristat>[http://agriculturemizoram.nic.in/Documents/Agriculture_Statiscal_Abstract_2012_13.pdf Agriculture Statistical Abstract 2012–2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808052945/http://agriculturemizoram.nic.in/Documents/Agriculture_Statiscal_Abstract_2012_13.pdf |date=8 August 2014 }} Directorate of Agriculture, Government of Mizoram (2013)</ref> The sector's contribution to the gross state domestic product was 30% in 1994, just 14% in 2009 due to economic growth of other sectors.<ref name=birthal>Birthal, Unlocking the potential of Agriculture in northeastern hill region of India, Ind. Journal of Agri. Econ., Vol 65, No. 3, July–Sept 2010, pp 335</ref>

Agriculture has traditionally been a subsistence profession in Mizoram. It is seen as a means for generate food for one's family, ignoring its potential for commerce, growth and prosperity. Rice remains the largest crop grown in Mizoram by gross value of output.<ref>Dikshit, K. R., & Dikshit, J. K. (2014), Agriculture in North-East India: Past and Present, In North-East India: Land, People and Economy (pp. 587–637), {{ISBN|978-94-007-7054-6}}, Springer Netherlands</ref> Fruits have grown to become the second largest category, followed by condiments and spices.<ref name=birthal/>

;Jhum practice
{{main|Jhum}}

Before 1947, agriculture in Mizoram predominantly used to be slash-and-burn driven ''[[shifting cultivation|Jhum]]'' cultivation. This was discouraged by the state government, and the practice has been slowly declining.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mizoram to implement new land use policy|url=http://www.sify.com/news/mizoram-to-implement-new-land-use-policy-news-national-kdrtkededhc.html|access-date=20 August 2012|newspaper=Sify News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510071435/http://www.sify.com/news/mizoram-to-implement-new-land-use-policy-news-national-kdrtkededhc.html|archive-date=10 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> A 2012 report<ref name=goswami/> estimates the proportion of shifting cultivation area in Mizoram to be about 30% – predominant part of which was for rice production (56% to 63% depending on the year). Despite dedicating largest amount of labour, jhum cultivated and non-jhum crop area to rice, the yields are low; Mizoram average rice yields per acre is about 70% of India's average rice yield per acre and 32% of India's best yield. Mizoram produces about 26% of rice it consumes every year, and it buys the deficit from other states of India.<ref name=agristat/>

The crop area used for jhum cultivation rotates in Mizoram; that is, the area slashed and burnt for a crop is abandoned for a few years and then ''jhumias'' return to slash and burn the same plot after a few years of non-use. The primary reasons for cyclical jhum cultivation includes, according to Goswami et al.<ref name=goswami>Goswami, K., Choudhury, H. K., & Saikia, J. (2012), ''Factors influencing farmers' adoption of slash and burn agriculture in North East India'', Forest Policy and Economics, 15, pp 146–151</ref>

;Horticulture
[[File:Oil palm in Mamit.JPG|thumb|upright|Oil palm in Mamit]]
In horticulture and floriculture, Mizoram is a significant producer and global exporter of ''[[Anthurium]]'' (over 7 million a year) and roses. It is also a significant producer and domestic supplier of banana, ginger, [[turmeric]], passion fruit, orange and [[Chayote|chowchow]].<ref name=ibef2/> Mizoram has accomplished this horticulture success and exports in 2009, with just 6% of its cultivated land dedicated to horticulture and floriculture, indicating a large potential for further growth and economic integration with other Indian states as well export driven economy.<ref>[http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Speeches/PDFs/MIZSP19122013.pdf Economic and Financial Developments in Mizoram] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406213724/http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Speeches/PDFs/MIZSP19122013.pdf |date=6 April 2014 }} Reserve Bank of India (2013)</ref> In 2013, the area dedicated to horticulture and floriculture increased to 9.4% of 1.2 million hectares potential.<ref name=ppimizo>[http://www.mizoram.gov.in/documents/19/1e418678-5683-4eb0-a809-42c143257876 Economic Survey, Mizoram 2012–13] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428073027/http://www.mizoram.gov.in/documents/19/1e418678-5683-4eb0-a809-42c143257876 |date=28 April 2015 }} Planning & Programme Implementation, Department Government of Mizoram (2013)</ref>

The agricultural productivity is very low in Mizoram.<ref name=kumof/> The state gets a lot of rain, but its soil is porous and irrigation infrastructure very inadequate; this has affected it crop yield and reliability.<ref name=sapagri>[http://agriculturemizoram.nic.in/sap.html State Agriculture Plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716135331/http://agriculturemizoram.nic.in/sap.html |date=16 July 2014 }} Agriculture Department, Government of Mizoram (2013)</ref> The yield issue that can be addressed by building irrigation infrastructure and adoption of better crop technologies. The state also has very low consumption of fertiliser and pesticides, which scholars<ref name=kumof>Kumar et al. (2013), ''Prospects of organic agriculture in eastern himalayan region-A case study of Mizoram'', Progressive Agriculture, Vol 13, Issue 2, pp 139–150</ref> suggest offers an opportunity for organic farming particularly of vegetables and fruits.

===Forestry, fisheries and sericulture===
Mizoram is one of the leading producers of bamboo in India, has 27 species of bamboo, and supplies 14% of India's commercial bamboo.<ref name=ppimizo/><ref name=ibef/> Forest products contribute about 5% to the state's gross product. The state produces about 5,200 metric tonnes of fish a year, about 12% of potential that can be sustainably achieved.<ref name=ppimizo/> Sericulture is an important handicraft industry engaged by nearly 8,000 families in over 300 Mizo villages.<ref name=ibef>[http://www.ibef.org/states/Mizoram.aspx Mizoram Snapshot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702191426/http://www.ibef.org/states/Mizoram.aspx |date=2 July 2014 }} IBEF India</ref>

[[File:אנטוריום1.JPG|thumb|Mizoram produces over 7 million tonnes of Anthurium (shown), supplying the domestic market as well as exporting it to UAE, UK and Japan. The majority of producers and income earners from this business are Mizoram women.<ref name=ibef2/><ref>Singh and Punitha, ''Entrepreneurship Development through Anthurium Flower – A Case Study of Mizoram, North-East India'', Indian Res. J. Ext. Edu. 12 (3), September 2012, pp 74–78</ref>]]

===Industry===

Mizoram has two industrial estates at Zuangtui and Kolasib.<ref name=ibef/> Another software technology park is being established in Mizoram University campus.<ref>{{cite news|title=Northeast's fourth software technology park in Mizoram|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=may0612/at0153|access-date=20 August 2012|newspaper=Assam Tribune|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716234449/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=may0612%2Fat0153|archive-date=16 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The state government has acquired 127 acres of land in Khawnuam for development of the Indo-Myanmar border trade township.<ref name=ibef/>

===Energy infrastructure===
Mizoram is not self-sufficient in power. In 2012, the state had a demand for 107 MW of power, but had an effective installed capacity of only 29.35 MW. To bridge the gap, it purchased electricity from the national grid.<ref name=mizopow>[http://power.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/files/annual-report-2011-12.pdf Annual Report For 2011–12] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428072850/http://power.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/files/annual-report-2011-12.pdf |date=28 April 2015 }} Power & Electricity Department, Government of Mizoram (2013)</ref>

The hydroelectric power potential of Mizoram was assessed to be about 3600 MW in 2010,<ref name=mizopow2>[http://power.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/files/hydro-power-policy-of-mizoram.pdf Hydro Electric Power Policy Of Mizoram – 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903093148/http://power.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/files/hydro-power-policy-of-mizoram.pdf |date=3 September 2014 }} Govt of Mizoram</ref> and about 4500 MW in 2012.<ref name=mizropow3>[http://power.mizoram.gov.in/page/hydro-power-potential-its-development.html Hydro Power Potential & its Development] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428073205/http://power.mizoram.gov.in/page/hydro-power-potential-its-development.html |date=28 April 2015 }}, Power & Electricity Department, Government Of Mizoram</ref> If even half of this is realised, the state could supply all its citizens and industry with 24/7 electricity, as well as earn income by selling surplus power to the national grid. The topography of Mizoram hydroelectric resources is ideal for power projects. The following rivers are suited for hydel projects with minimal impact on its biosphere – [[Tuivai River|Tuivai]], Tuivawl, Tlawng, Tut, Serlui, Tuirial, Kolodyne, Tuichang, Tuipui, [[Tiau River|Tiau]] and Mat. Beyond the major rivers, Mizoram has many small but perennial streams and rivulets with ideal condition for developing micro/mini and small hydroelectric projects.<ref name=mizopow2/> The state has proposed projects to attract private investments on Build, Own, Operate and Transfer (BOOT) basis with financial assistance in rehabilitating its citizens were they to be affected by the project. The largest proposed project is expected to be on Kolodyne (460 MW), and there are dozens of small to micro projects that have been identified.<ref name=mizopow2/>

The main energy infrastructures in Mizoram are:
*[[Tuirial Dam]] 60 MW.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi inaugurates Tuirial hydropower project, says Mizoram is power-surplus state |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-inaugurates-tuirial-hydropower-project-says-mizoram-is-power-surplus-state/story-RvSQLyHREstFlz6FP1nZAN.html |access-date=2 June 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |agency=PTI |date=16 December 2017 |language=en |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602125537/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-inaugurates-tuirial-hydropower-project-says-mizoram-is-power-surplus-state/story-RvSQLyHREstFlz6FP1nZAN.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Serlui B Dam]] 12 MW.<ref>{{cite news |title=Serlui B A Milestone in the Power Sector |url=http://www.easternpanorama.in/index.php/cover-story/61-2010/september/1130-serlui-b-a-milestone-in-the-power-sector |access-date=2 June 2023 |work=Eastern Panorama |date=5 September 2010 |language=en-gb |archive-date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505112533/http://www.easternpanorama.in/index.php/cover-story/61-2010/september/1130-serlui-b-a-milestone-in-the-power-sector |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Vankal Solar Park]] 20 MW.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bawitlung |first1=Mala |title=Mizoram enters India's solar map, becomes first in Northeast to house largest solar park |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/mizoram/story/mizoram-enters-indias-solar-map-becomes-first-in-northeast-to-house-largest-solar-park-549340-2023-04-27 |access-date=2 June 2023 |work=India Today NE |date=27 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=15 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615062901/https://www.indiatodayne.in/mizoram/story/mizoram-enters-indias-solar-map-becomes-first-in-northeast-to-house-largest-solar-park-549340-2023-04-27 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Transport infrastructure==
{{multiple image
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*'''Road network''': In 2012, Mizoram had a road network of around {{convert|8500|km|mi}} including unsurfaced village roads to surfaced national highways; and there were 106,000 registered motor vehicles.<ref name=ppimizo/> The village roads are primarily single lane or unmetalled tracks that are typically lightly trafficked. Mizoram had 871 kilometres of national highways, 1,663 kilometres of state highways and 2,320 kilometres of surfaced district roads. All of Mizoram's 23 urban centres and 59% of its 764 villages are connected by all weather roads. However, landslide and weather damage to these roads is significant in parts.<ref>[http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=oct1413/oth06 Dilapidated roads snap Mizoram lifeline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707200500/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=oct1413%2Foth06 |date=7 July 2015 }} The Assam Tribune</ref>
[[File:Lengpui Airport Building.JPG|thumb|Lengpui Airport Building]]

*'''Airport''': Mizoram has an airport, [[Lengpui Airport]] (IATA: AJL), near Aizawl and its runway is 3,130 feet long at an elevation of 1,000 feet.<ref>[http://www.theairdb.com/airport/AJL.html Aijawl airport] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017140307/http://theairdb.com/airport/AJL.html |date=17 October 2012 }} The Air Database (2011)</ref>
*'''Helicopter''': A Helicopter service by [[Pawan Hans]] has been started which connects the Aizawl with [[Lunglei]], [[Lawngtlai]], [[Saiha]], [[Chawngte]], [[Serchhip]], [[Champhai]], [[Kolasib]], [[Khawzawl]], [[Mamit, India|Mamit]] and [[Hnahthial]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mizorama helicopter service Tur chief minister in Hawng |url=http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/mizorama-helicopter-service-tur-chief-minister-in-hawng |publisher=Mizoram DIPR |access-date=14 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212015939/http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/mizorama-helicopter-service-tur-chief-minister-in-hawng |archive-date=12 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nilaini atangin 'Helicopter Service|url=http://www.thezozamtimes.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5455:nilaini-atangin-helicopter-service&catid=43:news&Itemid=63|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923163051/http://www.thezozamtimes.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5455:nilaini-atangin-helicopter-service&catid=43:news&Itemid=63|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 September 2015|access-date=20 August 2012|newspaper=The Zozam Times}}</ref>
*'''Water ways''': Mizoram is in the process of developing water ways with the port of Akyab [[Sittwe]] in Burma along its biggest river, Chhimtuipui. It drains into Burma's Rakhine state, and finally enters the Bay of Bengal at [[Akyab]], which is a popular port in [[Sittwe]], Burma. The Indian government considers it a priority to set up inland water ways along this river to trade with Burma. The project is known as the Kaladan Multi-modal Transit Transport Project.<ref>[http://mdoner.gov.in/content/introduction-1 Kaladan Multi-modal Transit Transport Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628080601/http://mdoner.gov.in/content/introduction-1 |date=28 June 2014 }} Ministry of Development of Northeastern Region, Govt of India</ref> India is investing $103 million to develop the Sittwe port on Burma's northern coast, about {{convert|160|km|mi}} from Mizoram. [[State Peace and Development Council]] of Burma has committed $10 million for the venture.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.financialexpress.com/fe_full_story.php?content_id=153748 | title = Govt to spend $100 million on linking Mizoram to Burma | newspaper = Financial Express | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070218035330/http://www.financialexpress.com/fe_full_story.php?content_id=153748 | archive-date = 18 February 2007 | df = dmy-all }}.</ref> The project is expected to be complete in 2015, and consists of two parts.<ref name=ntww/> First, river Kaladan (or Kolodyne, Chhimtuipui) is being dredged and widened from the port at Sittwe to Paletwa, in Chin province, adjacent to Mizoram. This 160 km inland waterway will enable cargo ships to enter, upload and offload freight in Paletwa, Myanmar; this is expected to be complete in 2014. As second part of the project, being constructed in parallel, includes a 62 km two-lane highway from Paletwa (also known as Kaletwa or Setpyitpyin) to Lomasu, Mizoram. Additionally, an all weather multilane 100 km road from Lomasu to Lawngtlai in Mizoram is being built to connect it with the Indian National Highway 54. This part of the project is slated to be complete by 2015. Once complete, this project is expected to economically benefit trade and horticulture exports of Mizoram, as well as improve economic access to 60 million people of landlocked northeast India and Myanmar.<ref name=ntww>Nava Thakuria, [https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/northeast-india-anticipates-seaport/ Northeast India Anticipates Seaport] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525032542/https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/northeast-india-anticipates-seaport/ |date=25 May 2014 }}, The Diplomat (20 January 2014)</ref>

==Education==
[[File:ATC, Mizoram.jpg|thumb|left|Aizawl Theological College]]
{{main|Education in Mizoram}}

{{See also|List of institutions of higher education in Mizoram}}

[[File:SHSS building.jpg|thumb|left|A school campus in Mizoram]]
The first primary school was set up in 1898 at [[Aizawl|Aijal]] by Christian missionaries. The state has long enjoyed higher literacy rates than average literacy rates for India. In 1961, the literacy was 51%.<ref>C. Nunthara (2002), Mizoram: Society and Polity, {{ISBN|978-8173870590}}, pp 37–39</ref> By [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], it had reached 92%, compared to 74% average for India.<ref name=ppimizo/> Mizoram is second only to [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|last=India Gov|title=India 2010 – A Reference Annual|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/profile.php?id=13|publisher=India Gov Website|access-date=10 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927023601/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/profile.php?id=13|archive-date=27 September 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

There were 3,894 schools in Mizoram as of 2012. Of these, 42% are publicly owned and managed by Central/State governments, 28% are private without government subsidies, 21% are private with government subsidies, and the rest are primary and middle schools that are government-financed by run by three Autonomous District Councils of Mizoram. The teacher-pupil [[ratio]] is about 1:20 for primary, 1:9 for middle School, 1:13 for high, and 1:15 for higher secondary schools.<ref name=ppimizo/>

There are several educational establishments under the umbrella of the Ministry of Education, including universities, colleges, and other institutions. Within [[Mizoram University]], there are 29 undergraduate departments including two professional institutions affiliated with the university. The state had 22 other colleges, and the total college enrolment was approximately 10,600 students in 2012.<ref name=ppimizo/> Other well known institutes are [[National Institute of Technology Mizoram]], [[ICFAI University, Mizoram]], [[College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram]] and [[Regional Institute of Paramedical and Nursing Aizawl]].

==Culture==
{{main|Mizo culture}}

The growth of Christianity, scholars state,<ref>Z. Hlawndo, a Study of the Cultural Factors in the Foreign Missions Thinking of the Mizoram Presbyterian Church, PhD Thesis (Awarded), University of Birmingham (2011)</ref> was shaped from a foundation of cultural, religious and socio-political structure.

A consequence of Hnatlang was the culture of [[Tlawmngaihna|{{lang|lus|Tlâwmngaihna|cat=no}}]], which does not have a direct English translation. {{lang|lus|Tlâwmngaihna}} as cultural concept incorporates behaviour that is self-sacrificing, self-denying, doing what an occasion demands unselfishly and without concern for inconvenience caused, persevering, stoical, stout-hearted, plucky, brave, firm, independent, loath to lose one's good reputation.<ref>James Dokhuma, "Tlawmngaihna" in Meichher, Vol XI, No. 11, April 1976</ref><ref name=nepa>Nevill Parry, {{Google books|ZZsJAQAAIAAJ|Lushai Custom: A monograph on customs and ceremonies}}</ref><ref>K. Thanzauva, ''Mizo Tlawmngaihna and Nishkama Karma'', in United Theological College Magazine, 1984.</ref>

Several other cultural elements of [[Mizo Chieftainship|ancient Mizo tribes]], some of which became less prevalent after arrival of Christianity, included:<ref name=nepa/><ref name=sucha>Suhas Chatterjee (1995), Mizo Chiefs and the Chiefdom, {{ISBN|978-8185880723}}</ref>
*''Zawlbuk'': a place near the chief's home, which served as defence camp in times of war, as well as "bachelor house" where the youth gathered and centre of village life.<ref name=nepa/><ref name="sucha"/>
*''Pathian'': the term for god, to whom prayers and hymns were recited. The evil spirits were called ''ramhuai''.<ref name=sucha/>
*''Nula-rim'': the method of courtship in ancient culture. Courtship, pre-marital sex and polygamy were accepted. The man and the woman could have many partners. If the woman got pregnant, the man was required either marry or pay a substantial sum called ''sawnman''. If the woman's parents discover the relationship, they had a right to demand a payment called ''khumpuikaiman''. While pre-marital sex was accepted, a woman who was virgin at marriage was more highly esteemed than one who was not.<ref name=nepa/>
*''Pathlawi'': a divorced man.<ref name=nepa/>
*''Ramri lehkha'': a boundary drawing that identified a chief's tenured land called ''ram''. Only the chief owned the land, and this ownership was hereditary. The tribe and village worked and harvested the land.<ref name=nepa/><ref name=sucha/>

===Traditional festivals===
[[File:Zamluang.jpg|thumb|Darkhuang, Zamluang or jamluang – a traditional musical instrument found in Mizoram.Other instruments include khuang (drum), dar (cymbals), as well as bamboo-based phenglawng, tuium and tawtawrawt.<ref>Thanmawia [http://www.dipr.mizoram.gov.in/article/heritage-of-mizo-traditional-music-(an-overview) Heritage of Mizo Traditional Music (An Overview)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428073505/http://www.dipr.mizoram.gov.in/article/heritage-of-mizo-traditional-music-(an-overview) |date=28 April 2015 }} Government of Mizoram</ref>]]
Traditional festivals in Mizoram often revolved around stages of jhum cultivation or the seasons.<ref name=ripac>Rintluanga Pachuau, Mizoram: A Study in Comprehensive Geography, {{ISBN|81-7211-264-5}}, pp 8–10</ref> Community festivals were called ''kut'' in the local language, and there were major and minor kuts such as [[Chapchar Kut]], Thalfavang Kut, [[Mim Kut]] and [[Pawl Kut]]. [[Chapchar Kut]] was the festival of spring (February/March), just before jhum started and land was cut-and-burnt for a new crop. Chapchar Kut was most anticipated by youth, a major festival and involved dancing and feasts. Thalfavang Kut celebrated completion of weeding of the jhum crop fields.<ref>[http://tourism.mizoram.gov.in/page/thalfavang-kut.html Thalfavang Kut] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718023958/http://tourism.mizoram.gov.in/page/thalfavang-kut.html |date=18 July 2014 }} Department of Tourism, Mizoram Government</ref>

[[Chapchar Kut]] was reintroduced and revived in 1973 by Mizo people to celebrate their heritage. Before Christianity arrived in Mizoram, home-brewed alcohol and many meat delicacies were part of the Chapchar celebrations. Now, with Mizoram's state law as a dry state, the youth busy themselves with music and community dancing.<ref>[http://mizoram.nic.in/about/chapcharkut.htm Chapchar Kut] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627011510/http://mizoram.nic.in/about/chapcharkut.htm |date=27 June 2014 }} Government of Mizoram</ref> Along with reviving traditional festivals, the community has been reviving the traditional dances at these festivals, for example, dances such as Cheraw, Khuallam, Chheihlam and Chai.<ref>[http://tourism.mizoram.gov.in/page/chapchar-kut.html CHAPCHAR KUT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718022416/http://tourism.mizoram.gov.in/page/chapchar-kut.html |date=18 July 2014 }} Dept of Tourism, Govt of Mizoram</ref>

==Performing arts==
[[File:Chapchar Kut cheraw dance 2014.webm|thumb|left|[[Chapchar Kut]] [[cheraw dance]] in Mizoram. Chapchar Kut festival is celebrated during March after completion of their most arduous task of Jhum operation i.e., jungle-clearing (clearing of the remnants of burning).]]
Mizoram has many traditional dances, such as:
*''[[Cheraw dance|Cheraw]]'' – a dance that involves men holding bamboo close to the floor. They tap the sticks open and close with the rhythm of the music. Women in colourful dresses dance on top, stepping in between and out of the bamboo with the music. It requires coordination and skill.<ref name=nepa/>
*''[[Khual Lam]]'' – a mixed-gender dance that traditionally celebrated successfully hunting with swaying cloth with singing and music.<ref>Kurian, J. C., & Varte, R. T. (1995), Crerow and Khuallam Dances of Mizos, Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes, Vol 1, {{ISBN|978-8171412983}}, Chapter 8</ref>
[[File:Dance of Mizoram.jpg|thumb|Dance of Mizoram]]
*''[[Chheih Lam]]'' – typically performed over cool evenings with rice beer, people sit in a circle with two or more dancers in the centre; they sing with impromptu often humorous compositions about recent events or guests between them with music and dancers keeping up. The song was called ''Chheih Hla''. Mizo people have tried to introduce the Chheih Lam during church sermons with controversy.<ref>Zama, Margaret (2006), [http://indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/IFL/article/view/311/329 Globalization and the Mizo Story] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423165709/http://indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/IFL/article/view/311/329 |date=23 April 2015 }}, Indian Folklife, No 22, pp 10–11</ref>
*''Chai Lam'' – an important dance at the [[Chapchar Kut]], this places the musicians in the centre while men and women in colourful dresses alternate and form a circle; the women held the men at their waist, while men held the women at their shoulders; they step forward to move in circles while swaying left and right with the music. A song may be sung which is also called ''Chai''.<ref name=nepa/>

===Sports===
[[File:Lammual Stadium.jpg|thumb|left|Lammual Stadium]]
{{Main|Sports in Mizoram}}

Mizoram's first football league debuted in October 2012. The Mizoram Premiere League had eight teams during the 2012–2013 season and is the highest level league in Mizoram. The eight clubs include Aizawl, Chanmari, Dinthar, FC Kulikawn, Luangmual, Mizoram, RS Annexe, and Reitlang. The season starts each year in October and wraps up with the finals in March.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khanna |first=Rakesh |title=Mizoram with Rakesh Khanna: Wandering through the busy streets of the capital of Mizoram—its colourful neighbourhoods leaning jauntily on the steep hillsides, with hardly a piece of litter in sight—you will realise that there's a lot going on in the city |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1285445467 |publisher=Living Media India, Limited |id={{ProQuest|1285445467}} |access-date=25 May 2022 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406070006/https://www.proquest.com/docview/1285445467 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Aizawl FC]] is an Indian professional football club that competes in the [[I-League]], the second tier of [[Indian football league system]].

==Tourism==
[[File:Kawpi Waterfall - panoramio.jpg|thumb|upright|Kawpi Waterfall]]
{{Main|Tourism in Mizoram}}

{{see also|Tourism in North East India}}

===Domestic tourists===

The state requires Indian citizens to have an [[Inner Line Permit]]. This is available from the [[Liaison officer]], [[government of Mizoram]] in [[Kolkata]], [[Silchar]], [[Shillong]], [[Guwahati]] and [[New Delhi]]. Those arriving by air can obtain a 15-day visit pass at [[Lengpui Airport|Lengpui airport, Aizawl]] by submitting photographs and paying the fee of {{INRConvert|120}}.<ref name=visitmizo>[http://tourism.mizoram.gov.in/page/entry-formalities.html ENTRY FORMALITIES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718021705/http://tourism.mizoram.gov.in/page/entry-formalities.html |date=18 July 2014 }} Department of Tourism, Govt of Mizoram</ref>

===International tourists===

Almost all foreign nationals can get the required Protected Area Permit on arrival, and face the same requirements as domestic tourists. However, they additionally have to register themselves with state police within 24 hours of arrival, a formality that most resorts can provide. Citizens of [[Afghanistan]], [[China]] and [[Pakistan]] and foreign nationals having their origin in these countries are required to get the pass through the Indian consulate or from the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] in New Delhi, before they arrive in Mizoram.<ref name=visitmizo/>

===Attractions===
Mizoram is a place with flora and fauna rich landscape and pleasant climate.<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2008) '' A pocket guide to the birds of Mizoram''. Gibbon Books & The Rhino Foundation for Nature in North East India, Guwahati, [[India|IN]]. 122pp. [Supported by Oriental Bird Club, UK]</ref>

The state is a bird watcher's destination. For [[Mrs. Hume's pheasant]] (''Syrmaticus humiae''), Mizoram is a stronghold.<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2002). ''Survey of Mrs Hume's pheasant in North East India''. Technical Report No. 5. The Rhino Foundation for Nature in NE India, Guwahati, [[India|IN]]. 30pp. [Final report to the Oriental Bird Club, UK]</ref> [[Wild water buffalo]], [[Sumatran rhinoceros]], [[elephant]]s and other mammals have been spotted in the past.<ref>{{Citation | last = Choudhury | first = AU | year = 1997 | title = The status of the Sumatran rhinoceros in north-eastern India | journal = Oryx | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 151–52 | doi=10.1017/s0030605300022043| doi-access = free }}.</ref><ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2010). ''The vanishing herds: wild water buffalo''. Gibbon Books & The Rhino Foundation for Nature in NE India, Guwahati, [[India|IN]]. 184pp. [Supported by CEPF & Taiwan Forestry Bureau]</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Choudhury | first = AU | year = 2001 | title = The wild elephant ''Elephas maximus'' in Mizoram | journal = J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. | volume = 98 | number = 3 | pages = 439–41}}.</ref>

==Issues==
===Chakmaland===
{{main|Chakma people}}

Having an estimated population of more than 100,000 per [[2011 Indian census]], the Chakmas have been demanding to convert the existing [[Chakma Autonomous District Council]] in Mizoram into a Union territory.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Taba Ajum |date=21 September 2017 |title=SC verdict on Chakmas, Hajongs could prove catastrophic for Arunachal |newspaper=Arunachal Times |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2017/09/21/sc-verdict-on-chakmas-hajongs-could-prove-catastrophic-for-arunachal/ |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518090422/https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2017/09/21/sc-verdict-on-chakmas-hajongs-could-prove-catastrophic-for-arunachal/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Alcohol prohibition===
In 1996, the government of Mizoram banned liquor. The church leaders (Mizoram Kohhran Hruaitute Committee) argue that state government should keep the ban and not seek to amend the law, while others argue prohibition should be lifted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20090606/1269373.html|title=Mizoram Church no to liquor ban Act amendment Aizawl|date=6 June 2009|work=webindia123|publisher=Suni Systems|access-date=25 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524145549/http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20090606/1269373.html|archive-date=24 May 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> However, it has been difficult to enforce the ban due to the high demand for alcohol.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Mizoram-likely-to-lift-liquor-ban-draft-bill-in-house-soon/articleshow/30206676.cms Mizoram likely to lift liquor ban] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214160447/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Mizoram-likely-to-lift-liquor-ban-draft-bill-in-house-soon/articleshow/30206676.cms |date=14 February 2014 }} The Times of India</ref>

In 2008, the Mizoram Excise and Narcotics (Wine) Rules amended the ban of 1996 to allow the manufacture, export, sale, possession and consumption of [[wine]] in Mizoram made from [[grapes]] and [[guava]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://police.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/files/mltp-act-wine-rules.pdf |title=The Mizoram Excise & Narcotics (Wine) Rules, 2008 |access-date=12 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707024127/https://police.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/files/mltp-act-wine-rules.pdf |archive-date=7 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which would help the economy of the state, reduce fruit waste from farms, and encourage large scale commercialisation. In 2011 the bill was amended to include [[apple]], [[ginger]], [[passion fruit]], [[peach]] and [[pear]] wine.<ref>[http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2011/07/29/mizoram-amends-liquor-law-for-more-wine/ Mizoram amends liquor law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522123909/http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2011/07/29/mizoram-amends-liquor-law-for-more-wine/ |date=22 May 2014 }} ''The Shillong Times''</ref>

In 2013, the state assembly unanimously passed a resolution to study the impact of liquor prohibition.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/mizoram-assembly-clears-liquor-prohibition-amendment-bill-113072300400_1.html Mizoram Assembly clears Liquor Prohibition (Amendment) Bill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022221948/http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/mizoram-assembly-clears-liquor-prohibition-amendment-bill-113072300400_1.html |date=22 October 2014 }} Business Standard (23 July 2013)</ref> In 2014, the state's narcotics minister noted that the liquor ban had produced some serious problems in Mizo society due to the drinking of spurious and unhealthy (locally made) liquor, known as ''[[Zu (beverage)|zu]]''. The government suggested it would introduce an amended liquor bill allowing retail shops to operate in Aizawl and other district headquarters to sell liquor – but not in bars. Furthermore, they would not consult the powerful church on the issue.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/>

The Mizoram Liquor Prohibition and Control bill of 2014 was repealed on 20 March 2019 with the Mizoram Liquor Prohibition Bill 2019,<ref>{{cite web |title=Mizoram passes Bill for total prohibition |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/mizoram/mizoram-passes-bill-for-total-prohibition-5636784/ |website=indianexpress |access-date=21 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321110341/https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/mizoram/mizoram-passes-bill-for-total-prohibition-5636784/ |archive-date=21 March 2019 |url-status=live |date=21 March 2019 }}</ref> it was a legislation promised by the [[Mizo National Front]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mizoram goes dry again as Assembly passes Liquor Prohibition Bill 2019 |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/mizoram-goes-dry-again-as-assembly-passes-liquor-prohibition-bill-2019.html |website=nenow |date=20 March 2019 |access-date=21 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321110102/https://nenow.in/north-east-news/mizoram-goes-dry-again-as-assembly-passes-liquor-prohibition-bill-2019.html |archive-date=21 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Rat problems===
{{main|Mautam}}

Every 50 years, the [[Mautam]] bamboo blooms and its high-protein seeds lead to an explosion in the [[black rat]] population in the jungle, also referred to as the rat flood, which has historically destroyed entire villages' food supplies after rats move on to farm fields and devour crops. The 1958–59 plague provoked a rural uprising during which the indigenous Mizo people launched a violent 20-year rebellion against the central government. The dispute only saw final resolution in 1986.<ref>{{Citation | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1550612/Indian-farmers-braced-for-rat-plague.html | title = Indian farmers braced for rat plague | newspaper = The daily Telegraph | place = [[United Kingdom|UK]] | date = 3 May 2007 | last1 = Foster | first1 = Peter | access-date = 5 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171003070549/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1550612/Indian-farmers-braced-for-rat-plague.html | archive-date = 3 October 2017 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}.</ref> The 48-year rat problem recurred in Mizoram in 2006–08.<ref>[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/03/photogalleries/bamboo-rat-plague-missions/ PHOTOS: Rat Attack in India Set Off by Bamboo Flowering] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524133254/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/03/photogalleries/bamboo-rat-plague-missions/ |date=24 May 2014 }} National Geographic (March 2009)</ref> The crops suffered massive damage, with yields at 30-year lows; the crop yields recovered sharply to pre-mautam levels in 2009 after the mautam flowering.<ref>Aplin, K., & Lalsiamliana, J. (2010), Chronicles and impacts of the 2005–09 mautam in Mizoram, in [http://books.irri.org/9789712202575_content.pdf Rodent outbreaks: Ecology and Impacts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604004129/http://books.irri.org/9789712202575_content.pdf |date=4 June 2015 }}, International Rice Research Institute, {{ISBN|978-971-22-0257-5}}, pp 13–48</ref>

==Media and communication==
:''See also [[Mizo language#Newspaper|Newspapers in Mizoram]].''
Mizoram's media is growing quickly. Internet access is average, and private television cable channels are popular.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.panchayatportals.gov.in/web/department-of-panchyati-raj-mizoram/hidden/-/asset_publisher/h7cmn7e306iI/content/about-mizoram|website= Department of Panchayati Raj | date=2019 | title= About Mizoram |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328052720/https://www.panchayatportals.gov.in/web/department-of-panchyati-raj-mizoram/hidden/-/asset_publisher/h7cmn7e306iI/content/about-mizoram|archive-date=28 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Doordarshan]], the national television service of India provides terrestrial broadcasting services and [[All India Radio]] broadcast programmes related to the indigenous culture and local news. Broadband access is available. In addition to these, there are several websites in local dialects. Print journalism remains a popular news medium in Mizoram; local newspapers include [[Vanglaini]] and [[Zalen]]. [[The Mizoram Post]], an [[Indian English|English-language]] daily newspaper published from [[Silchar]] ([[Assam]]) was the most circulated newspaper in Mizoram, in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|title=Silchar's The Mizoram Post is Mizoram's "largest" paper|url=http://www.misual.com/2007/01/18/silchar%E2%80%99s-the-mizoram-post-is-mizoram%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%9Clargest%E2%80%9D-paper/|website=misual.com|date=18 January 2007|access-date=22 December 2020|archive-date=12 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112033225/http://www.misual.com/2007/01/18/silchar%e2%80%99s-the-mizoram-post-is-mizoram%e2%80%99s-%e2%80%9clargest%e2%80%9d-paper/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Notable people==


* [[C. Rokhuma]] - Mizo scientist and founder of the Anti-Famine Campaign Organisation.
* [[Chuauṭhuama]] - Mizo Presbyterian minister, biblical scholar and theologian.
* [[Darchhawna]] – Mizo author of Hindi literature.
* [[James Dokhuma]] – Mizo academic, writer, and former insurgent.
* [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]] – Mizo footballer. Player at the Indian Super League (ISL) and Hero I-League. Former Captain of the [[India men's national football team|India national football team]].
* [[Jeremy Lalrinnunga]] – Mizo weightlifter who win Gold in International Weightlifting event.
* [[Jerry Mawihmingthanga]] – Mizo footballer who plays as a midfielder or winger for Odisha in the [[Indian Super League]].
* [[Laldenga]] (d.1990) – Mizo [[Separatism|separatist]], former party leader of the Mizo National Front (MNF) and 4th Chief Minister of Mizoram.
* [[Lalduhoma]] – politician and party leader of the Zoram People's Movement (ZPM). Former Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha) for Mizoram. 6th and current [[Chief Minister of Mizoram]]. Also served as secret service for [[Indira Gandhi]] and [[Indian Police Service]][IPS].
* [[Lallianzuala Chhangte]] – Mizo footballer who plays as a midfielder or winger for Mumbai in the [[Indian Super League]].
* [[Lalremsiami]] – hockey player representing India in several International Hockey Events.
* [[Lalrindika Ralte]] – Mizo Footballer. Player at the [[Indian Super League]] (ISL) and Hero I-League. Currently the captain of [[East Bengal F.C.]]
* [[Lalsangzuali Sailo]] (d.2006)- a singer, songwriter, poet, [[All India Radio]] "A" grade artist and a recipient of [[Padma Shree]] Award.
* [[Lalsawma]] – Indian social worker, missionary and peace negotiator during the [[Mizo unrest]].
* [[Lal Thanhawla]] – former Chief Minister of Mizoram and leader of the [[Indian National Congress|Mizoram Congress Party]].
* [[Nuchhungi Renthlei]] (d.2002) – founder of Girls' Auxiliary, a poet, a singer and a school teacher, the first Mizo woman to receive the Padma Shri award
* [[Robert Lalthlamuana]] – Mizo footballer. Player at the Indian Super League (ISL) and Hero I-League.
* [[Sangthankima]] – Mizo social worker and humanitarian. Founder of Thutak Nunpuitu Team.
* [[Shylo Malsawmtluanga]] – Mizo footballer. Former player at the Hero I-League. Current player of the Mizoram Premier League (MPL).
* [[Ziona]] (d.2021) – a polygamous man with 38 wives and numerous children and grandchildren. His family holds the record for the World's Largest Family.
* [[Zoramthanga]] – former Chief Minister of Mizoram and current party leader of the Mizo National Front (MNF).*

===Chiefs===
* [[Lallula]] (d.1807) – Established the Sailo dynasty in the Lushai Hills.
*[[Lalsavunga]] – Founded the original site of [[Aizawl]].
* [[Khalkam]] (d.1891) – Son of Sukpilal, organiser of the [[Lushai Rising|Western Lushai Rising]].
* [[Lalbura]] (1843–1933) – Son of Vanhnuailiana, organiser of the [[Lushai Rising|Eastern Lushai Rising]]
* [[Mângpawrha]] – Son of Lallula, consolidated Sailo rule in the western Lushai Hills.
* [[Pâwibâwia]] (1852–1892) – Anti-British chief during Lushai Expedition and Lushai Rising.
* [[Sibuta]] – Infamous chief and patron of the Sibuta Lung.
* [[Suakpuilala]] (d.1881) – First and only chief to sign a sunnad with the British under Sir [[John Ware Edgar]].
* [[Ropuiliani]] (d.1895) – Mizo chieftainess who fiercely resisted [[British rule in the Lushai Hills|British colonial rule]].
* [[Rothangpuia]] – Friendly chief and ally of [[Thomas Herbert Lewin]] who participated in the [[Lushai Expedition]] together.
* [[Vanhnuailiana]] (d.1871) – Famous Eastern Mizo chief.
* [[Laltheri]] – Mizo princess and poet, known as a figure of a love tragedy.
* [[Zakapa]] (d.1914) – Organiser of the [[Lushai Rising|Southern Lushai Rising]], his actions and legacy led to the creation of the Zakapa award for women's achievements.

===Pasalṭha (warriors)===
* [[Khuangchera]] (d.1890) – Mizo [[Pasalṭha]] and (declared) Indian freedom fighter.
* [[Taitesena]] (d.1904) – Mizo [[Pasalṭha]] known for volunteering and hunting.
* [[Saizahawla]] (b.1858) – Mizo [[Pasalṭha]] known for wrestling and athleticism.
* [[Chawngbawla]] – Mizo [[Pasalṭha]] known for fighting in the [[North-South War of the Lushai Hills]]
* [[Zampuimanga]] – Mizo [[Pasalṭha]] known for serving [[Lalsavunga]] and hunting tigers.
* [[Vana Pa]] – Mizo [[Pasalṭha]] known as a tactician and counsellor. Vanapa Hall has been named in his honour.

==See also==
{{Portal|Geography|Asia|India}}
* [[Outline of India]]
* [[Bibliography of India]]
* [[Mizo Hlakungpui Mual]]
* [[Mizo music]]
* [[Insurgency in Northeast India]]
* [[1997 ethnic violence and displacement of Bru-Reang]]
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book |last1=Hluna |first1=John V.|last2=Tochhawng |first2 = Rini |title=The Mizo Uprising: Assam assembly debates on the Mizo Movement. 1966–1971 |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University press |isbn=978-1-4438-4042-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/mizouprisingassa0000hlun/mode/2up |access-date=24 February 2025}}
*{{cite book |last=Lalthangliana |first=B. |date=2006 |title=Culture and Folklore of Mizoram |url=https://archive.org/details/culturefolkloreo00lalt|location=Aizawl |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|isbn=978-81-230-2658-9}}
*{{cite book |last=Maithani |first=B.P. |date=2005 |title=Shifting Cultivation in North-East India: Policy Issues and Options |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKRKSys8KpsC |location=New Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=81-8324-029-1 |access-date=17 July 2025}}
*{{cite book |last=Nunthara |first=C |date=1996 |title=Mizoram: Society and Polity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jksn3c85KOkC&dq=mizo+chief&pg=PA24 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |page=42 |isbn=81-7387-059-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Samuelson |first=Ramchuani Sena|date=1985 |title=Love Mizoram|location=Imphal |publisher=Goodwill Press}}
*{{cite book |last=Zorema |first=J. |date=2007 |title=Indirect Rule in Mizoram: 1890–1954 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYwpt38dYIIC&dq=bawi+lushai&pg=PR7 |location=New Delhi |oclc=271837683 |ol=48056042M |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-229-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Daman |date=1996 |title=The Last Frontier: people and forests in Mizoram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HXuCEAAAQBAJ&q=mizo+history |location=India |publisher=Tata Energy Research Institute|isbn=81-85419-17-5}}

==Further reading==
#B. Hamlet, Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Mizoram, Volume 5, {{ISBN|8170997925}}
#C. Nunthara, Mizoram: Society and Polity, {{ISBN|978-8173870590}}
#T. Raatan, Encyclopaedia of North-east India: Arunachal Pradesh Manipur Mizoram, {{ISBN|978-8178350684}}
#Zoramdinthara, Mizo Fiction: Emergence and Development, {{ISBN|978-93-82395-16-4}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
'''Government'''
* {{official website}}
* [https://tourism.mizoram.gov.in/ Official Tourism Site of Mizoram] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230225929/https://tourism.mizoram.gov.in/ |date=30 December 2017 }}

'''General information'''
* {{osmrelation-inline|2029046}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Mizoram
|North = [[Assam]]
|Northeast = [[Manipur]]
|East = Chin State, [[Myanmar]]
|Southeast =
|South =
|Southwest = [[Chittagong Division]], Bangladesh
|West = [[Tripura]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{Mizoram}}
{{North East India}}
{{States and territories of India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mizoram| ]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]
[[Category:Northeast India]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1987]]
[[Category:Tourism in Northeast India]]

Priyal Gor

2026-02-10T02:36:37Z

Glasierwellness: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|Indian television actress}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Priyal Gor
| image = Priyal Gor at Colors Indian Telly Awards (cropped).jpg
| caption = Priyal Gor at Colors' [[Indian Telly Awards]], 2012
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2010–present
| known_for = ''[[Icchapyari Naagin]]''
| height_m =
}}

'''Priyal Gor''' is an Indian television and film actress. She is known for starring as Iccha in the romantic fantasy drama ''[[Ichhapyaari Naagin]]''.

== Personal life ==
Priyal Gor was born and brought up in Mumbai in a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] family.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Navya Malini |title=Don't know much of politics, but will vote for sure: Priyal Gor |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Dont-know-much-of-politics-but-will-vote-for-sure-Priyal-Gor/articleshow/33951556.cms |access-date=25 October 2015 |website=The Times of India |date=19 April 2014 |quote=A proud Gujarati, actress Priyal Gor is excited to be voting for the first time this election.}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite web |date=22 October 2014 |title=Priyal Gor to debut in Tollywood |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Priyal-Gor-to-debut-in-Tollywood/articleshow/44909572.cms |access-date=22 October 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> She has a younger brother and an elder sister.

==Career==
Gor's mother wanted her to become an actress. She started her acting career in 2010, when she got the lead female role in ''[[Ram Milaye Jodi]]''. In the same year, through a friend she got a role in Disney Channel's ''[[Ishaan: Sapno Ko Awaaz De]]''. Within 15 days of shooting for it she landed the lead female role of Mona in the [[Zee TV]] show ''[[Ram Milaye Jodi]]''.{{Dead link|date=March 2022}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Jambhekar |first=Shruti |date=30 April 2012 |title=Priyal's glowing with love |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Priyals-glowing-with-love/articleshow/12935917.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517172726/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-30/tv/31506281_1_new-soap-year-end-celebrations-priyal-gor |url-status=live |archive-date=17 May 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> At the age of seventeen<ref>Khan, Shameem (30 January 2012). [http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/jan/300112-The-really-young-brigade-on-small-screen.htm "The really young brigade on small screen"]. ''Mid-Day''.</ref> Priyal got the role of Monia/Manyata in ''[[Dekha Ek Khwaab]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pal |first=Divya |date=12 November 2011 |title=De-glam look works for me: Priyal Gor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/De-glam-look-works-for-me-Priyal-Gor/articleshow/10691209.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210204048/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-12/tv/30387564_1_glam-hoga-exams |url-status=live |archive-date=10 December 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> She also had supporting roles in ''[[Baat Hamari Pakki Hai]]'' and ''[[Ammaji Ki Galli]]''. Later she appeared in single episodes in ''[[Gumrah: End of Innocence]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Rizwan-Sikandar-Priyal-Gor-Rehaan-Roy-in-Gumrah/articleshow/15557677.cms |title=Rizwan Sikandar, Priyal Gor & Rehaan Roy in Gumrah |work=The Times of India |date=19 August 2012 |access-date=22 October 2016}}</ref> ''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Priyal-Gor-replaces-Aanchal-in-Yeh-Hai-Aashiqui/articleshow/23420900.cms |title=Priyal Gor replaces Aanchal in 'Yeh Hai Aashiqui' |work=The Times of India |date=2 October 2013 |access-date=22 October 2016}}</ref> ''MTV Webbed''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Priyal-Gor-approached-for-Endemols-next/articleshow/25985949.cms |title=Priyal Gor approached for Endemol's next |work=The Times of India |date=18 November 2013 |access-date=22 October 2016}}</ref> and ''Savdhaan India''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/No-more-bahu-beti-roles-for-me-now-Priyal-Gor/articleshow/24999601.cms |title=No more bahu, beti roles for me now: Priyal Gor |work=The Times of India |date=November 2013 |access-date=22 October 2016}}</ref> as well as a cameo in Like OK's ''Ek Boond Ishq''.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140116/ttlife1.htm "Life Style: Chatter Box: Quality over quantity"]. ''The Tribune'' (Chandigarh, India).</ref> She has also participated in the Pakistani show ''[[Madventures (ARY Digital show)|Madventures]]''. Besides she has appeared in various television and print advertisements, stating that they helped her gain more popularity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Soap-stars-get-branded/articleshow/12732292.cms |title=Soap stars get branded |work=The Times of India |date=20 April 2012 |access-date=22 October 2016}}</ref>

In 2013, she made her feature film debut with the Punjabi romantic comedy ''Just U & Me'' in which she played an [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]] named Geet.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130504/ttlife1.htm "Life Style: Couple chemistry"]. ''The Tribune'' (Chandigarh, India).</ref> She is set to debut in Telugu in 2014 with Sasi Kiran Narayana's ''[[Saheba Subramanyam]]'', which is the Telugu remake of the Malayalam film, ''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]''.<ref name="indiatimes.com"/> She played the female lead in the 2015 Malayalam film ''[[Anarkali (2015 film)|Anarkali]]'' opposite [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]].<ref>{{cite news |title=In fashion in Mollywood |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/priyal-gors-sparkling-debut-in-mollywood-with-anarkali/article7915905.ece |access-date=23 May 2016 |work=The Hindu |date=25 November 2015 |language=en-IN}}</ref> She had also signed a Malayalam film ''God Bless You'' by Benjith Baby Mylaady.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/I-always-wanted-to-do-a-Malayalam-film-Priyal-Gor/articleshow/34836128.cms |title=I always wanted to do a Malayalam film: Priyal Gor |work=The Times of India |date=8 May 2014 |access-date=22 October 2016}}</ref> In 2018, she played the lead role of a lesbian in a web-series called ''[[Maaya 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maaya 2 to Twisted: 5 Indian web series that explored lesbian relationships |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/photo/maaya-2-to-twisted-5-indian-web-series-that-explored-lesbian-relationships-1229120-2018-05-08 |website=[[India Today]]|date=8 May 2018 }}</ref> In June 2018, she joined the cast of [[Zee TV]]'s soap opera ''[[Aap Ke Aa Jane Se]]'' as Chameli.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/video/aapke-aa-jane-se-priyal-gor-enters-the-show-as-new-vedika-1266289-2018-06-21 |title=Aapke Aa Jane Se: Priyal Gor enters the show as new Vedika |work=[[India Today]] |date=21 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/whats-new-on-tv/articleshow/64622903.cms |title=What's new on TV |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 June 2018}}</ref> In 2020, she appeared as Parvathy in [[Colors TV]]'s show ''[[Naati Pinky Ki Lambi Love Story]]''. In 2021, she portrayed Mamta in [[Sony Sab]]'s show ''[[Tera Yaar Hoon Main]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/learnt-to-speak-marwari-on-the-sets-priyal-gor-whos-joined-the-show-tera-yaar-hoon-main/articleshow/85393298.cms |title=Learnt to speak Marwari on the sets: Priyal Gor who's joined the show Tera Yaar Hoon Main |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 August 2021 |language=en |access-date=15 September 2021}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language
|-
|2013
|''Just U & Me''
| Geet
|[[Cinema of the Punjab|Punjabi]]
|-
|2014
|''[[Saheba Subramanyam]]''
| Saheba
| [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]
|-
|2015
|''[[Anarkali (2015 film)|Anarkali]]''
| Nadira Imam
| [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]
|-
| 2018
| ''Chandamama Raave''
| Priya
| [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]
|-
| 2021
| ''Badnaam''
| Sonia
| rowspan="2" | [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]
|-
|2024
|''[[Maharaj (2024 film)|Maharaj]]''
| Leelavati
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|rowspan="2"|2010
|''[[Ishaan: Sapno Ko Awaaz De]]''
|Tara
|
|-
|''[[Ram Milaye Jodi]]''
|Mona Anukalp Gandhi
|
|-
|2010–2011
|''[[Baat Hamari Pakki Hai]]''
|Neelam
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Ammaji Ki Galli]]''
|Priyanka
|
|-
|2011–2012
|''[[Dekha Ek Khwaab]]''
|Moniya/Yuvrani Rajkumari Manyata Kumari
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Savdhaan India]]''
|Priyanka, Press Reporter, Episode 434
|Episodic Role
|-
|rowspan="2"|2013
|''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]''
|Mukti
| Season 1; Episode 8
|-
|''[[Madventures (Pakistani game show)|Madventures]]''
|Contestant
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
|Zohra
| Season 1
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015
|''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]''
|Utara
| Season 1
|-
|''[[MTV Big F]]''
|Shruti
| Season 1; Episode 1
|-
|2016
|''[[Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi...Let's Go]]''
|Roli
|
|-
|2016–2017
|''[[Ichhapyaari Naagin]]''
|Ichha
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein]]''
|Nikhat
| Season 3
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018
| ''[[Aap Ke Aa Jane Se]]''
| Chameli
| 9 episodes
|-
| ''[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''
| Sonia/Kajri
|Episode 15/63
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Naati Pinky Ki Lambi Love Story]]''
| Parvathy
|
|-
| 2021
|''[[Tera Yaar Hoon Main]]''
| Mamta Jaiswal
|
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
| 2018
| ''Memories''
| Priya
| 13 episodes
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2019
|''Maaya''
| Simmi
| Season 2
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-there-s-a-lot-more-in-maaya-2-than-just-the-kiss-priyal-gor-on-krishna-bhatt-s-erotic-web-drama-2620703 |title='There's a lot more in Maaya 2 than just the kiss': Priyal Gor on Krishna Bhatt's erotic web drama |website=[[DNA India]] |language=en |access-date=15 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''Love Bites''
|Shailja
|
|
|-
|''[[Abhay (TV series)|Abhay]]''
| Divya
|
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Qubool Hai 2.0]]''
|Aasma
|
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|6054963}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gor, Priyal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:1994 births]]

Pankaj Tripathi

2026-02-09T06:04:19Z

Glasierwellness: enhanced references to improve readability and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1976)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pankaj Tripathi
| image = Pankaj Tripathi World Premiere Newton Zoopalast Berlinale 2017 06.jpg
| caption = Tripathi at the [[Berlin International Film Festival]] in 2017
| birth_name = Pankaj Tiwari<ref name = "OutlookIndiaTripathi">{{cite news |date=3 May 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/how-did-pankaj-tiwari-become-pankaj-tripathi-long-before-he-dreamt-of-being-an-actor-news-194689 |url-status=live |access-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503113118/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/how-did-pankaj-tiwari-become-pankaj-tripathi-long-before-he-dreamt-of-being-an-actor-news-194689 |archive-date=3 May 2022 |title=How Did Pankaj Tiwari Become Pankaj Tripathi Long Before He Dreamt of Being an Actor? |publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] | first=Sudhirendar |last=Sharma }}</ref>
| birth_date = 5 September 1976 (age {{age|1976|9|5}})
| birth_place = [[Gopalganj District, India|Belsand]], [[Bihar]], India<ref name="TimesOfIndia-10Jun18">{{cite news |title=Story of Pankaj Tripathi: From jail cell, hotel kitchen to big screen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/story-of-pankaj-tripathi-from-jail-cell-hotel-kitchen-to-big-screen/articleshow/64529484.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 June 2018 |access-date=13 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008222358/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/story-of-pankaj-tripathi-from-jail-cell-hotel-kitchen-to-big-screen/articleshow/64529484.cms |archive-date=8 October 2018 |url-status=live |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>
| alma_mater = {{unbulleted list
|[[National School of Drama]]
|[[Institute of Hotel Management, Hajipur|Institute of Hotel Management]]}}
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2003–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Mridula Tripathi|2004}}
| children = 2
| works = [[Pankaj Tripathi filmography|Full list]]
}}

'''Pankaj Tripathi''', born as '''Pankaj Tiwari''' (5 September 1976), is an Indian actor who predominantly works in [[Hindi]] films and series.<ref name="EconomicTimes-05Sep22">{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/buzz/pankaj-tripathi-turns-46-a-look-back-at-his-iconic-films-and-roles/articleshow/94003018.cms | title=Pankaj Tripathi turns 46: A look back at his iconic films and roles | newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=5 September 2022 }}</ref><ref name="HindustanTimes-05Sep22">{{cite news | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/pankaj-tripathi-the-star-who-refuses-to-stop-experimenting-101662362907380-amp.html | title=Pankaj Tripathi the star who refuses to stop experimenting | date=5 September 2022 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |first=Sweta |last=Kaushal }}</ref> He is the recipient of two [[National Film Awards]] and a [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]]. After studying acting at the [[National School of Drama]], Tripathi had minor roles in such films as ''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]'' (2006) and ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]'' (2012), and had a supporting role in the television series ''[[Powder (TV series)|Powder]]'' (2010).

Tripathi gained recognition for his role in [[Anurag Kashyap]]'s crime drama ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur]]'' (2012), after which he had several notable supporting roles. These include ''[[Fukrey]]'' (2013), ''[[Masaan]]'' (2015), ''[[Nil Battey Sannata]]'' (2016), ''[[Bareilly Ki Barfi]]'', ''[[Fukrey Returns]]'' (both 2017), ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]'' (2018), ''[[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]'', ''[[Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl]]'' (both 2020), and ''[[83 (film)|83]]'' (2021). Tripathi has also had leading roles in several streaming series, including ''[[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]]'' (2018–present) and ''[[Criminal Justice (Indian TV series)|Criminal Justice]]'' (2019–2022), and in the streaming film ''[[Kaagaz]]'' (2021). He has also appeared in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala]]'' (2018) and the English film ''[[Extraction (2020 film)|Extraction]]'' (2020).

Tripathi won a [[National Film Award – Special Mention (Feature Film)|National Film Award – Special Mention]] for his performance in ''[[Newton (film)|Newton]]'' (2017).<ref>{{cite news |title=National Film Awards 2018 complete winners list: Sridevi named Best Actress; Newton is Best Hindi Film |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/national-film-awards-2018-complete-winners-list-sridevi-named-best-actress-newton-is-best-hindi-film-4429915.html |work=Firstpost |date=13 April 2018 |access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref> His performance in [[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|''Mimi'']] (2021) won him the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|National Film Award]] and the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]].<ref name="DeccanChronicle-14Apr18">{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/videos/pankaj-tripathi-gets-a-special-mention-for-his-performance-in-newton-at-65th-national-awards.html |title=Pankaj Tripathi Gets A Special Mention For His Performance In Newton At 65Th National Awards |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=14 April 2018 |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415083906/https://deccanchronicle.com/videos/pankaj-tripathi-gets-a-special-mention-for-his-performance-in-newton-at-65th-national-awards.html |archive-date=15 April 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Firstpost-13Apr18">{{cite news|title=National Film Awards 2018 complete winners list: Sridevi named Best Actress; Newton is Best Hindi Film|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/national-film-awards-2018-complete-winners-list-sridevi-named-best-actress-newton-is-best-hindi-film-4429915.html|access-date=13 April 2018|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=13 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413192729/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/national-film-awards-2018-complete-winners-list-sridevi-named-best-actress-newton-is-best-hindi-film-4429915.html|archive-date=13 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> He has since starred in the social satire ''[[OMG 2]]'' (2023) and the comedy horror sequel ''[[Stree 2]]'' (2024).

==Early life==
Tripathi was born on 5 September in either 1975<ref name="HindustanTimes-05Sep22"/> or 1976<ref name="EconomicTimes-05Sep22"/> in Belsand village of [[Barauli, Bihar|Barauli]] in the [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj District]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Bihar]] to Pandit Benares Tiwari and Hemwanti Tiwari as the youngest of their four children.<ref name="TimesOfIndia-10Jun18"/><ref name="News18-05Sep22">{{cite news | url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/pankaj-tripathi-birthday-special-10-dialogues-that-prove-his-acting-prowess-5880703.html | title=Pankaj Tripathi Birthday Special! 10 Dialogues That Prove His Acting Prowess | date=5 September 2022 |work=News18 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Unfiltered By Samdish ft. Pankaj Tripathi {{!}} Full Video | date=20 May 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ozwfKTi461k |access-date=20 May 2022 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media | date=5 April 2016 | title=Guftagoo with Pankaj Tripathi | publisher=Rajya Sabha TV |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JqN-NieNGvo |via=YouTube}}</ref>

His father worked as a farmer and [[Hindu priest]].<ref name="TimesOfIndia-10Jun18"/> Tripathi's original last name was [[Tiwari]], which he changed legally to [[Tripathi]] in school as a 9th grader.<ref name="OutlookIndiaTripathi" /> Tripathi also worked as a farmer with his father until he was in the 11th standard at school. During the festive seasons, he used to play the role of a girl in his village's local play (''[[Hindi theatre|natak]])''.<ref name="db">{{cite news|title=Oscar में इस बिहारी एक्टर की मूवी, अभी भी मिट्टी के चूल्हे पर बनता है खाना|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-HMU-pankaj-tripathi-newton-nominated-for-oscar-5702111-PHO.html|access-date=29 September 2017|work=dainikbhaskar|date=22 September 2017|language=hi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201142638/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-HMU-pankaj-tripathi-newton-nominated-for-oscar-5702111-PHO.html|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Tripathi moved to [[Patna]] after high school where he studied at [[Institute of Hotel Management, Hajipur]].<ref name="TimesOfIndia-10Jun18"/> After his seven-year stay in [[Patna]], he moved to [[Delhi]] to enroll in the [[National School of Drama]], from where he graduated in 2004.<ref>{{cite news|first=Danish |last=Raza|title=Pankaj Tripathi, the scene-stealer of 'Gurgaon'|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/pankaj-tripathi-the-scene-stealer-of-gurgaon/story-47lVowafdXhQJKUQPbelJJ.html|access-date=29 September 2017|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=5 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003174449/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/pankaj-tripathi-the-scene-stealer-of-gurgaon/story-47lVowafdXhQJKUQPbelJJ.html|archive-date=3 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Scroll-20Apr16">{{cite news |last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|title=The Pankaj Tripathi interview: 'The audience should be in the same room as the character'|url=https://thereel.scroll.in/806894/the-pankaj-tripathi-interview-the-audience-should-be-in-the-same-room-as-the-character|access-date=30 September 2017|work=[[Scroll.in]]|date=20 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824210301/http://thereel.scroll.in/806894/the-pankaj-tripathi-interview-the-audience-should-be-in-the-same-room-as-the-character|archive-date=24 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==

=== Early work (2004–2015) ===
After appearing in a small role in the [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]]-language drama ''[[Chigurida Kanasu]]'' (2003), Tripathi moved to [[Mumbai]] in 2004. His first role in [[Hindi cinema]] was as a politician in a [[Tata Tea]] advertisement, followed by an uncredited role in the romantic action film ''[[Run (2004 film)|Run]]'' (2004).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyo.in/arts/pankaj-tripathi-sacred-games-2-what-makes-india-drool-over-a-middle-aged-man-nmo/story/1/31932.html|title='Tripathi bach jayega!' Decoding Pankaj Tripathi and why India's drooling over this middle-aged guy|website=www.dailyo.in|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828024648/https://www.dailyo.in/arts/pankaj-tripathi-sacred-games-2-what-makes-india-drool-over-a-middle-aged-man-nmo/story/1/31932.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="IndianExpress-04Sep19">{{Cite news |date=4 September 2019 |title=First of Many: Pankaj Tripathi revisits Run |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/pankaj-tripathi-first-of-many-debut-film-run-5809550/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318052928/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/pankaj-tripathi-first-of-many-debut-film-run-5809550/ |archive-date=18 March 2020 |access-date=18 March 2020 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |first=Mimansa |last=Shekhar }}</ref>
[[File:Pankaj Tripathi.jpg|thumb|upright|Tripathi at a press conference in 2011]]
During the early period of his career, he mostly played antagonistic roles and became synonymous with gangster characters.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kaushal|first=Ruchi|title='Nil Battey Sannata' is my story: Pankaj Tripathi – Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Nil-Battey-Sannata-is-my-story-Pankaj-Tripathi/articleshow/51940287.cms|access-date=29 September 2017|work=The Times of India|date=28 January 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170611165011/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Nil-Battey-Sannata-is-my-story-Pankaj-Tripathi/articleshow/51940287.cms|archive-date=11 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Don't like people appreciating my negative roles: Pankaj Tripathi|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dont-like-people-appreciating-my-negative-roles-pankaj-tripathi-2777706/|access-date=1 October 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=30 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003174647/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dont-like-people-appreciating-my-negative-roles-pankaj-tripathi-2777706/|archive-date=3 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> He appeared in various Hindi films in minor roles, including ''[[Bunty Aur Babli]]'' (2005), ''[[Apaharan]]'' (2005), ''[[Omkara (2006 film)|''Omkara'']]'' (2006), ''[[Shaurya]]'' (2008), ''[[Raavan (2010 film)|Raavan]]'' (2010), ''[[Aakrosh (2010 film)|Aakrosh]]'' (2010), ''[[Chillar Party]]'' (2011), and ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]'' (2012).

He also appeared in the TV series ''Bahubali'' and the crime drama TV series ''[[Powder (TV series)|Powder]]'' (2010) on [[Sony TV]], as well as in a few [[Soap opera|daily soaps]] such as ''Zindagi Ka Har Rang...Gulaal'' (2010–11) and ''[[Sarojini - Ek Nayi Pehal]]'' (2015–16).

In 2012, he played his first major screen role as Sultan in the crime drama duology ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Joshi|first=Namrata|title=Acting is like a journey into unexplored terrain, says Pankaj Tripathi|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/acting-is-like-a-journey-into-unexplored-terrain/article19715919.ece|access-date=29 September 2017|work=The Hindu|date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127113420/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/acting-is-like-a-journey-into-unexplored-terrain/article19715919.ece|archive-date=27 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kaala Karikaalan actor Pankaj Tripathi: Gurgaon is a very special film for me|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/gangs-of-wasseypur-actor-pankaj-tripathi-gurgaon-is-a-very-special-film-for-me-4741452/|access-date=1 October 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=8 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003174649/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/gangs-of-wasseypur-actor-pankaj-tripathi-gurgaon-is-a-very-special-film-for-me-4741452/|archive-date=3 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> It proved to be Tripathi's breakthrough and brought him recognition, post which he continued to star in minor roles in films such as the action films ''[[Dabangg 2]]'' (2012), ''[[Gunday]]'' (2014)'', [[Singham Returns]]'' (2014) and ''[[Dilwale (2015 film)|Dilwale]]'' (2015)''.''

=== Acclaimed actor (2016–present) ===
Tripathi's first film as a lead actor was the neo-noir thriller ''[[Gurgaon (film)|Gurgaon]]'' (2017), which earned critical acclaim but emerged as a commercial disaster at the [[Box office]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 August 2017 |first=Sweta |last=Kaushal |title=Gurgaon movie review: You wouldn't want to be trapped in this dark, mean world |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/gurgaon-movie-review-pankaj-tripathi-shines-in-this-dark-twisted-and-mean-family-saga/story-6jMs24f6w389sPYzbKlIUJ.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619054836/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/gurgaon-movie-review-pankaj-tripathi-shines-in-this-dark-twisted-and-mean-family-saga/story-6jMs24f6w389sPYzbKlIUJ.html |archive-date=19 June 2020 |access-date=18 March 2020 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurgaon - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3573 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> The same year, he also appeared in pivotal roles in several critical and commercially successful films such as the romantic comedy-drama ''[[Bareilly Ki Barfi]]'' and the comedy ''[[Fukrey Returns]]''. He followed it up with the black comedy-drama [[Newton (film)|''Newton'']] alongside [[Rajkummar Rao]], which earned him his first nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]]. ''Newton'' was also [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|India's official entry]] for the [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film]] at the [[90th Academy Awards]].<ref>{{cite news |date=22 September 2017 |title='Newton' is India's official entry to Oscars 2018 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/newton-indias-official-entry-for-the-oscars/article19734480.ece |access-date=30 September 2017 }}</ref>

In 2018, he starred alongside Rao and [[Shraddha Kapoor]] in the horror comedy [[Stree (2018 film)|''Stree'']], which earned him high critical acclaim and the [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor]], in addition to his second nomination for the [[Filmfare Award]] for Best Supporting Actor. Later that year, he made his debut in [[Tamil cinema]] with the [[Rajinikanth]]-starrer action drama ''[[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala]]''.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 September 2017 |title=Rajini is my idol, working with him has been so enriching: Pankaj Tripathi on 'Kaala' |work=The News Minute |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rajini-my-idol-working-him-has-been-so-enriching-pankaj-tripathi-kaala-68846 |url-status=dead |access-date=1 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003125337/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rajini-my-idol-working-him-has-been-so-enriching-pankaj-tripathi-kaala-68846 |archive-date=3 October 2017}}</ref> The same year, he also starred as Akhandanand Tripathi a.k.a. "Kaleen Bhaiya", a mafia don in the [[Amazon Prime]] crime drama thriller web series ''[[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]]'' (2018–present) which earned him widespread critical acclaim and recognition, and a nomination for the [[Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Award]] for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for the second season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2018 |title=Mirzapur Review: Pankaj Tripathi and Ali Fazal's web series is an entertaining gorefest |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/reviews/movies/article/mirzapur-review-pankaj-tripathi-and-ali-fazals-web-series-is-an-entertaining-gorefest/315481 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620180910/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/reviews/movies/article/mirzapur-review-pankaj-tripathi-and-ali-fazals-web-series-is-an-entertaining-gorefest/315481 |archive-date=20 June 2020 |access-date=3 May 2020 |website=www.timesnownews.com}}</ref>

In 2019, Tripathi starred in several critically acclaimed supporting roles in commercial successes such as the romantic comedy-drama ''[[Luka Chuppi]]'', the drama thriller ''[[The Tashkent Files]]'' and the [[biographical drama]] [[Super 30 (film)|''Super 30'']]. The same year, he starred as Khanna Guruji, a spiritual leader alongside [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Kalki Koechlin]] and [[Ranvir Shorey]] in the second season of the [[neo-noir]] crime thriller [[Sacred Games (TV series)|''Sacred Games'']] (2018–19), which earned him high critical acclaim and a second nomination for the Filmfare OTT Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. He also starred in the [[Disney+ Hotstar]] legal drama web series [[Criminal Justice (Indian TV series)|''Criminal Justice'']] as a lawyer, and reprised his role in the second (''[[Criminal Justice: Behind Closed Doors|Behind Closed Doors]]'' (2020)) and third season (''[[Criminal Justice: Adhura Sach|Adhura Sach]]'' (2022)). The second season earned him a nomination for the Filmfare OTT Award for Best Actor In A Drama Series.

In 2020, Tripathi starred alongside [[Chris Hemsworth]], [[Randeep Hooda]] and [[David Harbour]] in his first [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] film, the [[Netflix]] action thriller [[Extraction (2020 film)|''Extraction'']]. The same year, he received dual nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performances in the [[biographical drama]] ''[[Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl]]'' and the black comedy [[Ludo (film)|''Ludo''.]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2021/nominations/best-supporting-actor-male/ludo-pankaj-tripathi | title=Pankaj Tripathi- Best Actor in Supporting Role Male Nominee |work=Filmfare Awards |date=2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2021/nominations/best-supporting-actor-male/pankaj-tripathi | title=Pankaj Tripathi- Best Actor in Supporting Role Male Nominee |work=Filmfare Awards |date=2021 }}</ref> His performance in the latter won the [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor]].

In 2021, for a second consecutive year, Tripathi received dual nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for his widely acclaimed performances in the social comedy-drama [[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|''Mimi'']] and the biographical sports drama [[83 (film)|''83'']], winning the award for ''Mimi''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mirchi.in/stories/movies/67th-wolf777-news-filmfare-awards-2022-pankaj-tripathi-wins-best-supporting-actor-male-for-mimi/93889125#:~:text=Pankaj%20Tripathi%20wins%20%27Best%20supporting,managed%20to%20touch%20many%20hearts. | title=67th Wolf777 News Filmfare Awards 2022: Pankaj Tripathi wins Best supporting actor (Male) for Mimi }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2022/nominations/best-supporting-actor-male/83-pankaj-tripathi | title=Pankaj Tripathi- Best Actor in Supporting Role Male Nominee |work=Filmfare Awards |date=2022 }}</ref> His performance in ''Mimi'' also earned him the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2023 |title=69th National Film Awards 2023 complete winners list: Rocketry, Alia Bhatt, Kriti Sanon, Allu Arjun win big |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/69th-national-film-awards-2023-winners-list-8907028/ |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> The same year, he also starred in the [[ZEE5]] biographical comedy ''[[Kaagaz]]'' (2021), which earned him a nomination for the [[Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Award]] for Best Actor in A Web Original Film.

In 2023, he starred in the satirical comedy-drama ''[[OMG 2]]'' alongside [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Yami Gautam]] and the comedy ''[[Fukrey 3]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/main-atal-hoon-first-look-of-pankaj-tripathi-as-atal-bihari-vajpayee-unveiled/article66304141.ece | title='Main Atal Hoon': First look of Pankaj Tripathi as Atal Bihari Vajpayee unveiled | newspaper=The Hindu | date=25 December 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/oh-my-god-2-paresh-rawal-will-not-share-screen-space-with-akshay-kumar-for-this-reason-yami-gautam-pankaj-tripathi-to-be-onboard-for-the-flick | title=Oh My God 2: Paresh Rawal Will Not be Seen with Akshay Kumar | date=5 October 2021 |work=[[Zee News]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/varun-sharma-pulkit-samrat-manjot-singh-starrer-fukrey-3-to-release-on-september-7-news-256326 |title=Varun Sharma, Pulkit Samrat, Manjot Singh-Starrer 'Fukrey 3' To Release On September 7 |date=24 January 2023 |newspaper=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)]]}}</ref>

He next portrayed the former [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] in the biographical drama ''[[Main Atal Hoon]]''. The film was theatrically released in India on 19 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pankaj Tripathi's 'Main Atal Hoon' to release on this date. See new poster |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/pankaj-tripathi-main-atal-hoon-to-release-on-this-date-new-poster-poster-out-atal-bihari-vajpayee-biopic-2468480-2023-11-28 |date=28 November 2023 |work=India Today |access-date=28 November 2023 |archive-date=28 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128092533/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/pankaj-tripathi-main-atal-hoon-to-release-on-this-date-new-poster-poster-out-atal-bihari-vajpayee-biopic-2468480-2023-11-28 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Tripathi was the brand ambassador of [[Bharat Rang Mahotsav]] (National Theatre Festival) for the year 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bharat Rang Mahotsav (National Theatre Festival) Set to Enthrall Mumbai from 1st Feb |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/bharat-rang-mahotsav-set-to-enthrall-mumbai-from-1st-feb |website=Bru Times News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=मुंबई में 1 फरवरी से शुरू होगा भारत रंग महोत्सव, पंकज त्रिपाठी होंगे ब्रांड एंबेसडर |trans-title=Bharat Rang Mahotsav will start in Mumbai from 1 February, Pankaj Tripathi will be the brand ambassador. |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/news/story/25th-bharat-rang-mahotsav-to-begin-from-february-1-says-pankaj-tripathi-ntc-1867969-2024-01-27 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |language=hi |date=27 January 2024}}</ref>
In 2024, he reprised his role as Rudra in ''[[Stree 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sonavane |first=Gaurav |date=17 August 2024 |title=Stree 2 casting |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/stree-2-shraddha-kapoor-charged-rs-5-crore-for-the-horror-comedy-heres-how-many-crores-rajkummar-rao-pankaj-tripathi-and-other-members-of-the-cast-got-paid-for-the-movie-that-opened-with-over-rs-50-crores-at-the-box-office |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912213835/https://www.gqindia.com/content/stree-2-shraddha-kapoor-charged-rs-5-crore-for-the-horror-comedy-heres-how-many-crores-rajkummar-rao-pankaj-tripathi-and-other-members-of-the-cast-got-paid-for-the-movie-that-opened-with-over-rs-50-crores-at-the-box-office |archive-date=12 September 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

His first release of the year 2025 was the sequel ''[[Metro... In Dino]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 March 2025 |title=Metro Inn Dino release date locked! Modern-day romance anthology to release on July 4 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/metro-inn-dino-release-date-locked-modern-day-romance-anthology-release-july-4/ |access-date=12 March 2025 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Tripathi met his wife Mridula during a wedding ceremony in 1993 when they were both in college and then got married on 15 January 2004. They moved to Mumbai after their marriage, and had a daughter named Aashi Tripathi in 2006.<ref name="db"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Pankaj Tripathi used to work as a cook earlier, got work in films after years of struggle |work=abcFRY.com |url=https://abcfry.com/pankaj-tripathi-used-to-work-as-a-cook-earlier-got-work-in-films-after-years-of-struggle/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907064134/https://abcfry.com/pankaj-tripathi-used-to-work-as-a-cook-earlier-got-work-in-films-after-years-of-struggle/ |archive-date=7 September 2022 |date=5 September 2022 }}</ref>

==Artistry and media image==
Tripathi is known as a [[Method acting|method actor]]<ref>{{Cite web |author=Patcy N |title=Exclusive - Bollywood is ga-ga over Pankaj Tripathi |date=2 April 2018 |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/bollywood-is-ga-ga-over-pankaj-tripathi/20180402.htm |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> and is widely recognised for his unconventional choices.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |title=I'm aware of expectations from me: Pankaj Tripathi |date=3 March 2019 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/article/pti-stories/i-m-aware-of-expectations-from-me-pankaj-tripathi-119030300273_1.html |access-date=22 September 2021 |newspaper=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> [[Namrata Joshi]] of ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' termed him a "natural actor" and said, "Give Tripathi any role and he will make it his own with his signature style – minimalistic, effortless, unhurried."<ref>{{Cite news |author-link=Namrata Joshi |first=Namrata |last=Joshi |title=Pankaj Tripathi: The Star of Simplicity |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/film/pankaj-tripathi-the-star-of-simplicity/amp |date=21 August 2020 |access-date=29 September 2022 |newspaper=[[The Wire (India)]]}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted, "We have been encountering him more often on screen than for real, in one power-packed performance after another."<ref>{{Cite news |author-link=Namrata Joshi |first=Namrata |last=Joshi |title=Three actors who have made Bollywood their own |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/three-actors-who-have-made-bollywood-their-own/article25608866.ece/ |date=28 November 2018 |access-date=28 December 2022 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> On his rise to success, A. Kameshwari of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' stated, "The actor, whose early roles are mostly credited as ‘unnamed character’, now has roles written specifically for him."<ref>{{Cite news |first=A. |last=Kameshwari |title=Life has taught me a lot: Pankaj Tripathi explains his choices in films and life |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/pankaj-tripathi-explains-his-choices-in-films-and-life-mimi-7423196/lite/ |date=28 July 2021 |access-date=27 February 2022 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

{{Quote box|bgcolor=#E0E6F8|width=25em|align=left|quote="With popularity I feel I need to be more careful about choosing scripts. I now look for roles and projects that are entertaining, but also have some social message or subtext."|source={{mdash}} Tripathi explaining his approach in choosing films<ref>{{Cite web |author=Udita Jhunjhunwala |title=Actor Pankaj Tripathi will seek entertaining roles with a social message |url=https://variety.com/2022/global/news/pankaj-tripathi-actor-roles-1235440388/ |access-date=24 September 2023 |website=Variety|date=23 November 2022 }}</ref>}}

Tripathi is known for his experimental roles, Sweta Kaushal of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' feels he is not among those actors who'd get stuck in one type of role. She further added, "Tripathi's subtle portrayal of even the most dramatic character distinguishes him from many others in the business."<ref name="HindustanTimes-05Sep22"/> While he had his breakthrough with ''Gangs of Wasseypur'', Tripathi is popular for his portrayal of Kaleen Bhaiya in ''Mirzapur'', which according to ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'', has been an inspiration for many aspiring actors.<ref>{{Cite web |author=SNS |title=Pankaj Tripathi's most timeless characters that made us fall in love with his acting |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/pankaj-tripathis-most-timeless-characters-that-made-us-fall-in-love-with-his-acting-1503108069.html |access-date=21 December 2022 |website=The Statesman|date=5 September 2022 }}</ref>

His directors and producers, find him to be a natural and grounded actor. [[Raj & DK|Raj Nidimoru]] said, "Given a specific or banal set of instructions, Tripathi would interpret it in a slightly different way and most of the times it would put a smile on your face."<ref name="Underdog to primary character">{{Cite web |author=Kaveree Bamzai |title=Underdog to primary character: Decoding Pankaj Tripathi's rise to fame and what makes him stand out |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2020/Dec/06/underdog-to-primary-character-decoding-pankaj-tripathisrise-to-fame-and-what-makes-him-stand-out-2231444.html |access-date=11 January 2022 |website=The New Indian Express|date=3 December 2020 }}</ref> [[Karan Anshuman]], who directed him in ''Mirzapur'', says, "I know he’s got this mimetic ability to be who he needs to be once the camera rolls. When he finds that perfect note, when he knows he’s got it (and the director knows he’s got it), he holds on to it with such fierce consistency that the slightest shifts only serve to elevate his performance."<ref name="Underdog to primary character" />

Tripathi is one of the highest paid OTT actors in India.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Highest-paid OTT actors of 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/web-stories/highest-paid-ott-actors-of-2022/photostory/96536408.cms |date=28 December 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Meet the 10 highest-paid Indian actors and actresses on OTT right now |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/meet-the-10-highest-paid-indian-actors-and-actresses-on-ott-right-now |first=Karishma |last=Shetty |date=25 September 2023 |newspaper=[[GQ (Indian edition)]]}}</ref> For ''Newton'', ''[[NDTV]]'' named him the "Best Actor" of 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pankaj Tripathi to Aamir Khan: 10 Best Actors of 2017, Ranked |first=Raja |last=Sen |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/pankaj-tripathi-to-aamir-khan-10-best-actors-of-2017-ranked-1796298 |date=5 January 2018 |access-date=27 January 2021 |work=[[NDTV India]] }}</ref> In 2020, ''[[Rediff.com]]'' placed him sixth in their "10 Best Actors" of the year list, for his performance in ''Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl'' and ''Ludo''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=2020's 10 Best Actors |first=Sukanya |last=Verma |date=2 January 2021 |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/2020s-10-best-actors/20210102.htm |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

Tripathi is an active celebrity endorser for brands such as [[StarPlus|Star Plus]], [[Tata Consumer Products|Tata Tea]], [[Redmi]], [[Policybazaar]] among others.<ref>{{Cite news |title=How Pankaj Tripathi has become the face of three national brands |date=19 June 2019 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/article/current-affairs/how-pankaj-tripathi-has-become-the-face-of-three-national-brands-119061901354_1.html |access-date=22 December 2021 |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Xiaomi India ropes in Pankaj Tripathi as brand ambassador for Redmi lineup |url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/devices/xiaomi-india-ropes-in-pankaj-tripathi-as-brand-ambassador-for-redmi-lineup/100275354 |access-date=26 August 2023 |newspaper=Telecom [[The Economic Times]] |date=16 May 2023 }}</ref> In November 2023, [[National Payments Corporation of India|NPCI]] appointed him as the "UPI Safety Ambassador".<ref>{{Cite news |title=NPCI appoints Pankaj Tripathi as 'UPI Safety Ambassador'. Check UPI safety details to follow |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/banking/npci-appoints-pankaj-tripathi-as-upi-safety-ambassador-check-upi-safety-details-to-follow-11699358889814.html |access-date=17 November 2023 |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=7 November 2023 }}</ref> Along with his acting career, Tripathi has been associated to social causes such as tree plantation.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pankaj Tripathi appeals for tree plantation on 'Daan Utsav' |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/pankaj-tripathi-appeals-for-tree-plantation-on-daan-utsav-738721 |access-date=20 November 2021 |date=5 October 2021 |work=India TV News}}</ref> In 2023, he opened a library at a school in [[Belsand]], [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]], in his father's memory.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pankaj Tripathi opens library in his village, dedicates it to late father |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/pankaj-tripathi-opens-library-in-his-village-dedicates-it-to-late-father-2434055-2023-09-11 |access-date=15 September 2023 |date=11 September 2023 |newspaper=[[India Today]] }}</ref> The [[Election Commission of India]] made Tripathi, the "National Icon" in 2022, to honour his association with ECI in creating awareness among voters.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pankaj Tripathi made 'national icon' by Election Commission of India, recalls his first experience of voting |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/pankaj-tripathi-made-national-icon-by-election-commission-of-india-101664804395756-amp.html |date=3 October 2022 |access-date=23 October 2022 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Main|Pankaj Tripathi filmography}}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!Year
!Award 
!Nominated work
!Category
!Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
!colspan="6" style="background: #eedd82;"|Film Awards
|-
|[[19th IIFA Awards|2018]]
|rowspan="4"|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|''[[Newton (film)|Newton]]''
|rowspan="4"|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/iifa-2018-full-winners-list-tumhari-sulu-wins-best-film-1268605-2018-06-25|title=IIFA 2018 Awardees|date=25 June 2018 }}</ref>
|-
|[[20th IIFA Awards|2019]]
|''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=IIFA Awards 2019: Book Your Tickets Now |url=https://www.iifa.com/blog/XXTxABEAAO61q1yH/iifa-awards-2019-book-your-tickets-now |website=IIFA |publisher=Wizcraft International Entertainment |access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[22nd IIFA Awards|2022]]
|''[[83 (film)|83]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 April 2022 |title=IIFA 2022 Nominations: Shershaah takes the lead with 12 Nominations, Ludo and 83 emerge as strong contenders; check out the complete list |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/iifa-2022-nominations-shershaah-takes-lead-12-nominations-ludo-83-emerge-strong-contenders-check-complete-list/}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Awards 2022 complete list of winners: Vicky Kaushal, Kriti Sanon win top acting honours |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-iifa-awards-2022-complete-list-of-winners-vicky-kaushal-kriti-sanon-win-top-acting-honours-2958025 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=DNA India}}</ref>
|-
|[[63rd Filmfare Awards|2018]]
|rowspan="8"|[[Filmfare Awards]]
|''Newton''
|rowspan="6"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |date=18 January 2018 |title=63rd Jio Filmfare Awards 2018 Nominations |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-2018_-26161-10.html |website=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
|[[64th Filmfare Awards|2019]]
|''Stree''
|{{nom}}
|<ref name="2019 Awards">{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-32898-1.html|title=Nominations for the 64th Vimal Filmfare Awards 2019|work=filmfare.com|date=12 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[66th Filmfare Awards|2021]]
|''[[Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl]]''
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Nominations For The 66th Vimal Elaichi Filmfare Awards 2021 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-66th-vimal-elaichi-filmfare-awards-2021_-47279.html |access-date=28 March 2021 |work=Filmfare |date=28 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''Ludo''
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[67th Filmfare Awards|2022]]
|''83''
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-67th-wolf777news-filmfare-awards-2022_-55253.|title=Nominations for the 67th Wolf777news Filmfare Awards 2022|publisher=Filmfare|access-date=28 August 2022}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|[[69th Filmfare Awards|2024]]
|''[[OMG 2]]''
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor - Critics]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the 69th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2024 with Gujarat Tourism: Full list out |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-69th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2024-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-63822.html |access-date=21 January 2024 |website=filmfare.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[70th Filmfare Awards|2025]]
|''[[Stree 2]]''
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Nominations for The 70th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2025 With Gujarat Tourism: Full List Out
|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-70th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2025-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-78037.html|date=26 September 2025|website=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[National Film Awards]]
|''Mimi''
|[[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|{{won}}
|<ref name="Firstpost-13Apr18" />
|-
|2018
| rowspan="2" |[[Star Screen Award]]s
|''Newton''
| rowspan="2" |[[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/star-screen-awards-2017-vidya-balan-rajkummar-rao-full-winners-list-1099753-2017-12-04 |title=Star Screen Awards 2017: Dangal wins big, Vidya Balan-Rajkummar Rao named best actor and actress|access-date=4 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
|[[25th Screen Awards|2019]]
|''Stree''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 December 2018|title=Star Screen Awards 2018 complete winners list: Alia Bhatt wins Best Actress, Rajkummar Rao and Ranveer Singh are Best Actors|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/star-screen-awards-2018-complete-winners-list-alia-bhatt-wins-best-actress-rajkummar-rao-and-ranveer-singh-are-best-actors/story-C9PF5a5ZeHzC77Dfp4UwAO.html|access-date=8 December 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|rowspan="2"|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|''[[Gangs of Wasseypur]]''
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Villain]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.imdb.com/event/ev0000415/2013/1?ref_=m_ttawd_ev_14|title=Zee Cine Awards (2013)|website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[2019 Zee Cine Awards|2019]]
|''Stree''
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male|Best Supporting Actor]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite episode| title=Zee Cine Awards 2019| url=https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/zee-cine-awards-2019/0-6-1385| access-date=5 May 2019| series=[[Zee Cine Awards]]| network=[[Zee Cinema]]| date=31 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
!colspan="6" style="background: #eedd82;"|Television Awards
|-
|2021
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]]''
|Best Actor in a Web Series
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.imdb.com/event/ev0001931/2021/1?ref_=m_ttawd_ev_1|title = Indian Television Academy Awards, India (2021)|website = [[IMDb]]}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|[[iReel Awards]]
|Best Actor in a Drama Series
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ireel-awards-2019-pankaj-tripathi-beats-sacred-games-2-co-star-nawazuddin-siddiqui-to-win-best-actor-drama-for-mirzapur-2319863.html|title=iReel Awards 2019: Pankaj Tripathi Beats Sacred Games 2 co-star Nawazuddin Siddiqui to win Best Actor (Drama) for Mirzapur|website=News18|access-date=23 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923173247/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ireel-awards-2019-pankaj-tripathi-beats-sacred-games-2-co-star-nawazuddin-siddiqui-to-win-best-actor-drama-for-mirzapur-2319863.html|archive-date=23 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[2020 Filmfare OTT Awards|2020]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games 2]]''
|rowspan="2'|Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/nominees-for-the-flyx-filmfare-ott-awards-45350.html|title=Nominations for the Flyx Filmfare OTT Awards 2020|date=16 December 2020|access-date=12 December 2021 |website=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[2021 Filmfare OTT Awards|2021]]
|''[[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur 2]]''
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/web-stories/my-glamm-filmfare-ott-awards-2021-final-nominations-list/articleshow/88049328.cms|title=My Glamm Filmfare OTT Awards 2021: Final Nominations List|date=2 December 2021|access-date=10 December 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Criminal Justice: Behind Closed Doors]]''
|Best Actor In A Drama Series
|{{nom}}
|-
|''[[Kaagaz]]''
|Best Actor in A Web Original Film
|{{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Pankaj Tripathi}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Pankaj Tripathi
|list=
{{NationalFilmAwardBestSupportingActor}}

{{National Film Award Special Mention feature film}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestSupportingActor}}
{{IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor}}
{{Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripathi, Pankaj}}
[[Category:1970s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bihar]]
[[Category:Best Supporting Actor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:People from Gopalganj district, India]]
[[Category:National School of Drama alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Special Mention (feature film) National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Wilson baronets of Delhi (1858)

2026-02-08T11:27:09Z

Glasierwellness: Creating Basic Post Added Tags.

[[File:Escutcheon of the Wilson baronets of Delhi (1858).svg|thumb|Escutcheon of the Wilson baronets of Delhi]]
[[File:Archdale Wilson.jpg|thumb|Sir Archdale Wilson, 1st Baronet (1803–1874)]]
The '''Wilson baronetcy''', of [[Delhi]] in India, was created in the [[Baronetage of the United Kingdom]] on 8 January 1858 for the soldier [[Archdale Wilson]], whose father George Wilson, rector of [[Didlington]], was younger brother of [[Henry Wilson, 10th Baron Berners]].<ref>''Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage'' thirtieth edition, 1868, p. 1185.</ref> He had commanded the British troops during the [[Siege of Delhi]] in 1857 during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]].<ref name="Burke">{{cite book|last=Burke|first=Bernard|authorlink=Bernard Burke|editor=Ashworth P. Burke|title=A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage, the Privy Council, Knightage and Companionage|edition=65th|year=1903|publisher=Harrison and Sons|location=London|pages=1598–9}}</ref> Dying without issue, he was succeeded by two nephews, sons of George Knyvet Wilson RN, Roland (second son) and Arthur (third son).<ref name="acad">{{acad|id=WL859RK|name=Wilson, Roland Knyvet}}</ref><ref name="ODNB">{{cite ODNB|title=Wilson, Sir Arthur Knyvet, third baronet (1842–1921) |first=Andrew |last=Lambert |id=36946}}</ref>

The 3rd Baronet was a noted naval commander and served as [[First Sea Lord]] from 1910 to 1911. The title became extinct on his death, unmarried, in 1921.<ref name="ODNB"/>

==Wilson baronets, of Delhi (1858)==
*[[Archdale Wilson|Sir Archdale Wilson, 1st Baronet]] (1803–1874)
*[[Sir Roland Wilson, 2nd Baronet|Sir Roland Knyvet Wilson, 2nd Baronet]] (1840–1919)<ref name="acad"/><ref>{{Who's Who|title=Wilson, Sir Roland Knyvet|id=U204796}}</ref>
*[[Sir Arthur Wilson, 3rd Baronet|Sir Arthur Knyvet Wilson, 3rd Baronet]] (1842–1921)<ref name="ODNB"/><ref name="WW3">{{Who's Who|title=Wilson, Adm. Sir Arthur Knyvet|id=U204764}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Extinct baronetcies in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom]]

Syed Ashhad Rashidi

2026-02-08T02:41:08Z

Glasierwellness: Creating A Stub Needs Work

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar and religious leader}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific_prefix = Maulana
| name = Syed Ashhad Rashidi
| native_name = سید اشہد رشیدی
| birth_date = 1971 (1391 AH)
| birth_place = [[Moradabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| nationality = [[India|Indian]]
| occupation = [[Islamic scholar]], [[religious leader]]
| alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| movement = [[Deobandi]]
| office1 = President of [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind|Jamiat Ulama-e-Uttar Pradesh]] (A)
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| office2 = Rector of [[Madrasa Shahi]]
| notable_works = Legal challenge in [[Ayodhya dispute]]
| era = Contemporary
| creed = [[Maturidi]]
| religion = Islam
}}
'''Syed Ashhad Rashidi''' (born 1971) is an Indian Islamic scholar and religious leader associated with [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]]. He serves as the rector of [[Madrasa Shahi]] in Moradabad and has been elected multiple times as the president of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind (A)'s Uttar Pradesh unit. Rashidi has been actively involved in socio-political issues and legal matters, including filing a review petition against the [[2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute|2019 Supreme Court of India verdict on the Ayodhya dispute]]. He has also commented on various governmental policies affecting the Muslim community in India.
== Early life and education ==
Syed Ashhad Rashidi was born in 1971 (1391 AH). He received his early education at [[Madrasa Shahi]] in Moradabad, where he studied until the fourth grade. He then enrolled at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], where he completed his Daurah-e-Hadith in 1991 (1411 AH) and Takmil-e-Adab in 1992 (1412 AH).<ref name="Nida">{{cite journal |editor1-last=Qasmi |editor1-first=Muhammad Salim|editor2-last=Rashidi|editor2-first=Sayed Akhlad|editor3-last=Mansoorpuri|editor3-first=Muhammad Salman|title=Tareekh-e-Shahi Number|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/nida-e-shahi-shumarah-number-11-12-mohammad-salman-mansurpuri-magazines|journal=Monthly Nida-e-Shahi|date=November–December 1992|volume=4|issue=11–12|page=635|publisher=[[Madrasa Shahi]]|location=[[Moradabad]]|language=ur}}</ref>

== Career ==
Following his education at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], Rashidi was appointed as a teacher at [[Madrasa Shahi]] in Moradabad.{{Sfn|Qasmi|Rashidi|Mansoorpuri|1992|p=635}} Later, he took on the role of rector at Madrasa Shahi in Moradabad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-05 |title=मदरसा शाही की इब्तदा से 'हाइटेक' बनने तक की कहानी |url=https://upuklive.com/deshvidesh/story-of-madrasa-shahi-from-ibtada-to-hitech/cid1365982.htm |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=upuklive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Live Hindustan"/> He also became actively involved with [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind|Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]] and was elected as the president of its Uttar Pradesh unit multiple times. In October 2024, he was re-elected to this position for the seventh consecutive time.<ref name="Live Hindustan">{{Cite news |date=17 October 2024 |title=जमीयत उलेमा के 7वीं बार प्रदेश अध्यक्ष बने रशीदी |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/story-jamiyat-ulema-elects-maulana-syed-ashhad-rashidi-as-president-for-seventh-time-in-uttar-pradesh-201729167958553.html |access-date=12 March 2025 |work=[[Live Hindustan]]}}</ref>

In his capacity as a religious leader, Rashidi has participated in various social and political discussions, including addressing communal incidents. In 2024, he directed Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind representatives to assess the situation following communal violence in [[Bahraich]] and [[Sambhal]]. He condemned what he described as unilateral actions against Muslims and called for judicial inquiries into alleged police misconduct.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-11-26 |title=سنبھل تشدد سے متفکر جمعیۃ علماء ہند نے سپریم کورٹ سے کیا رجوع |url=https://www.qaumiawaz.com/press-release/concerned-about-the-sambhal-violence-jamiat-ulema-e-hind-approached-the-supreme-court |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=[[Qaumi Awaz]] |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmad |first=Nisar |date=2024-10-16 |title=بہرائچ تشددمیں مسلمانوں کے خلاف یکطرفہ کاروائی کا الزام، مولانا ارشد مدنی کی ہدایت پرجمعیۃ علماء کے رضا کارمتاثرین کی مدد کے لئے سرگرم |url=https://urdu.bharatexpress.com/national/accused-of-unilateral-action-against-muslims-after-the-bahraich-violence-under-the-direction-of-maulana-arshad-madani-the-volunteers-of-jamiat-ulema-are-active-in-helping-the-victims-nak-137819 |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=[[Bharat Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

His son, Kaab Rashidi, is an Islamic scholar, legal advisor, and spokesperson for Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-12 |title=Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind to hold meeting to discuss reforms in Muslim society |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/commentary/2023/nov/12/jamiat-ulamaehind-to-hold-meeting-to-discuss-reforms-in-muslim-society/f4a2a6547ecce7c7cd85e87f3102f6c8 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=m.rediff.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-11-12 |title=Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind to hold meeting to discuss reforms in Muslim society |url=https://theprint.in/india/jamiat-ulama-e-hind-to-hold-meeting-to-discuss-reforms-in-muslim-society/1842327/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-11-03 |title=Muslim religious leaders, oppn welcome SC verdict upholding UP Madrasa Act |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Nov/05/muslim-religious-leaders-oppn-welcome-sc-verdict-upholding-up-madrasa-act |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-12 |title=UP to open two universities, to affiliate madrassas to them: Minority minister Rajbhar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/up-to-open-two-universities-to-affiliate-madrassas-to-them-minority-minister-rajbhar-101723431308305-amp.html |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-26 |title=Muslim organisations condemn renewed sale of 'The Satanic Verses' in India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/muslim-organisations-condemn-renewed-sale-of-the-satanic-verses-in-india-124122500783_1.html |access-date=2025-03-14 |work=[[Business Standard]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-26 |title=Muslim organisations express outrage over renewed sale of 'The Satanic Verses' in India |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/muslim-organisations-express-outrage-over-renewed-sale-of-the-satanic-verses-in-india-3332066 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Political views ==
=== Ayodhya dispute ===
Rashidi was involved in legal efforts concerning the [[Ayodhya dispute]]. In December 2019, as the president of Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind, he filed a review petition in the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] challenging [[2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute|its verdict]] on the [[Ram Janmabhoomi]]-[[Babri Masjid]] case. The petition argued that the ruling effectively condoned previous actions against the Babri Masjid and contended that the site was awarded to Hindu claimants despite acknowledged violations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2019-12-02 |title=Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind files review plea in Ayodhya case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jamiat-ulama-i-hind-files-review-plea-in-ayodhya-case/article30138573.ece |access-date=2025-03-12 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bindra |first=Japnam |date=2019-12-11 |title=SC to consider in-chamber review petitions filed against the Ayodhya verdict |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/sc-to-consider-in-chamber-review-petitions-filed-against-the-ayodhya-verdict-11576071406359.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212150529/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/sc-to-consider-in-chamber-review-petitions-filed-against-the-ayodhya-verdict-11576071406359.html |archive-date=2019-12-12 |access-date=2025-03-12 |work=[[Live Mint]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-07 |title=Six more petitions filed for review of Ayodhya verdict |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/six-more-petitions-filed-for-review-of-ayodhya-verdict-871087 |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-02 |title=Ayodhya judgment review plea filed in SC |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/commentary/2019/dec/02/ayodhya-judgment-review-plea-filed-in-sc/1b94d0ef7270239fcddc706029efceae |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-03 |title=Jamiat UP chief files review plea against Ayodhya order |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/jamiat-up-chief-files-review-plea-against-ayodhya-order/1782539/lite/ |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-12-02 |title=President of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind files review plea against Supreme Court's Ayodhya verdict |url=https://theprint.in/judiciary/president-of-jamiat-ulama-e-hind-files-review-plea-against-supreme-courts-ayodhya-verdict/329121/ |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-03 |title=Ayodhya review plea filed, says court has rewarded illegalities |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ayodhya-review-plea-filed-says-court-has-rewarded-illegalities-6147568/lite/ |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The Supreme Court later dismissed all review petitions, including Rashidi's, stating that they lacked merit.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-12-12 |title=Ayodhya case: 'Disappointed' but will respect SC's decision, says Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind chief |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/Dec/12/ayodhya-case-disappointed-but-will-respect-scs-decision-says-jamiat-ulema-e-hind-chief-2075253.html |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-12 |title=SC to hear pleas seeking review of Ayodhya verdict today |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/report/sc-to-hear-ayodhya-review-pleas-on-thursday/20191211.htm |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>

=== Social and political engagement ===
Rashidi has commented on various socio-political issues. In 2015, he criticized the [[Ghar Wapsi|ghar wapsi]] campaign by right-wing groups, arguing that it promoted social divisions and that the government's response was inadequate.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-03-22 |title=''Ghar wapsi'' would be main issue in Jamiat Ulema-e Hind meet: Maulana Ashhad Rashidi |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ghar-wapsi-would-be-main-issue-in-jamiat-ulema-e-hind-meet-maulana-ashhad-rashidi/articleshow/46650621.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-12 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In 2017, he announced the ''Rashtriya Ekta Sammelan'' (National Unity Conference) in Lucknow, aiming to counteract what he described as growing communal discord in the country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-12-05 |title=Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind to organise all-faith ‘national unity conference’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/jamiat-ulema-e-hind-to-organise-all-faith-national-unity-conference/articleshow/61920677.cms |access-date=2025-03-12 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In March 2016, Rashidi, as a representative of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind, expressed concerns over what he described as efforts to transform India into a [[Hindu Rashtra]]. He criticized the central government's silence on the matter and stated that Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind would protest against any attempts to undermine India's secular fabric. Rashidi emphasized that such developments could disrupt communal harmony and called for collective efforts to safeguard the country's pluralistic identity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-02 |title=Move afoot to convert India into a Hindu Rashtra, will protest Centre silence: JUH |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/move-afoot-to-convert-india-into-a-hindu-rashtra-will-protest-centre-silence-juh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302093023/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/move-afoot-to-convert-india-into-a-hindu-rashtra-will-protest-centre-silence-juh/ |archive-date=2016-03-02 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Views on government policies ===
In 2015, Rashidi opposed a mandatory advance fee for [[Animal sacrifice in Islam|animal sacrifice]] during [[Hajj]], stating that such a requirement was unnecessary and not obligatory in all forms of Hajj.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-05-18 |title=Muslim organisations unhappy over compulsory fee for sacrifice in Haj |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150518/nation-current-affairs/article/muslim-organisations-unhappy-over-compulsory-fee-sacrifice |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> In 2018, he responded to a proposed [[dress code]] for [[madrasa]] students in [[Uttar Pradesh]], stating that any changes should be carefully examined before implementation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-03 |title=In UP, Formal Wear May Soon Replace "Kurta-Pyajamas" In Madrassas |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-up-formal-wear-may-soon-replace-kurta-pyajamas-in-madrassas-1877390 |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref>
== See more ==
* [[List of Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind people]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rashidi, Syed Ashhad}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Moradabad]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]

1967 Indian general election

2026-02-08T00:30:50Z

Glasierwellness: refine structure after review

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| previous_election = 1962 Indian general election
| previous_year = 1962
| next_election = 1971 Indian general election
| next_year = 1971
| election_date = 17–21 February 1967
| seats_for_election = 520 of the 523 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]{{efn|name=seats|Two seats were reserved for Anglo-Indians and one for the [[North-East Frontier Agency]], which were filled by presidential nomination}}
| majority_seats = 261
| registered = 250,207,401
| turnout = 61.04% ({{increase}} 5.62[[Percentage point|pp]])
| image_size = 130x130px
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Indira Gandhi official portrait.png|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=15|oTop=5}}
| leader1 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| last_election1 = 44.72%, 361 seats
| seats1 = '''283'''
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 78
| popular_vote1 = '''59,490,701'''
| percentage1 = '''40.78%'''
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 3.94[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=7}}
| leader2 = [[C. Rajagopalachari]]
| party2 = Swatantra Party
| last_election2 = 7.89%, 18 seats
| seats2 = 44
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 26
| popular_vote2 = 12,646,847
| percentage2 = 8.67%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 0.78[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Deendayal Upadhyaya 2018 stamp of India.jpg
|bSize=150|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=35|oTop=40}}
| leader4 = [[Deendayal Upadhyaya]]
| party4 = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
| last_election4 = 6.44%, 14 seats
| seats4 = 35
| seat_change4 = {{increase}} 21
| popular_vote4 = 13,580,935
| percentage4 = 9.31%
| swing4 = {{increase}} 2.87[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=S.A. Dange.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=10}}
| leader5 = [[Shripad Amrit Dange]]
| party5 = Communist Party of India
| last_election5 = 9.94%, 29 seats
| seats5 = 23
| seat_change5 = {{decrease}} 6
| popular_vote5 = 7,458,396
| percentage5 = 5.11%
| swing5 = {{decrease}} 4.83[[Percentage point|pp]]
| map_image = Wahlergebnisse in Indien 1967.svg
| map_caption = Results by constituency
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 3rd Lok Sabha
| elected_members = List of members of the 4th Lok Sabha
}}

General elections were held in India between 17 and 21 February 1967 to elect 520 of the 523 members of the [[4th Lok Sabha|fourth]] Lok Sabha, an increase of 15 from the previous session of Lok Sabha.<ref name="General Election of India 1967">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |title=General Election of India 1967, 4th Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=13 January 2010 |page=5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185108/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Elections to State Assemblies were also held simultaneously, the last general election to do so.

The incumbent [[Indian National Congress]] government retained power, albeit with a significantly reduced majority. Indira Gandhi was resworn in as the Prime Minister on 13 March.

==Background==
By 1967 economic growth in India had slowed – the [[Five-Year Plans of India#Third Plan (1961–1966)|1961–1966 Five-Year Plan]] gave a target of 6% annual growth, but the actual growth rate was 2%. Under [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], the government's popularity was boosted after India prevailed in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965 War with Pakistan]], but the war, along with the previous [[Sino-Indian War|1962 War with China]], put a strain on the economy. Internal divisions were emerging in the Indian National Congress while its two popular leaders Jawaharlal Nehru and Lal Bahadur Shastri had both died. [[Indira Gandhi]] had succeeded Shastri as leader, but a rift had emerged between her and Deputy Prime Minister [[Morarji Desai]], who had been her rival in the 1966 party leadership contest.<ref name="politics since independence">{{cite news|date=2 June 1970|title=politics since independence|newspaper=The Age|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&dat=19700602&id=dgkyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tpADAAAAIBAJ&pg=7395,224298|access-date=29 March 2014|archive-date=11 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511042114/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&dat=19700602&id=dgkyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tpADAAAAIBAJ&pg=7395,224298|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Results==
The INC suffered setbacks in seven states, including Gujarat where it won 11 of the 24 seats while the [[Swatantra Party]] won 12 seats; [[Madras State]], where INC won 3 out of 39 seats and DMK won 25 seats; Orissa, where they won 6 out of 20 seats and [[Swatantra Party]] won 8 seats. Rajasthan where they won 10 out of 20 seats [[Swatantra Party]] won 8 seats, West Bengal where they won 14 out of 40, Kerala where they won only 1 out of 19. Delhi where they won 1 out of 7 while remaining 6 were won by [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]].<ref name="General Election of India 1967" /> The party was also ousted from power in nine states, while losing governance in Uttar Pradesh one month after the election.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ananth|first=V. Krishna|date=2017-02-22|title=Why 1967 general election was a watershed in Indian politics and the lessons it left behind|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-1967-poll-that-changed-india-2330738|access-date=2020-12-03|website=DNA India|language=en|archive-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712100203/https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-1967-poll-that-changed-india-2330738|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Election results
|image=[[File:Lok Sabha Zusammensetzung 1967.svg|350px]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=59490701|seats1=283|sc1=–78
|party2=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes2=13580935|seats2=35|sc2=+21
|party3=[[Swatantra Party]]|votes3=12646847|seats3=44|sc3=+26
|party4=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes4=7458396|seats4=23|sc4=–6
|party5=[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]|votes5=7171627|seats5=23|sc5=New
|party6=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes6=6246522|seats6=19|sc6=New
|party7=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes7=5529405|seats7=25|sc7=+18
|party8=[[Praja Socialist Party]]|votes8=4456487|seats8=13|sc8=+1
|party9=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes9=3607711|seats9=1|sc9=–2
|party10=[[Bangla Congress]]|votes10=1204356|seats10=5|sc10=New
|party11=[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]|votes11=1028755|seats11=2|sc11=+2
|party12=[[Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh]]|votes12=968712|seats12=3|sc12=New
|party13=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|votes13=627910|seats13=2|sc13=0
|party14=[[Indian Union Muslim League]]|votes14=413868|seats14=2|sc14=0
|party15=[[Kerala Congress]]|votes15=321219|seats15=0|sc15=New
|party16=[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]|votes16=210020|seats16=1|sc16=New
|party17=[[Akali Dal – Tara Singh]]|votes17=189290|seats17=0|sc17=New
|party18=[[Jana Kranti Dal]]|votes18=183211|seats18=1|sc18=New
|party19=[[Orissa Jana Congress|Jana Congress]]|votes19=136631|seats19=0|sc19=New
|party20=[[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]]|votes20=112492|seats20=1|sc20=0
|party21=[[United Goans Party|United Goans – Seqveria Group]]|votes21=100137|seats21=1|sc21=New
|party22=Peoples Front|votes22=42725|seats22=0|sc22=New
|party23=[[Democratic National Conference]]|votes23=30788|seats23=0|sc23=New
|party24=[[United Goans Party|United Goans – Furtadd Group]]|votes24=1714|seats24=0|sc24=New
|party25=[[Nagaland Nationalist Organisation]]|votes25=0|seats25=1|sc25=New
|party26=Independents|votes26=20106051|seats26=35|sc26=+15
|row27=Appointed members{{efn|Two representing [[Anglo-Indians]] and one representing the [[North-East Frontier Agency]].}}|seats27=3|sc27=–11
|invalid=6858101
|electorate=250207401
|total_sc=+15
|source=[https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIoseT0ZHlxSqV5yDBw7qZy8BF%2FVqVfUFZB5kPI2dacyxFUsCtgFOtq6nBgIeTuoJZxx9hqrgzh%2Bp%2FKhICKDnqu%2FEPIcjKuQAupJewJECwP16 ECI]
}}
{{notelist}}

===State wise===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
! style="text-align:left; background:#ccf; vertical-align:middle;"|State (# of seats)
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style=" text-align:center; background:#ccf; vertical-align:middle;"|Party
! style="background:#ccf; text-align:center;"|Seats contested
! style="background:#ccf; text-align:right;"|Seats won
! style="background:#ccf; text-align:right;"|% of votes
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=6 valign=top|[[1967 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]'''(41)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|'''41'''
|'''35'''
|'''46.82'''
|-
| {{party color cell|[[Swatantra Party]]}}
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|19
|3
|13.75
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party Of India]]
|22
|1
|12.62
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|9
|0
|6.2
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|4
|0
|1.0
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|63
|2
|18.52
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=5 valign=top|[[1967 Indian general election in Assam|Assam]]'''(14)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|'''14'''
|'''10'''
|'''45.84'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|4
|2
|12.80
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party Of India]]
|4
|1
|8.27
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|3
|0
|5.48
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|18
|0
|19.08
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=7 valign=top|[[1967 Indian general election in Bihar|Bihar]]'''(53)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|'''53'''
|'''34'''
|'''34.81'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
| [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|34
|7
|17.83
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|17
|5
|9.93
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|99
|4
|13.95
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|48
|1
|11.05
|-
| {{party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|32
|1
|7.38
|-
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|25
|0
|3.41
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=3 valign=top|[[1967 Indian general election in Gujarat|Gujarat]]'''(24)'''
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|'''21'''
|'''12'''
|'''39.92'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|24
|11
|46.92
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|28
|1
|9.51
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=5 valign=top|[[1967 Indian general election in Haryana|Haryana]]'''(9)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|'''9'''
|'''7'''
|'''44.06'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|7
|1
|19.85
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|36
|1
|19.77
|-
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|2
|0
|5.6
|-
| {{party color cell|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
| [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|5
|0
|5.5
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=3 valign=top|[[1967 Indian general election, 1999 (Jammu and Kashmir)|Jammu & Kashmir]]'''(6)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|'''6'''
|'''5'''
|'''50.52'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
|4
|1
|24.92
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|3
|0
|20.34
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=7 valign=top|[[1967 Indian general election in Kerala|Kerala]]'''(19)'''
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|'''9'''
|'''9'''
|'''24.56'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|3
|3
|7.99
|-
| {{party color cell|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
| [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|3
|3
|8.24
|-
| {{party color cell|Muslim League}}
|[[Indian Union Muslim League|Muslim League]]
|2
|2
|6.6
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|19
|1
|36.15
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|12
|1
|7.36
|-
| {{party color cell|Kerala Congress}}
|[[Kerala Congress]]
|5
|0
|5.12
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=4 valign=top|[[1967 Indian general election in Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]'''(37)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|'''37'''
|'''24'''
|'''40.78'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|32
|10
|29.56
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|61
|2
|13.65
|-
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|2
|1
|2.74
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=5 valign=top|[[1967 Indian general election in Madras|Madras]]'''(39)'''
| {{party color cell| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|'''25'''
|'''25'''
|'''35.78'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|8
|6
|9.16
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|5
|4
|6.85
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|39
|3
|41.69
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|36
|1
|4.07
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=8 valign=top|[[1967 Indian general election in Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]'''(45)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|'''45'''
|'''37'''
|'''48.51'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Peasants And Workers Party Of India}}
|[[Peasants And Workers Party Of India]]
|11
|2
|7.54
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|7
|2
|5.14
|-
| {{party color cell|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
| [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|5
|2
|3.74
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|62
|1
|11.45
|-
| {{party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|8
|1
|2.55
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|26
|0
|7.36
|-
| {{party color cell|Republican Party Of India}}
|[[Republican Party Of India]]
|17
|0
|12.71
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=5 valign=top|[[1999 Indian general election in Mysore|Mysore]]'''(27)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|'''27'''
|'''18'''
|'''49.02'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|11
|5
|14.29
|-
| {{party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|5
|2
|5.12
|-
| {{party color cell|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
| [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|2
|1
|2.61
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|45
|1
|22.0
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"rowspan=5 valign=top|[[1967 Indian general election in Orissa|Orissa]]'''(20)'''
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|'''17'''
|'''8'''
|'''30.87'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|20
|6
|33.33
|-
| {{party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|5
|4
|16.1
|-
| {{party color cell|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
| [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|2
|1
|4.5
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|16
|1
|10.81
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=4 valign=top|[[1967 Indian general election in Punjab|Punjab]]'''(13)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|'''13'''
|'''9'''
|'''37.31'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh}}
|[[Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh]]
|8
|3
|22.61
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|8
|1
|12.49
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|25
|0
|9.32
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=4 valign=top|[[1967 Indian general election in Rajasthan|Rajasthan]]'''(23)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|'''22'''
|'''10'''
|'''39.95'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|14
|8
|27.04
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|7
|3
|10.27
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|64
|2
|17.12
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=9 valign=top|[[1967 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]'''(85)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|'''85'''
|'''47'''
|'''33.44'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|77
|12
|22.18
|-
| {{party color cell|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
| [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|43
|8
|10.27
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|190
|8
|17.08
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|17
|5
|3.26
|-
| {{party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|27
|2
|3.74
|-
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|38
|1
|4.77
|-
| {{party color cell|Republican Party Of India}}
|[[Republican Party Of India]]
|24
|1
|4.07
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|6
|1
|1.19
|-
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=8 valign=top|[[1967 Indian general election in West Bengal|West Bengal]]'''(40)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|'''40'''
|'''14'''
|'''39.69'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|44
|7
|15.28
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|16
|5
|15.65
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party Of India]]
|11
|5
|9.14
|-
| {{party color cell|Bangla Congress}}
| [[Bangla Congress]]
|7
|5
|9.36
|-
| {{party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|6
|2
|4.88
|-
| {{party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|2
|1
|1.7
|-
| {{party color cell|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
| [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|3
|1
|1.49
|-
|colspan=6|Source=[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4114-general-election-1967-vol-i-ii/?do=download&r=9743&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=6df04992cf2c2fe96a9487465b425663 ECI]
|}

==See also==
*[[List of members of the 4th Lok Sabha]]
*[[:Category:1967 Indian general election by state or union territory]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:1967 Indian general election| ]]
[[Category:February 1967 in Asia|India]]
[[Category:1967 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:General elections in India]]

Anant Kumar Singh

2026-02-06T06:17:38Z

Glasierwellness: page updated

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anant Kumar Singh
| image = Anantsingh (cropped).jpg
| caption = Anant Singh in a public meeting in [[Mokama]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|01|05|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Candidate Details - Anant Kumar Singh |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-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 |website=[[Election COmmission of India]] |access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Nadwan, Bihar]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency = [[Mokama (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mokama]]
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of]] [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 14 November 2025
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Nilam Devi]]
| successor =
| party = Janata Dal (United)
| otherparty = [[Janata Dal (United)]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Bihar MLA Anant Kumar Singh, charged under Arms Act, flees from residence post police raid |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/aug/18/bihar-mla-anant-kumar-singh-charged-under-arms-act-flees-from-residence-post-police-raid-2020605.html |access-date=25 August 2020 |work=The New Indian Express |date=18 August 2019}}</ref>
[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]<ref name="HuffRJD"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukul |first1=Sushim |date=6 May 2024 |title=A parole makes Munger Lok Sabha election a fight of bahubalis |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/anant-singh-mokama-jdu-parole-munger-lok-sabha-election-bahubalis-ashok-mahto-anita-mahto-bihar-2535763-2024-05-06 |work=India Today |access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref>
| spouse = [[Nilam Devi]]
| children =
| residence = [[Mokama]], [[Bihar]], India
| nickname = Chhote Sarkar {{small|({{Translation|Junior Government|literal=Junior Government}})}}<ref name="Upadhyaya"/>
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| relations = [[Dilip Singh]] (elder brother)
| termstart1 = 14 February 2005
| termend1 = 12 April 2022
| preceding1 =
| succeeding1 =
| succeeded1 = [[Nilam Devi]]
| preceded1 = [[Surajbhan Singh]]
| constituency1 = [[Mokama]]
| birth_name =
| citizenship =
}}

'''Anant Kumar Singh''', also known as '''Chhote Sarkar''', is an Indian politician who has served, and is currently serving, as MLA from [[Mokama (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mokama Assembly Constituency]] in the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Sinha |first=Chinki |date=24 March 2014 |url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/the-don-of-mokama |title=The Don of Mokama |magazine=[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open]] |access-date=29 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Amitabh |title=Dreaded JD-U MLA, Anant Singh bites dust in Bihar, vacates enchroached area in Patna's posh colony |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/east/story/dreaded-jd-u-mla-anant-singh-vacates-encroachment-in-patliputra-colony-in-patna-154152-2013-02-15 |access-date=7 January 2021 |work=India Today |date=15 February 2013 |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, he left the [[Janata Dal (United)]] party after nearly 15 years to join the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]], but later rejoined the Janata Dal (United) in 2025 to contest [[Mokama (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mokama]] in the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|most recent state election]].<ref name="HuffRJD"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/politics/bihar-police-raids-jdu-strongman-anant-singhs-residence-recovers-illegal-weapons-1011257.html|title=CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News Headlines, Live News Updates|website=News1.com8|access-date=29 May 2018}}</ref> According to his election affidavit of 2020, he is facing 38 criminal charges including 7 [[murder]]s, 11 [[Attempted murder|attempt-to-murder]] and 4 cases of [[kidnapping]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Sahay|first=Anand Mohan|date=8 January 2008|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jan/08crime.htm|title=Murder case against Bihar MLA Anant Singh|work=Rediff.com|access-date=29 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Prasad|first=Kashi|date=18 April 2014|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Anant-Kumar-Singh-Surajbhan-Singh-detained/articleshow/33874430.cms|title=Anant Kumar Singh, Surajbhan Singh detained |newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=29 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyo.in/politics/why-bihar-government-wants-this-dabangg-officer-gone/story/1/1179.html|title=Why Bihar government wants this dabangg officer gone|website=Dailyo.in|access-date=29 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anant Kumar Singh(RJD):Constituency- MOKAMA(PATNA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=9683 |website=myneta.info |access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Anant Singh was born in the village of [[Nadwan, Patna|Nadawan]] falling under [[Barh]] CD block, [[Bihar]] to Chandradeep Singh.<ref name="MyNeta">{{cite web |title=Anant Kumar Singh(RJD):Constituency- MOKAMA(PATNA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=9683 |website=myneta.info |access-date=18 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2024 |title=Bihar: Gangster-turned-politician Anant Singh released on parole days before polling in Mokama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-gangster-politician-anant-singh-released-polling-mokama-9309677/ |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> His elder brother [[Dilip Singh]], also a politician, became MLA & Minister from [[Mokama (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mokama]] in 1990 and 1995 as a member of [[Janata Dal]], but lost to another gangster turned politician, [[Surajbhan Singh]] in the assembly elections of year 2000 on RJD ticket. In 2003, [[Dilip Singh]] became MLC from Patna local authorities as an independent candidate. He was one of the [[Bhumihar]] leaders who became MLC from local bodies with [[Kapildev Prasad Singh|Kapildev Singh]] in 2003.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Mayank |date=9 May 2024 |title=52 criminal cases & love of horses — who's Bihar ex-MLA Anant Singh, out campaigning on 15-day parole |url=https://theprint.in/politics/52-criminal-cases-love-of-horses-whos-bihar-ex-mla-anant-singh-out-campaigning-on-15-day-parole/2075836/ |work=ThePrint |access-date=13 May 2024}}</ref>
[[File:Dilip singh.jpg|alt=Anant Singh with elder brother Dilip Singh|left|thumb|MLA Anant Singh (white shirt on right) with elder brother MLC Dilip Singh (left)]]
Anant Singh contested and won from the Mokama assembly seat in 2005 on a JDU ticket. He retained the seat in 2010, defeating Sonam Devi of [[Lok Janshakti Party]] (LJP) by a large margin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IndiaVotes AC Summary: Mokama 2010|url=http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/31581|access-date=5 September 2021|website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> He is married to [[Nilam Devi]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=Abhay|date= 25 September 2015|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/502722/don-anant-singh-still-favourite.html|title=Don Anant Singh is still a favourite|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=29 May 2018}}</ref>

On 2 September 2015, Singh quit the JDU following a fall-out with leader [[Nitish Kumar]] over the JDU's new alliance with the RJD, but was able to retain his seat as an Independent.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/controversial-jdu-mla-quits-party/|title=Controversial JD(U) MLA quits party|date=3 September 2015|work=Indian Express|access-date=29 May 2018}}</ref>

On 16 August 2019, Singh was booked under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] after the police took possession of an [[AK-47]] rifle, a magazine, live cartridges and two hand grenades following a raid on his ancestral home in Ladma village of [[Patna district]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Bihar MLA booked under UAPA absconding: Police |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-mla-booked-under-uapa-absconding-police/articleshow/70727202.cms |access-date=24 August 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=18 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, Singh was given a ticket from [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] to contest the upcoming [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar legislative election]].<ref name="HuffRJD">{{cite news |title=RJD Gives Bihar Election Ticket To Don Anant Singh, Who Lalu Prasad Once Got Arrested For Murder |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/rjd-gives-bihar-election-ticket-to-don-anant-singh-who-lalu-prasad-once-got-arrested-for-murder_in_5f7da766c5b60c6bcc64d4be |access-date=8 October 2020 |work=HuffPost India |date=7 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> He won from the [[Mokama (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mokama constituency]] with 35,291 votes, winning the seat for the fourth consecutive time.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mokama Election Result 2020 Live Updates: Anant Singh of RJD WINS |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/mokama-election-result-2020-live-updates-mokama-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3061241.html |access-date=10 November 2020 |work=News18 |date=10 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

Even after JDU left [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|mahagathbandhan]] in 2017, Nitish Kumar continued to have a tough stance on Anant Singh, especially after he fielded his wife [[Nilam Devi]] as [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] candidate in [[2019 Indian general election in Bihar|2019 lok sabha elections]] from [[Munger Lok Sabha constituency|Munger]] against JDU's [[Lalan Singh|Lallan Singh]].

He contested the 2020 Vidhansabha elections from Mokama on RJD ticket and won from jail. However he was disqualified in 2022 due to a case for illegal possession of weapons. His wife Nilam Devi won the by elections from Mokama on RJD Ticket.

However, she switched sides to JDU when it left Mahagathbandhan again in 2024. Anant Singh was released on parole for 15 days during the [[2024 Indian general election in Bihar|2024 lok sabha election]] and was campaigning in Munger for JDU's Lallan Singh.

On 14 August 2024 [[Patna High Court]] acquitted Anant Singh in case of illegal arms act for which he was serving 10 years sentence from 2022.

==Criminal cases and influence==
Singh has numerous cases of murder, kidnapping, and [[land grabbing]] lodged against him. The Barh region has remained notorious for [[Caste-related violence in India|caste wars]] particularly between two [[Forward Caste]]s of Bihar, the [[Bhumihar]]s and [[Rajput]]s. In these wars he emerged as a saviour of his community. According to locals, people in this region refrain from going outside during night due to fear of being kidnapped or murdered. The fortune of Singh turned when [[Nitish Kumar]], decided to nominate him as his candidate on the ticket of [[Janata Dal (United)]] from the Mokama constituency. It was considered as paradoxical by a section of media that Kumar who vowed to end 'criminalisation of politics' was backing such a person against whom charges of serious cognisable offences were lodged. But, amidst criticism and counter statements Singh managed to win from Mokama seat due to support of his castemen as well as the wave of Nitish Kumar. Singh has been three times [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from Mokama.<ref name="Rajsingh">{{cite news |last=Rajsingh |first=Amit |date=28 January 2015 |url=https://thewire.in/politics/how-changing-equations-may-finally-put-a-stop-to-this-criminal-politicians-career |title=How Changing Equations May Finally Put a Stop to This Criminal Politician's Career |work=The Wire |access-date=21 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722132105/https://thewire.in/politics/how-changing-equations-may-finally-put-a-stop-to-this-criminal-politicians-career |archive-date=22 July 2020}}</ref>

Singh's activities dragged the country's attention when in 2007 he was reported to have two journalists from [[NDTV 24x7]] and [[ANI News]] as hostages in his official bungalow. It was reported that they had been there to interview Singh upon his involvement in murder and molestation of a woman called Reshma Khatoon whose body was recovered in a sack near the capital. The political protection given to Singh and another gangster named [[Sunil Pandey]] by the ruling government was aimed at mobilisation of the Bhumihar caste. According to the locals, Singh who was known as ''Chhote Sarkar'' ({{Translation|Junior Government|literal=Junior Government}}) in Mokama is a role model of Bhumihars, who have consistently opposed [[Laloo Yadav|Lalu Yadav]]'s government. Thus, political parties opposing Yadav used him as a tool to mobilise Bhumihar voters.<ref name="Upadhyaya">{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyo.in/politics/nitish-kumar-bihar-assembly-polls-2015-anant-singh-sunil-pandey-jdu-caste-bhumihar-yadav/story/1/5010.html|title=How Nitish Kumar plays the caste card when it suits him|website=Dailyo.in|first=Ashok|last=Upadhyay|access-date=21 July 2020}}</ref>

Singh was also allegedly involved in kidnapping of four youths, who as per allegations were responsible for [[Eve teasing|eve-teasing]] of a girl, latter being sister of one of Singh's men. As per news reports, the four youths were kidnapped and [[Physical assault|assaulted]] allegedly by the [[Goonda|goons]] of Singh and one of them named Puttus Yadav was killed brutally.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Parashar |first1=Sachin |date=24 September 2015 |title=A murder exposes Bihar's caste faultlines |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/A-murder-exposes-Bihars-caste-faultlines/articleshow/49083830.cms?from=mdr|work=The Times of India |access-date=11 January 2021 }}</ref>

===Arrest===
Singh was arrested in 2015, in connection with a kidnapping case of four men from [[Barh]] and the subsequent murder of one.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=JD-U MLA Anant Singh arrested in kidnapping, murder |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/anant-singh-jdu-mla-detain-kidnapping-murder-case-259445-2015-06-24 |magazine=India Today |agency=IANS |date=24 June 2015 |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref> The ensuing arrest also resulted in a scuffle between Singh and the [[Superintendent of police (India)|city SP]] of Patna [[Chandan Kushwaha]] while the former was being taken to [[Patna Secretariat|Secretariat]] police station in Patna.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/news/bihar/article1-story-484419.html |work=livehindustan.com |title=गिरफ्तारी के बाद थाने में जदयू विधायक अनंत सिंह व सिटी एसपी भिड़े |date=24 June 2015 |access-date=8 July 2023 |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708190441/https://www.livehindustan.com/news/bihar/article1-story-484419.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Dilip Singh]]
* [[Lalan Singh]]
* [[Giriraj Singh]]
* [[Vijay Kumar Sinha]]
* [[C. P. Thakur]]
* [[Vivek Thakur]]
* [[Surajbhan Singh]]
* [[Kapildev Prasad Singh]]
* [[Aruna Devi]]
* [[Anil Singh (politician)]]

== Electoral history ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|#]] !! From !! To !! Position !! Party
|-
| 1. || 2005 || 2005 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] (1st term) from [[Mokama Assembly constituency|Mokama]] || [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
|-
| 2. || 2005 || 2010 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] (2nd term) from [[Mokama Assembly constituency|Mokama]] || [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
|-
| 3. || 2010 || 2015 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] (3rd term) from [[Mokama Assembly constituency|Mokama]] || [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
|-
| 4. || 2015 || 2020 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] (4th te[[Lalan Singh|rm) from Mokama]] || [[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
| 5. || 2020 || 2022 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] (5th term) from [[Mokama Assembly constituency|Mokama]] || [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|-
| 6. || 2025 || || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] (6th term) from [[Mokama Assembly constituency|Mokama]] || [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
|}

Note: He was disqualified in July 2022 due to conviction<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-convicted-rjd-mla-anant-kumar-singh-disqualified-from-assembly/articleshow/92910146.cms |title=Convicted RJD MLA Anant Kumar Singh disqualified from Bihar Legislative Assembly |work=The Times of India |date=16 July 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/bihar-politician-anant-singh-loses-assembly-membership-not-the-1st-on-that-list-101657878732391.html |title=Bihar politician Anant Singh loses assembly membership, not the 1st on that list |work=The Hindustan Times |date=15 July 2022 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Anant}}
[[Category:1960s births]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2005–2010]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Crime in Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:People from Patna district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Indian politicians convicted of crimes]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

Hema Malini: Beyond the Dream Girl

2026-01-24T18:43:15Z

Glasierwellness: starting a bio

{{short description|Biography by Ram Kamal Mukherjee}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Hema Malini: Beyond the Dream Girl
| image = Hema Malini- Beyond the Dream Girl.jpg
| caption =
| author = [[Ram Kamal Mukherjee]]
| audio_read_by = Sumit Kaul
| country = India
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject = [[Hema Malini]]
| genre = Biography
| set_in =
| publisher = [[HarperCollins]]
| published = 10 October 2017
| media_type = Print
| pages = 292
| isbn = 978-93-52773-22-0
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
}}
'''''Hema Malini: Beyond the Dream Girl''''' is a biography by the journalist and film director [[Ram Kamal Mukherjee]], edited by Nooshin Mowla. Divided into 23 chapters, it chronicles [[Hema Malini]]'s life and career. The book describes her background and personal life, including her birth in [[Ammankudi (Orathanadu)|Ammankudi]] in 1948, her early years in [[New Delhi]], her studies in [[Madras]] (now Chennai), and her marriage to the actor [[Dharmendra]]—with whom she has two daughters (including the actress [[Esha Deol]])—in 1980. Her 50-year-long acting, dancing, filmmaking, magazine editing, and political career are also detailed. The book was published by [[HarperCollins]] on 10 October 2017.

Mukherjee first published ''[[Hema Malini: Diva Unveiled]]'', a 2005 [[coffee table book]] on Malini that failed commercially and critically. It was followed by another book about the actress in 2007: ''[[Hema Malini: The Authorized Biography]]'', by the film critic and journalist [[Bhawana Somaaya]]. Over the years, Mukherjee observed Malini's life and realised there are many aspects not chronicled in the previous books. Mukherjee approached her with the idea; she was initially hesitant of the project, entitled ''Hema Malini: Beyond the Dream Girl'', but he promised it would detail all her life's aspects. Following its release, the book received widespread critical acclaim.

== Summary ==
''Hema Malini: Beyond the Dream Girl'' is divided into twenty-three chapters.

The book opens with a foreword by the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]], speaking of his excitement about the publishing of the biography, and an introduction from the author, [[Ram Kamal Mukherjee]]. It later chronicles [[Hema Malini]]'s early life, starting with her birth on the midnight of 15 October 1948 in [[Ammankudi (Orathanadu)|Ammankudi]] to a religious, traditional [[Iyengar]] family. Her father, Vengarai Srisailesha Rangaramanuja Chakravarti, was the regional director of the [[Employees' State Insurance]]; her mother, Jaya Chakravarthy, was a housewife and writer. She has two brothers, Kannan and Jagannath, and is the youngest between the two. Her childhood was spent in [[New Delhi]], and later she had her formal education at the Madras Educational Society School, [[Madras]] (present-day Chennai).

The book chronicles Malini's acting career, from debuting in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film ''[[Idhu Sathiyam]]'' (''This is a Promise'', 1963) and in [[Bollywood]] with the commercially unsuccessful romance ''[[Sapno Ka Saudagar]]'' (''The Merchant of Dreams'', 1968) to her stardom in the 1970s and 1980s. Apart from that, she is also a [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer and has performed it in several stage performances. In 1980, she married the actor [[Dharmendra]] and had two daughters: [[Esha Deol|Esha]] (later becomes an actress) and Ahaana. Her directorial debut, ''[[Dil Aashna Hai]]'' (''The Heart Knows the Truth''), starring [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Divya Bharti]], was released in 1992. Malini also works as a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] politician, serving for the [[Rajya Sabha]] and, subsequently, the [[Lok Sabha]], and as a magazine editor. The book ends with an afterword by the filmmaker [[Ramesh Sippy]] and her filmography.

== Background and writing ==
In 2005, the then-''[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]]'' editor Ram Kamal Mukherjee published ''[[Hema Malini: Diva Unveiled]]'',{{sfn|Tankha 2005, 'Dream girl' unveiled}} which would become the only [[coffee table book]] on an Indian actress.{{sfn|''Asian World'' 2018, Exclusive interview with}} It also marked the first biography of the actress Hema Malini; the book did not succeed commercially due to its high price, and critics panned its grammatical mistakes.{{sfn|Chatterji 2017, A different take}} It ended up as a [[Collectable|collector's item]] but Mukherjee said the book gave him recognition as an author and helped him "find a new lease in [[Bollywood]]".{{sfn|Mukherjee 2017, Amazon Kindle version}}:9 Another biography was published three years later by [[Bhawana Somaaya]], titled ''[[Hema Malini: The Authorized Biography]]'', which got more critical praise.{{sfn|Bamzai 2007, Dance & drama}} Asked why he wrote a second book on Malini, Mukherjee stated many things happened since the last time he wrote ''Diva Unveiled'' and he always wanted "a complete biography that would feature all facets" of her.{{sfn|Chatterji 2017, A different take}}

While ''Diva Unveiled'' was unauthorised, ''Hema Malini: Beyond the Dream Girl'' was not. Mukherjee found Malini to be rarely discussing her personal life; he said that, when interviewing her for the book, he got much information on her that had never been published before. Though initially reluctant of the project since there had been two published books about her, Malini was eventually persuaded that ''Beyond the Dream Girl'' would cover all her life's aspects and "have a contemporary approach". He also interacted with her colleagues, film directors and producers, friends, and family members (including her daughters [[Esha Deol|Esha]] and Ahaana).{{sfn|Mukherjee 2017, Amazon Kindle version}}:9–12 Writing started in 2015.{{sfn|Indo-Asian News Service 2017, Beyond the Dreamgirl}} According to Mukherjee, the research took several years, with one full year of research, another year of writing, and over a year in post-writing work.{{sfn|Chatterji 2017, A different take}}

{{blockquote
| quote="My detractors might probably feel that I can't think 'beyond' Hema Malini. But the fact remains that I wanted my work to reach out to a large readership. I wanted to tell a complete story. I wanted a good publisher to stand by me. This year Hema ... completed 50 years in Bollywood, and she is still so active. If you see the cover of the book you will know what I mean. Give me any other name, other than Hema who can look like this at 69!"
| source = Mukherjee on ''Beyond the Dream Girl''{{sfn|Chatterji 2017, A different take}}
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Beyond the Dream Girl'' was edited by Nooshin Mowla.{{sfn|Chatterji 2017, A different take}} It was released by [[HarperCollins]] on [[Amazon Kindle]] on 10 October 2017,{{sfn|Mukherjee 2017, Amazon Kindle version}} while its paperback version was released on 1 May 2018.{{sfn|Mukherjee 2018, Paperback version}} The audiobook edition, narrated by Sumit Kaul, was released on 1 January 2021.{{sfn|Mukherjee 2021, Audiobook version}} It received positive reviews from [[Literary criticism|literary critics]], who praised Mukherjee's writing. Joginder Tuteja of [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave the book three stars and, comparing it with Somaaya's ''The Authorized Biography'', wrote: "Unlike the last biography which was really text heavy and ended up turning you off as a reader, this biography is a lot more engaging ... the book is fair to the subject in question and it all boils down to what all and how much does she wishes to reveal about her personal life."{{sfn|Tuteja 2017, Book review}} ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' praised Mukherjee's effort in researching for the book.{{sfn|''The Free Press Journal'' 2017, Hema Malini}}

Writing for ''[[The Asian Age]]'', Bhaichand Patel likened the book with a "public relations job" and added "Mukherjee takes everything she tells him as gospel truth".{{sfn|Patel 2017, Idolising hagiography that}} Ektaa Malik from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "If you thought [the book], perhaps, answer all your questions about the various controversies [of] the actor over decades, you will be sorely disappointed. It’s not a no-holds-barred book. It’s at best a well-written Wikipedia entry."{{sfn|Malik 2017, ShelfLife}} ''[[Business Line]]''{{'s}} Sandhya Rao described it as a "surprisingly insightful portrait" of Malini.{{sfn|Rao 2018, Book review}} In ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', Oimar Alavi complimented Mukherjee's simpleness and objectiveness, but continued that his "constant inputs seem irrelevant. He fails to include many of [her] films from the 1980s, yet writes 'How I Feel About Hema' as if anyone interested in her career cares."{{sfn|Alavi 2018, Non-fiction}}

Reviewing it for the [[Malayalam]]-language newspaper ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'', Deepa Anthony took note of Mukherjee's neutrality throughout the book, especially that in the chapters of her highly publicised marriage to Dharmendra.{{sfn|Anthony 2017, Beyond the dream}} Arpita Das of ''[[Film Companion]]'' included it in her listing of "Top 7 Books on Cinema in 2018", writing, "There is a fearlessness that comes through in these pages ... Just a sense of a rock-solid personality who likes to meet her gaze every morning in the mirror and not feel uncomfortable doing so."{{sfn|Das 2018, Top 7 books}} For the book, Mukherjee won best-author trophies at the Rajasthan International Film Festival{{sfn|Box Office India 2018, Ram Kamal awarded}} and the Society Achievers' Awards.{{sfn|''Deccan Chronicle'' 2018, Ram Kamal Mukherjee}}

== Publication history ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"|Region
! scope="col"|Release date
! scope="col"|Format
! scope="col"|Publisher
!{{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |India
|10 October 2017
|[[Amazon Kindle]]
| rowspan="3"|[[HarperCollins]]
| style="text-align: center;"|{{sfn|Mukherjee 2017, Amazon Kindle version}}
|-
|1 May 2018
|Paperback
| style="text-align: center;"|{{sfn|Mukherjee 2018, Paperback version}}
|-
|1 January 2021
|Audiobook
| style="text-align: center;"|{{sfn|Mukherjee 2021, Audiobook version}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite news |last=Alavi |first=Oimar |date=11 February 2018 |title=Non-fiction: Girl of Bollywood's dreams |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1388710 |url-status=live |access-date=16 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211090037/https://www.dawn.com/news/1388710 |archive-date=11 February 2018 |ref={{Sfnref|Alavi 2018, Non-fiction}}}}
* {{Cite news |last=Anthony |first=Deepa |date=13 December 2017 |title=സ്വപ്നനായികയ്ക്കുമപ്പുറം |language=ml |trans-title=Beyond the dream heroine |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/book-reviews/hema-malini-hema-malini-beyond-the-dream-girl-1.2454297 |url-status=live |access-date=16 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213084746/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/book-reviews/hema-malini-hema-malini-beyond-the-dream-girl-1.2454297 |archive-date=13 December 2017 |ref={{Sfnref|Anthony 2017, Beyond the dream}}}}
* {{Cite news |last=Bamzai |first=Kaveree |date=2 April 2007 |title=Dance & drama |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19700101-hema-malini-the-authorised-biography-by-bhawana-somaaya-748588-2007-04-02 |url-status=live |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622064343/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19700101-hema-malini-the-authorised-biography-by-bhawana-somaaya-748588-2007-04-02 |archive-date=22 June 2021 |ref={{Sfnref|Bamzai 2007, Dance & drama}}}}
* {{Cite news |last=Chatterji |first=Shoma |author-link=Shoma Chatterji |date=16 December 2017 |title=A different take on Hema Malini: Ram Kamal Mukherjee goes 'Beyond The Dream Girl' |work=The Citizen |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/newsdetail/index/9/12532/a-different-take-on-hema-malini-ram-kamal-mukherjee-goes-beyond-the-dream-girl |url-status=live |access-date=16 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216082206/https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/newsdetail/index/9/12532/a-different-take-on-hema-malini-ram-kamal-mukherjee-goes-beyond-the-dream-girl |archive-date=16 December 2017 |ref={{Sfnref|Chatterji 2017, A different take}}}}
* {{Cite web |last=Das |first=Aprita |date=19 December 2018 |title=Top 7 books on cinema in 2018 |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/books/top-7-books-on-cinema-in-2018/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806153857/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/books/top-7-books-on-cinema-in-2018/ |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]] |ref={{Sfnref|Das 2018, Top 7 books}}}}
* {{Cite news |date=24 July 2018 |title=Exclusive interview with Ram Kamal Mukherjee |work=Asian World |url=http://asianworldnews.co.uk/home/exclusive-interview-with-ram-kamal-mukherjee/ |url-status=live |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028025522/http://asianworldnews.co.uk/home/exclusive-interview-with-ram-kamal-mukherjee/ |archive-date=28 October 2021 |ref={{Sfnref|''Asian World'' 2018, Exclusive interview with}}}}
* {{Cite news |date=3 December 2017 |title=Hema Malini: Beyond the dream girl by Ram Kamal Mukherjee – Review |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/book-reviews/hema-malini-beyond-the-dream-girl-by-ram-kamal-mukherjee |url-status=live |access-date=16 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502102942/https://www.freepressjournal.in/book-reviews/hema-malini-beyond-the-dream-girl-by-ram-kamal-mukherjee |archive-date=2 May 2021 |ref={{Sfnref|''The Free Press Journal'' 2017, Hema Malini}}}}
* {{Cite news |last=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=14 October 2017 |title=Beyond the Dreamgirl: Narendra Modi pens foreword for Hema Malini's biography |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/beyond-the-dreamgirl-narendra-modi-pens-foreword-for-hema-malini-s-biography/story-Q9WPbrtiB63gmvxgTFYYfJ.html |url-status=live |access-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502102941/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/beyond-the-dreamgirl-narendra-modi-pens-foreword-for-hema-malini-s-biography/story-Q9WPbrtiB63gmvxgTFYYfJ.html |archive-date=2 May 2021 |ref={{Sfnref|Indo-Asian News Service 2017, Beyond the Dreamgirl}}}}
* {{Cite news |last=Malik |first=Ektaa |date=18 November 2017 |title=ShelfLife: Star struck |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/shelflife-star-struck-4942528/ |url-status=live |access-date=16 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118223550/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/shelflife-star-struck-4942528/ |archive-date=18 November 2017 |ref={{Sfnref|Malik 2017, ShelfLife}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Ram Kamal |title=Hema Malini |date=10 October 2017 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |asin=B075RVK9QP |ref={{Sfnref|Mukherjee 2017, Amazon Kindle version}} |author-link=Ram Kamal Mukherjee}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Ram Kamal |title=Hema Malini |date=1 May 2018 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-93-52773-22-0 |ref={{Sfnref|Mukherjee 2018, Paperback version}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Ram Kamal |title=Hema Malini |date=1 January 2021 |publisher=HarperCollins |asin=B08R6J93PK |ref={{Sfnref|Mukherjee 2021, Audiobook version}}}}
* {{Cite news |last=Patel |first=Bhaichand |date=26 November 2017 |title=Idolising hagiography that fails to take off |work=[[The Asian Age]] |url=https://www.asianage.com/books/261117/idolising-hagiography-that-fails-to-take-off.html |url-status=live |access-date=16 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124235146/https://www.asianage.com/books/261117/idolising-hagiography-that-fails-to-take-off.html |archive-date=24 November 2020 |ref={{Sfnref|Patel 2017, Idolising hagiography that}}}}
* {{Cite web |date=31 January 2018 |title=Ram Kamal awarded at RIFF |url=https://boxofficeindia.co.in/ram-kamal-awarded-riff |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917075519/https://boxofficeindia.co.in/ram-kamal-awarded-riff |archive-date=17 September 2021 |access-date=17 September 2021 |website=[[Box Office India]] |ref={{Sfnref|Box Office India 2018, Ram Kamal awarded}}}}
* {{Cite news |date=19 January 2018 |title=Ram Kamal Mukherjee bags Society Achievers Best Author Award for his book |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/190118/ram-kamal-mukherjee-bags-society-achievers-best-author-award-for-his-book.html |url-status=live |access-date=16 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120035229/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/190118/ram-kamal-mukherjee-bags-society-achievers-best-author-award-for-his-book.html |archive-date=20 January 2018 |ref={{Sfnref|''Deccan Chronicle'' 2018, Ram Kamal Mukherjee}}}}
* {{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Sandhya |date=9 March 2018 |title=Book review: Dream Girl dreams |work=[[Business Line]] |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/books/book-review-dream-girl-dreams/article22305746.ece1 |url-status=live |access-date=16 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206022022/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/books/book-review-dream-girl-dreams/article22305746.ece1 |archive-date=6 December 2020 |ref={{Sfnref|Rao 2018, Book review}}}}
* {{Cite news |last=Tankha |first=Madhur |date=10 March 2005 |title='Dream girl' unveiled |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/dream-girl-unveiled/article28681629.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007084415/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/dream-girl-unveiled/article28681629.ece |archive-date=7 October 2021 |ref={{Sfnref|Tankha 2005, 'Dream girl' unveiled}}}}
* {{Cite web |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |date=7 November 2017 |title=Book review: Hema Malini – Beyond the Dream Girl |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/book-review-hema-malini-beyond-dream-girl/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109075058/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/book-review-hema-malini-beyond-dream-girl/ |archive-date=9 November 2017 |access-date=16 September 2021 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |ref={{Sfnref|Tuteja 2017, Book review}}}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Google Books|id=qx86DwAAQBAJ}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2017 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Biographies about actors]]
[[Category:Indian biographies]]
[[Category:HarperCollins books]]

Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-19T06:06:49Z

Glasierwellness:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Kurnool {{Small|AP-18}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Andhra Pradesh/Kurnool.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| established = 1952
| assembly_cons = [[Kurnool Assembly constituency|Kurnool]] [[Pattikonda Assembly constituency|Pattikonda]] [[Kodumur Assembly constituency|Kodumur]] [[Yemmiganur Assembly constituency|Yemmiganur]] [[Mantralayam Assembly constituency|Mantralayam]] [[Adoni Assembly constituency|Adoni]] [[Alur Assembly constituency|Alur]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation = None
| mp = [[Bastipati Nagaraju Panchalingala]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|preceded_by = [[Sanjeev Kumar (Andhra Pradesh politician)|Sanjeev Kumar]]
}}

'''Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the twenty-five [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Andhra Pradesh (25)|lok sabha constituencies]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It comprises seven assembly segments and belongs to [[Kurnool district]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |website=The Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=dead |page=31 |format=PDF |date=17 December 2018}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency presently comprises the following [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] segments:<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=31}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|137
|[[Kurnool Assembly constituency|Kurnool]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
|[[T. G. Bharath|Tumbalam Gooty Bharath]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}
|rowspan="4"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}
|rowspan="4"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|-
|142
|[[Pattikonda Assembly constituency|Pattikonda]]
|[[K. E. Shyam Babu]]
|-
|143
|[[Kodumur Assembly constituency|Kodumur]] (SC)
|[[Boggula Dastagiri]]
|-
|144
|[[Yemmiganur Assembly constituency|Yemmiganur]]
|[[Jaya Nageswara Reddy|B. V. Jaya Nageswara Reddy]]
|-
|145
|[[Mantralayam Assembly constituency|Mantralayam]]
|[[Y. Balanagi Reddy|Yellareddy Gari Balanagi Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|YSR Congress Party}}
|[[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]
|{{Party color cell|YSR Congress Party}}
|[[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]
|-
|146
|[[Adoni Assembly constituency|Adoni]]
|[[P. V. Parthasarathi]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|-
|147
|[[Alur Assembly constituency|Alur]]
|[[Busine Virupakshi]]
|{{Party color cell|YSR Congress Party}}
|[[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Y. Gadilingana Goud|Y. Gadilingana Gowd]]
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|H. Sitharama Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|Osman Ali Khan
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Yashoda Reddy]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Y. Gadilingana Goud|Y. Gadilingana Gowd]]
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|K. Kodanda Rami Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|E. Ayyapu Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|1991^
|[[Kotla Jayasurya Prakasha Reddy]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[K. E. Krishna Murthy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kotla Jayasurya Prakasha Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Butta Renuka]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Sanjeev Kumar (Andhra Pradesh politician)|Sanjeev Kumar]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Bastipati Nagaraju Panchalingala]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===General Election 1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election|General Election, 1989]]: Kurnool}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]]
| votes = 363,955
| percentage = 57.89
| change = +9.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Erasu Ayyapu Reddy]]
| votes = 253,537
| percentage = 40.32
| change = -9.62
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 110,418
| percentage = 17.57
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 628,754
| percentage = 64.91
| change = -2.18
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election|General Election, 1991]]: Kurnool}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]]
| votes = 302,352
| percentage = 51.92
| change = -5.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[S.V. Subba Reddy]]
| votes = 249,885
| percentage = 42.91
| change = +2.59
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 52,467
| percentage = 9.01
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 582,352
| percentage = 59.84
| change = -5.07
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election|General Election, 1996]]: Kurnool}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]]
| votes = 323,208
| percentage = 46.43
| change = -5.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[S.V. Subba Reddy]]
| votes = 290,389
| percentage = 41.72
| change = +1.19
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 32,819
| percentage = 4.71
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 696,103
| percentage = 60.58
| change = +0.74
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election, 1998]]: Kurnool}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]]
| votes = 368,044
| percentage = 48.91
| change = +2.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[K. E. Krishnamurthy]]
| votes = 355,208
| percentage = 47.21
| change = +5.49
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 12,836
| percentage = 1.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 752,475
| percentage = 66.16
| change = +5.58
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]: Kurnool}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[K. E. Krishna Murthy]]
| votes = 385,688
| percentage = 51.27
| change = +4.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]]
| votes = 361,201
| percentage = 48.01
| change = -0.90
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 24,487
| percentage = 3.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 752,286
| percentage = 64.66
| change = -1.50
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: Kurnool}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Kotla Jayasurya Prakasha Reddy]]
| votes = 433,529
| percentage = 52.95
| change = +4.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[K. E. Krishnamurthy]]
| votes = 332,431
| percentage = 40.60
| change = -10.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = James
| votes = 17,410
| percentage = 2.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Reddipogu David
| votes = 12,515
| percentage = 1.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = T Seshaphani
| votes = 8,899
| percentage = 1.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Pyramid Party of India
| candidate = Dr Parameshwar Reddy
| votes = 3,722
| percentage = 0.45
| change = +0.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Giri Nivarthi Rao Yadav
| votes = 2,873
| percentage = 0.35
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = V Ravinder Rao
| votes = 2,723
| percentage = 0.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Party
| candidate = R V Mohan Reddy
| votes = 2,624
| percentage = 0.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = K V Krishna Kumar
| votes = 2,083
| percentage = 0.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 101,098
| percentage = 12.35
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 818,809
| percentage = 62.48
| change = -2.18
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: Kurnool}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Kotla Jayasurya Prakasha Reddy]]
| votes = 382,974
| percentage = 43.93
| change = -9.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = B. T. Naidu
| votes = 308,895
| percentage = 35.44
| change = -5.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Rajyam Party
| candidate = Dr. Dandiya Khaja Peera
| votes = 114,845
| percentage = 13.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 74,079
| percentage = 12.35
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 871,708
| percentage = 62.48
| change = -4.02
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections|General Election, 2014]]: Kurnool}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = [[Butta Renuka]]
| votes = 472,782
| percentage = 44.36
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = B. T. Naidu
| votes = 428,651
| percentage = 40.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Kotla Jayasurya Prakasha Reddy]]
| votes = 116,603
| percentage = 10.94
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 44,131
| percentage = 4.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,065,732
| percentage = 71.92
| change = +9.44
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = YSR Congress Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Kurnool]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party= YSR Congress Party
|candidate=[[Sanjeev Kumar (Andhra Pradesh politician)|Sanjeev Kumar]]
|votes= 602,554
|percentage= 50.98
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party= Telugu Desam Party
|candidate=[[Kotla Jayasurya Prakasha Reddy]]
|votes= 453,665
|percentage= 38.38
|change=
}}
{{
Election box candidate with party link|
|party= Indian National Congress
|candidate=[[Ahmed Ali Khan]]
|votes= 36,258
|percentage= 3.07
|change=
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes= 148,889
|percentage= 12.60
|change=
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes= 11,90,672
|percentage= 75.69
|change= +7.63
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,73,009
|ref= }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Kurnool]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Bastipati Nagaraju Panchalingala]]|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=6,58,914|percentage=49.50|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=B. Y. Ramaiah|party=YSR Congress Party|votes=5,47,616|percentage=41.16|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=P. G. Rampullaiah Yadav|party=Indian National Congress|votes=70,373|percentage=5.30|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=NOTA|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=10,511|percentage=0.80|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,11,298|percentage=8.34|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=13,39,542|percentage=77.69|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/andhra_pradesh/kurnool/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Kurnool lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

{{coord|15.81|78.04|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kurnool district]]

Empire (magazine)

2026-01-01T02:29:00Z

Glasierwellness: brief added content per standard format additionally and fixed typos

{{Short description|British monthly film magazine}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=May 2018}}
{{Tone|date=September 2024}}
}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox magazine
|logo = Empire (magazine) logo.svg
|image_file = Empire magazine December 2024 cover.webp
|image_caption = Cover of the December 2024 issue, featuring [[Robert Pattinson]] in ''[[Mickey 17]]''
|editor = Nick de Semlyen
|frequency = Monthly
|category = Film
|company = [[Bauer Media Group]]
|firstdate = {{Start date and age|1989|5}}
|country = United Kingdom
|based = [[London]]
|circulation = 73,291 per issue (Jan – Dec 2023)<ref>{{cite web|title=ABC Certificates and Reports: Empire|url=https://www.abc.org.uk/product/5187|work=Audit Bureau of Circulations, (ABC)|access-date=14 Jul 2024}}</ref> Print and digital editions.
|circulation_year =
|language = English
|website = {{URL|https://empireonline.com}}
|issn = 0957-4948
|oclc = 40516612
}}

'''''Empire''''' is a British [[film magazine]] published monthly by [[Bauer Media Group]]. The first issue was published in May 1989.

==History==
[[David Hepworth]] of [[Emap]], the publisher of British music magazines ''[[Q magazine|Q]]'' and ''[[Smash Hits]]'', proposed the idea of launching a film magazine similar to ''Q''.<ref name=thomas>{{cite magazine|magazine=Inside Empire|year=2009|pages=22–24|last=Thomas|first=Phil|title=Editors: Phil Thomas}}</ref><ref name=barry/> They recruited ''Smash Hits'' editor [[Barry McIlheney]] to edit the new magazine, with Hepworth as Editorial Director.<ref name=barry/> Hepworth drafted a one-page proposal outlining the magazine's objectives, including a commitment to reviewing and rating every film released in UK cinema.<ref name=barry/> The proposal also stated, "''Empire'' believes that movies can sometimes be art, but they should always be fun."<ref name=thomas/> The first edition (June/July 1989) was published in May 1989, featuring [[Dennis Quaid]] and [[Winona Ryder]] on the cover for the film ''[[Great Balls of Fire! (film)|Great Balls of Fire!]]''. The magazine achieved its initial sales target of 50,000 copies.<ref name=barry>{{cite magazine|magazine=Inside Empire|year=2009|pages=8–10|last=McIlheney|first=Barry|author-link=Barry McIlheney|title=Editors: Barry McIlheney}}</ref>

Film reviews were given a star rating between 1 and 5, with no half-stars.<ref name=newman/>

McIlheney served as editor for the first 44 issues, after which assistant editor Phil Thomas, who had been with the magazine since its inception, took over from the March 1993 issue.<ref name=thomas/> In 1995, Thomas became managing editor and ''Q'' Features Editor [[Andrew Collins (broadcaster)|Andrew Collins]] was appointed ''Empire's'' editor from issue 73 (July 1995). However, after 3 issues, Collins transitioned to ''Q'' following the departure of [[Danny Kelly (journalist)|Danny Kelly]], and ''Empire''{{'s}} Features Editor Mark Salisbury was promoted to Editor.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Inside Empire|year=2009|pages=38–40|last=Collins|first=Andrew|author-link=Andrew Collins (broadcaster)|title=Editors: Andrew Collins}}</ref>

In 2006, a compilation of the magazine's film reviews was published as the ''Empire Film Guide''.<ref name=newman/>

In early 2008, [[Bauer Verlagsgruppe|Bauer]] acquired [[Emap|Emap Consumer Media]].

===Editors===
''Empire'' has had eleven editors:

{{div col}}
* Barry McIlheney (issues 1–44)
* Phil Thomas (issues 45–72)
* [[Andrew Collins (broadcaster)|Andrew Collins]] (issues 73–75)
* Mark Salisbury (issues 76–88)
* Ian Nathan (issues 89–126)
* Emma Cochrane (issues 127–161)
* Colin Kennedy (162–209) (Will Lawrence acted as editor for 12 issues while Colin Kennedy was absent)
* Mark Dinning (210–304). Dinning was formerly Associate Editor of the magazine leaving to take up the position of Editor of ''[[Total Film]]'' for a period, he then returned to take up the same role for ''Empire.'' He left the magazine in July 2014.<ref>{{cite news|first1=William|last1=Turvill|title=Empire editor-in-chief steps down to join Time Out Dubai after eight years|url=https://pressgazette.co.uk/empire-editor-chief-steps-down-join-time-out-dubai-after-eight-years|access-date=12 August 2014|work=[[Press Gazette]]|date=24 July 2014|archive-date=25 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725164100/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/empire-editor-chief-steps-down-join-time-out-dubai-after-eight-years|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Morgan Rees (issues 306–315)
* [[Terri White (journalist)|Terri White]] (issues 318—393)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Turvill|first1=William|title=Time Out New York editor-in-chief Terri White to take charge of Empire|url=https://pressgazette.co.uk/time-out-new-york-editor-in-chief-terri-white-to-take-charge-of-empire|access-date=12 April 2017|work=[[Press Gazette]]|date=2 September 2015|archive-date=13 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413070848/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/time-out-new-york-editor-in-chief-terri-white-to-take-charge-of-empire|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Nick De Semlyen (since issue 394) <ref>{{cite news|title=Terri White: 'If I hadn't had my baby I would still be editing Empire now'|url=https://pressgazette.co.uk/terri-white-empire-editor-departure/|work=[[Press Gazette]]}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

* [[Steven Spielberg]] guest-edited the magazine's 20th Anniversary Issue in June 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://empireonline.com/news/story.asp?NID=24133|title=Steven Spielberg To Guest-Edit Empire!|work=Empire|author=Helen O'Hara|date=5 February 2009|access-date=16 October 2012|archive-date=16 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116162418/http://www.empireonline.com/news/story.asp?NID=24133|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://empireonline.com/20/|title=Empire's 20th Anniversary Edition|date=6 May 2009|work=Empire Magazine|access-date=6 May 2009|archive-date=26 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826225410/http://www.empireonline.com/20/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Sam Mendes]] guest-edited the magazine's ''[[Spectre (2015 film)|Spectre]]'' special in September 2015.

==Regular features==

''Empire'' reviews both mainstream films and [[art film]]s, but feature articles concentrate on the former. [[Ian Freer]] is a regular reviewer for the magazine.

As well as film news, previews, and reviews, ''Empire'' has some other regular features. Each issue (with the exception of issues 108–113) features a ''Classic Scene'', a transcript from a notable film scene. The first such classic scene to be featured was the "I coulda been a contender" scene from ''[[On the Waterfront]]''.<ref name=index>{{cite magazine|magazine=Inside Empire|year=2009|pages=126–130|title=The Empire Index}}</ref>

The ''Re.View'' section covers Blu-ray and DVD news and releases. ''Kim Newman's Movie Dungeon'' is a regular feature in the ''Re.View'' section, in which critic [[Kim Newman]] reviews the most obscure releases, mostly low-budget horror movies. Newman has written for ''Empire'' since the first issue.<ref name=newman>{{cite magazine|magazine=Inside Empire|year=2009|pages=84–85|last=Newman|first=Kim|author-link=Kim Newman|title=How Would You Rate This Column?}}</ref>

''How Much Is A Pint of Milk?'' presents celebrities' answers to silly or unusual questions, including the question "How much is a pint of milk?" This is intended as a guide to the chosen celebrity's contact with reality, and as such can be more informative than a direct interview by reporting some surprising responses. [[Willem Dafoe]] was the first interviewee in issue 59 (May 1994).<ref name=index/>

Each magazine includes a "Spine Quote", in which a relatively challenging quote is printed on the spine of the magazine. There are usually some obvious and obscure links from the quote to the main features of that month's edition. Readers are invited to identify the film source and the links to win a prize.

===The Empire Masterpiece===
A regular feature since ''[[Raging Bull]]'' featured in issue 167 (May 2003),<ref name=index/> the Empire Masterpiece is a two-page essay on a film selected by ''Empire'' in the ''Re.View'' section. Only a few issues since the first masterpiece feature have not featured one – 179, 196–198 and 246. Issue 241 (June 2009) had director [[Frank Darabont]] select 223 masterpieces.<ref name=index/><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Empire|issue=241|author=Darabont, Frank|author-link=Frank Darabont|url=https://empireonline.com/movies/features/frank-darabonts-favourite-movies/|title=Frank Darabont's Greatest Movies of All Time|date=15 May 2009|access-date=23 November 2019|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406085840/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/frank-darabonts-favourite-movies/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[L.A. Confidential (film)|L.A. Confidential]]'' and ''[[Magnolia (film)|Magnolia]]'' have been featured twice.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

===Former features===
''Where Are They Now?'' featuring past film celebrities and updating on their current professional and personal status first appeared in issue 28 (October 1991) featuring [[Mark Hamill]] and [[John Savage (actor)|John Savage]].<ref name=index/>

''My Movie Mastermind'' was another regular in which a celebrity was given questions about the films they were in or directed. Celebrities range from [[Quentin Tarantino]] and [[Christopher Lee]] (who were at the top of the scoreboard) to [[John Carpenter]] and [[Michael Keaton]] (who were at the bottom of the scoreboard). The feature first appeared in issue 212 (February 2007) with [[Terry Gilliam]].<ref name=index/>

==Special editions==
===Genre guides===
In 2001, ''Empire'' published a series of guides to the best films by genre including science fiction, horror, crime, action, and comedy.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Empire|title=Editor's Letter|last=Cochrane|first=Emma|page=6|year=2001|edition=The Greatest Sci-Fi Movies Ever}}</ref>

===The Directors Collection===
In 2001, ''Empire'' published a special issue on [[Steven Spielberg]] as part of The Directors Collection.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Empire|title=Steven Spielberg|year=2001|edition=The Directors Collection}}</ref>

===Fifteenth anniversary===
''Empire'' published a special 15th anniversary issue in June 2004 by which time the magazine had reviewed 4,240 theatrical films. [[Nicole Kidman]] was named "actress of our lifetime" and [[Kevin Spacey]] was named "actor of our lifetime". A list of the 15 most influential films of the preceding 15 years was featured.

=== Eighteenth anniversary===
As part of its 18th birthday issue published in June 2007 ''Empire'' published a list of the top 18-rated moments in film. They also selected the 50 greatest films rated with an [[18 (British Board of Film Classification)|18 certificate]].{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

===Readers' top films===
''Empire'' occasionally polls readers to find out what their favourite films are.

A poll of ''Empire'' readers was published in September 2001 and listed ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' (1977) as the greatest movie of all time.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1559556.stm |title=Star Wars' triumph in best movie poll |date=23 September 2001 |work=BBC News |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927220656/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1559556.stm |archive-date=27 September 2015 |url-status=live |access-date=26 September 2015}}</ref>

In March 2006, a readers' poll of The 201 Greatest Movies of All Time had ''[[The Shawshank Redemption]]'' (1994) as the number one choice.

==== The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time ====
The list was selected in September 2008 by over 10,000 ''Empire'' readers, 150 filmmakers, and 50 film critics. The list was accompanied by many different covers, each of which went on sale. The list was topped by ''[[The Godfather]]'' (1972) and the list's most represented director was [[Steven Spielberg]], who had eleven films in the top 500.<ref>{{cite web |date=2008 |title=Empire's 500 Greatest Movies of All Time|url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/500-greatest-movies/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104180959/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/500-greatest-movies/ |archive-date=4 November 2015 |access-date=4 January 2025 |url-status=dead |website=Empireonline.com}}</ref>

In July 2014, during their 25th anniversary year, a readers' poll of The 301 Greatest Movies of All Time was topped by ''[[The Empire Strikes Back]]'' (1980).<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Empire|title=The 301 Greatest Movies of All Time|pages=67–115|date=July 2014|issue=301}}</ref>

==== The 100 Greatest Movies ====
In 2017, ''Empire'' surveyed five thousand readers to produce a list of the 100 greatest films ever made which was once again topped by ''The Godfather''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/best-movies/|title=The 100 Greatest Movies|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=6 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706075658/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/best-movies/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, they combined reader votes with Empire critics "choices" to create a top 100 list topped by ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/best-movies-2/|title = The 100 Greatest Movies| date=23 January 2023 }}</ref>

===Other polls===
====Readers' top directors====
In June 2005, a poll of 10,000 readers was asked to name the greatest film director of all time. In a list of forty directors, [[Steven Spielberg]] was granted the honour of greatest director.

====Readers' top characters====
A poll of ''Empire'' readers was conducted in 2008 to create a list of the 100 greatest movie characters, with [[The Narrator (Fight Club)|Tyler Durden]] from ''[[Fight Club]]'' (1999) listed first.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sciretta |first=Peter |date=1 December 2008 |title=Empire's The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time |url=https://slashfilm.com/empires-the-100-greatest-movie-characters-of-all-time/ |publisher=SlashFilm |access-date=20 August 2016 |archive-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916073421/http://www.slashfilm.com/empires-the-100-greatest-movie-characters-of-all-time/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 2015, ''Empire'''s readers named the greatest film characters of all time led by [[Indiana Jones]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://empireonline.com/movies/features/100-greatest-movie-characters/|title=The Greatest Movie Characters of All Time|date=29 June 2015|location=Empire|access-date=20 August 2016|archive-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820202938/http://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/100-greatest-movie-characters/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Podcasts ==
''Empire'' launched their first [[podcast]], ''The Empire Podcast'', in March 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Podcast|first=The Empire Film|title=The Empire Film Podcast|url=https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9yc3MucG9kcGxheXN0dWRpby5jb20vMTIwOS54bWw|access-date=2021-02-09|website=Google Podcasts|language=en}}</ref> The [[podcast]] is released weekly and is hosted by [[Chris Hewitt (journalist)|Chris Hewitt]], alongside [[Helen O'Hara (journalist)|Helen O'Hara]] and James Dyer, as well as regularly featuring other ''Empire'' journalists such as Amon Warmann, Ben Travis and [[Terri White (journalist)|Terri White]]. The podcasts feature film news, listener questions, interviews, and reviews, as well as regularly having 'Spoiler Specials' which take an in-depth look at a single film, including [[Spoiler (media)|plot spoilers]]. Many of these episodes are included on a separate subscription-only feed that costs £2.99 per month.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sign Up To The Empire Spoiler Special Film Podcast|url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/empire-spoiler-special-film-podcast-sign-up/|access-date=2021-02-09|website=Empire}}</ref>

In September 2018, ''Empire'' launched a second podcast focused on television shows, called ''The Pilot TV Podcast''. It is hosted by James Dyer, [[Terri White (journalist)|Terri White]] and Boyd Hilton.

In July 2022, the podcast won in the "Best Live Podcast" category at the [[British Podcast Awards]] following a live episode held in [[Kings Place, London]] to celebrate the podcast’s 500th episode that included returning favourites of lethal cunning, as well as guests such as [[Brett Goldstein]], [[Tom Holland]] and [[Johnny Knoxville]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/empire-podcast-wins-british-podcast-best-live-podcast/ |first1=James |last1=White |website=Empire | title=Empire Podcast Wins British Podcast Awards Best Live Podcast | date=24 July 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118231408/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/empire-podcast-wins-british-podcast-best-live-podcast/ |archive-date= Jan 18, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.goloudnow.com/podcasts/the-empire-film-podcast-397/500-tom-holland-joanna-hogg-harris-dickinson-brett-goldstein-rachel-zegler-kate-herron-johnny-knoxville-322146 | title=#500 — Tom Holland, Joanna Hogg & Harris Dickinson, Brett Goldstein, Rachel Zegler, Kate Herron, Johnny Knoxville |publisher=GoLoud |work=The Empire Film Podcast |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230927143422/https://www.goloudnow.com/podcasts/the-empire-film-podcast-397/500-tom-holland-joanna-hogg-harris-dickinson-brett-goldstein-rachel-zegler-kate-herron-johnny-knoxville-322146 |archive-date= Sep 27, 2023 }}</ref>

==Awards==
{{Main|Empire Awards}}
From 1996 until 2018, ''Empire'' organised the annual [[Empire Awards]], voted for by readers of the magazine, which were originally sponsored by [[Sony Ericsson]], and from 2009 sponsored by [[Jameson Irish Whiskey|Jameson]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.empireonline.com/awards2009/|title=The Jameson Empire Awards 2009 |website=Empireonline.com|access-date=16 October 2012|archive-date=25 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133615/http://www.empireonline.com/awards2009/|url-status=dead }}</ref> The last awards were held in 2018 and after that the awards were discontinued for undisclosed reasons.

==See also==
* [[List of film periodicals]]
* ''[[Cahiers du cinéma]]''
* ''[[Sight & Sound]]''
* [[The Film Daily#Annual Critics' Poll|''The Film Daily'' annual critics' poll]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://empireonline.com|''Empire''}} – official site
*{{Discogs label|141423|''Empire''}}

{{Empire Awards}}
{{Bauer Verlagsgruppe}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Empire}}
[[Category:Magazines established in 1989]]
[[Category:Film magazines published in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Bauer Group (UK)]]
[[Category:Empire Awards]]
[[Category:Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Magazines published in London]]

Asad Khan (Mughal noble)

2025-12-19T22:04:16Z

Glasierwellness: Adding Article!

{{Short description|Mughal noble (1626/1631–1716)}}
{{For|other people with similar names|Asad Khan (disambiguation)|Mohammad Ibrahim (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Asad Khan
| image = File:Portrait of Nawab Asad Khan (Royal Collection Trust) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Portrait of Asad Khan in the [[Royal Collection]], {{circa|1700}}
| office1 = [[List of Mughal grand viziers|Wazir of the Mughal Empire]]
| termstart1 = 1676
| termend1 = 1707
| parents = Zulfiqar Khan Qaramanlu
| office2 = [[Vakil-i-Mutlaq]] of the Mughal Empire
| termstart2 = 1707
| termend2 = ?
| birth_name = Muhammad Ibrahim
| birth_date = {{c.|1626/31}}
| death_date = 15 June 1716 (aged 84–90)
| issue =
| children = [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung]] 
Inayat Khan
| monarch =
| monarch2 = [[Bahadur Shah I]], [[Jahandar Shah]]
| monarch1 = [[Aurangzeb Alamgir]]
| office3 = [[Subahdar]] of [[Gujarat Subah|Gujarat]]
| monarch3 = [[Jahandar Shah]]
| termstart3 = 1712
| termend3 = ?
| honorific_prefix = Asaf-ud-Daula
| battles = [[Siege of Jinji]]
}}
'''Asad Khan''' ({{Circa}} 1626/1631 – 15 June 1716), born '''Muhammad Ibrahim''', was a high-ranking noble of the [[Mughal Empire]] during the reigns of [[Aurangzeb]] and [[Bahadur Shah I|Bahadur Shah]]. He is known for his tenure as the ''[[Vizier|wazir]]'' (prime minister) of emperor [[Aurangzeb]] in the period 1676–1707, and was an important player in Mughal court politics.

== Early life ==
Asad Khan was born around 1626<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |title=Parties and politics at the Mughal Court, 1707-1740 |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-565444-7 |edition=4th |location=New Delhi |pages=40–41 |oclc=50004530}}</ref> or 1631<ref name=":06">{{Cite book |last=Irvine |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC |title=Later Mughals |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |year=1971 |pages=9–10}}</ref> as Muhammad Ibrahim, into a prestigious family of [[Safavid Iran]]. His grandfather, named Zulfiqar Khan, was ''[[Beylerbey|beglar begi]]'' of [[Shirvan]] during the reign of the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]] king [[Shah Abbas I]]. However, he was executed around 1600 by Shah Abbas, and the family fell out of favor.<ref name=":3" />

Subsequently, Asad Khan's father Khanlar, known by the title Zulfiqar Khan Qaramanlu, migrated to India around the end of [[Mughal emperor]] [[Jahangir|Jahangir's]] reign. He was accepted in the court of emperor [[Shah Jahan]] and married the daughter of Sadiq Khan, brother-in-law to Mughal noble [[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan|Asaf Khan]]. Asad Khan was born to them as Zulfiqar Khan Qaramanlu's eldest son.<ref name=":3" />

== Career ==
Asad Khan entered Mughal imperial service in 1654, during the 27th year of Mughal emperor [[Shah Jahan|Shah Jahan's]] reign. Under Shah Jahan's successor Aurangzeb, Asad Khan occupied the post of [[Bakhshi (Mughal Empire)|second ''bakhshi'']] (paymaster) until 1670, when he was made deputy to the ''wazir''. He held this position until 1676, when he became ''wazir'' himself.<ref name=":06"/>

From the 1680s onwards, nobles of Aurangzeb split into two main factions; Asad Khan and his influential son [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung|Zulfiqar Khan]] emerged as the leaders of one side, while [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I|Ghaziuddin Khan]] and [[Chin Qilich Khan]] headed the other. These factions determined noble politics towards the end of Aurangzeb's reign.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Faruqui |first=Munis Daniyal |title=Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504-1719 |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-52619-7 |location=Cambridge |pages=297–299 |oclc=808366461}}</ref>
[[File:Asad Khan and Zuʾl-Faqar Khan in debate (cropped).png|left|thumb|Painting of Mughal nobles Asad Khan and son Zu'l Faqar Khan, in debate on what to do with captive emperor Jahandar Shah.]]
From 1684, Asad Khan served in the [[Deccan]].<ref name=":06"/> He seized the towns of [[Kurnool]] and [[Cuddapah]] in order to secure supply lines to facilitate the [[Siege of Jinji (1690–1698)|Siege of Jinji]], which was led by his son Zulfiqar Khan. In 1691, Aurangzeb sent Asad Khan and the prince [[Kam Bakhsh]] to [[Gingee|Jinji]] to aid Zulfiqar Khan in the siege.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gommans |first=Jos J. L.|author-link=Jos Gommans |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm50400990 |title=Mughal warfare: Indian frontiers and highroads to empire, 1500-1700 |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-23988-2 |series=Warfare and history |location=London; New York |pages=191–195 |oclc=ocm50400990}}</ref> Upon difficulties securing the fort, Kam Bakhsh discreetly opened negotiations with the enemy against Aurangzeb's direct orders. Asad Khan and his son learned of this and readily arrested him; he was then mistreated, and Asad Khan is known to have abused Kam Bakhsh directly. Aurangzeb thereupon threatened to relieve Asad Khan of the ''wazir'' position, but never acted on this. Munis Faruqui underlines this event as illustrative of how Aurangzeb protected his nobles, sometimes at the expense of the royal princes.<ref name=":1" />

Aurangzeb in his last will is thought to have appointed Asad Khan as ''wazir'' indefinitely after his demise.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Truschke |first=Audrey |title=Aurangzeb : the life and legacy of India's most controversial king |date=2017 |isbn=978-1-5036-0259-5 |location=Stanford, California |pages=98 |oclc=962025936}}</ref> In the succession struggle following Aurangzeb's death, Asad Khan and his son allied with prince [[Azam Shah]].<ref name=":06"/> However, prince Muhammad Muazzam defeated him in the [[Battle of Jajau]] and ascended the throne as [[Bahadur Shah I|Bahadur Shah]]. As emperor, Bahadur Shah sought to weaken the influence of Asad Khan and Zulfiqar Khan by giving the position of ''wazir'' to Munim Khan, ending Asad Khan's tenure as ''wazir'' in 1707. Asad Khan was instead given the high position of ''[[Vakil of the Mughal Empire|Vakil-i-Mutlaq]],'' which had not been in use since the reign of Shah Jahan. This was to the discontent of Asad Khan, and he was still able to negotiate partial control over the post of ''wazir.'' Asad Khan's rank was also increased to 8000 horses, and he was granted the title Asaf-ud-Daula.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Faruqui |first=Munis Daniyal |title=Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504-1719 |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-52619-7 |location=Cambridge |pages=261 & 314 |oclc=808366461}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Irvine |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC |title=Later Mughals |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |year=1971 |pages=37–39}}</ref><ref name=":322">{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |title=Parties and politics at the Mughal Court, 1707-1740 |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-565444-7 |edition=4th |location=New Delhi |pages=64 |oclc=50004530}}</ref>

in 1712, Bahadur Shah was succeeded by his son [[Jahandar Shah]], under whom Asad Khan remained ''wakil-i-mutlaq''.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Irvine |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC |title=Later Mughals |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |year=1971 |pages=186}}</ref> He was also made governor of [[Gujarat Subah|Gujarat]], although he held this position in absentee.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |title=Parties and politics at the Mughal Court, 1707-1740 |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-565444-7 |edition=4th |location=New Delhi |pages=108 |oclc=50004530}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abdullah al-Husayni (active c.1650) - Portrait of Nawab Asad Khan |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/1005038-u/portrait-of-nawab-asad-khan |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=www.rct.uk |language=en}}</ref> The following year, Jahandar Shah was defeated in battle by [[Farrukhsiyar]], and sought refuge at Asad Khan's household. Asad Khan and his son Zulfiqar Khan, despite having supported Jahandar Shah uptil then, decided to turn over Jahandar Shah to the new emperor.<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |last=Irvine |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC |title=Later Mughals |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |year=1971 |pages=237–239}}</ref> However, Farrukhsiyar was mistrustful of Asad Khan and had his son killed. Asad Khan then spent the rest of his life in obscurity, and died on 15 June 1716.<ref name=":05">{{Cite book |last=Irvine |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC |title=Later Mughals |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |year=1971 |pages=250–253, 256–257}}</ref>

== Family ==
Asad Khan was married to Mehrunissa, daughter of [[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan|Asaf Khan]]. Zulfiqar Khan was born to them in the year 1657; he was married to a daughter of noble Shaista Khan in 1677.<ref name=":06"/> Asad Khan had another son from his wife Nawal Bai named Inayat Khan,<ref>Shahnavaz Khan Aurangabadi; Beveridge, H. & Baini Prashad (translators) (1941/1952). *Maʾāṣir al-Umara of Shahnavaz Khan Aurangabadi*, Vol. 1. Asiatic Society, Calcutta. p. 279.</ref> who was married to the youngest daughter of [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]], the last ruler of the [[Golconda Sultanate]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Richards |first=John F. |title=Mughal Administration in Golconda |pages=58 |year=1975a |place=Oxford [England] |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=0-19-821561-4 |oclc=2932290}}</ref> Asad Khan also had a daughter who was married to Khuda Bandah Khan, son of noble [[Shaista Khan]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Muhammad Afzal |title=Position of I'timad-Ud Daula's Family During the Reign of Shah Jahan |date=1978 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44139382 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=39 |pages=437–438 |jstor=44139382 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> Of his sons, Zulfiqar Khan had no children. Inayat Khan went insane in his last days, and died in Delhi living two sons: Salih Khan and Mirza Kazim. Salih Khan attained high rank in the reign of Jahandar Shah and was entitled Itiqad Khan, while Mirza Kazim ruined his reputation and career by his "association with dancers".<ref>Shahnavaz Khan Aurangabadi; Beveridge, H. & Baini Prashad (translators) (1941/1952). *Maʾāṣir al-Umara of Shahnavaz Khan Aurangabadi*, Vol. 1. Asiatic Society, Calcutta. p. 279.</ref>

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>

[[Category:Grand viziers of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1716 deaths]]
[[Category:Subahdars of Gujarat]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:17th-century nobility]]
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian nobility]]

Telangana cuisine

2025-12-19T03:40:15Z

Glasierwellness: slightly added details and fixed typos for clarity

{{short description|Cuisine of Telangana, India}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Indian cuisine}}

'''Telangana cuisine''' is the cuisine native to the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]]. The [[Telangana]] state lies on the Deccan plateau and its topography dictates more [[millets]] and [[roti]] based dishes. [[Jowar]] and [[Pearl millet|Bajra]] features more prominently in their cuisine.

==Staple food==
Telangana in its cuisine, there is special place for rotis made from millet, such as ''jonna rotte'' ([[sorghum]]), ''sajja rotte'' (penisetum), or ''Sarva Pindi" and Uppudi Pindi'' (broken rice). In Telangana a gravy or curry is called ''Koora'' and ''Pulusu'' is based on [[tamarind]]. A deep fry reduction of the same is called ''Vepudu''. ''Kodi pulusu'' and ''vepudu'' are popular dishes in meat. ''Vankaya ([[Brinjal]])'', ''Aloogadda ([[potato]]) koora & fry'' are some of the many varieties of vegetable dishes.<ref name=Telangana>{{cite news |url=http://travel.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?281198 |title=The Telangana Table |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=June 1, 2012 |accessdate=2023-04-22 |first=Lesley A. |last=Esteves |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918082622/http://travel.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?281198 |archivedate=18 September 2013}}</ref> ''Telangana palakoora'' is a [[spinach]] dish cooked with [[lentils]] eaten with steamed [[rice]] and [[roti]]. [[Peanut]]s are added as special attraction and in [[Karimnagar District]], peanuts and soya nuts are added.

Popular [[Telangana]] curry dishes (known as ''Koora'') include ''Boti'' (derived from mutton) and ''[[Gongura|Phunti]] Koora'' made out of Red Sorrel leaves. ''Potlakaya pulusu'', or [[snake gourd]] stew is one of the daily staple dish. Many Telangana dishes are altered as per their own taste but the root ingredients are similar. [[Sakinalu]] is the most popular snack made of rice flour during festivals like Dusshera and Sankranthi making it very delicious and one of its kind fritters of South India.<ref name=Hyderabad>{{cite news |url= http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/in-hyderabad-chicken-crosses-the-road-from-andhra-to-telangana// |title=In Hyderabad, chicken crosses the road from Andhra to Telangana |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=29 January 2014 |accessdate=22 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-date=January 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130185218/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/in-hyderabad-chicken-crosses-the-road-from-andhra-to-telangana/ |first=Janyala |last=Sreenivas}}</ref>

Recent years have seen a resurgence of Telangana cuisines in restaurants around [[Hyderabad]] with the availability of Telangana thali dish for lunch.<ref name=Hyderabad/>

==Vegetarian food==
[[File:Pappulu for sale.JPG|thumb|Various types of [[Lentils]] (Pappulu) and millets for sale in market]]
In Telangana regions [[Tamarind]], [[Chili pepper|red chilies]] (koraivikaram) and Asafoetida are predominantly used in Telangana cooking. [[Roselle (plant)|Roselle]] is a major staple used extensively in curries and pickles.
<ref>{{cite news |url= http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130731/lifestyle-food/gallery/look-telangana-cuisine | title=A look at Telangana cuisine | publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]] | date= 2 August 2013 |accessdate=2023-04-22 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140225113155/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130731/lifestyle-food/gallery/look-telangana-cuisine | archivedate= 25 February 2014 }}</ref>
[[File:పెసరపప్పు_పులుసు_(2).jpg|right|thumb|''Pesara'' (''moong-dal'') ''pulusu'']]
[[File:Pappulu_for_sale.JPG|thumb|Various types of [[lentils]] (''pappulu'') and millet for sale at a marke]]

* ''[[Sarva Pindi|Sarva pindi]]'', a spicy [[pancake]], is a common breakfast, made from rice flour, ''chana dal'', ginger, garlic, sesame seeds, curry leaves, and green chilis.<ref name=Telangana/>
* ''[[Pachi pulusu]]'', a spicy, raw ''[[Rasam (dish)|rasam]]'' made with tamarind, chili, and onions. Prepared mainly in summer.
* ''[[Kodi gudla pulusu]]'', boiled eggs cooked in a tangy tamarind sauce combined with spices<ref>[http://www.sailusfood.com/2006/01/07/kodi-gudu-pulusu-boiled-eggs-in-tamarind-gravy/ Kodi Gudu Pulusu]. sailusfood.com</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Telangana}}
{{India topics}}
{{Cuisines}}
{{Cuisine of India}}

[[Category:Telangana cuisine| ]]
[[Category:South Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine by state or union territory]]

Uvasaggaharam Stotra

2025-12-04T05:29:03Z

Glasierwellness: Creating A Page More To Come.

{{Short description|Stotra dedicated to a Tīirthankara Parshvanatha}}
{{context|date=April 2015}}
{{ITALICTITLE}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox religious text
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| author = [[Bhadrabahu]]
| period = 4th-3rd century BCE
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''''Uvasaggaharam Stotra''''' is a [[Jainism|Jain]] religious hymn (''[[stotra]]'') in adoration of the twenty-third ''[[tirthankara]]'' [[Parshvanatha]]. It was composed by [[Bhadrabahu]] who lived in around 4th–3rd century BC.{{sfn|Kothary|2015|p=88}}

It is a hymn that is believed in and recited by the followers of the [[Śvetāmbara]] sect and is one of the Navsmaran (or 9 sacred hymns) of its [[Murtipujaka]] sub-sect.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapāsī |first=Vinoda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XfXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22uvasaggaharam+stotra%22+-wikipedia |title=Nava Smaraṇa: Nine Sacred Recitations of Jainism |date=2007 |publisher=Hindi Granth Karyalay |isbn=978-81-88769-05-6 |language=en}}</ref>

== Text ==
{{Verse transliteration-translation
| lang=sa
| originalHeading = Prakrit
| उवसग्गहरं पासं, पासं वंदामि कम्मघण-मुक्कं ।
विसहर-विस-निन्नासं मंगल-कल्लाण-आवासं ॥ 
विसहर-फुल्लिंग-मंतं कंठे धारेइ जो सया मणुओ ।
तस्स गह-रोग-मारी, दुट्ठ-जरा जंति उवसामं ॥ 
चिट्ठउ दूरे मंतो, तुज्झ पणामो वि बहुफलो होइ ।
नर तिरिएसु वि जीवा, पावंति न दुक्ख-दोगच्चं ॥ 
तुह सम्मत्ते लद्धे चिंतामणि कप्प-पायव-ब्भहिए ।
पावंति अविग्घेणं जीवा अयरामरं ठाणं ॥ 
इह संथुओ महायस भत्ति-भर-निब्भरेण हिअएण ।
ता देव! दिज्ज बोहिं, भवे भवे पास जिणचंद ॥
| transliterationHeading = IAST
|uvasaggaharaṃ pāsaṃ, pāsaṃ vaṃdāmi kammaghaṇa-mukkaṃ .
visahara-visa-ninnāsaṃ maṃgala-kallāṇa-āvāsaṃ .. 
visahara-phulliṃga-maṃtaṃ kaṃṭhe dhārei jo sayā maṇuo .
tassa gaha-roga-mārī, duṭṭha-jarā jaṃti uvasāmaṃ .. 
ciṭṭhaü dūre maṃto, tujjha paṇāmo vi bahuphalo hoi .
nara tiriesu vi jīvā, pāvaṃti na dukkha-dogaccaṃ .. 
tuha sammatte laddhe ciṃtāmaṇi kappa-pāyava-bbhahie .
pāvaṃti aviggheṇaṃ jīvā ayarāmaraṃ ṭhāṇaṃ .. 
iha saṃthuo mahāyasa bhatti-bhara-nibbhareṇa hiaeṇa .
tā deva! dijja bohiṃ, bhave bhave pāsa jiṇacaṃda ..| translationHeading = English translation
|
I bow to Lord Parshwanath, who is attended by the distress-removing Parshwa deity,
who is free from all types of Karma, who is the destroyer of the poisonous defilements and who is the abode of bliss and well-being.
If one always holds in his neck the charm of ''visaharaphullinga'',
his evil planetary effects, disease, epidemics and acute fever are calmed down.
Let aside that charm, obeisance to you also would be highly fruitful;
(thereby) humans and animals too would not get misery or evil state.
By gaining the right perception laid by you, which is superior to the desire-yielding jewel
And the desire-yielding tree, souls easily attain the unaging, immortal state.
Oh. Highly esteemable Lord, I have thus prayed to you with the heart flowing with devotion;
hence Omniscient Parshwa Lord, bestow the wisdom to me in every life.}}

== Legend ==
A legend says that [[Bhadrabahu]] penned and recited the sacred hymn to eradicate an ongoing plague. It has 5 verses. According to the legend, it had 22 verses and its recitation invoked demi-gods and demi-goddesses. However, 17 verses were reduced later.

==See also==

* [[Parshvanatha]]
* [[Bhadrabahu]]
* [[Padmavati (Jainism)]]
* [[Dharanendra]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book |last=Kothary |first=Piyush C. |title=Profile in Silence:: Achieving Dreams Against All Odds|url={{Google books|YwctCwAAQBAJ|pg=PT88|plainurl=yes}} |year=2015 |publisher=[[Xlibris]] |isbn=9781514430316 }}

{{Jain Agamas}}
{{Jainism Topics}}

[[Category:Jain mantras]]
[[Category:Prakrit Jain texts]]
[[Category:Stotras]]

Nava Puliyur Temples

2025-12-01T09:41:59Z

Glasierwellness: Added initial place initial version

{{Short description|Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Chidambaram_Shiva.jpg|thumb|The tiger-footed Vyaghrapada and snake-footed [[Patanjali]] salute [[Nataraja]].]]
'''Nava Puliyur Temples''' are the nine [[Shiva]] temples in [[Tamil Nadu]], that are connected with Puliyur.

==Origin==
[[Patanjali]] and [[Vyaghrapada]], also known as tiger legged [[Rishi]] wanted to see the celestial dance of [[Shiva]]. Shiva asked them to come on the day of Thaippusam. As per the advice of the Lord, Vyaghrapada and Patanjali came on that particular day and prayed to Shiva, for getting [[Moksha]].Shiva, in turn, asked them to worship the nine Puliyurs known as 'Nava Puliyur' and complete the journey at [[Srirangam]].<ref name=dinamani2019>[https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/vellimani/2019/nov/22/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B5-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-3287140.html மருத்துவர் கைலாசம் சுப்ரமணியம், நவ புலியூர் திருத்தல தரிசனம்!, தினமணி, 22 நவம்பர் 2019]</ref> The spiritual journey made the devotees to feel that [[Ranganatha]] of [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Srirangam]] and [[Nataraja]] of [[Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Chidambaram]] are two forms of the God.<ref>[https://siddharbhoomi.com/?p=1500 தில்லை பெருமானால் உபதேசிக்கப்பட்ட நவபுலியூர் தரிசனம், மோட்ச யாத்திரை, சித்தர் பூமி]</ref> They worshipped the following nine Shiva temples.<ref name=dinamani2019/>

===Perumpatrapuliyur===
{{main|Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram}}
[[Chidambaram]] is also known as 'Porpuliyur' and 'Thillai'. Of the [[Pancha Bhoota Stalam]] dedicated to Shiva, this refers to the Space. Along with the routine [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]s of [[Nataraja]], pujas are held to Patanjali and Vyaghrapada. The puja of Patanjali is known as Vaitheeka and the puja of Vyagrapada is known as Pushpartchana. In this temple there are five sabhas known as Chitsabha, Kanakasabha, Devasabha, Nritta Sabha and Raja Sabha.<ref>[https://siddharbhoomi.com/?p=1494 பெரும்பற்றப்புலியூர், சித்தர்பூமி]</ref>

===Thirupathiripuliyur===
{{main|Pataleeswarar Temple, Cuddalore}}
This temple, located at, [[Cuddalore]] Puthu Nagar Railway Station, is one of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalams]]. As the temple tree is 'Pathiri' and this place was worshipped by Vyaghrapada, this is known as Thirupathiripuliyur. The presiding deity is known as Pataleesvarar and the goddess is known as Periyanayaki.<ref>[https://siddharbhoomi.com/?p=1503 திருப்பாதிரிப்புலியூர், சித்தர்பூமி]</ref>

===Erukathampuliyur===
{{main|Thirukumaresar temple}}
This is also one of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalams]]. Also known as Rajendirapattinam, it is on the banks of Vellar. As the temple tree is 'Vellerukkai' and this place was worshipped by Vyaghrapada, this is known as Erukathampuliyur. The presiding deity is known as Neelakandesvarar and the goddess is known as Neelamalarkanni.This is the birthplace of [[Tiru Nilakanta Yazhpanar]]. There is a separate shrine for him.<ref>[https://siddharbhoomi.com/?p=1537 எருக்கத்தம்புலியூர், சித்தர்பூமி]</ref>

===Omampuliyur===
{{main|Omampuliyur Thuyartheertanathar Temple}}
It is one of the shrines of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalams]], located on the north of [[Kaveri|Cauvery]], located at a distance of 30 km. from [[Chidambaram]]. The deity, as [[Dakshinamurti]] gave the meaning of 'pranava' mantra to Umadevi and this place was worshipped by Vyaghrapada, this is known as Omampuliyur. The murti who gave upadesa, is found as the presiding deity in this temple. In the place of the shrine of [[Nataraja]], Dakshinamurti and in the shrine of Dakshinamurti, Nataraja are found. The presiding deity is known as Pranava Vyaghrapurisvarar and Thuyartheertanathar and the goddess is known as Pushpalathambikai and Poongodinayaki.<ref>[https://siddharbhoomi.com/?p=1540 ஓமாம்புலியூர், சித்தர்பூமி]</ref>

===Sirupuliyur===
{{main|Margabandeesvarar Temple, Sirupuliyur}}
This temple is located at a distance of 20 km from [[Mayiladuthurai]].The presiding deity is known as Margabandeesvarar, Vazhitthunainathar and Gangalanathar.
When Patanjali and Vyaghrapada reached the place it became night. Shiva and [[Ranganatha]] gave [[Darśana|darshan]] to them. The temple is talked along with the [[Sthalasayana Perumal Temple, Tirusirupuliyur|Sthalasayana Perumal Temple]], one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam]]'' dedicated to [[Vishnu]]. Vyaghrapada is seen found worshipping [[Vishnu]] under his feet, in sitting posture.<ref>[https://siddharbhoomi.com/?p=1545 சிறுபுலியூர், சித்தர்பூமி]</ref>

===Atthippuliyur===
{{main|Atthippuliyur Chidambaresvarar Temple}}
This is located at a distance of 5 km. from [[Kilvelur]] Atthi refers to the elephant. As elephant and Vyaghrapada worshipped here, this place is known as Atthippuliyur.The presiding deity is known as Chidambaresvarar and the goddess is known as Sivakamasundari.This is the place where the scene of celestial wedding was bestowed upon Patanjali, Vyaghrapada and [[Agastya]].<ref>[https://siddharbhoomi.com/?p=1548 அத்திப்புலியூர், சித்தர்பூமி]</ref>

===Thaplampuliyur===
{{main|Vyagrapurisvarar Temple, Thaplampuliyur}}
This temple is located at a distance of 5 km. from [[Tiruvarur]]. Patanjali, Vyaghrapada and Mandooga rishi got the blessings of the deity and saw the divine dance here. The tiger feet and the tiger hand of Vyaghrapada was removed in this place.<ref>[https://siddharbhoomi.com/?p=1551 தப்பளாம்புலியூர், சித்தர்பூமி]</ref>

===Perumpuliyur===
{{main|Tirupperumpuliyur Vyakrapureeswarar Temple}}
Worshipped by Vyaghrapada this temple is located at a distance of 5 km. from [[Thiruvaiyaru]].The presiding deity is known as Vyakrapureeswarar and the goddess is known as Soundaranayaki.<ref>[https://siddharbhoomi.com/?p=1644 பெரும்புலியூர், சித்தர்பூமி]</ref>

===Kanattampuliyur===
{{main|Kanattampuliyur Pathanchalinathar Temple}}
This temple is located south east at a distance of 30 km. from Chidambaram. From Chidambaram and Omampuliyur this place can be reached. The presiding deity is known as Pathanchalinathar and the goddess is known as Kannarkuzhali.Patanjali and Vyaghrapada worshipped the deity of this temple.<ref>[https://siddharbhoomi.com/?p=1543 காணாட்டமுள்ளூர், சித்தர்பூமி]</ref>

== Jeeva samadhi==
After worshipping the above nine temples, Vyaghrapada and Patanjali came to Srirangam and worshipped the Ranganatha. Later they went to [[Brahmapurisvarar Temple, Thiruppattur|Thiruppattur]] and worshipped the [[Brahma]] and attained Jeeva [[Samadhi]].<ref name=dinamani2019/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu]]

Gandhipuram, East Godavari

2025-11-23T05:27:01Z

Glasierwellness: made a pg

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=June 2024}}
{{Notability|Geo|date=December 2023}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gandhipuram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
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| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.00|N|81.79|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rajahmundry]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[East Godavari district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
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| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 533103
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Gandhipuram''' is a locality situated in [[East Godavari district]] within [[Rajahmundry]] town in [[Andhra Pradesh State]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypincode.in/PinCodeOf.jsp?area=Gandhipuram%20%20East%20Godavari&district=East%20Godavari |title=Gandhipuram East Godavari Pin Code |publisher=citypincode.in |date= |accessdate=2014-02-20}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{East Godavari district}}

[[Category:Villages in East Godavari district]]

{{EastGodavari-geo-stub}}

Bamnera

2025-10-10T06:14:56Z

Glasierwellness: added initial entry v1 - done

{{More citations needed|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bamnera
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.17|N|72.96|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pali district|Pali]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Gram Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.1
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 221
| population_total = 732
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]], [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 306901
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02933
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Pali (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Sumerpur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Gram Panchayat
| blank1_name_sec2 = Avg. annual temperature
| blank1_info_sec2 = {{convert|30|°C|°F}}
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|44|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|05|°C|°F}}
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Bamnera''' is a small village situated along the inner margin of the southwestern part of the [[Thar Desert]] (The Great Indian Desert) in the foothills of Aravali mountain range with panoramic landscapes and a few sandy tracks. In more urban geographical terms, it is situated in the [[Sumerpur tehsil]] of [[Pali District]] in the state of [[Rajasthan]], 12.5 km west of [[Sheoganj]]-[[Sirohi District]] from [[Beawar]]-[[Radhanpur]] [[NH 14]].

Nestling at the foot of 'Dhavalgiri' Hill, locally well defined, as 'Bhakree' (भाकरी) on the bank of river 'Brahmni', which is a distributary of river 'Sukri', Bamnera is at a distance of 23 km (14.26 miles) from Jawai Bandh, (earlier known as Erinpura Road) railway station on the North Western Railway track. En route to Bamnera from [[Sheoganj]], the road crosses the [[Sukri River]]. This intersection is called Fufaat. During monsoons, seasonal rains overflow its banks with a forceful current, and hence it is called Fufaat (Forceful). A concrete bridge called Pakki Rapat (पक्की रपट) is constructed on this river.

==History==
{{unsourced|section|date=December 2016}}
Turning back the wheel of history. Bamnera is nothing but ancient Brahmanagaraka, ( ब्राह्मणनगरका), i.e., the town of the Brahmans. The history of Bamnera is incomplete without the mention of Korta. The morden day Korta is no doubt the same as the ancient Korantaka or Koretaka or Korantakapur, which has given its name to a Jain gachcha, and which formerly not only included the present village of Korta, but had spread as far south as Bamnera. The whole ground between present day Korta and Bamnera is artificial, and is doubtlessly identified as the site of an ancient city Korantakapura (कोरंटकापुरा) by name, as said above. It was an extensive and prosperous town. An inscription engraved on the back of the image of Lord Parasvanath [the 23rd of 24 Tirthankaras (ford-makers or propagators of dharma) of Jainism], in the temple of Mahavira at Pindwara in the Sirohi district, dated [[Vikram Samvat]] 1089 (1032 CE.), proves that it was in existence even earlier. In the 12th century A.D., Korta formed a district of the Chauhan kingdom of Nadol. One of the Bamnera grants mentions one Maharajaputra Kumarasimha, who held this town of Korta as fief (जागीर).

A significant set of Brahmin migrations, acquired with special skills took place between 500 CE and 1000 CE. Unlike the Vedic Brahmins, who only performed Yajna (Sanskrit: यज्ञ) for the material well-being of their patrons, the new Brahmins were known for establishing villages. Villages increased the expanse of cultivated lands, hence the income of kings. Thus, kings or ambitious warlords in those days would invite Brahmins to come to their kingdoms to establish temples, transforming village gods into local forms of mainstream Puranic gods (ancient gods). The deity of the temple was designated the real owner of the village. The king was merely a ruler, and the priest served both king and deity. The temple would then become the centre for tax collection. The brahmins thus enabled the king to become royal and expand his reach over the land. The lands grants received by Brahmins are known as Brahmadeya (ब्रह्मदेय:) and the lands where Brahmins stayed are called Agraharas or Arhats. Across the history we find many copper plates and stone inscriptions discussing how kings would give these lands to the Brahmins.

During the foundation of a house was being dug three copper plates were found by Shri Ramlal Khut, a Gorwal Brahman. These three copper plates were handed over to [[Archaeological Survey of India]] team in 1906. Earlier these three copper plates were kept in Government Museum, Ajmer. At present these copper plates are well preserved and kept in the Shri Bangar Government Museum, Pali, in [[Pali District]], for interpreting the primary tangible evidence for the purpose to serve and facilitate educational and research resource to contribute to enrich the quality of ancient history. All these copper plates refer themselves to the reign of Kelhana, son of Alhana, and register grants made to a Brahrnana in Korantaka (the morden day Korta) named Narayana, son of Samdhirana, — two by Ajayasiniha, son of Maharajadiputra or the great Rajput Kumarasinha, and one by Kelhanadeva.

COPPER-PLATE GRANTS OF THE TIME OF THE CHAHAMANA (CHAUHAN) KING KELHANADEVA:
The Banmera grant mentions one Maharajaputra Kumarasimha, who held this town of Korta in Jagir, Kelhanadeva and Ajayasimha gave charities to a Brahmana named Narayana of this place.

COPPER PLATE OF (V.S.1220) 1163 CE: Ajayasimha, son of Maharajaputra Kumarasimha, gave the grant of a land to a Brahmana named Narayana son of Samdhirana at village Koretaka, on the occasion of a solar eclipse in Vikram Samvat 1220, Sravana vadi 15 Budhe (Wednesday), i.e. (3 July 1163 A.D.) and consisted of a dohalika or doli, i. e., a piece of land granted to Brahmans, during the reign of Maharajadhiraja Alhanadeva, and his heir-apparent Kelhanadeva. The grant was approved by the sign manual of rajputra Shri Kirtipaladeva, the younger brother of Kelhanadeva who enjoyed a share in the administration of the kingdom during the reign of Kelhanadeva, as his sign manual are specified in the grant.

COPPER PLATE OF (V.S.1223) 1165 CE: The second Copper plate registers a grant of Maharajadhirja Shri Kelhanadeva of Chauhan dynasty ruling over the Nadula (the present day Nadol) mandala, consisting of a well with its treasures and trees located in the property (seja) of rajputra Ajayaraja in Korantaka (Korta). This grant was made in Vikram Samvat 1165, in Jyestha vadi 12th , Somware. i.e, 7 June 1165 CE. The donee is the same Brahman Narayan as in the preceding grant. The approval to the grant is made by sign manual of Kelhanadeva. Rajputra Ajayasiha was serving as a feudatory chief governing the estate while Kelhanadeva was ruling and his younger brother Rajputra Kirtipala was assisting him in all affairs of administration as governor.

COPPER PLATE (Undated): Another undated Copper Plate refers about the grant of a well (dhiko) to the same brahman Narayan son of Samdhirana at the village Korta (Korantaka) made by Ajayasiha, son of Raja Kumarasimha, on the holy occasion of Devautthapani Ekadashi during the reign of Kelhanadeva on 11th day of the Shukla paksh of Kartika month, but the day and year is not mentioned.
[[File:Bamnera view1.jpg|thumb|Bamnera view]]

INSCRIPTIONS ON SURYA NARAYAN TEMPLE:
Inscriptions are one of the significant source for history writing. They are important specimens for chronology as they are often physical objects contemporary in execution with their contents. Dedicated to the Sun God Surya, the Surya Narayan temple is the only ancient temple at Bamnera. As far as about the old temple, the sabhamandap was in an utter ruin and had a porch erected in front of the shrine. The outside walls were old, and the temple was devoid of all ornamentation. The spire was not quit mordern. On one of the porch pillar inscriptions had been engraved. Of these three are dated Vikram Samvat 1258, and refers themselves to the reign of Maharaja or Maharajadhiraja Samantasinha.

Dates of Maharaja Samantasinha's time inscriptions on the pillars of Surya-Narayan mandir.

1) Vikram Samvat 1258, Magh Sudi 9, Sukre. (Friday, 4 January 1202 CE)

2) Vikram Samvat 1258, Chaitra Vadi 3, Some. (Monday 11 February 1202 CE)

3) Vikram Samvat 1258, Vaisakha Sudi 12, Ravi. (Sunday, 5 May 1202 CE)

Of the remaining one has the date Vikram Samvat 1348, Ashada vadi 5, Sukre, (Friday, 20 June 1292 CE) and records the grant, by a shilahaste (शिलाहस्ते), whose name is lost, of three ''dharma''a (rupees) per ''Arhata'' or machine-well of the ''talapada'' or suburbs of Korantaka for the fair festival of the god Mahaswami i.e. the god Surya of Bamnera. This temple was again reconstructed in 2013 and now wears a new look. Only one inscription is extracted in the form of a block from the pillar and fixed at the bottom of the entrance. Other inscriptions along with the pillars lay aside in ruins.
The village is dominated by a Gorwal Audichya [[Brahman]] community along with other castes such as Rajpurohits, Meenas, Suthars, Kumbhars, Rajputs, Harijans and Saads.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.65321/2015.65321.Early-Chauhan-Dynasties_djvu.txt|title = Early Chauhan Dynasties|year = 1959}}</ref>
[[File:Chaurah.jpg|thumb|Meeting place]]

==Demography==
{{unsourced|section|date=June 2018}}
Bamnera is a medium-sized village located in [[Sumerpur]] in Pali district, Rajasthan with a total of 203 resident households. Bamnera has a population of 732 of which 361 are males while 371 are females as per the 2011 census.

In Bamnera village the population of children age 0-6 is 72 which makes up 9.84% of the total population of the village.

Bamnera village has a higher literacy rate than most of Rajasthan. In 2011, the literacy rate of Bamnera was 66.97% compared to 66.11% for Rajasthan as a whole. Male literacy stands at 80.19% while the female literacy rate is 54.30%.

Bamnera has a substantial population of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]]. Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 26.64% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 16.67% of the total population in Bamnera.

Of total population, 235 were engaged in work activities. 73.19% of workers describe their work as main work (employment or earning more than 6 months) while 26.81% were involved in marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Of 235 workers engaged in main work, 25 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while four were agricultural labourers.

As per constitution of India and Panchyati Raaj Act, Bamnera village is administrated by the ''[[sarpanch]]'' (head of the village) who is elected representative of the village.<ref>[http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/91252-bamnera-rajasthan.html Bamnera Population]</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Particulars !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Total Houses || 203 || ||
|-
| Populations || 732 || 361 || 371
|-
| Children (0-6) || 72 || 38 || 34
|-
| Scheduled Caste || 195 || 101 || 94
|-
| Scheduled Tribe || 122 || 66 || 56
|-
| Literacy || 66.97% || 80.19% || 54.30%
|-
| Total Workers || 235 || 184 || 51
|-
| Main Worker || 172 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main Worker || 63 || 25 || 38
|}

[[File:Bamnera view.jpg|thumb|Village view]]

==Temples==
{{unsourced|section|date=June 2018}}
On the eastern side of Bamnera, there is a small hill known as Tarwadio Ki Magri, but popularly known as Khimel Bhakri. There are a number of auspicious temples in Bamnera as mentioned below:

# Charbhujaji Mandir
# Kedareshwar Mahadev Temple
# Wagheswer Mahadev Temple
# Khimel Mata Temple
# Bhevmata Temple
# Pimpleshwar Temple
# Umiya Mata Temple
# Ramdevpir Temple
# Suryadev Temple
# Shri Korthaji tirth Jain Temple or Shri Korta Tirth Jain Mandir
# Varvesimata Temple
# Chamunda Mata Temple
# Shri Brahmani Mata Mandir (Kadarvavi)
# Shri Aapeshwar Mahadev Temple (Vanvavri)

Monuments, temples and public places in Bamnera and their functions:

Shamalaji/Charbhuja Temple (Dehra) : It is situated in the middle of Bamnera village.

Shri Kedareshwar Mahadev Temple: This is a large temple, though not under the territory of Bamnera, but is still an important holy place for local functions.

Shri Pimpleshwar Temple: It is situated on the bank of Brahmi (Sukadi river) originated from Gautameshwar.

Shri Wagheshwar Temple: It is located on the bank of Jawai river.

Shri Aapeshwar and Koteshwar Temple: These temples are buried in the ground. They are under the restricted area of archaeological Survey of India.

==Amenities==
{{unsourced|section|date=December 2016}}
[[File:Village Bamnera.JPG|thumb|Bamnera Village view]]
Pechka (Peska): This is one of the oldest sources of drinking water. It is situated in the middle of the Brahmi river (Sukadi). Water supply facilities are now provided by Rajasthan Water Supply Department. Presently, its water is used for cattle and other purposes.

Mithibai Rupalal Navalramji Charitable Trust: This trust had built a hospital cum primary health/medical center, which was inaugurated by Ex-Chief Minister, Shri Haridev Joshi.

Bhuralal Dungaji Secondary School: This school by Durgashanker Daulatramji Kevalramji along with other people.{{Clarify|date=May 2021}} The school has pre-primary std 1 to std 10 class and has a large ground for sports.

Nohra (Nuru): Nohra is a place within any village equipped with all the facilities required for catering, cooking and eating arrangements. Bamnera has a huge 'Nohra' but still requires a renovation and better seating arrangement. There is one more 'Nohra'. Though it is comparatively small in size, it is useful in small ceremonies like [[Upanayana|Yagnopavit]] and marriages.

Gaushala: Gaushala is managed by Shri. Bamnera Gaurakshak Charitable Trust. Normally, this trust is headed by the active ''[[sarpanch]]''.

Shri Bamnera Jankalyan Mandal: Shri Bamnera Vidhtya Prakashan Mandal and Shri Bamnera Jankalyan Mandal is effectively and efficiently working in the village as well as in Mumbai.

<gallery>
Image:Bamnera vidyalaya.jpg|Bamnera Vidyalaya
Image:Bamnera school view.jpg| Bamnera Vidyalaya
Image:Bamnera water reservoir.jpg|Pechka
Image:Panchayat office.jpg|Bamnera School
</gallery>

==Music and entertainment==
{{unsourced|section|date=December 2016}}
Folk songs are sung by women during marriages and other social occasions. Many villagers own TVs and radios. One can hear sounds of popular native songs in the form of [[Bhajan|bhajans]] as well as Hindi music emanating from stereos and other devices during evenings and afternoons from different houses.

==Games and sports==
{{unsourced|section|date=December 2016}}
Most of the children play cricket, [[Gilli Danda|''gillidanda'']], and marbles. Some villagers also play volleyball and football. Villagers can be seen playing cards at the premises of Pimpleshwar Mahadev Mandir. Some children play [[Teen patti|tass patti]] of match box.{{Clarify|date=May 2021}}

==Festivals==
{{unsourced|section|date=December 2016}}
Villagers celebrate all major Hindu festivals including [[Holi]], [[Deepawali]], [[Makar Shakranti]], [[Raksha Bandhan]], and [[Teez]]. Villagers celebrate Holi and Dhuleti for 15 days. Most people perform [[Gair dance]] in the village. Usually, people spend the day throwing coloured powder and water at each other. A special drink called [[thandai]] is prepared, sometimes containing [[bhang]] (''[[Cannabis sativa]]''). People invite each other to their houses for feasts and celebrations later in the evening. Unlike others who use longer-lasting and stronger artificial colours, villagers prefer to use coloured powders which have medicinal significance and are traditionally made of [[neem]], [[kumkum]], [[turmeric]], [[bilva]], and other medicinal herbs.

==Economics==
{{unsourced|section|date=December 2016}}
The main occupations in Bamnera are agriculture, {{Lang|mwr|pashupalan}} and {{Lang|mwr|yajamaanvrutti}}.{{Clarify|reason=No idea what this means unless you speak the language|date=May 2021}} Like other villages, many local people have migrated from Bamnera to different regions of [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Gujarat]] in search of better opportunities. Still, local people are engaged in agriculture, teaching and {{Lang|mwr|yajamaanvrutti}}.{{Clarify|date=May 2021}} Some people have also excelled in the field of engineering, medical, banking, computers and IT Technologies. There are several people located in foreign countries as well.

==How to reach Bamnera==
{{unsourced|section|date=December 2016}}
*By air: The nearest airport is [[Jodhpur]] or later on [[Udaipur]].
*By train: The nearest railway station is [[Jawai Bandh]], which is approximately {{Convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Bamnera.
*By road: [[Rajasthan]] bus transport services are available from [[Ahmedabad]] or the nearest stop is [[Sheoganj]].

Nearby cities and towns
*East: [[Sheoganj]]—{{Convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}}, [[Sumerpur]]—{{Convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}}
*North: [[Takhatgarh]]—{{Convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}}
*West: [[Jalore]] District
*South: [[Sirohi]]—{{Convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}}

<gallery>
Image:Centre point.jpg|Nohra
Image:Bamnera village view.jpg|Bamnera village
Image:Sri Kedareshwar Mahadev.jpg|Sri Kedareshwar Mahadev
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bamnera}}
* [http://bamnera.tripod.com Bamnera on tripod]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110711113034/http://www.gorwal.com/village/bamnera.php Bamnera]
* [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.65321/2015.65321.Early-Chauhan-Dynasties_djvu.txt]

{{Pali district}}

[[Category:Villages in Pali district]]

Gianian Bunga

2025-10-08T23:58:43Z

Glasierwellness: made new post...

{{Short description|Gurdwara in Punjab, India}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Burj Gianian
| religious_affiliation = [[Sikhism]]
| image = Gianian Bunga, detail from a photograph of the square in-front of the Akal Takht in Amritsar, circa 1924 (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Burj Gianian on the left of the [[Akal Takht]]
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| location = [[Golden Temple]]
| geo = {{coord|31.6200|75.1850|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| deity =
| rite =
| sect = [[Giani Samparda]]
| district = [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| consecration_year =
| heritage_designation =
| website =
| architect = [[Giani Soorat Singh]]
| architecture_type = [[Gurdwara]]
| architecture_style = [[Sikh architecture]]
| founded_by = [[Giani Soorat Singh]]
| groundbreaking =
| construction_cost = 4,500 rupees
| capacity = 50 rooms
| length =
| width =
| materials =
| nrhp =
| designated =
| added =
| refnum =
| infobox_width =
| image_size =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| architecture = yes
| specifications =
}}

The '''Gianian Bunga''', also known as the '''Burj Gianian''' (lit. ''Tower of the Knowledgeable'') was a structure next to the [[Akal Takht]] built by Giani Soorat Singh, a priest in the [[Sikh Empire|Sikh Raj]] who was the head of the Giani Samparda.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nama |first=Khalsa |date=2024-03-08 |title=The Origins of the Giani Samprada: Giani Surat Singh |url=https://khalsachronicle.substack.com/p/the-origins-of-the-giani-samprada |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=The Khalsa Chronicle}}</ref><ref>Sembi, Jvala Singh (2024). ''The splendor of several suns : the Gurpratāp Sūraj Granth and the Sikh intellectual tradition in the early 19th century''. Chapter 2: Origins, Orientations, and Positionality of the Suraj Prakas - The Giania Bunga. Pages: 50–61. Department of Asian Studies, Faculty of Arts, University of British Columbia. DOI 10.14288/1.0443950.</ref> It was built in 1778 and served as the headquarters of the Giani Samparda until the end of the Giani Samparda in 1921. In 1988, it was demolished by the [[Government of Punjab, India|Punjab Government]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burj Gianian 1 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/excavation-around-golden-temple-underground-building-a-gift-from-maharja-ranjit-to-our-ancestor-claims-amritsar-family-101626633983516.html}}</ref> It remained the main site for [[Sikhs|Sikh]] spiritual belief and power till the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] and [[Damdami Taksal|Damdami Taksal's]] arrival.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Commons |first=Great Britain Parliament House of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=679DAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA253 |title=Parliamentary Papers: 1850-1908 |date=1908 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Portrait_of_Bhai_Sant_Singh_Giani_of_the_Gianian_Bunga.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Bhai Sant Singh Giani of the Burj Gianian.]]
During the Post-Gurudom period the Giani Samparda was possibly the most influential Samparda to exist, and this hold over [[Sikhism]] and Sikhs continued till the torture and subsequent death of [[Giani Gurmukh Singh]] at the hand of [[Hira Singh Dogra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burj Gianian 2 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/heritage-unearthed-near-harmandir-sahib-why-bungas-are-prized-motifs-287969/}}</ref>

The ownership of the various Bungas, Burjs, or Sarais, was personal or community-based, this one was private property.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burj Gianian |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/asi-team-for-preserving-structure-found-underneath-golden-temple-101627587298269.html}}</ref> They were centers of learning, places for religious and socio-political discourse, and also provided residential accommodation for pilgrims.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burj Gianian 4 |url=https://maninblue1947.wordpress.com/tag/gianian-da-bunga-that-was-constructed-during-sikh-misal-period/}}</ref> Bunga Shahbadian of Karam Singh Nirmala was among the earliest structures built.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-28 |title=July {{!}} 2021 {{!}} Sanjha Morcha website designed to facilitate veterans to read defence related print media news, reproduced from various National/Regional /International Newspapers and Magazines and Videos related to welfare of defence personnel. |url=https://www.sanjhamorcha.com/2021/07/ |access-date=2024-09-18}}</ref> This was the place where Giani Soorat Singh first arrived and stayed to serve as the head Granthi and manager of the Golden Temple.<ref name=":1" /> During the Misl era, Giani Soorat Singh commanded the moral authority of all Misls and all twelve Misls respected him and presented him with gifts and some Jagirs when needing spiritual support, the main Jagir was presented at [[Kalowal India|Kalowal]].<ref name=":0" /> Giani Soorat Singh was known for being the first in the lineage to be from the [[Giani family]], who ruled over the Giani Samparda.<ref name=":0" /> [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] was a student of his, and so was his father, [[Maha Singh]]. Most Misl rulers sent their first-in-line to the throne to the Burj Gianian for religious studies, even three successive [[Jathedar of the Akal Takht|Jathedars of the Akal Takht]], [[Akali Phula Singh|Phula Singh]], [[Akali Hanuman Singh|Hanuman Singh]] and [[Akali Prahlad Singh|Prehlad Singh]], had been sent to the Burj Gianian.<ref name=":0" />

The site was built in 1778 by Giani Soorat Singh, it was two storied with a large embroidered rooftop and had a 50-roomed accommodation of 1,200 square yards with an underground path to the [[Katha-Wala Bunga]] and the [[Jhanda Bunga]], the underground tunnels were known as ‘Sarad Khana’, as the Gianis had to make a speech each day at the Katha-Wala Bunga 45 minutes after midday; only the head Giani was allowed to make a speech.<ref name=":0" /> It also had a well next to it which was blessed by [[Guru Amar Das]], along with underground rooms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burj Gianian 5 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/excavation-around-golden-temple-underground-building-a-gift-from-maharja-ranjit-to-our-ancestor-claims-amritsar-family-101626633983516.html}}</ref>
[[File:Bhai_Gurmukh_Singh._Watercolour_by_a_Company_artist,_Punjab,_ca.1865.jpg|left|thumb|Giani Gurmukh Singh, watercolor by a Company artist, Punjab.]]
The Sikh Raj had been declared in 1799, and three years later in 1802 Maharaja Ranjit Singh had made the Giani of the Giani Samparda a hereditary title, hence the next to priestship was an Afghan war veteran and scion of the Gianis, Giani Sant Singh.<ref name=":2">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3EjwVVzzUKA&t=1s |title=Damdami Taksal History |date=2024-03-08 |first=Khalsa|last=Nama |access-date=2024-09-18 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Like his father, Giani Sant Singh also constructed various Bungas across the Golden Temple, but his most famous work was plating the Golden Temple in gold and Jaipuri marble.<ref name=":2" /> The Burj Gianian became even more prominent during this time as the works of [[Kavi Santokh Singh|Mahakavi Santokh Singh]] was produced here- the Gurpratap Suraj Prakash Granth.<ref name=":0" />

Giani Gurmukh Singh continued this tradition and became a Court Granthi of the Sikh Raj, but when the Dogras started gaining more power he had tried to wrestle with the traitors including Bhai Ram Singh, [[Dhian Singh|Dhian Singh Dogra]], Pandit Jalla and Hira Singh Dogra.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Griffin |first=Sir Lepel Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVUoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA51 |title=The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Lahore and Rawalpindi Divisions of the Panjab |date=1890 |publisher=Civil and Military Gazette Press |language=en}}</ref> He had assassinated Dhian Singh Dogra for treachery against the Khalsa and was supported by his father's student, Bhai Bir Singh Naurangabad.<ref name=":3" /> Giani Gurmukh Singh also built the Baradari Gurmukh Singh near the Burj Gianian, as a personal residence, Bunga Giani Sant Singh on the curve to the right of the Akal Takht and Bunga Giani Ram Singh to the left side of the [[Ramgarhia Bunga]], from the Akal Takht.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reddit - Dive into anything |url=https://www.reddit.com/media?url=https://preview.redd.it/harmandir-sahib-and-list-of-bungas-v0-ljp042k0tyxb1.jpg?width=3000&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=d6ce32a3b5bccc7ce43ab56032c9162b102c01c1&rdt=33569 |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.reddit.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Due to his involvement against the Dogras, Hira Singh Dogra caught him from the Burj Gianian and gave him to [[Muslims]] to torture him to death.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dilagīra |first=Harajindara Siṅgha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0hFDAAAAYAAJ |title=The Akal Takht |date=1980 |publisher=Punjabi Book Company |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Photograph of the Akal Bunga or Akal Takht, taken by Annemarie Schwarzenbach, ca.1939–40.jpg|thumb|Photograph of the Akal Takht by [[Annemarie Schwarzenbach]] (1939) with the Burj Gianian on the left-hand side.]]
[[Giani Pardoman Singh]], the next in line, was put under house arrest in the Burj Gianian, but later escaped to [[Ludhiana]] with his three brothers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-29 |title=PTC Exclusive! ASI orders preservation of tunnel-like structure at Golden Temple |url=https://www.ptcnews.tv/asi-orders-preservation-of-tunnel-like-structure-at-golden-temple |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=PTC News |language=en}}</ref> He returned after some time and won against the Dogras in court over the right to the Burj, though he was not able to recover the other three Bungas/Baradari around the complex due to the [[First Anglo-Sikh war|Anglo-Sikh Wars]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Joginder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UwVuAAAAMAAJ |title=Sikh Leadership: Early 20th Century |date=1999 |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |language=en}}</ref> The influence of the Giani Samparda decreased during this time, as did the influence of Sikhism.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Griffin Sir Lepel H. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206744 |title=The Punjab Chiefs Vol-i |date=1890}}</ref> Giani Pardoman Singh and his brother [[Giani Lehna Singh]] had founded the Gurmukhi Akhbar, a newspaper, from the Burj Gianian.<ref name=":4" /> After the death of Giani Pardoman Singh his son [[Giani Gurbaksh Singh|Giani Gurbaksh Singh, Barrister]] became the head, he was a proponent of Sikh education and worked on it during his period of heading the Samparda, till the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee disbanded the Giani Samparda in 1921.<ref name=":4" /> Unofficially there still is a continuing titular lineage of Gianis, the next one was [[Harinder Singh Roop|Giani Harinder Singh Roop]], a famous Punjabi poet, and currently it is Giani Yadwinder Singh.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Burj Gianian 6 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/excavation-around-golden-temple-underground-building-a-gift-from-maharja-ranjit-to-our-ancestor-claims-amritsar-family-101626633983516.html}}</ref> In 1988 there were four families of descendants of the Gianis who lived in the large Burj Gianian, but the Punjab Government had broken it down to build a Galliara (open walled space) around the Golden Temple for more control over it in the aftermath of [[Operation Black Thunder]].<ref name=":5" /> The historical site was not reconstructed, though an underground tunnel caused controversy when being unearthed, there have been protests over the historical nature and need to rebuild the Bungas, Baradaris and Burjs around the complex.<ref name=":5" />

== See also ==

* [[Sultanpur Lodhi]]
* [[Gurdwara Baba Bakala Sahib]]

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>
{{Sikhism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Amritsar]]
[[Category:Sikh places]]
[[Category:Demolished buildings and structures in India]]

Senior Women's National Football Championship

2025-09-28T04:05:32Z

Glasierwellness: updated details

#REDIRECT [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Baradighi railway station

2025-09-06T13:30:15Z

Glasierwellness: added initial data initial version - done

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = '''Baradighi Railway Station'''
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|25px]] [[Indian Railways]] Station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Malbazar - Maynaguri road ( NH - 31), Baradighi, P.s. - Malbazar, Dist - Jalpaiguri
State: West Bengal
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.8107|88.7746|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|118|m|ft}}
| line = [[New Mal–Changrabandha–New Cooch Behar line]]
| other =
| structure =
| platform = 1
| tracks = 2 (broad gauge)
| parking = Available
| bicycle =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = No
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BDS
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| division = [[Alipurduar railway division|Alipurduar]]
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_dot_label = '''Baradighi Railway Station'''
| map_size = 300
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_caption = Location in [[West Bengal]]##Location in India
}}
'''Baradighi Railway Station''' <ref>{{Cite web|title=departures from Baradighi Railway Station |url=http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/departures/baradighi-bds/7723|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Baradighi |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/timeline/edits-malbazar-mlbz/10495|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Baradighi departure |url=https://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/bds/|website=totaltraininfo.com}}</ref> is the railway station that serves tea gardens and nearby areas of Baradighi, Haihaipathar, Demkajhora etc in [[Jalpaiguri district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. The station lies on [[New Mal–Changrabandha–New Cooch Behar line]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway]], [[Alipurduar railway division]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Baradighi|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/baradighi-bds/7723|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> Some local trains like Siliguri Bamanhat DEMU, Siliguri New Bongaigaon DEMU, Siliguri Dhubri DEMU etc are available from this station daily.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Jalpaiguri district]]
[[Category:Alipurduar railway division]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Medipalle

2025-07-06T00:33:13Z

Glasierwellness: Added the post w/ refs.

'''Medipalle''' (or '''Medipally''') may refer to:

* [[Medipally, Telangana]], a town in Medchal district, Telangana, India
* [[Medipalle mandal]], a mandal in Jagtial District, Telangana, India
* [[Medipalle, Jagitial]], a village in Medipalle mandal
* [[Medipally Nakkartha]], a village located in Yacharam Mandal, Rangareddy district, Telangana, India
* [[Medipally Sathyam]], an Indian politician in the state of Telangana

{{place name disambiguation}}

Aashish Govind Sharma

2025-06-10T16:42:52Z

Glasierwellness:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Khategaon Assembly constituency|Khategaon]]
| term_start = 2013
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Brijmohan Dhoot
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Aashish Govind Sharma''' is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh. He is a three time elected [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]], [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]], and [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]], representing [[Vidisha Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khategaon assembly election results 2023: Khategaon Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/khategaon-assembly-result-12173 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khategaon, Election Result 2023 Live: Winning And Losing Candidates & Parties, 2019 vs 2024 Results, Voting Percentage, Exit Polls-News18 Assembly Election 2023 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/madhya-pradesh/khategaon-assembly-constituency-s12aed2008a173/ |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Aashish Govind}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Icchapur

2025-05-07T22:36:04Z

Glasierwellness: starting a stub - done

{{short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Icchapur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Hindi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Icchadevi Mandir
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.15|N|76.15|E|display=inline,title}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Ichhapur.html |title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Ichhapur, India}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Burhanpur district|Burhanpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
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| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 252
| population_total = 10,434
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census data">{{cite web|title=Census of India Search details |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=534881|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=10 May 2015}}</ref>
| population_demonym =
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 450445
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Icchapur''' (Village id 506221) is a town in [[Burhanpur District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It's Famous for its Icchadevi Temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ichhapur Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Ichhapur, East Nimar, Madhya Pradesh, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/madhya-pradesh/east-nimar/ichhapur |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per Census 2011, Ichhapur has a population of 10,434, with 5,388 males and 5,046 females. A total of 2319 families reside here. In 2011, the literacy rate of Ichhapur town was 76.01%. In Ichhapur Male literacy stands at 84.55% while female literacy rate was 66.91%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ichhapur Village Population - Burhanpur - Burhanpur, Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/506221-ichhapur-madhya-pradesh.html |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==Ichha Devi Temple==
Ichha Devi Temple is located in Burhanpur tehsil about 21 km from Burhanpur on the Burhanpur-Edalabad main road. It is situated in Ichhapur on the border of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ichhadevi Temple {{!}} District Burhanpur, Government of Madhya Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://burhanpur.nic.in/en/gallery/ichhadevi-temple/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Transportation==
Ichhapur is located on [[National Highway 753L (India)|NH 753L]] which connects [[Maharastra]] from [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is well connected with [[Burhanpur]] by roads.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indore Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Burhanpur district]]

Gujjarwal

2025-04-21T15:54:40Z

Glasierwellness: made new post...

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =Gujjarwal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.744011|N|75.7427501|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Villages in Ludhiana West Tehsil|Ludhiana West]]
| unit_pref = Metric


| elevation_m =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]
| area_code = 0161
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#PB.E2.80.94Punjab|PB]]-10
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-PB]]

| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|ludhiana.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
''Gujjarwal Ludhiana''' is a village located in the Ludhiana West tehsil, of [[Ludhiana district]], [[Punjab India|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/33556-gujjarwal-punjab.html | title=Gujjarwal (Ludhiana West) | work=census2011.co.in | accessdate=19 July 2016}}</ref>

==Administration==
The village is [[Administration (government)|administrated]] by a [[Sarpanch]] who is an [[elected representative]] of village as per [[constitution of India]] and [[Panchayati raj (India)]].

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Particulars !! Total !! Male!!Female
|-
| Total No. of Houses||1,016|| ||
|-
| Population ||4,947||2,569||2,378
|-
|}

==Villages in Ludhiana West Tehsil==
{{Main|Villages in Ludhiana West Tehsil}}

==Air travel connectivity==
The closest airport to the village is [[Sahnewal Airport]].

==Notable people==
Dr. Neelam Grewal - Member [[Public Service Commission in India|Punjab Public Service Commission]], Patiala. Former Dean, Post Graduate Studies, [[Punjab Agricultural University]], [[Ludhiana]] and former director, Central Institute for Women in Agriculture, [[Bhubaneswar]]. Amarjit Singh Grewal - Director Of [[Jalandhar Doordarshan Kendra]]. LtCol Deepinder Singh Grewal [[US Airforce]]

==External links==
* [https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Listofvillagesandtowns.aspx Villages in Ludhiana West Tehsil]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Ludhiana district |state=collapsed}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}

[[Category:Villages in Ludhiana West tehsil]]

Sankari Durg railway station

2025-04-18T20:49:28Z

Glasierwellness: Creating A Post From Scratch.

{{Short description|Railway station in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{third-party|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}

{{Infobox station
| name = Sankari Durg railway station
| name_lang = en
| type = [[Regional rail]] station
| image = Sankari_Durg_Railway_Station.jpg
| alt =
| image_caption =
| other_name = [[Sangagiri]]
| address = [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
| borough = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|11.4464|N|77.8708|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}

| elevation =
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)]]
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| manager =
| transit_authority =
| line = {{plainlist|
* [[Jolarpettai–Shoranur line]]
}}
| distance = {{plainlist|
* {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} from {{stnlnk|Mavelipalaiyam}}
* {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} from {{stnlnk|Anangur}}
}}
| platform = 2 [[Side platforms]]
| tracks = 3
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure = [[At-grade railway|At-grade]]
| depth =
| levels =
| parking =
| accessible =
| architect =
| architectural_style =
| status =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SGE
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Salem}}
}}
| classification = Non-suburban 5 (NSG 5)
| website =
| opened = 
| opening =
| closed = 
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| former =
| original =
| years =
| events =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_rank =
| services =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu#India
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu##Location in India
| route_map = {{Jolarpettai–Shoranur line|inline=1}}
| map_state = collapsed
| footnotes =
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=12|type=point|marker=rail}}
}}

{{Salem–Palakkad sector|collapse=yes}}

'''Sangagiri Railway Station''' (officially '''Sankari Durg railway station'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1321442729722-Way%20station%20Telephone%20Numbers.pdf|title=Jolarpettai to Kinathukadavu railway station phone numbers|last=Indian Railways|website=sr.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref>)(station code: SGE) is an NSG–5 category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Salem railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]].<ref name="sr_stn">{{cite web |title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 (CATEGORY- WISE) |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=2 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=6 |date=1 April 2023}}</ref> It is located 3.5 km south of [[Sangagiri]] town in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It is located between {{stnlnk|Mavelipalaiyam}} and {{stnlnk|Anangur}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://d.indiarailinfo.com/departures/2646|title=Sankaridurg Station – 14 Train Departures SR/Southern Zone – Railway Enquiry|last=moderator|website=d.indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Salem railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Salem district]]

{{TamilNadu-railstation-stub}}

Kakrapar Atomic Power Station

2025-04-16T21:28:33Z

Glasierwellness:

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{short description|Indian atomic power plant}}
{{Infobox power station
|name = Kakrapar Atomic Power Station
|image = File:Kakrapar Atomic Power Plant.jpg
|image_caption =
|country = India
|coordinates = {{coord|21|14|19|N|73|21|00|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=inline,title}}
|operator = [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India]]
|status = Operational
|construction_began = 1984
|commissioned = 6 May 1993
|decommissioned =
| np_reactors = 4
| np_reactor_type = [[Pressurized heavy-water reactor|PHWR]]
| np_reactor_supplier= [[NPCIL]]/[[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|BARC]]
| ps_cooling_source = [[Ukai Dam]], [[Tapti River]]
| ps_thermal_capacity = 2 × 754 MWth 2 × 2166 MWth
| ps_cooling_towers = 6 × [[Natural Draft]]
| ps_units_manu_model =
Units 1 & 2: [[IPHWR-220]] Units 3 & 4: [[IPHWR-700]]
|ps_units_operational= 2 × 220 MW 2 × 700 MW
|ps_units_decommissioned=
|ps_units_uc =
|ps_electrical_capacity= 1840
|ps_annual_generation= 12302
|ps_electrical_cap_fac= 91%
|website =
}}
'''Kakrapar Atomic Power Station''' is a [[nuclear power]] station in [[India]], which lies in the proximity of Mandvi, [[Surat]] and [[Tapti River|Tapi river]] in the state of [[Gujarat]]. After commissioning units 3 and 4, the power plant has become the second largest nuclear power plant in the country after the [[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant]] in terms of installed capacity.

==Phase I==
Phase I consist two 220 MW [[pressurised water reactor]] with [[heavy water]] as moderator (PHWR). KAPS-1 went critical on 3 September 1992 and began commercial electricity production a few months later on 6 May 1993. KAPS-2 went critical on 8 January 1995 and began commercial production on 1 September 1995. In January 2003, [[CANDU Owners Group]] (COG) declared KAPS as the best performing pressurised heavy water reactor.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kurian|first=Vinson|title=Indian N-reactors set new global benchmark|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/03/27/stories/2003032702500400.htm|newspaper= [[The Hindu Business Line]]|date=26 March 2003|access-date=16 February 2017}}</ref>

KAPS-2 was shut down after a coolant channel leak in July 2015 and a similar issue forced the shutdown of KAPS-1 in March 2016. After a replacement of coolant channels and feeder tubes, KAPS-2 attained criticality in September 2018. Maintenance on KAPS-1 was completed ahead of schedule and was brought to operation on 19 May 2019.<ref name="kaps1"/>

The construction costs were originally estimated to be ₹382.52[[Crore| crore]]; the plant was finally finished at a price of ₹1,335 crore.

==Phase II==
In 2007 the [[First Manmohan Singh ministry]] approved outline plans to build two Indian-designed [[IPHWR-700]] reactors, with two sister reactors a little later at [[Rajasthan Atomic Power Station]]. In 2009 approval was confirmed, and site preparation was completed by August 2010. The first concrete for Kakrapar 3 and 4 was in November 2010 and March 2011 respectively with operation originally expected by early and late 2018 respectively.<ref name=nei-20170816>{{cite news |url=https://www.neimagazine.com/features/featurebright-prospects-for-indias-future-fleet-5901895/ |title=Bright prospects for India's future fleet |publisher=Nuclear Engineering International |date=16 August 2017 |access-date=23 July 2020 |archive-date=20 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720044815/https://www.neimagazine.com/features/featurebright-prospects-for-indias-future-fleet-5901895/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=wnn-20200722>{{cite news |url=https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Kakrapar-3-achieves-first-criticality |title=Kakrapar 3 achieves first criticality |publisher=World Nuclear News |date=22 July 2020 |access-date=23 July 2020}}</ref>

The project over-ran largely due to tuning of the IPHWR-700 design and slow delivery of supplies.<ref name=nei-20170816/>

Unit 3 achieved the first criticality on 22 July 2020. It was connected to the grid on 10 January 2021.<ref name="lm-102021">{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/energy/unit-3-of-kakrapar-nuclear-plant-synchronised-to-grid-11610365657066.html|title=Unit 3 of Kakrapar nuclear plant synchronised to grid|publisher=Live Mint|date=10 January 2021|access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref> This unit began commercial operation on 30 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-04 |title=India's Kakrapar 3 begins commercial operation |work=World Nuclear News |url=https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/India-s-Kakrapar-3-begins-commercial-operation |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref> Unit 3 achieved operations at full load on 31 August 2023.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/gujarat-india-achieves-another-milestone-as-first-indigenous-700-mw-nuclear-plant-starts-operations-at-100|title=Gujarat: 'India Achieves Another Milestone' As First Indigenous 700 MW Nuclear Plant Starts Operations At 100%|work=Free Press Journal|date=2023-08-31}}</ref>

Unit 4 was commissioned after many tests. Hot functional testing was scheduled around June 2023 and criticality was initially planned around September 2023. The Initial Fuel Loading (IFL) commenced on 20 October 2023 after permission was granted by the [[Atomic Energy Regulatory Board]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-21 |title=NPCIL starts loading fuel in home-built 700 MW n-power plant at Kakrapar|work=ET EnergyWorld |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/npcil-starts-loading-fuel-in-home-built-700-mw-n-power-plant-at-kakrapar/104598320 |access-date=2023-10-21}}</ref> Unit 4 achieved first criticality on 17 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-17|title=Kakrapar-4 nuclear reactor attains criticality|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/second-home-built-700-mw-nuclear-plant-at-kakrapar-achieves-first-criticality/article67647599.ece/amp/|access-date=2023-12-17}}</ref> The reactor was connected to the grid on 20 February 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nucnet.org/news/kakrapar-4-reactor-connected-to-the-grid-as-nation-pushes-for-major-expansion-of-nuclear-power-2-1-2024|title=Kakrapar-4 Reactor Connected To Grid As Nation Pushes For Major Expansion Of Nuclear Power|first=Kamen|last=Kraev|work=NucNews|date=2024-02-24}}</ref> Unit 4 started commercial operation from 31 March, 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npcil.nic.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/MA_News_16042024_01.pdf|title=MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS OF NPCIL IN MARCH 2024|work=NPCIL|date=2024-04-16}}</ref>

== Units ==
{{mw-datatable}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable"
! rowspan="2" |Phase
! rowspan="2" |Unit No.
! colspan="2" |Reactor
! rowspan="2" |Status
! colspan="2" |Capacity in MWe
! rowspan="2" |Construction start
! rowspan="2" |First [[Criticality (status)|criticality]]
! rowspan="2" |Grid Connection
! rowspan="2" |Commercial operation
! rowspan="2" |Closure
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
! Type ||Model ||Net ||Gross
|-
|rowspan="2" | I || 1 || [[Pressurized heavy-water reactor|PHWR]] || [[IPHWR-220]] || {{yes|Operational}} || 202 || 220 || 1 December 1984 || 3 September 1992 || 24 November 1992 || 6 May 1993 || {{n/a}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.iaea.org/cgi-bin/db.page.pl/pris.prdeta.htm?country=IN&site=KAKRAPAR&units=&refno=9&link=HOT&sort=&sortlong=Alphabetic | title= Nuclear Power Reactor Details - KAKRAPAR-1 |date= 23 Nov 2010 |work= Power Reactor Information System |publisher= [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA) | access-date= 2010-11-23 }}</ref>
|-
| 2 || [[Pressurized heavy-water reactor|PHWR]] || [[IPHWR-220]] || {{yes|Operational}} || 202 || 220 || 1 April 1985 || 8 January 1995 || 4 March 1995 || 1 September 1995 || {{n/a}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.iaea.org/cgi-bin/db.page.pl/pris.prdeta.htm?country=IN&site=KAKRAPAR&units=&refno=10&link=HOT&sort=&sortlong=Alphabetic | title= Nuclear Power Reactor Details - KAKRAPAR-2 |date= 23 Nov 2010 |work= PRIS |publisher= (IAEA) | access-date= 2010-11-23 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" | II || 3 || [[Pressurized heavy-water reactor|PHWR]] || [[IPHWR-700]] || {{yes|Operational}} || 630 || 700 || 22 November 2010 || 22 July 2020 || 10 January 2021 || 30 June 2023 || {{n/a}}
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-30 |title=India's first domestically built 700 MW nuclear reactor starts commercial operations in Gujarat |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/indias-first-domestically-built-700-mw-nuclear-reactor-starts-commercial-operations-in-gujarat/articleshow/101401165.cms |access-date=2023-06-30 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
| 4 || [[Pressurized heavy-water reactor|PHWR]] || [[IPHWR-700]] || {{yes|Operational}} || 630 || 700 || 22 November 2010 || 17 December 2023 || 20 February 2024 || 31 March 2024 || {{n/a}}
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Varadhan |first1=Sudarshan |date=31 May 2022 |title=KAPS 4 attains criticality |language=en |work=Pib |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1987688}}</ref>
|}

[[File:PHWR under Construction at Kakrapar Gujarat India.jpg|thumb|PHWR under Construction at Kakrapar Gujarat India]]

== Incidents ==
* 1998 KAPS-1 was switched off because of a leakage in the cooling loop for 66 days.
* 10 March 2004 the (at the time of) supply for the control rods were irreparably damaged during maintenance work. In response, poisons were added to the system and the reactor was shut off.
* On 22 August 2006 it was reported by village inhabitants the area around the power station had been penetrated. A search by the police did not result in any findings.
* On 11 March 2016, KAPS-1 automatically shut down due to a leak of heavy coolant water, leaving both reactors non-operational.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.aerb.gov.in/AERBPortal/pages/English/prsrel/p11032016.pdf |website= [[Atomic Energy Regulatory Board|aerb.gov.in]] |title= Shutdown of Unit-1 of KAPS Nuclear Power Plant following an incident leakage from Coolant System |first= S. |last= Harikumar |date= 2016-03-11 |access-date= 2017-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/more-than-100-hours-later-kakrapar-nuclear-leak-not-fixed/20160316.htm|title=More than 100 hours later, Kakrapar nuclear leak not fixed|date=16 March 2016|access-date=18 April 2016|via=Rediff.com}}</ref> The leak was plugged ten days later.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kakrapar Nuclear Reactors to Get New Coolant Channels |url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/kakrapar-nuclear-reactors-to-get-new-coolant-channels-1343571.html |work=News18 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=1 February 2017}}</ref> Corrosion and cracks were found on the coolant channel and similar corrosion spots were found in KAPS-2 which had been non-operational since July 2015 after a coolant channel leak.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fernandes |first1=Snehal |title=A year after KAPS-1 heavy water leak, corrosion spots found: AERB |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/a-year-after-kaps-1-heavy-water-leak-corrosion-spots-found-aerb/story-BxighLbqEtAFSHcBu7QK3O.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Balan |first1=Premal |title=Ahmedabad: No power from Kakrapar plant for at least a year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-no-power-from-kakrapar-plant-for-at-least-a-year/articleshow/57585243.cms |work=The Times of India |date=11 March 2017}}</ref> KAPS-2 attained criticality on 17 September 2018 after a replacement of its coolant channels and feeder tubes. KAPS-1 became operational ahead of schedule on 19 May 2019<ref name="kaps1">{{cite web|url=https://www.npcil.nic.in/writereaddata/Orders/201905240200092818887News_24052019_01.pdf|title=KAPS-1 connected to grid|publisher=NPCIL|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Nuclear power in India]]
* [[List of commercial nuclear reactors#India]]
{{Portal|India|Nuclear technology|Energy}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{cite web
|url = http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf53.html
|title = Nuclear Power in India
|date = November 2010
|work = Country Briefings
|publisher = [[World Nuclear Association]] (WNA)
|access-date = 2010-11-23
|archive-date = 18 September 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120918222110/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf53.html
|url-status = dead
}}

{{Nuclear power in India}}
{{Power Plants of Gujarat}}

[[Category:Nuclear power stations in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Nuclear power stations with reactors under construction]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Gujarat]]

Bhupal Ram Tamta

2025-03-17T17:07:10Z

Glasierwellness: added the post first draft - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
'''Bhupal Ram Tamta''' (born 1959) is an Indian politician from [[Uttarakhand]]. He is an MLA from [[Tharali Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Chamoli district]]. He last won in the [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhratiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Tharali Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Bhupal Ram Tamta of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/tharali-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4854152.html |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-09 |title=Tharali (sc) (Uttarakhand) Assembly Election Results 2022 Live: Winner, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tharali-sc-uttarakhand-assembly-election-results-2022-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-7810391/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Tamta is from [[Tharali]], Chamoli district, Uttarakhand. He is the son of Kishan Lal. He passed Class 10 at R.E.K. Narayangarh in 1973 and later did a diploma at Industrial Training Institute at Shrinagar in 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhupal Ram Tamta(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- THARALI (SC)(CHAMOLI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/uttarakhand2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=279 |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Tamta won from Tharali Assembly constituency representing Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election. He polled 32,852 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Jeet Ram of [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 8,302 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Tharali, Uttarakhand Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: BJP's Bhupal Ram Tamta defeats INC's Dr. Jeet Ram with 8302 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/tharali-uttarakhand-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1922964-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Tharali Uttarakhand Election 2022 Final Results LIVE: BJP Candidate BHUPAL RAM TAMTA wins from Tharali , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/tharali-election-2022-results-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-tally-who-will-winuttarakhand-assembly-election-2022-news-1518618 |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamta, Bhupal Ram}}

[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Chamoli district]]

{{Uttarakhand-BJP-politician-stub}}

Ruttonpuiya

2025-01-27T09:21:34Z

Glasierwellness: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Rothangpuia]]

Simrau

2024-12-06T19:20:58Z

Glasierwellness:

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Simrau
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.02274|N|78.94185|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Karhal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.807
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 697
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 205264
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Simrau''' ({{IAST|Simraū}}) is a village in [[Karhal]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, it has a population of 697, in 146 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Simrau had a population of 697, in 146 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|149}} This population was 54.5% male (380) and 45.5% female (317). The 0-6 age group numbered 79 (40 male and 39 female), or 11.3% of the total population. 23 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 3.3% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|112–3}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Simrau as having a population of 508 people, in 76 households.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Mainpuri |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29484/download/32665/28516_1981_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|108–9}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Simrau comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 317 people (184 male and 133 female), in 63 households and 58 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 454 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|lvi}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Simrau had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|142–7}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

Adhi, Jalandhar

2024-08-05T02:07:03Z

Glasierwellness: added the article from scratch - done

{{One source|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Adhi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|31.2363065|75.3865917|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Adhi''', '''Aadhi'''<ref>[https://archive.today/20130423082731/http://www.punjab.gov.in/general/villagedirectory/villagedirectory_details1.asp?district_name=Jalandhar&village_id=496&period=2006 Official website of Punjab Govt. with Adhi's details]</ref> or '''Addi''', is a village in the tehsil of [[Nakodar]], in [[Jalandhar district]], Punjab, India.

It is located 18 km from [[Nakodar]], 21 km from [[Kapurthala]], 24.8 km from district headquarter [[Jalandhar]] and 163 km from state capital [[Chandigarh]]. The village is administrated by a [[sarpanch]].

== Transport ==
Pajian railway station is the nearest [[train station]] however, Jalandhar city [[train station]] is 26.4 km away from the village. The village is 80 km away from [[domestic airport]] in [[Ludhiana]] and the nearest [[international airport]] is located in Chandigarh also [[Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport]] is the second nearest airport which is 97 km away in [[Amritsar]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Jalandhar district]]
[[Category:Villages in Nakodar tehsil]]

{{Jalandhar district}}

Agaram Nagar Panchayat

2024-05-24T05:29:07Z

Glasierwellness: added the info and citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Agaram Panchayat
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[panchayat town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.82|N|78.88|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 297
| population_total = 12784
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Agaram''' is a [[panchayat town]] in [[Dindigul district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India.

==Geography==
Agaram is located at {{Coord|12.82|N|78.88|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Agaram.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Agaram]</ref> It has an average elevation of 297 metres (974 feet).

==Demographics==
By the 2001 [[census]] of India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|work= |publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Agaram had a population of 12,784. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Agaram has an average literacy rate of 58%, lower than the national average of 59.5%; with 58% of the males and 42% of females literate. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
<references/>

==See also==
* [[Govindavadi]]

{{Dindigul Block}}
{{Dindigul District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Dindigul district]]

{{Dindigul-geo-stub}}

List of vellalars

2023-09-18T15:44:19Z

Glasierwellness: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Vellalars]] {{R from other capitalisation}}

Thirakal Ezhuthiya Kavitha

2023-09-17T03:38:58Z

Glasierwellness: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Maro Charitra]]

Rau Karna

2023-08-28T15:16:28Z

Glasierwellness: New

{{distinguish|Rav Karna}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rau Karna
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Sikandarpur Sarausi block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Rau Karna (#128) in Sikandarpur Sarausi CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|38|N|80|28|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="Gazetteer 1979"/>
| subdivision_type = Country India
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Unnao district|Unnao]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 10.772
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8705
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rau Karna''' is a village in [[Sikandarpur Sarausi]] block of [[Unnao district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1979">{{cite book |last1=Baghel |first1=Amar Singh |title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Unnao |date=1979 |publisher=Government Press |location=Rampur |page=270 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.2864 |access-date=5 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Unnao, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=262–79 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/UPA.html |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=5 July 2021}}</ref> It is located 11 km north of the city of [[Unnao]], on the road to [[Hardoi]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1979"/> On the east side of the village is the [[Tinai]], a small stream that dries up in hot weather.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Unao: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XXXVIII Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1903 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |page=231 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.113180 |access-date=5 July 2021}}</ref> The village holds a market twice per week.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> Rau Karna is part of the [[nyaya panchayat]] circle of [[Banda Khera]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1979"/>

As of 2011, Rau Karna's population is 8,705 people, in 1,688 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> The main crops grown here are wheat, barley, gram, and [[jowar]], and irrigation is provided by a canal as well as by [[tube well]]s.<ref name="Gazetteer 1979"/> There are also some [[Madhuca longifolia|mahua]] and [[mango]] groves.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> The land around the village is level, and the soil is mostly fertile [[loam]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> On the north side of the village, there is a large [[banyan]] tree underneath which is a [[lingam]] "of great antiquity" dedicated to Mahadeo.<ref name="Gazetteer 1979"/>

== History ==
Rau Karna is said to have been founded around the year 1125 by Rawan Singh, who was the son of a [[Bisen]] thakur named Unwant Singh.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> Rawan Singh cleared the land and founded the settlement, which is named after him ("Rau" being a modified version of "Rawan").<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> The modern village and nearby mounds mark the site of the fort built by Rawan Singh.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> Much later, his descendants Bhawal Sah and Narbir Sah served as generals under the Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/>

At the turn of the 20th century, Rau Karna had a population of 2,532, almost entirely Hindus and mostly belonging to the [[Pasi (caste)|Pasi]] and [[Lodh]] castes.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> The village did not have a school, so children attended the one in nearby [[Thana, Unnao|Thana]] instead.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Unnao district}}

[[Category:Villages in Unnao district]]

Dadri (disambiguation)

2023-08-25T12:32:57Z

Glasierwellness: made a article...

'''[[Dadri]]''' is a town in Uttar Pradesh, India. It could also refer to the following places:

* [[Dadri (Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency)]], the assembly constituency encompassing the town.
* [[Dadri railway station]], the town's railway station
* [[Dadri (Haryana Vidhan Sabha constituency)]], an assembly constituency in Haryana, India

{{geodis}}