https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=GiseleStead 2026-08-14T12:14:23Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Junnar_Assembly_constituency&diff=506716 2026-05-06T21:26:52Z

<p>GiseleStead: created</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Junnar<br /> | constituency_no = 195<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | state = [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | map_image = 195-Junnar.svg<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Shirur Lok Sabha constituency|Shirur]]<br /> | district = [[Pune district|Pune]]<br /> | established = 1962<br /> | reservation = None <br /> | mla = [[Sharad Sonavane]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}<br /> | incumbent_image =<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | electors =326,041 <br /> }}<br /> '''Junnar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Pune district]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ECI-20081126&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geographical scope==<br /> The constituency consists of [[Junnar taluka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ECI-20081126&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=262|accessdate=2015-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFB2B2&quot; | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Dhobale Dattatraya Amrutrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFB2B2&quot; | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Kale Shivaji Mahadu || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Vithalrao Narayanrao Awate<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || D. R. Kakade || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Tambeshrikishna Ramji<br /> |-<br /> | [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Krishna Ramji Mundhe<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Dilip Dhamdhere || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Vallabh Benke]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Balasaheb Savalerambuva Dangat || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Vallabh Benke]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Sharad Sonavane]] || {{Full party name with color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Atul Vallabh Benke]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Sharad Sonavane]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === Assembly Election 2024 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Junnar &lt;ref name=&quot;Junnar Constituency Election Results 2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Junnar Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/junnar |accessdate=1 January 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101160054/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/junnar |archivedate=1 January 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Junnar&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Junnar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13195.htm |accessdate=1 January 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101160103/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13195.htm |archivedate=1 January 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sharad Sonavane]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 73,355 |percentage = 32.63% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Satyashil Sopansheth Sherkar |party = Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 66,691 |percentage = 29.66% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Atul Vallabh Benke]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 48,100 |percentage = 21.39% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devram Sakharam Lande |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 22,401 |percentage = 9.96% |change = {{increase}}9.53 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashatai Dattatray Buchake |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,435 |percentage = 4.20% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Akash Rajendra Adhav |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,867 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,376 |percentage = 0.61% |change = {{decrease}}0.13 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,664 |percentage = 2.96% |change = {{decrease}}1.55 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 226,201 |percentage = 69.38% |change = {{increase}}1.80 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 224,825}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 326,041 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.70 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.66 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2019 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Junnar &lt;ref name=&quot;election2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Atul Vallabh Benke]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 74,958 |percentage = 37.29% |change = {{increase}}16.51 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sharad Sonavane]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 65,890 |percentage = 32.78% |change = {{increase}}10.56 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashatai Dattatray Buchake |party = Independent politician |votes = 50,041 |percentage = 24.89% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Kedari Vinod Tanhaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,719 |percentage = 3.34% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,492 |percentage = 0.74% |change = {{decrease}}0.16 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,068 |percentage = 4.51% |change = {{decrease}}4.16 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 202,688 |percentage = 67.58% |change = {{decrease}}3.83 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 201,037}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 299,932 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.70 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |swing = {{increase}}6.40 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2014 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Junnar &lt;ref name=&quot;election2014&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sharad Sonavane]] |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 60,305 |percentage = 30.89% |change = {{increase}}27.99 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashatai Dattatray Buchake |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 43,382 |percentage = 22.22% |change = {{decrease}}22.36 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Atul Vallabh Benke]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 40,570 |percentage = 20.78% |change = {{decrease}}27.75 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Netajidada Suresh Doke |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 22,455 |percentage = 11.50% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Maruti Dubaji Wayal |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,218 |percentage = 6.26% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Gaffoor Ahamadkhan Pathan |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 8,603 |percentage = 4.41% |change = {{increase}}3.67 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganpat Rakhmaji Phulawade |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 4,664 |percentage = 2.39% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,756 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,923 |percentage = 8.67% |change = {{increase}}4.72 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 197,023 |percentage = 71.41% |change = {{increase}}8.04 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 195,252}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 275,914 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.91 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{decrease}}17.64 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2009 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Junnar &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vallabh Benke]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 79,360 |percentage = 48.53% |change = {{decrease}}1.47 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Asha Dattatray Buchake |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 72,902 |percentage = 44.58% |change = {{increase}}4.15 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Krishna Dashrath Lande |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 4,741 |percentage = 2.90% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Shankar Tukaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,088 |percentage = 1.28% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rakshe Popat Sakharam |party = Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 1,413 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chilap Vasant Sawaleram |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,324 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhosale Sunil Rangnath |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,214 |percentage = 0.74% |change = {{decrease}}0.75 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,458 |percentage = 3.95% |change = {{decrease}}5.62 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 163,552 |percentage = 63.37% |change = {{decrease}}7.90 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 163,536}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 258,092 |ref = |change = {{increase}}24.48 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{decrease}}1.47 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2004 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Junnar }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vallabh Benke]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 73,855 |percentage = 50.00% |change = {{increase}}15.83 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Janardan Alias Balasaheb Sawlerambuwa Dangat |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 59,724 |percentage = 40.43% |change = {{decrease}}4.39 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Phulawade Ganpatrao Rakhmaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,751 |percentage = 4.57% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sukhdev Ganpat Kharat |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,514 |percentage = 1.70% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dongre Manohar Chimaji |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,205 |percentage = 1.49% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Gangadhar Ratnaparkhi |party = Peoples Republican Party |votes = 1,401 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,131 |percentage = 9.57% |change = {{decrease}}1.08 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 147,772 |percentage = 71.27% |change = {{increase}}0.32 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 147,706}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 207,329 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.13 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}5.18 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1999 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Junnar &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Balasaheb Savalerambuva Dangat |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 52,284 |percentage = 44.82% |change = {{increase}}1.64 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vallabh Benke]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 39,865 |percentage = 34.17% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sopansheth Namedo Sherkar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,009 |percentage = 15.44% |change = {{decrease}}15.41 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalu Krishna Shelkande |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 4,979 |percentage = 4.27% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamble Sandip Sadashiv |party = Akhil Bharatiya Sena |votes = 962 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,419 |percentage = 10.65% |change = {{decrease}}1.68 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 122,454 |percentage = 70.95% |change = {{decrease}}13.33 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 116,659}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 172,593 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.88 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}1.64 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1995 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Junnar &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Balasaheb Savalerambuva Dangat |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 59,552 |percentage = 43.18% |change = {{increase}}21.36 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vallabh Benke]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,545 |percentage = 30.85% |change = {{decrease}}5.70 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Fulawade Ganpat Rakhama |party = Independent politician |votes = 26,984 |percentage = 19.56% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Utale Raghunath Laxman |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 5,618 |percentage = 4.07% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Farida Rahimatalli Sayyad |party = Samajwadi Janata Party (Maharashtra) |votes = 1,050 |percentage = 0.76% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,007 |percentage = 12.33% |change = {{increase}}2.34 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 141,389 |percentage = 84.28% |change = {{increase}}17.93 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 137,930}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 167,760 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.10 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.63 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1990 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Junnar &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vallabh Benke]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,953 |percentage = 36.55% |change = {{decrease}}10.52 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gunjal Mahadeo Rakhama Alias Tatyasaheb |party = Janata Party |votes = 27,577 |percentage = 26.56% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balasaheb Savalerambuva Dangat |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 22,653 |percentage = 21.82% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Utale Raghunath Laxman |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,833 |percentage = 13.32% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kankariya Subhash Alias Mamaji Ramchandra |party = Bharatiya Krishi Udyog Sangh |votes = 831 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,376 |percentage = 9.99% |change = {{increase}}5.79 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 105,905 |percentage = 66.35% |change = {{decrease}}3.03 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 103,832}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,616 |ref = |change = {{increase}}32.66 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing = {{decrease}}14.72 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1985 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Junnar &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vallabh Benke]] |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 41,840 |percentage = 51.27% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nivrittishet Namdeo Sherkar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,412 |percentage = 47.07% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baban Tukaram Meher |party = Independent politician |votes = 785 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rambhau Vithal Lande |party = Independent politician |votes = 565 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,428 |percentage = 4.20% |change = {{decrease}}21.86 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 83,478 |percentage = 69.38% |change = {{increase}}27.63 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 81,602}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,323 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.54 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser = Indian National Congress (U) |swing = {{decrease}}11.14 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1980 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Junnar &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dilip Dhamdhere |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 28,484 |percentage = 62.41% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balasaheb Purvant |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 16,588 |percentage = 36.35% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khandu Nawaji Gawade |party = Independent politician |votes = 568 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,896 |percentage = 26.06% |change = {{increase}}24.95 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 46,716 |percentage = 41.75% |change = {{decrease}}22.27 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 45,640}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,887 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.77 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (U) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}17.69 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1978 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Junnar &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Krishna Ramji Mundhe |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,017 |percentage = 44.72% |change = {{decrease}}11.04 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagdish Phule |party = Janata Party |votes = 28,297 |percentage = 43.61% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chaskar Shankar Dhondiba |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,578 |percentage = 11.68% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 720 |percentage = 1.11% |change = {{decrease}}12.21 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 67,093 |percentage = 64.02% |change = {{increase}}4.03 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 64,892}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 104,793 |ref = |change = {{increase}}31.88 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}11.04 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1972 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Junnar &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Tambeshrikishna Ramji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,542 |percentage = 55.76% |change = {{increase}}7.70 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Phule Jagdish Sitaram |party = Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 19,440 |percentage = 42.44% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Arvind Bhatwa Dekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 828 |percentage = 1.81% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,102 |percentage = 13.32% |change = {{increase}}9.67 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 47,666 |percentage = 59.99% |change = {{increase}}4.78 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 45,810}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,463 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.20 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}7.70 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1967 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Junnar &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. R. Kakade |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,486 |percentage = 48.06% |change = {{increase}}3.85 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. S. Phule |party = Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 17,083 |percentage = 44.42% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. S. Thorat |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 2,085 |percentage = 5.42% |change = {{decrease}}39.11 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. N. More |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 807 |percentage = 2.10% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,403 |percentage = 3.65% |change = {{increase}}3.33 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 40,545 |percentage = 55.21% |change = {{decrease}}4.74 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 38,461}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,444 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.97 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{increase}}3.53 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1962 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Junnar &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vithalrao Narayanrao Awate |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 17,826 |percentage = 44.53% |change = {{decrease}}21.28 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaji Mahadeo Kale |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,699 |percentage = 44.21% |change = {{increase}}26.05 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishna Ramji Mundhe |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 4,510 |percentage = 11.27% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 127 |percentage = 0.32% |change = {{decrease}}47.34 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 41,946 |percentage = 59.95% |change = {{increase}}13.36 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 40,035}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,964 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.30 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{decrease}}21.28 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1957 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Junnar &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kale Shivaji Mahadu |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 18,135 |percentage = 65.81% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vahval Sonu Bhiku |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 5,003 |percentage = 18.16% |change = {{decrease}}19.90 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rongate Bhau Paru |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,417 |percentage = 16.03% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,132 |percentage = 47.66% |change = {{increase}}37.60 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 27,555 |percentage = 46.59% |change = {{decrease}}0.69 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 27,555}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,140 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.36 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}27.75 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1952 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Junnar &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dhobale Dattatraya Amrutrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,007 |percentage = 38.06% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kale Shivaji Amrutrao |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 7,363 |percentage = 28.01% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khadkar Keshav Pandurang |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,463 |percentage = 13.17% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vipradas Dattatraya Keshav |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,890 |percentage = 10.99% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wabale Vishwanath Jayaram |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 1,873 |percentage = 7.12% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hande Nanasaheb Govindrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 694 |percentage = 2.64% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,644 |percentage = 10.06% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 26,290 |percentage = 47.28% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 26,290}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,606 |ref = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br /> {{coords|19.21|73.87|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Pune district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Pune district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]<br /> [[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sadbhavna_Express&diff=531683 2026-05-01T22:23:16Z

<p>GiseleStead: stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Railways express train}}<br /> {{Unreferenced|date=May 2026}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> <br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox rail service<br /> | name = Sadbhavna Express<br /> | image = <br /> | image_width = <br /> | caption = <br /> | type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]<br /> | locale = <br /> | first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1994|07|03}}<br /> | last =<br /> | operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railways]]<br /> | ridership =<br /> | start = {{stnlnk|Raxaul Junction}} (RXL)<br /> | stops = 32<br /> | end = {{stnlnk|Anand Vihar Terminal}} (ANVT)<br /> | distance = {{convert|1258|km|0|abbr=on}}<br /> | journeytime = 29h 45m <br /> | frequency = Bi-Weekly {{efn|Runs twice weekly in each direction.}}<br /> | class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved<br /> | seating = Yes<br /> | sleeping = Yes<br /> | autorack = <br /> | catering = On-board catering &lt;br&gt; E-catering<br /> | observation =<br /> | entertainment = <br /> | baggage = No<br /> | otherfacilities= Below the seats<br /> | stock = [[ICF coach]]<br /> | gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}<br /> | electrification = <br /> | trainnumber = 14007 / 14008<br /> | speed = {{convert|42|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts<br /> | map = <br /> | map_state =<br /> }}<br /> '''The Sadbhavna Express''' is an express train of [[Indian Railways]] that runs between Raxaul in Bihar and Anand Vihar in [[Delhi]]. It is operated by the [[Northern Railway zone]] and connects major towns and cities of Bihar and UP with the National Capital. The train operates under three sets of train numbers: 14007/14008, 14016/17, 14017/14018 each following a different route.<br /> <br /> == Sadhbhavna Express (via Ayodhya and Sitamarhi) ==<br /> <br /> <br /> === Schedule ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-size:90%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | 14016 / 14017 Anand Vihar Terminal–Raxaul Sadhbhawna Express Schedule<br /> |-<br /> | '''Train Type''' || Express<br /> |-<br /> | '''Distance''' || ~1060 km (14016) / ~1060 km (14017)<br /> |-<br /> | '''Average Speed''' || ~36 km/h<br /> |-<br /> | '''Journey Time (ANVT → RXL)''' || ~29 hrs 40 min<br /> |-<br /> | '''Journey Time (RXL → ANVT)''' || ~29 hrs 00 min<br /> |-<br /> | '''Classes Available''' || 2A, 3A, Sleeper (SL), General<br /> |-<br /> | '''Operating Days''' || Weekly<br /> |-<br /> | '''Operator''' || [[East Central Railway]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Route and Halts ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:90%;&quot;<br /> |+'''14016 / 14017 Anand Vihar Terminal–Raxaul Sadhbhawna Express'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sr.<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | 14016 ANVT–RXL<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | 14017 RXL–ANVT<br /> |-<br /> ! Station !! Day !! Arr. !! Dep.<br /> ! Station !! Day !! Arr. !! Dep.<br /> |-<br /> | 1 || {{rws|Anand Vihar Terminal}} || 1 || — || 16:30 || {{rws|Raxaul Junction}} || 1 || — || 23:45<br /> |-<br /> | 2 || {{rws|Ghaziabad Junction}} || 1 || 17:04 || 17:06 || Ghorasahan || 2 || 00:16 || 00:18<br /> |-<br /> | 3 || Pilkhuwa || 1 || 17:32 || 17:34 || Bairagnia || 2 || 00:38 || 00:40<br /> |-<br /> | 4 || Hapur || 1 || 17:45 || 17:47 || Sitamarhi || 2 || 01:25 || 01:30<br /> |-<br /> | 5 || Amroha || 1 || 18:42 || 18:44 || Runnisaidpur || 2 || 01:52 || 01:54<br /> |-<br /> | 6 || {{rws|Moradabad Junction}} || 1 || 19:35 || 19:45 || {{rws|Muzaffarpur Junction}} || 2 || 03:15 || 03:45<br /> |-<br /> | 7 || {{rws|Chandausi Junction}} || 1 || 20:41 || 20:46 || {{rws|Hajipur Junction}} || 2 || 04:40 || 04:45<br /> |-<br /> | 8 || Aonla || 1 || 21:17 || 21:19 || {{rws|Sonpur Junction}} || 2 || 04:53 || 04:55<br /> |-<br /> | 9 || {{rws|Shahjahanpur Junction}} || 1 || 23:21 || 23:23 || Dighwara || 2 || 05:19 || 05:21<br /> |-<br /> |10 || Hardoi || 2 || 00:11 || 00:13 || {{rws|Chhapra Junction}} || 2 || 06:25 || 06:35<br /> |-<br /> |11 || Alamnagar || 2 || 01:50 || 01:51 || Suraimanpur || 2 || 07:08 || 07:10<br /> |-<br /> |12 || {{rws|Lucknow Junction}} || 2 || 02:15 || 02:25 || Ballia || 2 || 07:50 || 07:55<br /> |-<br /> |13 || Nihalgarh || 2 || 04:19 || 04:21 || Yusufpur || 2 || 08:35 || 08:37<br /> |-<br /> |14 || Musafir Khana || 2 || 04:58 || 05:00 || Ghazipur City || 2 || 09:00 || 09:05<br /> |-<br /> |15 || {{rws|Sultanpur Junction}} || 2 || 05:36 || 05:38 || {{rws|Aunrihar Junction}} || 2 || 09:53 || 09:55<br /> |-<br /> |16 || Lambhua || 2 || 06:03 || 06:04 || Varanasi City || 2 || 11:10 || 11:15<br /> |-<br /> |17 || Shrikrishna Nagar || 2 || 06:29 || 06:30 || {{rws|Varanasi Junction}} || 2 || 11:35 || 11:45<br /> |-<br /> |18 || Jaunpur City || 2 || 06:56 || 06:58 || {{rws|Jaunpur Junction}} || 2 || 12:46 || 12:48<br /> |-<br /> |19 || {{rws|Varanasi Junction}} || 2 || 09:00 || 09:10 || {{rws|Shahganj Junction}} || 2 || 13:26 || 13:28<br /> |-<br /> |20 || Varanasi City || 2 || 09:25 || 09:30 || Akbarpur || 2 || 14:11 || 14:15<br /> |-<br /> |21 || Kadipur || 2 || 09:50 || 09:52 || Goshainganj || 2 || 14:39 || 14:41<br /> |-<br /> |22 || {{rws|Aunrihar Junction}} || 2 || 10:08 || 10:10 || {{rws|Ayodhya Dham Junction}} || 2 || 15:08 || 15:10<br /> |-<br /> |23 || Ghazipur City || 2 || 10:50 || 10:55 || Ayodhya Cantt || 2 || 15:35 || 15:40<br /> |-<br /> |24 || Yusufpur || 2 || 11:13 || 11:15 || Rudauli || 2 || 16:16 || 16:17<br /> |-<br /> |25 || Ballia || 2 || 11:50 || 11:55 || {{rws|Barabanki Junction}} || 2 || 17:27 || 17:28<br /> |-<br /> |26 || Suraimanpur || 2 || 12:33 || 12:35 || {{rws|Lucknow Junction}} || 2 || 18:05 || 18:15<br /> |-<br /> |27 || {{rws|Chhapra Junction}} || 2 || 14:10 || 14:20 || Alamnagar || 2 || 18:45 || 18:46<br /> |-<br /> |28 || Dighwara || 2 || 15:03 || 15:05 || Hardoi || 2 || 19:56 || 19:58<br /> |-<br /> |29 || {{rws|Sonpur Junction}} || 2 || 15:29 || 15:31 || {{rws|Shahjahanpur Junction}} || 2 || 21:08 || 21:10<br /> |-<br /> |30 || {{rws|Hajipur Junction}} || 2 || 15:43 || 15:48 || Aonla || 2 || 23:01 || 23:03<br /> |-<br /> |31 || {{rws|Muzaffarpur Junction}} || 2 || 17:50 || 18:15 || {{rws|Chandausi Junction}} || 2 || 23:45 || 23:50<br /> |-<br /> |32 || Motipur || 2 || 18:50 || 18:52 || {{rws|Moradabad Junction}} || 3 || 01:17 || 01:27<br /> |-<br /> |33 || Mehsi || 2 || 19:04 || 19:06 || Amroha || 3 || 01:56 || 01:58<br /> |-<br /> |34 || Chakia || 2 || 19:16 || 19:18 || Hapur || 3 || 03:02 || 03:07<br /> |-<br /> |35 || Bapudham Motihari || 2 || 19:41 || 19:44 || Pilkhuwa || 3 || 03:16 || 03:18<br /> |-<br /> |36 || {{rws|Sagauli Junction}} || 2 || 20:10 || 20:30 || {{rws|Ghaziabad Junction}} || 3 || 04:10 || 04:12<br /> |-<br /> |37 || {{rws|Raxaul Junction}} || 2 || 22:10 || — || {{rws|Anand Vihar Terminal}} || 3 || 04:45 || —<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Coach Composition ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:90%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Category !! Coaches !! Total<br /> |-<br /> | End-on-Generator / Luggage Parcel Van || LPR, LPR || 2<br /> |-<br /> | General Second Class || GEN, GEN, GEN, GEN || 4<br /> |-<br /> | Sleeper Class (SL) || S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6 || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Pantry Car || PC || 1<br /> |-<br /> | AC 3 Tier (3A) || B1, B2, B3, B4 || 4<br /> |-<br /> | AC 3 Tier Economy (3E) || M1, M2 || 2<br /> |-<br /> | AC 2 Tier (2A) || A1, A2 || 2<br /> |-<br /> | AC First Class (1A) || H1 || 1<br /> |-<br /> | SLRD (Divyangjan) || SLRD || 1<br /> |-<br /> ! Total Coaches || || 22<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Sadhbhavna Express (via Sultanpur and Motihari) ==<br /> The Sadbhavna Express (via Sultanpur and Motihari) operates as a weekly service (14015/14016 or 14017/14018) connecting Raxaul Junction (RXL) in Bihar to Anand Vihar Terminal (ANVT) in Delhi. Key stops include Sagauli, Bapudham Motihari, [[Muzaffarpur]], [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]], [[Lucknow]], and Moradabad, covering a total distance of approximately 1,229 km in about 29-30 hours.<br /> <br /> === Schedule ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-size:90%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | 14015 / 14016 Raxaul–Anand Vihar Terminal Sadhbhawna Express<br /> |-<br /> | '''Train Type''' || Express<br /> |-<br /> | '''Distance''' || 1226 km (14015) / 1226 km (14016)<br /> |-<br /> | '''Average Speed''' || ~35–36 km/h<br /> |-<br /> | '''Journey Time (RXL → ANVT)''' || ~29 hrs 50 min<br /> |-<br /> | '''Journey Time (ANVT → RXL)''' || ~29 hrs 40 min<br /> |-<br /> | '''Total Stops''' || 35+<br /> |-<br /> | '''Classes Available''' || 2A, 3A, Sleeper (SL), General<br /> |-<br /> | '''Operating Days''' || Weekly<br /> |-<br /> | '''Operator''' || [[East Central Railway]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Route and Halts ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:90%;&quot;<br /> |+'''14015 / 14016Raxaul–Anand Vihar Terminal Sadhbhawna Express '''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sr.<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | 14015 RXL–ANVT<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | 14016 ANVT–RXL<br /> |-<br /> ! Station !! Day !! Arr. !! Dep.<br /> ! Station !! Day !! Arr. !! Dep.<br /> |-<br /> | 1 || {{rws|Raxaul Junction}} || 1 || — || 22:55 || {{rws|Anand Vihar Terminal}} || 1 || — || 16:30<br /> |-<br /> | 2 || {{rws|Sagauli Junction}} || 1 || 23:30 || 23:55 || {{rws|Ghaziabad Junction}} || 1 || 17:04 || 17:06<br /> |-<br /> | 3 || Bapudham Motihari || 2 || 00:12 || 00:15 || Pilkhuwa || 1 || 17:32 || 17:34<br /> |-<br /> | 4 || Chakia || 2 || 00:48 || 00:50 || Hapur || 1 || 17:45 || 17:47<br /> |-<br /> | 5 || Mehsi || 2 || 01:00 || 01:02 || Amroha || 1 || 18:42 || 18:44<br /> |-<br /> | 6 || Motipur || 2 || 01:38 || 01:40 || {{rws|Moradabad Junction}} || 1 || 19:35 || 19:45<br /> |-<br /> | 7 || {{rws|Muzaffarpur Junction}} || 2 || 03:20 || 03:50 || {{rws|Chandausi Junction}} || 1 || 20:41 || 20:46<br /> |-<br /> | 8 || {{rws|Hajipur Junction}} || 2 || 04:40 || 04:45 || Aonla || 1 || 21:17 || 21:19<br /> |-<br /> | 9 || {{rws|Sonpur Junction}} || 2 || 04:53 || 04:55 || {{rws|Shahjahanpur Junction}} || 1 || 23:21 || 23:23<br /> |-<br /> |10 || Dighwara || 2 || 05:19 || 05:21 || Hardoi || 2 || 00:11 || 00:13<br /> |-<br /> |11 || {{rws|Chhapra Junction}} || 2 || 06:25 || 06:35 || Alamnagar || 2 || 01:50 || 01:51<br /> |-<br /> |12 || Suraimanpur || 2 || 07:08 || 07:10 || {{rws|Lucknow Junction}} || 2 || 02:15 || 02:25<br /> |-<br /> |13 || Ballia || 2 || 07:50 || 07:55 || Nihalgarh || 2 || 04:19 || 04:21<br /> |-<br /> |14 || Yusufpur || 2 || 08:35 || 08:37 || Musafir Khana || 2 || 04:58 || 05:00<br /> |-<br /> |15 || Ghazipur City || 2 || 09:00 || 09:05 || {{rws|Sultanpur Junction}} || 2 || 05:36 || 05:38<br /> |-<br /> |16 || {{rws|Aunrihar Junction}} || 2 || 09:53 || 09:55 || Lambhua || 2 || 06:03 || 06:04<br /> |-<br /> |17 || Kadipur || 2 || 10:35 || 10:37 || Shrikrishna Nagar || 2 || 06:29 || 06:30<br /> |-<br /> |18 || Varanasi City || 2 || 11:10 || 11:15 || Jaunpur City || 2 || 06:56 || 06:58<br /> |-<br /> |19 || {{rws|Varanasi Junction}} || 2 || 11:35 || 11:45 || {{rws|Varanasi Junction}} || 2 || 09:00 || 09:10<br /> |-<br /> |20 || Jaunpur City || 2 || 12:44 || 12:46 || Varanasi City || 2 || 09:25 || 09:30<br /> |-<br /> |21 || Shrikrishna Nagar || 2 || 13:13 || 13:14 || Kadipur || 2 || 09:50 || 09:52<br /> |-<br /> |22 || Lambhua || 2 || 13:48 || 13:49 || {{rws|Aunrihar Junction}} || 2 || 10:08 || 10:10<br /> |-<br /> |23 || {{rws|Sultanpur Junction}} || 2 || 15:15 || 15:30 || Ghazipur City || 2 || 10:50 || 10:55<br /> |-<br /> |24 || Musafir Khana || 2 || 15:54 || 15:56 || Yusufpur || 2 || 11:13 || 11:15<br /> |-<br /> |25 || Nihalgarh || 2 || 16:12 || 16:14 || Ballia || 2 || 11:50 || 11:55<br /> |-<br /> |26 || {{rws|Lucknow Junction}} || 2 || 18:05 || 18:15 || Suraimanpur || 2 || 12:33 || 12:35<br /> |-<br /> |27 || Alamnagar || 2 || 18:45 || 18:46 || {{rws|Chhapra Junction}} || 2 || 14:10 || 14:20<br /> |-<br /> |28 || Hardoi || 2 || 19:56 || 19:58 || Dighwara || 2 || 15:03 || 15:05<br /> |-<br /> |29 || {{rws|Shahjahanpur Junction}} || 2 || 21:08 || 21:10 || {{rws|Sonpur Junction}} || 2 || 15:29 || 15:31<br /> |-<br /> |30 || Aonla || 2 || 23:01 || 23:03 || {{rws|Hajipur Junction}} || 2 || 15:43 || 15:48<br /> |-<br /> |31 || {{rws|Chandausi Junction}} || 2 || 23:45 || 23:50 || {{rws|Muzaffarpur Junction}} || 2 || 17:50 || 18:15<br /> |-<br /> |32 || {{rws|Moradabad Junction}} || 3 || 01:17 || 01:27 || Motipur || 2 || 18:50 || 18:52<br /> |-<br /> |33 || Amroha || 3 || 01:56 || 01:58 || Mehsi || 2 || 19:04 || 19:06<br /> |-<br /> |34 || Hapur || 3 || 03:02 || 03:07 || Chakia || 2 || 19:16 || 19:18<br /> |-<br /> |35 || Pilkhuwa || 3 || 03:16 || 03:18 || Bapudham Motihari || 2 || 19:41 || 19:44<br /> |-<br /> |36 || {{rws|Ghaziabad Junction}} || 3 || 04:10 || 04:12 || {{rws|Sagauli Junction}} || 2 || 20:10 || 20:30<br /> |-<br /> |37 || {{rws|Anand Vihar Terminal}} || 3 || 04:45 || — || {{rws|Raxaul Junction}} || 2 || 22:10 || —<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Coach Composition ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:90%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Category !! Coaches !! Total<br /> |-<br /> | End-on-Generator / Luggage Parcel Van || LPR, LPR || 2<br /> |-<br /> | General Second Class || GEN, GEN, GEN, GEN || 4<br /> |-<br /> | Sleeper Class (SL) || S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6 || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Pantry Car || PC || 1<br /> |-<br /> | AC 3 Tier (3A) || B1, B2, B3, B4 || 4<br /> |-<br /> | AC 3 Tier Economy (3E) || M1, M2 || 2<br /> |-<br /> | AC 2 Tier (2A) || A1, A2 || 2<br /> |-<br /> | AC First Class (1A) || H1 || 1<br /> |-<br /> | SLRD (Divyangjan) || SLRD || 1<br /> |-<br /> ! Total Coaches || || 22<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Sadhbhavna Express (via Sultanpur and Sitamarhi) ==<br /> The 14007/14008 Sadbhavna Express is a weekly Mail/Express train connecting Raxaul Junction (RXL) in Bihar with Anand Vihar Terminal (ANVT) in Delhi.<br /> <br /> === Schedule ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-size:90%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | 14007 / 14008 Raxaul–Anand Vihar Sadhbhavana Express Schedule<br /> |-<br /> | '''Train Type''' || Express<br /> |-<br /> | '''Distance''' || 1246 km (14007) / 1246 km (14008)<br /> |-<br /> | '''Average Speed''' || 36 km/h<br /> |-<br /> | '''Journey Time (Raxaul → Anand Vihar)''' || 29 hrs 00 min<br /> |-<br /> | '''Journey Time (Anand Vihar → Raxaul)''' || 29 hrs 35 min<br /> |-<br /> | '''Classes Available''' || 2A, 3A, Sleeper (SL), General<br /> |-<br /> | '''Operating Days''' || Bi - Weekly<br /> |-<br /> | '''Operator''' || [[East Central Railway]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Route and Halts ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:90%;&quot;<br /> |+ '''14007 / 14008 Raxaul–Anand Vihar Sadhbhavana Express Schedule'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sr.<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | 14007 RXL–ANVT<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | 14008 ANVT–RXL<br /> |-<br /> ! Station !! Day !! Arr. !! Dep.<br /> ! Station !! Day !! Arr. !! Dep.<br /> |-<br /> | 1 || {{rws|Raxaul Junction}} || 1 || — || 23:45 || {{rws|Anand Vihar Terminal}} || 1 || — || 16:30<br /> |-<br /> | 2 || Ghorasahan || 2 || 00:16 || 00:18 || {{rws|Ghaziabad Junction}} || 1 || 17:04 || 17:06<br /> |-<br /> | 3 || Bairagnia || 2 || 00:38 || 00:40 || Pilkhuwa || 1 || 17:32 || 17:34<br /> |-<br /> | 4 || Sitamarhi || 2 || 01:25 || 01:30 || Hapur || 1 || 17:45 || 17:47<br /> |-<br /> | 5 || Runnisaidpur || 2 || 01:52 || 01:54 || Amroha || 1 || 18:42 || 18:44<br /> |-<br /> | 6 || {{rws|Muzaffarpur Junction}} || 2 || 03:15 || 03:45 || {{rws|Moradabad Junction}} || 1 || 19:35 || 19:45<br /> |-<br /> | 7 || {{rws|Hajipur Junction}} || 2 || 04:40 || 04:45 || Raja Ka Sahaspur || 1 || 20:09 || 20:11<br /> |-<br /> | 8 || {{rws|Sonpur Junction}} || 2 || 04:53 || 04:55 || {{rws|Chandausi Junction}} || 1 || 20:41 || 20:46<br /> |-<br /> | 9 || Dighwara || 2 || 05:19 || 05:21 || Aonla || 1 || 21:17 || 21:19<br /> |-<br /> |10 || {{rws|Chhapra Junction}} || 2 || 06:25 || 06:35 || {{rws|Shahjahanpur Junction}} || 1 || 23:21 || 23:23<br /> |-<br /> |11 || Suraimanpur || 2 || 07:08 || 07:10 || Hardoi || 2 || 00:11 || 00:13<br /> |-<br /> |12 || Ballia || 2 || 07:50 || 07:55 || Alamnagar || 2 || 01:50 || 01:51<br /> |-<br /> |13 || Yusufpur || 2 || 08:35 || 08:37 || {{rws|Lucknow Junction}} || 2 || 02:15 || 02:25<br /> |-<br /> |14 || Ghazipur City || 2 || 09:00 || 09:05 || Nihalgarh || 2 || 04:19 || 04:21<br /> |-<br /> |15 || {{rws|Aunrihar Junction}} || 2 || 09:53 || 09:55 || Musafir Khana || 2 || 04:58 || 05:00<br /> |-<br /> |16 || Kadipur || 2 || 10:35 || 10:37 || {{rws|Sultanpur Junction}} || 2 || 05:36 || 05:38<br /> |-<br /> |17 || Varanasi City || 2 || 11:10 || 11:15 || Lambhua || 2 || 06:03 || 06:04<br /> |-<br /> |18 || {{rws|Varanasi Junction}} || 2 || 11:35 || 11:45 || Shrikrishna Nagar || 2 || 06:29 || 06:30<br /> |-<br /> |19 || Jaunpur City || 2 || 12:44 || 12:46 || Jaunpur City || 2 || 06:56 || 06:58<br /> |-<br /> |20 || Shrikrishna Nagar || 2 || 13:13 || 13:14 || {{rws|Varanasi Junction}} || 2 || 09:00 || 09:10<br /> |-<br /> |21 || Lambhua || 2 || 13:48 || 13:49 || Varanasi City || 2 || 09:25 || 09:30<br /> |-<br /> |22 || {{rws|Sultanpur Junction}} || 2 || 15:15 || 15:30 || Kadipur || 2 || 09:50 || 09:52<br /> |-<br /> |23 || Musafir Khana || 2 || 15:55 || 15:56 || {{rws|Aunrihar Junction}} || 2 || 10:08 || 10:10<br /> |-<br /> |24 || Nihalgarh || 2 || 16:13 || 16:14 || Ghazipur City || 2 || 10:50 || 10:55<br /> |-<br /> |25 || {{rws|Lucknow Junction}} || 2 || 18:05 || 18:15 || Yusufpur || 2 || 11:13 || 11:15<br /> |-<br /> |26 || Alamnagar || 2 || 18:45 || 18:46 || Ballia || 2 || 11:55 || 12:00<br /> |-<br /> |27 || Hardoi || 2 || 19:56 || 19:58 || Suraimanpur || 2 || 12:33 || 12:35<br /> |-<br /> |28 || {{rws|Shahjahanpur Junction}} || 2 || 21:08 || 21:10 || {{rws|Chhapra Junction}} || 2 || 14:10 || 14:20<br /> |-<br /> |29 || Aonla || 2 || 23:01 || 23:03 || Dighwara || 2 || 15:03 || 15:05<br /> |-<br /> |30 || {{rws|Chandausi Junction}} || 2 || 23:45 || 23:50 || {{rws|Sonpur Junction}} || 2 || 15:29 || 15:31<br /> |-<br /> |31 || Raja Ka Sahaspur || 3 || 00:14 || 00:16 || {{rws|Hajipur Junction}} || 2 || 15:43 || 15:48<br /> |-<br /> |32 || {{rws|Moradabad Junction}} || 3 || 01:17 || 01:27 || {{rws|Muzaffarpur Junction}} || 2 || 17:50 || 18:15<br /> |-<br /> |33 || Amroha || 3 || 01:56 || 01:58 || Runnisaidpur || 2 || 19:03 || 19:05<br /> |-<br /> |34 || Hapur || 3 || 03:02 || 03:07 || Sitamarhi || 2 || 19:31 || 19:36<br /> |-<br /> |35 || Pilkhuwa || 3 || 03:16 || 03:18 || Bairagnia || 2 || 20:01 || 20:03<br /> |-<br /> |36 || {{rws|Ghaziabad Junction}} || 3 || 04:10 || 04:12 || Ghorasahan || 2 || 20:26 || 20:28<br /> |-<br /> |37 || {{rws|Anand Vihar Terminal}} || 3 || 04:45 || — || {{rws|Raxaul Junction}} || 2 || 22:05 || —<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Coach Composition ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:90%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Category !! Coaches !! Total<br /> |-<br /> | End-on-Generator / Luggage Parcel Van || LPR, LPR || 2<br /> |-<br /> | General Second Class || GEN, GEN, GEN, GEN || 4<br /> |-<br /> | Sleeper Class (SL) || S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6 || 6<br /> |-<br /> | Pantry Car || PC || 1<br /> |-<br /> | AC 3 Tier (3A) || B1, B2, B3, B4 || 4<br /> |-<br /> | AC 3 Tier Economy (3E) || M1, M2 || 2<br /> |-<br /> | AC 2 Tier (2A) || A1, A2 || 2<br /> |-<br /> | AC First Class (1A) || H1 || 1<br /> |-<br /> | SLRD (Divyangjan) || SLRD || 1<br /> |-<br /> ! Total Coaches || || 22<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Sapt Kranti Express]]<br /> * [[Satyagrah Express]]<br /> * [[Sitamarhi–Delhi Junction Amrit Bharat Express]]<br /> * [[Lichchavi Express]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sadbhavna Express}}<br /> [[Category:Transport in Raxaul]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Railway services introduced in 1994]]<br /> [[Category:Express trains in India]]<br /> [[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]<br /> <br /> {{India-express-train-stub}}</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abhishek_Bachchan_filmography&diff=484369 2026-05-01T08:43:40Z

<p>GiseleStead: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Filmography of the Indian actor and film producer}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=December 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br /> [[File:Abhi 2013.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|alt=A photograph of Abhishek Bachchan in 2011|Bachchan in 2013]]<br /> [[Abhishek Bachchan]] is an Indian actor and film producer known for his work in [[Hindi]] films. He made his acting debut opposite [[Kareena Kapoor Khan|Kareena Kapoor]] in [[J. P. Dutta]]'s war drama ''[[Refugee (2000 film)|Refugee]]'' (2000), where his portrayal of the titular unnamed refugee earned a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Filmfare Best Male Debut Award]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bollywood-vs-south-abhishek-or-rana-daggubati/212507-17.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150130171602/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bollywood-vs-south-abhishek-or-rana-daggubati/212507-17.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 January 2015|title=Bollywood vs South: Abhishek or Rana Daggubati|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=16 December 2011|access-date=30 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, his subsequent films failed at the box office°, including ''[[Bas Itna Sa Khwaab Hai]]'' (2001), and ''[[Shararat (2002 film)|Shararat]]'' (2002).&lt;ref name=Abhi38&gt;{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/happy-birthday-abhishek-bachchan-jr-turns-38/9/ |title=Photos: Happy Birthday Abhishek! Bachchan Jr. Turns 38 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=5 February 2014 |access-date=30 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130194906/http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/happy-birthday-abhishek-bachchan-jr-turns-38/9/ |archive-date=30 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; His career prospects improved in 2004, when he played a gangster in [[Mani Ratnam]]'s political drama ''[[Yuva]]'' and a police officer in [[Sanjay Gadhvi]]'s action thriller ''[[Dhoom]]''.&lt;ref name=Abhi38/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Dhoom-7-reasons-why-we-love-the-series/photostory/41000564.cms |title=7 reasons why we love Dhoom series |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213040756/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Dhoom-7-reasons-why-we-love-the-series/photostory/41000564.cms |archive-date=13 February 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The former won him his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/abhishek-bachchan-gets-nostalgic-about-yuva-as-the-mani-ratnam-movie-marks-a-decade/ |title=Abhishek Bachchan gets nostalgic about 'Yuva' as the Mani Ratnam movie marks a decade |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=21 May 2014 |access-date=30 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130192814/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/abhishek-bachchan-gets-nostalgic-about-yuva-as-the-mani-ratnam-movie-marks-a-decade/ |archive-date=30 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and the latter became one of the highest-grossing films of the year and his first commercial success.&lt;ref name=Abhi38/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2005/may/27dinesh.htm |title=Abhishek has arrived, finally |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=27 May 2005 |access-date=30 January 2015 |last=Raheja |first=Dinesh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510202110/http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2005/may/27dinesh.htm |archive-date=10 May 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2005, Bachchan teamed up with his father twice in [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s thriller ''[[Sarkar (2005 film)|Sarkar]]'' and the crime comedy ''[[Bunty Aur Babli]]''. The latter was the second highest-grossing film of the year,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Box Office India]] |title=Box Office 2005 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=211&amp;catName=MjAwNQ== |access-date=8 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132120/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=211&amp;catName=MjAwNQ%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and his performance in ''Sarkar'' earned him a second Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1425134,curpg-2.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717105902/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1425134,curpg-2.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2012 |title=Winners of the 51st Fair One Filmfare Awards |publisher=[[Indiatimes]] |access-date=30 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; That same year, he appeared in the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film ''[[Antarmahal]]'' (2005). 2006 proved to be key for Bachchan, as he received his third consecutive Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in [[Karan Johar]]'s musical romantic drama ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' (2006),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/we-are-bad-losers-abhishek-622994 |title=We are bad losers: Abhishek |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=11 January 2012 |access-date=30 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130193035/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/we-are-bad-losers-abhishek-622994 |archive-date=30 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and reprised his role in the action sequel ''[[Dhoom 2]]'' (2006), which became the highest-grossing Bollywood film to that point.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&amp;articleid=3935&amp;nCat=|title=Top Lifetime Nett Grossers All Time|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|archive-date=26 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626150752/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&amp;articleid=3935&amp;nCat=|access-date=12 January 2015|via=[[Wayback Machine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bachchan next starred alongside [[Aishwarya Rai]] in Ratnam's critically and commercially successful drama ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'' (2007), a biopic inspired by the life of businessman [[Dhirubhai Ambani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1999246,00.html |title=Raavan: Scandal Over a Bollywood King Kong |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=23 June 2010 |access-date=5 February 2015 |last=Corliss |first=Richard |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205122408/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0%2C8599%2C1999246%2C00.html |archive-date= 5 February 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; His title role in the film was positively received.&lt;ref name=Abhi38/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2008, Bachchan appeared in Varma's ''[[Sarkar Raj]]'', the romantic comedy ''[[Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]]'' and the [[superhero film]] ''[[Drona (2008 film)|Drona]]''. His first production was ''[[Paa (film)|Paa]]'' (2009), starring him and his father, a comedy-drama which won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Big-B-wins-National-Award-for-Paa/articleshow/6559599.cms|title=Big B wins National Award for Paa|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 September 2010|access-date=17 January 2015|archive-date=30 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130072935/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Big-B-wins-National-Award-for-Paa/articleshow/6559599.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was followed by a brief career downturn with a series of flops, including [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]]'s satire ''[[Delhi-6]]'' (2009), Ratnam's ''[[Raavan (2010 Hindi film)|Raavan]]'' (2010) and the action thriller ''[[Game (2011 film)|Game]]'' (2011).&lt;ref name=Abhi38/&gt; The comedy ''[[Bol Bachchan]]'' (2012), co-starring [[Ajay Devgan]], proved to be his first box-office success since ''Paa''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/finally-a-hit-for-abhishek-bachchan-626374 |title=Finally, a hit for Abhishek Bachchan |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=10 July 2012 |access-date=4 February 2015 |last=Chakravatry |first=Riya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204123635/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/finally-a-hit-for-abhishek-bachchan-626374 |archive-date= 4 February 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/abhishek-bachchan-not-that-arrogant-to-think-i-will-do-only-solohero-project/507798-8-66.html |title=Abhishek Bachchan: Not that arrogant to think I will do only solo-hero project |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=22 October 2014 |access-date=4 February 2015 |last=Sen |first=Shomini |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102124315/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/abhishek-bachchan-not-that-arrogant-to-think-i-will-do-only-solohero-project/507798-8-66.html |archive-date= 2 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He followed this with supporting roles in two of the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian films]] – ''[[Dhoom 3]]'' (2013) and ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]'' (2014).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/pressurising-farah-to-make-happy-new-year-sequel-abhishek-bachchan/ |title=Pressurising Farah to make 'Happy New Year' sequel: Abhishek Bachchan |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=16 November 2014 |access-date=4 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204150354/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/pressurising-farah-to-make-happy-new-year-sequel-abhishek-bachchan/ |archive-date= 4 February 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/happy-new-year-collects-rs-350-crore-worldwide/article1-1285518.aspx |title=Happy New Year collects Rs 350 crore worldwide |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=13 November 2014 |access-date=4 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205105659/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/happy-new-year-collects-rs-350-crore-worldwide/article1-1285518.aspx |archive-date= 5 February 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the 2016 comedy ''[[Housefull 3]]'',&lt;ref name=&quot;Mirror&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Iyer |first=Sanyukta |title=Around the world in the '50s with Akshay |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Around-the-world-in-the-50s-with-Akshay/articleshow/49826676.cms |access-date=18 November 2015 |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=18 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119013524/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Around-the-world-in-the-50s-with-Akshay/articleshow/49826676.cms |archive-date=19 November 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bachchan took a break and made a comeback with the romantic drama ''[[Manmarziyaan]]'' (2018).&lt;ref name=&quot;news18&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/abhishek-bachchan-begins-shooting-for-manmarziyan-1676409.html|title=Abhishek Bachchan Begins Shooting for Manmarziyan|publisher=CNN-News18|date=1 March 2018|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404161131/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/abhishek-bachchan-begins-shooting-for-manmarziyan-1676409.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title='Bob Biswas': Abhishek Bachchan to play the title role in Kahaani's prequel co-produced by Shah Rukh Khan |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-bob-biswas-abhishek-bachchan-to-play-the-titular-role-in-kahaani-s-prequel-co-produced-by-shah-rukh-khan-2803189/amp |access-date=25 November 2019 |work=DNA |date=25 November 2019 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726153731/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-bob-biswas-abhishek-bachchan-to-play-the-titular-role-in-kahaani-s-prequel-co-produced-by-shah-rukh-khan-2803189/amp |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Films ==<br /> {{pending films key}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;<br /> |+{{sronly|Abhishek Bachchan filmograph}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; | Film<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Notes<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2000 <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Refugee (2000 film)|Refugee]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Refugee|Refugee}} || <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Refugee|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540318|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901143144/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540318|archive-date=1 September 2014|access-date=14 November 2014|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Tera Jadoo Chal Gayaa]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Srivastav|Kabir Srivastav}} || || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tera Jadoo Chal Gaya |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 November 2014 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201779 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020914/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201779 |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/aug/18jadoo.htm |title=It's Abhishek all the way! |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=18 August 2000 |access-date=29 January 2015 |last=Verma |first=Suparn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043418/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/aug/18jadoo.htm |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Dhai Akshar Prem Ke]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Khanna|Karan Khanna}} || || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dhai Akshar Prem Ke |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 November 2014 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54492 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902043959/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54492 |archive-date= 2 September 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.saavn.com/p/song/hindi/Dhaai-Akshar-Prem-Ke/Mera-Maahi-Bada-Sohna/Nj4JRFl0c2o |title=Mera Maahi Bada Sohna |date=11 August 2000 |publisher=[[Saavn]] |access-date=31 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303102807/http://www.saavn.com/p/song/hindi/Dhaai-Akshar-Prem-Ke/Mera-Maahi-Bada-Sohna/Nj4JRFl0c2o |archive-date= 3 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> || 2001 <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Bas Itna Sa Khwaab Hai]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Shrivastav|Suraj Shrivastav}} || || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bas Itna Sa Khwaab Hai |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 November 2014 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201672 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019035620/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201672 |archive-date=19 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| 2002 <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Haan Maine Bhi Pyaar Kiya]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Kapoor|Shiv Kapoor}} || || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Haan Maine Bhi Pyaar Kiya |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 November 2014 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201755 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020856/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201755 |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/reviews/type/view/id/744 |title=Haan Maine Bhi Pyaar Kiya |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=15 February 2002 |access-date=29 January 2015 |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129183922/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/reviews/type/view/id/744 |archive-date=29 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Desh (film)|Desh]]'' <br /> | Anjan || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film; Cameo appearance || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/abhishek-bachchan-talks-working-with-mom-jaya-bachchan-for-first-time/story-DTOkVveF7BLmakCUProlnM.html|title=Abhishek Bachchan talks working with mom Jaya Bachchan for first time|date=12 June 2020|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=7 July 2022|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404225736/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/abhishek-bachchan-talks-working-with-mom-jaya-bachchan-for-first-time/story-DTOkVveF7BLmakCUProlnM.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Om Jai Jagadish]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Batra|Jagadish Batra}} || || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Om Jai Jagadish |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 November 2014 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201586 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020907/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201586 |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Shararat (2002 film)|Shararat]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Khanna|Rahul Khanna}} || || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sharaarat |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 November 2014 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/reviews/type/view/id/714/Sharaarat |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020848/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/reviews/type/view/id/714/Sharaarat |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508612 |title=Sharaarat |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=29 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129183818/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508612 |archive-date=29 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| 2003 <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Kumar|Prem Kumar}} || ||style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 November 2014 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201790 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714125111/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201790 |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Mumbai Se Aaya Mera Dost]]''<br /> | Karan Singh || || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mumbai Se Aaya Mera Dost |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 November 2014 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201571 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020842/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201571 |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Kuch Naa Kaho]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Raj|Raj Malhotra}} || || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kuch Naa Kaho |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 November 2014 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201861 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020912/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201861 |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Zameen (2003 film)|Zameen]]''<br /> | ACP Jaideep &quot;Jai&quot; Rai|| || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zameen (2003 film) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 November 2014 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538462 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020845/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538462 |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[LOC: Kargil]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Batra|[[Vikram Batra|Captain Vikram Batra]]}}|| || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=LOC Kargil |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 November 2014 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201799 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905125459/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201799 |archive-date= 5 September 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot;| 2004 <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Run (2004 film)|Run]]''<br /> | Siddharth (Sidhu)|| || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Run |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 November 2014 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540324 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020802/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540324 |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/14run.htm |title=Run for Abhishek! |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=14 May 2004 |access-date=29 January 2015 |last=Kulkarni |first=Ronjita |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716010555/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/14run.htm |archive-date=16 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Yuva]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Singh|Lallan Singh}} || || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Yuva |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 November 2014 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/510616 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901005452/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/510616 |archive-date= 1 September 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Sameer|Sameer}} || Cameo appearance || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1218815/Abhishek-Bachchan-in-Hum-Tum |title=Abhishek Bachchan in Hum Tum |access-date=17 November 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020933/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1218815/Abhishek-Bachchan-in-Hum-Tum |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65065 |title=Hum Tum |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=29 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110131745/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65065 |archive-date=10 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Phir Milenge (2004 film)|Phir Milenge]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Anand|Tarun Anand}} || ||style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phir Milenge |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 November 2014 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54568 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018070355/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54568 |archive-date=18 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Dhoom]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Dixit|ACP Jai Dixit}} || ||style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dhoom |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 November 2014 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65066 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204100950/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65066 |archive-date= 4 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Dhoom/Dilbara-Reprisal/My0TYS1oQkQ |title=Dilbara (reprisal) |date=16 July 2004 |publisher=[[Saavn]] |access-date=31 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305213537/http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/dhoom/dilbara-reprisal/my0tys1oqkq |archive-date= 5 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Rakht]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Manav|Manav}} || Special appearance in the song &quot;Kya Maine Socha&quot; || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/movie-review-rakht-starring-sanjay-dutt-suneil-shetty-bipasha-basu/1/195430.html |title=Movie review: Rakht |publisher=indiatoday.in. [[Living Media]] |access-date=17 November 2014 |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213014239/http://m.indiatoday.in/story/movie-review-rakht-starring-sanjay-dutt-suneil-shetty-bipasha-basu/1/195430.html |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p1gn_LiS4yA |title=&quot;Kya Maine Socha&quot; Film Rakht Ft. Abhishek Bacchan, Bipasha Basu |date=30 May 2011 |publisher=[[Super Cassettes Industries T-Series|T-Series]] |access-date=29 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712091531/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p1gn_LiS4yA |archive-date=12 July 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Naach (2004 film)|Naach]]''<br /> | Abhinav || || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Naach |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 November 2014 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020757/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540001 |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot;| 2005 <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Bunty Aur Babli]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Trivedi|Rakesh Trivedi (Bunty)}} || ||style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bunty Aur Babli |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 November 2014 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65070 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020939/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65070 |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/may/27bunty.htm |title=Go watch Bunty aur Babli! |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=27 May 2005 |access-date=29 January 2015 |last=Verma |first=Sukhanya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426150228/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/may/27bunty.htm |archive-date=26 April 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Sarkar (2005 film)|Sarkar]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Nagre|Shankar Nagre}} || || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sarkar |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=17 November 2014 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540345 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722192320/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540345 |archive-date=22 July 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Dus]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Dheer|Shashank Dheer}} || ||style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dus (film) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539220 |access-date=17 November 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020935/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539220 |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Salaam Namaste]]''<br /> | {{sort|Kumar|Dr. Vijay Kumar}} || Cameo appearance; Also Narrator || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1218818/Abhishek-Bachchan-in-Salaam-Namaste |title=Abhishek Bachchan in Salaam Namaste |access-date=17 November 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020928/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1218818/Abhishek-Bachchan-in-Salaam-Namaste |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Dipta&gt;{{cite book|first=Diptakirti|last=Chaudhuri|title=Bollybook: The Big Book of Hindi Movie Trivia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gq-CBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT619|date=12 September 2014|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-93-5118-799-8|pages=619}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65071 |title=Salaam Namaste |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=29 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401145933/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65071 |archive-date= 1 April 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Antarmahal]]''<br /> |Brijbhushan||[[Bengali language|Bengali]] film ||style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Bamzai |first=Kaveree |url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/film-review-antarmahal-starring-soha-ali-khan-abhishek-bachchan/1/192676.html |title=Antarmahal starring Soha Ali Khan, Abhishek Bachchan |date=14 November 2005 |access-date=18 November 2014 |publisher=indiatoday.in. [[Living Media]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213014236/http://m.indiatoday.in/story/film-review-antarmahal-starring-soha-ali-khan-abhishek-bachchan/1/192676.html |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/28antar.htm |title=Antarmahal: Must watch! |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=28 October 2005 |access-date=29 January 2015 |last=Mitra |first=Indrajit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408024044/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/28antar.htm |archive-date= 8 April 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Home Delivery]]'' <br /> | Himself || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Cameo appearance|| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54511 |title=Home Delivery |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=30 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130172438/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54511 |archive-date=30 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=funny/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Ek Ajnabee]]''<br /> |Bodyguard|| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=Dipta/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1191292/Abhishek-Lara-in-Ek-Ajnabee-Its-official |title=Abhishek-Lara in &quot;Ek Ajnabee&quot;: it's official |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=17 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213021034/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1191292/Abhishek-Lara-in-Ek-Ajnabee-Its-official |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Neal 'n' Nikki]]'' <br /> | Raj Singh || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65072 |title=Neal 'n' Nikki |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=30 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130162532/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65072 |archive-date=30 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Bluffmaster!]]'' <br /> | {{Sort|Kapoor|Roy Kapoor}} ||||style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508840 |title=Bluffmaster! |access-date=17 November 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903112604/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508840 |archive-date= 3 September 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Bluffmaster!/Right-Here-Right-Now/GxkJZhd2cl4 |title=Right Here Right Now |date=17 November 2005 |publisher=[[Saavn]] |access-date=31 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305171421/http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/bluffmaster%21/right-here-right-now/gxkjzhd2cl4 |archive-date= 5 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| 2006 <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Alag]]''<br /> |Himself|| Special appearance in the song &quot;Sabse Alag&quot;|| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The story drew me to the film'|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-story-drew-me-to-the-film/article3194701.ece|access-date=25 January 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 June 2006|last=Mehar|first=Rakesh|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216204241/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-story-drew-me-to-the-film/article3194701.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' <br /> | {{Sort|Talwar|Rishi Talwar}} || || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/509037 |access-date=17 November 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020958/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/509037 |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Sunny|Sunny Khurana}} || Cameo appearance || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1191251/Abhishek-Bachchan-on-the-cameo-in-Lage-Raho-Munnabhai |title=Abhishek Bachchan on the cameo in Lage Raho Munnabhai |access-date=18 November 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213021004/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1191251/Abhishek-Bachchan-on-the-cameo-in-Lage-Raho-Munnabhai |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/lage_raho_munna_bhai/ |title=Lage Raho Munna Bhai |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=29 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404113827/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/lage_raho_munna_bhai/ |archive-date= 4 April 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Umrao Jaan (2006 film)|Umrao Jaan]]'' <br /> | {{Sort|Sultan|Nawab Sultan}} || || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538451 |access-date=17 November 2014 |title=Umrao Jaan (2006) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213021001/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538451 |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Dhoom 2]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Dixit|ACP Jai Dixit}} || ||style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{Cite web |url=https://www.filmykeeday.com/best-movies-of-abhishek-bachchan/ |title=Dhoom 2 |access-date=17 November 2014 |publisher=[[Filmy Keeday]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224235850/https://www.filmykeeday.com/best-movies-of-abhishek-bachchan/ |archive-date=2019-02-24 }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot;| 2007 <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'' <br /> | {{Sort|Desai|Gurukanth &quot;Guru&quot; Desai}} ||||style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539430 |title=Guru |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=17 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020937/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539430 |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala|Shootout At Lokhandwala]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Mhatre|Abhishek Mhatre}} || || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508629 |title=Shootout at Lokhandwala |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=30 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130162534/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508629 |archive-date=30 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/reviews/type/view/id/664/Shootout%20At%20Lokhandwala |title=Shootout at Lokhandwala |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=15 May 2007 |access-date=29 January 2015 |last=Adarsh |first=Tarun |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130162551/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/reviews/type/view/id/664/Shootout%20At%20Lokhandwala |archive-date=30 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Jhoom Barabar Jhoom]]'' <br /> | {{Sort|Thakkral|Rakesh &quot;Rikki&quot; Thakkral}} || ||style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65077 |title=Jhoom Barabar Jhoom |access-date=17 November 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020917/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65077 |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Aag (2007 film)|Aag]]'' <br /> | Dancer||Special appearance in the song &quot;Mehbooba Mehbooba&quot; || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54575 |title=Ram Gopal Varma Ki Aag |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=30 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301125058/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54575 |archive-date= 1 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Laaga Chunari Mein Daag]]'' <br /> | {{Sort|Varma|Rohan Varma}} || ||style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508946 |title=Laaga Chunari Mein Daag |access-date=17 November 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020954/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508946 |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Om Shanti Om]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Himself|Himself}} || Cameo appearance || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=funny&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1191243/Abhishek-Bachchan-acts-funny-in-Om-Shanti-Om |title=Abhishek Bachchan acts funny in Om Shanti Om |access-date=19 November 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020920/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1191243/Abhishek-Bachchan-acts-funny-in-Om-Shanti-Om |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| 2008 <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Sarkar Raj]]'' <br /> | {{Sort|Nagre|Shankar Nagre}} || ||style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508446 |title=Sarkar Raj |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=17 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020956/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508446 |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Mission Istaanbul]]''<br /> | Dancer || Special appearance in the song &quot;Nobody Like You&quot;|| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54401 |access-date=18 November 2014 |title=Mission Istaanbul |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114181324/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54401 |archive-date=14 November 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t67VP5ORPa8 |title=Nobody Like You [Full Song] Mission Istaanbul |date=30 May 2011 |publisher=[[Super Cassettes Industries T-Series|T-Series]] |access-date=8 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603062916/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t67VP5ORPa8 |archive-date= 3 June 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Drona (2008 film)|Drona]]'' <br /> | Aditya (Drona) || || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201725 |title=Drona |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=17 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725163415/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201725 |archive-date=25 July 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]]'' <br /> | Sameer &quot;Sam&quot; Acharya||||style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538484 |access-date=17 November 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |title=Dostana (2008 film) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801192906/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538484 |archive-date= 1 August 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2009 <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Luck by Chance]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Himself|Himself}} || Cameo appearance || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-verdict-luck-by-chance-inspiring-fun/84108-8.html |title=Masand Verdict: Luck By Chance inspiring, fun |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=4 February 2009 |access-date=30 January 2015 |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221125035/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-verdict-luck-by-chance-inspiring-fun/84108-8.html |archive-date=21 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Delhi-6]]'' <br /> | {{Sort|Mehra|Roshan Mehra}} || ||style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/511265 |title=Delhi 6 |access-date=17 November 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020942/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/511265 |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Paa (film)|Paa]]'' <br /> | {{Sort|Arte|Amol Arte}} ||||style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Paa |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/531746 |access-date=17 November 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020949/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/531746 |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=paa&gt;{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/i-hate-producing-films-abhishek-bachchan/ |title=I hate producing films: Abhishek Bachchan |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=18 October 2014 |access-date=29 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203184021/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/i-hate-producing-films-abhishek-bachchan/ |archive-date= 3 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2010 <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Raavan (2010 Hindi film)|Raavan]]'' <br /> | {{Sort|Munda|Beera Munda}} || ||style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/507455 |title=Raavan |access-date=17 November 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205024426/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/507455 |archive-date= 5 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Jhootha Hi Sahi]]''<br /> | Caller 3|| Voiceover ||style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/imran-abhishek-and-ritesh-to-do-voice-cameos-in-jhootha-hi-sahi_72683.html |title=Imran, Abhishek and Ritesh to do voice cameos in Jhootha Hi Sahi |access-date=18 November 2014 |publisher=[[Zee News]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020333/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/imran-abhishek-and-ritesh-to-do-voice-cameos-in-jhootha-hi-sahi_72683.html |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://wwwdb.oscars.org:8100/servlet/impc.DisplayCredits?vetted=T&amp;primekey_in=2013070811:50:42120812653 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221194821/http://wwwdb.oscars.org:8100/servlet/impc.DisplayCredits?vetted=T&amp;primekey_in=2013070811%3A50%3A42120812653 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 February 2015 |title=Index to Motion Picture Credits – Jhootha Hi Sahi |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] (AMPAS) |access-date=8 February 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey]]'' <br /> | {{Sort|Sen|[[Surya Sen]]}} || ||style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/515967 |access-date=17 November 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |title=Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205024053/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/515967 |archive-date= 5 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2011 <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Game (2011 film)|Game]]'' <br /> | {{Sort|Menon|Neil Menon}} || || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/549416 |title=Game (2011 film) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=17 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231175824/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/549416 |archive-date=31 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap]]'' <br /> | {{Dash}}|| Playback singer for the song &quot;Go Mera Go&quot; || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/549416 |title=Game (2011 film) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=17 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231175824/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/549416 |archive-date=31 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Dum Maaro Dum (film)|Dum Maaro Dum]]'' <br /> | {{Sort|Kamath|ACP Vishnu Kamath}} || ||style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/525528 |title=Dum Maro Dum |access-date=17 November 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020951/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/525528 |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pdnJ5qto-2k |title=Thayn Thayn Full Video Song (HD) Dum Maaro Dum Rana Daggubati, Anaitha Nair &amp; Prateik |date=7 September 2012 |publisher=[[Super Cassettes Industries T-Series|T-Series]] |access-date=31 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712102403/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pdnJ5qto-2k |archive-date=12 July 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2012 <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Players (2012 film)|Players]]'' <br /> | Charlie Mascrenhas ||||style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540906 |title=Players |access-date=17 November 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031084519/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540906 |archive-date=31 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Players/Buddhi-Do-Bhagwaan-Charlies-Song/GgRSBBF2e34 |title=Buddhi Do Bhagwan (Charlie's Song) |date=29 November 2011 |publisher=[[Saavn]] |access-date=31 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205163751/http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Players/Buddhi-Do-Bhagwaan-Charlies-Song/GgRSBBF2e34 |archive-date= 5 February 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Bol Bachchan]]'' <br /> |{{sort|Ali|Abbas Ali}} / Abhishek Bachchan ([[dual role]])|| ||style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/545484 |title=Bol Bachchan |access-date=17 November 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031200704/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/545484 |archive-date=31 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Bol-Bachchan/Bol-Bachchan/LywjUBlRAFY|title=Bol Bachchan|date=7 June 2012|publisher=[[Saavn]]|access-date=31 January 2015|archive-date=20 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320160909/http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Bol-Bachchan/Bol-Bachchan/LywjUBlRAFY|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2013 <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Nautanki Saala!]]'' <br /> |Himself||Special appearance in the song &quot;Draamebaaz&quot; || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vK0e1aokJU4 |title=Abhishek tunrs Dramebaaz for Nautanki Saala |publisher=[[Headlines Today]] |date=12 April 2013 |access-date=12 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713010118/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vK0e1aokJU4 |archive-date=13 July 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Dhoom 3]]'' <br /> | {{Sort|Dixit|ACP Jai Dixit}} || ||style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/542148 |title=Dhoom 3 |access-date=17 November 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715053512/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/542148 |archive-date=15 July 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2014 <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Bhide|Nandu Bhide / Vicky Grover}} ([[dual role]])|| ||style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/506826 |title=Happy New Year (2014 film) |access-date=17 November 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116155828/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/506826 |archive-date=16 November 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[The Shaukeens]]'' <br /> |Himself|| Cameo appearance || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Abhishek Bachchan in the Shaukeens |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/abhishek-bachchan-kareena-kapoor-khan-suniel-shetty-in-the-shaukeens/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130172453/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/abhishek-bachchan-kareena-kapoor-khan-suniel-shetty-in-the-shaukeens/ |archive-date=30 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2015<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[All Is Well (2015 film)|All Is Well]]''<br /> |Inder Bhalla || || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/622498 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |title=All Is Well |access-date=17 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126140044/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/622498 |archive-date=26 November 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150121/entertainment-bollywood/article/asin-resumes-filming-abhishek-bachchan |title=Asin resumes filming with Abhishek Bachchan |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=21 January 2015 |access-date=1 February 2015 |last=Coutinho |first=Natasha |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130032347/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150121/entertainment-bollywood/article/asin-resumes-filming-abhishek-bachchan |archive-date=30 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> || 2016 <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Housefull 3]]''<br /> || Bhaskar &quot;Bunty&quot; Mittal || ||style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;Mirror&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2018<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Manmarziyaan]]''<br /> | | Rajbir &quot;Robbie&quot; Bhatia ||<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/movie-review-manmarziyaan-30300.html|title=Movie Review: Manmarziyaan|website=filmfare.com|language=en|access-date=2019-07-01|archive-date=13 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413010412/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/movie-review-manmarziyaan-30300.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle]]''<br /> | [[Bagheera]]<br /> | Hindi dub; Voiceover<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;news18&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> || 2020<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]'' <br /> | Batukeshwar &quot;Bittu&quot; Tiwari<br /> |<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;FirstPost-27Dec19&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/anurag-basus-upcoming-film-ludo-featuring-abhishek-bachchan-rajkummar-rao-to-release-on-24-april-2020-7831531.html|title=Anurag Basu's upcoming film Ludo featuring Abhishek Bachchan, Rajkummar Rao to release on 24 April 2020|date=2019-12-27|website=Firstpost|language=en|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-date=27 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227075138/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/anurag-basus-upcoming-film-ludo-featuring-abhishek-bachchan-rajkummar-rao-to-release-on-24-april-2020-7831531.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2021<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[The Big Bull]]''<br /> | [[Harshad Mehta]]<br /> |<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-the-big-bull-abhishek-bachchan-s-film-produced-by-ajay-devgn-goes-on-floors-2790188/amp |title='The Big Bull': Abhishek Bachchan's film produced by Ajay Devgn goes on floors |work=DNA |date=16 September 2019 |access-date=16 September 2019 |archive-date=30 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030001248/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-the-big-bull-abhishek-bachchan-s-film-produced-by-ajay-devgn-goes-on-floors-2790188/amp |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Abhishek Bachchan's next titled The Big Bull, film goes on floors|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/sep/17/22524/abhishek-bachchans-next-titled-the-big-bull-film-goes-on-floors|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129114628/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/sep/17/22524/abhishek-bachchans-next-titled-the-big-bull-film-goes-on-floors|url-status=live|archive-date=29 January 2020|work=Cinestaan|date=17 September 2019|access-date=18 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Bob Biswas (film)|Bob Biswas]]''<br /> | [[Bob Biswas (Character)|Bob Biswas]]<br /> |<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/abhishek-bachchan-begins-bob-biswas-first-assignment-location-kolkata-2168931 |title=Abhishek Bachchan Begins Bob Biswas' First Assignment. Location - Kolkata |work=NDTV |date=24 January 2020 |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126170707/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/abhishek-bachchan-begins-bob-biswas-first-assignment-location-kolkata-2168931 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2022<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Dasvi]]''<br /> | Ganga Ram Chaudhary<br /> |<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/abhishek-bachchan-stars-ganga-ram-chaudhary-dasvi-shooting-begins/|title=Abhishek Bachchan stars as Ganga Ram Chaudhary in Dasvi, shooting begins|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=22 February 2021|access-date=22 February 2021|archive-date=22 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222115403/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/abhishek-bachchan-stars-ganga-ram-chaudhary-dasvi-shooting-begins/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2023<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Bholaa]]''<br /> | Chomu Singh<br /> | Cameo appearance <br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ajay-devgn-s-bholaa-2-to-star-abhishek-bachchan-sequel-nahin-original-bol-3926353|title=Abhishek Bachchan Replies To Ajay Devgn's Bholaa Sequel Tweet: &quot;Original Bol&quot;|work=NDTV|date=6 April 2023|access-date=28 December 2023|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918192919/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ajay-devgn-s-bholaa-2-to-star-abhishek-bachchan-sequel-nahin-original-bol-3926353|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Ghoomer]]''<br /> | Padam &quot;Paddy&quot; Singh Sodhi<br /> |<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ghoomer-movie-review-abhishek-bachchan-and-saiyami-kher-pitch-it-right-in-this-uplifting-sports-drama/article67208807.ece|title='Ghoomer' movie review: Abhishek Bachchan and Saiyami Kher pitch it right in this uplifting sports drama|work=The Hindu|first=Anuj|last=Kumar|date=18 August 2023|access-date=28 December 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228061009/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ghoomer-movie-review-abhishek-bachchan-and-saiyami-kher-pitch-it-right-in-this-uplifting-sports-drama/article67208807.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2024<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[I Want to Talk]]''<br /> | Arjun<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ajay-devgn-s-bholaa-2-to-star-abhishek-bachchan-sequel-nahin-original-bol-3926353|title=Paatal Lok Season 2 to Shoojit Sircar-Abhishek Bachchan's next: Amazon Prime Video announces new shows and films for 2024|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=24 March 2024|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918192919/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ajay-devgn-s-bholaa-2-to-star-abhishek-bachchan-sequel-nahin-original-bol-3926353|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2025<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Be Happy (film)|Be Happy]]''<br /> | Shiv Rastogi<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/abhishek-bachchan-nora-fatehi-johny-lever-star-remo-dsouzas-happy-prime-video-first-look/|title=Abhishek Bachchan, Nora Fatehi, Johny Lever to star in Remo D'Souza's Be Happy for Prime Video; first look out|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=19 March 2024 |access-date=23 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319214948/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/abhishek-bachchan-nora-fatehi-johny-lever-star-remo-dsouzas-happy-prime-video-first-look/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Housefull 5]]'' <br /> | Jalbhusan &quot;Jolly 2&quot;<br /> |<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-shares-pic-with-his-housefull-5-squad-jacqueline-riteish-abhishek20240924200008/|title=Akshay shares pic with his Housefull 5 squad Jacqueline, Riteish, Abhishek|work=ANI|date=24 September 2024|access-date=25 September 2024|archive-date=24 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924164559/https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-shares-pic-with-his-housefull-5-squad-jacqueline-riteish-abhishek20240924200008/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Kaalidhar Laapata]]''<br /> |Kaalidhar (KD)<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;'' |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Kaalidhar Laapata OTT Release Date Update: When &amp; Where To Watch Abhishek Bachchan's Next Movie?|url=https://www.koimoi.com/what-to-watch/kaalidhar-laapata-ott-release-date-update-when-where-to-watch-abhishek-bachchans-next-movie/|work=Koimoi|date=19 June 2025 |access-date=19 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2026<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Raja Shivaji (film)|Raja Shivaji]]''<br /> | [[Sambhaji Shahaji Bhosale]]<br /> | Bilingual film <br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;'' |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/riteish-deshmukh-raja-shivaji-global-multi-language-release-1236404678/ |title=Riteish Deshmukh's historical epic 'Raja Shivaji' sets global multi-language release |date=21 May 2025 |access-date=22 May 2025 |work=Variety }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{pending film|[[King (2026 film)|King]]}}<br /> | {{TableTBA}}<br /> | Filming <br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;'' |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 May 2025 |title=Most-awaited update on Shah Rukh Khan's King movie is here |url=https://www.siasat.com/most-awaited-update-on-shah-rukh-khans-king-movie-is-here-3223426/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Production credits==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Name<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2009<br /> |''[[Paa (film)|Paa]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-11-05 |title=Abhishek Bachchan: Papa never made a film for me, I produced 'Paa' for him |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/abhishek-bachchan-papa-never-made-a-film-for-me-i-produced-paa-for-him/articleshow/79068187.cms |access-date=2025-03-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2011<br /> |''[[Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2013-02-05 |title=Mera baap buddah nahi hai: Abhishek |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mera-baap-buddah-nahi-hai-abhishek/articleshow/8774799.cms |access-date=2025-03-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2015<br /> |''[[Shamitabh]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-10-18 |title=I hate producing films: Abhishek Bachchan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/i-hate-producing-films-abhishek-bachchan/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2023<br /> |''[[Ghoomer]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2023-08-16 |title=Abhishek Bachchan, Saiyami Kher Talk Inspirational Cricket and Disability-Themed Film 'Ghoomer' |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/abhishek-bachchan-saiyami-kher-cricket-disability-ghoomer-1235696619/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Television ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; text-align: center;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |- <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''National Bingo Night''<br /> | 2010<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{Sort|Himself|Himself}}<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Verma |first=Sukanya |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/tv-review-abhishek-bachchan-bingo/20100125.htm |title=Abhishek Bachchan is no Big B |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=25 January 2010 |access-date=30 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130182115/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/tv-review-abhishek-bachchan-bingo/20100125.htm |archive-date=30 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''Side Hero''<br /> | 2018<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Breathe: Into the Shadows]]''<br /> | 2020–2022<br /> | {{Sort|Lead|Dr. Avinash Sabharwal}}/J<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/breathe-into-the-shadows/seriesreview/77286046.cms|title=Breathe: Into The Shadows|work=The Times of India|access-date=28 December 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228061537/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/breathe-into-the-shadows/seriesreview/77286046.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope =&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Sons of the Soil: Jaipur Pink Panthers]]''<br /> | 2020<br /> | {{Sort|Himself|Himself}}<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/abhishek-bachchan-sons-of-the-soil-is-an-honest-look-at-jaipur-pink-panthers-journey-7063675/|title=Abhishek Bachchan: Sons Of The Soil is an honest look at Jaipur Pink Panthers' journey|work=The Indian Express|first=A.|last=Kameshwari|date=24 November 2020|access-date=28 December 2023|archive-date=16 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516225057/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/abhishek-bachchan-sons-of-the-soil-is-an-honest-look-at-jaipur-pink-panthers-journey-7063675/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope =&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Angry Young Men (miniseries)|Angry Young Men]]''<br /> | 2024<br /> | {{Sort|Himself|Himself}}<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Music video appearances ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: margin;&quot;<br /> |+{{Sronly|Music video featuring Abhishek Bachchan}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Composer<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Director<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Notes<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;[[Spirit of Chennai]]&quot;<br /> | 2016<br /> | C. Girinandh<br /> | [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]<br /> | Himself<br /> | {{Non-album single}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/celebrating-the-spirit-of-chennai/article8083351.ece | title=Celebrating the spirit of Chennai | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=9 January 2016 | access-date=22 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322103414/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/celebrating-the-spirit-of-chennai/article8083351.ece | archive-date=22 March 2016 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Discography ==<br /> *2005: &quot;Right Here Right Now : [[Bluffmaster!]]&quot; &lt;small&gt;([[Sunidhi Chauhan]] feat. Abhishek Bachchan)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *2011: &quot;Thayn Thayn&quot; : [[Dum Maaro Dum (film)|Dum Maaro Dum]] &lt;small&gt; with Earl, Ayush Phukan &lt;/small&gt;<br /> *2015: &quot;[[Until the Sun Comes Up]]&quot; &lt;small&gt;([[Raghav]] feat. Abhishek Bachchan &amp; [[Nelly]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of awards and nominations received by Abhishek Bachchan]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb name|id=45393|name=Abhishek Bachchan}}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120109172814/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/index/id/111 Abhishek Bachchan] on [[Bollywood Hungama]]<br /> <br /> {{featured list}}<br /> {{Portal bar|Bollywood|Film}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bachchan, Abhishek}}<br /> [[Category: Indian filmographies]]<br /> [[Category: Male actor filmographies]]<br /> [[Category:Bachchan family]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brioni_Meeting&diff=492394 2026-04-24T17:11:12Z

<p>GiseleStead: created new entry more to come...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{distinguish|Brioni Agreement}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox summit meeting<br /> | name = Brioni Meeting<br /> | other_titles = <br /> | logo = <br /> | logo_alt = <br /> | image = Stevan Kragujevic, Tito, Naser, Nehru, Dolazak na Brione.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Three leaders arriving at Brijuni.<br /> | country = {{flag|Yugoslavia}}<br /> | date = 1956<br /> | motto = <br /> | venues = <br /> | cities = [[Brijuni Islands]] ({{flag|PR Croatia}})<br /> | participants = ★ [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[President of Egypt]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;★ [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Prime Minister of India]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;★ [[Josip Broz Tito]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[President of Yugoslavia]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | chairperson = <br /> | president =<br /> | follows = <br /> | precedes = <br /> | website = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;<br /> | keypoints =<br /> | compactnav =<br /> }}<br /> [[File:Brijunska deklaracija 1956. (spomen-ploča u muzeju).jpg|thumb|Memorial stone plaque dedicated to Brijuni Declaration in the Brijuni Museums, [[Brijuni Islands]].]]<br /> <br /> The '''Brioni Meeting''' ({{langx|sh|Brionski sastanak}}) between [[President of Egypt]] [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and their host [[President of Yugoslavia]] [[Josip Broz Tito]] took place on the [[Brijuni Islands]], [[PR Croatia]], [[FPR Yugoslavia]] on 19 July 1956.&lt;ref name=&quot;Povijest.hr-Brijuni1956&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Krajcar |first1=Dražem |title=Tito, Nehru i Naser na Brijunima dogovorili osnivanje Pokreta nesvrstanih – 1956. |journal=Povijest.hr |url=https://povijest.hr/nadanasnjidan/tito-nehru-i-naser-na-brijunima-dogovorili-osnivanje-pokreta-nesvrstanih-1956/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; The conference was one of the major initiatives among countries unaffiliated to neither [[Eastern Bloc|Eastern]] or [[Western Bloc]] prior to the establishment of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] at the [[1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement|1961 Belgrade Summit]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Na drugi pogled&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://nadrugipogled.com/2022/07/19/19-jula-1956-je-odrzan-istorijski-sastanak-na-brionima-tito-naser-nehru/ |title=19. jula 1956. je održan istorijski sastanak na Brionima – Tito, Naser, Nehru. |author=Predrag Aleksendrić |publisher=Na Drugi Pogled |lang=sr |date=19 July 2020 |access-date=18 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/serbian/lat/srbija-53976743 |title=&quot;Sve je počelo u Beogradu&quot;. Šta je danas sa Pokretom nesvrstanih |author=Jovana Georgievski |publisher=[[BBC]] |lang=sr |date=1 September 2020 |access-date=18 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; 120 Yugoslav and foreign journalists followed the meeting.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tito u Africi&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1= Radina Vučetić |author2= Pol Bets |author3= Radovan Cukić |url=https://www.muzej-jugoslavije.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Tito-u-Africi.pdf |author4= Ana Sladojević |date=2017 |title=Tito u Africi: slike solidarnosti |publisher=[[Museum of Yugoslavia]] |isbn=978-86-84811-45-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The three leaders signed a document known as the '''Brioni Declaration''', stating &quot;Peace cannot be achieved via division, but via striving for collective security on the global scale. Achieved by the expansion of the area of freedom, as well as through the ending of domination of one country over another.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Povijest.hr-Brijuni1956&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Glas Istre&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.glasistre.hr/istra/na-danasnji-dan-prije-64-godine-na-brijunima-su-tito-nehru-i-naser-osnovali-pokret-nesvrstanih-655717 |title=NA DANAŠNJI DAN Prije 64 godine na Brijunima su Tito, Nehru i Naser osnovali pokret nesvrstanih |author=Milan Pavlović |publisher=[[Glas Istre]] |lang=hr |date=19 July 2020 |access-date=18 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[French media]] criticized the Yugoslav hosts for giving a prominent role to the issue of the [[Algerian War|liberation struggle]] in [[French Algeria]]. British analysts noted Nasser's insistence on the issue, Nehru's moderation efforts, and Tito's decision not to meet with representatives of the [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|Algerian delegates]] during the conference.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alexandrina&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://nasser.bibalex.org/Data/Docs/BritishDocumentsMerged///PREM_11_1395-merged.pdf |title=British Documents on Brioni Meeting |author= |publisher=[[Bibliotheca Alexandrina]] |lang= |date= |access-date=18 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Tito–Stalin split]]<br /> * [[Balkan Pact (1953)]]<br /> * [[Belgrade declaration]] (1955)<br /> * [[Suez Crisis]]<br /> * [[1987 Mediterranean Non-Aligned Countries Ministerial Meeting]]<br /> * [[Egypt and the Non-Aligned Movement]]<br /> * [[India and the Non-Aligned Movement]]<br /> * [[Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement]]<br /> <br /> {{Non-Aligned Movement Summits}}<br /> {{Foreign relations of Yugoslavia}}<br /> {{Non-Aligned Movement}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Foreign relations of Yugoslavia]]<br /> [[Category:1956 conferences]]<br /> [[Category:1956 in international relations]]<br /> [[Category:1956 in Croatia]]<br /> [[Category:International conferences in Croatia]]<br /> [[Category:Gamal Abdel Nasser]]<br /> [[Category:Josip Broz Tito]]<br /> [[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru]]<br /> [[Category:History of the foreign relations of India]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=C._N._Balakrishna&diff=492672 2026-04-24T14:05:28Z

<p>GiseleStead: created new data basic info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = C. N. Balakrishna<br /> | image =<br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = Cholenahalli Nanjappa Balakrishna<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|4|7|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = Cholenahalli, [[Channarayapatna Taluk]], [[Hassan district]], [[Karnataka]], India<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | resting_place = <br /> | resting_place_coordinates = <br /> | othername = <br /> | occupation = Politician<br /> | yearsactive = <br /> | known for = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | children = <br /> | parents = Nanjappa Gowda and Shambhamma<br /> | relatives = [[C. N. Manjunath]] {{small|(Brother)}}<br /> | website = <br /> | awards = <br /> | office = Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start = 8 May 2013<br /> | predecessor = C. S. Putte Gowda<br /> | constituency = [[Shravanabelagola Assembly constituency|Shravanabelagola]]<br /> | party = [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] <br /> }}<br /> '''Cholenahalli Nanjappa Balakrishna''' (born 7 April 1969) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly Electio]]n on [[Janata Dal (Secular)|Janata Dal (S)]] ticket from [[Shravanabelagola Assembly constituency|Shravanabelagola constituency]] in Hassan district.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=C N Balakrishna in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/c-n-balakrishna-shravanabelagola-candidate-s10a193c012/ |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He defeated M.A. Gopalaswamy of the Congress party by a margin of 6,645 votes. He won the Shravanabelagola seat for the third time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2023-05-13 |title=Karnataka election results 2023 {{!}} In Hassan, JD(S) loses two seats, while BJP, Cong improve their strength |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/karnataka-election-results-2023-hassan-district/article66845679.ece |access-date=2024-03-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Shravanabelagola election result live: JD(S) MLA CN Balakrishna, eyeing a third term, leads Congress' MA Gopalaswamy by 5,510 votes |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/shravanabelagola-election-results-2023-live-updates-16646751.htm |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> His late father, Nanjappa, was a farmer. He is a graduate.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=States |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack?state=Karnataka&amp;assembly_term=16 |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Balakrishna first became an MLA from Shravanabelagola in 2013 on JD(S) ticket defeating C. S. Putte Gowda by 24,142 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2013-05-08 |title=C N Balakrishna tastes victory the very first time he contested against two-time MLA C S Puttegowda at Shravanabelagola. He won by 24,142 votes. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/c-n-balakrishna-tastes-victory-the-very-first-time-he-contested-against-two-time-mla-c-s-puttegowda-at-shravanabelagola-he-won-by-24142-votes-/articleshow/19953718.cms |access-date=2024-03-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; He won again in the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election]] defeating the same opponent by 53,012 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-06 |title=Shravanabelagola: JDS's CN Balakrishna Eyeing Another Victory Against Congress's Gopalaswamy {{!}} Constituency Watch |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/shravanabelagola-jdss-cn-balakrishna-eyeing-another-victory-against-congresss-gopalaswamy-constituency-watch-article-100018368 |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He won for the third time in 2023 elections&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; defeating M. A. Gopalaswamy of Congress by 6,645 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=english |title=Karnataka shravanabelagola Election Result 2023 Live, Karnataka Assembly Election Vote Counting, Karnataka shravanabelagola Winner |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-elections/karnataka-shravanabelagola-constituency-193.html |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:C. N., Balakrishna}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1969 births]]<br /> [[Category:People from Hassan]]<br /> [[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2004–2007]]<br /> [[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2008–2013]]<br /> [[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shri&diff=535339 2026-04-20T03:56:00Z

<p>GiseleStead: info</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Sanskrit honorific}}<br /> {{Redirect-multi|3|Sri|Shree|Sree||Shri (disambiguation)}}<br /> [[File:Shri-symbol.svg|thumb|right|alt=The Sanskrit letter Sri|The Sanskrit character {{Transliteration|sa|śrī}} in the [[Devanagari]] script]]<br /> <br /> '''Shri'''{{efn|Other spellings include '''Shree''', '''Sri''', '''Sree''', '''Shrih''' and '''śrī'''.}} ({{IPAc-en|ʃ|r|iː}};&lt;ref name=&quot;oxford&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Shri |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/shri |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030060633/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/shri |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 30, 2019 |website=Lexico |publisher=Oxford English Dictionary |access-date=30 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Langx|sa|श्री|translit=Śrī}}, {{IPA|sa|ɕriː|pron}}) is a Sanskrit term denoting resplendence, wealth and prosperity, primarily used as an [[honorific]].&lt;ref name=&quot;oxford&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The word is widely used in [[languages of South Asia|South]] and [[classification schemes for Southeast Asian languages|Southeast Asian languages]] such as [[Hindi language|Hindi]], and also among [[Philippine languages]]. It is usually transliterated as ''Sri'', ''Sree'', ''Shri'', ''Shiri'', ''Shree'', ''Si'', or ''Seri'' based on the local convention for transliteration. In Tamil it evolved to [[Tamil honorifics#Tiru|Tiru]].<br /> <br /> The term is used in [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]] as a polite form of address equivalent to the English &quot;Mr.&quot; in written and spoken language.<br /> <br /> &quot;Shri&quot; is also used as a title of [[veneration]] for deities or as honorific title for individuals.<br /> <br /> &quot;Shri&quot; is also an epithet for Hindu goddess [[Lakshmi]], while a ''[[yantra]]'' or a mystical diagram popularly used to worship her is called [[Shri Yantra]].<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> {{wikt|Shri}}<br /> [[File:Maharaja Sri Gupta inscription on the Allahabad pillar Samudragupta inscription.jpg|thumb|{{center|1=[[File:Blank - Spacer.png|20px]][[File:Gupta allahabad m.svg|11px]][[File:Gupta allahabad haa.jpg|11px]][[File:Gupta allahabad raa.jpg|11px]][[File:Gupta allahabad j.svg|12px]][[File:Blank - Spacer.png|15px]][[File:Gupta allahabad shrii.jpg|14px]][[File:Blank - Spacer.png|15px]][[File:Gupta allahabad gu.jpg|14px]]&lt;sub&gt;[[File:Gupta allahabad pt.jpg|12px]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;''[[Mahārāja]][[File:Blank - Spacer.png|10px]]Shrī[[File:Blank - Spacer.png|10px]][[Gupta (king)|Gupta]]''&lt;br&gt;&quot;Great King, Lord [[Gupta (king)|Gupta]]&quot;}}in [[Gupta script]], on the [[Allahabad pillar]] inscription of [[Samudragupta]] (4th century CE).&lt;ref&gt;[[:File:Allahabad stone pillar inscription of Samudragupta.jpg|Full inscription]], {{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. 3 |date=1888 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403/page/n197 1]-17 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> [[Monier Monier-Williams|Monier-Williams's]] dictionary gives the meaning of the root verb {{Transliteration|sa|ISO|''śrī''}} as &quot;to cook, boil, to burn, diffuse light&quot;, but as a feminine abstract noun, it has received a general meaning of &quot;grace, splendour, beauty; wealth, affluence, prosperity&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Sir Ralph Lilley |author-link=Ralph Lilley Turner |author2=Dorothy Rivers Turner |title=A comparative dictionary of the Indo-Aryan languages. |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/contextualize.pl?p.4.soas.198140 |access-date=22 April 2010 |orig-year=1962 |date=January 2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |page=736 |quote='''śhrīˊ''' 12708 '''śhrīˊ''' feminine ' light, beauty ' R̥gveda, ' welfare, riches ' Avestan (Iranian) Pali Prakrit ''sirī'' &amp;ndash; feminine, Prakrit ''sī'' &amp;ndash; feminine ' prosperity '; Marāṭhī &amp;ndash; ''s'' honorific affix to names of relationship (e.g. āj̈ā &amp;ndash; ''s'', ājī &amp;ndash; ''s'') Jules Bloch ''La Formation de la Langue Marathe'' Paris 1920, page 412. &amp;ndash; Sinhalese ''siri '' ' health, happiness ' (Wilhelm Geiger ''An Etymological Glossary of the Sinhalese Language'' Colombo 1941, page 180) a loanword from Pali &lt;-&gt; See addendum śrḗyas &amp;ndash;, śrḗṣṭha &amp;ndash; . See Addenda: śrīˊ &amp;ndash; occurring for the first time in Addenda : śrīparṇī &amp;ndash; . |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121215020900/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/contextualize.pl?p.4.soas.198140 |archive-date=15 December 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Apte&gt;{{cite book|last=Apte|first=Vaman Shivaram|title=Revised and enlarged edition of Prin. V. S. Apte's The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary|year=1957–59|publisher=Prasad Prakashan|page=1575|quote=1 Wealth, riches, affluence, prosperity, plenty; ... -2 Royalty, majesty, royal wealth;... -3 Dignity, high position, state;... -4 Beauty, grace, splendour, lustre;... -5 Colour, aspect; ... -6 The goddess of wealth, Lak-ṣmī, the wife of Viṣṇu;... -7 Any virtue or excellence. -8 Decoration. -9 Intellect, understanding. -1 Super- human power. -11 The three objects of human existence taken collectively (धर्म, अर्थ and काम). -12 The Sarala tree. -13 The Bilva tree. -14 Cloves. -15 A lotus. -16 The twelfth digit of the moon. -17 N. of Sarasvatī, (the goddess of speech). -18 Speech. -19 Fame, glory. -2 The three Vedas (वेदत्रयी);... -m. N. of one of the six Rāgas or musical modes. -a. Splendid, radiant, adorning. (The word श्री is often used as an honorific prefix to the names of deities and eminent persons; श्रीकृष्णः, श्रीरामः, श्रिवाल्मीकिः, श्रीजयदेवः; also celebrated works, generally of a sacred character; श्रीभागवत, श्रीरामायण)&amp;c.; it is also used as an auspicious sign at the commencement of letters, manuscripts &amp;c}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The word {{Transliteration|sa|ISO|śrī}} may also be used as an adjective in Sanskrit, which is the origin of the modern use of shri as a title. From the noun is derived the Sanskrit adjective &quot;śrīmat&quot; (śrimān in the masculine nominative singular, śrīmatī in the feminine) by adding the suffix indicating possession, literally &quot;radiance-having&quot; (person, god, etc.). This is used in modern vernacular as form of address ''[[Shrimati]]'' (abbreviated Smt) for married women, while ''Sushri'' (with &quot;su&quot;, &quot;good&quot;, added to the beginning) can be used for women in general ([[Ms.|regardless of marital status]]).<br /> <br /> === Spelling and pronunciation ===<br /> In Devanagari script for Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi and other languages, the word {{angle bracket|{{lang|sa|श्री}}}} is a combination of three sounds: {{lang|sa|श्}} ({{Transliteration|sa|ISO|ś}}), {{lang|sa|र्}} ({{Transliteration|sa|ISO|r}}) and {{lang|sa|ई}} ({{Transliteration|sa|ISO|ī}}, long ''i''). There are two conventions in India to transliterate the consonant {{lang|sa|श्}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{Transliteration|sa|ISO|''ś''}}) to English: some use ''s'' (which in narrower transcription represents only {{lang|sa|स्}}) as in ''[[Sri Lanka]]'' and ''[[Srinagar]]'', while others use ''sh'' as in ''[[Shimla]]'' and ''[[Shimoga]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;phonetics&quot;&gt;{{cite arXiv|eprint=1701.08655|class=cs.CL|first1=Shrikant|last1=Malviya|first2=Rohit|last2=Mishra|title=Structural Analysis of Hindi Phonetics and a Method for Extraction of Phonetically Rich Sentences from a Very Large Hindi Text Corpus|last3=Tiwary|first3=Uma Shanker|year=2017|pages=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, {{lang|sa|री}} ({{Transliteration|sa|ISO|rī}}; {{lang|sa|र् + ई}}) is also transliterated to English in two different ways as ''ri'' and ''ree'', although the latter is non-standard in Hindi.&lt;ref name=&quot;phonetics&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;un-ref&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs|title=Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mh8u32ANQxAC|year=2007|publisher=United Nations Publications, 2007|isbn=978-92-1-161500-5|quote=... ISO 15919 ... There is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products ... The Hunterian system is the actually used national system of romanization in India ...}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hence this word {{lang|sa|श्री}} may be rendered in English as Shri (the standard spelling), Shree, Sri or Sree; some other transcriptions used are Shiri and Shrii.<br /> <br /> Sanskrit is written in many other Indian scripts as well, each of which has its own equivalents of these Devanāgari characters.<br /> <br /> ==Usage==<br /> [[File:Ravi Varma-Lakshmi.jpg|thumb|Shri is an epithet of the Hindu goddess [[Lakshmi]].]]<br /> <br /> ''Shri'' is a [[honorific|polite form of address]] equivalent to the English &quot;Mr.&quot; or &quot;Ms.&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Measures1962&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Howard Measures|title=Styles of address: a manual of usage in writing and in speech|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zfg9AAAAYAAJ|access-date=19 January 2011|year=1962|publisher=Macmillan|pages=136, 140}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Shri'', also rendered ''Sridevi'', is an epithet of [[Lakshmi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lochtefeld|first=James G.|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc|year=2001l|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|language=en|page=640}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |date=2023-09-26 |title=Lakshmi {{!}} Goddess of Wealth, Fortune &amp; Prosperity {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lakshmi |access-date=2023-10-01 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022160658/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lakshmi |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Vedas]] speak of Shri as a goddess, who personified ten qualities coveted by other divine beings: food, royalty, holiness, kingdom, fortune, sovereignty, nobility, power, righteousness, and beauty. The Vedic ''Shri'' is believed to have identified with later conceptions of Lakshmi, as the embodiment of royalty and dignity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Herman |first1=Phyllis K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97EYBwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=vedic+shri+lakshmi&amp;pg=PA57 |title=The Constant and Changing Faces of the Goddess: Goddess Traditions of Asia |last2=Shimkhada |first2=Deepak |date=2009-03-26 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-0702-9 |pages=56 |language=en |access-date=2022-12-03 |archive-date=2023-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621084320/https://books.google.com/books?id=97EYBwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=vedic+shri+lakshmi&amp;pg=PA57 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Other current usage==<br /> There is a common practice of writing ''Shri'' as the first word centralised in line at the beginning of a document.<br /> <br /> Another usage is as an emphatic compound (which can be used several times: ''shri shri'', or ''shri shri shri'', etc.) in princely styles, notably in [[Durbar (court)|Darbar]] Shri, [[Desai]] Shri, and [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] Shri or [[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar|Shrii Shrii Anandamurti]], the founder of the social and spiritual movement [[Ananda Marga]] (the Path of Bliss).<br /> <br /> The honorific can also be applied to objects and concepts that are widely respected, such as the [[Sikh]] religious text, the [[Guru Granth Sahib|Shri Guru Granth Sahib]]. Similarly, when the [[Ramlila]] tradition of reenacting the [[Ramayana]] is referred to as an institution, the term Shri Ramlila is frequently used.<br /> <br /> A common Sikh greeting is “''[[Sat Sri Akaal|Sat Shri Akaal]]'' (Gurmukhi: ਸਤਿ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਅਕਾਲ)”, meaning “Truth is divine and eternal”. Shri here is used to denote divinity or godliness.<br /> <br /> ===Indian music===<br /> The use of the term is common in the names of [[raga]]s (musical motifs), either as a prefix or postfix. Some examples are [[Shree (Carnatic raga)|Shree]], Bhagyashree, Dhanashree, Jayashree, Subhashree, Itishree, Jiteshree, and [[Shree ranjani]].<br /> <br /> ==Other languages==<br /> <br /> === South and Southeast Asia ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Language/Script !! Form !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | [[Bengali–Assamese script|Bengali]] || শ্রী ||<br /> |-<br /> | [[Balinese language|Balinese]] || {{lang|ban|ᬰ᭄ᬭᬷ}}, {{lang|ban|ᬰ᭄ᬭᬶ}}, or {{lang|ban|ᬲ᭄ᬭᬶ}} (all read as ''sri'') || Comparable to the Javanese usage: a particle prefixed to royal names, the goddess of rice-culture.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Burmese language|Burmese]] || {{lang|my|သီရိ}} (''thiri'') and {{lang|my|သရေ}} (''tharay'') || See [[Tamil language|Tamil]] below.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Maldivian language|Dhivehi]]<br /> |ސިރީ (''siree'' or ''sirī'')<br /> |Used in the full titles of sultans and kings<br /> |-<br /> | [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] || શ્રી ||<br /> |-<br /> | [[Gurmukhi]] ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]) || ਸ਼੍ਰੀ ||<br /> |-<br /> | [[Javanese language|Javanese]] || {{Jav|ꦯꦿꦷ}}, {{Jav|ꦯꦿꦶ}}, or {{Jav|ꦱꦿꦶ}} (all read as ''sri'')|| Often used to address royal or venerated figures, such as the King of [[Yogyakarta Sultanate|Yogyakarta]], [[Hamengkubuwono X|'''Sri''' Sultan Hamengkubuwono]] and the title &quot;Sri Bhaginda&quot; (equivalent to &quot;your majesty&quot;), and for names of deities, such as the Javanese rice goddess [[Dewi Sri]]. In modern [[Javanese language|Javanese]], it is a common part of proper names of [[Javanese people]], e.g the name of Indonesian finance minister [[Sri Mulyani Indrawati]] and [[Indonesian Marine Corps|Indonesian marine corps]] officer Lt. Col [[:id:Sri Utomo|Sri Utomo]]. &quot;Sri&quot; is also a widely used name in [[Java]] used for names of placements, organizations, institutions, etc<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kannada]] || {{lang|kn|ಶ್ರೀ}} (''Sri'' or ''Sree'')||<br /> |-<br /> | [[Khmer language|Khmer]] || {{lang|km|ស្រី}} (''Srey'') and {{lang|km|សេរី}} (''Serey'') ||<br /> |-<br /> | [[Lao language|Lao]] || {{lang|lo|ສີ}} (''Si'') and {{lang|lo|ສຣີ}} (''Sri'' or ''Sree'') ||<br /> |-<br /> |[[Maithili language|Maithili]]<br /> |𑒬𑓂𑒩𑒲 (shri/shree)<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Malay language|Malay]] (including [[Malaysian language|Malaysian]] and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] varieties)|| [[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]: {{lang|ms|سري}}, [[Latin]]: ''Seri'' ([[Malaysian language|Malaysian]])&lt;br&gt;''Sri'' ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]])<br /> |Often used as a title of veneration for [[Malay styles and titles|honorific titles]] in [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] kingdoms and sultanates. This includes the honorific title for the [[Sultan of Brunei]]: ''Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka '''Seri''' Baginda Sultan'' [[Hassanal Bolkiah]] and [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong|King of Malaysia]]: ''Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia '''Seri''' Paduka Baginda''. It is also used for the name of places in the Malay world such as [[Bandar Seri Begawan]] in [[Brunei]] and [[Siak Sri Indrapura]] city in [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]<br /> <br /> Usage of &quot;Sri&quot; in [[Indonesia]] is used for honorary titles for a king or other great person, for example the King of [[Yogyakarta]] [[Hamengkubuwono X|'''Sri Sultan''' Hamengkubuwono]] and ''Sri Baginda'' which means &quot;Your Majesty&quot;, and is also used for people's names, mainly [[Javanese people]] such as Indonesian finance minister [[Sri Mulyani]], [[Indonesian Marine Corps|Indonesian marine]] officer Lt. Col [[:id:Sri Utomo|Sri Utomo]], [[Indian-Indonesian]] businessman [[Sri Prakash Lohia]], etc. It also refers to the Javanese rice goddess &quot;[[Dewi Sri]]&quot;. &quot;Sri&quot; is also used as names of companies, placements, institutions, etc (e.g &amp;mdash; [[Sriwijaya Air]], [[Sriwijaya University]], etc).&lt;br&gt; <br /> The oldest recorded word of &quot;Sri&quot; founded in Indonesia was written in the [[Yūpa#Yūpa inscription in Indonesia|Mulawarman inscription]] founded in [[Kutai]], [[East Kalimantan]] dating back to the [[4th century AD]] which read: '''''sri'''matah '''sri'''-narendrasya, kundungasya mahatmanah'' (meaning: ''&quot;the maharaja [[Kudungga]], who was very noble&quot;'')<br /> |-<br /> | [[Malayalam]] || ശ്രീ (''Sri'' or ''Sree'')||<br /> |-<br /> | [[Meitei language|Meitei]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]) || {{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁ꯭ꯔꯤ}}|}} (transliterated as ''&quot;shri/shree/sri/sree&quot;'' in [[Meitei script]]) || Used as honorific as in [[Shri Biren]] and [[Shri Shri Govindaji Temple]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Newar language|Nepal Bhasa (Newari)]]<br /> |𑐱𑑂𑐬𑐷 (Sri)<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Odia language|Odia]] || ଶ୍ରୀ ||<br /> |-<br /> | [[Philippine languages]] / [[Baybayin]]|| ᜐ᜔ᜇᜒ (Sri or Si or Sree) || Formerly used as an honorific title for rulers in [[History of the Philippines (900–1565)|old Indianized precolonial states and polities]] in the [[Philippines]], such as [[Sri Lumay]] of [[Cebu (historical polity)|Cebu]] or Sri Bata Shaja of [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]] or Sripada/Sipad of [[Lupah Sug|Lupah Sūg]] or Sikatuna of [[Dapitan Kingdom|Bo-ol]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] || ශ්‍රී (''Sri'' or ''Sree'') also ශ්රී (''Sri'' or ''Sree'') or සිරි (''Siri'')|| Meaning &quot;resplendent&quot;, as in ''[[Sri Lanka]]'', &quot;Resplendent Island&quot;.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || ஸ்ரீ (''Sri'' or ''Sree'') || The Tamil equivalent [[Tamil honorifics#tiru|tiru]] is also used.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || శ్రీ (''Sri'' or ''Sree'')||<br /> |-<br /> | [[Thai language|Thai]] || {{lang|th|ศิริ}} (''Siri'') and {{lang|th|ศรี}} ([[Thai honorifics#Si/Sri|''Sri'' or ''Sree'' or ''Si'']]) || Used in many Thai place names, as seen below.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Cham language|Vietnamese/Cham]] || ''Chế'' || Vietnamese transcription of honorific name prefix used among the Cham ethnic minority.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Place names===<br /> The honorific is incorporated into many [[Location (geography)|place]] names. A partial list follows:<br /> *[[Sriharikota]], India<br /> *[[Srimangal]], Bangladesh<br /> *[[Srisailam]], Andhra Pradesh, a [[Shiva|Siva]] temple, also one of the holiest places of worship for Hindus.<br /> *[[Srikakulam]], a town in northern Andhra Pradesh.<br /> *[[Sri City]], an integrated township located on the Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu border.<br /> *[[Srikshetra|Shri Kshetra]], name of the [[Puri]] [[Jagannath]] Dham, [[Odisha]]. One of the [[Char Dham|four Dhams]] in the Hindu religion.<br /> * Sree Mandira is a famous [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Jagannath]] ([[Krishna]]) and located in the coastal town of [[Puri]] in Odisha.<br /> * [[Sri Lanka]], an [[island country]] at the southern tip of [[India]].<br /> * [[Sriperumbudur|Sri Perumbudur]], a town in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> * [[Srirangam|Sri Rangam]], an island zone in the city of [[Tiruchirapalli]], in [[Tamil Nadu]].<br /> * [[Shrinagar|Srinagar]], ''nagar'' meaning &quot;city&quot;, is the capital of the [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> * [[Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte]], the administrative capital of [[Sri Lanka]].<br /> * [[Sri Maha Bodhi]], a sacred fig tree in the Mahamewna Gardens, Anuradhapura, [[Sri Lanka]].<br /> * [[Srivijaya]], a former kingdom centered on [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]].<br /> * [[Siak Sri Indrapura|Siak ''Sri'' Indrapura]], the capital seat of [[Siak Regency]]. It was the place of the [[Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura]].<br /> * [[Thai honorifics#Si/Sri|Sri]] ({{lang|th|ศรี}}), pronounced and usually transliterated ''Si'' in [[Thailand]] place names:<br /> :''Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya'' ({{lang|th|พระนครศรีอยุธยา}}), formal name of the city and province of [[Ayutthaya (city)|Ayutthaya]]<br /> :[[Nakhon Si Thammarat|Nakhon ''Si'' Thammarat]] ({{lang|th|นครศรีธรรมราช}}) city and province<br /> :Sisaket ({{lang|th|ศรีสะเกษ|italic=unset}}) [[Sisaket|city]] and [[Sisaket province|province]]<br /> :[[Si Racha|''Si'' Racha]] ({{lang|th|ศรีราชา}}), the namesake town of [[Siracha sauce|Siracha hot sauce]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Sam |title=What Does the Word Sriracha Mean? |url=https://www.bonappetit.com/test-kitchen/ingredients/article/what-does-the-word-sriracha-mean |website=[[Bon Appétit]] |date=7 March 2013 |access-date=23 April 2024 |archive-date=4 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904034728/https://www.bonappetit.com/test-kitchen/ingredients/article/what-does-the-word-sriracha-mean |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Wat Si Saket|Wat ''Si'' Saket]] in Vientiane, Laos.<br /> * [[Bandar Seri Begawan|Bandar ''Seri'' Begawan]], the capital of Brunei.<br /> * [[Seri Menanti]], the royal town of [[Negeri Sembilan]], Malaysia.<br /> * [[Banteay Srei]], a 10th-century Hindu temple in [[Angkor]], [[Cambodia]]<br /> * [[Srey Santhor]], a district located in [[Kampong Cham Province|Kampong Cham]], Cambodia.<br /> * [[Serei Saophoan (city)|Serei Saophoan]], the capital city of [[Banteay Meanchey Province|Banteay Meanchey]], Cambodia.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Titles in India]]<br /> [[Category:Honorifics]]<br /> [[Category:Prefixes]]<br /> [[Category:Lakshmi]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kirtan&diff=547314 2026-04-19T13:38:38Z

<p>GiseleStead: expanded content</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Musically recited story in Indian traditions}}<br /> {{redirect|Keerthana|the Indian actress|Keerthana (actress)}}<br /> {{italic title}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}<br /> [[File:Chaitanya sankirtan.jpg|thumb|Painting of [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnava Hindus]] performing ''kirtan'' in [[Bengal]]. Some traditions practice public ''kirtan''.]]<br /> [[file:Kirtan1.jpg|thumb|[[Sikhs|Sikh]] ''kirta''n with [[Indian harmonium]]s and ''[[tabla]]'' drums (a common and popular pairing), in [[Kenya]] (1960s)]]<br /> <br /> '''''Kirtana''''' ({{langx|sa|कीर्तन}}; {{IAST3|Kīrtana}}), also rendered as '''''Kiirtan''''', '''''Kirtan''''' or '''''Keertan''''', is a [[Sanskrit]] word that means &quot;narrating, [[Bhajan|reciting]], telling, describing&quot; of an idea or story,&lt;ref name=&quot;Lal2009p423&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Ananda Lal|title=Theatres of India: A Concise Companion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goELAQAAMAAJ |year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-569917-3 |pages=423–424}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;MacDonell, A. A. (2004). A practical Sanskrit Dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, pages 15, 382-383&lt;/ref&gt; specifically in [[Indian religions]]. It also refers to a genre of religious performance arts, connoting a musical form of narration, shared recitation, or devotional singing,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nye |first=Malory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PEtnlcck3l8C&amp;q=kirtan&amp;pg=PA124 |title=A Place for Our Gods: The Construction of an Edinburgh Hindu Temple Community |date=1995 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-7007-0356-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; particularly of spiritual or religious ideas,&lt;ref name=&quot;Lal2009p423&quot;/&gt; native to the [[Indian subcontinent]]. A person performing kirtan is known as a ''kirtankara'' (or ''kirtankar,'' कीर्तनकार).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Jayant Lele |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLs3AAAAIAAJ |title=Tradition and Modernity in Bhakti Movements |publisher=Brill Archive |year=1981 |isbn=90-04-06370-6 |pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Christian Lee Novetzke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SqUdRVOv9TUC&amp;pg=PA85 |title=Religion and Public Memory: A Cultural History of Saint Namdev in India |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-231-51256-5 |pages=75, 85–91}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> With roots in the [[Vedas|Vedic]] ''anukirtana'' tradition, a kirtan is a [[Call and response (music)|call-and-response]] or [[antiphon]]al style song or [[chant]], set to music, wherein multiple singers recite the names of a deity, describe a legend, express loving devotion to a deity, or discuss spiritual ideas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lal2009p422&quot;/&gt; It may include dancing or direct expression of ''bhavas'' (emotive states) by the singer.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lal2009p422&quot; &gt;{{cite book|author=Ananda Lal|title=Theatres of India: A Concise Companion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goELAQAAMAAJ |year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-569917-3 |pages=422–424}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many kirtan performances are structured to engage the audience where they either repeat the chant,&lt;ref name=&quot;Sara Brown 2012 pages 25-26&quot;&gt;Sara Brown (2012), ''Every Word Is a Song, Every Step Is a Dance'', PhD Thesis, Florida State University (Advisor: Michael Bakan), pages 25-26, 87-88, 277&lt;/ref&gt; or reply to the call of the singer.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alanna Kaivalya 2014 3–17, 34–35&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Alanna Kaivalya|title=Sacred Sound: Discovering the Myth and Meaning of Mantra and Kirtan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PkhAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=New World|isbn=978-1-60868-244-7|pages=3–17, 34–35}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=lavezzoli371&gt;{{cite book|author=Peter Lavezzoli|title=The Dawn of Indian Music in the West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OSZKCXtx-wEC |year=2006|publisher=A&amp;C Black|isbn=978-0-8264-1815-9 |pages=371–372}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brown&gt;{{cite journal | author=Sara Black Brown |title=Krishna, Christians, and Colors: The Socially Binding Influence of Kirtan Singing at a Utah Hare Krishna Festival |journal=Ethnomusicology |publisher=University of Illinois Press |volume=58 |issue=3 |year=2014 |pages=454–480 |doi=10.5406/ethnomusicology.58.3.0454}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A kirtan performance includes an accompaniment of regionally popular musical instruments, especially [[List of Indian musical instruments|Indian instruments]] like the [[Indian harmonium]], the [[veena]], [[sitar]], or [[ektara]] ([[String instrument|strings]]), the [[tabla]] (one-sided [[drum]]s), the [[mrdanga]] or [[pakhawaj]] (two-sided drum), [[flute]] ([[Woodwind instrument|woodwinds]]), and [[karatalas]] or talas ([[cymbal]]s).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Manohar Laxman Varadpande|title=History of Indian Theatre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZrjC24PuDQC&amp;pg=PA95 |year=1987|publisher=Abhinav|isbn=978-81-7017-278-9 |pages=95–96}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a major practice in [[Hinduism]], [[Vaishnavism|Vaisnava]] devotionalism, [[Sikhism]], the [[Sant (religion)|Sant]] traditions, and some forms of [[Buddhism]], as well as other religious groups. Kirtan is sometimes accompanied by story-telling and acting. Texts typically cover religious, mythological or social subjects.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Varadpande | first = Manohar Laxman | title = History of Indian Theatre | publisher = Abhinav Publications | volume = 2 | year = 1992 | page = 95 | isbn = 9788170172789}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Etymology and nomenclature==<br /> [[File:Narad - Vintage Print.jpg|thumb|The Vedic sage [[Narada]] is depicted as a great kirtan singer in the Hindu [[Puranas]].&lt;ref name=novetzke222/&gt;]]<br /> The term ''kirtana'' ([[Devanagari]]: कीर्तन) generally means &quot;telling, narrating, describing, enumerating, reporting&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lal2009p423&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Arthur Anthony Macdonell|title=A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=laIPgMQF_XsC&amp;pg=PA69| year=1924| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-2000-5 |page=69}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Sanskrit root of kirtan is ''kirt'' ({{Lang|sa|कीर्त्}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigopoulos1993p275&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Antonio Rigopoulos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNohSoS0CzUC&amp;pg=PA275 |title=The Life And Teachings Of Sai Baba Of Shirdi |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-7914-1267-1 |page=275}}&lt;/ref&gt; The term is found in the [[Samhita]]s, the [[Brahmanas]], and other Vedic literature, as well as the [[Vedanga]] and [[Sutra]]s literature. ''Kirt'', according to [[Monier Monier-Williams|Monier-Williams]], contextually means &quot;to mention, make mention of, tell, name, call, recite, repeat, relate, declare, communicate, commemorate, celebrate, praise, glorify&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Monier William (1899), [http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0300/mw__0318.html kīrt], Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 2nd Ed., Oxford University Press&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The term kirtan is found as ''anukirtan'' (or ''anukrti'', ''anukarana'', literally &quot;retelling&quot;) in the context of a [[Yajna]] (Vedic ritual offering), which meant a dual recitation of Vedic hymns in a dialogue style that was part of a ritual dramatic performance.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lal2009p423&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukumar Chattopadhyay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eRhQAQAAMAAJ |title=Kalātattvakośa: Appearance |author2=Kapila Vatsyayan |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-208-3286-2 |pages=67–69}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Sanskrit verses in the ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'' (chapter 13.2, c. 800–700 BCE), for example, are written in the form of a riddle play between two actors.&lt;ref&gt;ML Varadpande (1990), History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1, Abhinav, {{ISBN|978-8170172789}}, page 48&lt;/ref&gt; According to Louis Renou, in this text, &quot;the Vedic sacrifice (''[[yajna]]'') is presented as a kind of drama, with its actors, its dialogues, its portion to be set to music, its interludes, and its climaxes.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;varadpande45&quot;&gt;ML Varadpande (1990), History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1, Abhinav, {{ISBN|978-8170172789}}, pages 45–47&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Generally speaking, kirtan, sometimes called ''sankirtana'' (literally, &quot;collective performance&quot;), is a kind of collective chanting or musical conversation. As a genre of religious performance art, it developed in the Indian [[bhakti movement]]s as a devotional religious practice (i.e. [[bhakti yoga]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Nye |first=Malory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PEtnlcck3l8C&amp;pg=PA124 |title=A Place for Our Gods |publisher=Routledge |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-7007-0356-2 |pages=124}}&lt;/ref&gt; But it is a heterogeneous practice that varies regionally, according to [[Christian Lee Novetzke|Christian Novetzke]], and includes varying mixtures of musical instruments, dance, oration, theatre, audience participation, and moral narration.&lt;ref name=&quot;novetzke222&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |jstor = 10.1086/375037|doi = 10.1086/375037|title = Divining an Author: The Idea of Authorship in an Indian Religious Tradition|year = 2003|last1 = Novetzke|first1 = Christian Lee|journal = History of Religions|volume = 42|issue = 3|pages = 213–242|s2cid = 144687005}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In [[Maharashtra]] for example, Novetzke says, a kirtan is a call-and-response style performance, ranging from devotional dancing and singing by a lead singer and audience to an &quot;intricate scholarly treatise, a social commentary or a philosophical/linguistic exposition&quot; that includes narration, allegory, humor, erudition and entertainment—all an aesthetic part of ''ranga'' (beauty, color) of the kirtan.&lt;ref name=&quot;novetzke222&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Kirtan is locally known by various names, including ''Abhang'', ''Samaj Gayan'', ''Haveli Sangeet'', ''Vishnupad'', ''Harikatha, and Padabali''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Graves |first=Eben |title=The Politics of Musical Time: Expanding Songs and Shrinking Markets in Bengali Devotional Performance |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2022 |isbn=9780253064387 |location=Bloomington, IN |publication-date=2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Christian Lee Novetzke |title=Religion and Public Memory: A Cultural History of Saint Namdev in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SqUdRVOv9TUC |year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-51256-5 |pages=275–281}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vaishnava temples in Assam and northeastern Indian have large worship halls called ''kirtan ghar''—a name derived from their being used for congregational singing and performance arts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Ronald M. Bernier|title=Himalayan Architecture|url=https://archive.org/details/himalayanarchite00bern |url-access=registration|year=1997|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press|isbn=978-0-8386-3602-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/himalayanarchite00bern/page/28 28]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kirtan is also sometimes called ''harinam'' (Sanskrit: harināma) in some Vaishnava traditions, which means &quot;[chanting] the names of God ([[Hari]]).&quot;<br /> <br /> In regional languages, kirtan is scripted as {{langx|bn|কীর্তন}}; Nepali and {{langx|hi|कीर्तन}}; {{langx|kn|ಕೀರ್ತನೆ}}; {{langx|mr|कीर्तन}}; {{langx|pa|ਕੀਰਤਨ}} / {{lang|pnb|کیرتن}}; Sindhi: {{lang|sd|ڪِيرَتَنُ}} / {{lang|sd|कीरतनु}}; {{langx|ta|கீர்த்தனை}}; {{langx|te|కీర్తన}}.<br /> <br /> === Bhajan and kirtan ===<br /> Kirtans and ''[[bhajan]]s'' are closely related, sharing common aims (devotion, faith, spiritual uplift and liberation), subjects, and [[Subject (music)|musical themes]]. A ''bhajan'' is freer, and can be a single melody performed by a single singer with or without musical instruments. ''Kirtan'', in contrast, is generally a group performance, typically with a [[Call and response (music)|call and response]] or [[antiphon]]al musical structure, similar to an intimate conversation or gentle sharing of ideas. Kirtan also generally includes two or more musical instruments,&lt;ref name=&quot;lavezzoli371&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown&quot; /&gt; and has roots in Sanskrit [[Sanskrit prosody|prosody]] and [[Metre (poetry)|poetic meter.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Alanna Kaivalya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PkhAwAAQBAJ |title=Sacred Sound: Discovering the Myth and Meaning of Mantra and Kirtan |publisher=New World |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-60868-244-7 |pages=117–122}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Many ''kirtans'' are structured for more audience participation, where the singer calls a spiritual chant, a hymn or a devotional theme, the audience responds by repeating the chant or by chanting back a reply of their shared beliefs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alanna Kaivalya 2014 3–17, 34–35&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sara Brown 2012 pages 25-26&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Hindu kirtan==<br /> &lt;!--###############Bhajan Audio Begins#################--&gt;<br /> {{Listen<br /> | filename = Samgacchadvam.OGG<br /> | title = A sound clip<br /> | description = An epilogue mantra at the end of a kirtan.<br /> | format = [[Ogg]]<br /> | pos = right<br /> }}<br /> &lt;!--###############Bhajan Audio Ends###################--&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Mha Sankeertan.jpg|thumb|A modern painting of a mahasankirtan scene from the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'']]<br /> [[file:New Gatanga Naam Kirtan.jpg|thumb|A modern kirtan performance]]<br /> <br /> Musical recitation of hymns, mantras and the praise of deities has ancient roots in Hinduism, and may be found in the [[Vedas|Vedic literature]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Constance Jones|author2=James D. Ryan|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC |year=2006|publisher=Infobase |isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5 |pages=378}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Guy L. Beck|title=Sonic Liturgy: Ritual and Music in Hindu Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UzUMCAAAQBAJ |year=2012|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-61117-108-2|pages=12–24, 30–33|chapter=Chapter 1}}&lt;/ref&gt; A key feature of popular Hindu kirtan is that it is mostly sung in vernacular languages like [[Hindi]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] (unlike [[Vedic chant]]ing, which is done in [[Sanskrit]]), though this may include Sanskrit mantras.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Arnold et al. (1998). ''The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent,'' p. 247. Taylor &amp; Francis.&lt;/ref&gt; This style of vernacular singing became popular during the [[Medieval India|medieval era]] (1300–1550) and the [[Early modern India|early modern period]] (1550–1750).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Hindu kirtan is influenced by the practices and teachings of the various devotional [[Bhakti movement]]s and by the figures of the [[Sant (religion)|Sant tradition]] (like [[Kabir]], [[Ravidas]], and [[Namdev]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Enstedt, Daniel; Plank, Katarina (2023). ''Eastern Practices and Nordic Bodies: Lived Religion, Spirituality and Healing in the Nordic Countries,'' p. 96. Springer Nature.&lt;/ref&gt; In and through their kirtans, both emphasized cultivating an emotional loving relationship with a personal God. Beginning with the [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Alvars]] and [[Nayanars]] in around the 6th century, bhakti spread outside [[Tamilakam]] after the 12th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Guy L. Beck |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UzUMCAAAQBAJ |title=Sonic Liturgy: Ritual and Music in Hindu Tradition |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-61117-108-2 |pages=32, 108–120 |chapter=Chapter 1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Karen Pechelis (2011), Bhakti Traditions, in The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies (Editors: Jessica Frazier, Gavin Flood), Bloomsbury, {{ISBN|978-0826499660}}, pages 107-121&lt;/ref&gt; The foundations of the kirtan traditions are also found in works like the ''[[Bhagavad-gita]]'' which describes the [[Bhakti yoga|bhakti marga]] (path of loving devotion to god) as a means to [[moksha]]. References to kirtan as a musical recitation are also found in the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', an important Vaishnava text.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Guy L. Beck |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UzUMCAAAQBAJ |title=Sonic Liturgy: Ritual and Music in Hindu Tradition |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-61117-108-2 |pages=115–118, 131–133}}&lt;/ref&gt; The story of [[Prahlada]] in the ''Avatara Katha'' mentions kirtan as one of nine forms of bhakti.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kelkar |first1=M. |title=Keertanrang (Marathi: कीर्तनरंग) |last2=Mahabal |first2=K. |publisher=Akhil Bharatiya Keertan Sanstha |year=2007 |location=Dadar, Mumbai, India |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Bhakti]] poets and musicians like [[Jayadeva]] (the 12th century author of the Sanskrit ''[[Gita Govinda]]'') were influential in the development of Indian devotional music genres like kirtan (which, though written in the vernacular, often imitated the style of Sanskrit bhakti poems).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Arnold et al. (1998). ''The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent,'' pp. 249, 845. Taylor &amp; Francis.&lt;/ref&gt; Jayadeva was a great classical composer and wrote devotional music in the dhruvapada style (which is similar to [[dhrupad]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> There are various forms of Hindu kirtan, including northern traditions (often influenced by [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani music]] and [[Music of Bengal|Bengali music]]) and southern ([[Carnatic music|Carnatic]]) traditions. Speaking of the Bengali kirtan tradition, Peggy Holroyde writes that &quot;kirtans do not strictly adhere to the [[raga]] scale and they incorporate a chorus led by a leader. Much of the musical value is subordinated to the sentimental emotion expressed in the words of the song.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Holroyde, Peggy (2017). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MJ2fDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=classical+indian+music+kirtan+Indian+Music%3A+A+Vast+Ocean+of+Promise&amp;pg=PT255 Indian Music: A Vast Ocean of Promise]'', Routledge.&lt;/ref&gt; Regarding the southern (Carnatic) traditions of kirtan, they are generally &quot;less ornate&quot; than northern kirtan, making less use of &quot;[[Grave (music)|grace]], [[Trill (music)|trills]] and [[arabesque]]s&quot;, but they are also much more structured musical forms.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> While kirtan is influenced by the practice of Indian classical music, they are much simpler than the complicated instrumental and vocal compositions of Indian classical ensembles. The focus of kirtan is on the lyrics or mantras, which deliver religious messages and stories. Guy Beck, writing on the northern kirtan tradition, states that &quot;melody and rhythm are important, but devotional singers normally deplore musical virtuosity for its own sake, in contrast with the classical Hindustani and Karnatak traditions, which emphasize [[improvisation]] and technical [[mastery]]. A large variety of musical styles and forms exist, and no single formula has ever been mandated by custom to the exclusion of others. Musicians and religious leaders thus freely compose religious and devotional songs.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Arnold et al. (1998). ''The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent,'' p. 248. Taylor &amp; Francis.&lt;/ref&gt; However, some kirtan styles ''are'' highly refined and technical, like [[dhrupad]] and Bengali [[Vaishnava Padavali|padavali]] kirtan, which is considered by [[Bengalis]] to be the most cultured religious music.&lt;ref&gt;Arnold et al. (1998). ''The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent,'' p. 250. Taylor &amp; Francis.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Regarding the arrangement, most kirtan performances are done by a group, with a choir led by a lead singer sitting on the floor, though sometimes, kirtan is done by standing group in temples, religious processions, or on the street.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Generally speaking, the performance may begin with recitations of Sanskrit mantras, like [[Om]], names of deities, and may also include some Sanskrit prayers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Arnold et al. (1998). ''The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent,'' p. 255. Taylor &amp; Francis.&lt;/ref&gt; Then the [[Lead vocalist|lead singer]] sings a song or a mantra while accompanying himself with a versatile instrument (like a [[Indian harmonium|harmonium]] or a [[sarangi]]), and the chorus (which may include the audience as well) repeats the lines and provides musical accompaniment and keeps the [[rhythm]] (with percussion instruments like the [[tabla]]). Sometimes the lead may have some solo lines, and the chorus can accompany them with a [[refrain]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; The performance may be punctuated by short sermons or stories.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The song repertoire is generally drawn from medieval authors, but may include more recent additions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; In temples, a formal worship ceremony ([[Arti (Hinduism)|arati]]) may also follow.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Styles of Hindu kirtan ===<br /> <br /> ==== Vaishnava kirtan ====<br /> [[File:Chandidas_Bhita_at_Nanoor_04.jpg|thumb|Statue of Vaiṣṇava Sahajiyā poet [[Chandidas]] and his lover Rajakini, at his birthplace of [[Nanoor]]]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Kirtan at Bishnupur.jpg|thumb|Kirtan at front of the [[List of temples in Bishnupur|Jor Mandir Temple in Bishnupur]]]]<br /> <br /> One important promoter of Vaishnava kirtan in Bengal was [[Chandidas]] (1339–1399), who introduced Vaishnava kirtan in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and was very influential on later Vaishnava northern kirtan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Chandidas was instrumental in the Bengali [[Vaishnava Sahajiya|Vaiṣṇava Sahajiyā]] tradition, a form of [[Tantra|tantric]] [[Vaishnavism]] focused on [[Radha Krishna|Radha and Krishna]] which flourished in [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Odisha|Orissa]], and [[Assam]].&lt;ref&gt;Young, Mary (2014). ''The Baul Tradition: Sahaj Vision East and West,'' pp. 27-30. SCB Distributors.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;Hayes, Glen A. [https://www.academia.edu/12565300/The_Vaisnava_Sahajiya_Traditions_of_Medieval_Bengal &quot;The Vaisnava Sahajiya Traditions of Medieval Bengal&quot;], in ''Religions of India in Practice'', edited by Donald S. Lopez, Jr., Princeton Readings in Religions, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995: 333-351.&lt;/ref&gt; The Vaiṣṇava Sahajiyā tradition produced many great Bengali language poets and singers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;Young, Mary (2014). ''The Baul Tradition: Sahaj Vision East and West,'' pp. 27-36. SCB Distributors.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The 16th century CE saw an explosion of Vaishnava kirtan in the north. During this time, [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] popularized [[Krishna]] based kirtan in [[Bengal]], promoting and teaching the singing of Vaishnava songs which celebrate the love between [[Radha]] and Krishna, understood as being the love between the soul and God.&lt;ref name=&quot;AsherTalbot2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Catherine B. Asher|author2=Cynthia Talbot|title=India before Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1GEWAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT148 |year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-91561-8 |pages=110–112, 148–149}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Chaitanya is also known as the father of [[Vaishnava Padavali|padavali]] singing, a highly developed and complex musical tradition.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Padavali kirtan is further linked to process of devotional visualization in Gaudiya Vaisnava practice through a specific musical form that uses slow tempos and large tals (meters) in performance.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> About the same time, [[Sankardev|Shankaradeva]] (1449–1568) in [[Assam]] inspired the [[Ekasarana Dharma]] bhakti movement that emphasized [[Advaita Vedanta]] philosophy within the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] framework of the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Kaliram Medhi|title=Studies in the Vaiṣṇava Literature &amp; Culture of Assam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HeB83Pc8hCAC |year=1978|publisher=Assam Sahitya Sabha |pages=6, 43}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shankaradeva helped establish ''Sattras'' (Hindu temples and monasteries) with ''kirtan-ghar'' (also called ''[[Namghar]]''), for Krishnaite singing and dramatic performance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Ronald M. Bernier|title=Himalayan Architecture|url=https://archive.org/details/himalayanarchite00bern |url-access=registration|year=1997|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press|isbn=978-0-8386-3602-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/himalayanarchite00bern/page/27 27]–28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Meanwhile, in the [[Braj]] region, [[Vallabha|Vallabha acharya]] launched a devotional movement which focused on kirtan songs about baby Krishna and his early childhood.&lt;ref name=&quot;AsherTalbot2006&quot; /&gt; One offshoot of this tradition is the [[Radha]]-centered [[Radha-vallabha|Radha-vallabha Sampradaya]], whose singing style, known as [[Haveli Sangeet]], is based on Hindustani classical forms like &quot;[[dhrupad]]&quot; and &quot;[[dhamar (music)|dhamar]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |surname=Beck |given=Guy L. |chapter=Krishna as Loving Husband of God: The Alternative Krishnology of the Rādhāvallabha Sampradaya |page=67 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C&amp;pg=PA67 |title=Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity |url= {{Google books|0SJ73GHSCF8C|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |editor= Guy L. Beck |place=Albany, NY |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7914-6415-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another kirtan style shared by the Braj traditions like the Vallabha, [[Swami Haridas|Haridasi]], and [[Nimbarkacharya|Nimbarka]] is samaj gayan, which is a kind of collective singing.&lt;ref&gt;Arnold et al. (1998). ''The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent,'' p. 251. Taylor &amp; Francis.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kirtan as a genre of religious music has been a major part of the Vaishnavism tradition, particularly starting with the [[Alvars]] of [[Sri Vaishnavism]] sub-tradition between the 7th to 10th century CE.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=John A. Ramsaran|title=English and Hindi Religious Poetry: An Analogical Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=138eAAAAIAAJ |year=1973|publisher=BRILL Academic |isbn=90-04-03648-2 |pages=3–4}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the 13th-century, two subgenres of kirtan emerged in Vaishnavism, namely the ''[[Nama sankeerthanam|Nama-kirtana]]'' wherein the different names or aspects of god (a Vishnu avatar) are extolled, and the ''Lila- kirtana'' wherein the deity's life and legends are narrated.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Emmie te Nijenhuis|author-link1=Emmie te Nijenhuis|author2=Muttusvāmi Dīkṣita|author3=Sanjukta Gupta|title=Sacred songs of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AjafAAAAMAAJ |year=1987|publisher=Amadeus|isbn=978-3-905049-36-7 |pages=5–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the modern era, north Indian styles of kirtan are widely practiced in the modernist movements of [[Sivananda Saraswati|Swami Sivananda]], [[Anandamayi Ma]], [[Sri Aurobindo]], and [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Carnatic traditions ====<br /> In [[Andhra Pradesh]], the compositions of the [[Tallapaka Annamacharya]], a 14th-century Vaishnava mystic, represent the earliest known southern music called &quot;sankirtana&quot;. He wrote in praise of [[Lord Venkateswara]], the deity of Seven Hills in [[Tirumala]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.svasa.org/annamacharya1.html SVSA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918225615/http://www.svasa.org/annamacharya1.html |date=18 September 2009 }}-2008/07/21&lt;/ref&gt; During his long and prolific career, he reputedly composed and sang 32,000 Sankirtanas and 12 Shatakas (sets of hundred verses) in both [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Sanskrit]].<br /> <br /> ==== Marathi kirtan ====<br /> [[file:VEERABHADRA DEVTA MHOTSAV, 2019 at Shree Kshetra Veerabhadra Devasthan Vadhav. 43.jpg|thumb|Maharashtri musicians at Veerabhadra Devasthan, [[Vadhav]]]]<br /> [[file:Folk culture &quot;bhajana&quot;.jpg|thumb|A kirtan circle in Maharashtra]]<br /> There are three main styles of [[Marathi Keertan|Marathi kirtan]], Varkari, Naradiya and Jugalbandi.<br /> <br /> [[Varkari Kirtan]] was pioneered by [[Namdev|Sant Namdev]] (1270–1350) in [[Maharashtra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;novetzke222&quot; /&gt; It is usually based on the works of seven famous Maharashtri saints: Saint Nivruttinath, [[Dnyaneshwar|Sant Dnyaneshwar]], Sopandev, Muktabai, saint Eknath, Saint Namdev, and [[Saint Tukaram]]. Marathi kirtan is typically performed by one or two main performers, accompanied by [[Pump organ|harmonium]] and ''[[tabla]]''. It involves singing, acting, dancing, and story-telling.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dixit |first=Durga |title=Diamond Maharashtra Sankritikosh (Marathi: डायमंड महाराष्ट्र संस्कृतीकोश) |publisher=Diamond Publications |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-8483-080-4 |location=[[Pune, India]] |page=166}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Varadpande |first=Manohar Laxman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZrjC24PuDQC&amp;q=keertan&amp;pg=PA96 |title=History of Indian Theatre |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1992 |isbn=9788170172789 |volume=2 |page=95}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The show goes for two or three hours as time permits and is not divided into parts like &quot;Naradiya Kirtan&quot;. This form was effectively performed for years by personalities like Hari Bhakti Parayan (sincere devotee of god) Sonopant (mama) Dandekar, Dhunda maharaj Deglurkar, Babamaharaj Satarkar, Dekhanebuwa, and many others in modern times. An institute at Alandi near [[Pune]] offers training in this form of Kirtan.<br /> <br /> [[Naradiya Kirtan]] is divided into five main parts: naman (prayer), Purvaranga (the main spiritual lesson), chanting the names of God, katha or Akhyan (a story to support the lesson), final prayer.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite book<br /> | last = Koparkar<br /> | first = G. N.<br /> | title = Katha Haridasaanchi (Marathi: कथा हरिदासांची)<br /> | publisher = Keertan Mahavidyalaya Prakashan<br /> | location = [[Pune, India]]<br /> | year = 2000<br /> | page = 2}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Naradiya Marathi Kirtan popular in Maharashtra is most often performed by a single performer, and contains the poetry of saints of Maharashtra such as [[Dnyaneshwar]], [[Eknath]], [[Namdev]] and [[Tukaram]]. Learned poets from 17th and 18th century such as Shridhar, [[Mahipati]], and Moropant contributed to develop this form of kirtan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Ranade |first=Ashok D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XU8dmAiaZSgC&amp;q=anant+phandi&amp;pg=PA194 |title=Intersections : socio-cultural trends in Maharashtra |date=2000 |publisher=Sangam |isbn=978-0863118241 |editor-last1=Kosambi |editor-first1=Meera |location=London |pages=194–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Naradiya kirtan performance can last for period of any length, from half an hour to three hours. Attendees may wear traditional clothing and the performers use instruments like the Indian harmonium, drums, and string instruments of various types mostly &quot;Zanz&quot;, &quot;chipali&quot;, &quot;Tal&quot; or &quot;Chimata&quot;. Naradiya kirtan performers are usually very learned in literature, music, dance, acting and comedy.<br /> <br /> Jugalbandi Kirtan is performed by two persons, allowing question-answer, dialogue and debate. Performance requires skill in music, dance, comedy, oratory, debate, memory, general knowledge and [[Sanskrit]] literature. Training takes place at the Kirtan Kul in Sangli, the Akhil Bharatiya Kirtan Sanstha&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=संस्थेचा परिचय. &amp;#124; अखिल भारतीय कीर्तन संस्था |url=http://www.keertansanstha.in/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928012400/http://www.keertansanstha.in/ |archive-date=28 September 2013 |access-date=22 September 2013 |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt; in Dadar, Mumbai, the Narad Mandir at Sadashiv Peth, Pune and the Kalidas Mahavidyalay in [[Ramtek]], [[Nagpur]] as well as at smaller schools in Goa, Beed and Ujjain.<br /> <br /> ==Sikhism==<br /> {{Main|Shabad kirtan}}<br /> [[File:Watercolour painting of the interior of the Golden Temple in Amritsar, by William Carpenter, circa 1854.webp|thumb|Painting of kirtan in the [[Golden Temple]] of [[Amritsar]]]]<br /> [[file:Photograph of Bhai Jawala Singh Ragi playing accordion (vaaja), Bhai Gurcharn Singh on Jori, and Bhai Avtar Singh on Taus at Gurdwara Dehra Sahib, Lahore, ca.1935.jpg|thumb|Bhai Jawala Singh Ragi playing [[Indian harmonium|harmonium]], Bhai Gurcharn Singh on [[Jori (instrument)|Jori]], and Bhai Avtar Singh on [[Taus (instrument)|Taus]] at [[Gurdwara Dera Sahib|Gurdwara Dehra Sahib]], [[Lahore]], 1935]]<br /> <br /> ''Kirtan'' ([[Gurmukhi]]: ਕੀਰਤਨ ''Kīratana'') refers to devotional singing in both Hinduism and [[Sikhism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;JacobsenMyrvold2012p112&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=A&amp;C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7 |pages=24}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is typically performed at [[Gurdwaras]] (Sikh temples). Sikh scriptures and legends are usually recited in a song, to a certain ''[[raga]]'' and accompanied with musical instruments. The Gurus themselves created numerous musical instruments including the [[Taus (instrument)|Taus]], the [[Sarangi]], the [[Sarinda (instrument)|Saranda]] and a modification of the [[Pakhawaj]] (called [[Jori (instrument)|Jori]]) creating an early form of the [[Tabla]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Sikh sacred music|date=1967|publisher=Sikh Sacred Music Society|page=63|location=Oxon}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Narayan|first1=Badri|title=Culture and Emotional Economy of Migration|date=2017|publisher=Routledge|page=75|edition=First}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A ''Shabad Kirtan'' refers to the musical recitation of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]], the primary scripture in the Sikhism tradition which is arranged according to ''[[raga]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Knut A. Jacobsen|author2=Kristina Myrvold|title=Sikhs Across Borders: Transnational Practices of European Sikhs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HtrWKPWBEXEC |year=2012|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4411-7087-3 |page=113}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Shabad Kirtan'' can be listened to silently or sung along with the gathered congregation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Anand|first1=Balwant|title=Guru Nanak His Life was his Message: a Biography|date=1983|publisher=Guru Nanak Foundation|page=224}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JacobsenMyrvold2012p112&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Kirtan'' in Sikh history has been the musical analog of ''Kathas'' recitation, both preferably performed by ''ragi jatha'', or professional trained performers.&lt;ref name=&quot;JacobsenMyrvold2012p112&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Knut A. Jacobsen|author2=Kristina Myrvold|title=Sikhs Across Borders: Transnational Practices of European Sikhs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HtrWKPWBEXEC |year=2012|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4411-7087-3 |pages=112–114}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Sikh Kirtan is a religious, aesthetic and social event, usually held in a congregational setting on Sundays or over certain festivals to honor the historical Gurus, but major temples in the Sikh tradition recite ''Kirtan'' every day as a mark of daily [[bhakti]] (devotional remembrance) of God's name.&lt;ref name=&quot;JacobsenMyrvold2012p112&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> This congregational setting is called a ''Sangat'' or ''Satsang'', a word that in ancient Indian texts means &quot;like minded individuals, or fellow travelers on a spiritual journey&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=A&amp;C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7 |pages=30–31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Frisk |first=Liselotte |year=2002 |title=The Satsang Network |journal=Nova Religio |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=64–85 |doi=10.1525/nr.2002.6.1.64 |url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-31618}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Buddhism==<br /> {{Main|Buddhist music}}<br /> [[File:Asan_gyanmala.jpg|thumb|Members of the Nepalese Buddhist [[Gyanmala Bhajan Khala|Gyānmālā Bhajan Khala]] singing hymns at [[Asan, Kathmandu]]]]<br /> Numerous Buddhist traditions use vocal music with instrumental accompaniment as part of their rituals and devotional practices.&lt;ref&gt;Van Khê, Trân. “Buddhist Music in Eastern Asia.” ''The World of Music'', vol. 26, no. 3, 1984, pp. 22–32. ''JSTOR'', {{JSTOR|43561005}}. Accessed 18 Dec. 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mabbett, Ian W. “Buddhism and Music.” ''Asian Music'', vol. 25, no. 1/2, 1993, pp. 9–28. ''JSTOR'', {{doi|10.2307/834188}}. Accessed 18 Dec. 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Buddhist vocal music and chanting is often part of Buddhist [[ritual]]s and [[List of Buddhist festivals|festivals]] in which they may be seen as offerings to the Buddha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buddhism&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Szczepanski |first=Beth |date=2021 |title=Buddhism and Music |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195393521/obo-9780195393521-0136.xml |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Oxford Bibliographies |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chants, songs and plays about the life of the Buddha by the Buddhists of [[Bengal]] are sometimes called ''Buddha-samkirtan'' or ''Buddha kirtan.'' Instruments like the Indian harmonium, flute, [[dotara]], [[khol]] and kartal are used as accompaniment''.''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Sukomal Chaudhuri|title=Contemporary Buddhism in Bangladesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NVoEAAAAYAAJ |year=1982|publisher=Atisha Memorial|pages=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Chatterjee, Aparna (2022). ''The Barua Buddhists: Lineage and Cultural Interface,'' pp. 91-92. Shhalaj Publishing House.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Music has been used by Buddhists since the time of [[Early Buddhist schools|early Buddhism]], as attested by artistic depictions in Indian sites like [[Sanchi]]. [[Early Buddhist schools|Early Buddhist sources]] often have a negative attitude towards music, possibly because it was considered sensual and inconsistent with its core monastic teachings.&lt;ref name=guybeck257/&gt; However, [[Mahayana]] and [[Vajrayana]] sources tend to be much more positive to music, seeing it as a suitable offering to the Buddhas and as a [[Upaya|skillful means]] to bring sentient beings to Buddhism.&lt;ref name=&quot;guybeck257&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Guy Beck |editor=Bruno Nettl |editor-link=Bruno Nettl |display-editors=etal |title=[[The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music]]|chapter=South Asia, the Indian subcontinent|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&amp;pg=PA257 |year=1998| publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1 |pages=257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rambelli, Fabio. [https://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/media/pdf/books/978-88-6969-528-5/978-88-6969-528-5-ch-09.pdf “The Sutra of Druma, King of the Kinnara and the Buddhist Philosophy of Music.”] ''Ca’ Foscari Japanese Studies 14'' | Religion and Thought 4, e-ISSN 2610-9417&lt;/ref&gt; Buddhist songs and chants make use of the following genres: [[sutra]]s, [[mantra]]s, [[dharani]], [[paritta]]s, or [[Poetry|verse]] compositions (such as [[Gatha (India)|gathas]], [[stotra]]s, and [[Songs of realization|caryagitis]]).<br /> <br /> Examples of Buddhist musical traditions include the [[Newar Buddhism|Newari Buddhist]] [[Gunla Bajan|Gunlā Bājan]], [[Music of Tibet|Tibetan Buddhist music]], [[Buddhism in Japan|Japanese Buddhist]] [[Shomyo|Shōmyō]], modern Indian Buddhist [[bhajan]]s, and [[Buddhism in Cambodia|Cambodian]] [[Smot (chanting)|Smot]] chanting. As there are many different traditions of Buddhist music and chanting, the [[musical instrument]]s used vary widely, from solely relying on the [[human voice]], to many types of classic instruments used in [[Music of Asia|Asian music]] (such as the ancient Indian [[veena]]) as well as modern instruments ([[Indian harmonium|harmonium]], [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]], [[guitar]]s, etc.).<br /> <br /> There are also some Western Buddhists who have recently adopted kirtan singing. One Western Buddhist kirtan artist is [[Lee Mirabai Harrington]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Buddhist Kirtan: Interview with American Mantra Musician Lee Mirabai Harrington, Part One |url=https://www.buddhistdoor.net/features/buddhist-kirtan-interview-with-american-mantra-musician-lee-mirabai-harrington-part-one/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Buddhistdoor Global |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Judaism ==<br /> The [[Bene Israel]], a Jewish community in the Indian subcontinent, adopted the devotional singing style Kirtan from their Marathi Hindu neighbors.&lt;ref&gt;Judith Cohen: ''Jüdische Musik. IV: Östliche Diaspora (14.–19. Jahrhundert). 3. Orientalische Gemeinden. b. Indien (Bene Israel, Cochin).'' In: ''MGG Online,'' November 2016&lt;/ref&gt; Their main traditional musical instruments are the [[Harmonium#The Harmonium in India|Indian Harmonium]] and the [[Bulbul tarang]].&lt;ref&gt;Rina Krut Moskovich: The Role of Music in the Liturgy of Emigrant Jews from Bombay: The Morning Prayer for the Three Festivals. In: Asian Music, Bd. 17, Nr. 2 (Music in the Ethnic Communities of Israel) Frühjahr–Sommer 1986, S. 88–107, hier S. 90&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the modern era, kirtan has also been adopted by several [[Jews]] like Susan Deikman. These Jewish kirtans replace Sanskrit Hindu lyrics with Hebrew songs and chants.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2005-01-14 |title=Kabbalistic Kirtan: Just Replace Hindu With Hebrew |url=https://forward.com/news/4153/kabbalistic-kirtan-just-replace-hindu-with-hebrew/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=The Forward |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==In the Western world==<br /> [[file:HareKrishnaTimesSquare42ndStreet.jpg|thumb|Krishna kirtan in [[Times Square]]]]<br /> [[file:AnandaRasBhaktiFest2015a (22155539836).jpg|thumb|Western kirtan performers at [[Bhakti Fest]]]]<br /> [[File:Western kirtan Buddhist temple.jpg|thumb|A Western kirtan group at a [[Buddhist temple]] in [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]], California]]<br /> <br /> The famed Bengali saint [[Paramahansa Yogananda]] was an early proponent of kirtan in [[Western world|the West]]. He chanted [[Guru Nanak Dev]]'s ''Hey Hari Sundara'' (&quot;Oh God Beautiful&quot;) with 3,000 people at [[Carnegie Hall]] in 1923.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Yogananda|first=Paramhansa|title=Autobiography of a Yogi|publisher=BiblioBazaar, LLC|year=2007|pages=526–527|isbn=978-1-4264-2415-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xuwqcgWdZF4C&amp;pg=PA526}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kirtan became more common with the spread of Indian religious movements in the West in the 1960s. Movements which were influential in bringing Indian kirtan to West include the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON), [[3HO]] (Sikh followers of [[Yogi Bhajan]]), the [[Ramakrishna Mission|Ramakrishna mission]], the [[Divine Life Society]], and Yogananda's [[Self-Realization Fellowship]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Carl T.|title=Vedanta for the West|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1994|page=134|isbn=0-253-33098-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Western kirtan singers, some of whom learned in India, have also popularized the practice. Western kirtan performers include [[Krishna Das (singer)|Krishna Das]], [[Bhagavan Das (yogi)|Bhagavan Das]], Nina Rao, [[Wah! (American band)|Wah!]], [[Jai Uttal]], [[Snatam Kaur]], [[Lokah Music]], [[Deva Premal]], [[Jahnavi Harrison]], [[Jim Gelcer]], [[Jyoshna]], [[Aindra Das]], [[Gina Sala']], and [[Gaura Vani &amp; As Kindred Spirits]]. Western Yoga centers report an increase in attendance at kirtans; according to ''Pure Music''{{'}}s Frank Goodman in conversation with [[Krishna Das (singer)|Krishna Das]] in 2006, kirtan has taken on a wider popularity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Puremusic&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Goodman|first=Frank|date=January 2006|title=Interview with Krishna Das|journal=Puremusic|issue=61|url=http://www.puremusic.com/pdf/krishnadas.pdf|access-date=2014-01-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/fashion/05fitness-01.html?_r=3&amp;scp=1&amp;sq=kirtan&amp;st=cse<br /> |title=Chanting Is an Exercise in Body and Spirit |work=The New York Times<br /> |access-date=2009-04-21| first=Sara| last=Eckel| date=2009-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some Western kirtan singers have also adapted kirtan songs with influences from other styles, including [[rock music]], [[new-age music]], [[Music of Africa|African music]] and [[Latin American music in the United States|latin american music.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;Enstedt, Daniel; Plank, Katarina (2023). ''Eastern Practices and Nordic Bodies: Lived Religion, Spirituality and Healing in the Nordic Countries,'' p. 96, 101. Springer Nature.&lt;/ref&gt; There are also Kirtan singers in the west who sing more traditional Indian style kirtan such as [http://www.kaminimusic.com Kamini Natarajan] and [http://www.shebrings.com/ Sheela Bringi].<br /> <br /> Kirtan singing has also become popular among Westerners who consider themselves [[Spirituality|spiritual]] but who are not part of any specific religious institution or movement (&quot;[[spiritual but not religious]]&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; In this case, kirtan is seen as a social, expressive and holistic experience which helps one connect with the inner self. It is also considered egalitarian and manifests as an eclectic practice which draws on multiple cultures and is tolerant to most religions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Western spiritual kirtan can be found in [[Western yoga]] centers, [[New Age|new age]] groups, spiritual communes, and [[Neoshamanism|neo-shamanic]] circles.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> For some Western practitioners, kirtan is seen as a way of socializing, relaxing, achieving meditative states, expressing oneself, attaining inner peace and positive emotions, getting to know one's inner self, and cultivating love for a deity and for others.&lt;ref&gt;Enstedt, Daniel; Plank, Katarina (2023). ''Eastern Practices and Nordic Bodies: Lived Religion, Spirituality and Healing in the Nordic Countries,'' pp. 96, 101–103. Springer Nature.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the United States case law, the term ''sankirtana'' has also been used to specifically refer to the promotional activities of ISKCON.&lt;ref&gt;Supreme Court of California, opinion in ISKCON v. City of Los Angeles, pages 4, 7 [http://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2014/08/20/12-56621.pdf online]&lt;/ref&gt; ISKCON had sought the right to perform ''sankirtana'' in California airports such as in Los Angeles. The court ruled that while ISKCON has a constitutional rights of protected speech, the Los Angeles airport also has a right to forbid any form of solicitation, out of &quot;a legitimate interest in controlling pedestrian congestion and reducing the risk of fraud and duress attendant to repetitive, in-person solicitation of funds&quot; by all groups including ISKCON.&lt;ref&gt;Supreme Court of California, opinion in ISKCON v. City of Los Angeles, pages 2, 12–21 [http://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2014/08/20/12-56621.pdf online]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Given name==<br /> The male given name Kirtan or Kirtana is used in South India for females as well, particularly in [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], and [[Tamil Nadu]].{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> {{div col|colwidth=22em}}<br /> * [[Adi Shankara]]<br /> * [[Ananda Marga]]<br /> * [[Bhakti]]<br /> * [[Bhakti movement]]<br /> * [[Bhakti yoga]]<br /> * [[Bhajan]]<br /> * [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]<br /> * [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]<br /> * [[Gurbani]]<br /> * [[Hindustani language]]<br /> * [[Historical Vedic religion]]<br /> * [[Indo-Aryan languages]]<br /> * [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]]<br /> ** [[Hare Krishna (mantra)]]<br /> * [[:Category:Kirtan performers]]<br /> * [[Nama sankeerthanam]]<br /> * [[Raga]]<br /> * [[Sikh music]]<br /> * [[Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit]]<br /> * [[Vedic Sanskrit]]<br /> * [[Vedic chant]]<br /> * [[Vedic period]]<br /> * [https://kirtankar.com/difference-between-kirtan-and-bhajan/ Difference Between Kirtan and Bhajan]<br /> {{Div col end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://kirtankar.com/kirtan/ Kirtan]<br /> *[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40871929 The Braj Ras Lila], Darius Swann (1975)<br /> *[https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/kirtans-call-and-response-chanting-draws-a-growing-number-of-washingtonians/2013/01/08/ef2cc87a-59a9-11e2-88d0-c4cf65c3ad15_story.html Kirtan’s call-and-response chanting draws a growing number of Washingtonians] The Washington Post, Michelle Boorstein (2013)<br /> <br /> {{Worship in Hinduism}}<br /> {{Sikhism}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Kirtan| ]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu prayer and meditation]]<br /> [[Category:Bhakti movement]]<br /> [[Category:Sikh kirtan| ]]<br /> [[Category:Indian folk music]]<br /> [[Category:Indian feminine given names]]<br /> [[Category:Feminine given names]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu music]]<br /> [[Category:Performing arts in India]]<br /> [[Category:Puja (Hinduism)]]<br /> [[Category:Music of Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Indian styles of music]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banda,_Madhya_Pradesh_Assembly_constituency&diff=489482 2026-04-19T08:42:55Z

<p>GiseleStead: post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Madhya Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{distinguish|Banda, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Banda<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 42<br /> | map_image = 42-Banda, Madhya Pradesh.svg<br /> | mla = [[Veerendra Singh Lodhi]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Sagar district|Sagar]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Damoh Lok Sabha constituency|Damoh]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | preceded_by = [[Tarvar Lodhi]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Banda Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].&lt;ref name=eci1&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=18 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=2015-12-01|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; This constituency came into existence in 1951, as one of the Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh state.&lt;ref name=eci2&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatisticalReports_51_MP.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh|page=6|publisher=Election Commission of India website}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> Banda (constituency number 42) is one of the 8 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Sagar district]]. This constituency presently covers the entire [[Banda, Madhya Pradesh|Banda]] and [[Shahgarh]] [[tehsil]] of the district.&lt;ref name=&quot;ceo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=230, 250}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Banda is part of [[Damoh Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Deori Assembly constituency|Deori]] and [[Rehli Assembly constituency|Rehli]] in this district, [[Malhara Assembly constituency|Malhara]] in [[Chhatarpur district]] and [[Pathariya Assembly constituency|Pathariya]], [[Damoh Assembly constituency|Damoh]], [[Jabera Assembly constituency|Jabera]] and [[Hatta Assembly constituency|Hatta]] in [[Damoh district]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ceo&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Election<br /> !Name<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Swami Krishnanand Ramcharan<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ramcharan Pujari<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |Shri Krishna Selat<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |Shivraj Singh<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |Premnarayan Gorelal<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Hariom Singh Rathore|Harnam Singh Rathore]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br /> |Santosh Kumar Sahu<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Hariom Singh Rathore|Harnam Singh Rathore]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ceom2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha General Elections - 2008 (in Hindi) |url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/OtherLinks/Election_Result_2008.pdf |access-date=14 February 2011 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Narayan Prajapati<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ceom&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha General Elections - 2008 (in Hindi) |url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/OtherLinks/Election_Result_2008.pdf |access-date=18 February 2011 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Harvansh Singh Rathore<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]&lt;ref name=&quot;election2018&quot; /&gt;<br /> |[[Tarvar Lodhi]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> | [[Veerendra Singh Lodhi]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === 2023 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Banda&lt;ref name=&quot;election2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Veerendra Singh Lodhi]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:90911}}<br /> |percentage = 46.83<br /> |change = +9.75<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Tarvar Lodhi]]<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:56160}}<br /> |percentage = 28.93<br /> |change = -23.02<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Sudhir Yadav<br /> |party = Aam Aadmi Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:24492}}<br /> |percentage = 12.62<br /> |change = +12.41<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Ranjor Singh Bundela<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:13765}}<br /> |percentage = 7.09<br /> |change = +2.24<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Veerendra Singh Lodhi<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2250}}<br /> |percentage = 1.16<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1409}}<br /> |percentage = 0.73<br /> |change = -0.67<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:34751}}<br /> |percentage = 17.9<br /> |change = +3.03<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:194130}}<br /> |percentage = 78.22<br /> |change = +3.55<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2018 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Banda&lt;ref name=election2018&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Tarvar Lodhi]]<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:84456}}<br /> |percentage = 51.95<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Harvansh Singh Rathore<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:60292}}<br /> |percentage = 37.08<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Aheer Ramakant Yadav<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:7890}}<br /> |percentage = 4.85<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bhartiya Shakti Chetna Party<br /> |candidate = Pushpend Singh<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2789}}<br /> |percentage = 1.72<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2273}}<br /> |percentage = 1.4<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:24164}}<br /> |percentage = 14.87<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:162578}}<br /> |percentage = 74.67<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Sagar district]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}<br /> {{coords|24.039|78.963|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Sagar district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sathivada_Assembly_constituency&diff=533413 2026-04-15T23:51:30Z

<p>GiseleStead: created</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Former constituency of the Andhra Pradesh legislative assembly, India}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=March 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Sathivada<br /> | state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]<br /> | established = 1967<br /> | abolished = 2008<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | type= SLA<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sathivada Assembly constituency''' was an Assembly constituency of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]] until 2008. It was one of nine constituencies in [[Vizianagaram district]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ECI&quot;&gt;http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf Lok Sabha Constituneces and Assembly constituencies of India - Delimitation Order, 2008 - Election Commission of India&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> It was a part of [[Araku Lok Sabha constituency]] along with another six Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Palakonda (ST) (Assembly constituency)|Palakonda]], [[Parvathipuram (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Parvathipuram]], [[Salur (Assembly constituency)|Salur]], [[Araku Valley Assembly constituency|Araku Valley]], [[Paderu (ST) (Assembly constituency)|Paderu]] and [[Rampachodavaram (ST) (Assembly constituency)|Rampachodavaram]].<br /> <br /> ==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Political party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | Meesala Akku Naidu<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br /> | rowspan=4 |[[Penumatsa Sambasiva Raju]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<br /> | Potnuru Suryanarayana<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br /> | rowspan=2 |Penumatsa Sambasiva Raju<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election==<br /> ===2004===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Sathivada}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Penumatsa Sambasiva Raju<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> {{Coord|18.17|83.55|display=title}}<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Vizianagaram district]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]<br /> [[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]<br /> [[Category:1967 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> {{India-constituency-stub}}<br /> {{Vizianagaram-geo-stub}}</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kota_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=510570 2026-04-10T09:26:30Z

<p>GiseleStead: done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Rajasthan}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Kota<br /> | type = LS<br /> | map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Rajasthan/Kota.map}}<br /> | map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kota Lok Sabha Constituency<br /> | established = [[1952 Indian general election|1952]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> | mp = [[Om Birla]]&lt;Br&gt;{{Small|[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]}}<br /> | alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance |NDA]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> | preceded_by = [[Ijyaraj Singh]]&lt;Br&gt;[[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | state = [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image = Om Birla (2021) (cropped).jpg<br /> | assembly_cons = [[Keshoraipatan Assembly constituency|Keshoraipatan]]&lt;br&gt;[[Bundi Assembly constituency|Bundi]]&lt;br&gt;[[Pipalda Assembly constituency|Pipalda]]&lt;br&gt;[[Sangod Assembly constituency|Sangod]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kota North Assembly constituency|Kota North]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kota South Assembly constituency|Kota South]]&lt;br&gt;[[Ladpura Assembly constituency|Ladpura]]&lt;br&gt;[[Ramganj Mandi Assembly constituency|Ramganj Mandi]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kota Lok Sabha constituency''' ({{IPA|hi|koːʈaː}}) is one of the 25 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<br /> <br /> ==Assembly segments==<br /> Presently, Kota Lok Sabha constituency comprises eight Legislative Assembly segments. There are:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/PC-ACWISE-ELECTORS.pdf|title=Parliamentary &amp; Assembly Constituencies wise Polling Stations &amp; Electors|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Rajasthan website|access-date=5 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726003649/http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/PC-ACWISE-ELECTORS.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !#<br /> !Name<br /> !District<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024 Lead<br /> |-<br /> |185<br /> |[[Keshoraipatan Assembly constituency|Keshoraipatan]] (SC)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Bundi district|Bundi]]<br /> |[[C. L. Premi Bairwa]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |186<br /> |[[Bundi Assembly constituency|Bundi]]<br /> |[[Harimohan Sharma]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |187<br /> |[[Pipalda Assembly constituency|Pipalda]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |[[Kota district|Kota]]<br /> |Chetan Patel Kolana<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |188<br /> |[[Sangod Assembly constituency|Sangod]]<br /> |[[Heeralal Nagar]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |189<br /> |[[Kota North Assembly constituency|Kota North]]<br /> |[[Shanti Kumar Dhariwal|Shanti Dhariwal]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |190<br /> |[[Kota South Assembly constituency|Kota South]]<br /> |Sandeep Sharma<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |191<br /> |[[Ladpura Assembly constituency|Ladpura]]<br /> |[[Kalpana Devi (politician)|Kalpana Devi]]<br /> |-<br /> |192<br /> |[[Ramganj Mandi Assembly constituency|Ramganj Mandi]] (SC)<br /> |[[Madan Dilawar]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Members of Parliament==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]<br /> |[[Nemi Chandra Kasliwal]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<br /> |[[Nemi Chandra Kasliwal]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Onkarlal Berwa]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Onkarlal Berwa]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Krishana Kumar Goyal]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br /> |[[Shanti Kumar Dhariwal|Shanti Dhariwal]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Dau Dayal Joshi]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br /> |[[Ramnarayan Meena]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Raghuveer Singh Koshal]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br /> |[[Ijyaraj Singh]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Om Birla]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> <br /> ===2024===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Kota}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate= [[Om Birla]]<br /> |party= BJP <br /> |votes= 750,496<br /> |percentage= 50.03<br /> |change={{down}}8.49<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Prahlad Gunjal]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=708,522|percentage=47.23|change={{up}}9.16}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=10,262|percentage=0.68|change={{down}}0.24}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Tarun Gochar]]|party=Right to Recall Party|votes=1,000|percentage=0.07|change={{New}}}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=41,974|percentage=2.80|change={{down}}17.65}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=15,00,959|percentage=71.86|change={{increase}}1.64}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = BJP<br /> |swing = {{down}}8.49<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2019===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Kota}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Om Birla]]<br /> |votes = 8,00,051<br /> |percentage = 58.52<br /> |change = {{increase}}2.69<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Ramnarayan Meena]]<br /> |party = Indian National Congress <br /> |votes = 5,20,374<br /> |percentage = 38.07<br /> |change = {{decrease}}0.38<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Harish Kumar Lahri<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |votes = 9,985<br /> |percentage = 0.73<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |votes = 12,589<br /> |percentage = 0.92<br /> |change ={{decrease}}0.18<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 2,79,677<br /> |percentage = 20.45<br /> |change = {{increase}}3.07<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 13,67,928<br /> |percentage = 70.22<br /> |change = {{increase}}3.96<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2014===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Kota}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Om Birla]]<br /> |votes = 6,44,822<br /> |percentage = 55.83<br /> |change = {{increase}}15.20<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Ijyaraj Singh]]<br /> |party = Indian National Congress <br /> |votes = 4,44,040<br /> |percentage = 38.45<br /> |change = {{decrease}}14.35<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party =Aam Aadmi Party<br /> |candidate = Ashok Kumar Jain<br /> |votes = 16,981<br /> |percentage =1.47<br /> |change =''New''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |votes = 12,760<br /> |percentage = 1.10<br /> |change =''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 2,00,782<br /> |percentage =17.38<br /> |change = {{increase}}5.19<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes =11,55,972<br /> |percentage = 66.26<br /> |change = {{increase}}20.73<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser=Indian National Congress<br /> |swiggy = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2009===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Kota}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Ijyaraj Singh]]<br /> |party = Indian National Congress <br /> |votes = 3,60,486<br /> |percentage = 52.80<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Shyam Sharma<br /> |votes = 2,77,393<br /> |percentage = 40.63<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|<br /> |candidate = Dr. K. Shringi<br /> |party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]<br /> |votes = 14,323<br /> |percentage=2.10<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate =Govind Singh Parmar<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |votes = 10,400<br /> |percentage = 1.52<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 83,093<br /> |percentage =12.19<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes =6,82,412<br /> |percentage = 45.53<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser= Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Kota district]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Lok Sabha constituencies of Rajasthan}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|25.2|75.9|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kota Lok Sabha Constituency}}<br /> [[Category:Kota district]]<br /> [[Category:Bundi district]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Rajasthan]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modern_Assamese&diff=518039 2026-04-02T01:44:05Z

<p>GiseleStead: Creating New Data From Scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{Multiple issues|<br /> {{original research|date=October 2010}}<br /> {{Cleanup rewrite|date=April 2013}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=April 2013}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> <br /> [[Assamese language|Assamese]] is part of the easternmost group of the [[Indo-Aryan languages]]. History of [[Assamese literature]] can largely be classified into three periods, including: Early Assamese period (6th to 15th century A.D.), Middle Assamese period (17th to 19th Century A.D.) and, '''Modern Assamese''' (late 19th century onwards).<br /> <br /> ==Beginnings==<br /> {{More citations needed section|date=February 2024}}<br /> The history of [[Assam]] can be traced to the 4th century AD, though relics from beyond this period suggests some kind of a pre-history, through cave paintings, etchings on pots etc. The [[Charyapada]]s have almost been referred to as the earliest example of Assamese literature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sengupta |first=Madhumita |date=December 2012 |title=War of Words: Language and Policies in Nineteenth-century Assam |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0376983612461420 |journal=Indian Historical Review |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=293–315 |doi=10.1177/0376983612461420 |issn=0376-9836|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Charyapadas pertain to Buddhist songs penned within the period of 8th to 12th centuries. These writings, by the way, correspond to Oriya and Bengali languages as well. The phonological and morphological characteristics of these songs bear exceedingly powerful semblance with Assamese some of which are survive to this date. Despite the rich historical details of the pre-Ahom kingdom, literary history of Assam has been traced to the mystic lyrics, known as the &quot;caryas&quot; - esoteric doctrines and erotic practices of the later Sahajayana form of Mahayana [[Buddhism]], written by 23 &quot;siddha-purusas&quot; (8th to 12th century AD). The oldest [[Assamese people|Assamese]] writer is [[Hema Saraswati]] of the late 13th century. His ''Prahlada-Charita'' based on the [[Sanskrit]] ''Vishnu Purana'' depicts a finished Sanskritized Assamese. Other poets in the court of Kamatapur like Harihara Vipra ([[Harivara Vipra]]) and Kaviratna Sarasvati rendered into Assamese, verse episodes from the ''Mahabharata'' in the early 14th century. Kaviraja [[Madhava Kandali]] in the 14th century is the first great poet of Assam. His extant work consists of a version of the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and a narrative poem ''Devajit''. Another great poet was Durgavara who retold the story of the ''Ramayana'' in songs. A large group of manuscripts known as the &quot;Mantras&quot; of unknown authorship is extant probably going back to the period before 1500. The &quot;Mantras&quot; contain magical formulae against snakebite, against ghosts and [[demons]] and against various kinds of diseases.<br /> <br /> Perhaps the most important contribution of the Ahom rule was the writing of the [[buranji]] a kind of prose history of the [[Ahom kingdom]], which besides giving the accurate history of Assam also strengthened the tradition of the written word in Assam. The post of &quot;Likhakar Barua&quot; was specially created for the writing of manuscripts recording the proceedings of the various departments under the King's rule. Most of the [[manuscripts]] are written on sanchi leaves.<br /> <br /> ==Bhakti movement==<br /> {{unreferenced section|date=February 2024}}<br /> The greatest period of Assamese literature was ushered in with the &quot;Bhakti&quot; movement started by the great Sankardev. To spread this movement a lot of literature was created, songs song, poems and chants. Shankari religion like Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism is again centered on the written word, in this case that of Srimanta Sankardev. The evening prayers in the &quot;Namghar&quot; or &quot;The House of Praise&quot; celebrate God through songs and chant or reading of sacred texts. Among the 27 works composed by him the most important are the last canto of the ''Ramayana'', some portions of the ''Bhagvata Purana, Kirttanaghosha, Rukmini-harana'', a narrative poem depicting an episode of the life of [[Krishna]], the ''Bhakti-pradipa'' and the ''Nimi-nava-siddha-samvada''. He also wrote a number of dramas that show a [[Maithili language|Maithili]] influence. Another kind of poetry introduced by him was &quot;Bargeet&quot;, devotional poems, extremely popular to even this day. The father of Assamese prose literature Bhattadeva wrote three major books of [[Vaishnavism]] - ''Katha Geeta, Katha Bhagawat'' and ''Katha Ratnawali''. He also penned other great books. The 17th century, is renowned for the growth and development of the &quot;Charit Puthi&quot; (biographies).<br /> <br /> ==Coming of the missionaries==<br /> It was only with the coming of the [[missionaries]] that the first printed book entered Assamese [[literary]] circles; the first printed book being the [[New Testament]] (''Dharmapustakar Antobhag'') printed by [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]] in 1813 with the help of Atmaram Sharma and in 1833 the entire Bible. As in the other parts of the country, the missionaries with their interest in propagating Christianity were the initiators in the establishment of the first [[printing press]] in Assam as well. Christianity being the religion of the book and the missionaries seeking easy accessibility to the locals, almost always learnt the local languages, translating the word of God (the New Testament more so than the [[Old Testament]]) for the use of the common people. For this purpose various [[pamphlets]], magazines and other such media was also used.<br /> <br /> In connection with the [[American Baptist Mission Press]], which is the first press to be established in Assam, the first name that comes to the forefront is that of the [[Nathan Brown (missionary)|Reverend Dr. Nathan Brown]].<br /> <br /> [[Nathan Brown (missionary)|Nathan Brown]] was born on 22 June 1807 in [[New Ipswich]], [[New Hampshire]], USA. He graduated from [[Williams College]] in 1827 holding the highest position in the class. He married Eliza Ballard on 5 May 1830. For a few years, he was Associate Principal of [[Bennington Seminary]] and editor of a weekly newspaper called ''The Vermont Telegraph''. He attended the [[Newton Theological Institute]] in order to prepare himself for work as a missionary. He graduated in 1832. The [[American Baptist Missionary Union]] appointed him as a missionary to [[Myanmar]] in 1833. He headed for Assam at the request of Captain [[Francis Jenkins (East India Company officer)|Francis Jenkins]], the Commissioner of Assam. This request was made in order to launch the &quot;Shan Mission&quot; aiming to help the British administration to enlighten, refine and educate the warrior tribes of [[Shan people|Shan]], [[Khamti people|Khamtis]] and [[Singpho people|Singphos]]. Brown and his associate [[Oliver Cutter]] along with their printing press sailed to [[Calcutta]]. After a stopover in Calcutta, they set out for [[Sadiya]] by river. A long, tiresome and dangerous trip brought them to their destination on 23 March 1836.<br /> <br /> With the establishment of the first printing press in Assam, Brown's arrival ushered in an era of literary development in the region. Due to inadequate assistance from the Mission and due to tribal aggression in Sadiya, Brown had to shift his base to Joypur near Naharkatiya in 1839 and then to [[Sibsagar]] in 1843. He found Sibsagar to be a better place to work from. In fact Upper Assam is seen the hub of printing and the early birthplace of the printed book in Assam. He remained there until 1855. Towards the end of 1844, Brown travelled on foot from Sibsagar to [[Guwahati]], visiting villages in order to study the diverse cultural backgrounds of the people. He along with two other missionaries, [[Miles Bronson]] and Cyrus Barker, organized and founded the first [[Baptist]] church at Panbazar in Guwahati on 25 January 1845. Brown also pioneered in establishing schools in different parts of the state. He established 14 Assamese medium schools in and around Sibsagar by 1846.&lt;ref name=IW&gt;[https://www.indiawijzer.nl/tourism_travelling_to_india/northeasternindia/assam/assam_mixedbag/articles/contributions_of_nathan_brown_to_assam.pdf India Wijzer website, ''Facets of the North-east: Contributions of Nathan Brown to Assam'', document by Aziz-ul Haque]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Rev. Nathan Brown's ''Grammatical notes of the Assamese Language'' first published in 1848 originally was not intended to be regarded as a grammar of the Assamese language but &quot;they were commenced with the intention of printing only a few sheets, for private use of the most common grammatical forms&quot;. However this book soon served as the first Assamese grammar book. He wrote books on elementary arithmetic and geography which were much superior to Bengali books used in schools at that time. In this he was assisted by his wife Eliza, who was a translator in her own right. Brown was also a pioneer in the unearthing of old manuscripts and in editing and publishing them.<br /> <br /> Brown was involved in teaching, translating and preparing books in Assamese. He translated and published a catechism in Assamese. Brown found that the Assamese Bible published by William Carey from the [[Serampore Mission Press]], in circulation at that time, consisted of Bengali and Sanskrit loan words, so it was idiomatically inadequate. Therefore, he undertook the project of translating the Bible into pure and simple Assamese and published the New Testament in 1848, from his press. Brown was also a pioneer in writing school books. His books on elementary arithmetic called ''Pratham ganana'' (1845), ''Dutio ganana'' (1855) and geography called ''Bhugulor biboran'' (1851) were much superior to Bengali books used in the schools at that time. He also translated and published John Bunyan's ''[[Pilgrim's Progress]]'' into Assamese. Brown's wife, Eliza, also translated a dozen tracts into Assamese and wrote arithmetic textbooks and story books for children. Due to ill health and certain problems in Home Mission, Brown, after 20 years of successful service, left Assam on 13 February 1855 for US.<br /> <br /> ==''Orunodoi'' era==<br /> <br /> ''[[Orunodoi]]'' was the first Assamese magazine, printed by the Baptist Missionary Press in Sibsagar; it was first published in January 1846.&lt;ref name=AT&gt;[https://assamtribune.com/orunodoi-founder-dr-nathan-brown-remembered Assam Tribune website, ''Orunodoi Founder Dr Nathan Brown Remembered'', article dated September 2010]&lt;/ref&gt; The tag line for the magazine was, &quot;The Orunodoi, monthly paper, devoted to religion, science and general intelligence&quot;. It continued to be published until 1879; the press however was sold in 1883. The editors of this magazine include Dr. Nathan Brown, A.H Denforth, William Ward, [[Miles Bronson]] and others.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/assam-salutes-missionary/cid/1435911 Telegraph India website, ''Assam Salutes Missionary'', article dated July 21, 2017]&lt;/ref&gt; Though propagation of Christianity remained the main aim of the paper, it contained other articles related to science, current affairs, astrology, history, and local trivia. This paper helped in entrenching the Assamese intelligentsia, bringing into the forefront three key figures of Assamese literary world, [[Anandaram Dhekial Phukan]], Hem Chandra Baruah and Nidhi Levi Pharowal. The crowning glory of Brown's career was ''Orunodoi'' which means 'the dawn'. Brown did the editorial work whereas Oliver Cutter was involved in printing and publishing the magazine. Brown was the editor of this magazine until he left for US. Under his editorship, ''Orunodoi'' published history by bringing out the texts of old chronicles in properly edited form such as ''Chutia Buranji, Purani Asom Buranji'' and ''Kamrupar Buranji''. He also patronized various Assamese scholars and helped them publish. Among these publications Kashinath Tamuly Phukan's ''Asom Buranji'' (1842) and Anandaram Dhekial Phukan's ''Axomiya Lorar Mitro'' (1849) and ''A Few Remarks on the Assamese Language and on Vernacular Education'' (1855), Bronson's ''A Spelling Book and Vocabulary in English, Assamese, Singpho and Naga'' (1839)&lt;ref&gt;[https://noctedigest.com/history/f/preservation-of-the-oldest-nocte-book Nocte Digest website, ''Preservation of the oldest Nocte book'', article dated August 1, 2021]&lt;/ref&gt; printed at the Mission Press in Sibsagar are worth mentioning.<br /> <br /> After Brown, the ''Orunodoi'' was in circulation with occasional breaks until 1880. Following the example of ''Orunodoi'', several newspapers and magazines were published in Assam in the second half of the 19th century. Prominent among these were ''Asam Bilasini'', (1871, published by Dharma Prakash Press, Auniati Satra, Majuli) ''Asam Darpan'' (1874, Tezpur), ''Asam Mihir'' (1872, Guwahati), ''Goalpara Hitshadini'' (1876, Goalpara), ''Chandrodaya'' (1876, Nagaon), ''Asam Dipak'' (1876, Guwahati) ''Jonaki'' (Calcutta, 1889) and ''Assam News'' (an Anglo-Assamese weekly, 1885, Guwahati),'' Assam Bandhu'' (1885, Nagaon), ''Mau'' (1886, Calcutta). <br /> <br /> [[Oliver Thomas Cutter]] was born on 19 March 1811 at [[Lexington, Massachusetts]]. The American Baptist Missionary Union appointed him as a missionary printer and publisher to [[Burma]] at the age of twenty. With his wife, Harriet Low Cutter, he sailed from Boston in 1831, taking with him a steam printing press. He was joined by Nathan Brown and his wife Eliza Brown in Burma. The Cutters and Browns sailed for Assam in order to launch the Shan Mission. Jenkins, the commissioner of Assam also promised to contribute Rs 2,000 for a printing press. Cutter's main role was to print and publish books that were mostly translated or written by Brown. On arrival Captain Jenkins presented them a large printing press, and contributed Rs 500 for its support. They published Khamti, Singpho and Assamese books. Cutter's wife was actively involved in teaching in the school and preparing books for the press. Cutter went to Calcutta for a supply of additional type for his press.<br /> <br /> After shifting their base to Joypur near Naharkatiya in 1839, Cutter became involved in establishing more Assamese schools and wrote a 252-page Vocabulary and Phrases in English and Assamese, published in 1840 from the Mission Press at Joypur. Looking for a more hygienic and conducive place for work, Brown shifted to Sibsagar in 1841 while Cutter continued at Joypur superintending the operations of the presses under his care. However tribal protest at the conversion activities carried on by the missionaries soon made Joypur an extremely difficult place to work in and also inconvenient for printing due to threats from the locals, for which Cutter had to hide his presses. Finally, in 1843 Cutter moved to Sibsagar and established the printing press along the bank of the Dikhow River near the cantonment. Along with Brown he was involved in translating and printing numerous and diverse books and pamphlets.<br /> <br /> Apart from portions of the Bible, hymn books, tracts and school books in Assamese, a good number of other works were published under Cutter's care at the Mission Press. In 1853, Cutter left the mission work and joined as superintendent of the Government Press in Calcutta. Even today, the place at Sibsagar where Cutter established the printing press is locally known as Chapakhana.'' The Asom Year Book 2008'' acknowledges Cutter, Brown and Bronson among the six foreigners (along with Edward Gait, John Berry White and Charles Alexander Bruce) who rendered benevolent service for Assam.<br /> <br /> While Nathan Brown and Miles Bronson are well known for their contributions,&lt;ref name=ANR&gt;[https://noctedigest.com/pioneers/f/american-nocte-relations Nocte Digest website, ''American-Nocte Relations'', article dated November 10, 2020]&lt;/ref&gt; however, a lesser known junior missionary, the Reverend William Ward, played an important role in propagating the printing of the book in Assam. Ward was born on 28 August 1821 at Sheffield, [[Ohio]], USA. He graduated from [[Madison University]] in 1848. The American Baptist Missionary Union appointed him as a missionary to Assam. He and his wife, Cordelia, reached [[Guwahati]] in April 1851. He worked in Guwahati for the first six years and then another ten years in [[Sibsagar]]. Ward's wife, Cordelia, died in 1859 and he married one Susan, a missionary's widow in 1860. <br /> Ward was a linguist par excellence. He translated the books of [[Genesis, Exodus and Psalms]] of the Bible and published these from the Mission Press at Sivasagar. Ward revised the Assamese hymn book called ''Khristio Dharmageet'' for a new edition to which he added scores of original and translated hymns. In the fourth edition of the book published in 1890, sixty three hymns were credited to Ward.<br /> <br /> Ward worked along with Nathan Brown in building up ''Orunodoi''. He contributed many articles for this magazine and was also involved in editing and publishing it from 1861 to 1873. According to [[Hem Chandra Baruah]]'s advice, Ward changed the system of [[orthography]] of ''Orunodoi'' from the previous and simplified one of Jaduram Deka Baruah that was adapted by Brown, to the Sanskrit system as it is used today. Replacing the dental 'n' by cerebral 'n' of Assamese alphabets, Ward corrected the spelling of ''Orunudoi'' in January 1861. This laid a milestone in the development of Assamese language. Ward's wife Susan was also associated with the ''Orunodoi'' magazine and edited a few issues of this magazine. She revised the missionary Oliver Cutter's wife Harriet Cutter's work ''Vocabulary and Phrases in English and Assamese'' (1841) and added many new vocabularies making it about 4500 entries published ''Brief Vocabulary in English and Assamese with Rudimentary Exercises'' in 1864 from Mission Press, Sibsagar. This was the first book of this kind until Bronson's ''A Dictionary in Assamese and English''&lt;ref name=UP&gt;[https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Bronson%2C%20Miles%2C%201812-1883 University of Pennsylvania website, ''Online Books by Miles Bronson'']&lt;/ref&gt; was published in 1867. She also authored'' A Glimpse of Assam'' (1884).<br /> <br /> ==Growth of printing in the 20th century==<br /> {{unreferenced section|date=February 2024}}<br /> Printing and publishing began in Assam from around the end of the 19th century, a number of presses being established in Dibrugarh (also in Upper Assam). The first press in [[Dibrugarh]] was established by Radhanath Changkakoti, on 9 May 1881 called the &quot;Radhanath Press&quot;. Shivnath Bhattacharya established the &quot;Bhattacharya Press&quot;, around the same time, printing mostly school text books and religious books. Nandeswar Chakravarty, a tea planter set up the &quot;Sadasiva Press&quot; in 1905, while the &quot;Ahom Press&quot; established in 1910 was another important press. It was due to the effort of [[Chandra Kumar Agarwalla]] that the &quot;Assam Printers and Publishers Limited&quot; was formed, a joint company established along with Nimoni Phukan, Sadananda Dowerah, Lakshminath Phukan. The &quot;Borooah Press&quot; established in 1928 by Guna Govinda Borooah, &quot;Bholanath Press&quot; established by Bholanath Gohain, &quot;Rajkhowa Press&quot;, &quot;Jagaran Press&quot; etc. were important presses established during that period. <br /> One of the first indigenous names of Assamese print is Anandaram Dhekial Phukan. Phukan (1829–1858) was a writer, government employee and supporter of the American Baptist Mission Press and of its leaders Brown and Bronson for their work in the propagation of Assamese. Phukan was a great scholar and studied [[English literature]], was one of the first students of the school established by Francis Jenkins in 1835 and went on to study at [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]], Calcutta. He started his literary career at the age of seventeen by contributing articles to ''Orunodoi''. He then wrote ''Axomiya Loraar Mitro'', a textbook for schoolchildren modeled on English textbooks, publishing it from the Mission Press at Sibsagar. He wrote a pamphlet called ''A few remarks on the Assamese Language, and on the Vernacular Education'' in Assam printing 100 copies from the Mission Press and distributing it to various government officials for the purpose of putting forward the case of Assamese language.<br /> <br /> Printing in Assamese became part of the greater movement against &quot;foreigners&quot;. The identity crisis caused due to the removal of Assamese as official language of Assam in favour of Bengali, gave rise to a movement against &quot;bohiragata&quot;, a resentment to the enforced language and a parallel struggle to regain the collective voice of a community. Uddipan Dutta says in his essay &quot;The Growth of Print Nationalism and Assamese Identity in Two early Magazines&quot;, &quot;Instead of the colonial economic exploitation, the Bengali linguistic hegemony was perceived as the real threat to the burgeoning Assamese nationality&quot;.<br /> <br /> ==''Jonaki'' era==<br /> Jonaki Era, Age of Romanticism in Assamese Literature Jonaki era is also known as the age of Romanticism in Assamese literature. The ''[[Jonaki (magazine)|Jonaki]]'' magazine, published by &quot;probashi&quot; Assamese students in Calcutta, was the result of this zeal. 'Bhāxār bikāx holehe jātir bikāx hobo' (The nation develops only when the language develops) was the slogan of the early Assamese intelligentsia and they began the process of standardization of the language by standardizing orthography, writing grammars and dictionary, and most importantly by using a standardized version in print. By the end of the nineteenth century the language spoken in Upper and Middle Assam became the accepted standard language of Assam as a direct intervention of this group of young men&quot;, writes Uddipan Dutta in the same essay. The students living in Calcutta at the end of the nineteenth century in various &quot;messes&quot; strove towards the development of the Assamese language. One issue of the magazine (Vol. 5, No. 7) relates the inception of the magazine as the outcome of the expat students' meeting on Wednesdays and Saturdays at 67 Mirzapur Street mess on Saturday 25 August 1888. Thus a committee was set up - ''[[Asamiya Bhasa Unnati Sadhini Sabha]]'', the development of Assamese language and literature is the primary aim of the organization. For that purpose it strives to preserve the old Assamese texts available, to translate different important books from Sanskrit and other languages into Assamese which are not available in the mother tongue, to develop reading habit among the masses to introduce pure grammar and orthography instead of the impure orthography and grammar, and to create one standard written language all through the areas of Assam&quot;.&lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;[http://www.sarai.net/fellowships/independent/archival-submissions/listitem.28 April 2006.5385189224/uddipan-dutta-the-growth-of-print-nationalism-and-assamese-identity-in-two-early-assamese-magazines/page-7/]{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved on 27 August 2010&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It was however, rather strangely a Marwari businessman from Tezpur who would finally come to the aid of the Sabha, which did not have the financial means to have the magazine printed. The &quot;Agarwalla&quot; family of Tezpur, is of course not an unfamiliar name in the world of Assamese literature, the most famous of them being the illustrious poet, writer, filmmaker, musician, freedom fighter [[Jyotiprasad Agarwalla]] (1903–1951). Haribilash Agarwalla (1842–1916), like the Baptist missionaries printed books in Assamese and his son [[Chandra Kumar Agarwalla]] became a leading literary figure in the late 19th and early 20th century, and it was Chandra Kumar Agarwalla who helped in printing, publishing and editing ''Jonaki''. Chandra Kumar was himself a student of Presidency College, Calcutta and a member of the Sabha; it was also he who named the magazine ''Jonaki''.<br /> <br /> Chandra Kumar came forward to publish and edit the magazine on two conditions - that every member of the Sabha participate in the operational activities of the magazine and that every member should write an article for the magazine. Violation of any of these two conditions would result in a fine of Rs 15. The date of the first publication of the magazine is not mentioned in it. Only the Assamese month &quot;Māgho&quot; and the year of publication 1889 are mentioned. It is generally taken that 9 February 1889 is the first date of publication. We get conflicting figures on how many copies of the magazine were published and the year of its last publication. But the general consensus is that ''Jonaki'' was printed until 1898 from Calcutta: 11 issues in the first year, 12 issues in the second year, 10 issues in the third year, 11 issues in the fourth year, 7 issues in the fifth year, 11 issues in the sixth year, 6 issues in the seventh year, 1 issue in the eighth year, with the total number of 69 issues were published. ''Jonaki'' was again published from Guwahati in the year 1901 which continued until 1903. A pioneer in the journalism movement of Assam, Chandra Kumar started an Assamese weekly called ''Asamiya'' from Dibrugarh in 1918. From 1924, he published it from his newly established press at Kharghuli (Guwahati) called &quot;Asamiya Press&quot;.<br /> <br /> ''Bijuli'' (1891) meaning thunder is another important journal of this era, like ''Jonaki'', it too was a student magazine being brought out from Calcutta by members of the Assamese Literary Club.<br /> <br /> ''Banhi'', meaning flute, a monthly periodical magazine was the brainchild of Lakshminath Bezbaroa, the celebrated littérateur; he was both the editor and publisher of this magazine, which was influential in propagating many influential writers and poets of Assam. The magazine was published from 1909 to 1940. <br /> <br /> In 1848, Dr Nathan Brown serialized the Assamese translation of John Bunyan's ''Pilgrims' Progress'' in ''Orunodoi'' as ''Jatrikor Jatra''. It was the first taste of a &quot;novel&quot; for Assamese readers. It came out in a book form in 1857. In 1854, another missionary translated into Assamese a Bengali novel with the title - ''Phulmoni Aru Karuna''. In 1877, the first original &quot;novel&quot; in Assamese, ''Kaminikanta'' by A. K. Gurney, was published from the Baptist Mission Press. M. E. Lesley's ''Alokeshi Beshyar Bishay'' was also published in the same year. Gurney's ''Koni Beheruar Bishay'' came out the next year. All these books were written for the propagation of Christianity. They are called novels because they are continuous narratives with a unified theme. These can at best be called prototypes of novels and they helped in laying the foundation of the novel in Assamese literature. [[Padmanath Gohain Baruah]]'s ''Bhanumati'' is generally taken to be the first &quot;genuine&quot; novel in Assamese, first serialized in ''Bijuli'' magazine from 1890 to 1891 [[Lakshminath Bezbaroa]]'s ''Padumkuwori'' published in 1891 was the other important novel. ''Miri Jiyori'' (1894) is an important novel in Assamese, written by Rajnikanta Bordoloi, Bordoloi was a member of Axomiā Bhāxā Unnati Xādhini Xabhā. Bordoloi is more famous as the Walter Scott of Assamese literature, being a writer of historical novels, having spent much time as researcher for E. A Gait's ''A History of Assam''.<br /> <br /> The first English weekly ''The Times of Assam'' was printed from the &quot;Radhanath Press&quot; in Dibrugarh and the first issue came out on 5 January 1895. It was edited by Radhanath Changkakoti, who with the help of the Chief surgeon of Lakhimpur district, Dr. John Berry White set up the press. Dr. Berry White himself was a shareholder in this press, holding twenty five shares, while at his recommendation Mr. John Davidson, the Superintendent of the Upper Assam Tea Company also purchased twenty five shares. But Berry White left for England before the company could be consolidated and though it is rumoured that a press was sent by the man which was not delivered to Radhanath by the railway manager, however Radhanath set up the press with money collected from friends, the press sadly caught fire in 1883. However Radhanath started working to set up another press. In 1893, he went to Calcutta as a witness before the Royal Opium Commission, and while returning to Assam, collected enough money to publish a newspaper. He set up [[The Times]] of Assam with a sum of rupees six hundred. The paper was discontinued in 1947, unable to meet the competition of the nationalist Assam Tribune (4 August 1939, Baruah Press, Dibrugarh); the paper was also tainted as pro-British. Though it was revived for a while in 1948, by a Congressman Jivan Ram Phukan, yet the attempt was unsuccessful.<br /> <br /> The First Assamese newspaper was ''Dainik Batori'', published from the Thengal Bhawan, 8&amp;nbsp;km from Jorhat town on 12 August 1935. Tea baron Shivaprasad Barua started the paper. Earlier, too he had managed a paper called ''Sadinia Batori''. When the ''Dainik Batori'' was started, Bagmibor Nilmoni Phukan was appointed as its editor.<br /> <br /> &quot;Though ''Nagarar Katha'', a single-page local daily, was published by Mafajal Hussain (Baputa), which included only news pertaining to Jorhat town about one month earlier than the ''Dainik Batori'', critics hesitate to consider it as a full-fledged daily newspaper. It was recognised as a local daily paper of the town&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=aug0810/state07 |title= The Assam Tribune Online|website=www.assamtribune.com |access-date=27 August 2010}}{{title missing|date=May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Shivaprasad Barua]] bought a printing machine from Calcutta and appointed as many as 55 employees for the proper running of the paper. It consisted of eight pages. The length of the paper was 45&amp;nbsp;cm and the breadth was 30&amp;nbsp;cm. The symbol with a banana tree and a garland of flowers on the first issue of the paper was designed by Mahendra Deka Phukan. Inside the symbol the phrase &quot;Aai! Tur batori pahare-bhoiyame, Jane-juriye bowak&quot;, meaning 'The news of Assam will reach everywhere, all the hills and dales in the State' was inscribed.<br /> <br /> Two other important papers of the early 20th century Assam were ''Eastern Herald'' and ''Citizen''.<br /> <br /> == Dictionaries==<br /> {{unreferenced section|date=February 2024}}<br /> [[Miles Bronson]], an American missionary was the first to compile a dictionary of the Assamese language.&lt;ref name=UP /&gt; His [[Dictionary]] published in 1867 at American Baptist Mission Press Sibsagar, is out of print now. Bronson's work was not really an etymological dictionary but contained a very considerable collection of words culled from the lips of local people but without derivations. [[Hem Chandra Baruah]] (1836–1897) was the first Assamese to compile an etymological dictionary called ''[[Hem Kosh]]'' of the Assamese language, published in 1900 under the supervision of Capt. P. R. Gordon, ISC 33 years after the publication of the Bronson dictionary. It contained about 22,346 words. It was published and is still under publication by the Hemkosh Printers. In 1873 he wrote a first ''Primer of the Assamese Language'' for which he obtained a reward of Rs. 500. He was the author of a treatise called &quot;Notes on the marriage system of the people of Assam&quot; and of two farcical plays the ''Kania Kirtan'' which exposed the vice of excessive opium eating, and ''Bahire Rangchang Bhitare Kowan Bhuturi'' which was a satire on the contemporary Assamese Society. Hem Chandra also edited the ''Assam News'' at Guwahati for some time.<br /> <br /> The first Anglo-Assamese dictionary was compiled by a student of [[Cotton College]] in the year 1910, Makhan Lal Chaliha of Chiring Chapori, which was found in the [[British Library]] by a researcher of the Jatiiya Sikha Samanay Parishad. Under the guidance of Prof Sudmerson, the principal of Cotton College Chaliha completed the task in 1909 after putting in two years of effort. Chaliha however could not find a publisher for it. Nandeswar Chakravarty, the owner of &quot;The Agency Company&quot;, a publishing firm, stepped forward to help him and printed the dictionary in his &quot;Sadasiva Press&quot;.<br /> <br /> The dictionary was appreciated by N.L Halward, the Director of Public Instructor for Eastern Bengal and Asom, and A Majid, the District and Session Judge and fellow of [[Calcutta University]].<br /> <br /> The third Assamese Dictionary [[Chandrakanta Abhidhan]], a comprehensive bilingual dictionary with words and their meanings in Assamese and English, originally compiled and published by [[Asam Sahitya Sabha]] in 1933, 32 years after the publication of the ''Hem Kosh''. The dictionary contains 36,816 words in all. A third edition of this dictionary was also published by the University of Guwahati in 1987 duly edited by Dr. [[Maheswar Neog]] and Dr. Upendranath Goswami. Another Assamese dictionary called ''Adhunik Asamiya Abhidhan'' has been published by Assam Prakasan Parishad in 1977 under the editorship of Dr. Maheswar Neog, Rajanikanta Deva Sarma and Nava Kanta Baruah.<br /> <br /> ==Recent developments==<br /> {{unreferenced section|date=February 2024}}<br /> The [[Asam Sahitya Sabha]] with its motto &quot;Chiro Senehi Mur Bhaxa Jononi&quot; was established in 1917 for the propagation of the Assamese language and took up the publication of various books in Assamese. It still publishes important books in Assamese.<br /> <br /> The Publication Board of Assam established in 1958 by a legislation of the Assam Legislative Assembly with the vision of publishing and editing books in the languages of the state (including Bodo, Mising, Kachari and other such languages), as well as English. Along with providing aid to authors, the board also helps in publishing rare manuscripts of historical, academic and cultural importance and also helps in preserving the originals, as well as reprinting classics, such as the great Sanskrit scholar Anandaram Borooah's ''English-Sanskrit Dictionary, Ancient Geography of India, Namalinganushashana, Bhabhabhuti and His Place in Sanskrit Literature'', etc. and other such works, republished nearly a century after their first publication. The board has also worked on an Assamese Encyclopaedia. Among the most notable of the board's publications are the reproductions of Ahom and Shankari manuscripts. Also the Board published an influential magazine called ''Prakash''. It was also instrumental in reissuing several of the ''Jonaki'' magazine copies, along with another influential magazine ''Banhi''.<br /> <br /> The printing and publishing industry in Assam is presently an ailing one, with most books being &quot;outsourced&quot; for printing to Calcutta and New Delhi and the quality of most local printing and publishing houses being called to question, various organizations are currently trying to remedy this situation.<br /> <br /> == References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Assamese literature]]<br /> * [[Dark Age of the Assamese language]]<br /> * [[Colonial Assam]]<br /> * [[Sankardev]]<br /> * [[Lakshminath Bezbaroa]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:History of literature in India]]<br /> [[Category:Assamese language| ]]<br /> [[Category:Cultural history of Assam]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja_Carnival&diff=497871 2026-04-01T00:24:38Z

<p>GiseleStead: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Annual event in Kolkata, India}}<br /> {{about-distinguish|Durga Puja Carnival|Durga Puja|Durga Puja in Kolkata}}<br /> {{AI-generated|date=March 2026|reason=since v1 from Oct 2024, note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in promotionality, vocab distro very typical of 2023-24 LLM output etc}}<br /> <br /> {{infobox recurring event<br /> | name = Durga Puja Carnival<br /> | image = Durga Puja Carnival in Kolkata 2018 01.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | status = Active<br /> | genre = Cultural Festival<br /> | frequency = Annual<br /> | location = [[Indira Gandhi Sarani]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br /> | years_active = 2016–present&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = <br /> | first = <br /> | date = 16 October 2024<br /> | title = Kolkata: 89 puja committees take part in dazzling carnival as junior doctors hold protest rally nearby<br /> | url = https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/kolkata-89-puja-committees-take-part-in-dazzling-carnival-as-junior-doctors-hold-protest-rally-nearby-3233857<br /> | work = [[Deccan Herald]]<br /> | agency = [[Press Trust of India]]<br /> | quote = The ‘Durga Puja Carnival’ is annually held since 2016.<br /> | access-date = 16 October 2024<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | participants = Durga Puja Committees, cultural performers<br /> | attendance = Hundreds of thousands of locals and tourists<br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> The '''Durga Puja Carnival''' also known as '''Kolkata Carnival''', held annually, is an extension of the [[Durga Puja]] festivities in Kolkata, West Bengal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = <br /> | first = <br /> | date = <br /> | title = Red Road Durga Puja Carnival-এ মুগ্ধ UNESCO<br /> | url = https://www.eimuhurte.com/kolkata/unesco-impressed-by-red-road-durga-puja-carnival/<br /> | website = eimuhurte.com<br /> | location = <br /> | access-date = <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; It celebrates the cultural heritage of the city, bringing together diverse communities through processions, performances, and thematic events. Initiated by the [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal Government]], it has evolved as a large public event showcasing art, music, dance, and traditional Bengali culture.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = Moumita <br /> | first = Chaudhuri<br /> | date = 6 October 2024<br /> | title = The Other Durga Dynamic<br /> | url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/life/the-other-durga-puja-dynamic-bengals-most-celebrated-public-carnival-a-great-economy-booster/cid/2053538<br /> | work = [[The Telegraph (India)]]<br /> | location = <br /> | access-date = 16 October 2024<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The Kolkata Carnival started in 2017 as a post-Durga Puja procession to showcase the artistic creations and cultural diversity of the city. It was an initiative of the West Bengal Government to turn Kolkata's renowned Durga Puja into a larger cultural extravaganza.{{Better source needed|reason=Current source does not mention West Bengal’s Durga Puja.|date=October 2024}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | url = https://thepatriot.in/culture/durga-puja-extravaganza-a-cultural-carnival-in-the-national-capital-41726<br /> | title = Durga Puja Extravaganza: A cultural carnival in the national capital<br /> | last = Bhardwaj<br /> | first = Tej Prakash<br /> | date = 23 October 2023<br /> | website = thepatriot.in<br /> | publisher = <br /> | access-date = 16 October 2024<br /> | quote = <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; The event features decorated tableaux from the city's Durga Puja pandals, accompanied by cultural performances, floats, and musical events. It symbolizes the essence of the [[Bengalis|Bengali]] community's love for art, inclusivity, and celebrations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = NANDI<br /> | first = SOUMITRA<br /> | date = 16 October 2024<br /> | title = Puja Carnival mesmerises viewers with dazzling celebration of culture, tradition &amp; artistic grandeur<br /> | url = https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/puja-carnival-mesmerises-viewers-with-dazzling-celebration-of-culture-tradition-artistic-grandeur-583305<br /> | website = millenniumpost.in<br /> | location = <br /> | access-date = <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = <br /> | first = <br /> | date = 9 October 2022<br /> | title = Red Road hosts grand Durga Puja carnival after two years, top artworks showcased<br /> | url = https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/red-road-hosts-grand-durga-puja-carnival-after-two-years-top-artworks-showcased-8198187/<br /> | work = [[The Indian Express]]<br /> | location = <br /> | access-date = 16 October 2024<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Events and Activities ==<br /> The Carnival is a visual spectacle, with floats from various Durga Puja committees parading through the streets. Artists, musicians, and dancers perform during the procession, depicting the cultural vibrancy of West Bengal. Some key activities include:<br /> <br /> *Puja Tableaux Parade: Featuring top Durga Puja pandals with intricately designed idols and decorations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = <br /> | first = <br /> | date = <br /> | title = In pictures: Durga Puja Carnival tableaux on Red Road portray Bengal's best<br /> | url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/durga-puja-special/durga-puja-carnival-tableaux-on-red-road-portray-the-best-that-west-bengal-has-to-offer-photogallery/cid/1975966<br /> | work = [[The Telegraph (India)]]<br /> | location = <br /> | access-date = 28 October 2023<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Cultural Performances: Traditional dance forms like Dhunuchi Naach (dancing with incense burners) and musical performances highlighting [[Music of Bengal|Bengali folk music]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = Nanda<br /> | first = Subhashree <br /> | date = 24 October 2023<br /> | title = Dugga Elo! Tricity pandal-hoppers make the most of Pujo<br /> | url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/dugga-elo-tricity-pandal-hoppers-make-the-most-of-pujo-101698090042349.html<br /> | work = [[Hindustan Times]]<br /> | location = <br /> | access-date = 16 October 2024<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = <br /> | first = <br /> | date = 8 October 2022<br /> | title =Durga Puja Carnival: বাজালেন ঢাক-কাঁসর, পা মেলালেন আদিবাসী নাচে, কার্নিভালে অন্য মেজাজে মমতা<br /> | url = https://bangla.aajtak.in/kolkata/photo/durga-puja-carnival-mamata-banerjee-danced-tribal-women-sum-456342-2022-10-08<br /> | work = [[Aaj Tak]]<br /> | location = <br /> | access-date = 16 October 2024<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Art Installations: Showcasing Bengal's handicrafts, artisanship, and creative industries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = Nanda<br /> | first = Subhashree <br /> | date = 24 October 2023<br /> | title =Durga Puja committees showcase idols, artworks at grand 'carnival' in Kolkata<br /> | url = https://theprint.in/india/durga-puja-committees-showcase-idols-artworks-at-grand-carnival-in-kolkata/1822172/<br /> | work = [[ThePrint]]<br /> | agency = [[Press Trust of India|PTI]]<br /> | location = <br /> | access-date = 27 October 2023<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Each year, the Carnival grows in scale, with hundreds of thousands attending to enjoy the cultural performances and revelry.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last1 = Ray<br /> | first1 = Saikat<br /> | last2 = <br /> | first2 = <br /> | date = <br /> | title = Puja Carnival to go beyond Red Road this year, over 90 clubs to join grand celebration<br /> | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/2024-puja-carnival-expands-to-include-new-venues-over-90-clubs-to-participate-in-kolkata-celebrations/articleshow/114098948.cms<br /> | work = <br /> | location = <br /> | access-date = <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Significance ==<br /> The Kolkata Carnival serves as a platform to celebrate the spirit of Durga Puja, which was inscribed as UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title= UNESCO – Durga Puja in Kolkata |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/durga-puja-in-kolkata-00703 |website=ich.unesco.org |access-date=16 October 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It extends the festivities of Durga Puja, highlighting the communal harmony, creativity, and inclusivity that the festival stands for. The event also brings in significant economic benefits, boosting local businesses, tourism, and the city's economy during the festive season.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}<br /> <br /> == Government Involvement ==<br /> The West Bengal Government has played a crucial role in organizing the event, with Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] actively promoting it as a global cultural event.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | date = 27 October 2023<br /> | title = CM Mamata Banerjee breaks into dance at Durga Puja carnival<br /> | url = https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/cm-mamata-banerjee-breaks-into-dance-at-durga-puja-carnival20231027202618/<br /> | work = [[Asian News International|ANI]]<br /> | location = <br /> | access-date = 16 October 2024<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Financial incentives are given to Puja committees for participation, and the event is heavily promoted as part of the state's tourism drive.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = G<br /> | first = Sarthak<br /> | date = 16 October 2024<br /> | title = Foreigners match steps with Kol revellers at Red Road Carnival<br /> | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkatas-red-road-carnival-a-global-celebration-of-durga-puja/articleshow/114264335.cms<br /> | work = [[The Times of India]]<br /> | location = <br /> | access-date = 16 October 2024<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = Das<br /> | first = Soma<br /> | editor-last = Bhandari<br /> | editor-first = Tannistha bhandari<br /> | date = 15 October 2024<br /> | title = Puja Carnival: জার্মানি, পেরু, আয়ারল্যান্ডের অতিথিরা থাকবেন কার্নিভালে, মমতার লেখা গানেই হবে উদ্বোধন<br /> | url = https://tv9bangla.com/kolkata/durga-puja-carnival-at-red-road-today-foreign-guests-will-be-there-89-puja-committees-will-participate-1127129.html<br /> | work = tv9bangla<br /> | location = <br /> | access-date = 16 October 2024<br /> | language = bn<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> *[[Durga Puja]]<br /> *[[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Culture of West Bengal}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Durga Puja]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali festivals]]<br /> [[Category:Festivals in West Bengal]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Biomedical_Genomics&diff=547493 2026-03-31T10:28:41Z

<p>GiseleStead: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Research institute of India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox laboratory<br /> | name = National Institute of Biomedical Genomics<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | logo = National Institute of Biomedical Genomics.svg<br /> | logo_size = <br /> | logo_upright = <br /> | logo_alt = <br /> | logo_caption = <br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_upright = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | latin_name = <br /> | former_name = <br /> | motto = Accelerating Genomics for Health<br /> | established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2009|02|23}}<br /> | lab_type = [[Genome Research]]<br /> | type = [[Autonomous]] [[Research Institute]]<br /> | budget = <br /> | debt = <br /> | research_field = {{ulist|[[Cancer]]|[[Infectious disease]]|[[Chronic disease]]|[[Computational Biology]]|Statistical Genomics}}<br /> | president = <br /> | vice-president = <br /> | dean = <br /> | director = Sagar Sengupta<br /> | head_label = Chairperson<br /> | head = [[Sudeep Gupta]]<br /> | faculty = <br /> | staff = <br /> | students = <br /> | alumni = <br /> | address = <br /> | city = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]<br /> | state = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|22|57|31.57|N|88|12|21.1|E|format=dms|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline, title}}<br /> | location_map = &lt;!-- Use this to put in a location map, e.g. Oxford (central) --&gt;<br /> | zipcode = &lt;!-- or |postalcode= --&gt;<br /> | campus = [[Urban Area|Urban]]&lt;br /&gt; {{convert|30|acre|ha}}<br /> | free_label = Funded by<br /> | free = [[Department of Biotechnology]]<br /> | nickname = NIBMG<br /> | affiliations = [[Regional Centre for Biotechnology]]<br /> | operating_agency = [[Biotechnology Research and Innovation Council]]<br /> | nobel_laureates = &lt;!-- number and/or names of Nobel laureates associated with the laboratory / institute --&gt;<br /> | website = {{Official URL}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''National Institute of Biomedical Genomics''' ('''NIBMG''') is a national level research institute for [[genomic medicine]] in [[India]]. It is located at [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]] [[West Bengal]]—50&amp;nbsp;km from [[Kolkata]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AIIMSKalyani&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Land inspection for AIIMS Kalyani soon |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Land-inspection-for-AIIMS-Kalyani-soon/articleshow/41722766.cms |date=5 September 2014 |work=[[Times of India]] |location=Kolkata |accessdate=30 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has been established as an autonomous institution under the [[Department of Biotechnology]], [[Government of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nibmg.ac.in/NIBMG_Brochure.pdf|title=Formation of the Institute|date=23 Feb 2009|website=nibmg.nic.in|access-date=24 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is the first institution in India explicitly devoted to research, training, translation, service, and capacity-building in biomedical genomics. The institute operates from a campus constructed on a 30-acre plot of land near Bidhanpally, Kalyani. The institute stands as a premier genomic facility, advancing precision medicine. Recently recognized as a key hub for detecting fetal anomalies and cancer, it leverages cutting-edge sequencing to revolutionize diagnostics and healthcare outcomes in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=5 Jul 2025 |title=Bengal gets its 3rd genomic lab to help detect foetal anomalies, cancer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bengal-gets-its-3rd-genomic-lab-to-help-detect-foetal-anomalies-cancer/articleshow/122256369.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704193012/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bengal-gets-its-3rd-genomic-lab-to-help-detect-foetal-anomalies-cancer/articleshowprint/122256369.cms |archive-date=4 Jul 2025 |access-date=5 Jul 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] Jul 5, 2025, 12.10 AM IST |location=[[Kolkata]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Academics==<br /> The institute, stands as India's first institution explicitly dedicated to research, training, and capacity building in the field of biomedical genomics. As an autonomous institute under the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), it offers specialized academic programs designed to create a new generation of scientists capable of translating genomic insights into clinical solutions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About NIBMG Academics |url=https://www.bric.nic.in/ibric-nibmg/ |url-status=live |website=bric.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Post-Doctoral Fellowships===<br /> NIBMG offers prestigious post-doctoral positions for PhD holders to lead independent research projects or join established faculty laboratories. NIBMG Offer Fellowships occasionally, the institute invites applications for &quot;NIBMG Fellows,&quot; which are high-tier positions for early-career scientists with an outstanding track record (often requiring 3+ years of post-doctoral experience). For Project-Linked Positions many post-doctoral opportunities are tied to specific extramural grants (e.g., from BIRAC or ICMR) focusing on areas like wastewater surveillance or single-cell multiomics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 Jan 2024 |title=Post-Doctoral Fellow or Research Associate |url=https://indiabioscience.org/orgs/nibg/jobs/post-doctoral-fellow-research-associate |url-status=live |access-date=18 Jan 2024 |website=indiabioscience.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===PhD Programme===<br /> PhD program at NIBMG is designed for applicants who already hold a Master’s degree and are ready to commit to intensive, original research in biomedical genomics. Research Areas are Cancer Genomics for Understanding somatic alterations and tumor cell diversity, Infectious Disease Genomics for Studying susceptibility to diseases like COVID-19 or Tuberculosis, Computational Biology to Using AI and statistical models to analyze large-scale genomic data. Admission conducted twice a year (typically April and October). Admission is based on scores from national-level fellowships (CSIR-UGC NET, DBT-JRF, ICMR-JRF) followed by two rounds of interviews. Students receive fellowships as per Government of India (GoI) norms (JRF/SRF levels).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 April 2025 |title=Applications are invited for Ph.D. Programme Admissions June - 2025 at NIBMG |url=https://www.pharmatutor.org/content/april-2025/applications-are-invited-for-phd-programme-admissions-june-2025-at-nibmg |url-status=live |access-date=2 April 2025 |website=Pharmtutor.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Integrated MS-PhD Programme===<br /> Launched in 2019, this is NIBMG’s flagship program for students who wish to transition directly from a Bachelor’s degree into high-level genomic research. The program follows a &quot;2+N&quot; year model. The first two years comprise the Master’s (MS) component, featuring rigorous coursework in biochemistry, biostatistics, human genetics, and computational biology. During the first two semesters, students undergo &quot;lab rotations&quot; across different research areas like cancer, infectious diseases, and chronic diseases to help them choose their PhD mentor. After four semesters, students must pass a comprehensive evaluation to &quot;switch over&quot; to the PhD track. Those who do not qualify or choose to leave may exit with an MS degree. For admission purpose applicants must have to qualify exams like JAM (Biotechnology) or JGEEBILS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=S. |first=Rajoo Krishnan |date=3 July 2023 |title=Integrated MS-PhD in Biotechnology at National Institute of Biomedical Genomics |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/education/admissions/integrated-ms-phd-in-biotechnology-at-national-institute-of-biomedical-genomics-af39f347 |url-status=live |access-date=3 Jul 2023 |work=Mathrubhumi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata]]<br /> *[[Indian Statistical Institute]]<br /> *[[Bose Institute]]<br /> *[[Indian Institute of Chemical Biology]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Official website|http://www.nibmg.ac.in/}}<br /> <br /> {{Scientific Research in West Bengal}}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Research institutes in Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Biological research institutes]]<br /> [[Category:Medical research institutes in India]]<br /> [[Category:Kalyani, West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Research institutes in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:2009 establishments in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Research institutes established in 2009]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_spectrum&diff=462362 2026-03-29T11:32:30Z

<p>GiseleStead: minor cleanup to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Visual analogy for political or ideological positions}}<br /> {{redirect|Political compass|the website|The Political Compass}}{{For|the system of classifying political positions|Left–right political spectrum}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{party politics}}<br /> <br /> A '''political spectrum''' is a system to characterize and classify different [[Politics|political positions]] in relation to one another. These positions are typically placed on one or more [[Geometry|geometric]] [[Coordinate axis|axes]] that represent independent political dimensions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The expressions '''political compass''' and '''political map''' are used to refer to the political spectrum as well, especially to popular two-dimensional models of it.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Petrik|first=Andreas|date=3 December 2010|title=Core Concept &quot;Political Compass&quot;. How Kitschelt's Model of Liberal, Socialist, Libertarian and Conservative Orientations Can Fill the Ideology Gap in Civic Education|url=http://www.jsse.org/index.php/jsse/article/view/541/538|journal=Journal of Social Science Education|language=en|pages=4–2010: Social Science Literacy I: In Search for Basic Competences and Basic Concepts for Testing and Diagnosing|doi=10.4119/jsse-541|access-date=27 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622050457/http://www.jsse.org/index.php/jsse/article/view/541/538|archive-date=22 June 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sznajd-Weron|first1=Katarzyna|last2=Sznajd|first2=Józef|date=June 2005|title=Who is left, who is right?|journal=Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications|language=en|volume=351|issue=2–4|pages=593–604|doi=10.1016/j.physa.2004.12.038|bibcode=2005PhyA..351..593S}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lester|first=J. C.|date=September 1996|title=The Political Compass and Why Libertarianism is not Right-Wing|journal=Journal of Social Philosophy|language=en|volume=27|issue=2|pages=176–186|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9833.1996.tb00245.x|s2cid=144774197 |issn=0047-2786|url=https://philpapers.org/rec/JCLTPC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Stapleton|first=Julia|date=October 1999|title=Resisting the Centre at the Extremes: 'English' Liberalism in the Political Thought of Interwar Britain|journal=The British Journal of Politics and International Relations|language=en|volume=1|issue=3|pages=270–292|doi=10.1111/1467-856X.00016|s2cid=143494130|issn=1369-1481}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Most long-standing spectra include the [[Left–right politics|left–right]] dimension as a measure of social, political, and economic [[Social hierarchy|hierarchy]] which originally referred to seating arrangements in the French parliament after the [[French Revolution|Revolution]] (1789–1799), with [[Classical radicalism|radicals]] on [[Left-wing politics|the left]] and [[Aristocracy|aristocrats]] on [[Right-wing politics|the right]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Political Ideologies: An Introduction|last=Heywood|first=Andrew|publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education|year=2017|isbn=9781137606044|edition= 6th|location=Basingstoke|pages=14–17|oclc=988218349}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Knapp5ed&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Knapp, Andrew |author2=Wright, Vincent |title=The Government and Politics of France |date=2006 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-0-203-40260-3 |edition=5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RF7ncOmei98C |language=en |chapter-format=ebk |chapter=1 French political traditions in a changing context |quote=France invented the terms Left and Right early in the great Revolution of 1789– 94 which first limited the powers of, and then overthrew, the Bourbon monarchy. |archive-date=10 October 2025 |access-date=21 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010221202/https://books.google.com/books?id=RF7ncOmei98C |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; While [[communism]] and [[socialism]] are usually regarded internationally as being on the left, [[conservatism]] and [[Reactionary|reactionism]] are generally regarded as being on the right.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Liberalism can mean different things in different contexts, being sometimes on the left ([[social liberalism]]) and other times on the right ([[conservative liberalism]] or [[classical liberalism]]). Those with an intermediate outlook are sometimes classified as [[Centrism|centrists]] or [[moderates]]. Politics that rejects the conventional left–right spectrum is often known as [[syncretic politics]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ssUAQAAIAAJ|title=Fascism|last=Griffin|first=Roger|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0-19-289249-2|pages=8,307}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tP2wXl5nzboC|title=The fascism reader|last=Eatwell|first=Roger|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|isbn=978-0-415-24359-9|editor-last=Kallis|editor-first=Aristotle A.|page=71|chapter=A 'Spectral-Syncretic' Approach to Fascism|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tP2wXl5nzboC&amp;pg=PA71}}&lt;/ref&gt; This form of politics has been criticized for tending to mischaracterize positions that have a logical location on a two-axis spectrum because they seem randomly brought together on a one-axis left–right spectrum.<br /> <br /> Several [[Political science|political scientists]] have noted that a single left–right axis is too simplistic and insufficient for describing the existing variation in political beliefs and include other axes to compensate for this problem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Government Politics in Australia|last1=Fenna|first1=Alan|last2=Robbins|first2=Jane|last3=Summers|first3=John|publisher=Pearson Higher Education AU|others=Robbins, Jane., Summers, John.|year=2013|isbn=9781486001385|edition= 10th|location=Melbourne|pages=126 f|oclc=1021804010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although the descriptive words at polar opposites may vary, the axes of popular biaxial spectra are usually split between economic issues (on a left–right dimension) and socio-cultural issues (on an authority–liberty dimension).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Understanding Dogmas and Dreams|last=Love|first=Nancy Sue|publisher=CQ Press|year=2006|isbn=9781483371115|edition= Second|location=Washington, District of Columbia|pages=16|oclc=893684473}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Historical origin of the terms ==<br /> [[File:Estatesgeneral.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|The 5 May 1789 opening of the [[Estates General of 1789]] in Versailles]]<br /> The terms ''right'' and ''left'' refer to political affiliations originating early in the French Revolutionary era of 1789–1799 and referred originally to the seating arrangements in the [[Glossary of the French Revolution#Governmental structures|various legislative bodies]] of [[France]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Knapp5ed&quot;/&gt; As seen from the [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]]'s seat at the front of the Assembly, the [[aristocracy]] sat on the right (traditionally the seat of honor) and the [[commoner]]s sat on the left, hence the terms [[right-wing politics]] and [[left-wing politics]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Knapp5ed&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Originally, the defining point on the ideological spectrum was the ''[[Ancien Régime]]'' (&quot;old order&quot;). &quot;The Right&quot; thus implied support for aristocratic or royal interests and the church, while &quot;The Left&quot; implied support for [[republicanism]], [[secularism]] and [[civil liberties]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Knapp5ed&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Academic investigation ==<br /> <br /> For almost a century, social scientists have considered the problem of how to best describe political variation.<br /> <br /> === Leonard W. Ferguson ===<br /> In 1950, Leonard W. Ferguson analyzed political values using ten scales measuring attitudes toward: [[birth control]], [[capital punishment]], [[censorship]], [[communism]], [[evolution]], [[law]], [[patriotism]], [[theism]], treatment of [[criminals]] and [[war]]. After submitting the results to [[factor analysis]], he identified three factors, which he named [[Religion|religionism]], [[humanitarianism]] and [[nationalism]]. He defined religionism as [[belief in God]] and negative attitudes toward [[evolution]] and [[birth control]]; humanitarianism as being related to attitudes opposing war, capital punishment and harsh [[Criminal justice|treatment of criminals]]; and nationalism as describing variation in opinions on censorship, law, patriotism and communism.<br /> <br /> This system was derived empirically, rather than from a political model devised purely on theoretical grounds and testing it, Ferguson's research was exploratory. As a result of this method, care must be taken in the interpretation of Ferguson's three factors, as factor analysis will output an abstract factor whether an objectively real factor exists or not.&lt;ref&gt;SAS(R) 3.11 Users Guide, [http://support.sas.com/documentation/cdl/en/stsug/62259/HTML/default/viewer.htm#ugmultfactor.htm Multivariate Analysis: Factor Analysis]&lt;/ref&gt; Although replication of the nationalism factor was inconsistent, the finding of religionism and humanitarianism had a number of replications by Ferguson and others.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Ferguson, L.W. |title=The Stability of the Primary Social Attitudes: I. Religionism and Humanitarianism |journal=Journal of Psychology |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=283–8 |year=1941 |doi=10.1080/00223980.1941.9917075 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kirkpatrick, C. |title=Religion and humanitarianism: a study of institutional implications |journal= Psychological Monographs: General and Applied|volume=63 |issue=9 |pages=i-23 |year=1949 |doi=10.1037/h0093615 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Hans Eysenck ===<br /> [[File:Political spectrum Eysenck.png|thumb|Diagram of the political spectrum according to Hans Eysenck]]<br /> Shortly afterward, [[Hans Eysenck]] began researching political attitudes in the [[United Kingdom]]. He believed that there was something essentially similar about the fascism of the National Socialists ([[Nazism|Nazis]]) on the one hand and the communists on the other, despite their opposite positions on the [[Left–right politics|left–right axis]]. As Hans Eysenck described in his 1956 book ''Sense and Nonsense in Psychology'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ditext.com/eysenck/politics.html|title=politics|access-date=5 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eysenck compiled a list of political statements found in newspapers and political tracts and asked subjects to rate their agreement or disagreement with each. Submitting this value questionnaire to the same process of [[factor analysis]] used by Ferguson, Eysenck drew out two factors, which he named &quot;Radicalism&quot; (R-factor) and &quot;Tender-Mindedness&quot; (T-factor).<br /> <br /> Such analysis produces a factor whether or not it corresponds to a real-world phenomenon and so caution must be exercised in its interpretation. While Eysenck's R-factor is easily identified as the classical &quot;left–right&quot; dimension, the T-factor (representing a factor drawn at right angles to the R-factor) is less intuitive, as high-scorers favored [[pacifism]], [[racial equality]], [[religious education]] and restrictions on [[abortion]], while low-scorers had attitudes more friendly to [[militarism]], harsh [[punishment]], easier [[divorce]] laws and [[Triangular theory of love|companionate]] marriage.<br /> <br /> According to social scientist Bojan Todosijevic, radicalism was defined as positively viewing evolution theory, strikes, welfare state, mixed [[marriage]]s, student protests, law reform, women's liberation, United Nations, nudist camps, pop-music, modern art, immigration, abolishing private property, and rejection of patriotism. Conservatism was defined as positively viewing white superiority, birching, death penalty, antisemitism, opposition to nationalization of property, and birth control. Tender-mindedness was defined by moral training, inborn conscience, Bible truth, chastity, self-denial, pacifism, anti-discrimination, being against the death penalty and harsh treatment of criminals. Tough-mindedness was defined by compulsory sterilization, euthanasia, easier divorce laws, racism, antisemitism, compulsory military training, wife swapping, casual living, death penalty, and harsh treatment of criminals.<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Todosijevic |first1=Bojan |title=Political Attitudes and Mentalities. Eastern European Political Cultures: Modeling Studies |date=2013 |publisher=ArsDocendi-Bucharet University Press |pages=23–52 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279512916}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Despite the difference in [[methodology]], [[location (geography)|location]] and [[theory]], the results attained by Eysenck and Ferguson matched. Simply rotating Eysenck's two factors 45 degrees renders the same factors of religionism and humanitarianism identified by Ferguson in America.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eysenck&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Eysenck, H.J. |title=Sense and nonsense in psychology |url=https://archive.org/details/sensenonsenseinp00eyse |url-access=registration |publisher=Penguin Books |location=London |year=1956 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Eysenck's dimensions of R and T were found by factor analyses of values in [[Germany]] and [[Sweden]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Eysenck, H.J. |title=Primary social attitudes: A comparison of attitude patterns in England, Germany, and Sweden |journal=Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=563–8 |year=1953 |doi=10.1037/h0054347 |pmid=13108438 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[France]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Eysenck&quot; /&gt; and [[Japan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Dator, J.A. |chapter=Measuring attitudes across cultures: A factor analysis of the replies of Japanese judges to Eysenck's inventory of conservative-progressive ideology |editor1-last=Schubert |editor2-first=David Joseph |editor2-last=Danelski |title=Comparative judicial behavior: cross-cultural studies of political decision-making in the East and West |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yz5BAAAAIAAJ |year=1969 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-631779-3 |editor1-first=Glendon A.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> One notable result identified by Eysenck in his 1956 work was that in the [[United States]] and the United Kingdom, most of the political variance was subsumed by the left/right axis, while in France the T-axis was larger and in the [[Middle East]] the only dimension to be found was the T-axis: &quot;Among mid-Eastern Arabs it has been found that while the tough-minded/tender-minded dimension is still clearly expressed in the relationships observed between different attitudes, there is nothing that corresponds to the [[Political radicalism|radical]]-[[conservative]] continuum&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eysenck&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Relationship between Eysenck's political views and political research ====<br /> Eysenck's political views related to his research: Eysenck was an outspoken opponent of what he perceived as the [[authoritarian]] abuses of the left and right, and accordingly he believed that with this T axis he had found the link between [[Nazism]] and [[communism]]. According to Eysenck, members of both [[ideologies]] were tough-minded. Central to Eysenck's thesis was the claim that tender-minded ideologies were [[Democratic ideologies|democratic]] and friendly to [[human freedom]]s, while tough-minded ideologies were [[aggressive]] and authoritarian, a claim that is open to political criticism. In this context, Eysenck carried out studies on Nazism and communist groups, claiming to find members of both groups to be more &quot;dominant&quot; and more &quot;aggressive&quot; than control groups.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eysenck&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Eysenck left [[Nazi Germany]] to live in Britain and was not shy in attacking [[Stalinism]], citing the [[antisemitic]] prejudices of the Russian government, the luxurious lifestyles of the [[Soviet Union]] leadership and the [[Orwellian]] &quot;[[doublethink]]&quot; of East Germany's naming itself the [[German Democratic Republic]] despite being &quot;one of the most [[Dictatorship|undemocratic]] regimes in the world today&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eysenck, H.J. (1981). &quot;Left-Wing Authoritarianism: Myth or Reality?, by Hans J. Eysenck&quot; ''Political Psychology''&lt;/ref&gt; While Eysenck was an opponent of Nazism, his relationship with [[fascist]] organizations was more complex. Eysenck himself lent theoretical support to the English [[National Party (UK, 1976)|National Party]], which also opposed [[Hitler]]ite Nazism, and was interviewed in the first issue of their journal ''The Beacon'' in relation to his controversial views on relative intelligence between different races.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;An Interview with Prof. Hans Eysenck&quot;, ''Beacon'' February 1977&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Stephen Rose, &quot;Racism&quot; ''Nature'' 14 September 1978, volume 275, page 86&lt;/ref&gt; At one point during the interview, Eysenck was asked whether or not he was of Jewish origin before the interviewer proceeded.&lt;ref&gt;Billig, Michael. (1979) &quot;Psychology, Racism and Fascism&quot;, Chapter 6, footnote #70. Published by A.F. &amp; R. Publications.&lt;/ref&gt; His political allegiances were called into question by other researchers, notably [[Steven Rose]], who alleged that his scientific research was used for political purposes.&lt;ref&gt;Stephen Rose, &quot;Racism Refuted&quot;, ''Nature'' 24 August 1978, volume 274, page 738&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Stephen Rose, &quot;Racism&quot;, ''Nature'' 14 September 1978, volume 275, page 86&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Subsequent criticism of Eysenck's research ====<br /> Eysenck's conception of tough-mindedness has been criticized for a number of reasons.<br /> * Virtually no values were found to load only on the tough/tender dimension.<br /> * The interpretation of tough-mindedness as a manifestation of &quot;authoritarian&quot; versus tender-minded &quot;democratic&quot; values was incompatible with the [[Frankfurt School]]'s [[single-axis model]], which conceptualized authoritarianism as being a fundamental manifestation of conservatism and many researchers took issue with the idea of &quot;left-wing authoritarianism&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Stone, W.F. |title=The myth of left-wing authoritarianism |journal=Political Psychology |volume=2 |issue=3/4 |pages=3–19 |year=1980 |jstor=3790998 |doi=10.2307/3790998}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The theory which Eysenck developed to explain individual variation in the observed dimensions, relating tough-mindedness to [[extroversion]] and [[psychoticism]], returned ambiguous research results.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Ray, J.J. |author2=Bozek, R.S. |title=Authoritarianism and Eysenck's P-scale |journal=Journal of Social Psychology |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=231–4 |year=1981 |doi=10.1080/00224545.1981.9924374 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Eysenck's finding that Nazis and communists were more tough-minded than members of mainstream political movements was criticized on technical grounds by [[Milton Rokeach]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Rokeach, Milton |author2=Hanley, Charles |title=Eysenck's Tender-Mindedness Dimension: A critique |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=169–176 |date=March 1956 |doi=10.1037/h0045968 |pmid=13297921}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Eysenck's method of analysis involves the finding of an abstract dimension (a factor) that explains the spread of a given set of data (in this case, scores on a political survey). This abstract dimension may or may not correspond to a real material phenomenon and obvious problems arise when it is applied to human psychology. The second factor in such an analysis (such as Eysenck's T-factor) is the second best explanation for the spread of the data, which is by definition drawn at right angles to the first factor. While the first factor, which describes the bulk of the variation in a set of data, is more likely to represent something objectively real, subsequent factors become more and more abstract. Thus one would expect to find a factor that roughly corresponds to &quot;left&quot; and &quot;right&quot;, as this is the dominant framing for politics in our society, but the basis of Eysenck's &quot;tough/tender-minded&quot; thesis (the second, T-factor) may well represent nothing beyond an abstract mathematical construct. Such a construct would be expected to appear in factor analysis whether or not it corresponded to something real, thus rendering Eysenck's thesis [[Falsifiability|unfalsifiable]] through factor analysis.&lt;ref&gt;Wiggins, J.S. (1973) Personality and Prediction: Principles of Personality Assessment. Addison-Wesley&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lykken, D. T. (1971) Multiple factor analysis and personality research. ''Journal of Experimental Research in Personality'' 5: 161–170.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ray JJ (1973) Factor analysis and attitude scales. ''The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology'' 9(3):11–12.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Milton Rokeach ===<br /> Dissatisfied with Hans J. Eysenck's work, [[Milton Rokeach]] developed his own two-axis model of political values in 1973, basing this on the ideas of [[Freedom (political)|freedom]] and [[Social equality|equality]], which he described in his book, ''The Nature of Human Values''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rokeach&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Milton|last=Rokeach|title=The nature of human values|url=https://archive.org/details/natureofhumanval00roke|url-access=registration|year=1973|publisher=Free Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Rokeach claimed that the defining difference between the left and right was that the left stressed the importance of equality more than the right. Despite his criticisms of Eysenck's tough–tender axis, Rokeach also postulated a basic similarity between [[communism]] and [[Nazism]], claiming that these groups would not value freedom as greatly as more conventional [[Social democracy|social democrats]], [[Democratic socialism|democratic socialists]] and [[Capitalism|capitalists]] would and he wrote that &quot;the two value model presented here most resembles Eysenck's hypothesis&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rokeach&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> To test this model, Rokeach and his colleagues used [[content analysis]] on works exemplifying Nazism (written by [[Adolf Hitler]]), communism (written by [[Vladimir Lenin]]), capitalism (by [[Barry Goldwater]]) and [[socialism]] (written by various authors). This method has been criticized for its reliance on the experimenter's familiarity with the content under analysis and its dependence on the researcher's particular political outlooks.<br /> <br /> Multiple raters made frequency counts of sentences containing [[synonyms]] for a number of values identified by Rokeach—including freedom and equality—and Rokeach analyzed these results by comparing the relative frequency rankings of all the values for each of the four texts:<br /> * Socialists (socialism) — freedom ranked 1st, equality ranked 2nd<br /> * Hitler (Nazism) – freedom ranked 16th, equality ranked 17th<br /> * Goldwater (capitalism) — freedom ranked 1st, equality ranked 16th<br /> * Lenin (communism) — freedom ranked 17th, equality ranked 1st<br /> <br /> Later studies using samples of American [[ideologue]]s&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Rous, G.L.|author2=Lee, D.E.|title=Freedom and Equality: Two values of political orientation|journal=Journal of Communication|volume=28|pages=45–51|date=Winter 1978|doi=10.1111/j.1460-2466.1978.tb01561.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[United States presidential inauguration|American presidential inaugural address]]es attempted to apply this model.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Mahoney, J.|author2=Coogle, C.L.|author3=Banks, P.D.|title=Values in presidential inaugural addresses: A test of Rokeach's two-factor theory of political ideology|journal=Psychological Reports|volume=55|pages=683–6|year=1984|url=http://ammonsscientific.com/link.php?N=7553|doi=10.2466/pr0.1984.55.3.683|issue=3|s2cid=145103089|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514224946/https://ammonsscientific.com/link.php?N=7553|archive-date=14 May 2013|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Later research ===<br /> In further research,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Eysenck, Hans|title=The structure of social attitudes|journal=Psychological Reports|volume=39|pages=463–6|year=1976|url=http://ammonsscientific.com/link.php?N=20755|doi=10.2466/pr0.1976.39.2.463|issue=2|s2cid=145323731|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514221552/https://ammonsscientific.com/link.php?N=20755|archive-date=14 May 2013|url-access=subscription}}{{Expression of Concern|doi=10.1177/0033294120901991|pmid=32037970|http://retractionwatch.com/2020/02/12/journals-retract-three-papers-by-hans-eysenck-flag-18-some-60-years-old/ ''Retraction Watch''}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eysenck refined his [[methodology]] to include more questions on [[Economics|economic issues]]. Doing this, he revealed a split in the left–right axis between [[social policy]] and [[economic policy]], with a previously undiscovered dimension of socialism-capitalism (S-factor).<br /> <br /> While factorially distinct from Eysenck's previous R factor, the S-factor did positively [[correlate]] with the R-factor, indicating that a basic left–right or right–left tendency underlies both [[value (ethics)|social values]] and [[value system|economic values]], although S tapped more into items discussing [[economic inequality]] and [[big business]], while R relates more to the treatment of criminals and to [[Human sexuality|sexual]] issues and [[military]] issues.<br /> <br /> Another replication came from [[Ronald Inglehart]]'s research into national [[opinions]] based on the [[World Values Survey]], although Inglehart's research described the values of [[Country|countries]] rather than [[individuals]] or [[Group (sociology)|groups]] of individuals within [[nations]]. Inglehart's two-factor solution took the form of Ferguson's original religionism and humanitarianism dimensions; Inglehart labelled them &quot;secularism–traditionalism&quot;, which covered issues of tradition and religion, like patriotism, [[abortion]], [[euthanasia]] and the importance of [[Obedience (human behavior)|obeying]] the law and [[authority figure]]s, and &quot;survivalism – self expression&quot;, which measured issues like everyday conduct and dress, acceptance of [[Diversity (politics)|diversity]] (including [[Alien (law)|foreigners]]) and [[innovation]] and [[Attitude (psychology)|attitudes]] towards people with specific controversial [[Lifestyle (sociology)|lifestyles]] such as [[homosexuality]] and [[vegetarianism]], as well as willingness to engage in political [[activism]]. See&lt;ref name=&quot;worldvaluessurvey.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs/articles/folder_published/article_base_54|title=The WVS Cultural Map of the World|author1=Inglehart, Ronald|author2=Welzel, Christian|publisher=World Values Survey|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031062726/http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs/articles/folder_published/article_base_54|archive-date=31 October 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=18 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Inglehart's national chart.<br /> <br /> Though not directly related to Eysenck's research, evidence suggests there may be as many as 6 dimensions of political opinions in the United States and 10 dimensions in the United Kingdom. This conclusion was based on two large datasets and uses a Bayesian approach rather than the traditional factor analysis method.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lewenberg |first1=Yoad |title=Political dimensionality estimation using a probabilistic graphic model |journal=Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence |date=June 2016 |pages=447–456}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Other double-axis models ==<br /> === Greenberg and Jonas: left–right, ideological rigidity ===<br /> In a 2003 ''[[Psychological Bulletin]]'' paper,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Greenberg, J. |author2=Jonas, E. |author2-link=Eva Jonas |title=Psychological Motives and Political Orientation—The Left, the Right, and the Rigid: Comment on Jost et al. (2003) |journal=[[Psychological Bulletin]] |volume=129 |issue=3 |pages=376–382 |year=2003 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.376 |pmid=12784935 |url=http://psychoanalystsopposewar.org/resources_files/ConsevatismAsMotivatedSocialCognition_Critique.pdf |author1-link=Jeff Greenberg (professor) |citeseerx=10.1.1.396.6599 |access-date=24 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407130351/http://psychoanalystsopposewar.org/resources_files/ConsevatismAsMotivatedSocialCognition_Critique.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jeff Greenberg (professor)|Jeff Greenberg]] and Eva Jonas posit a model comprising the standard left–right axis and an axis representing ideological rigidity. For Greenberg and Jonas, ideological rigidity has &quot;much in common with the related concepts of dogmatism and authoritarianism&quot; and is characterized by &quot;believing in strong leaders and submission, preferring one's own in-group, ethnocentrism and nationalism, aggression against dissidents, and control with the help of police and military&quot;. Greenberg and Jonas posit that high ideological rigidity can be motivated by &quot;particularly strong needs to reduce fear and uncertainty&quot; and is a primary shared characteristic of &quot;people who subscribe to any extreme government or ideology, whether it is right-wing or left-wing&quot;.<br /> <br /> === Inglehart: traditionalist–secular and self expressionist–survivalist ===<br /> [[File:Inglehart Values Map.svg|thumb|A recreation of the [[Ronald Inglehart|Inglehart]]–[[Christian Welzel|Welzel]] cultural map of the world based on the [[World Values Survey]]. More recent versions can be found on the WVS website: [https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSContents.jsp?CMSID=Findings] ]]<br /> In its 4 January 2003 issue, ''[[The Economist]]'' discussed a chart,&lt;ref name=&quot;worldvaluessurvey.org&quot;/&gt; proposed by [[Ronald Inglehart]] and supported by the [[World Values Survey]] (associated with the [[University of Michigan]]), to plot cultural ideology onto two dimensions. On the y-axis it covered issues of tradition and religion, like [[patriotism]], [[abortion]], [[euthanasia]] and the importance of [[Obedience (human behavior)|obeying]] the law and authority figures. At the bottom of the chart is the traditionalist position on issues like these (with loyalty to country and family and respect for life considered important), while at the top is the secular position. The x-axis deals with self-expression, issues like everyday conduct and dress, acceptance of [[Diversity (politics)|diversity]] (including foreigners) and [[innovation]], and attitudes towards people with specific controversial lifestyles such as [[vegetarianism]], as well as willingness to engage in political [[activism]]. At the right of the chart is the open [[Self-expression Values|self-expressionist]] position, while at the left is its opposite position, which Inglehart calls survivalist. This chart not only has the power to map the values of individuals, but also to compare the values of people in different countries. Placed on this chart, European Union countries in continental Europe come out on the top right, Anglophone countries on the middle right, Latin American countries on the bottom right, African, Middle Eastern and South Asian countries on the bottom left and ex-Communist countries on the top left.<br /> <br /> === Pournelle: liberty–control, irrationalism–rationalism ===<br /> {{main|Pournelle chart}}<br /> <br /> This very distinct two-axis model was created by [[Jerry Pournelle]] in 1963 for his doctoral dissertation in political science. The [[Pournelle chart]] has [[liberty]] on one axis, with those on the left seeking freedom from control or protections for [[Deviance (sociology)|social deviance]] and those on the right emphasizing state authority or protections for [[Norm (sociology)|norm]] enforcement (farthest right being state worship, farthest left being the idea of a state as the &quot;ultimate evil&quot;).The other axis is [[rationalism]], defined here as the belief in planned social progress, with those higher up believing that there are problems with society that can be rationally solved and those lower down skeptical of such approaches.<br /> <br /> === Mitchell: ''Eight Ways to Run the Country'' ===<br /> [[File:Mitchell's Eight Political Americans.png|thumb|Mitchell's Eight Political Americans]]<br /> [[File:Mitchell's Eight Ways.png|thumb|Mitchell's Eight Ways]]In 2006, [[Brian Patrick Mitchell]] identified four main political traditions in Anglo-American history based on their regard for ''kratos'' (defined as the use of force) and ''[[archē]]'' or &quot;archy&quot; (defined as the recognition of rank).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Brian Patrick |last=Mitchell |title=Eight ways to run the country: a new and revealing look at left and right |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hg0epWuFdRcC |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |isbn=978-0-275-99358-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mitchell grounded the distinction of archy and kratos in the West's historical experience of church and state, crediting the collapse of the Christian consensus on church and state with the appearance of four main divergent traditions in Western political thought:<br /> * [[Republicanism|Republican]] [[constitutionalism]] = pro archy, anti kratos<br /> * [[Libertarianism|Libertarian]] [[individualism]] = anti archy, anti kratos<br /> * [[Democracy|Democratic]] [[progressivism]] = anti archy, pro kratos<br /> * [[Plutocratic]] [[nationalism]] = pro archy, pro kratos<br /> <br /> Mitchell charts these traditions graphically using a vertical axis as a scale of kratos/[[akrateia]] and a horizontal axis as a scale of archy/[[anarchy]]. He places democratic progressivism in the lower left, plutocratic nationalism in the lower right, republican constitutionalism in the upper right, and libertarian individualism in the upper left. The political left is therefore distinguished by its rejection of archy, while the political right is distinguished by its acceptance of archy. For Mitchell, anarchy is not the absence of government but the rejection of rank. Thus there can be both anti-government [[anarchists]] (Mitchell's &quot;libertarian individualists&quot;) and pro-government anarchists (Mitchell's &quot;democratic progressives&quot;, who favor the use of government force against social hierarchies such as [[patriarchy]]). Mitchell also distinguishes between [[Left anarchism|left-wing anarchists]] and [[Anarcho-capitalism|right-wing anarchists]], whom Mitchell renames &quot;akratists&quot; for their opposition to the government's use of force.<br /> <br /> From the four main political traditions, Mitchell identifies eight distinct political perspectives diverging from a populist center. Four of these perspectives (Progressive, Individualist, Paleoconservative, and Neoconservative) fit squarely within the four traditions; four others (Paleolibertarian, Theoconservative, Communitarian, and Radical) fit between the traditions, being defined by their singular focus on rank or force.<br /> <br /> === Nolan: economic freedom, personal freedom ===<br /> {{main|Nolan Chart}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Nolan chart normal.svg|thumb|[[Nolan Chart]]]]<br /> The [[Nolan Chart]] was created by libertarian [[David Nolan (Libertarian Party)|David Nolan]]. This chart shows what he considers as &quot;[[economic freedom]]&quot; (issues like taxation, free trade and free enterprise) on the horizontal axis and what he considers as &quot;personal freedom&quot; (issues like [[drug legalization]], [[abortion]] and the [[Conscription|draft]]) on the vertical axis. This puts [[Left-wing politics|left-winger]]s in the left quadrant, [[libertarianism|libertarian]]s in the top, [[centrism|centrist]]s in the middle, [[Right-wing politics|right-winger]]s in the right and what Nolan originally named [[populism|populists]] in the bottom. Several popular online tests, where individuals can self-identify their political values, utilize the same two axes as the Nolan Chart, including [[The Political Compass]].<br /> <br /> == Three Telos Model ==<br /> <br /> The &quot;Three Telos Model&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Electowiki&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Three Telos Model |url=https://electowiki.org/wiki/Three_Telos_Model |website=Electowiki |access-date=2026-01-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;, also known as the &quot;Political Trichotomy&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Category: TFM Classic › The Political Trichotomy |url=https://tee.fm/category/tfm-classic/the-political-trichotomy/ |website=Turd Flinging Monkey |publisher=Turd Flinging Monkey |accessdate=February 28, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; or &quot;Ideological Triangle&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Szczepański |first=Jarosław |date=September 2025 |title=Ideological Triangle: How to Overcome the Left-Right Model of the Political Spectrum |journal=On-line Journal Modelling the New Europe |issue=48 |pages=91–103 |doi=10.24193/OJMNE.2025.48.06 |url=https://neweurope.centre.ubbcluj.ro/?page_id=2615 |access-date=January 5, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an explanatory framework that classifies political ideologies based on three fundamental and competing end goals, or ''[[telos|teloi]]'': Freedom (Liberty and Autonomy), Equality (Equity and Social Justice), and Tradition (Stability and Order). Unlike standard [[Cartesian coordinate system|Cartesian]] models—such as the [[Nolan Chart]] or the [[Political Compass]]—this model is typically represented as a [[ternary plot]] or &quot;Triangle Political Map.&quot; This visualization implies a [[zero-sum game|zero-sum]] relationship between the three values, where increasing the focus on one ''telos'' necessitates a corresponding decrease in the others.<br /> <br /> ===Origins===<br /> The intellectual foundations of the trichotomy trace back to the same historical context as the traditional left–right spectrum. In his ''[[Reflections on the Revolution in France]]'' (1790), [[Edmund Burke]] identified a three-way tension between the inherited liberties of the British tradition, monarchical absolutism, and radical egalitarianism.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Burke |first=Edmund |title=Reflections on the Revolution in France |year=1790 |publisher=J. Dodsley}}&lt;/ref&gt; This tripartite division was further explored by [[Alexis de Tocqueville]], who analyzed the tension between liberty and equality, and [[Lord Acton]], who identified “three principal theories” challenging the established order: equality (anti-aristocratic), communism (leveling of property and condition), and nationality.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Acton |first=Lord |title=Essays on Freedom and Power |editor=Himmelfarb, Gertrude |year=1948 |publisher=The Beacon Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Acton argued that when any one of these ends becomes absolute, it inevitably paves the way for tyranny.<br /> <br /> The model was formally geometricized in the mid-20th century by [[Friedrich Hayek]]. In his 1960 essay &quot;[[The Constitution of Liberty#Why I Am Not a Conservative|Why I Am Not a Conservative]],&quot; Hayek argued that a linear spectrum was misleading. He proposed instead a triangular diagram where the corners were occupied by socialists, conservatives, and liberals (in the classical sense), each pulling society in a different direction.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hayek1960&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Hayek |first=Friedrich |title=The Constitution of Liberty |year=1960 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |chapter=Why I Am Not a Conservative}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Modern applications===<br /> In the 21st century, the trichotomy has been used to explain alignments that do not fit a binary. [[Arnold Kling]]’s ''The Three Languages of Politics'' (2013) describes how political groups communicate using three distinct moral axes—liberty-coercion, oppressor-oppressed, and civilization-barbarism—which correspond to the three corners of the triangle.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Kling |first=Arnold |title=The Three Languages of Politics |year=2013 |publisher=Cato Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, [[R. J. Rummel]]’s &quot;Conflict Helix&quot; identified three &quot;pure&quot; political types—Libertarian, Authoritarian, and Totalitarian—while [[Mary Douglas]]'s [[Cultural theory of risk|Grid-Group Cultural Theory]] categorized social values into Individualist, Egalitarian, and Hierarchist prototypes, both of which map onto the triangular framework.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Rummel |first=Rudolph J. |title=The Conflict Helix: Principles and Practices of Interpersonal, Social, and International Conflict and Cooperation |year=1976 |publisher=Transaction Publishers}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Douglas |first=Mary |title=Natural Symbols: Explorations in Cosmology |year=1970 |publisher=Barrie &amp; Rockliff}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 2022, Eric Kaufmann released an influential report &quot;The Politics of the Culture Wars in Contemporary America&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaufmann2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web <br /> | last = Kaufmann <br /> | first = Eric <br /> | author-link = Eric Kaufmann <br /> | title = The Politics of the Culture Wars in Contemporary America <br /> | publisher = Manhattan Institute for Policy Research <br /> | date = January 25, 2022 <br /> | url = https://media4.manhattan-institute.org/sites/default/files/the-politics-of-the-culture-wars-in-contemporary-america-EK.pdf <br /> | access-date = December 22, 2025 <br /> | type = Report <br /> | format = PDF <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; via the Manhattan Institute which advocated for this model. This was later expanded in his book &quot;The Third Awokening&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaufmann2024&quot;&gt;{{cite book <br /> | last = Kaufmann <br /> | first = Eric <br /> | author-link = Eric Kaufmann <br /> | title = The Third Awokening: A 12-Point Plan for Rolling Back Progressive Extremism <br /> | publisher = Bombardier Books <br /> | year = 2024 <br /> | isbn = 979-8-88845-635-4 <br /> | url = https://manhattan.institute/book/the-third-awokening-a-12-point-plan-for-rolling-back-progressive-extremism<br /> | location = Nashville <br /> | pages = <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Spatial model ==<br /> {{see also|Issue voting|Issue voting#Models of issue voting|l2=Models of issue voting}}<br /> The [[spatial model of voting]] plots voters and candidates in a multi-dimensional space where each dimension represents a single political issue&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=Otto A.|last2=Hinich|first2=Melvin J.|last3=Ordeshook|first3=Peter C.|date=1 January 1970|title=An Expository Development of a Mathematical Model of the Electoral Process|journal=The American Political Science Review|volume=64|issue=2|pages=426–448|doi=10.2307/1953842|jstor=1953842|s2cid=1161006|quote=Since our model is multi-dimensional, we can incorporate all criteria which we normally associate with a citizen's voting decision process — issues, style, partisan identification, and the like.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Stoetzer|first1=Lukas F.|last2=Zittlau|first2=Steffen|date=1 July 2015|title=Multidimensional Spatial Voting with Non-separable Preferences|journal=Political Analysis|volume=23|issue=3|pages=415–428|doi=10.1093/pan/mpv013|issn=1047-1987|quote=The spatial model of voting is ''the'' work horse for theories and empirical models in many fields of political science research, such as the equilibrium analysis in mass elections ... the estimation of legislators' ideal points ... and the study of voting behavior. ... Its generalization to the multidimensional policy space, the Weighted Euclidean Distance (WED) model ... forms the stable theoretical foundation upon which nearly all present variations, extensions, and applications of multidimensional spatial voting rest.}}&lt;/ref&gt; sub-component of an issue,{{efn|If voter preferences have more than one peak along a dimension, it needs to be decomposed into multiple dimensions that each only have a single peak. &quot;We can satisfy our assumption about the form of the loss function if we increase the dimensionality of the analysis — by decomposing one dimension into two or more&quot;}} or candidate attribute.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Tideman|first1=T|last2=Plassmann|first2=Florenz|date=June 2008|title=The Source of Election Results: An Empirical Analysis of Statistical Models of Voter Behavior|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228920943|quote=Assume that voters care about the &quot;attributes&quot; of candidates. These attributes form a multi-dimensional &quot;attribute space.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voters are then modeled as having an &quot;ideal point&quot; in this space and voting for the nearest candidates to that point. The dimensions of this model can also be assigned to non-political properties of the candidates, such as perceived corruption, health, etc.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Most of the other spectra in this article can then be considered [[Projection (mathematics)|projections]] of this multi-dimensional space onto a smaller number of dimensions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Alós-Ferrer|first1=Carlos|last2=Granić|first2=Đura-Georg|date=1 September 2015|title=Political space representations with approval data|journal=Electoral Studies|volume=39|pages=56–71|doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2015.04.003|quote=The analysis reveals that the underlying political landscapes ... are inherently multidimensional and cannot be reduced to a single left-right dimension, or even to a two-dimensional space. ... From this representation, lower-dimensional projections can be considered which help with the visualization of the political space as resulting from an aggregation of voters' preferences. ... Even though the method aims to obtain a representation with as few dimensions as possible, we still obtain representations with four dimensions or more.|hdl=1765/111247|url=http://repub.eur.nl/pub/111247|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, a study of German voters found that at least four dimensions were required to adequately represent all political parties.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; The voter and politician distributions along these dimensions can be [[asymmetry|asymmetric]].&lt;ref name=&quot;s934&quot;&gt;{{cite conference | last1=Etter | first1=Vincent | last2=Herzen | first2=Julien | last3=Grossglauser | first3=Matthias | last4=Thiran | first4=Patrick | title=Mining democracy | publisher=ACM | date=2014 | isbn=978-1-4503-3198-2 | doi=10.1145/2660460.2660476 | url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2660460.2660476 | access-date=2026-02-22 | page=1–12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Other proposed dimensions ==<br /> {{More citations needed section|date=November 2024}}<br /> [[File:Political Compass standard model.svg|thumb|Two-axis political compass chart with a horizontal socio-economic axis and a vertical socio-cultural axis and ideologically representative [[political colour]]s, an example for a frequently used model of the political spectrum&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;]]<br /> [[File:3-axis-model-of-political-ideologies-with-both-moderate-and-radical-versions-and-policies-goals.png|thumb|Three axis model of political ideologies with both moderate and radical versions and the goals of their policies]]<br /> [[File:Political_spectrum_(3D).png|thumb|Another three dimensional model with the three main axes of political ideologies:&lt;br/&gt;&amp;emsp;[[Collectivism]] ⬌ [[Individualism]];&lt;br/&gt;&amp;emsp;[[Progressivism]] ⬌ [[Conservatism]];&lt;br/&gt;&amp;emsp;[[Totalitarianism]] ⬌ [[Libertarianism]]]]<br /> [[File:Ideomap3b-sm.jpg|thumb|An economic group diagram based on [[The Political Compass]]]]<br /> In 1998, political author [[Virginia Postrel]], in her book ''[[The Future and Its Enemies]]'', offered another single-axis spectrum that measures views of the future, contrasting stasists, who allegedly fear the future and wish to control it, and dynamists, who want the future to unfold naturally and without attempts to plan and control. The distinction corresponds to the [[utopian]] versus [[dystopian]] spectrum used in some theoretical assessments of liberalism, and the book's title is borrowed from the work of the anti-utopian [[classical liberalism|classic-liberal]] theorist [[Karl Popper]].<br /> <br /> Other proposed axes include:<br /> * Focus of political concern: [[communitarianism]] vs. [[individualism]]. These labels are preferred&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Horrell|first1=David|title=Paul Among Liberals and Communitarians|journal=Pacifica|date=2005|volume=18|issue=1|pages=33–52|doi=10.1177/1030570X0501800103|hdl=10036/35872|s2cid=141074567|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; to the loaded language of &quot;[[totalitarianism]]&quot; (anti-freedom) vs. &quot;[[libertarianism]]&quot; (pro-freedom), because one can have a political focus on the community without being totalitarian and undemocratic. [[Council communism]] is a [[political philosophy]] that would be counted as [[communitarian]] on this axis, but is not totalitarian or undemocratic.<br /> * Responses to conflict: according to the political philosopher Charles Blattberg, in his essay ''Political Philosophies and Political Ideologies'', those who would respond to conflict with conversation should be considered as on the left, with negotiation as in the centre, and with force as on the right.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Blattberg |first=Charles |author-link= Charles Blattberg |chapter= Political Philosophies and Political Ideologies |ssrn= 1755117 |title= Patriotic Elaborations: Essays in Practical Philosophy |publisher= McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Role of the religion: [[clericalism]] vs. [[anti-clericalism]]. This axis is less significant in the [[United States]] (where views of the role of [[religion]] tend to be subsumed into the general left–right axis) than in [[Europe]] (where clericalism versus anti-clericalism is much less correlated with the left–right spectrum).<br /> * Urban vs. rural: this axis is significant today in the [[politics of Europe]], [[Politics of Australia|Australia]] and [[Politics of Canada|Canada]]. The [[Urban area|urban]] vs. [[rural]] axis was equally prominent in the [[United States]]' political past, but its importance is debatable at present.{{Dubious|date=November 2024|reason=Urban/rural polarization has never been stronger in the US than in the 2020s.}} In the late 18th century and early 19th century in the United States, it would have been described as the conflict between [[Alexander Hamilton|Hamiltonian]] [[Federalist Party (United States)|Federalists]] and [[Jeffersonian democracy|Jeffersonian Republicans]].<br /> * Foreign policy: [[interventionism (politics)|interventionism]] (the nation should exert power abroad to implement its policy) vs. [[non-interventionism]] (the nation should keep to its own affairs). Similarly, [[multilateralism]] (coordination of policies with other countries) vs. [[isolationism]] and [[unilateralism]].<br /> *[[Geopolitics]]: relations with individual states or groups of states may also be vital to [[party politics]]. During the [[Cold War]], parties often had to choose a position on a scale between pro-American and pro-Soviet Union, although this could at times closely match a left–right spectrum. At other times in history relations with other powerful states has been important. In early [[Canadian history]] relations with Britain were a central theme, although this was not &quot;[[foreign policy]]&quot; but a debate over the proper place of [[Canada]] within the [[British Empire]].<br /> * International action: [[multilateralism]] (states should cooperate and compromise) versus [[unilateralism]] (states have a strong, even unconditional, right to make their own decisions).<br /> * Political violence: [[pacifism]] (political views should not be imposed by violent force) vs. militancy (violence is a legitimate or necessary means of political expression). In [[North America]], particularly in the United States, holders of these views are often referred to as &quot;[[War doves|doves]]&quot; and &quot;[[War hawk|hawks]]&quot;, respectively.{{Clarification needed|reason=These terms relate to war and foreign policy, but &quot;political violence&quot; generally connotes the violent pursuit of domestic political objectives, such as assassinating a politician or assaulting a rival group of protestors.|date=November 2024}}<br /> * Foreign trade: [[globalization]] (world economic markets should become integrated and interdependent) vs. [[autarky]] (the nation or polity should strive for economic independence). During the early history of the [[Commonwealth of Australia]], this was the major political continuum. At that time it was called [[free trade]] vs. [[protectionism]].<br /> * Trade politics: free trade (businesses should be able trade across borders without regulations) vs. [[fair trade]] (international trade should be regulated on behalf of social justice).<br /> * Diversity: [[multiculturalism]] (the nation should represent a diversity of cultural ideas) vs. [[Assimilation (sociology)|assimilationism]] or [[nationalism]] (the nation should primarily represent, or forge, a majority culture).<br /> * Participation: [[democracy]] (rule of majority or [[consensus democracy|consensus]]) vs. [[aristocracy]] (rule by the enlightened, elitism) vs. [[tyranny]] (total degradation of aristocracy). Ancient Greek philosophers such as [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]] recognized tyranny as a state in which the tyrant is ruled by utter [[Stoic passions|passion]], and not reason like the [[philosopher]], resulting in the tyrant pursuing his own desires rather than the common good.<br /> * Freedom: [[positive liberty]] (having rights which impose an obligation on others) vs. [[negative liberty]] (having rights which prohibit interference by others).<br /> * Social power: [[totalitarianism]] vs. [[anarchism]] (control vs. no control) Analyzes the fundamental political interaction among people, and between individuals and their environment. Often posits the existence of a moderate system as existing between the two extremes.<br /> * Change: [[Political radicalism|radical]] [[Revolutionary|revolutionaries]] (who believe in rapid change in support of an ideology) vs. [[Progressivism|progressives]] (who believe in advancing change to the status quo) vs. [[liberalism|liberals]] (who passively accept change) vs. [[conservatism|conservatives]] (who believe in moderating change to preserve the status quo) vs. radical [[Reactionary|reactionaries]] (who believe in changing things to a previous state, i.e. status quo ante).<br /> **[[Political moderate|Political moderates]] oppose radical (revolutionary or reactionary) policies, but they may have progressive, conservative, or liberal tendencies.<br /> * Origin of state authority: [[popular sovereignty]] (the state as a creation of the people, with enumerated, delegated powers) vs. various forms of [[Autocracy|absolutism]] and [[organic state]] philosophy (the state as an original and essential authority) vs. the view held in [[anarcho-primitivism]] that &quot;civilization originates in conquest abroad and repression at home&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Diamond, Stanley, ''In Search Of The Primitive: A Critique Of Civilization'', (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1981), p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Levels of sovereignty: [[Political unitarism|unitarism]] vs. [[federalism]] vs. [[separatism]]; or [[centralism]] vs. [[regionalism (politics)|regionalism]]. Especially important in societies where strong regional or ethnic identities are political issues.<br /> **[[European integration]] (in Europe): [[Euroscepticism]] vs. [[European federalism]]; [[nation state]] vs. [[multinational state]].<br /> **[[Globalization]]: [[nationalism]] or [[patriotism]] vs. [[cosmopolitanism]] or [[Internationalism (politics)|internationalism]]; [[sovereignty]] vs. [[global governance]].<br /> * Openness: closed ([[cultural conservative|culturally conservative]] and [[protectionism|protectionist]]) vs. open ([[social liberalism|socially liberal]] and [[globalism|globalist]]). Popularised as a concept by [[Tony Blair]] in 2007 and increasingly dominant in 21st century European and North American politics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21702750-farewell-left-versus-right-contest-matters-now-open-against-closed-new|title=The new political divide|date=30 July 2016|access-date=24 April 2017|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aei.org/publication/politics-closed-party-vs-open-party/|title=The Closed Party vs. the Open Party|first=James|last=Pethokoukis|date=1 July 2016|access-date=24 April 2017|website=American Enterprise Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Propertarianism]]: Support or opposition to &quot;sticky&quot; private property.<br /> * Priority: the good of the state ([[patriotism]]) vs. the good of the population as a whole ([[utilitarianism]]) vs. the good of certain individuals (often occurs in [[Autocracy|autocratic regimes]]).<br /> * Technology: technological progress or acceleration (e.g. [[transhumanism]]) vs. technological regress or deceleration (e.g. [[anarcho-primitivism]]).<br /> ** [[FM-2030]] coined the terms &quot;up-wing&quot; (looking to the sky and the future, e.g. [[space colonization]]) and &quot;down-wing&quot; (looking to the Earth and the past).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Frozen Father of Modern Transhumanism |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-frozen-father-of-moden-transhumanism/ |access-date=2 November 2024 |website=Vice |date=14 October 2015 |language=en |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120132314/https://www.vice.com/en/article/4x3kjj/the-frozen-father-of-moden-transhumanism |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Political spectrum–based forecasts ==<br /> As shown by Russian political scientist Stepan S. Sulakshin,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Sulakshin, S. |title=A Quantitative Political Spectrum and Forecasting of Social Evolution |journal=International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=55–66 |year=2010 |url=http://iji.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.88/prod.1091 |doi=10.18848/1833-1882/CGP/v05i04/51654 |access-date=4 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818085927/http://iji.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.88/prod.1091 |archive-date=18 August 2011 |url-status=dead |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; political spectra can be used as a forecasting tool. Sulakshin offered mathematical evidence that stable development (positive dynamics of the vast number of statistic indices) depends on the width of the political spectrum: if it is too narrow or too wide, stagnation or political disasters will result. Sulakshin also showed that in the short run the political spectrum determines the statistic indices dynamic and not vice versa.<br /> <br /> == Biological variables ==<br /> {{main|Biology and political orientation}}<br /> <br /> A number of studies have found that [[biology]] can be linked with political orientation.&lt;ref name=Jost2001&gt;{{cite journal|last=Jost|first=John T.|author2=Amodio, David M.|title=Political ideology as motivated social cognition: Behavioral and neuroscientific evidence|journal=Motivation and Emotion|date=13 November 2011|volume=36|issue=1|pages=55–64|doi=10.1007/s11031-011-9260-7|s2cid=10675844|url=http://www.psych.nyu.edu/jost/Jost-Amodio-2012.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many of the studies linking biology to politics remain controversial and unreplicated, although the overall body of evidence is growing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Biology and ideology: The anatomy of politics |last=Buchen |first=Lizzie |date=25 October 2012 |journal=Nature |volume=490 |issue=7421 |pages=466–468 |language=en |doi=10.1038/490466a |pmid = 23099382|bibcode=2012Natur.490..466B |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Studies have found that subjects with [[conservative]] political views have larger [[amygdala]]e and are more prone to feeling [[disgust]].&lt;ref name=RK&gt;{{cite journal|title=Political Orientations Are Correlated with Brain Structure in Young Adults |author=R. Kanai|journal=Curr Biol|date=5 April 2011|pmid=21474316|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2011.03.017|volume=21|issue=8|pages=677–80|pmc=3092984|bibcode=2011CBio...21..677K |display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=YI&gt;{{cite journal|title= Conservatives are more easily disgusted than liberals. |url=http://yoelinbar.net/papers/disgust_conservatism.pdf | author=Y. Inbar |journal= Cognition and Emotion |date=2008|volume=23|issue=4 |pages=714–725 |doi=10.1080/02699930802110007|display-authors=etal|citeseerx=10.1.1.372.3053 |s2cid=7411404 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Liberalism|Liberals]] have larger volume of grey matter in the [[anterior cingulate cortex]] and are better at detecting errors in recurring patterns. The anterior cingulate cortex is used when dealing with conflicting information. A study conducted by researchers from the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA) and [[New York University]] (NYU) had participants sort through a deck of cards. The letter M was four times more likely to be in the deck than the letter W. Participants had to press a button every time an M came up in the deck. Liberals were shown to make fewer errors in mistaking the W for the M. This behavioral study supported the notion that liberals are better with dealing with conflicting information.&lt;ref name=RK/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://psychcentral.com/news/2007/09/10/brains-of-liberals-conservatives-may-work-differently/1691.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013125516/http://psychcentral.com/news/2007/09/10/brains-of-liberals-conservatives-may-work-differently/1691.html|archive-date=13 October 2016|title=Brains of Liberals, Conservatives May Work Differently|publisher=Psych Central|date=20 October 2007|access-date=29 June 2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Conservatives have a stronger [[sympathetic nervous system]] response to threatening images and are more likely to interpret ambiguous facial expressions as threatening.&lt;ref name=Jost2001/&gt;&lt;ref name=JV&gt;{{cite journal|title= Political leanings vary with facial expression processing and psychosocial functioning. | author=J. Vigil |journal= Group Processes &amp; Intergroup Relations |date=2010|volume=13|issue=5 |pages=547–558 |doi=10.1177/1368430209356930| s2cid=59571553 |display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; In general, conservatives are more likely to report larger social networks, more happiness and better self-esteem than liberals. Liberals are more likely to report greater emotional distress, relationship dissatisfaction and experiential hardship and are more open to experience and tolerate uncertainty and disorder better.&lt;ref name=JV/&gt;&lt;ref name=JJ1&gt;{{cite journal|title=The end of the end of ideology. |url=http://www.psych.nyu.edu/jost/Jost%282006%29The-End-of-the-End-of-Ideology.pdf | author=J. Jost |journal= American Psychologist|date=2006|volume=61|issue=7|pages=651–670 |doi=10.1037/0003-066x.61.7.651|display-authors=etal |pmid=17032067}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=JJ2&gt;{{cite journal|title= Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. |url=http://contracabal.com/PDF/Jost-1.pdf | author=J. Jost |journal= Psychological Bulletin |date=2003|volume=129|issue=3|pages=339–375 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339 |pmid=12784934|s2cid=1778256 |display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Genopolitics|Genetic factors]] account for at least some of the variation of political views.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/21/science/21gene.html?pagewanted=all | title=Some Politics May Be Etched in the Genes | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=21 June 2005 | access-date=25 September 2012 | author=Carey, Benedict}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Alford | first1 = J. R. | last2 = Funk | first2 = C. L. | last3 = Hibbing | first3 = J. R. | title = Are Political Orientations Genetically Transmitted? | doi = 10.1017/S0003055405051579 | journal = American Political Science Review | volume = 99 | issue = 2 | pages = 153–167 | year = 2005 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.622.476 | s2cid = 3820911 }}&lt;/ref&gt; From the perspective of [[evolutionary psychology]], conflicts regarding [[redistribution of wealth]] may have been common in the ancestral environment and humans may have developed psychological mechanisms for judging their own chances of succeeding in such conflicts. These mechanisms affect political views.&lt;ref name=AEP&gt;Michael Bang Petersen. The evolutionary psychology of Mass Politics. In {{Cite book | last1 = Roberts | first1 = S. C. | editor1-last = Roberts | doi = 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586073.001.0001 | editor1-first = S. Craig | title = Applied Evolutionary Psychology | year = 2011 | publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 9780199586073 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{col-begin|width=100%}}{{col-break}}<br /> *[[Political faction]]<br /> * [[Cleavage (politics)]]<br /> * [[Horseshoe theory]]<br /> * [[Index of politics articles]]<br /> * [[Left–right politics]]<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> * [[Median voter theorem]]<br /> * ''[[NationStates]]''<br /> * [[Overton window]]<br /> * [[The Political Compass]]<br /> * [[Psephology]]<br /> * [[Roemer model of political competition]]<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> ===Notes===<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> ===Citations===<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131019112321/http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs/articles/folder_published/article_base_54 World Values Survey, The WVS Cultural Map of the World (archived page)]<br /> <br /> {{political spectrum}}<br /> {{Portal bar|Philosophy|Politics}}<br /> [[Category:Political spectrum| ]]<br /> [[Category:Political science terminology]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bastwad&diff=464346 2026-03-27T15:31:04Z

<p>GiseleStead: quick update citations per sources per standard format</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Bastwad<br /> | native_name = <br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = &lt;!--India Karnataka#India--&gt;<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|16|27|14|N|74|52|53|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Belgaum district|Belgaum]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | parts_type = [[Talluk]]<br /> | parts = [[Raybag]]<br /> | government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]<br /> | governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = 2001<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = <br /> | registration_plate =KA <br /> | website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}<br /> | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Bastwad''' is a village in [[Belgaum district]] in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180612210946/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/ Village Directory], 2001 Census of India&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Raybag-geo-stub}}</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_CFL_Premier_Division&diff=549168 2026-03-21T18:30:31Z

<p>GiseleStead: started initial details basic info!</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Calcutta Football League season}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox football league season<br /> | competition = CFL Premier Division<br /> | logo =<br /> | image =<br /> | pixels = 250<br /> | alt =<br /> | caption =<br /> | season = 2016–17<br /> | winners = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]&lt;br&gt;(38th title)<br /> | promoted =<br /> | relegated =<br /> | matches = 135<br /> | matches footnote =<br /> | total goals = 289<br /> | total goals footnote =<br /> | average goals =<br /> | best player =<br /> | league topscorer =<br /> | best goalkeeper =<br /> | biggest home win =<br /> | biggest away win =<br /> | highest scoring =<br /> | longest wins =<br /> | longest unbeaten =<br /> | longest winless =<br /> | longest losses =<br /> | highest attendance =<br /> | lowest attendance =<br /> | attendance =<br /> | average attendance =<br /> | prevseason = [[2015 CFL Premier Division|2015]]<br /> | nextseason = [[2017 CFL Premier Division|2017]]<br /> | updated = 5 October 2016<br /> | extra information =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''2016 [[Calcutta Football League]] Premier Division''' was the 118th season of the CFL Premier Division, a state league within the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]]. The league is divided into two groups – Group A and Group B. The Championship title is awarded only to the Group A winner, while four teams from Group A are relegated to Group B at the end of the season and 4 teams from Group B are simultaneously promoted to Group A for the next season. The fixtures of Group A kicked off on 27 July 2016, and of Group B on 16 July 2016.<br /> <br /> This will also be the first time in history that a trophy will be awarded to the Group A champions, on the day of the last match of the league. The [[Indian Football Association]] also took a decision to award the [[Amal Dutta]] award to the coach adjudged &quot;Best coach of the league&quot;. The association also announced that a monetary award amounting to Rs. 25 lakhs will be given to the champions of Group A.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=24 July 2016|title=সেরা কোচ পাবেন অমল দত্ত ট্রফি|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/khela/best-football-coach-will-get-amal-dutta-trophy-1.441342#|newspaper=আনন্দবাজার পত্রিকা|access-date=24 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] were crowned champions for a record 38th time in history and for the 7th consecutive season. This is also the 3rd time that they have won the league without dropping a single point.<br /> <br /> == Premier Division A ==<br /> <br /> {{Infobox football league season<br /> | competition = CFL Premier Division A<br /> | logo =<br /> | image =<br /> | pixels =<br /> | alt =<br /> | caption =<br /> | season = 2016–17<br /> | winners =<br /> | promoted =<br /> | relegated = [[United S.C.|United]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Aryan F.C.|Aryan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]&lt;br /&gt;[[George Telegraph S.C.|George Telegraph]]<br /> | matches = 55<br /> | matches footnote =<br /> | total goals = 135<br /> | total goals footnote =<br /> | average goals =<br /> | best player =<br /> | league topscorer = {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Daniel Bedemi]] ([[Mohun Bagan A.C.|MOH]])&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Darryl Duffy]] ([[Mohun Bagan A.C.|MOH]])&lt;br /&gt;(6 goals)<br /> | best goalkeeper =<br /> | biggest home win =<br /> | biggest away win =<br /> | highest scoring = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] vs [[United S.C.|United]] &lt;br /&gt; 4–3 &lt;br /&gt; ''(16 August 2016)'' &lt;br /&gt;'''(7 goals)'''<br /> | longest wins = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]&lt;br /&gt;'''(10 matches)'''<br /> | longest unbeaten = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]&lt;br /&gt;'''(10 matches)'''<br /> | longest winless = [[George Telegraph S.C.|George Telegraph]]&lt;br /&gt;'''(10 matches)'''<br /> | longest losses = [[George Telegraph S.C.|George Telegraph]]&lt;br /&gt;'''(9 matches)'''<br /> | highest attendance =<br /> | lowest attendance =<br /> | attendance =<br /> | average attendance =<br /> | prevseason = 2015<br /> | nextseason = [[2017 CFL Premier Division#Premier Division A|2017]]<br /> | updated = 28 September 2016<br /> | extra information =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Standings ===<br /> <br /> &lt;onlyinclude&gt;{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=football<br /> |update=28 September 2016<br /> |source=[https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/calcutta-premier-division/20162017/regular-season/r38191/ Soccerway]<br /> &lt;!--Update team positions below--&gt;<br /> |team1=KEB|team2=MSC |team3=MOH |team4=SOU |team5=PRL |team6=ARM |team7=TOL |team8=USC |team9=ARN |team10=BHA |team11=GTL<br /> |result1=C |result8=R |result9=R |result10=R |result11=R<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Update team results below and then (if needed positions above). Dont forget to update the date above (update parameter)--&gt;<br /> |win_ARM=4 |draw_ARM=2 |loss_ARM=4 |gf_ARM=14|ga_ARM=16|status_ARM= &lt;!--Army XI--&gt;<br /> |win_ARN=2 |draw_ARN=3 |loss_ARN=5 |gf_ARN=7 |ga_ARN=14|status_ARN=R &lt;!--Aryan--&gt;<br /> |win_BHA=1 |draw_BHA=3 |loss_BHA=6 |gf_BHA=11|ga_BHA=14|status_BHA=R &lt;!--Bhawanipore--&gt;<br /> |win_KEB=10|draw_KEB=0 |loss_KEB=0 |gf_KEB=19|ga_KEB=6 |status_KEB=C &lt;!--East Bengal--&gt;<br /> |win_GTL=0 |draw_GTL=1 |loss_GTL=9 |gf_GTL=6 |ga_GTL=29|status_GTL=R &lt;!--George Telegraph--&gt;<br /> |win_MSC=6 |draw_MSC=2 |loss_MSC=2 |gf_MSC=13|ga_MSC=7 |status_MSC= &lt;!--Mohammedan--&gt;<br /> |win_MOH=6 |draw_MOH=1 |loss_MOH=3 |gf_MOH=20|ga_MOH=7 |status_MOH= &lt;!--Mohun Bagan--&gt;<br /> |win_PRL=3 |draw_PRL=5 |loss_PRL=2 |gf_PRL=12|ga_PRL=11|status_PRL= &lt;!--Peerless--&gt;<br /> |win_SOU=4 |draw_SOU=3 |loss_SOU=3 |gf_SOU=11|ga_SOU=8 |status_SOU= &lt;!--Southern Samity--&gt;<br /> |win_TOL=3 |draw_TOL=4 |loss_TOL=3 |gf_TOL=10|ga_TOL=11|status_TOL= &lt;!--Tollygunge Agragami--&gt;<br /> |win_USC=3 |draw_USC=2 |loss_USC=5 |gf_USC=15|ga_USC=15|status_USC=R &lt;!--United--&gt;<br /> <br /> |note_KEB=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] were awarded 3 points in the match against [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]] as [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]] refused to field a team for the match citing inadequate time for practice. The result of the match was declared by [[Indian Football Association|IFA]] to be 3–0 in favour of [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]].&lt;ref name=walkover&gt;{{cite web|url=http://xtratime.in/football/ifa-show-causes-mohun-bagan-officials/|title=IFA show causes Mohun Bagan Officials|access-date=23 September 2016|website=xtratime.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |note_MOH=KEB<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Team definitions (wikilinks in table)--&gt;<br /> |name_ARM=[[Army Red (football team)|Army XI]]<br /> |name_ARN=[[Aryan F.C.|Aryan]]<br /> |name_BHA=[[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]<br /> |name_KEB=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> |name_GTL=[[George Telegraph S.C.|George Telegraph]]<br /> |name_MSC=[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br /> |name_MOH=[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]<br /> |name_PRL=[[Peerless SC]]<br /> |name_SOU=[[Southern Samity]]<br /> |name_TOL=[[Tollygunge Agragami]]<br /> |name_USC=[[United S.C.|United]]<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Table settings--&gt;<br /> |show_limit=5<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Qualification and relegation column definitions--&gt;<br /> |res_col_header=QR<br /> |col_C=#ccffcc |text_C=Champion<br /> |col_R=red1 |text_R=Relegation to [[2017 CFL Premier Division#Premier Division B|Premier Division B]]<br /> }}&lt;/onlyinclude&gt;<br /> <br /> === Results ===<br /> <br /> {{#invoke:Sports results|main<br /> |update=28 September 2016<br /> |source=[https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/calcutta-premier-division/20162017/regular-season/r38191/ Soccerway]<br /> |team1=ARM |team2=ARN |team3=BHA |team4=KEB |team5=GTL |team6=MSC |team7=MOH |team8=PRL |team9=SOU |team10=TOL |team11=USC<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Team definitions (wikilinks in table)--&gt;<br /> |name_ARM=[[Army Red (football team)|Army XI]]<br /> |name_ARN=[[Aryan F.C.|Aryan]]<br /> |name_BHA=[[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]<br /> |name_KEB=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> |name_GTL=[[George Telegraph S.C.|George Telegraph]]<br /> |name_MSC=[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br /> |name_MOH=[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]<br /> |name_PRL=[[Peerless SC]]<br /> |name_SOU=[[Southern Samity]]<br /> |name_TOL=[[Tollygunge Agragami]]<br /> |name_USC=[[United S.C.|United]]<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Team definitions (wikilinks in table)--&gt;<br /> |short_ARM=[[Army Red (football team)|ARM]]<br /> |short_ARN=[[Aryan F.C.|ARN]]<br /> |short_BHA=[[Bhawanipore F.C.|BHA]]<br /> |short_KEB=[[East Bengal F.C.|KEB]]<br /> |short_GTL=[[George Telegraph S.C.|GTL]]<br /> |short_MSC=[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|MSC]]<br /> |short_MOH=[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|MOH]]<br /> |short_PRL=[[Peerless SC|PRL]]<br /> |short_SOU=[[Southern Samity|SOU]]<br /> |short_TOL=[[Tollygunge Agragami|TOL]]<br /> |short_USC=[[United S.C.|USC]]<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Army XI matches--&gt;<br /> |match_ARM_ARN={{color|black|0–0}}<br /> |match_ARM_BHA={{color|blue|3–2}}<br /> |match_ARM_KEB={{color|red|1–2}}<br /> |match_ARM_GTL={{color|blue|4–1}}<br /> |match_ARM_MSC={{color|red|0–1}}<br /> |match_ARM_MOH={{color|red|0–6}}<br /> |match_ARM_PRL={{color|blue|4–2}}<br /> |match_ARM_SOU={{color|red|0–1}}<br /> |match_ARM_TOL={{color|black|1–1}}<br /> |match_ARM_USC={{color|blue|1–0}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Aryan matches--&gt;<br /> |match_ARN_ARM=—<br /> |match_ARN_BHA={{color|blue|2–1}}<br /> |match_ARN_KEB={{color|red|0–1}}<br /> |match_ARN_GTL={{color|black|1–1}}<br /> |match_ARN_MSC={{color|red|0–1}}<br /> |match_ARN_MOH={{color|red|1–5}}<br /> |match_ARN_PRL={{color|red|0–3}}<br /> |match_ARN_SOU={{color|red|1–2}}<br /> |match_ARN_TOL={{color|blue|2–0}}<br /> |match_ARN_USC={{color|black|0–0}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Bhawanipore matches--&gt;<br /> |match_BHA_ARM=—<br /> |match_BHA_ARN=—<br /> |match_BHA_KEB={{color|red|1–2}}<br /> |match_BHA_GTL={{color|blue|4–0}}<br /> |match_BHA_MSC={{color|red|0–1}}<br /> |match_BHA_MOH={{color|red|0–1}}<br /> |match_BHA_PRL={{color|black|1–1}}<br /> |match_BHA_SOU={{color|black|0–0}}<br /> |match_BHA_TOL={{color|black|2–2}}<br /> |match_BHA_USC={{color|red|0–2}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!--East Bengal matches--&gt;<br /> |match_KEB_ARM=—<br /> |match_KEB_ARN=—<br /> |match_KEB_BHA=—<br /> |match_KEB_GTL={{color|blue|1–0}}<br /> |match_KEB_MSC={{color|blue|1–0}}<br /> |match_KEB_MOH={{color|blue|3–0}}&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> |match_KEB_PRL={{color|blue|2–0}}<br /> |match_KEB_SOU={{color|blue|2–1}}<br /> |match_KEB_TOL={{color|blue|1–0}}<br /> |match_KEB_USC={{color|blue|4–3}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!--George Telegraph matches--&gt;<br /> |match_GTL_ARM=—<br /> |match_GTL_ARN=—<br /> |match_GTL_BHA=—<br /> |match_GTL_KEB=—<br /> |match_GTL_MSC={{color|red|1–4}}<br /> |match_GTL_MOH={{color|red|0–4}}<br /> |match_GTL_PRL={{color|red|1–2}}<br /> |match_GTL_SOU={{color|red|0–2}}<br /> |match_GTL_TOL={{color|red|1–2}}<br /> |match_GTL_USC={{color|red|1–5}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Mohammedan matches--&gt;<br /> |match_MSC_ARM=—<br /> |match_MSC_ARN=—<br /> |match_MSC_BHA=—<br /> |match_MSC_KEB=—<br /> |match_MSC_GTL=—<br /> |match_MSC_MOH={{color|blue|1–0}}<br /> |match_MSC_PRL={{color|black|0–0}}<br /> |match_MSC_SOU={{color|blue|2–1}}<br /> |match_MSC_TOL={{color|red|1–2}}<br /> |match_MSC_USC={{color|black|2–2}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Mohun Bagan matches--&gt;<br /> |match_MOH_ARM=—<br /> |match_MOH_ARN=—<br /> |match_MOH_BHA=—<br /> |match_MOH_KEB=—<br /> |match_MOH_GTL=—<br /> |match_MOH_MSC=—<br /> |match_MOH_PRL={{color|black|0–0}}<br /> |match_MOH_SOU={{color|blue|1–0}}<br /> |match_MOH_TOL={{color|red|0–1}}<br /> |match_MOH_USC={{color|blue|3–1}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Peerless matches--&gt;<br /> |match_PRL_ARM=—<br /> |match_PRL_ARN=—<br /> |match_PRL_BHA=—<br /> |match_PRL_KEB=—<br /> |match_PRL_GTL=—<br /> |match_PRL_MSC=—<br /> |match_PRL_MOH=—<br /> |match_PRL_SOU={{color|black|1–1}}<br /> |match_PRL_TOL={{color|black|1–1}}<br /> |match_PRL_USC={{color|blue|2–1}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Southern Samity matches--&gt;<br /> |match_SOU_ARM=—<br /> |match_SOU_ARN=—<br /> |match_SOU_BHA=—<br /> |match_SOU_KEB=—<br /> |match_SOU_GTL=—<br /> |match_SOU_MSC=—<br /> |match_SOU_MOH=—<br /> |match_SOU_PRL=—<br /> |match_SOU_TOL={{color|black|1–1}}<br /> |match_SOU_USC={{color|blue|2–0}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Tollygunge Agragami matches--&gt;<br /> |match_TOL_ARM=—<br /> |match_TOL_ARN=—<br /> |match_TOL_BHA=—<br /> |match_TOL_KEB=—<br /> |match_TOL_GTL=—<br /> |match_TOL_MSC=—<br /> |match_TOL_MOH=—<br /> |match_TOL_PRL=—<br /> |match_TOL_SOU=—<br /> |match_TOL_USC={{color|red|0–1}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!--United matches--&gt;<br /> |match_USC_ARM=—<br /> |match_USC_ARN=—<br /> |match_USC_BHA=—<br /> |match_USC_KEB=—<br /> |match_USC_GTL=—<br /> |match_USC_MSC=—<br /> |match_USC_MOH=—<br /> |match_USC_PRL=—<br /> |match_USC_SOU=—<br /> |match_USC_TOL=—<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{legend2|blue|Home team won|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}; {{legend2|black|Match drawn|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}; {{legend2|red|Away team won|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}};<br /> <br /> &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] were awarded 3 points in the match against [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]] as [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]] refused to field a team for the match citing inadequate time for practice. The result of the match was declared by [[Indian Football Association|IFA]] to be 3–0 in favour of [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]].&lt;ref name=walkover /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Statistics ===<br /> <br /> ==== Top Scorers ====<br /> {{updated|28 September 2016}}<br /> Source: [http://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_premier_league_a_2016/result.html kolkatafootball.com]<br /> ;6 goals<br /> {{Div col|colwidth=22em}}<br /> * {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Daniel Bedemi]] ([[Mohun Bagan A.C.|MOH]])<br /> * {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Darryl Duffy]] ([[Mohun Bagan A.C.|MOH]])<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> ;5 goals<br /> {{Div col|colwidth=22em}}<br /> * {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Joël Sunday]] ([[Tollygunge Agragami|TOL]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} V.P.Suhair ([[United S.C.|USC]])<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> ;4 goals<br /> {{Div col|colwidth=22em}}<br /> * {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Do Dong-Hyun]] ([[East Bengal F.C.|KEB]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} Manvir Singh ([[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|MSC]])<br /> * {{flagicon|Ivory Coast}} Zikahi Leonce Dedoz ([[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|MSC]])<br /> * {{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Ansumana Kromah|Ghanefo Kromah]] (PRL)<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} [[Ashim Biswas (footballer)|Ashim Biswas]] ([[Southern Samity|SOU]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} M.Basant Singh ([[Southern Samity|SOU]])<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> ;3 goals<br /> {{Div col|colwidth=22em}}<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} Sanjay Rana (ARM)<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} Jagannath Sana ([[Bhawanipore F.C.|BHA]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} [[Tirthankar Sarkar]] ([[Bhawanipore F.C.|BHA]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} Jiten Murmu ([[East Bengal F.C.|KEB]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} [[Lalrindika Ralte]] ([[East Bengal F.C.|KEB]])<br /> * {{flagicon|Ivory Coast}} [[Kamo Stephane Bayi|Bayi Kamo]] ([[George Telegraph S.C.|GTL]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} [[Prabir Das]] ([[Mohun Bagan A.C.|MOH]])<br /> * {{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Eric Brown (footballer)|Eric Brown]] ([[United S.C.|USC]])<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> ;2 goals<br /> {{Div col|colwidth=22em}}<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} Anthony Chettri (ARM)<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} Abhijit Sarkar ([[Aryan F.C.|ARN]])<br /> * {{flagicon|Nigeria}} Bolane Kazeem Amobi ([[Aryan F.C.|ARN]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} Pritam Sarkar ([[Bhawanipore F.C.|BHA]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} [[Arnab Mondal]] ([[East Bengal F.C.|KEB]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} [[Azharuddin Mallick]] ([[Mohun Bagan A.C.|MOH]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} [[Thangjam Singh]] ([[Mohun Bagan A.C.|MOH]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} Anil Kisku (PRL)<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} Arghya Chakraborty (PRL)<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} [[Syed Rahim Nabi]] (PRL)<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} Monotosh Chakladar ([[United S.C.|USC]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} Shankar Oraon ([[United S.C.|USC]])<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> ;1 goal<br /> {{Div col|colwidth=22em}}<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} Arjun Tudu (ARM)<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} E.Alwyn (ARM)<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} P.Jain (ARM)<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} Samu Hembram (ARM)<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} Goutam Thakur ([[Aryan F.C.|ARN]])<br /> * {{flagicon|Nigeria}} Obasi Moses Louis ([[Aryan F.C.|ARN]])<br /> * {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Orok Essien]] ([[Bhawanipore F.C.|BHA]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} [[Bijendra Rai]] ([[Bhawanipore F.C.|BHA]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} Francis Xavier ([[Bhawanipore F.C.|BHA]])<br /> * {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Oluwaunmi Somide|Adelaja]] ([[East Bengal F.C.|KEB]])<br /> * {{flagicon|England}} [[Calum Angus]] ([[East Bengal F.C.|KEB]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} [[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]] ([[East Bengal F.C.|KEB]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} [[Rahul Bheke]] ([[East Bengal F.C.|KEB]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} Subha Kumar ([[George Telegraph S.C.|GTL]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} Rajib Shaw ([[George Telegraph S.C.|GTL]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} Atinder Mani ([[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|MSC]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} Dipendu Dowary ([[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|MSC]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} Nitesh Chhikara ([[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|MSC]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} Parminder Singh ([[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|MSC]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} [[Usman Ashik]] ([[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|MSC]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} [[Ajay Singh (footballer)|Ajay Singh]] ([[Mohun Bagan A.C.|MOH]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} Sukhwinder Singh (PRL)<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} Sumit Ghosh (PRL)<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} Krishna Das Sharma ([[Southern Samity|SOU]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} Suman Hazra ([[Southern Samity|SOU]])<br /> * {{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Alfred Jaryan]] ([[Tollygunge Agragami|TOL]])<br /> * {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Kareem Omolaja]] ([[Tollygunge Agragami|TOL]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} Palsang Lama ([[Tollygunge Agragami|TOL]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} [[Reisangmei Vashum]] ([[Tollygunge Agragami|TOL]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} [[Surabuddin Mollick]] ([[Tollygunge Agragami|TOL]])<br /> * {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Bello Razaq]] ([[United S.C.|USC]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} Budhiram Tudu ([[United S.C.|USC]])<br /> * {{flagicon|India}} Md.Rashid ([[United S.C.|USC]])<br /> <br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==== Hat-tricks ====<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Player !! For !! Against !! style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| Result !! Date !! Ref<br /> |-align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Darryl Duffy]]<br /> |[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]<br /> |{{align|left|[[Aryan F.C.|Aryan]]}}<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|5–1<br /> |6 August 2016<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sportstarlive.com/football/duffy-makes-a-memorable-debut-for-bagan/article8953428.ece|title=Duffy makes a memorable debut for Bagan|work=[[Sportstar]]|date=6 August 2016|accessdate=6 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |{{align|left|{{flagicon|IND}} V.P. Suhair}}<br /> |{{align|left|[[United S.C.|United]]}}<br /> |[[George Telegraph S.C.|George Telegraph]]<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|5–1<br /> |25 August 2016<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Seasons-1st-Kolkata-Derby-on-September-7/articleshow/53863255.cms|title=Season's 1st Kolkata Derby on September 7|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 August 2016|accessdate=28 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160826/jsp/sports/story_104591.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828124024/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160826/jsp/sports/story_104591.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 August 2016|title=CFL match – Short Takes|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=26 August 2016|accessdate=28 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Daniel Bedemi]] &lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> |[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]<br /> |{{align|left|Army XI}}<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|6–0<br /> |10 September 2016<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2016/09/11/27391082/calcutta-football-league-mohun-bagan-put-six-past-army-xi|title=Mohun Bagan put SIX past Army XI|website=goal.com|date=11 September 2016|accessdate=15 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> &lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; The player scored 4 goals<br /> <br /> == Premier Division B ==<br /> <br /> {{Infobox football league season<br /> | competition = CFL Premier Division B<br /> | logo =<br /> | image =<br /> | pixels =<br /> | alt =<br /> | caption =<br /> | season = 2016–17<br /> | winners =<br /> | promoted = Pathachakra&lt;br /&gt;[[Rainbow AC|Rainbow]]&lt;br /&gt;Railway F.C.&lt;br /&gt;[[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]<br /> | relegated = [[Dalhousie AC|Dalhousie]]<br /> | matches = 80<br /> | matches footnote =<br /> | total goals = 154<br /> | total goals footnote =<br /> | average goals =<br /> | best player =<br /> | league topscorer =<br /> | best goalkeeper =<br /> | highest scoring = Pathachakra vs Rainbow &lt;br /&gt; 3–3 &lt;br /&gt; ''(22 September 2016)'' &lt;br /&gt;'''(6 goals)'''<br /> | longest wins = [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]]&lt;br /&gt;Pathachakra&lt;br /&gt;Police A.C.&lt;br /&gt;'''(3 matches)'''<br /> | longest unbeaten = Rainbow&lt;br /&gt;'''(15 matches)'''<br /> | longest winless = Police A.C.&lt;br /&gt;'''(11 matches)'''<br /> | longest losses = [[Dalhousie AC|Dalhousie]]&lt;br /&gt;'''(6 matches)'''<br /> | highest attendance =<br /> | lowest attendance =<br /> | attendance =<br /> | average attendance =<br /> | prevseason = 2015<br /> | nextseason = [[2017 CFL Premier Division#Premier Division B|2017]]<br /> | updated = 5 October 2016<br /> | extra information =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Standings ===<br /> Note: ''After the results of the 10th round, the teams were divided into two groups of top 6 and bottom 5. The top 6 teams are to play against each other in a single-leg format, called the championship round, while the bottom 5 teams play against each other in the same single-leg format called the relegation round. Each team carried forward their points and other records from the previous 10 matches into the championship or the relegation round.''<br /> {{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=football<br /> |update=complete <br /> |source=[http://thif-live.com/leagues/cfl-premier-division-b/ Thif-live]<br /> &lt;!--Update team positions below--&gt;<br /> |team1=PAT |team2=RAI |team3=RFC |team4=CCU |team5=SAI |team6=BNR |team7=KMS |team8=FCI |team9=PAC |team10=ERY |team11=DAC<br /> |result1=P |result2=P |result3=P |result4=P |result5=CR |result6=CR |result7=RR |result8=RR |result9=RR |result10=R |result11=R<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Update team results hbe and then (if needed positions above). Dont forget to update the date above (update parameter)--&gt;<br /> |win_BNR=4 |draw_BNR=4 |loss_BNR=7 |gf_BNR=15|ga_BNR=21|status_BNR= &lt;!--Bengal Nagpur Railway--&gt;<br /> |win_CCU=6 |draw_CCU=6 |loss_CCU=3 |gf_CCU=14|ga_CCU=8 |status_CCU=P &lt;!--Calcutta Customs--&gt;<br /> |win_DAC=1 |draw_DAC=3 |loss_DAC=10|gf_DAC=10|ga_DAC=24|status_DAC=R &lt;!--Dalhousie--&gt;<br /> |win_ERY=2 |draw_ERY=4 |loss_ERY=8 |gf_ERY=8 |ga_ERY=17|status_ERY=R &lt;!--Eastern Rail--&gt;<br /> |win_FCI=4 |draw_FCI=6 |loss_FCI=4 |gf_FCI=15|ga_FCI=12|status_FCI= &lt;!--Food Corporation of India--&gt;<br /> |win_KMS=7 |draw_KMS=2 |loss_KMS=5 |gf_KMS=16|ga_KMS=16|status_KMS= &lt;!--Kalighat M.S.--&gt;<br /> |win_PAT=7 |draw_PAT=5 |loss_PAT=3 |gf_PAT=15|ga_PAT=9 |status_PAT=P &lt;!--Pathachakra--&gt;<br /> |win_PAC=3 |draw_PAC=6 |loss_PAC=5 |gf_PAC=15|ga_PAC=19|status_PAC= &lt;!--Police A.C.--&gt;<br /> |win_RFC=5 |draw_RFC=9 |loss_RFC=1 |gf_RFC=14|ga_RFC=8 |status_RFC=P &lt;!--Railway F.C.--&gt;<br /> |win_RAI=5 |draw_RAI=10|loss_RAI=0 |gf_RAI=19|ga_RAI=9 |status_RAI=P &lt;!--Rainbow--&gt;<br /> |win_SAI=5 |draw_SAI=7 |loss_SAI=3 |gf_SAI=11|ga_SAI=9 |status_SAI= &lt;!--SAI Darjeeling--&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Team definitions (wikilinks in table)--&gt;<br /> |name_BNR=[[Bengal Nagpur Railway]]<br /> |name_CCU=[[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]<br /> |name_DAC=[[Dalhousie AC|Dalhousie]]<br /> |name_ERY=[[Eastern Railway FC|Eastern Rail]]<br /> |name_FCI=[[Food Corporation of India F.C.|Food Corporation of India]]<br /> |name_KMS=[[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat M.S.]]<br /> |name_PAT=Pathachakra<br /> |name_PAC=Police A.C.<br /> |name_RFC=Railway F.C.<br /> |name_RAI=[[Rainbow A.C.|Rainbow]]<br /> |name_SAI=[[Sports Authority of India|SAI Darjeeling]]<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Qualification and relegation column definitions--&gt;<br /> |res_col_header=QR<br /> |col_P=#ccffcc |text_P=Promotion to [[2017 CFL Premier Division#Premier Division A|Premier Division A]]<br /> |col_R=red1 |text_R=Relegation to First Division<br /> |col_CR=green3 |text_CR=Championship Round<br /> |col_RR=red3 |text_RR=Relegation Round<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Results ===<br /> <br /> {{#invoke:Sports results|main<br /> |update=complete <br /> |source=[http://thif-live.com/leagues/cfl-premier-division-b/ Thif-live]<br /> |team1=BNR |team2=CCU |team3=DAC |team4=ERY |team5=FCI |team6=KMS |team7=PAT |team8=PAC |team9=RFC |team10=RAI |team11=SAI<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Team definitions (wikilinks in table)--&gt;<br /> |name_BNR=[[Bengal Nagpur Railway]]<br /> |name_CCU=[[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]<br /> |name_DAC=[[Dalhousie AC|Dalhousie]]<br /> |name_ERY=[[Eastern Railway FC|Eastern Rail]]<br /> |name_FCI=[[Food Corporation of India F.C.|Food Corporation of India]]<br /> |name_KMS=[[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat M.S.]]<br /> |name_PAT=Pathachakra<br /> |name_PAC=Police A.C.<br /> |name_RFC=Railway F.C.<br /> |name_RAI=[[Rainbow AC|Rainbow]]<br /> |name_SAI=[[Sports Authority of India|SAI Darjeeling]]<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Team definitions (wikilinks in table)--&gt;<br /> |short_BNR=[[Bengal Nagpur Railway|BNR]]<br /> |short_CCU=CCU<br /> |short_DAC=[[Dalhousie AC|DAC]]<br /> |short_ERY=[[Eastern Railway FC|ERY]]<br /> |short_FCI=[[Food Corporation of India F.C.|FCI]]<br /> |short_KMS=[[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|KMS]]<br /> |short_PAT=PAT<br /> |short_PAC=PAC<br /> |short_RFC=RFC<br /> |short_RAI=RAI<br /> |short_SAI=[[Sports Authority of India|SAI]]<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Bengal Nagpur Railway matches--&gt;<br /> |match_BNR_CCU={{color|red|0–4}}<br /> |match_BNR_DAC={{color|blue|2–1}}<br /> |match_BNR_ERY={{color|—}}<br /> |match_BNR_FCI={{color|black|1–1}}<br /> |match_BNR_KMS={{color|blue|1–0}}<br /> |match_BNR_PAT={{color|red|0–2}}<br /> |match_BNR_PAC={{color|—}}<br /> |match_BNR_RFC={{color|red|0–1}}<br /> |match_BNR_RAI={{color|red|0–2}}<br /> |match_BNR_SAI={{color|red|2–3}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Calcutta Customs matches--&gt;<br /> |match_CCU_BNR={{color|blue|2–0}}<br /> |match_CCU_DAC={{color|blue|2–1}}<br /> |match_CCU_ERY={{color|—}}<br /> |match_CCU_FCI={{color|black|1–1}}<br /> |match_CCU_KMS={{color|red|0–1}}<br /> |match_CCU_PAT={{color|black|0–0}}<br /> |match_CCU_PAC={{color|—}}<br /> |match_CCU_RFC={{color|blue|1–0}}<br /> |match_CCU_RAI={{color|black|0–0}}<br /> |match_CCU_SAI={{color|blue|2–1}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Dalhousie matches--&gt;<br /> |match_DAC_BNR={{color|—}}<br /> |match_DAC_CCU={{color|—}}<br /> |match_DAC_ERY={{color|red|0–1}}<br /> |match_DAC_FCI={{color|black|0–0}}<br /> |match_DAC_KMS={{color|red|1–3}}<br /> |match_DAC_PAT={{color|—}}<br /> |match_DAC_PAC={{color|red|1–4}}<br /> |match_DAC_RFC={{color|—}}<br /> |match_DAC_RAI={{color|—}}<br /> |match_DAC_SAI={{color|—}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Eastern Rail matches--&gt;<br /> |match_ERY_BNR={{color|red|1–3}}<br /> |match_ERY_CCU={{color|black|0–0}}<br /> |match_ERY_DAC={{color|red|0–1}}<br /> |match_ERY_FCI={{color|blue|1–0}}<br /> |match_ERY_KMS={{color|red|0–1}}<br /> |match_ERY_PAT={{color|—}}<br /> |match_ERY_PAC={{color|red|1–2}}<br /> |match_ERY_RFC={{color|black|1–1}}<br /> |match_ERY_RAI={{color|black|0–0}}<br /> |match_ERY_SAI={{color|red|0–1}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Food Corporation of India matches--&gt;<br /> |match_FCI_BNR={{color|—}}<br /> |match_FCI_CCU={{color|—}}<br /> |match_FCI_DAC={{color|blue|1–0}}<br /> |match_FCI_ERY={{color|blue|3–1}}<br /> |match_FCI_KMS={{color|red|1–2}}<br /> |match_FCI_PAT={{color|—}}<br /> |match_FCI_PAC={{color|blue|3–0}}<br /> |match_FCI_RFC={{color|—}}<br /> |match_FCI_RAI={{color|—}}<br /> |match_FCI_SAI={{color|—}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Kalighat M.S. matches--&gt;<br /> |match_KMS_BNR={{color|—}}<br /> |match_KMS_CCU={{color|—}}<br /> |match_KMS_DAC={{color|blue|2–1}}<br /> |match_KMS_ERY={{color|blue|1–0}}<br /> |match_KMS_FCI={{color|red|2–3}}<br /> |match_KMS_PAT={{color|—}}<br /> |match_KMS_PAC={{color|red|0–2}}<br /> |match_KMS_RFC={{color|—}}<br /> |match_KMS_RAI={{color|—}}<br /> |match_KMS_SAI={{color|—}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Pathachakra matches--&gt;<br /> |match_PAT_BNR={{color|blue|1–0}}<br /> |match_PAT_CCU={{color|blue|1–0}}<br /> |match_PAT_DAC={{color|blue|3–1}}<br /> |match_PAT_ERY={{color|—}}<br /> |match_PAT_FCI={{color|blue|1–0}}<br /> |match_PAT_KMS={{color|blue|1–0}}<br /> |match_PAT_PAC={{color|—}}<br /> |match_PAT_RFC={{color|red|0–1}}<br /> |match_PAT_RAI={{color|black|3–3}}<br /> |match_PAT_SAI={{color|red|0–1}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Police A.C. matches--&gt;<br /> |match_PAC_BNR={{color|red|1–4}}<br /> |match_PAC_CCU={{color|red|0–2}}<br /> |match_PAC_DAC={{color|black|2–2}}<br /> |match_PAC_ERY={{color|black|1–1}}<br /> |match_PAC_FCI={{color|black|0–0}}<br /> |match_PAC_KMS={{color|black|1–1}}<br /> |match_PAC_PAT={{color|black|0–0}}<br /> |match_PAC_RFC={{color|black|0–0}}<br /> |match_PAC_RAI={{color|red|1–3}}<br /> |match_PAC_SAI={{color|red|0–1}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Railway F.C. matches--&gt;<br /> |match_RFC_BNR={{color|black|1–1}}<br /> |match_RFC_CCU={{color|black|0–0}}<br /> |match_RFC_DAC={{color|blue|1–0}}<br /> |match_RFC_ERY={{color|—}}<br /> |match_RFC_FCI={{color|black|1–1}}<br /> |match_RFC_KMS={{color|blue|4–1}}<br /> |match_RFC_PAT={{color|blue|2–1}}<br /> |match_RFC_PAC={{color|—}}<br /> |match_RFC_RAI={{color|black|1–1}}<br /> |match_RFC_SAI={{color|black|0–0}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Rainbow matches--&gt;<br /> |match_RAI_BNR={{color|black|1–1}}<br /> |match_RAI_CCU={{color|blue|3–0}}<br /> |match_RAI_DAC={{color|blue|3–1}}<br /> |match_RAI_ERY={{color|—}}<br /> |match_RAI_FCI={{color|black|0–0}}<br /> |match_RAI_KMS={{color|black|0–0}}<br /> |match_RAI_PAT={{color|black|0–0}}<br /> |match_RAI_PAC={{color|—}}<br /> |match_RAI_RFC={{color|black|1–1}}<br /> |match_RAI_SAI={{color|blue|2–1}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!--SAI Darjeeling matches--&gt;<br /> |match_SAI_BNR={{color|black|0–0}}<br /> |match_SAI_CCU={{color|black|0–0}}<br /> |match_SAI_DAC={{color|black|0–0}}<br /> |match_SAI_ERY={{color|—}}<br /> |match_SAI_FCI={{color|blue|2–1}}<br /> |match_SAI_KMS={{color|red|1–2}}<br /> |match_SAI_PAT={{color|black|0–0}}<br /> |match_SAI_PAC={{color|—}}<br /> |match_SAI_RFC={{color|black|0–0}}<br /> |match_SAI_RAI={{color|black|0–0}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{legend2|blue|Home team won|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}; {{legend2|black|Match drawn|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}; {{legend2|red|Away team won|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}};<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Calcutta Premier Division}}<br /> {{2016–17 in Indian football}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:2016-17 CFL Premier Division}}<br /> [[Category:CFL Premier Division seasons]]<br /> [[Category:2016–17 in Indian football leagues|Cal]]<br /> [[Category:2016–17 in Indian football]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archery_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games&diff=451965 2026-03-20T15:17:06Z

<p>GiseleStead: Content refined for better accuracy</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|None}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox Commonwealth Games event<br /> |event = Archery<br /> |games = 2010<br /> |image = Archery pictogram.svg<br /> |image_size = 80<br /> |caption = <br /> |location = [[Delhi]], India<br /> |venue = [[Yamuna Sports Complex]]<br /> |dates = 4 to 13 October 2010<br /> |competitors = <br /> |nations =<br /> |prev = [[Archery at the 1982 Commonwealth Games|1982]]<br /> |next = <br /> }}<br /> '''Archery at the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]]''' was the second appearance of [[Archery at the Commonwealth Games]]. Competition was held in [[Delhi]], India, 4 to 13 October 2010 and featured contests in eight events.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018044725/https://thecgf.com/results/games/3046 |title=Medal Standings Delhi 2010 |website=Commonwealth Games Federation |access-date=20 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[archery]] events were held at the [[Yamuna Sports Complex]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/schedule/default.stm |title=Commonwealth Games 2010: Event schedule |website=BBC Sport|access-date=20 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This was the second games appearance of the optional [[Commonwealth Games sport]], almost thirty years after its debut at the [[1982 Commonwealth Games]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cwgdelhi2010.org/dcwg/?q=node/617|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615062403/http://cwgdelhi2010.org/dcwg/?q=node/617|url-status=usurped|archive-date=15 June 2010|title=Archery|publisher=Organising Committee Commonwealth Games 2010 Delhi|access-date=23 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Twenty-three nations entered archers into the tournament.&lt;ref name=&quot;provisional&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.archery.org/UserFiles/Document/Miscellaneous%20Events/10_CG_Delhi/10_CG_Participants.pdf|title=Provisional List of Participants|publisher=World Archery|access-date=23 September 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100922062042/http://archery.org/UserFiles/Document/Miscellaneous%20Events/10_CG_Delhi/10_CG_Participants.pdf| archive-date= 22 September 2010 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> England topped the archery medal table by virtue of winning four gold medals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gbrathletics.com/commonwealth/other.htm#ARCHERY |title=Commonwealth Games Medallists - Archery |website=GBR Athletics |access-date=20 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:YAMUNA SPORT COMPLEX.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Yamuna Sports Complex]]<br /> <br /> == Medal table ==<br /> {{Medals table<br /> | caption = <br /> | host = <br /> | flag_template = flagCGF<br /> | event = 2010<br /> | team = <br /> | gold_ENG = 4 | silver_ENG = 3 | bronze_ENG = 0<br /> | gold_IND = 3 | silver_IND = 1 | bronze_IND = 4<br /> | gold_AUS = 1 | silver_AUS = 0 | bronze_AUS = 1<br /> | gold_CAN = 0 | silver_CAN = 3 | bronze_CAN = 1<br /> | gold_MAS = 0 | silver_MAS = 1 | bronze_MAS = 0<br /> | gold_RSA = 0 | silver_RSA = 0 | bronze_RSA = 2<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Events ==<br /> Archery at the Commonwealth Games is [[target archery]], where competitors shoot arrows at outdoor targets at marked distances. Eight events are included: four each for women and men, with separate events for [[Recurve bow#Recurve bow|recurve]] and [[Compound bow|compound]] bows.&lt;ref name=&quot;provisional&quot;/&gt; The events are:<br /> <br /> == Medallists ==<br /> === Men ===<br /> [[File:Taylor Worth signing autographs (7745189648) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|150px|Australian Taylor Worth won a team gold medal]]<br /> {| {{MedalistTable|type=Event}}<br /> |-<br /> | Men's recurve individual&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Archery at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's recurve individual}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Rahul Banerjee (archer)|Rahul Banerjee]]|IND|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Jason Lyon]]|CAN|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Jayanta Talukdar]]|IND|2010}}<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> | Men's recurve team&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Archery at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's recurve team}}<br /> |{{flagCGFmedalist|[[Matthew Gray (archer)|Matthew Gray]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Mat Masonwells]]&lt;br /&gt;and [[Taylor Worth]]|AUS|2010}} <br /> |{{flagCGFmedalist|[[Muhammad Abdul Rahim]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Chu Cheng]]&lt;br /&gt;and [[Arif Ibrahim Putra]]|MAS|2010}}<br /> |{{flagCGFmedalist|[[Rahul Banerjee (archer)|Rahul Banerjee]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Tarundeep Rai]]&lt;br /&gt;and [[Jayanta Talukdar]]|IND|2010}} <br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> | Men's compound individual&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Archery at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's compound individual}}<br /> |{{flagCGFmedalist|[[Duncan Busby]]|ENG|2010}} <br /> |{{flagCGFmedalist|[[Christopher White (archer)|Christopher White]]|ENG|2010}}<br /> |{{flagCGFmedalist|[[Septimus Cilliers]]|RSA|2010}} <br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> | Men's compound team&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Archery at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's compound team}}<br /> |{{flagCGFmedalist|[[Duncan Busby]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Liam Grimwood]]&lt;br /&gt;and [[Christopher White (archer)|Christopher White]]|ENG|2010}} <br /> |{{flagCGFmedalist|[[Ritul Chatterjee]]&lt;br /&gt;and Jignas Chittibomma&lt;br /&gt;[[Chinna Raju Srither]]|IND|2010}} <br /> |{{flagCGFmedalist|[[Nico Benade]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Septimus Cilliers]]&lt;br /&gt;and [[Kobus de Wet]]|RSA |2010}} <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Women ===<br /> [[File:XIX Commonwealth Games-2010 Delhi Archery (Women’s Individual Recurve) Deepika Kumari of India (Gold), Alison Jane Williamson of England (Silver) and Dola Banerjee of India (Bronze) during the medal presentation ceremony.jpg|thumb|XIX Commonwealth Games-2010 Delhi Archery (Women's Individual Recurve) Deepika Kumari of India (Gold), Alison Jane Williamson of England (Silver) and Dola Banerjee of India (Bronze) during the medal presentation ceremony]]<br /> [[File:XIX Commonwealth Games-2010 Delhi Winners of (Women`s) Archery Individual Compound, Hunt Nicky of England (Gold), DM Jones of Canada (Silver) and C. McCall of Australia (Bronze).jpg|thumb|XIX Commonwealth Games-2010 Delhi Winners of (Women's) Archery Individual Compound, Hunt Nicky of England (Gold), DM Jones of Canada (Silver) and C. McCall of Australia (Bronze)]]<br /> {| {{MedalistTable|type=Event}}<br /> |-<br /> | Women's recurve individual&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Archery at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's recurve individual}}<br /> |{{flagCGFmedalist|[[Deepika Kumari]]|IND|2010}} <br /> |{{flagCGFmedalist|[[Alison Williamson]]|ENG|2010}} <br /> |{{flagCGFmedalist|[[Dola Banerjee]]|IND|2010}} <br /> |-<br /> | Women's recurve team&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Archery at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's recurve team}}<br /> |{{flagCGFmedalist|[[Dola Banerjee]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Deepika Kumari]]&lt;br /&gt; and [[Bombayla Devi Laishram]]|IND|2010}} <br /> |{{flagCGFmedalist|[[Naomi Folkard]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Amy Oliver]]&lt;br /&gt; and [[Alison Williamson]]|ENG|2010}} <br /> |{{flagCGFmedalist|[[Marie-Pier Beaudet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Alana Macdougall]]&lt;br /&gt; and [[Kateri Vrakking]]|CAN|2010}} <br /> |-<br /> | Women's compound individual&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Archery at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's compound individual}}<br /> |{{flagCGFmedalist|[[Nicky Hunt (archer)|Nicky Hunt]]|ENG|2010}} <br /> |{{flagCGFmedalist|[[Doris Jones (archer)|Doris Jones]]|CAN|2010}}<br /> |{{flagCGFmedalist|[[Cassie McCall]]|AUS|2010}} <br /> |-<br /> | Women's compound team&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Archery at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's compound team}}<br /> |{{flagCGFmedalist|[[Danielle Brown]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Nicky Hunt (archer)|Nicky Hunt]]&lt;br /&gt; and [[Nichola Simpson]]|ENG|2010}} <br /> |{{flagCGFmedalist|[[Camille Bouffard-Demers]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Doris Jones (archer)|Doris Jones]]&lt;br /&gt; and [[Ashley Wallace]]|CAN|2010}} <br /> |{{flagCGFmedalist|[[Bheigyabati Chanu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Jhano Hansdah]]&lt;br /&gt; and [[Gagandeep Kaur]]|IND|2010}} <br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Participating nations ==<br /> {{div col|colwidth=22em}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|AUS|2010|12}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|BAN|2010|6}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|CAN|2010|12}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|CYP|2010|8}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|ENG|2010|12}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|IND|2010|12}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|IOM|2010|3}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|JER|2010|2}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|KEN|2010|3}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|MAS|2010|12}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|MRI|2010|5}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|NAM|2010|3}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|NZL|2010|6}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|NFI|2010|5}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|NIR|2010|6}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|SAM|2010|1}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|SCO|2010|10}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|SIN|2010|3}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|RSA|2010|4}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|SRI|2010|4}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|TON|2010|1}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|TRI|2010|3}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|UGA|2010|1}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|WAL|2010|6}}<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://rubaisport.com/cwg/?competition=97 Schedule]<br /> <br /> {{Commonwealth Games Archery}}<br /> {{Sports at the 2010 Commonwealth Games}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Archery At The 2010 Commonwealth Games}}<br /> [[Category:Archery at the 2010 Commonwealth Games| ]]<br /> [[Category:Events at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]<br /> [[Category:2010 in archery]]<br /> [[Category:Archery at the Commonwealth Games|2010]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rakhigarhi&diff=470377 2026-03-17T13:43:39Z

<p>GiseleStead: enhance section additionally and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Archaeological site in Haryana, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Lead too long|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox ancient site<br /> | name = Rakhigarhi<br /> | native_name = <br /> | alternate_name = Rakhi Garhi<br /> | image = Rakhigarhi Harappan civilization.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | map_type = India Haryana#India#South Asia<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_size = 270<br /> | relief = y<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|29|17|35|N|76|6|51|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | location = [[Hisar district|Hisar]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]<br /> | region = <br /> | type = Settlement<br /> | part_of = <br /> | length = <br /> | width = <br /> | area = {{convert|350|ha|abbr=on}}&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu&quot;/&gt;<br /> | height = <br /> | builder = <br /> | material = <br /> | built = {{circa|3500 BC}}<br /> | abandoned = <br /> | epochs = &lt;!-- actually displays as &quot;Periods&quot; --&gt;<br /> | cultures = [[Indus Valley Civilisation]]<br /> | dependency_of = <br /> | occupants = <br /> | event = <br /> | excavations = 1963, 1997–2000, 2012–2016, 2021–present&lt;ref group=web name=Ahluwalia_2023_The_Print/&gt;<br /> | archaeologists = <br /> | condition = <br /> | ownership = <br /> | management = <br /> | public_access = <br /> | website = <br /> | notes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Rakhigarhi''' or '''Rakhi Garhi''' is a village and an [[archaeological site]] in the [[Hisar District]] of the northern [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Haryana]], situated about 150&amp;nbsp;km northwest of [[Delhi]]. It is located in the [[Ghaggar River]] plain,{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=133}} some 27&amp;nbsp;km from the seasonal Ghaggar river, and belonged to the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]], being part of the pre-Harappan (6000?/4600-3300 BC), early Harappan (3300-2600 BC), and the mature phase (2600-1900 BC) of the Indus Valley Civilisation.{{sfnp|Garge|2010|p=25}}<br /> <br /> It was one of the five largest settlements of the ancient civilisation, with most scholars prior to 2014 reporting it to have been between 80 hectares and 100+ hectares in area,{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Coningham|Young|2015|p=183}}{{sfnp|Kenoyer|1998|p=49}}{{sfnp|Allchin|Erdosy|1995|p=78}}{{sfnp|Heitzman|2008|p=35}}{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=133}}{{refn|group=note|name=&quot;size&quot;}} comprising five closely-integrated [[tell (archaeology)|archaeological mounds]] as the extent of mature-phase urban habitations. A sixth mound situated in the vicinity, but outside of this group, represented a distinct older period and was likely a separate settlement,{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} while a seventh mound was a cemetery or burial ground belonging to the mature phase.{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|loc=fig. 1}}{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}} The discovery of two more mounds (in addition to the seven that were already known)—respectively situated approximately 1&amp;nbsp;km north/east and 1&amp;nbsp;km south/west of the main group of mounds{{sfn|Shinde|Shin|Bhattacharyya|2023|pp=33, 45}}—was made in 2014: it consequently was claimed by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) that the discovery made Rakhigarhi the largest-known site of the Harappan Civilisation,&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu&quot;/&gt; with the spread of archaeological remains being encompassed within a total area of 300 to 350 hectares. However, this figure includes outlying remains which were likely not all integrated as part of a single urban settlement at any singular time.{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|p=10|ps=: &quot;mounds of which 1 to 5 are integrated while a few are removed from each other.&quot;}}<br /> <br /> Initial excavations at the site happened in the 1960s, followed by further excavations in the late 1990s, however more sustained excavations have taken place from 2012 to 2016 and 2021 to 2022.&lt;ref group=web name=Ahluwalia_2023_The_Print/&gt; though much of the area is yet to be excavated{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|pp=63, 71, 72}}&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Nath_2020_The_Hindu&quot;/&gt; and published.{{sfnp|McIntosh|2008|p=215, 293}} Other related excavation sites in the area are [[Mitathal]] and the smaller site [[Lohari Ragho]], which are still awaiting excavation.<br /> <br /> DNA-tests by Shinde et al. (2019) on a single skeleton show that the DNA did not include any traces of steppe ancestry, in line with the [[Aryan migration theory]], which says that Indo-Aryans migrated to India from the steppes after the Harappan civilisation had started to disintegrate.{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}}<br /> <br /> ==Site characteristics==<br /> <br /> ===Location===<br /> It is located in the Ghaggar plain,{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=133}} some 27&amp;nbsp;km from the seasonal Ghaggar river. Today, Rakhigarhi is a small village in Haryana State, India.&lt;ref group=web name=census2011-1&gt;[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0612_PART_B_DCHB_HISAR.pdf Census of India, 2011]&lt;/ref&gt; According to [[Jane McIntosh]], Rakhigarhi is located in the valley of the prehistoric [[Drishadvati River]] that originated in [[Siwalik Hills]].{{sfnp|McIntosh|2008|p=76}} [[Chautang]] is a tributary of [[Sarsuti]] river which in turn is a tributary of Ghaggar river.&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;ambalaonline&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Chopra_2010_IE&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Site size and number of mounds ===<br /> Most scholars, including [[Gregory Possehl]], [[Jonathan Mark Kenoyer]], [[Raymond Allchin]] and [[Rita P. Wright]] believe Rakhigari to have been between 80 hectares and 100+ hectares in size.{{sfnp|Allchin|Erdosy|1995|p=78}}{{sfnp|Kenoyer|1998|p=49}}{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Heitzman|2008|p=35}}{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=133}}{{sfnp|Coningham|Young|2015|p=183}}{{refn|group=note|name=&quot;size&quot;}} According to Nath et al. (2015), &quot;[a]rchaeological remains at Rakhigari extend over a radius of [{{convert|300|hectare|km2}}] encompassing a set of seven mounds of which 1 to 5 are integrated while a few are removed from each other.&quot;{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015}}<br /> <br /> The mounds are numbered following the naming convention of ''&quot;RGR-x&quot;'' e.g. RGR-1 to RGR-11.&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;ASI_1997-98&quot;/&gt; Until 2014, seven mounds were known. The 2014 excavation discovered two more mounds, RGR-8 and RGR-9, situated east and west of the main site, and largely destroyed for cultivation. According to [[Vasant Shinde (archaeologist)|Vasant Shinde]] each mound has a size of 25 hectares, taking the total site size to {{convert|350|hectare|km2}}, and thus making Rakhigarhi largest Indus Valley Civilisation site by overtaking [[Mohenjo-daro|Mohenjodaro]] (300 hectares) by 50 hectares.&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Deswal_2015_The_Tribune&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> It is likely that not all [[tell (archaeology)|mounds]] in Rakhigarhi belong to the same Indus Valley settlement.{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} Five closely-integrated mounds, namely RGR-1 through RGR-5, have been considered as representing the major extent of mature-phase urban settlement, extending over 80 to 100+ hectares. In addition there was RGR-6, also known as &quot;Arda&quot;, a mound situated in the vicinity but outside of this group, to the northwest:{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|loc=fig. 1}} it &quot;was probably a separate settlement&quot;,{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} as it represented primarily an older period of occupation. (It was also re-occupied, after a long period of abandonment, more than two thousand years later during the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan Period]].{{sfn|Shinde|Shin|Bhattacharyya|2023|p=33}}) RGR-7 was another mound lying to the north, representing a cemetery or burial ground belonging to the mature phase.{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|loc=fig. 1}}{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} The discovery of two more mounds (in addition to the seven that were already known)—respectively situated approximately 1&amp;nbsp;km north/east and 1&amp;nbsp;km south/west of the main group of mounds{{sfn|Shinde|Shin|Bhattacharyya|2023|pp=33, 45}}—was made in 2014: it consequently was claimed by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) that the discovery made Rakhigarhi the largest-known site of the Harappan civilisation,&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu&quot;/&gt; with the spread of archaeological remains being encompassed within a total area of 300 to 350 hectares. However, this figure includes outlying remains which were likely not all integrated as part of the same urban settlement at any singular time.{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|p=10|ps=: &quot;mounds of which 1 to 5 are integrated while a few are removed from each other.&quot;}}<br /> <br /> ===Dating===<br /> {{see also|Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation|l1=Periodisation of IVC|Pottery in the Indian subcontinent|l2=Archaeological pottery culture in India|Black and red ware}}<br /> <br /> According to Tejas Garge the earliest settlements in Rakhigarhi predate the Indus Valley Civilization, with a &quot;tentative chronological bracket&quot; of &quot;6000(?)-4600-3800&quot; for the &quot;lowermost levels&quot; of Rakhigarhi, and &quot;3200-2800 B.C.E.&quot; for the remainder of Period I.{{sfnp|Garge|2010|p=25}} According to Possehl not all mounds in Rakhigarhi belong to the same Indus Valley settlement, stating that &quot;RGR-6, a [[Sothi (archaeology)|Sothi]]-[[Siswal]] site known as Arda, was probably a separate settlement.&quot;{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} Mounds RGR1 to RGR-6 are residential sites belonging to ''&quot;pre-formation age early Harappan&quot;'' era, while mound RGR-7 is a burial site where human skeletons were found.&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Deswal_2018_TTI&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ASI has carbon dated mound labelled RGR-1, RGR-2, RGR-6 and RGR-7. The RGR-6 has two layers of ''[[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent#Cultures with overlap with Indus Valley Civilization|Preharappan Phase]]'' dating to 5,640 [[Before Present|years before present]] (BP) and 5,440 (BP). The RGR-1 has ''[[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation#Early, Mature and Late Harappan|Early Harappan Phase]]'' dating to 5,200 and 4,570 years BP. The RGR-2 also has ''Early Harappan Phase'' dated to 5,200 and 4,570 years as well as two additional samples belonging to ''[[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation#Datings and alternative proposals|Mature Harappan Phase]]'' dating to 4,040 and 3,900 years BP.&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Deswal_2018_TTI&quot;/&gt; RGR-7, which is a cemetery or a burial site from ''Mature Harappan Phase'', dates back to 4600 BP.{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}}&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Subramian_2015_TheHindu&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2014 six radiocarbon datings from excavations at Rakhigarhi between 1997 and 2000 were published by archaeologist Amarendra Nath, corresponding to the Pre-formative, Early Harappan, and Mature Harappan phases. Mound RGR-6 revealed a Pre-formative stage designated as [[Sothi (archaeology)|Sothi]] Phase with the following two datings: &lt;math&gt;6420 \pm 110&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;6230 \pm 320&lt;/math&gt; years before present, converted to &lt;math&gt;4470 \pm 110&lt;/math&gt; '''B.C.E.''' and &lt;math&gt;4280 \pm 320&lt;/math&gt; '''B.C.E.'''{{sfnp|Nath|Garge|Law|2014|p=84}}<br /> <br /> ===Nearby sites and cultures ===<br /> Rakhigarhi, being the largest town and regional trade centre of IVC era, is surrounded by [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites|numerous IVC sites]] nearby in Haryana, Rajasthan and Punjab along the Gagghar-Hakra river course. The important ones among those are the [[Bhirrana]] (4 phases of IVC with earliest dated to 8th-7th millennium BC) 86&amp;nbsp;km northwest,{{sfnp|Mani|2008|p=237-238}}{{sfnp|Sarkar et al.|2016|p=2-3}} [[Kunal, Haryana|Kunal]] (belonging to ''Kunal cultural'' which is the cultural ancestor of [[Rehman Dheri]] site) 75&amp;nbsp;km northwest,&lt;ref&gt;Charles Keith Maisels, [https://books.google.com/books?id=I2dgI2ijww8C&amp;pg=PA216 ''Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, The Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China.''] Routledge, 2003 {{ISBN|1134837305}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Archaeological Survey of|first=India|title=Excavations at Kunal,Haryana|journal=Indian Archaeology 1998-99 a Review|year=2004|pages=11–12|url=http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201998-99%20A%20Review.pdf|access-date=13 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508064754/http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201998-99%20A%20Review.pdf|archive-date=8 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Siswal]] (belonging to ''[[Siswal#Sothi-Siswal culture|Sothi-Siswal culture]]'' dated to 3800 BC, contemporaneous to ''Early-Harappan Phase'') 75&amp;nbsp;km west,{{sfnp|Garge|2010|pp=15–40}}&lt;ref name=dis1&gt;[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/the-harappan-civilisation-its-sub-cultures.html The Harappan Civilisation: Its Sub-cultures], Daily Pioneer, 10 May 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Kalibangan]] (another large regional IVC city with several phases starting from Early harappan phase) 235&amp;nbsp;km west,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title= History of India |first= Herman |last= Kulke |publisher= Routledge |year=2004 |page=25 |isbn= 978-0-415-32920-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC&amp;q=india++history}}&lt;/ref&gt; and few more.<br /> <br /> There are many other important archaeological sites in this area, in the old river valley to the east of the Ghaggar Plain. Among them are [[Kalibangan]], [[Kunal, Haryana|Kunal]], [[Balu, Haryana|Balu]], [[Bhirrana]], and [[Banawali]].{{sfnp|Nath|Garge|Law|2014|p=84}}<br /> <br /> ==Excavations==<br /> {{see also|Phase (archaeology)|l1=Phases in archaeology|Chronological dating|l2=Archaeological chronology dating|Pottery#Fabric|l3=Fabric analysis}}<br /> <br /> By 2020, only 5% of the site had been excavated by the ASI and Deccan College.&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Nath_2020_The_Hindu&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Chronology of excavations ===<br /> While the earliest excavation of IVC sites started from Harappa in 1921-1922 and [[Mohenjo-daro]] in 1931, the excavations at Rakhigarhi were first carried out in 1969, followed by more excavations in 1997–1998, 1998–1999 and 1999–2000, between 2011–2016 and 2021 onward. There are 11 mounds in Rakhigarhi which are named RGR-1 to RGR-11, of which RGR-5 is thickly populated by establishment of Rakhishahpur village and is not available for excavations. RGR-1 to RGR-3, RGR6 to RGR9 and some part of RGR-4 are available for excavations.&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;ASI_1997-98&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Deswal_2015_The_Tribune&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harappan Surprises&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Deswal_2018_TTI&quot;/&gt; <br /> <br /> In 1963, [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) began excavations at this site, and, though little has been published about the excavations.{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=107}}&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|last=Sinopoli|first=Carla M.|editor=Norman Yoffee|title=The Cambridge World History|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKawBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA325|year=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-19008-4|page=325|chapter=Ancient South Asian cities in their regions}} Quote: &quot;Excavations have also occurred at Rakhigarhi, but only brief notes have been published, and little information is currently available on its form and organization. (page 325)&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1969, [[Kurukshetra University]]'s team studied and documented the site led by its Dean of Indic studies Dr. [[Suraj Bhan (archaeologist)|Suraj Bhan]].&lt;ref name=Anath1/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1997–98, 1998–99 and 1999–2000, ASI team began to excavate the site again, which was led by its director Dr. Amrender Nath who published his findings in scholarly journals.&lt;ref name=Anath1&gt;Bhartesh Singh Thakur, [http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/former-archaeological-survey-director-sentenced-to-jail-for-fraud/story-PY4UDmliPR8nP174sVa4kK.html &quot;Former Archaeological Survey director sentenced to jail for fraud&quot;], [[Hindustan Times]], 15 October 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | first1=Amarendra | last1=Nath | url=http://asi.nic.in/pdf_data/rakhigarhi_excavation_report_new.pdf | title=Excavations at Rakhigarhi [1997-98 to 1999-2000] | access-date=22 February 2016 | website=Archaeological Survey of India | page=306 | date=31 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; After 2000, excavations were stopped for years because of a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] investigation on the misuse of funds.&lt;ref name=fraud1&gt;{{cite news|title=Former Archaeological Survey director sentenced to jail for fraud|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/former-archaeological-survey-director-sentenced-to-jail-for-fraud/story-PY4UDmliPR8nP174sVa4kK.html|access-date=6 January 2016|work=Hindustan Times|date=15 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of the findings are donated to the National Museum, New Delhi.<br /> <br /> From 2011 to 2016, [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute|Deccan College]] carried out several substantial excavations led by its then Vice-Chancellor and archaeologist Dr. Vasant Shinde, several members of the team published their findings in various academic journals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | first=Kuldip | last=Dhiman | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/spectrum/books/engulfed-in-the-labyrinths-of-time/260177.html | title=Engulfed in the labyrinths of time | newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | date=3 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfnp|Shinde|Green|Parmar|Sable|2012|p=48}}<br /> <br /> From 2021 onward, more excavation by ASI commenced. [[Central University of Haryana]] and Dr Vasant Shinde also expressed interest in commencing excavation.&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Deswal_2018_TTI&quot;&gt;Deepender Deswal (2018), [https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/harappan-site-in-hisar-draws-interest-of-archaeologists-313230 Harappan site in Hisar draws interest of archaeologists], The Tribune India, 18 September 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Discoveries===<br /> [[File:Skeleton harappa.JPG|thumbnail|The skeleton of a female found at Rakhigarhi and now on display in the [[National Museum, New Delhi|National Museum]].]]<br /> <br /> Findings confirm both early and mature Harappan phases and include 4,600-year-old human skeletons, fortification and bricks.&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Nath_2020_The_Hindu&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Planned city ====<br /> <br /> The ASI's detailed excavation of the site revealed the size of the lost city and recovered numerous artefacts, some over 5,000 years old. Rakhigarhi was occupied at Early Harappan times.{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|pp=63, 71, 72}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Harappan Surprises&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Harappan Surprises | url=http://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/heritage/harappan-surprises/article6032206.ece?homepage=true |publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=13 June 2014|access-date=14 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Evidence of paved roads, drainage system, large rainwater collection, storage system, [[terracotta]] bricks, statue production, and skilled working of [[bronze]] and precious metals have been uncovered.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Jewellery, including bangles made from terracotta, [[conch]] shells, gold, and semi-precious stones, have also been found.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070225134410/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=223720 ''Chandigarh Newsline'', 2/23/2007, 'Rakhigarhi is the Largest Harappan Site Ever Found']&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Digging so far reveals a well planned city with 1.92 m wide roads, a bit wider than in [[Kalibangan]]. The pottery is similar to Kalibangan and [[Banawali]]. Pits surrounded by walls have been found, which are thought to be for sacrificial or some religious ceremonies. There are brick lined drains to handle sewage from the houses. Terracotta statues, weights, bronze artefacts, comb, copper fish hooks, needles and terracotta seals have also been found. A bronze vessel has been found which is decorated with gold and silver. A gold foundry with about 3000 unpolished semi-precious stones has been found. Many tools used for polishing these stones and a furnace were found there. A burial site has been found with 11 skeletons, with their heads in the north direction. Near the heads of these skeletons, utensils for everyday use were kept. The three female skeletons have shell bangles on their left wrists. Near one female skeleton, a gold armlet has been found. In addition semi precious stones have been found lying near the head, suggesting that they were part of some sort of necklace.<br /> <br /> ====Granary====<br /> A granary belonging to mature Harappan phase (2600 BCE to 2000 BCE) has been found here. Granary is made up of mud-bricks with a floor of ramped earth plastered with mud. It has 7 rectangular or square chambers. Significant traces of lime &amp; decomposed grass are found on the lower portion of the granary wall indicating that it can also be the storehouse of grains with lime used as insecticide and grass used to prevent entry of moisture. Looking at the size, it appears to be a public granary or a private granary of elites.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ancient granary found in Haryana |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ancient-granary-found-in-haryana/article5966952.ece |work=The Hindu|date= 2 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Tools ====<br /> Hunting tools like copper hafts and fish hooks have been found here. Presence of various toys like mini wheels, miniature lids, sling balls, animal figurines indicates a prevalence of toy culture. Signs of flourishing trade can be seen by the excavation of stamps, jewellery and 'chert' weights. Weights found here are similar to weights found at many other IVC sites confirming presence of standardised weight systems.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Dig this! 5,000-yr-old skeletons found in Hisar |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/haryana/archaeologists-find-5-000-yr-old-skeletons-at-rakhigarhi-in-hisar/article1-1337371.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415222158/http://www.hindustantimes.com/haryana/archaeologists-find-5-000-yr-old-skeletons-at-rakhigarhi-in-hisar/article1-1337371.aspx |archive-date=15 April 2015 |work=Hindustan Times|date=15 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Culture, clothing and worship====<br /> Fire altars and [[Apse|apsidal]] structures were revealed in Rakhigarhi.&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;ASI_1997-98&quot;/&gt;{{dead link|date=November 2021}}<br /> <br /> Cotton cloth traces preserved on silver or bronze objects were known from Rakhigarhi, [[Chanhudaro]] and [[Harappa]].{{sfnp|McIntosh|2008|p=293, 333}} An impressive{{quantify|date=September 2021}} number of stamps seals were also found at this site.{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|pp=63, 71, 72}}<br /> <br /> ==== Cemetery and burial sites ====<br /> A cemetery of Mature Harappan period is discovered at Rakhigarhi, with eight graves found. Often brick covered grave pits had wooden coffin in one case.{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|pp=63, 71, 72}} Different type of grave pits were undercut to form an earthen overhang and body was placed below this; and then top of grave was filled with bricks to form a roof structure over the grave.{{sfnp|McIntosh|2008|p=215, 293}}<br /> <br /> So far 53 burial sites with 46 skeletons have been discovered. Anthropological examination done on 37 skeletons revealed 17 to be of adults, 8 to be of subadults while the age of 12 skeletons could not be verified. Sex detection of 17 skeletons was successful out of which 7 were male and 10 female skeletons. Most of the burials were typical burials with skeletons in a supine position. Atypical burials had skeletons in a prone position. Some graves are just pits while some are brick lined and contain pottery. Some of them also had votive pots with animal remains symbolising offerings to the dead. Bone remains of secondary burials were not charred hence ruling out the possibility of cremation practices. While these burials retained many of the Harappan features, group burials and prone position burials are distinct. Paleo-parasitical studies and DNA analysis to determine the lineage is being undertaken.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=26 March 2018|title=Mysteries of Rakhigarhi's Harappan Necropolis: In burials from 4,000 years ago, women both exalted, condemned|work=The Indian Express|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/mysteries-of-rakhigarhis-harappan-necropolis-in-burials-from-4000-years-ago-women-both-exalted-condemned-5111253/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shinde|first1=Vasant S.|last2=Kim|first2=Yong Jun|last3=Woo|first3=Eun Jin|last4=Jadhav|first4=Nilesh|last5=Waghmare|first5=Pranjali|last6=Yadav|first6=Yogesh|last7=Munshi|first7=Avradeep|last8=Chatterjee|first8=Malavika|last9=Panyam|first9=Amrithavalli|date=21 February 2018|title=Archaeological and anthropological studies on the Harappan cemetery of Rakhigarhi, India|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=13|issue=2|article-number=e0192299|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0192299|issn=1932-6203|pmc=5821334|pmid=29466426|bibcode=2018PLoSO..1392299S|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Parasite eggs which were once existed in the stomach of those buried were found in the burial sites along with human skeletons. Analysis of Human [[A-DNA|aDNA]] obtained from human bones as well as analysis of parasite and animal DNA will be done to assert origins of these people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=12 January 2014|title=Scientists to study parasite eggs in Harappan graves|work=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Scientists-to-study-parasite-eggs-in-Harappan-graves/articleshow/28692622.cms}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Biomedical Studies on Archaeology|url=http://shinpaleopathology.blogspot.in/2014/02/our-work-on-rakhigarhi.html|date=19 February 2014|access-date=9 June 2014|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004158/http://shinpaleopathology.blogspot.in/2014/02/our-work-on-rakhigarhi.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Skeleton finds ====<br /> {{See also|Indo-Aryan migrations|Indigenous Aryanism}}<br /> <br /> In April 2015, four 4,600-year-old complete human skeletons were excavated from mound RGR-7. These skeletons belonged to two male adults, one female adult (classified as 'I6113') and one child.{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}} Pottery with grains of food as well as shell bangles were found around these skeletons.&lt;ref name=bp3&gt;{{cite news|title=Dig this! 5,000-yr-old skeletons found in Hisar |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/haryana/archaeologists-find-5-000-yr-old-skeletons-at-rakhigarhi-in-hisar/article1-1337371.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415222158/http://www.hindustantimes.com/haryana/archaeologists-find-5-000-yr-old-skeletons-at-rakhigarhi-in-hisar/article1-1337371.aspx|archive-date=15 April 2015| work=Hindustan Times| date=15 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Nath_2020_The_Hindu&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{anchor | Love | Couple | Love birds | Rakhigarhi love birds }}<br /> {{external media<br /> | float = <br /> | width = 258px<br /> | topic = &lt;!--centered italic text---&gt;<br /> | caption = &lt;!-- text placed left or right of headerimage ---&gt;<br /> | headerimage= &lt;!--search commons please include &quot;|alt= text&quot; and x-height in px &quot;|x20px&quot; example [[File:YouTube Logo 2017.svg|alt=YouTube logo|x20px|left]] or ...|right]] ---&gt;<br /> | title = <br /> | image1 = Photo of the [https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/ViewImage.php?fn=acb-51-200-g002_1049ACB&amp;id=F2 skeleton of ''&quot;Rakhigarhi love birds&quot;'' buried together] with male (11A) facing the woman (11B), with their [[Antyesti#Cremation rituals|feet pointing south]] and head towards north.&lt;ref name=jh4/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Two of the skeletons, a man between 35 and 40 years old and women in early 20s, who died around the same time. They were found buried together side by side with men's head facing the women. Their ceremonial burial indicates that they were not in illicit relationship and the lovebirds were likely married to each other. Pots found in their grave likely carried food and water as [[Veneration of the dead#India|offering to the dead]]. The [[agate]] found near he collar bone of the male was likely part of a necklace.&lt;ref&gt;[https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/10/health/harappa-grave-couple-india-scli-intl/index.html Ancient lovers found in Indian burial site mystify and intrigue archaeologists], CNN, 10 January 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=jh4&gt;Vasant Shinde1, et al, 2018, [https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1101692 A young couple's grave found in the Rakhigarhi cemetery of the Harappan Civilization], Anatomy &amp; Cell Biology, vol 51 (3), pp. 200-204.&lt;/ref&gt; The male was {{height|cm=177}} tall and female was {{height|cm=171}}. Their skeleton had no abnormalities, injuries or sign of disease. They were both likely ''&quot;quite healthy&quot;'' at the time of their death.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46806084 Harappa grave of ancient 'couple' reveals secrets], BBC, 9 January 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Shinde et al. (2019) have carried out DNA-tests on a single skeleton. Results announced in September 2018, and a paper published in ''Cell Magazine'' in 2019, show that the DNA did not include any traces of steppe ancestry, which is in line with the [[Aryan migration theory]], which says that Indo-Aryans migrated to India from the steppes after the Harappan civilisation had started to disintegrate.{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Bal_2019_The_Caravan&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Bal |first=Hartosh Singh |date=30 September 2019 |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/commentary/what-media-reporting-ancient-dna-results-says-about-our-times |title=What media reporting on ancient DNA results says about our times |magazine=The Caravan |access-date=7 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Mahalakshmi |first=R. |date=October 2019 |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/article29507212.ece |title=DNA analysis of Harappan skeleton from Rakhigarhi: Thin evidence |magazine=Frontline |access-date=7 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A total of 61 skeletons were found till 2016.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} As the skeletons were excavated scientifically without any contamination, archaeologists think that with the help of latest technology on these skeletons and DNA obtained, it is possible to determine how Harappans looked like 4500 years ago.&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Subramian_2015_TheHindu&quot;/&gt; The average height is estimated to have been {{height|cm=175.8}} for men and {{height|cm=166.1}} for women.&lt;ref&gt;Nath A., Walimbe S.R., Garge T.M., Mushrif-Tripathy V., Dehuri R., and Malik A. (2015) Harappan interments at Rakhigarhi, Haryana. Man and Environment, XL: 9–32.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2024, the 'Mound 7' of the excavation site, which encompasses an area of 3.5 sqkms, yielded 56 skeletons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Chakrabarty |first1=Sreeparna |date=7 May 2024 |title=The 4,600-year-old woman from Rakhigarhi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-4600-year-old-woman-from-rakhigarhi/article68132364.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=21 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Criticism===<br /> <br /> The conduct of digs by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI), including at Rakhigarhi, has come under criticism for being like a &quot;[[zamindar]]i&quot; system wherein &quot;the individual excavation director&quot; &quot;had nearly dictatorial control over the material excavated&quot;,{{sfn|Avikunthak|2022|p=84}} and questions are being raised about the scientific quality of the ASI's excavations of a number of Harappan sites.{{sfn|Varma|Menon|2010|loc=note 14|ps=: &quot;The prestige of an archaeologist was not assessed on the basis of his/her analytical or theoretical contribution to Indian archaeology but on the number of sites discovered and the temporal antiquity of the site. It was understood that the older the site, the more prestigious it was to discover and dig it. [...] specialists are in short supply in the ASI… to tell you the truth, they don't encourage specialisation in the ASI… there were no archaeozoologists, archaeobotanists, archaeometallurgists nor were there any lithic or ceramic specialists [at [[Bhirrana]]]. [...] all senior archaeologists in the ASI have right wing sympathies&quot;}} Scholarly interpretation of Rakhigarhi, as with a number of other archaeological sites of ancient India, has been subject to contestation regarding the methodologies and ideology of the ASI: many senior officials of the ASI have been &quot;embroiled in controversies&quot; over pseudo-&quot;scientific&quot; efforts to legitimise the [[Hindutva]] ideology which identifies the ancient Harappans (incorrectly) with the [[Vedas]] and [[Sanskrit]], in order to synthesize the nationalist narrative of Indian civilisation as indigenous and continuous since its beginning, [[Indigenous Aryanism|allegedly originating]] from the banks of the [[Saraswati River]] (rather than the Indus).{{sfn|Avikunthak|2022|pp=34, 51-56}}<br /> <br /> == Site conservation and development==<br /> <br /> === Endangered heritage site ===<br /> In May 2012, the Global Heritage Fund declared Rakhigarhi one of the ten most endangered heritage sites in Asia facing the threat of irreparable loss and destruction due to development pressures, insufficient management and looting.&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Deswal_2015_The_Tribune&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Rakhigarhi likely to be developed into a world heritage site |publisher=India Today | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/rakhigarhi-all-set-to-be-developed-as-a-heritage-site-as-plans-road-to-fame-through-harappa-157337-2013-03-31 | date=31 March 2013| access-date = 8 August 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A 2012 study by the [[Sunday Times]] found that the site is not being looked after; the iron boundary wall is broken, and villagers sell the artefacts they dig out of the site and parts of site are now being encroached by private houses.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-06-03/news/32006465_1_heritage-sites-mound-archaeological-survey<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000002/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-06-03/news/32006465_1_heritage-sites-mound-archaeological-survey<br /> | archive-date = 23 May 2013<br /> | title = Can Rakhigarhi, the largest Indus Valley Civilisation site be saved?<br /> | last1 = Archana<br /> | first1 = Khare Ghose<br /> | date = 3 June 2012<br /> | website = [[Sunday Times]]<br /> | access-date = 5 June 2012<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Due to the lack of site protection the site is being destroyed by soil erosion, encroachments, illegal sand lifting, theft of archaeological artefacts for illegal sale. It is a punishable crime to sell or buy artefacts found in the ancient sites. 80% of mound 6 – a residential site of Harappan Era and 7 which is a burial site where 4 human skeletons were recovered in 2015 have been destroyed due to cultivation and soil mining.&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Deswal_2015_The_Tribune&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Site encroachments===<br /> Parts of mounds R4 and R5 have been encroached by the villagers who have built 152 houses.&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Nath_2020_The_Hindu&quot;/&gt; The ASI has only 83.5 acres of the 350-hectare site that entails 11 archaeological mounds, due to encroachments and pending court cases for the removal of the encroachments.&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Nath_2020_The_Hindu&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Site rehabilitation and preservation ===<br /> In February 2020, Union Finance Minister [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] announced that the site of Rakhigarhi would be developed as an iconic site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Maanav |first=Sushil |date=2 February 2020 |title=Rakhigarhi to be developed as iconic site |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/rakhigarhi-to-be-developed-as-iconic-site-34808 |work=The Tribune |access-date=20 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ASI has commenced the plan to remove encroachments from the site, including 152 houses on the R4 and R5 mounds. Villages, whose houses in the site will be removed, will be relocated and rehabilitated in the housing flats on another location.&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Nath_2020_The_Hindu&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Site museum and lake ===<br /> {{main|Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum}}<br /> <br /> {{see also|Haryana Rural Antique Museum|Jahaj Kothi Museum}}<br /> <br /> Rakhigarhi, which is an [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] site, also has a museum developed by the state government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sura |first1=Ajay |date=13 February 2016 |title=Harappan museum at Rakhigarhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Harappan-museum-at-Rakhigarhi/articleshow/50971406.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=20 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is also [[Haryana Rural Antique Museum]] 60&amp;nbsp;km away, which is maintained by [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University|CCS HAU]] in its Gandhi Bhawan, exhibits evolution of agriculture and vanishing antiques.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Gazetteer of India Haryana, Hisar|url=http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf|website=revenueharyana.gov.in|publisher=Government OF Haryana|access-date=31 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501213030/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf|archive-date=1 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jahaj Kothi Museum]], named after [[George Thomas (soldier)|George Thomas]], is located inside [[Firoz Shah Palace Complex]] and maintained by [[Archaeological Survey of India]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://haryanatourism.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=5262 Jahaj Kothi museum]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> To develop Rakhigarhi as the global heritage, two [[johad]] (water bodies) across the road to museum are developed as lakes. The lake has been deepened by digging and traditional [[ghat]]s with [[tower|burji]] on the banks of lake have been constructed. A park is developed the spare land of the lake. A walking track around the lake, with shady trees and fruit trees, has been constructed for the tourists.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.jagran.com/haryana/hisar-lake-being-built-in-rakhigarhi-on-the-lines-of-sukhna-lake-of-chandigarh-22025020.html Lake being built in Rakhigarhi] ([https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=hi&amp;tl=en&amp;u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagran.com%2Fharyana%2Fhisar-lake-being-built-in-rakhigarhi-on-the-lines-of-sukhna-lake-of-chandigarh-22025020.html english translation of original hindi news &quot;चंडीगढ़ की सुखना लेक की तर्ज पर राखीगढ़ी में बन रही झील&quot;]), Dainik Jagran, 16 September 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; The traditional ghats represent the past scenario when paleo-[[Drishadvati river]] use to flow through Rakhigarhi which had ghats for transporting goods for trade, via [[Lothal]] port and [[Dholavira#Coastal route|Dholavira]], as far as [[Indus–Mesopotamia relations|Mesopotamia]] (ancient cities of [[Elam]] and [[Sumer]]).&lt;ref&gt;[https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/article29507212.ece DNA analysis of Harappan skeleton from Rakhigarhi: Thin evidence], Frontline, 11 October 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] related<br /> * [[List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization]]<br /> *[[Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{reflist|group=note|refs=<br /> &lt;!-- Size --&gt;<br /> {{refn|group=note|name=&quot;size&quot;|Size:<br /> * {{harvnb|Allchin|Erdosy|1995|p=78}}: &quot;Rakhigarhi at 80 hectares is the largest site followed by Banawali at 25 hectares.&quot;<br /> * {{harvnb|Kenoyer|1998|p=49}}: &quot;Within a few hundred years the thriving town had grown six times larger, covering an area of over 150 hectares [...] civilization: Mohenjo-daro (+200 ha), Harappa (+ 150 ha), Ganweriwala and Rakhigarhi (+80 ha) and Dholavira (100 ha).&quot;<br /> * {{harvnb|Possehl|2002|p=72}}: &quot;The site is about 17 meters in height. The southern face of the mounds is rather abrupt and steep. The northern side slopes down to the surrounding plain. The contours of the site have led the excavator to divide up the place into five mounds (RGR-1 through 5). RGR-6, a Sothi-Siswal site known as Arda, was probably a separate settlement. I have visited Rakhigarhi and believe that it is 80 hectares in size.&quot;<br /> * {{harvnb|Heitzman|2008|p=35}}: &quot;They include Mohenjodaro (with a city core of about 100 hectares, and suburbs possibly covering more than 200 hectares) in Sind; Harappa (more than 150 hectares) in the center of Pakistani Punjab; Dholavira (more than 100 hectares) in Gujarat; Ganweriwala (82 hectares) in Pakistani Punjab near the border with Rajasthan; and Rakhigarhi (between 80 and 105 hectares) in Haryana.&quot;<br /> * {{harvnb|Wright|2009|p=133}}: &quot;Rakhigarhi was over 100 hectares in size.&quot;<br /> * {{harvnb|Coningham|Young|2015|p=183}} Quote: Mohenjo-daro covered an area of more than 250 hectares, Harappa exceeded 150 hectares, Dholavira 100 hectares and Ganweriwala and Rakhigarhi around 80 hectares each.&quot;}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> ;Printed sources<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> &lt;!-- A --&gt;<br /> * {{citation | last1 =Allchin | first1 =F. R. | last2 =Erdosy | first2 =George | year =1995| title =The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States | publisher =Cambridge University Press | isbn =978-0-521-37695-2 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5kI02_zW70C&amp;pg=PA78}}<br /> *{{cite book | last=Avikunthak | first=Ashish | title=Bureaucratic Archaeology: State, Science, and Past in Postcolonial India | publisher=Cambridge University Press | series=South Asia in the Social Sciences | year=2022 | isbn=978-1-009-08200-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QUVFEAAAQBAJ}}<br /> &lt;!-- C --&gt;<br /> * {{citation | last1 =Coningham | first1 =Robin | last2 =Young | first2 =Ruth | year =2015 | title =The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE–200 CE | publisher =Cambridge University Press |isbn =978-0-521-84697-4 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=hB5TCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA183}}<br /> &lt;!-- G --&gt;<br /> * {{Cite journal | last1 =Garge | first1 =Tejas | year =2010 | title =Sothi-Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal | journal =Ancient Asia | volume =2 | page =15 | doi =10.5334/aa.10203 | doi-access =free}}<br /> &lt;!-- H --&gt;<br /> * {{citation | last =Heitzman | first =James | year =2008 | title =The City in South Asia | publisher =Routledge |isbn =978-1-134-28962-2 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=TMt_AgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT35}}<br /> &lt;!-- K --&gt;<br /> * {{citation | last =Kenoyer | first =Jonathan M. | year=1998 | title =Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization |publisher =Oxford University Press | isbn =978-0-19-577940-0 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DK3tAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA49}}<br /> &lt;!-- M --&gt;<br /> * {{Citation | last =Mani | first =B.R. | year =2008 | title =Kashmir Neolithic and Early Harappan: A Linkage | journal =Pragdhara |volume=18 |pages=229–247 | url =http://archaeology.up.nic.in/doc/kneh_brm.pdf | access-date =17 January 2017 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170118050909/http://archaeology.up.nic.in/doc/kneh_brm.pdf | archive-date =18 January 2017 }}<br /> * {{cite book | last =McIntosh | first =Jane R. | year =2008 | title =The ancient Indus Valley: new perspectives | location =Santa Barbara, Calif.| publisher =ABC-CLIO | isbn =978-1-57607-907-2 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC}}<br /> &lt;!-- N --&gt;<br /> * {{cite journal | last1 =Nath | first1 =Amarendra | last2 =Garge | first2 =Tejas | last3 =Law | first3 =Randall | year =2014 | title = Defining the Economic Space of the Harappan Rakhigarhi: An Interface of the Local Subsistance Mechanism and Geological Provenience Studies | journal =Puratattva 44 | publisher =Indian Archaeological Society | location =New Delhi | url =https://www.academia.edu/8721752}}<br /> * {{cite journal | last =Nath | first =Amarendera | publication-date =2015 | title =Harrapan interments at Rakhigarhi | journal =Man and Environment | publisher =Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies | volume =XL | issue =2 | page =11 | url =https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289530799 | access-date =11 May 2016| ref={{harvid|Nath et al.|2015}}}}<br /> &lt;!-- P --&gt;<br /> * {{citation | last =Possehl | first =Gregory L. | year =2002| title =The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective | publisher =Rowman Altamira | isbn =978-0-7591-0172-2 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC&amp;pg=PA72}}<br /> &lt;!-- S --&gt;<br /> * {{Cite journal | last1 =Sarkar | first1 =Anindya | year =2016 | title =Oxygen isotope in archaeological bioapatites from India: Implications to climate change and decline of Bronze Age Harappan civilization | journal =Scientific Reports | volume =6 | article-number =26555 | doi =10.1038/srep26555 | pmid =27222033 | pmc =4879637 |bibcode=2016NatSR...626555S |last2=Mukherjee|first2=Arati Deshpande|last3=Bera|first3=M. K. | last4=Das|first4=B.|last5=Juyal |first5=Navin|last6=Morthekai |first6=P.|last7=Deshpande |first7=R. D.|last8=Shinde|first8=V. S.|last9=Rao|first9=L. S. | ref ={{harvid|Sarkar et al.|2016}}}}<br /> * {{cite journal | last1 =Shinde | first1 =Vasant | last2 =Green | first2 =Adam | last3 =Parmar | first3 =Narender | last4 =Sable |first4 =P. D. | year =2012 | title =Rakhigarhi and the Harappan Civilization: Recent Work and New Challenges | journal =Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute | volume =72/73 | pages =43–53 | jstor =43610687}}<br /> * {{Cite journal | last1 =Shinde | first1 =Vasant | date =17 October 2019| title =An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers | journal =Cell | language =en | volume =179 | issue =3 | pages =729–735.e10 | doi =10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.048 | issn =0092-8674 | pmc =6800651 | pmid =31495572 | last2 =Narasimhan | first2 =Vagheesh M. | last3 =Rohland | first3 =Nadin | last4 =Mallick | first4 =Swapan | last5 =Mah | first5 =Matthew | last6 =Lipson | first6 =Mark | last7 =Nakatsuka |first7 =Nathan | last8 =Adamski | first8 =Nicole | last9 =Broomandkhoshbacht | first9 =Nasreen | last10 =Ferry | first10 =Matthew |last11 =Lawson | first11 =Ann Marie | ref ={{harvid|Shinde et al.|2019}}}}<br /> *{{cite book | last1=Shinde | first1=Vasant | last2=Shin | first2=Dong Hoon | last3=Bhattacharyya | first3=Banani | title=New Perspectives on the Harappan Culture in Light of Recent Excavations at Rakhigarhi: 2011–2017, Volume 1: Bioarchaeological Research on the Rakhigarhi Necropolis: Symposium Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of The Society of South Asian Archaeology and Updated Scientific Research | publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Limited | year=2023 | isbn=978-1-80327-592-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDfbEAAAQBAJ}}<br /> &lt;!--V--&gt;<br /> *{{cite journal | last1=Varma | first1=Supriya | last2=Menon | first2=Jaya | title=Was There a Temple under the Babri Masjid? Reading the Archaeological 'Evidence' | journal=Economic and Political Weekly | volume=45 | issue=50 | year=2010 | issn=0012-9976 | jstor=25764216 | pages=61–72 }}<br /> &lt;!-- W --&gt;<br /> * {{citation | last =Wright | first =Rita P. | year =2009 |author-link =Rita P. Wright | title =The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society | publisher =Cambridge University Press | isbn =978-0-521-57219-4 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=gAgFPQAACAAJ | access-date =29 September 2013}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ;Web-sources<br /> {{reflist|group=web|refs=<br /> &lt;!-- A --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Ahluwalia_2023_The_Print --&gt;<br /> &lt;ref group=web name=Ahluwalia_2023_The_Print&gt;{{cite web | last =Ahluwalia | first =Disha | date=6 March 2023 | title =Why are we digging Rakhigarhi a 9th time? This Harappan site is a gift that keeps giving |work=[[The Print]] | url=https://theprint.in/opinion/why-are-we-digging-rakhigarhi-a-9th-time-this-harappan-site-is-a-gift-that-keeps-giving/1420819/ |access-date=12 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- &quot;ambalaonline&quot; --&gt;<br /> &lt;ref group=web name=&quot;ambalaonline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ambalaonline.in/city-guide/rivers-in-ambala|title=Rivers in Ambala, Markanda River Ambala, Tangri River Ambala|website=www.ambalaonline.in|access-date=17 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- &quot;ASI_2012&quot; --&gt;<br /> &lt;ref group=web name=&quot;ASI_1997-98&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Archaeological Survey of|first=India|title=Indian Archaeology 1997-98|url=http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201997-98%20A%20Review.pdf|website=Excavation at Rakhigarhi|publisher=Archaeological Survey of INdia|access-date=17 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- B --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- C --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- &quot;Chopra_2010_IE&quot; --&gt;<br /> &lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Chopra_2010_IE&quot;&gt;{{cite news | last =Chopra | first =Sanjeev | date =25 September 2010 | title =Overflowing Ghaggar, Tangri inundate some villages along Punjab-Haryana border | newspaper =The Indian Express | url =https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/overflowing-ghaggar-tangri-inundate-some-villages-along-punjabharyana-border/ | access-date=9 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- D --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- &quot;Deswal_2015_The_Tribune&quot; --&gt;<br /> &lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Deswal_2015_The_Tribune&quot;&gt;Deepender Deswal (2015), [https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryana/rakhigarhi-site-being-plundered-due-to-lack-of-protection-67941 Rakhigarhi site being plundered due to lack of protection], The Tribune India, 16 April 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- &quot;Deswal_2018_TTI&quot; --&gt;<br /> &lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Deswal_2018_TTI&quot;&gt;Deepender Deswal (2018), [https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/harappan-site-in-hisar-draws-interest-of-archaeologists-313230 Harappan site in Hisar draws interest of archaeologists], The Tribune India, 18 September 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- F --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- N --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- &quot;Nath_2020_The_Hindu&quot; --&gt;<br /> &lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Nath_2020_The_Hindu&quot;&gt;Damini Nath (2020), [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/at-haryanas-harappan-site-of-rakhigarhi-anxiety-trumps-history/article30926622.ece At Haryana's Harappan site of Rakhigarhi, anxiety trumps history], ''[[The Hindu]]'', 27 February 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- S --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- &quot;Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu&quot; --&gt;<br /> &lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/rakhigarhi-the-biggest-harappan-site/article5840414.ece | title =Rakhigarhi, the biggest Harappan site | newspaper =The Hindu | date =27 March 2014 | last1 =Subramanian|first1 =T. S.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- &quot;Subramian_2015_TheHindu&quot; --&gt;<br /> &lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Subramian_2015_TheHindu&quot;&gt;T.S. Subramanian (2015), {{cite news |title=Virtual Harappans to come alive |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/virtual-harappans-to-come-alive/article7165745.ece |work=The Hindu|date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920201439/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/virtual-harappans-to-come-alive/article7165745.ece |archive-date=20 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons}}<br /> * [https://chopaltv.in/rakhigarhi-the-largest-harappan-site/ Rakhigarhi, the largest Harappan site]<br /> <br /> * [https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/ViewImage.php?fn=acb-51-200-g002_1049ACB&amp;id=F2 Photo of the Rakhigarhi love birds buried together.]<br /> * [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46806084 BBC report with photo of the Rakhigarhi love birds buried together.]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Veena_Mushrif/publication/289530799_Harappan_Interment_at_Rakhigrhi_Haryana/links/568f4e5208aeaa1481b05788.pdf 2015 ''Man and Environment'' Journal article on Rakhigarhi burials.]<br /> *[http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/HR%20%20Review%20JUNE%202015.pdf Haryana Samvad Newsletter: Detailed report on Rakhigarhi with color photographs, page 1-15.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610004142/http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/HR%20%20Review%20JUNE%202015.pdf |date=10 June 2016 }} <br /> * {{cite web| title = Harappa's greatest centre sheds light on our today| url = http://www.sunday-guardian.com/artbeat/harappas-greatest-centre-sheds-light-on-our-today| date = 16 September 2012| work = The Sunday Guardian| access-date = 8 August 2013| archive-date = 4 July 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160704174817/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/artbeat/harappas-greatest-centre-sheds-light-on-our-today}}<br /> <br /> {{Indus Valley Civilization}}<br /> {{Haryana}}<br /> [[Category:Populated places established in the 4th millennium BC]]<br /> [[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]<br /> [[Category:Tourism in Haryana]]<br /> [[Category:Archaeological sites in Hisar district]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Hisar (city)]]<br /> [[Category:History of Hisar district]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shiv_Sena&diff=472082 2026-03-17T07:17:30Z

<p>GiseleStead: general add structure based on references further and updated info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Political party in Maharashtra, India}}<br /> {{distinguish|Shiv Sena (2022-present)|Shiv Sena (UBT)}}<br /> {{other uses|Shiv Sena (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br /> {{protection padlock|small=yes}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=September 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian political party<br /> | logo=<br /> |party_name = Shiv Sena<br /> |colorcode = {{party color|Shiv Sena}}<br /> |foundation = {{Start date|df=yes|1966|6|19}}<br /> |founder = [[Bal Thackeray]]<br /> |headquarters = Shivsena Bhavan, Dadar, Mumbai, Maharashtra<br /> |alliance = *[[National Democratic Alliance]] (1998–2019)<br /> *[[Maha Vikas Aghadi]] &amp; [[United Progressive Alliance]] (2019–2022)<br /> |ideology = {{nowrap|[[Conservatism]] ([[Conservatism in India|Indian]])&lt;ref name=&quot;SS1&quot;&gt;—{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/like-mann-ki-baat-and-chai-pe-charcha-shiv-sena-starts-branding-its-public-interactions/280119/|title=Like Mann Ki Baat and Chai Pe Charcha, Shiv Sena starts branding its public interactions|date=22 August 2019|publisher=[[ThePrint]]|access-date=16 February 2020|quote=...the usually-conservative Shiv Sena has now moved to give itself a branding twist with events like 'Aaditya Samvad','Friends of Aaditya' and 'Mauli Samvad' — with a bit of advice from poll strategist Prashant Kishor.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216124516/https://theprint.in/politics/like-mann-ki-baat-and-chai-pe-charcha-shiv-sena-starts-branding-its-public-interactions/280119/|archive-date=16 February 2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;br /&gt;—{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/no-chance-for-young-blood-shiv-sena-has-bet-on-ageing-war-horses-say-analysts/articleshow/68543562.cms|title=No chance for young blood? Shiv Sena has bet on ageing war horses, say analysts|date=24 March 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 February 2020|quote=Renominations for leaders like Chandrakant Khaire, Bhavna Gawli, Anandrao Adsul and Union minister Anant Gite for the Lok Sabha elections reflect the Shiv Sena's conservative mindset, they added}}&lt;br /&gt;—{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/22/magazine/the-slumdog-millionaire-architect.html|title=The Slumdog Millionaire Architect|date=19 June 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=16 February 2020|quote=In 1995, when the conservative Shiv Sena Party took power in elections in Maharashtra state (Mumbai is its capital)...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[Social conservatism]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|work=[[Financial Times]]|title=Mumbai on high alert after politician dies|date=17 November 2012|url=https://www.ft.com/content/ee4d2c58-30d5-11e2-a11a-00144feabdc0|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/ee4d2c58-30d5-11e2-a11a-00144feabdc0|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Regionalism (politics)|regionalism]]&lt;br&gt;[[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Nativism (politics)|nativism]]&lt;ref name=&quot;BergerHeidemann2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[Hindutva]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Bal Thackeray and the rise of Shiv Sena|first=Vaibhav|last=Purandare|year=2014|publisher=Roli Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Hindu nationalism]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|work=[[Arab News]]|title=India's ultra-right Shiv Sena party forms coalition government with seculars|date=26 November 2019|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1591041/world|access-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129202915/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1591041/world|archive-date=29 November 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[Ultranationalism]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SS2&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;— {{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/257394.stm|title=South Asia &amp;#124; Indian cricket offices attacked |work=BBC News|date=1999-01-18|access-date=2015-12-02}}&lt;br /&gt;—{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/406405.stm|title=South Asia &amp;#124; Poll ban for Hindu leader|work=BBC News|date=1999-07-28|access-date=2015-12-02}}&lt;br /&gt;—{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/259676.stm|title=South Asia &amp;#124; Hindu activists call off cricket protest|work=BBC News|date=1999-01-21|access-date=2015-12-02}}&lt;br /&gt;—{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/mistry-defends-book-dropped-at-mumbai-university-1.891373|title=Mistry defends book dropped at Mumbai University – Arts &amp; Entertainment – CBC News|publisher=Cbc.ca|date=2010-10-19|access-date=2015-12-02}}&lt;br /&gt;—{{cite web|date=8 March 2012|author=Mark Magnier|work=Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2012-mar-08-la-fg-india-temple-20120309-story.html|title=In India, battle continues over Hindu temple's riches – latimes|access-date=2015-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Joshi, R. 1970&quot;&gt;Joshi, R. (1970). The Shiv Sena: A Movement in Search of Legitimacy. [[Asian Survey]], 10(11), 967–978. {{doi|10.2307/2642817}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Morkhandikar, R. S. (1967). The Shiv Sena—An Eruption of Sub-Nationalism. [[Economic and Political Weekly]], 2(42), 1903–1906. {{JSTOR|24478083}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Economic nationalism]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Sunila|last=Kale|title=Electrifying India: Regional Political Economies of Development|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|year=2014|page=94}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Right-wing populism]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Comparative Political Thought|publisher=Routledge|first=Michael|last=Freesden|year=2013|page=82}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> |successor =[[Shiv Sena (UBT)]]&lt;br&gt;[[Shiv Sena (2022-present)]]<br /> | dissolution=10 October 2022<br /> |position = {{nowrap|[[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SS5&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;—{{cite news|title=Understanding Maharashtra's Political Game of Thrones|newspaper=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=2019-12-09|author=Siddharthya Roy|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/understanding-maharashtras-political-game-of-thrones/|access-date=2020-01-04|quote=The ball now was in the court of the BJP's oldest ally in the state as well as at the central level: the Shiv Sena, a regionalist right-wing force, which won 56 seats}} &lt;br /&gt;—{{cite news|title=Indian Citizenship Row Did Modi, Shah lose the plot?|newspaper=[[BBC]]|date=2020-01-04|author=Malladi Rama Rao|url=http://asiantribune.com/node/93310|access-date=2020-01-04|quote=&quot;Rather than uniting Hindus against Muslims, what the duo have succeeded in doing is to alienate their own hard-core allies, namely the right-wing Shiv Sena and those erring Hindutva fans that had elected the Bharatiya Janata Party government in Assam.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103232708/http://asiantribune.com/node/93310|archive-date=3 January 2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;br /&gt;—{{cite news|title=Maharashtra: The unravelling of India's BJP and Shiv Sena alliance|newspaper=Asian Tribune|date=2019-07-18|author=Soutik Biswas|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50402748|access-date=2020-01-04|quote=Consider this. The 53-year-old Shiv Sena is a stridently right-wing Hindu party. It began as an ethnic, nativist outfit to support the interests of Mumbai's Marathi-speaking people.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SS7&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;—{{cite news|work=[[BBC]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-34569574|title=Shiv Sena attack derails India-Pakistan cricket talks|date=19 October 2015}}&lt;br /&gt;—{{cite news|work=[[The Straits Times]]|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/hindu-nationalists-in-india-renew-demand-for-temple|date=7 December 2018|title=Hindu nationalists in India renew demand for temple}}<br /> &lt;br /&gt;—{{cite news|work=[[The Express Tribune]]|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1825653/9-shiv-sena-workers-commit-suicide-women-enter-prominent-kerala-temple/|title=Shiv Sena workers to 'commit suicide' if women enter prominent Kerala temple|date=15 October 2018}}&lt;br /&gt;—{{cite news|work=[[Scroll.in]]|date=18 January 2017|title=Shiv Sena received 80% of all donations above Rs 20,000 to regional parties in 2015-'16: Report|url=https://scroll.in/latest/827095/shiv-sena-received-80-of-all-donations-above-rs-20000-to-regional-parties-in-2015-16-report|access-date=13 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109134123/https://scroll.in/latest/827095/shiv-sena-received-80-of-all-donations-above-rs-20000-to-regional-parties-in-2015-16-report|archive-date=9 November 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; to [[far-right]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/19/modi-party-india-state-election-wins|quote=the far-right Shiv Sena|work=The Guardian|title=Modi party tightens grip on power with Indian state election wins|date=19 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|work=Firstpost|title=What's in a name? A look at Bombay 20 years after it was renamed Mumbai|date=13 November 2015|quote=The far-right Shiv Sena party|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/whats-in-a-name-a-look-at-bombay-20-years-after-it-was-renamed-mumbai-2505016.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Changing Face of Parties and Party Systems|quote=Shiv Sena: The Indian Far Right|page=170|year=2017|first=Sunil|last=Choudary}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> |publication = ''[[Saamana]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[Marmik]]''<br /> |youth = Yuva Sena<br /> |students = Bharatiya Vidyarthi Sena (BVS)<br /> |women = Shiv Sena Mahila Aghadi<br /> |flag=<br /> |symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow2.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert|150px]]<br /> |eci = State Party<br /> |colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}} [[Saffron (color)|Saffron]]}}<br /> <br /> '''Shiv Sena''' (1966–2022) ({{translit|mr|ISO|Śiva Sēnā}}; {{Literal translation|Army of [[Shivaji]]}}; {{small|abbr.}} '''SS''') was a [[Conservatism|conservative]] [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Regionalism (politics)|regionalist]] [[Hindutva]]-based political party in [[India]] founded in 1966 by [[Bal Thackeray]], who was later succeeded by [[Uddhav Thackeray]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Understanding Maharashtra's Political Game of Thrones|newspaper=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=2019-12-09|author=Siddharthya Roy|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/understanding-maharashtras-political-game-of-thrones/|access-date=2020-01-04|quote=The ball now was in the court of the BJP's oldest ally in the state as well as at the central level: the Shiv Sena, a regionalist right-wing force, which won 56 seats}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BergerHeidemann2013&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Berger, Peter|author2=Heidemann, Frank|title=The Modern Anthropology of India: Ethnography, Themes and Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sBgLb8XIGR8C&amp;pg=PA179|date=3 June 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-06111-2|page=179}}&lt;/ref&gt; The party has split into two parties: the Uddhav Thackeray-led [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]] which has a new symbol of ''Mashaal'' (Torch) and Eknath Shinde-led [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]] which has the original party name and the &quot;bow and arrow&quot; symbol.<br /> <br /> Initially apolitical, the organisation was patronised by the then Chief Minister [[Vasantrao Naik]] who used it for curbing trade unions and maintain stranglehold of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]].&lt;ref name=&quot;revolutionarydemocracy&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Bal Thackeray|website=revolutionarydemocracy.org|date=2012-11-19|url=https://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv19n1/thackeray.htm|access-date=2023-06-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Patel Thorner 1995&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Patel|first1=Sujata|last2=Thorner|first2=Alice|title=Bombay: Metaphor for Modern India|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=Oxford India paperbacks|year=1995|isbn=978-0-19-563688-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-TZAAAAMAAJ|page=272|quote=The then chief minister of Maharashtra, Vasantrao Naik, deliberately encouraged this newly formed political grouping— despite its narrow concern with Maharashtra for Maharashtrians - to break the stranglehold of the Left unions}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Srivastava&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Srivastava|first=A.|title=Sensex Of Regional Parties: Bestseller Book by Aaku Srivastava: Sensex Of Regional Parties|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|year=2022|isbn=978-93-5521-236-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEeHEAAAQBAJ|page=80}}&lt;/ref&gt; The organisation at the same time carried out pro-[[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Nativism (politics)|nativist]] movement in [[Mumbai]] in which it agitated for preferential treatment for the Marathi people over migrants from other parts of India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/why-does-shinde-rebellion-hit-so-hard-a-look-at-shiv-senas-history-1122180.html| title=Why does Shinde rebellion hit so hard? A look at Shiv Sena's history|date=28 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Although Shiv Sena's primary base always remained in [[Maharashtra]], it tried to expand to a pan-Indian base. In the 1970s, it gradually moved from advocating a pro-Marathi ideology to supporting a broader Hindu nationalist agenda,&lt;ref name=&quot;Rediff article: sons of the soil, lungi slogan, shakhas, south Indians in 1970, shift to Hindutva, defeat of communists/&quot; /&gt; and aligned itself with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). Shiv Sena took part in Mumbai ([[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|BMC]]) municipal elections for its entire existence. In 1989, it entered into an alliance with the BJP for [[Lok Sabha]] as well as [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] elections. The alliance in the latter was temporarily broken in the [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014 elections]] due to seat sharing adjustment, although it was quickly reformed. Shiv Sena was one of the founding members of the BJP-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) in 1998, and it also participated in [[Vajpayee Government]] from 1998 to 2004 and the [[Narendra Modi Government]] from 2014 to 2019.<br /> <br /> After [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]], the party left the alliance after disagreements with BJP over the CM post. Under [[Uddhav Thackeray]], Shiv Sena formed an alliance with its historic rivals, the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Nationalist Congress Party]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-09-22|title=Shinde to Uddhav: Have you become secular now?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/shinde-to-uddhav-have-you-become-secular-now-8165241/|access-date=2023-02-20|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title= Shiv Sena has turned pseudo-secular, says Devendra Fadnavis|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/shiv-sena-has-turned-pseudo-secular-says-devendra-fadnavis/article65308835.ece|access-date=2023-02-20|website=The Hindu|date=10 April 2022| last1=Banerjee|first1=Shoumojit}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=शिवसेना आधीपेक्षा मावळ झाली आहे का?|url=https://www.bbc.com/marathi/india-53098248&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjh55XU86P9AhV4-jgGHYjoD8kQu7wFegQIFxAE&amp;usg=AOvVaw0zwcqvUpEjP9hDl0Bosx0D|access-date=2023-02-20|website=BBC Marathi}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the [[2022 Maharashtra political crisis]], the party split.<br /> <br /> The party once had a powerful hold over the [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film industry]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/8073240/Author-Rohinton-Mistry-slams-Mumbai-University-after-book-ban.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/8073240/Author-Rohinton-Mistry-slams-Mumbai-University-after-book-ban.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Author Rohinton Mistry slams Mumbai University after book ban |access-date=27 August 2012 |last=Dean |first= Nelson |date=19 October 2010 |publisher= telegraph.co.uk }}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has been accused of being an &quot;[[Extremism|extremist]]&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Ahmed, Z.S. |author2=Balasubramanian, R. |year=2010 |title=Extremism in Pakistan and India: The Case of the Jamaat-e-Islami and Shiv Sena |publisher=Regional Centre for Strategic Studies (RCSS) |location=[[Colombo]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Mehta |first=Ved |title=Rajiv Gandhi and Rama's Kingdom |year=1994 |url=https://archive.org/details/rajivgandhiramas00meht|url-access=registration | publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |location=[[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]], Connecticut |page=[https://archive.org/details/rajivgandhiramas00meht/page/157 157]|isbn=9780300060386 }}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;[[Chauvinism|chauvinist]]&quot;'',''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Bagchi |first=Amiya |title=Capital and Labour Redefined:India and the Third World |year=2002 |publisher=Anthem Press |location=[[London]] |page=344}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Kaminsky |first=Arnold |title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic |url=https://archive.org/details/indiatodayvolume00kami|url-access=limited |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=[[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]], California |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiatodayvolume00kami/page/n688 628]}}&lt;/ref&gt; or &quot;[[Fascism|fascist]]&quot; party.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chandavarkar2&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Chandavarkar |first=Rajnayaran |title=History, Culture and the Indian City |url=https://archive.org/details/historyculturein00chan |url-access=limited |date=3 September 2009 |publisher=[[Cambridge University]] Press |isbn=978-0-521-76871-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyculturein00chan/page/n42 29] |edition=1st}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jeff2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book | author=Jeff Haynes | title=Religion, Politics and International Relations | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpO2s24WMowC&amp;pg=PA150 | access-date=18 November 2012 | date=7 April 2011 | publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis | isbn=978-1-136-73753-4 | page=150}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shiv Sena has been allegedly involved in the [[1970 Bhiwandi riots|1970 communal violence]] in [[Bhiwandi]], the [[1984 Bhiwandi riot]], and violence in the [[Bombay riots|1992–1993 Bombay riots]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Human Rights Watch World Report 1999 |year=1998 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |isbn=978-1-56432-190-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/humanrightswatch00huma_0/page/186 186] |url=https://archive.org/details/humanrightswatch00huma_0/page/186 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Cynthia |title=Playing the &quot;communal Card&quot;: Communal Violence and Human Rights |year=1995 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |isbn=978-1-56432-152-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/playingcommunalc00brow/page/27 27] |url=https://archive.org/details/playingcommunalc00brow/page/27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> &lt;!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Shivsenakolkata.jpg|thumb|A poster from Shiv Sena campaign against Valentine's Day in [[Kolkata]].]] --&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Origins===<br /> After the [[Independence of India]] in 1947, regional administrative divisions from the colonial era were gradually changed and states following linguistic borders were created. Within the [[Bombay Presidency]], a massive popular struggle was launched for the creation of a state for the Marathi-speaking people. In 1960, the presidency was divided into two linguistic states: [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]]. Moreover, Marathi-speaking areas of the erstwhile [[Hyderabad state]] were joined with Maharashtra. Bombay, in many ways the economic capital of India, became the state capital of Maharashtra. On one hand, people belonging to the [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] community owned the majority of the industry and trade enterprises in the city.&lt;ref name=&quot;Public sector, Threats against other communities, businesses owned especially by Gujarati and Marwaris/&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Sena-fate-From-roar-to-meow/articleshow/1311115.cms |title=Sena fate: From roar to meow |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2006-08-11 |date=29 November 2005}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; There was a steady flow of [[South India]]n migrants to the city leading to fears that they would take many white-collar jobs{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}.<br /> <br /> In 1960, [[Bal Thackeray]], a Mumbai-based cartoonist, began publishing the satirical cartoon weekly ''[[Marmik]]''. Through this publication, he started disseminating anti-migrant sentiments. On 19 June 1966, Thackeray founded the Shiv Sena as a political organisation.<br /> <br /> The Shiv Sena attracted many unemployed Marathi youth, who were attracted by Thackeray's charged anti-migrant oratory. Shiv Sena cadres became involved in various attacks against the South Indian communities, vandalizing South Indian restaurants and pressuring employers to hire Marathis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rediff article: sons of the soil, lungi slogan, shakhas, south Indians in 1970, shift to Hindutva, defeat of communists/&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://in.rediff.com/election/2004/apr/23espec3.htm |title=Know Your Party: Shiv Sena |work=Rediff.com |access-date=2006-07-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Initially apolitical, the organisation was patronised by the then Chief Minister [[Vasantrao Naik]] who used it for curbing trade unions and maintain stranglehold of the Congress.&lt;ref name=&quot;revolutionarydemocracy&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Patel Thorner 1995&quot;/&gt; Because of its close association with Vasantrao, the organisation was also referred to as &quot;Vasant Sena&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;revolutionarydemocracy&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Srivastava&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Shiv Sena declared support to [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]] in 1975 and supported the Congress in the [[1977 Indian general election|1977 general election]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; In [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980 Maharashtra Assembly election]], the party did not contest from any seat however it campaigned for the Congress.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ananth |first=Venkat |date=2014-09-22 |title=The anatomy of an alliance: The BJP-Shiv Sena story |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/VbrxNc2FSZuGroknO7I97M/The-anatomy-of-an-alliance-The-BJPShiv-Sena-story.html |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-10-12 |title=BJP longest, but once earlier too Congress was a Shiv Sena friend |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bjp-longest-but-once-earlier-too-congress-was-a-shiv-sena-friend-8204394/ |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Deshpande |first=Alok |date=2019-11-06 |title=History lessons: when Sena and Congress helped each other out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/history-lessons-when-sena-and-congress-helped-each-other-out/article29903106.ece |access-date=2024-04-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Alliance with the Bharatiya Janata Party===<br /> The Sena started placing more weight on the [[Hindutva]] ideology in the 1970s as the 'sons of the soil' cause was weakening.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rediff article: sons of the soil, lungi slogan, shakhas, south Indians in 1970, shift to Hindutva, defeat of communists/&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In the [[1984 Indian general election|1984 general election]], Shiv Sena formed its first alliance with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and Shiv Sena candidates fought on BJP's lotus symbol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-10-15 |title=Maharashtra: How Chhagan Bhujbal held Shiv Sena's 'mashaal' &amp; won in 1985 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-how-bhujbal-held-shiv-senas-mashaal-won-in-1985/articleshow/94798077.cms |access-date=2024-04-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The party began a coalition with the BJP for seats in the [[Lok Sabha]] and the [[Maharashtra Assembly]] from 1989. The two formed a government in Maharashtra between 1995 and 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;BJP Shivsena 25 year&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/maharashtra-elections-bjp-ends-25yearold-alliance-with-shiv-sena-as-seat-sharing-talks-fail/501837-3-237.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927093832/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/maharashtra-elections-bjp-ends-25yearold-alliance-with-shiv-sena-as-seat-sharing-talks-fail/501837-3-237.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-09-27 |title=Maharashtra elections: BJP ends 25-year-old alliance with Shiv Sena as seat-sharing talks fail |publisher=ibnlive.in.com |access-date=2014-10-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Sena was the opposition party in the state along with the BJP from 1999 to 2014. However, the 25 year alliance with the BJP was threatened in [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014 Maharashtra Assembly elections]] over seat sharing and both contested the election independently.&lt;ref name=&quot;BJP Shivsena 25 year&quot; /&gt; With the BJP becoming the largest party following the 2014 election, Sena declared opposition. However, after negotiations, Sena agreed to join the government in Maharashtra.&lt;ref name=&quot;join&quot;&gt;[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/shiv-sena-to-join-fadnavis-govt-accepts-offer-of-12-cabinet-berths/ Shiv Sena to join Fadnavis govt; gives up claim to home minister, deputy CM post], Indian Express, 4 December 2014&lt;/ref&gt; The Shiv Sena-BJP combine governs the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]. Traditionally the main strongholds of Shiv Sena have been Mumbai and the [[Konkan]] coastal areas. However, in the [[2004 Indian general elections|2004 Lok Sabha elections]] the result was reversed. The Shiv Sena made inroads in the interior parts of the state, while suffering losses in Mumbai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-political-crisis-what-made-eknath-shinde-turn-against-shiv-sena/articleshow/92372903.cms |title=Maharashtra MVA crisis: What made Eknath Shinde turn against ..|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 June 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Formation of Maharashtra Navanirman Sena===<br /> In July 2005, Former [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|Maharashtra Chief Minister]] and Sena leader [[Narayan Rane]] was expelled from the party, which sparked internal conflict in the party. In December the same year [[Raj Thackeray]], Bal Thackeray's nephew, left the party.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite news |title=Senior Shiv Sena leader quits |publisher=BBC |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4539588.stm |date=18 December 2005 |access-date=2014-10-25}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; Raj Thackeray later founded a separate party, [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] (MNS). {{citation needed|date=October 2014}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Raj Thackeray launches new party |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/raj-thackeray-launches-new-party/story-kN1F9MTirNyUSKrf7vgd3J.html |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=India Today |date=9 March 2006 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Although the MNS is a break-away group from the Shiv Sena, the party is still based in Bhumiputra ideology. When unveiling the party in an assembly at Shivaji Park he said, everyone is anxious to see what will happen to Hindutva and, &quot;I shall elaborate on the party's stance on issues like Hindutva, its agenda for development of Maharashtra and the significance of the party flag colours at the 19 March public meeting.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite news |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=64115 |title=Raj Thackeray launches new party |agency=Press Trust of India |date= 9 March 2006 |access-date=2014-10-25}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Leadership change ===<br /> [[File:Bal Thackeray and Madhuri Dixit at 70th Master Dinanath Mangeshkar Awards (4).jpg|left|thumb|Bal Thackeray, at a gathering]]Bal Thackeray's son Uddhav Thackeray became the party's leader in 2004, although Bal Thackeray continued to be an important figurehead. After the death of Bal Thackeray on 17 November 2012, Uddhav became the leader of the party but refused to take the title &quot;''Shiv Sena Pramukh''&quot; (Eng : Shiv Sena Supremo).&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Uddhav-takes-fathers-powers-but-not-Shiv-Sena-pramukh-title/articleshow/17452126.cms |title=Uddhav takes father's powers, but not Shiv Sena 'pramukh' title |newspaper=Times of India |date=2 December 2012}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-17 |title=Why Uddhav lost to Shinde in fight over 'bow and arrow': 5 points from EC order |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/why-uddhav-lost-to-shinde-in-fight-over-bow-and-arrow-5-points-from-ec-order-101676643469175.html |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Ideology shifts ===<br /> The Shiv Sena party's ideology has undergone changes since its formation. Initially, it started with the ideology of Marathi [[Regionalism (politics)|regionalism]] under the leadership of [[Bal Thackeray]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Purandare |first=Vaibhav |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JS1hBAAAQBAJ |title=Bal Thackeray &amp; The Rise of the Shiv Sena |date=2013-02-27 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=978-81-7436-991-8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Joshi, R. 1970&quot;/&gt; However, the party shifted towards [[ultranationalism]] and [[right-wing populism]] over time, which helped them form an alliance with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Banerjee |first=Sikata |title=Mobilization of the Shiv Sena |date=2021-10-22 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429268564-5 |work=Warriors in Politics |pages=111–130 |place=New York |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780429268564-5 |isbn=9780429268564 |s2cid=239541679 |access-date=2023-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Chhibber |first1=Pradeep K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=BJP+Shiv+Sena+alliance |title=Ideology and Identity: The Changing Party Systems of India |last2=Verma |first2=Rahul |date=2018-08-24 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-062390-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Verify source|date=February 2023}} When [[Uddhav Thackeray]] became the party leader, he gradually shifted towards composite nationalism and formed an alliance with the Congress and Nationalist Congress Party (NCP).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/amp/news/opinion/how-shiv-sena-deviated-from-bal-thackerays-hardcore-hindutva-agenda-and-paid-a-heavy-price-5488813.html%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjwqvfNrqb9AhVE3jgGHYFPDbQQFnoECA8QAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw0Oz3PuXCy1Ke2pc0WCVooM |title=Archived copy |access-date=25 June 2023 |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221104807/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/opinion/how-shiv-sena-deviated-from-bal-thackerays-hardcore-hindutva-agenda-and-paid-a-heavy-price-5488813.html%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjwqvfNrqb9AhVE3jgGHYFPDbQQFnoECA8QAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw0Oz3PuXCy1Ke2pc0WCVooM |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; This shift in ideology was a significant departure from Shiv Sena's traditional stance, as the party had been historically opposed to the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] for the majority of its existence.<br /> <br /> === 2022 political crisis and split in the party===<br /> {{main|2022 Maharashtra political crisis}}[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi.jpg|thumb|[[Eknath Shinde]] with NDA partners]]In late June 2022, [[Eknath Shinde]], a senior Shiv Sena leader, and the majority of [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]] from Shiv Sena joined hands with the BJP.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Karthikeyan |first=Suchitra |date=2022-06-22 |title=Maharashtra Political Crisis: MVA slides into minority; here's how the numbers stand |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maharashtra-political-crisis-mva-slides-into-minority-heres-how-the-numbers-stand/article65548913.ece |access-date=2023-04-04 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-23 |title=What's next in the Maharashtra political crisis? Decoding the future of the MVA alliance |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/whats-next-in-the-maharashtra-political-crisis-decoding-the-future-of-the-mva-alliance-10826921.html |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-06-22 |title=Maharashtra: The political crisis brewing in India's richest state |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-61891133 |access-date=2023-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Governor [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]] called for a trust vote, an action that would later on be described as a &quot;sad spectacle&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2023-03-15 |title=Governors cannot precipitate the fall of elected governments: Supreme Court |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/governors-cannot-precipitate-the-fall-of-elected-governments-supreme-court/article66623480.ece |access-date=2023-04-04 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; by [[Supreme Court of India]], and draw criticism from Political Observers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-03-21 |title=Should India abolish its state governors? |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65014164 |access-date=2023-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Uddhav Thackeray]] resigned from the post as chief minister well as a MLC member ahead of [[Motion of no confidence|no-confidence motion]] on 29 June 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-29 |title=Not keen on games, but not going away forever: Uddhav Thackeray's parting note as Maha CM |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/uddhav-thackeray-maharashtra-cm-floor-test-101656518180649.html |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shinde subsequently formed a new coalition with the BJP, and was sworn in as the Chief Minister on 30 June 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-27 |title=Maharashtra political crisis Highlights {{!}} First Shinde cabinet decision: Metro-3 car shed to be built inside Aarey forest |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-political-crisis-news-live-updates-shiv-sena-eknath-shinde-supreme-court-uddhav-thackeray-7993148/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uddhav Thackeray filed a lawsuit with the [[Supreme Court of India]] claiming that Eknath Shinde and his group's actions meant that they were disqualified under the [[Anti-defection law (India)|anti-defection law]], with Eknath Shinde claiming that he has not defected, but rather represents the true Shiv Sena party.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-16 |title=Shiv Sena Case : Supreme Court Constitution Bench Reserves Judgment |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/shiv-sena-case-supreme-court-constitution-bench-reserves-judgment-uddhav-thackeray-eknath-shinde-maharashtra-223929 |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The case is currently being heard by [[Supreme Court of India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2023-03-16 |title=Supreme Court reserves judgment on Maharashtra political row |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/absolutely-no-freedom-in-regional-parties-many-run-by-single-family-sc-on-maharashtra-row/article66628047.ece |access-date=2023-04-04 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; The parties split into two factions: [[Balasahebanchi Shiv Sena]] led by Shinde and [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]] led by Thackeray.<br /> <br /> Shinde subsequently filed a petition with the [[Election Commission of India]] staking his claim to the 'Shiv Sena' name and the Bow and Arrow symbol. The ECI ruled in favour of Shinde's faction based on the strength of its legislative wing, rather than on the organizational wing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Uddhav Thackeray Loses Name, Symbol Of Shiv Sena Founded By Father |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/eknath-shinde-faction-gets-shiv-senas-bow-and-arrow-poll-symbol-3791900 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Debayan |title=Supreme Court declines to stay EC order recognising Eknath Shinde faction as Shiv Sena; allows Thackeray to use 'flaming torch' for bye-polls |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/supreme-court-declines-stay-ec-order-recognsining-eknath-shinde-faction-shiv-sena-allows-thackeray-use-flaming-torch-bye-polls |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |date=22 February 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-02-17 |title=Eknath Shinde faction gets Shiv Sena name, symbol |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/eknath-shinde-faction-recognised-as-real-shiv-sena-allotted-bow-and-arrow-symbol/article66521586.ece |access-date=2023-02-20 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thackeray appealed against the decision, and the case is currently pending in the Supreme Court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sheenu |date=2023-02-21 |title=Supreme Court to hear Uddhav Thackeray faction's plea against Election Commission decision tomorrow |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/supreme-court-agrees-to-hear-uddhav-thackeray-faction-plea-against-election-commission-decision-february-22-latest-updates-eknath-shinde-symbol-rift-2023-02-21-849004 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Party structure and caste composition ==<br /> ===Structure===<br /> The Shiv Sena (SS) was led by a president, traditionally referred to as the &quot;''Shiv Sena Pramukh''&quot;, ({{Translation|Chief}}) which translates to &quot;Shiv Sena Chief&quot; in English.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2003-03-27 |title=The Official Structure of the Shiv Sena |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/25874/chapter/193560980 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195660449.005.0002|doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bal Thackeray served as the first Shiv Sena ''Pramukh'' and took all major decisions while the activists and members of the Shiv Sena, known as Shiv ''Sainiks'', ({{Translation|Soldiers}}) carried out most of the party's grassroots work. During his last days, the day-to-day activities of the party were handled by his youngest son Uddhav Thackeray, who succeeded him as party leader after his death in 2012.<br /> <br /> Shiv Sena formed a network of grassroots organizations, known as &quot;''Shiv Sena Shakhas''&quot; ({{Translation|Branch}}). The ''Shakhas'' serve as the primary unit of the party, with each ''Shakha'' consisting of 25-50 members. The ''Shakhas'' were responsible for carrying out the party's activities at the grassroots level, such as mobilizing voters during elections, organizing protests and rallies, and engaging in community service activities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Purandare |first=Vaibhav |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JS1hBAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Shiv+sena+Shakha |title=Bal Thackeray &amp; The Rise of the Shiv Sena |date=2013-02-27 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=978-81-7436-991-8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In addition to the ''Shakhas'', the party has various other organizational structures, including the ''Yuva Sena'', ({{Translation|Youth Army}}) party's youth wing, and the ''Mahila Aghadi'', the party's women's wing. The Shiv Sena is also affiliated with the [[Sthaniya Lokadhikar Samiti]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Business India&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Business India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f69IAAAAYAAJ |access-date=24 February 2012 |year=1996 |publisher=A.H. Advani}}&lt;/ref&gt; which advocates for the preservation of employment rights for [[Maharashtrians]] in Maharashtra.<br /> <br /> Prior to the rebellion by its prominent leader Eknath Shinde in 2022, the party was in hand of [[Thackeray family]], thus most of the important positions was hold by Bal Thackeray's son and grandson that is Uddhav and [[Aaditya Thackeray|Aditya Thackeray]] respectively. Opposition parties frequently alleged Shiva Sena as a dynastic political party. Bal Thackeray never remained on any elected political position but he never vacated the position of Shiva Sena supremo and ruled as a Godfather or king maker.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Wayback Machine has not archived that URL. |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sena-tussle-holds-key-lesson-for-dynasts-build-anew-or-implode/articleshow/92773414.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710015430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sena-tussle-holds-key-lesson-for-dynasts-build-anew-or-implode/articleshow/92773414.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 July 2022 |access-date=2023-06-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> For the first time ever, Thackeray family directly participated in election when Aditya contested for a seat of MLA in 2019. Later, his father debuted in direct politics and became [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|chief minister]] of the state. Aditya was the tourism minister his [[Thackeray ministry|father's cabinet]].<br /> <br /> ===Caste composition===<br /> People of various Maharashtrian castes worked together in the Sena. The party's leaders mostly came from the &quot;high castes&quot; that is [[Brahmins]], [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu]] and [[Pathare Prabhus]] - Thackerey, [[Manohar Joshi]], [[Sudhir Joshi (politician)|Sudhir Joshi]], Balwant Mantri, Hemchandra Gupte, Shyam Deshmukh, Madhav Deshpande, Datta Pradhan, Vijay Parvatkar, [[Madhukar Sarpotdar]] and [[Pramod Navalkar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;purandare13&quot;/&gt;<br /> One of the above-mentioned leaders, Hemchandra Gupte, who was [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]] of Bombay in the early 70s and was the former family physician and confidant of Thackeray, quit Shivsena citing flaws such as importance given to money, violence committed by the ''Shivsainiks'' ({{Translation|Soldiers}}) and Bal Thackeray's support to then prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]] during the [[The Emergency (India)|1975 emergency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title=Wages of Violence : Naming and identity in postcolonial Bombay|author= Thomas Blom Hansen|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2001|page=238|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-y3iNt0djbQC&amp;pg=PA238|quote=18: According to Hemchandra Gupte, a former confidante of Thackeray, his major reason for leaving the party for his growing disgust with the prominence of money and the &quot;goonda'ization&quot; of the party(interview, 5th October 1992). 21.Interview, 3 October 1992, with Hemchandra Gupte, physician, formerly Bal Thackeray's family doctor, and Shiv Sena's mayor of Bombay from 1971 to 1972. Dr. Gupte left Shiv Sena in 1976 because of Thackerey's support for Mrs.Gandhi and the emergency.|isbn= 0691088403}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There were also leaders from other castes such as [[Dattaji Salvi]], [[Dattaji Nalawade]] and [[Wamanrao Mahadik]], and those from the lower castes such as [[Chaggan Bhujbal]], [[Leeladhar Dake]], Bhai Shingre and Vijay Gaonkar.&lt;ref name=&quot;purandare13&quot;/&gt;{{Year needed|date=February 2023}}<br /> <br /> Over the years, other than the Bal Thackeray, there have been twelve senior leaders in the party, out of these, eight have been from<br /> upper caste (four were [[Brahmin]]s, two [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu]] and two [[Pathare Prabhu]]s). Others have been either [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] ([[Dattaji Salvi]]), [[Meru Kshatriya Shimpi|Shimpi]] ([[Wamanrao Mahadik]]), [[Agri (caste)|Agri]] ([[Leeladhar Dake]]) or [[Mali caste|Mali]] ([[Chaggan Bhujbal]]). In fact, Bhujbal quit the party accusing the party is biased towards upper caste people.&lt;ref name=&quot;purandare13&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The number of [[Dalit]]s were also not insignificant and even after the Sena opposed the reservations proposed by the [[Mandal Commission|Mandal commission]], there was no dent in the percentage of [[Other Backward Class]] in the party. In this way, the Sena was successful in uniting all Maharashtrians irrespective of caste under the common &quot;Marathi umbrella&quot;. The agenda of preferential treatment for the &quot;sons of the soil&quot; that is Maharashtrians brought them all together.&lt;ref name=&quot;purandare13&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JS1hBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT106|title=Bal Thackeray and the rise of Shiv Sena|author= Vaibhav Purandare|year=2012|publisher=Roli Books|page=106|quote=Its (Sena's) thrust on the economic upliftment of Maharashtrians and demand for preferential treatment of the sons of soil in employment drew the working class towards it. They wanted someone to focus on the issue that mattered to them most:Jobs. Besides, people of various castes worked together in the Sena. Though, from among the party's leaders, Thackerey, Manohar Joshi, Sudhir Joshi, Balwant Mantri, Dr Hemchandra Gupte, Shyam Deshmukh, Madhav Deshpande, Datta Pradhan, Vijay Parvatkar, Madhukar Sarpotdar and Pramod Navalkar came from the so called high castes (they were either Brahmins, Pathare Prabhus or Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus) and middle class localities like Dadar and Girgaum, rubbing shoulders with them were leaders from the working class areas of Lalbaug-Parel such as Dattaji Salvi, Dattaji Nalavade and Wamanrao Mahadik, and those from the so called lower castes such as Chaggan Bhujbal, Leeladhar Dake, Bhai Shingre and Vijay Gaonkar.... In fact, 70 per cent of Sainiks have belonged to the OBC category, and even after the party opposed the Mandal Commission recommendations, the percentage of OBCs in the Sena did not go down. |isbn=9788174369918}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Voter base===<br /> Shiv Sena's strength in the late 1980s and early '90s mainly came from the support of the [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] caste - which it drew away from the Congress.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Caste, Class, and Capital: The Social and Political Origins of Economic Policy in India |author=Kanta Murali|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2017|pages=236–237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFLTDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA236|quote=Shiv Sena's strength primarily came from Maratha support, which it drew away from the Congress|isbn=978-1-107-15450-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Citing the large percentage of MLAs elected from Shiv Sena belonging to the [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] caste, Vora from the [[University of Pune]] concludes that the Shiv Sena has been emerging as a &quot;Maratha Party&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|quote=The Shiv Sena is emerging as another Maratha party if we go by the number of Marathas elected on its ticket in the last four elections to the Vidhan Sabha. |pages=240, 241|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78rfCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA240|editor1=Christophe Jaffrelot|editor2=Sanjay Kumar|author=Rajendra Vora|title=Rise of the Plebeians?: The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies|isbn=9781136516627|date=4 May 2012|publisher=Routledge }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Headquarters==<br /> Shivsena ''Bhavan'' ({{Translation|House}}), was the central office of the Shiv Sena, located in ''Ram Ganesh Gadkari Chowk'' and [[Shivaji Park]] in [[Dadar]], [[Mumbai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-08-03|title=Explained: A history of Shiv Sena Bhavan, and the recent Sena-BJP clash over the building|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/shiv-sena-bhavan-history-thackeray-7435045/|access-date=2021-08-28|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was first inaugurated on 19 June 1977, and refurbished and re-inaugurated on 27 July 2006. It has a [[Copper|Copper Statue]] of [[Shivaji|Shivaji Maharaj]] and a large [[Poster]] of [[Bal Thackeray]]. In the [[1993 Bombay bombings]], terrorists planted a powerful bomb in Shivsena ''Bhavan;'' it exploded and the building received damage.&lt;ref name=&quot;1993 blasts&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=The 1993 blasts: A recap of the day that shook India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/1993-blasts-timeline-and-locations-156749-2013-03-22 |access-date=24 January 2022 |work=India Today |agency=IANS |date=22 March 2013 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Matoshri'', the house of Bal Thackeray and Uddhav Thackeray was an important building in this party. Many high-profile meetings usually held in it. It worked as a command and control centre of the party in Bal–Uddhava's regime.<br /> <br /> ==List of chief ministers==<br /> {{See also|List of chief ministers of Maharashtra}}<br /> Following is the list of the chief ministers of [[Maharashtra]] from Shiv Sena.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan =&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#FF6634; color:black&quot; | No.<br /> ! rowspan =&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#FF6634; color:black&quot; | Portrait<br /> ! rowspan =&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#FF6634; color:black&quot; | Name&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(Birth–Death)}}<br /> ! colspan =&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#FF6634; color:black&quot; | Tenure<br /> ! rowspan =&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#FF6634; color:black&quot; |Constituency <br /> ! rowspan =&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#FF6634; color:black&quot; | [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|{{black|Assembly}}]]<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#FF6634; color:black&quot; | Assumed office<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#FF6634; color:black&quot; | Left office<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#FF6634; color:black&quot; | Time in office<br /> |-style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;&quot;<br /> | 1<br /> | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|80px]]<br /> | '''[[Manohar Joshi]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(1937–2024)}}<br /> | {{dts|14 March 1995}}<br /> | {{dts|1 February 1999}}<br /> | {{age in years and days|1995|3|14|1999|2|1}}<br /> | [[Dadar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dadar]]<br /> | rowspan=2|9th&lt;br/&gt;{{small|([[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]])}}<br /> |-style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;&quot;<br /> | 2<br /> | [[File:Narayan Rane.jpg|80px]]<br /> | '''[[Narayan Rane]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(born 1952)}}<br /> | {{dts|1 February 1999}}<br /> | {{dts|18 October 1999}}<br /> | {{age in years and days|1999|2|1|1999|10|18}}<br /> | [[Kudal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Malvan]]<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;&quot;<br /> | 3<br /> | [[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|80px]]<br /> | '''[[Uddhav Thackeray]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(born 1960)}}<br /> | {{dts|28 November 2019}}<br /> | {{dts|30 June 2022}}<br /> | {{Age in years and days|2019|11|28|2022|6|30}}<br /> | [[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]]<br /> | rowspan=2|14th&lt;br/&gt;{{small|([[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]])}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == List of Ministers in Union Government ==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}};color:white&quot; |No.<br /> ! Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}};color:white&quot; | Name<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}};color:white&quot; | Term in office<br /> ! Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}};color:white&quot; | Portfolio<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}};color:white&quot; | Prime Minister<br /> |- align=center<br /> |1<br /> |[[Manohar Joshi]]<br /> |19 October 1999<br /> |9 May 2002<br /> | [[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises (India)|Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises]], [[13th Lok Sabha|13th]] [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> |rowspan=4|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br /> |rowspan=7 {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |[[Anandrao Vithoba Adsul]]<br /> |August 2002<br /> |May 2004<br /> |Ministry of State, Finance and Company Affairs<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |[[Suresh Prabhu]]<br /> |13 October 1999<br /> |25 August 2002<br /> |[[Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers]], [[Ministry of Power (India)|Ministry of Power]], [[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises]]<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|4<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Anant Geete]]<br /> |26 August 2002<br /> |22 May 2004<br /> |[[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of Power]]<br /> |-<br /> |16 May 2014<br /> |30 May 2019<br /> |[[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises (India)|Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises]]<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Narendra Modi]]<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |[[Arvind Sawant]] <br /> |30 May 2019<br /> |11 November 2019<br /> |[[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises]] <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Electoral performance==<br /> === Lok Sabha elections ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#FF6634; color:black;&quot;| Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#FF6634; color:black;&quot;| Seats won<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#FF6634; color:black;&quot;| Change in seats<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|1|48|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br /> |{{increase}} 1<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|4|48|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br /> |{{increase}} 3<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|15|48|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br /> |{{increase}} 11<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|6|48|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 9<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|15|48|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br /> |{{increase}} 9<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|12|48|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 3<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|11|48|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 1<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|18|48|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br /> |{{increase}} 7<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|18|48|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br /> |{{steady}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha elections ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#FF6634; color:black;&quot;| Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#FF6634; color:black;&quot;| Party leader<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#FF6634; color:black;&quot;| Seats won<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#FF6634; color:black;&quot;| +/-<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#FF6634; color:black;&quot;| Voteshare (%)<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#FF6634; color:black;&quot;| +/- (%)<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#FF6634; color:black;&quot;| Popular vote<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#FF6634; color:black;&quot;| Outcome<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> |rowspan=5 |[[Bal Thackeray]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|52|288|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br /> |{{increase}} 52<br /> |15.94%<br /> |{{increase}} 15.94%<br /> |4,733,834<br /> |{{no2|Opposition}}<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|73|288|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br /> |{{increase}} 21<br /> |16.39%<br /> |{{increase}} 0.45%<br /> |6,315,493<br /> |{{yes2|Government}}<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|69|288|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 4<br /> |17.33%<br /> |{{increase}} 0.94%<br /> |5,692,812<br /> |{{no2|Opposition}}<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|62|288|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 7<br /> |19.97%<br /> |{{Increase}} 2.64% <br /> |8,351,654<br /> |{{no2|Opposition}}<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|44|288|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 18<br /> |16.26%<br /> |{{decrease}} 3.71%<br /> |7,369,030<br /> |{{no2|Opposition}}<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br /> |rowspan=2 |[[Uddhav Thackeray]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|63|288|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br /> |{{increase}} 19<br /> |19.35%<br /> |{{increase}} 3.09%<br /> |10,235,970<br /> |{{yes2|Government}}<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|56|288|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 7<br /> |16.41%<br /> |{{decrease}} 3.04%<br /> |9,049,789<br /> |{{yes2|Government}}<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Candidates<br /> ! Elected<br /> ! Votes<br /> ! Source<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[1971 Indian general election|1971 Lok Sabha]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |5<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |227,468<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS_71.pdf accessed 29 June 2008 ]{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[1980 Indian general election|1980 Lok Sabha]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |2<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |129,351<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf TitlePage-VolI_LS99.PDF&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911065054/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |date=11 September 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[1989 Indian general election|1989 Lok Sabha]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |3<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |1<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |339,426<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf TitlePage-VolI_LS99.PDF&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911065014/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |date=11 September 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |1989 [[Goa]] Assembly<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |6<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&amp;nbsp;<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |4,960<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;[http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1989/Statistical_Report_Goa_1989.pdf List Of Political Parties&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911065331/http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1989/Statistical_Report_Goa_1989.pdf |date=11 September 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |1991 [[Uttar Pradesh]] Assembly<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |14<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |1<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |45,426<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=28 October 2014 |archive-date=6 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006055723/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[1991 Indian general election|1991 Lok Sabha]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |22<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |4<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |2,208,712<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/Vol_I_LS_91.pdf accessed 29 June 2008 ]{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |1993 [[Madhya Pradesh]] Assembly<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |88<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |75,783<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;[http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1993/Stat_rep_93_MP.pdf rptDetailedResults&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911071414/http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1993/Stat_rep_93_MP.pdf |date=11 September 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[1996 Indian general election|1996 Lok Sabha]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |132<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |15<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |4,989,994<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304140933/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf|date=4 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |1996 [[Haryana]] Assembly<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |17<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |6,700<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;[http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1996/StatisticalReport_HR96.pdf TitlePage_HR-96.PDF&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911065008/http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1996/StatisticalReport_HR96.pdf |date=11 September 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |1997 [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] Assembly<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |3<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |719<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;[http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1997/StatiscialReport_PU97.pdf TitlePage_PU-96.PDF&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911071401/http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1997/StatiscialReport_PU97.pdf |date=11 September 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[1998 Indian general election|1998 Lok Sabha]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |79<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |6<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |6,528,566<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304115353/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf|date=4 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |1998 [[Delhi]] Assembly<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |32<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |9,395<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;[http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1998/StatisticalReport_DEL98.pdf rptProgrammeOFElections&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911071352/http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1998/StatisticalReport_DEL98.pdf |date=11 September 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |1998 [[Himachal Pradesh]] Assembly<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |6<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |2,827<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;[http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1998/StatisticalReport_HP98.pdf rptProgrammeOFElections&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911071441/http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1998/StatisticalReport_HP98.pdf |date=11 September 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[1999 Indian general election|1999 Lok Sabha]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |63<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |15<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |5,672,412<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;[http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304123521/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf|date=4 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |1999 [[Goa]] Assembly<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |14<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&amp;nbsp;<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |5,987<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;[http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof_Goa_99.pdf TitlePageGA99.PDF&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911065334/http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof_Goa_99.pdf |date=11 September 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |2000 [[Odisha]] Assembly<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |16<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&amp;nbsp;<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |18,794<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_OR_LA_2000.pdf|title=Key Highlights of General Election, 2000 to The Legislative Assembly of Orissa|website=Election Commission of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911071419/http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_OR_LA_2000.pdf|archive-date=11 September 2008|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |2001 [[Kerala]] Assembly<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |1<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&amp;nbsp;<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |279<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/SE2001/pollupd/ac/candlwc/s11/s11shsacnst.htm |title=List of Contestants of Shivsena(SHS) in KERALA|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=2008-06-29 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210131949/http://archive.eci.gov.in/SE2001/pollupd/ac/candlwc/s11/s11shsacnst.htm |archive-date=10 February 2009 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |2002 [[Goa]] Assembly<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |15<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&amp;nbsp;<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[2004 Indian general election|2004 Lok Sabha]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |56<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |12<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |7,056,255<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;eci.gov.in&quot;&gt;[http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304134828/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|date=4 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[2009 Indian general election|2009 Lok Sabha]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |22<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |11<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |6,828,382<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;[http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_2009/Vol_I_LS_2009.pdf]{{Dead link|date=August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[2014 Indian general election|2014 Lok Sabha]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |20<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |18<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |10,262,981<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;eci.gov.in&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990 Maharashtra Assembly]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |183<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |52<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |47,33,834(16.39%)<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995 Maharashtra Assembly]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |169<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |73<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |6315493(16.39%)<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999 Maharashtra Assembly]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |169<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |69<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |(17.33%)<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004 Maharashtra Assembly]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |163<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |62<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |8351654 (19,97%)<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009 Maharashtra Assembly]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |160<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |45<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014 Maharashtra Assembly]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |286<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |63<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |10,235,972<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015 Bihar Assembly]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |80<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |0<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |2,11,131<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/|title=Partywise Result|website=eciresults.nic.in|access-date=9 November 2015|archive-date=18 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218160549/http://eciresults.nic.in/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/after-bihar-win-shiv-sena-eyes-uttar-pradesh/16668187 |title=After Bihar 'win', Shiv Sena eyes Uttar Pradesh - News |date=10 November 2015 |publisher=Mid-Day |access-date=2015-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017 Goa Assembly]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |3<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |0<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |792<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/goa-assembly-election-2017-mgp-shiv-sena-gsm-form-grand-alliance-to-contest-polls-3197056.html|title=Goa Assembly Election 2017: MGP-Shiv Sena-GSM form grand alliance to contest polls - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=10 January 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Goa|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Goa/05.Performance%20of%20Political%20Parties.pdf|access-date=5 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[2019 Indian general election|2019 Lok Sabha]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |23<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |18<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |12,589,064<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019 Maharashtra Assembly]]<br /> |124<br /> |56<br /> |9,049,789 (16.41)<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|author=Kamlesh Damodar Sutar |date=5 October 2019 |title=Maharashtra polls: Final BJP-Shiv Sena seat sharing numbers out|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/maharashtra-assembly-election/story/bjp-shiv-sena-seat-sharing-numbers-maharashtra-assembly-election-2019-1606336-2019-10-04|access-date=2020-09-16|magazine=India Today|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Activities==<br /> The Sena says it has played a central role in the emancipation of 500,000 slum dwellers in the [[Dharavi]] area of Mumbai, the largest slum in Asia. However, the policy of giving free houses to slum dwellers has been controversial since it was introduced by the then Shiv Sena-BJP government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/aug/12sena.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT: An interview with Shiv Sena leader Bal Thackeray|website=www.rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Highrises-dont-suit-Dharavi-slum-dwellers/articleshow/1386244.cms?referral=PM|title='Highrises don't suit Dharavi slum dwellers'|work=The Times of India|date=25 January 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040423/election.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, - Elections 2004|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Explain|reason=Why is this controversial?|date=August 2018}}<br /> <br /> In the 1970s, Shiv Sena was opposed to the [[Namantar Andolan]], a [[Dalit]]-led movement to change the name of Marathwada University in [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] to &quot;Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar University&quot;, and supported views of conservative Marathas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-nativists-dilemma/ |title=The nativist's dilemma |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=2014-10-14 |access-date=2015-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1996, Shiv Sena organised the first and only live concert of American pop icon [[Michael Jackson]] in India to raise the funds for its business wing and to help create over two-hundred seventy thousand jobs for people of [[Maharashtra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/06/25/michael-jackson-india_n_7659626.html |title=The Way We Were: Footage of Michael Jackson's 1996 Trip To Mumbai |publisher=Huffingtonpost.in |date=2015-06-25 |access-date=2015-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/leader-who-brought-ethnic-politics-to-mumbai-melting-pot/article4105715.ece |title=Leader who brought ethnic politics to Mumbai melting pot |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=2016-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Shiv Sena got an entry in [[Guinness Book of World Records]] in 2010 for &quot;collecting maximum blood in a day&quot;. Shiv Sena organized a blood donation camp which collected over 24,000 bottles of blood in a single day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Kiran Tare |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-24200-donors-help-sena-set-record-1375590 |title=24,200 donors help Sena set record &amp;#124; Latest News &amp; Updates at Daily News &amp; Analysis |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=2010-04-26 |access-date=2015-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/maharashtra/shiv-sena-makes-record-collection-at-blood-donation-camp_622001.html |title=Shiv Sena makes record collection at blood donation camp &amp;#124; Zee News |publisher=Zeenews.india.com |date=2010-04-25 |access-date=2015-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later this world record was broken by a blood donation camp of [[HDFC Bank]] in 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/hdfc-bank-sets-guinness-record-in-blood-collection/article5911574.ece |title=HDFC Bank sets Guinness record in blood collection |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2014-04-14 |access-date=2015-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2015 Shiv Sena announced 10,000 rupees help to each drought-affected farmer of [[Marathwada]] region,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Shiv-Sena-will-give-Rs-10000-to-each-drought-affected-farmer-says-Uddhav-Thackeray/articleshow/49973619.cms |title=Shiv Sena will give Rs 10,000 to each drought-affected farmer, says Uddhav Thackeray |date=30 November 2015 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2015-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; while they also announced 2 lakh rupees &quot;reward&quot; to Hindus family who had 5 children between 2010 and 2015 in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As per Shiv Sena, the reason behind the &quot;reward&quot; was &quot;decline in growth rate of Hindu population compared to Muslim population as per recent census&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/every-hindu-family-with-five-children-will-get-rs-2-lakh-shiv-sena/ |title=Every Hindu family with five children will get Rs 2 lakh: Shiv Sena |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=2015-08-29 |access-date=2015-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Shiv-Sena-to-give-Rs-2-lakh-to-every-Hindu-family-with-5-kids/articleshow/48728260.cms |title=Shiv Sena to give Rs 2 lakh to every Hindu family with 5 kids |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2015-08-30 |access-date=2015-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In January 2016, the Shiv Sena demanded that the words &quot;secular&quot; and &quot;socialist&quot; be &quot;permanently removed&quot; from the [[Preamble to the Constitution of India|Constitution's Preamble]] which were added in the [[Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India|42nd amendment]] during [[The Emergency (India)|the emergency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-01-29|title=Shiv Sena demands removal of 'secular' from Constitution|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/shiv-sena-demands-removal-of-secular-from-constitution/|access-date=2020-10-15|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In April 2019, party member [[Sanjay Raut]] called for the [[burqa]] to be banned.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt;|date=2019-05-01|title=Hardline Indian group allied with Modi calls for ban on the veil|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sri-lanka-blasts-burqa-india-idUSKCN1S739A|access-date=2020-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 May 2019|title=Shiv Sena calls for ban on burqa in public places |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shiv-sena-calls-for-ban-on-burqa-in-public-places/articleshow/69123648.cms|access-date=2020-10-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Controversies and criticism==<br /> The Shiv Sena has been involved in several controversies, ranging from hooliganism, criminal activities, spreading religious bigotry, and moral policing.<br /> <br /> In December 2003, Shiv Sena activists damaged the cricket pitch of the Agra Sport Stadium which was supposed to host the cricket match between Pakistan and India.{{cn|date=November 2025}} In April 2005, Bharatiya Vidyarthi Sena, the student wing of Shiv Sena, attempted to prevent the India-Pakistan [[One-day international]] match being held in New Delhi. The protester's spokesman demanded:<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|India should not play cricket with Pakistan till it hands over to India 20 terrorists, including [[Dawood Ibrahim]], and closes down militant training camps running there.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu-2005-04&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/04/15/stories/2005041518520300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020030/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/04/15/stories/2005041518520300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 September 2015|title=Sena squad for Kotla|access-date=18 February 2012|location=[[Chennai]]|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 April 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> The Sena acted as a &quot;[[moral police]]&quot; and opposed Valentine's Day celebrations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; On 14 February 2006, Bal Thackeray condemned and apologised for the violent attacks by its Shiv Sainiks on a private celebration in Mumbai. &quot;It is said that women were beaten up in the Nallasopara incident. If that really happened, then it is a symbol of cowardice. I have always instructed Shiv Sainiks that in any situation women should not be humiliated and harassed.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Thackeray-condemns-V-Day-attacks-by-Sainiks/articleshow/1419743.cms |title=Thackeray condemns V-Day attacks by Sainiks |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 February 2006 |location=Mumbai |access-date=13 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811045804/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-02-18/india/27813894_1_sena-mouthpiece-saamna-sena-chief-bal-thackeray-shiv-sainiks |archive-date=11 August 2011 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thackeray and the Shiv Sena remained opposed to it, although they indicated support for an &quot;Indian alternative&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Thackeray-suggests-Indian-version-of-V-Day/articleshow/1413273.cms |title=Thackeray suggests Indian version of V-Day |date=13 February 2006 |access-date=13 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811045812/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-02-13/india/27806760_1_sena-chief-bal-thackeray-valentine-s-day-saamna |archive-date=11 August 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/right-wing-to-go-easy-on-couples-this-valentine-s-day-175815 |title=Right-wing to go easy on couples this Valentine's Day |work=NDTV.com |access-date=17 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217061835/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/right-wing-to-go-easy-on-couples-this-valentine-s-day-175815 |archive-date=17 February 2012 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 20 November 2009, Shiv Sena activists attacked and vandalised the offices of [[Hindi]] and [[Marathi language]] TV news channels [[IBN7]] and [[IBN-Lokmat]], located in Mumbai and [[Pune]] respectively. The Shivsainik slapped IBN7's senior editor Ravindra Ambekar and then attacked IBN-Lokmat's editor Nikhil Wagle. Shiv Sena attributed the attacks to the criticisms of [[Bal Thackeray]] by the news channel over his remarks on [[Sachin Tendulkar]]. Shiv Sena's [[Rajya Sabha]] [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] Sanjay Raut described the attacks as &quot;spontaneous&quot;. Shiv Sena spokespersons tried to justify the attacks and refused to apologize for their acts of violence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/time-for-cnn-ibn-to-introspect/544428/|title=In the name of their Boss, Sena goons attack IBN TV channels - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/if-you-target-us-we-will-attack-shiv-sena-leader/105645-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123095135/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/if-you-target-us-we-will-attack-shiv-sena-leader/105645-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-11-23|title=Sena leader admits attack on media|work=IBNLive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shiv-sena-attacks-ibn-offices-in-mumbai-pune/105636-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123171327/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shiv-sena-attacks-ibn-offices-in-mumbai-pune/105636-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-11-23|title='Shiv Sena workers' attack ibn offices in Mum|work=IBNLive}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the [[2011 Cricket World Cup]], Shiv Sena leaders threatened to disrupt the final in Mumbai if the Pakistani team qualified.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Shiv Sena threat over ICC CWC final |url=http://www.espnstar.com/cricket/icc-cricket-world-cup/news/detail/item582796/Shiv-Sena-threat-over-ICC-CWC-final/ |work=ESPN STAR |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719141855/http://www.espnstar.com/cricket/icc-cricket-world-cup/news/detail/item582796/Shiv-Sena-threat-over-ICC-CWC-final/ |archive-date=19 July 2012}}. Espnstar.Com (17 February 2011). Retrieved 3 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; The Sena has opposed any sporting events between India and Pakistan following the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|November 2008 terror attacks]] in Mumbai, which was perpetrated by Pakistan based terrorist group [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], besides opposing inclusion of Pakistani players in the [[Indian Premier League]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/shiv-sena-vows-to-oppose-pak-cricket-tour-5103.html|title= Shiv Sena vows to oppose Pak cricket tour}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> On 18 November 2012, following the death of founder [[Bal Thackeray]], [[Mumbai Police]], under the pressure of Shiv Sena workers and activists, arrested a 21-year-old woman who posted a Facebook comment against him, as well as her friend who &quot;liked&quot; the comment. Shiv Sena members, who took it as an insult, vandalised the clinic owned by the woman's relative.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |first=Anup |last=Kaphle |title=Who was Bal Thackeray and why did Mumbai come to a standstill this weekend? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2012/11/19/who-is-bal-thackeray-and-why-did-mumbai-come-to-a-standstill-this-weekend/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=19 November 2012 |issn=0190-8286 |language=en-US |access-date=7 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223062700/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2012/11/19/who-is-bal-thackeray-and-why-did-mumbai-come-to-a-standstill-this-weekend/ |archive-date=23 February 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/facebook-post-on-shiv-sena-chief-bal-thackeray-girl-says-she-will-not-visit-fb-9-held-for-vandalism/articleshow/17295862.cms?from=mdr|title= Facebook post on Shiv Sena Chief Bal Thackeray: Girl says she will not visit FB, 9 held for vandalism|newspaper= The Economic Times|date= 20 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The charges were subsequently dropped in January 2013, and in July 2014, the Government of Maharashtra was ordered to pay compensation of Rs 50,000 to each victim after the National Human Rights Commission noted that the detention was illegal and violated rights to freedom of speech and expression.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.news18.com/news/politics/maharashtra-government-to-pay-rs-50000-to-girls-arrested-over-fb-row-on-bal-thackerays-death-702011.html|title= Maharashtra government to pay Rs.50,000 to girls arrested over FB row on Bal Thackeray's death|date= 15 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 2 November 2014, during the [[2014 Kiss of Love protest|Kiss of Love protest]] against moral policing, members of Shiv Sena, [[Bajrang Dal]], [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] and many other right wing groups opposed and attacked protestors and threatened to strip protestors for kissing on the streets. These opposing groups claimed that [[public display of affection]] is against both Indian culture and the law of the land (under section 294 of the Indian Penal Code), though according to the Supreme Court and the Delhi High Court, kissing in public is not a criminal offence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Kissing-in-public-by-married-couple-not-obscene-HC/articleshow/4066941.cms|title=Kissing in public by married couple not obscene: HC|work=The Times of India|date=2 February 2009 |access-date=26 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-10-31|title=Kerala High Court refuses to interfere with Kochi Kiss fest|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/kerala-high-court-refuses-to-interfere-with-kochi-kiss-fest/|access-date=2021-10-17|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Police took many of the Kiss of Love protestors into custody to save their lives, but were blamed for giving a free hand to counter protestors of the right wing groups.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=5 November 2014|first=Asha|last=Prakash|title=We took kiss of love activists into custody to save their lives {|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/we-took-kiss-of-love-activists-into-custody-to-save-their-lives/articleshow/45043053.cms|access-date=2021-10-17|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2015, Shiv Sena issued threats which enforced a ban on a scheduled concert by Pakistani classic singer [[Ghulam Ali (singer)|Ghulam Ali]]. The move was adopted to appease anti-Pakistan constituents to vote for Sena in coming elections.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/bjp-shiv-sena-ghulam-ali-stand-off-why-differences-between-them-may-increase/ |title=BJP-Shiv Sena Ghulam Ali stand-off: Why differences between them may increase |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=9 October 2015 |access-date=9 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in 2015 Pakistan urged the international community to take note of the activities of Shiv Sena,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1216390 |title=Pakistan urges world to take notice of Shiv Sena activities - Pakistan |date=30 October 2015 |publisher=Dawn.Com |access-date=2015-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; while Shiv Sena claimed that criticism of Shiv Sena by Pakistan vindicates &quot;our patriotism&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/pakistan-s-stand-on-party-activities-vindicates-our-patriotism-shiv-sena-115110200409_1.html |title=Pakistan's stand on party activities vindicates our patriotism: Shiv Sena &amp;#124; Business Standard News |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=2 November 2015 |publisher=Business-standard.com |access-date=2015-12-02|agency=Press Trust of India }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 19 October 2015, Shiv Sena activists attacked and vandalised the office of [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] to stop a meeting between [[Pakistan Cricket Board|PCB]] and [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] officials. The activists shouted anti-Pakistan slogans and held posters that read 'Shahryar Khan go back', determined to stop Manohar from meeting his Pakistani counterpart. Shiv Sena has also threatened to stop Pakistan's Aleem Dar from officiating in the fifth and final ODI between India and South Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;bcci_attack&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1214126 | title=Shiv Sena activists storm BCCI HQ over Shaharyar-Manohar meeting | work=Dawn News | date=19 October 2015 | access-date=9 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 23 March 2017, while travelling to [[Delhi]] from [[Pune]], Shiv Sena leader [[Ravindra Gaikwad]] was accused of thrashing [[Air India]] staff with his shoe, when they tried to make him disembark the plane, after being denied a business class seat because the flight was all-economy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Phukan|first=Sandeep|date=3 March 2017|title='Hit Him 25 Times': Sena MP's Assault Has Air India Debating No-Fly List|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shiv-sena-mp-ravindra-gaikwad-beat-air-india-employee-with-slippers-over-seat-says-airline-1672656|access-date=23 February 2021|website=NDTV}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Delhi Police]] had charged him with hitting government staff on duty, as well as taking the plane ransom without departing from the plane. The incident led to the creation of [[No Fly List (India)|No-Fly List]] in India, and Gaikwad was the first person to be put on the list.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bawa|first=Parmeshwar|date=24 March 2017|title=Not On Our Flights: Airlines Ban Shiv Sena MP Ravindra Gaikwad, 2 Cancel His Ticket|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/not-on-our-flights-airline-association-bans-sena-mp-who-turned-violent-1672941|access-date=23 February 2021|website=NDTV}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Haidar|first=Faizan|date=29 March 2017|title=Sena MP Gaikwad books yet another ticket to Delhi, Air India cancels it too|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/sena-mp-ravindra-gaikwad-books-mumbai-delhi-ticket-air-india-cancels-it/story-yRi5lrFTdKBBuirDASsxYO.html|access-date=23 February 2021|website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 19 July 2017, [[RJ Malishka|Malishka Mendonsa]], a popular radio jockey of [[Red FM (India)|Red FM]], released a parody video on YouTube targeting the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] for incompetence in dealing potholed roads. In response to the video, the BMC and Shiv Sena slammed her and sent a notice imposing a penalty of Rs 10,000 for defamation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/rj-malishka-bmc-controversy-civic-body-slaps-fine-of-rs-10-000-on-the-radio-jockey-326363.html|title= RJ Malishka-BMC Controversy: Civic Body Slaps Fine Of Rs 10,000 On The Radio Jockey|date= 22 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result of the notice, several political parties criticized the BMC and Shiv Sena for intolerance towards criticism, as 2 Shiv Sena corporators sent a legal notice with a suit of Rs. 500 cr (Rs. 5 billion) against the RJ and Red FM.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sena-slams-rj-parody-bmc-2015574|title= Sena slams RJ for parody on BMC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malishka made another parody video against the BMC and released it on 17 July 2018, describing the incapability and pathetic conditions of Mumbai's infrastructure in the monsoons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/rj-malishka-new-rain-song-mumbai-geli-khadayat#read-more|title= RJ Malishka Takes a Dig at BMC Again in New Mumbai Rain Parody|date= 17 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the 2018 Maharashtra Council election and the 2014 Lok Sabha elections, many candidates fielded by Shiv Sena had criminal records or had criminal charges pending against them.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/jun/22/shiv-sena-tops-list-of-candidates-with-criminal-background-in-maharashtra-legislative-council-polls-1831921.html|title=Shiv Sena tops list of candidates with criminal background in Maharashtra legislative council polls|website=The New Indian Express|date=22 June 2018 |access-date=2019-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/shiv-sena-tops-list-of-candidates-with-criminal-cases-adr-114030700668_1.html|title=Shiv Sena tops list of candidates with criminal cases: ADR|date=2014-03-07|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Following actress [[Kangana Ranaut]]'s criticism of [[Uddhav Thackeray]] and his Government for mishandling the [[death of Sushant Singh Rajput]] in September 2020, Shiv Sena leaders, including [[Sanjay Raut]] issued threats to her.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kangana-ranaut-shares-video-message-for-sanjay-raut-your-men-tell-me-they-will-break-my-jaw-kill-me-i-ll-see-you-on-9th/story-jPzdN3suT0zjK2EVsNShmI.html|title= Kangana Ranaut shares video message for Sanjay Raut: 'Your men tell me they will break my jaw, kill me. I'll see you on 9th'|newspaper= Hindustan Times|date= 6 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; On the orders of Shiv Sena leaders, the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] demolished a portion of her house. Following the demolition, the [[Bombay High Court]] criticized the BMC and ruled in her favour, noting that BMC acted with malice and ordered BMC to pay compensation to Ranaut.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bmc-malice-to-demolish-kangana-ranaut-bungalow-bombay-high-court-1744555-2020-11-27|title= BMC acted with malice to demolish Kangana Ranaut bungalow, must pay for damages, rules Bombay HC|date= 27 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Due to the nature of threats, Ranaut was given security from the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] from the Central Government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/the-cost-of-protecting-kangana-1720619-2020-09-10|title= The cost of protecting Kangana {{!}} India Today Insight|date= 10 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of political parties in India]]<br /> * [[List of Hindu nationalist political parties]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * ''Ethnicity and Equality: The Shiv Sena Party and Preferential Policies in Bombay'', MF Katzenstein&amp;nbsp;– 1979&amp;nbsp;– Cornell University Press<br /> * ''Warriors in Politics: Hindu Nationalism, Violence, and the Shiv Sena in India'', S Banerjee&amp;nbsp;– 2000&amp;nbsp;– Westview Press<br /> * ''The Charisma of Direct Action: Power, Politics, and the Shiv Sena'', JM Eckert&amp;nbsp;– 2003&amp;nbsp;– Oxford University Press<br /> * ''Shiv Sena: An Assessment'', Palshikar, Suhas, Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Pune, Pune (1999)<br /> * ''Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found, 'Power', chapter 3, Mumbai'', Mehta, Suketu, Penguin Books (2005)<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Official website|http://shivsena.in/}} <br /> <br /> {{Shiv Sena}}<br /> {{Indian political parties}}<br /> {{Portal bar|Conservatism|India|Politics}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Shiv Sena| ]]<br /> [[Category:1966 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Anti-Islam sentiment in India]]<br /> [[Category:Anti-Pakistan sentiment]]<br /> [[Category:Conservative parties in India]]<br /> [[Category:Far-right political parties in India]]<br /> [[Category:Hindutva political parties]]<br /> [[Category:Indian nationalist political parties]]<br /> [[Category:Political parties established in 1966]]<br /> [[Category:Political parties in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Regionalist parties in India]]<br /> [[Category:Right-wing populism in India]]<br /> [[Category:Right-wing populist parties]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sangee_(2025_film)&diff=532588 2026-03-14T21:54:47Z

<p>GiseleStead: done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2025 Hindi Feature Film}}{{About|2=2003 film|3=Sangee (2003 film)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Sangee<br /> | image = Sangee poster.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = Sumit Kulkarni<br /> | producer = {{Plainlist|<br /> *Rohhan Bhosale<br /> *Arun Prabhudesai<br /> *Pintu Saw<br /> }}<br /> {{Plainlist|<br /> * Pratik Thakur}}<br /> | writer = Thopte Vijaysinh Sarjerao<br /> | starring = {{Plainlist|<br /> *[[Sharib Hashmi]]<br /> *[[Vidya Malvade]]<br /> *[[Gaurav More]]<br /> }}<br /> | music = Manoj More<br /> | cinematography = Sopan Purandare<br /> | editing = Hemant Vansh<br /> | studio = {{Plainlist|<br /> *Yantrana Films<br /> *Armoks Films<br /> }}<br /> | distributor = August Entertainment<br /> | released = {{Film date|2025|01|17|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 103 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Sangee''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language comedy film directed by Sumit Kulkarni and written by Thopte Vijaysinh Sarjerao. The film was produced by Yantrana Films and Armoks Films. It stars [[Sharib Hashmi]], Sanjay Bishnoi, [[Gaurav More]], [[Vidya Malvade]], and Shyamraj Patil and was theatrically released on 17 January 2025.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> A middle-aged unsettled Baman has a bad reputation of borrowing money from his well-settled classmates. He is once again on his mission of acquiring the interest free funds for his new venturer. He tries to get the much-needed money from his three classmates Arun, Ayyappa and Shailesh. He fails miserably due to his own past bad reputation. Finally, Baman approaches his two best friends - Akhil and Karan. He wants the required funds from them by hook or by crook. However, his friends are adamant this time. They have decided not to give him anything come what may. Baman finally wins it and gets the required funds, but after going through a lot of turmoil.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Sharib Hashmi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-12-24 |title='Sangee' poster shows Sharib Hashmi taking a flight |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/sangee-poster-shows-sharib-hashmi-taking-a-flight/articleshow/116639521.cms |access-date=2025-01-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Baman<br /> * Sanjay Bishnoi as Karan<br /> * [[Gaurav More]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-12-24 |title=गौरव मोरेच्या हिंदी सिनेमाचं पहिलं पोस्टर, 'फॅमिली मॅन' फेम अभिनेत्यासोबत शेअर करणार स्क्रीन! रिलीज डेटही जाहीर |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/bollywood/gaurav-more-first-hindi-movie-poster-sangee-movie-with-the-family-man-webseries-actor-a-a998/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt; as More<br /> * [[Vidya Malvade]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sujata |date=2024-12-26 |title=Actor Sharib Hashmi and Vidya Malvade Coming Together for the First Time in Sangee Movie |url=https://businessnewsthisweek.com/entertainment/actor-sharib-hashmi-and-vidya-malvade-coming-together/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Business News This Week |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Mohini<br /> * Shyamraj Patil as Akhil<br /> * Martin Jishil as Ayyappa<br /> * Mira Jagannath as Brinda<br /> * Arun Prabhudesai as Arun<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> ''Sangee'' was theatrically release on 17 January 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sangee (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast &amp; Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/sangee/ET00428473 |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> [[ABP News|''ABP Live'']] rated 3/5 stars, stating that everyone can connect with the film due to the relationship of friends and money.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=भाटिया |first=अमित |date=2025-01-17 |title=पैसों की बीच फंसी दोस्ती की शानदार कहानी है 'संगी' |url=https://www.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-sangee-review-know-how-is-sharib-hashmi-vidya-malvade-film-2864900 |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=ABP Live |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhaval Roy, of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3/5 stars and wrote &quot;Sharib Hashmi shines in this fun buddy comedy.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Dhaval |title=Sangee Movie Review Sharib Hasmi shines in this fun buddy comedy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/sangee/amp_movie_review/117332496.cms |access-date=20 January 2025 |publisher=Times of India |date=17 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bollywood Hungama]] rated 2/5 and wrote &quot;''Sangee'' stands out for Sharib Hashmi's highly entertaining performance&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-17 |title=Sangee Movie Review: SANGEE stands out for Sharib Hashmi's highly entertaining performance |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sangee/critic-review/sangee-movie-review/sangee-stands-out-for-sharib-hashmis-highly-entertaining-performance/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''[[Navbharat Times|Nav Bharat Times]]'' rated 3/5 stars, saying it will remind you of friends who have a habit of asking you for money.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=मूवी रिव्‍यू: यारों की यारी और बीच में उधारी, दोस्‍ती की तरह सिंपल-स्‍वीट है शारिब हाशमी की 'संगी' |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-review/sangee-movie-review-in-hindi-starring-sharib-hashmi-sanjay-bishnoi-gaurav-more-vidya-malvade/moviereview/117352589.cms |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|33084735}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sangee (2025 film)}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2025 comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 Indian films]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajiv_Gandhi_International_Cricket_Stadium&diff=463690 2026-03-11T08:42:01Z

<p>GiseleStead: improved formatting additionally and improved wording per sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Cricket stadium in Hyderabad, India}}<br /> {{for|the similarly-named cricket stadium in Dehradun, Uttarakhand|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun}}<br /> <br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox cricket ground<br /> | ground_name = Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium<br /> | nickname = Uppal Stadium<br /> | image = File:Uppal stadium Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium.jpg<br /> <br /> | image_size = 300px<br /> | caption = <br /> | country = <br /> | location = [[Uppal Kalan|Uppal]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|17|24|23|N|78|33|01|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | establishment = {{Start date and age|2003}}<br /> | seating_capacity = 39,200 - 55,000<br /> | owner = [[Hyderabad Cricket Association]] (HCA)<br /> | operator = HCA<br /> | architect = [[Shashi Prabhu]]&lt;ref&gt;{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110823063136/http://www.spa-aec.com/spaweb/allprojects.html spa-aec.com]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | tenants = [[India cricket team]] (2005–present)&lt;br /&gt;[[Deccan Chargers]] (2008-2012) &lt;br/&gt; [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] (2013–present)<br /> | end1 = North end&lt;ref name=H&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/rajiv-gandhi-international-stadium-uppal-hyderabad-58142 | title=Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium - Cricket Ground in Hyderabad, India }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | end2 = Pavellion end&lt;ref name=H/&gt;<br /> | international = true<br /> | firsttestdate = 12–16 November<br /> | firsttestyear = 2010<br /> | firsttesthome = India<br /> | firsttestaway = New Zealand<br /> | lasttestdate = 25–28 January <br /> | lasttestyear = 2024<br /> | lasttesthome = India<br /> | lasttestaway = England <br /> | firstodidate = 16 November<br /> | firstodiyear = 2005<br /> | firstodihome = India<br /> | firstodiaway = South Africa<br /> | lastodidate = 10 October <br /> | lastodiyear = 2023<br /> | lastodihome = Pakistan <br /> | lastodiaway = Sri Lanka <br /> | firstt20idate = 6 December <br /> | firstt20iyear = 2019<br /> | firstt20ihome = India<br /> | firstt20iaway = West Indies <br /> | lastt20idate = 12 October<br /> | lastt20iyear = 2024<br /> | lastt20ihome = India<br /> | lastt20iaway = Bangladesh<br /> | date = 12 October 2024<br /> | source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/58142.html ESPNcricinfo<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium''', commonly known as '''Uppal Stadium''', is an international [[cricket stadium]] in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]. It is owned and operated by [[Hyderabad Cricket Association]] (HCA). It is the home ground of [[Hyderabad cricket team]] and [[Hyderabad women's cricket team]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_hundreds_career.html?class=1;id=1981;type=ground Cricket Records {{!}} Records {{!}} Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium, Uppal, Hyderabad {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Most hundreds {{!}} ESPN Cricinfo]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Located in the eastern suburb of [[Uppal, Hyderabad|Uppal]], it has a seating capacity of 39,200 and extends across 15 acres of land.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=ICC Men's Cricket World Cup 2023 - Media Guide |url=https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2023/11/03/278e3b3a-d6cb-4511-b7df-75fc1428f096/ICC-Men-s-Cricket-World-Cup-2023-Media-Guide-v7.pdf |publisher=ICC |access-date=19 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; It serves as the home ground the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] team [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]. As of 13 October 2024, it has hosted 6 Tests, 10 ODIs, and 3 T20Is. The stadium hosted the [[2017 Indian Premier League final|final]] of [[2017 Indian Premier League|2017 IPL]] and the [[2019 Indian Premier League final|final]] of the [[2019 IPL]]. The stadium hosted its first [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] event in October 2023 during the [[2023 Cricket World Cup]].<br /> <br /> It is renamed after the former prime minister of India [[Rajiv Gandhi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium - Cricket Ground in Hyderabad, India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/rajiv-gandhi-international-stadium-uppal-hyderabad-58142 |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> === Previous Stadium ===<br /> Prior to the construction of the stadium, the [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad|Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium]] in the Fateh Maidan sports complex at [[Basheerbagh]] in central Hyderabad was used to host domestic and international cricket matches in Hyderabad. Between 1955 and 2003 the stadium hosted 3 test matches and 14 One Day Internationals. <br /> <br /> === Construction ===<br /> Before the stadium was built, HCA hosted domestic and international matches at the [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad|Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium]]. The ground's proprietor was the Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh state (Now Sports Authority of Telangana State) due to which HCA had limited authority and control over the ground, due to which it decided to build their own stadium.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; In 2003, the proposal for a new stadium was submitted by HCA to the government&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2003-11-17 |title=After the match, HCA plays blame game |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/after-the-match-hca-plays-blame-game/articleshow/286964.cms |access-date=2023-11-02 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; of erstwhile [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]], then headed by [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]. The proposal was quickly cleared and HCA was allocated a budget for the same. The government also identified a large piece of land suitable for the project at [[Uppal Kalan|Uppal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2004-05-13 |title=The HCA, at least, is grateful - Chandrababu Naidu okayed lease, setting in motion the construction of an exclusive cricket stadium |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/the-hca-at-least-is-grateful-chandrababu-naidu-okayed-lease-setting-in-motion-the-construction-of-an-exclusive-cricket-stadium/cid/1045754 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Naming ===<br /> Most of the funding for the project came after an open auction of the stadium's title was held. Visaka Industries Limited won the auction with a bid price of ₹65,00,00,000. A sum of ₹43,00,00,000 was paid in advance and the stadium was named &quot;Visakha International Cricket Stadium&quot; in 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=IPL 2014 Venues: Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket stadium, Hyderabad |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/ipl-2014/story/ipl-2014-venues-rajiv-gandhi-international-cricket-stadium-hyderabad-indian-premier-league-7-188634-2014-04-11 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=India Today |date=11 April 2014 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> By 2005 when most of the stadium was built, it was ready to host its first [[One Day International|ODI Match]] between [[Indian Cricket Team|India]] and [[South African Cricket Team|South Africa]]. However, [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]] the former [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] (before the separation of [[Telangana]]) decided to change the name of the stadium to Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium in memory of the former [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]].&lt;ref name=H/&gt;<br /> <br /> Following this decision, HCA was required to pay Visakha Industries six times the contract price in accordance with the contract clauses governing any subsequent renaming of the stadium or the Visakha name not remaining attached to the stadium. HCA however, following some negotiations by Govt, got away with paying an amount of ₹43,00,00,000, i.e. the contract price only.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=7Cric |title=Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium |url=https://www.poornima.edu.in/cricket/rajiv-gandhi-international-cricket-stadium/ |access-date= |website=Poornima University |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ends are named Pavilion End and North End. On the retirement of VVS Laxman, the HCA decided to honor the veteran by naming the North End after him.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2012-08-23 |title=Hyderabad stadium's pavilion named after VVS Laxman |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/vvs-laxman-calls-it-a-day/top-stories/hyderabad-stadiums-pavilion-named-after-vvs-laxman/articleshow/15616679.cms |access-date=2023-11-02 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Renovations ===<br /> [[File:Rgis uppal.jpg|thumb|The Stadium before renovations in 2015.]]<br /> <br /> Following the opening of the stadium in 2003 the stadium went under numerous minor upgrades. Floodlights were installed in 2008 while canopies were installed for the southern and northern stands in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2013-03-19 |title=Hyderabad Cricket Association in race against time to get lights in order for IPL |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-cricket-association-in-race-against-time-to-get-lights-in-order-for-ipl/articleshow/19052342.cms |access-date=2025-04-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2013-02-06 |title=Will stadium canopy block view? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/will-stadium-canopy-block-view/article4386812.ece |access-date=2025-04-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the stadium underwent its first major renovation ahead of the 2023 world cup. <br /> <br /> Prior to the start of the 2023 Cricket World Cup, BCCI selected the stadium to undergo renovations. The board sanctioned {{INRConvert|120|c}} for the renovations, which were to be undertaken by the HCA and the BCCI. The renovation works included the installations of new canopy on the west and east stand. Parts of the southern stand canopy which were blow away by a strong gale in 2019 were replaced as well.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=SUBRAHMANYAM |first=V. V. |date=2019-04-23 |title=Gale blows away part of Hyderabad stadium canopy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/gale-blows-away-part-of-hyderabad-stadium-canopy/article26925872.ece |access-date=2025-04-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; The renovation saw the replacement of over 10,000 seats, installation of new screens, replacement of the existing floodlights with new LED floodlights, and other renovation to improve viewer amenities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-09-27 |title=Toilets at main nets being built overnight as Hyderabad races against time to get ready for World Cup |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/icc-world-cup/toilets-at-main-nets-being-built-overnight-as-hyderabad-races-against-time-to-get-ready-for-world-cup/articleshow/103997033.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-04-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2023-04-27 |title=Uppal stadium to get facelift ahead of World Cup |url=https://telanganatoday.com/uppal-stadium-to-get-facelift-ahead-of-world-cup |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Prior to the start of the 2025 Indian Premier League [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] provided {{INRConvert|5|c}} for further renovations to the stadium. The sum was spent to improve seating, dressing rooms, washrooms, and various other amenities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baleegh |first=Mohammed |date=2025-03-13 |title=IPL 2025: Uppal stadium gets Rs 5 cr upgrade for seats, washrooms and more |url=https://www.siasat.com/ipl-2025-uppal-stadium-gets-rs-5-cr-upgrade-for-seat-washrooms-and-more-3193676/ |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Domestic cricket ==<br /> [[File:UppalStadiumWideAngle.jpg|thumb|The Stadium after renovations in 2024.]]<br /> [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]], also known as SRH, is a cricket franchise based in Hyderabad city. The team is owned by [[Kalanithi Maran]] of the [[Sun TV Network]]. [[Pat Cummins]] is the captain of the team and [[Daniel Vettori]] is the head coach. The team won the 2016 IPL. So far this stadium has served as the home ground of the Sunrisers and the defunct franchise [[Deccan Chargers]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ravindran |first1=Siddarth |title=Ground realities and more for Hyderabad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ground-realities-and-more-for-hyderabad-438129 |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 June 2024 |date=4 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In IPL 2019, [[Hyderabad Cricket Association]] won the award for best ground and pitch.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=SUBRAHMANYAM |first=V. V. |date=2019-05-13 |title=Pitch-perfect: HCA a winner in this IPL |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/pitch-perfect-hca-a-winner-in-this-ipl/article27120740.ece |access-date=2023-11-02 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In IPL 2024, [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] have recorded their highest team total (277/3) against [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] &amp; the highest team total in IPL history at this ground which was later broken by the same team against [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] at [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] after a fortnight. Following the conclusion of IPL 2024, [[Hyderabad Cricket Association]] won the award for best ground and pitch<br /> <br /> == Records and Statistics ==<br /> [[File:Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium.jpg|thumb|The Stadium during a night time match of the 2025 IPL.]]<br /> <br /> === Test records ===<br /> <br /> * Highest total in the stadium: 687/6d by [[India national cricket team|India]] against [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] on 9 February 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=IND: Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium, Uppal, Hyderabad Cricket Ground Test match team highest innings totals {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/ground/team-highest-innings-totals/ind-rajiv-gandhi-international-stadium-uppal-hyderabad-1981/test-matches-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606200409/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/ground/team-highest-innings-totals/ind-rajiv-gandhi-international-stadium-uppal-hyderabad-1981/test-matches-1 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Lowest total in the stadium: 68/0 by [[India national cricket team|India]] against [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] on 9 February 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === ODI records ===<br /> <br /> * Highest total in the stadium: 350/4 by [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] against [[India national cricket team|India]] on 05 November 2009&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Result summary in ODIs at IND: Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium, Uppal, Hyderabad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/ground/team-results-summary/ind-rajiv-gandhi-international-stadium-uppal-hyderabad-1981/one-day-internationals-2 |website=espncricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Lowest total in the stadium: 175/10 by [[England cricket team|England]] against [[India national cricket team|India]] on 14 October 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === T20I records ===<br /> <br /> * Highest total in the stadium: 297/6 by [[India national cricket team|India]] against [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] on 12 October 2024&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Result summary in T20Is at IND: Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium, Uppal, Hyderabad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/ground/team-results-summary/ind-rajiv-gandhi-international-stadium-uppal-hyderabad-1981/twenty20-internationals-3 |website=espncricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Lowest total in the stadium: 164/7 by [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] against [[India national cricket team|India]] on 12 October 2024&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === IPL records ===<br /> <br /> * Highest total in the stadium: 277/3 by [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] against [[Mumbai Indians]] on 27 March 2024&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-03-27 |title=8th Match (N), Hyderabad, March 27, 2024, Indian Premier League (Tim David 42*, Romario Shepherd 15*, Mayank Markande 0/52) - RESULT, SRH vs MI, 8th Match, Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium, Uppal, Hyderabad, March 27, 2024, live score |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/sunrisers-hyderabad-vs-mumbai-indians-8th-match-1422126/live-cricket-score |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Lowest total in the stadium: 80/10 by [[Mumbai Indians|Delhi Daredevils]] against [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] on 04 May 2013<br /> * Best Bowling Figures in IPL history: 6/12 by [[Alzarri Joseph]], [[Mumbai Indians]] against [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] on 6 April 2019&lt;br /&gt;Alzarri Joseph's bowling figures of 6 for 12 are the best recorded in any IPL match.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=IPLT20.com - Indian Premier League Official Website - Results |url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/all-time/bestBowlInn |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=www.iplt20.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|Hyderabad}}<br /> * [[List of stadiums in India]]<br /> * [[List of cricket grounds by capacity]]<br /> * [[List of cricket grounds in India]]<br /> * [[List of international cricket grounds in India]]<br /> * [[Cricket in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> {{Portal bar| India|Sports}}<br /> * [http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/58142.html Cricinfo Website - Ground Page]<br /> <br /> {{Hyderabad topics}}<br /> {{Test cricket grounds in India}}<br /> {{List of cricket grounds in India}}<br /> {{Indian Premier League}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Sports venues in Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:Cricket grounds in Telangana]]<br /> [[Category:Cricket in Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:Sports venues in Telangana]]<br /> [[Category:Test cricket grounds in India]]<br /> [[Category:Sports venues completed in 2003]]<br /> [[Category:2003 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jalagam_Vengala_Rao&diff=464898 2026-03-09T19:59:59Z

<p>GiseleStead: correct content per standard format as per guidelines</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician (1922-1999)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}{{Distinguish|Vengalrao Gottimukula|Vengal Rao}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Jalagam Vengala Rao<br /> | image = Jalagam Vengala Rao.jpg<br /> | office1 = 5th [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | term_start1 = 10 December 1973<br /> | term_end1 = 6 March 1978<br /> | predecessor1 = [[President's rule]]&lt;br/&gt;[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]<br /> | successor1 = [[Marri Chenna Reddy]]<br /> | office2 = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce and Industry (Government of India)]]<br /> | primeminister2 = [[Rajiv Gandhi]]<br /> | predecessor2 = [[N. D. Tiwari]]<br /> | successor2 = [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]]<br /> | term_start2 = 22 October 1986<br /> | term_end2 = 2 December 1989<br /> | office3 = Home Minister, [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | term_start3 = 18 July 1969<br /> | term_end3 = 30 September 1971<br /> | 3blankname3 = Chief Minister<br /> | 3namedata3 = [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]]<br /> | office4 = Industries Minister, [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | term_start4 = 20 March 1972<br /> | term_end4 = 10 January 1973<br /> | 4blankname4 = Chief Minister<br /> | 4namedata4 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]<br /> | office5 = [[Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee|President of Pradesh Congress Committee]]<br /> | term_start5 = January 30, 1985<br /> | term_end5 = October 30, 1988<br /> | constituency6 = [[Khammam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khammam]]<br /> | office6 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]<br /> | term_start6 = 1984<br /> | term_end6 = 1991<br /> | predecessor6 = [[Jalagam Kondala Rao]]<br /> | successor6 = [[P. V. Rangaiah Naidu]]<br /> | office7 = Member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start7 = 1978<br /> | term_end7 = 1983<br /> | constituency7 = [[Sathupalli]], [[Telangana]]<br /> | term_start8 = 1962<br /> | term_end8 = 1978<br /> | constituency8 = [[Vemsoor]], [[Telangana]]<br /> | birth_date = May 1921<br /> | birth_place = [[Srikakulam District|Soperu]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]<br /> | death_date = 12 June 1999 (aged 78)<br /> | death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<br /> | children = [[Jalagam Prasada Rao]],&lt;br&gt;[[Jalagam Venkat Rao]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Jalagam Vengala Rao''' (4 May 1922&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jalagam Vengala Rao|url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/jalagam_vengala_rao-profile-11381-19.htm|access-date=2021-04-19|website=veethi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; – 12 June 1999) was for much of his life a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] and was the [[List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] which is now divided into two states, [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]].<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Vengala Rao hailed from Padmanayaka Velama community&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=బళ్ల సతీశ్ |date=8 April 2019 |title=తెలుగునాట కుల రాజకీయాలు: ఆ రెండు కులాల మధ్యే ప్రధాన పోటీ |language=te |work=BBC News తెలుగు |url=https://www.bbc.com/telugu/india-47843334 |access-date=2023-05-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; of Bayyannagudem in [[Khammam district]] (currently part of the [[Telangana]] state).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Bhaskar |first=B. V. S. |date=7 September 2002 |title=Sathupally to be model assembly constituency |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Sattupalli-to-be-model-assembly-constituency/articleshow/21399857.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2012-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017080644/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-09-07/hyderabad/27309414_1_irrigation-projects-drinking-water-roads |archive-date=17 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> His involvement in politics began when he was in his twenties, when he supported Congress in their campaign of armed defiance against the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]. He was jailed for his involvement in this campaign, which was protesting the tenancy laws operating in the Telangana region. He tried and failed to be elected as an independent candidate in 1952 and the period from 1952 to that time saw him occupying the post of president for the Khammam district branch of Congress and being the first chairman of the district council. The first of his successful Assembly elections was in 1962, Rao subsequently was elected on four occasions to the [[Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh]], where he represented the [[Sathupalli]] constituency of Khammam district.<br /> <br /> ===Lok Sabha===<br /> He was also twice (1984, 1989)elected to the [[Lok Sabha]]&amp;nbsp;- the [[lower house]] of the [[Parliament of India]] -&amp;nbsp;as a representative of the [[Khammam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khammam district constituency]]. &lt;ref name=rediff19990612 /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===As Home Minister===<br /> In 1968, he became State Home Minister in the state government headed by [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]]. Later, during his period as Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, an office to which he was appointed by [[Indira Gandhi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=State politics in India: reflections on Andhra Pradesh |first=Agarala Easwara |last=Reddi |publisher=M.D. Publications |year=1994 |isbn=9788185880518 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vaxxeoPUuqsC |page=25 |accessdate=2012-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; and held between 10 December 1973 and 6 March 1978,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.ap.gov.in/Government/Lists/Chief%20Ministers/DispForm.aspx?ID=15 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121218155559/http://www.portal.ap.gov.in/Government/Lists/Chief%20Ministers/DispForm.aspx?ID=15 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-12-18 |title=Chief Ministers: Sri. Jalagam Vengala Rao |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=2012-03-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rao's hallmark was his administrative efficiency.&lt;ref name=rediff19990612 /&gt; He is also known for his handling and containment of [[Naxalite]] insurgency, which took place during a revival of the [[Telangana movement]] that sought independent statehood.&lt;ref name=DNA20091211 /&gt; He almost wiped out Naxalism from the state through extrajudicial [[Encounter killing|encounter killings]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|author=Amarnath K. Menon |date=January 21, 2014 |title=Change in government in Andhra Pradesh brings fears of Emergency-type repression of Naxalite movement|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19810131-change-in-government-in-andhra-pradesh-brings-fears-of-emergency-type-repression-of-naxalite-movement-805896-2014-01-21|access-date=2021-04-19|magazine=India Today|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-12-07|title=Telangana And Andhra Pradesh Have A Long History Of Encounter Killings|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/telangana-and-andhra-pradesh-have-a-long-history-of-encounter-killings_in_5deb5d4fe4b0913e6f90280d|access-date=2021-04-19|website=HuffPost|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Venugopal|first=N.|date=2007|title=Fake Encounters: Story from Andhra Pradesh|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40276541|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=42|issue=41|pages=4106–4111|jstor=40276541|issn=0012-9976}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, the Vimadalal commission was appointed to probe into attacks on Naxalites during his period in office&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Dwivedi|first1=O.P.|last2=Jain|first2=R.B.|date=1988-07-01|title=Bureaucratic Morality in India|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/019251218800900305|journal=International Political Science Review|language=en|volume=9|issue=3|pages=205–214|doi=10.1177/019251218800900305|s2cid=144127879|issn=0192-5121|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; and his earlier actions against Communist-inspired Naxalites during the 1960s have been referred to as a &quot;reign of terror&quot;.&lt;ref name=DNA20091211&gt;{{cite news |title=Telangana Part II |date=11 December 2009 |first=Mohan |last=Guruswamy |publisher=DNA |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/main-article_telangana-part-ii_1322389 |accessdate=2012-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; The official website for the government of Andhra Pradesh refers to his tenure, which came about following a period of [[President's rule]], politically stable.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.ap.gov.in/Pages/PostIndependenceEra.aspx |title=Post-Independence Era : Struggle for Andhra State |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=2012-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321182709/http://www.portal.ap.gov.in/Pages/PostIndependenceEra.aspx |archive-date=21 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite that popularity, he was unable to retain power in the 1978 elections.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Naidu becomes fourth AP CM to return his party to power |url=http://www.rediff.com/election/1999/oct/07naidu.htm |date=7 October 1999 |work=Rediff.com |accessdate=2012-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Congress split===<br /> When Congress split during the mid-1970s, Rao initially did not join with the faction led by [[Indira Gandhi]] that was referred to as Congress (I). However, he did join in 1984 and with his election to the Lok Sabha in that year he served in the cabinet of [[Rajiv Gandhi]], holding the post of Union Minister for Industry until 1989. For much of this period, between 1984 and 1988, he was also president of the state organization of his political party, being the Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee.&lt;ref name=rediff19990612 /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===As Chief Minister===<br /> He was the 5th Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh from 10 December 1973 – 5 March 1978. It was during his tenure as Chief Minister that three universities namely [[Kakatiya University]], [[Acharya Nagarjuna University]] and [[Sri Krishnadevaraya University]] were started, catering for three regions of Andhra Pradesh: [[Telangana]], [[Coastal Andhra]], and [[Rayalaseema]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=About University|url=http://skuniversity.ac.in/about-university.html|access-date=2021-04-19|website=skuniversity.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Acharya Nagarjuna University|url=https://www.nagarjunauniversity.ac.in/profile.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426121122/http://www.nagarjunauniversity.ac.in/profile.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 April 2014|access-date=2021-04-19|website=www.nagarjunauniversity.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kakatiya University, Warangal-506009, Telangana, India.|url=https://kakatiya.ac.in/university-profile|access-date=2021-04-19|website=kakatiya.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rao initiated a World [[Telugu people|Telugu]] Conference in [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] in 1975.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1812/18120450.htm |title=Bitter memories |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122051815/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1812/18120450.htm |archivedate=2010-01-22 |first=R.J. Rajendra |last=Prasad |date=22 June 2001 |volume=18 |issue=12 |publisher=Frontline |url-status=usurped |accessdate=2012-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1972, the Vengala Rao government added the Koppula and Polinati Velama communities to the BC-D category from OC(forward caste) to address drought economic hardship and regional backwardness in Uttarandhra specially in srikakulam.The move was prompted by drought conditions, regional backwardness not caste Backwardness in Uttarandhra, and to support the community's demand for social representation and to support educationally and economically .Lakhs of People got hired into State and central government jobs due to this.<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> Jalagam Vengal Rao died on 12 June 1999.&lt;ref name=rediff19990612&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jun/12ap1.htm |title=Andhra ex-CM Vengala Rao dies at 78 |date=12 June 1999 |work=Rediff.com |agency=UNI |accessdate=2012-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Family==<br /> He has two sons, [[Jalagam Prasada Rao]] and [[Jalagam Venkat Rao]]. [[Jalagam Prasada Rao]] was a Member of the Legislative Assembly from Satthupalli constituency for two terms and he was a minister in [[N. Janardhana Reddy|N. Janardhan Reddy]]'s cabinet. He held the portfolios of Small scale industries and Panchayat Raj.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Tummala Nageswara Rao in for a grim battle |date=9 April 2009|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/09/stories/2004040904150400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040505215843/http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/09/stories/2004040904150400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 May 2004|work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2012-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Jalagam to join hands with Jagan |date=8 June 2011 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-08/hyderabad/29633257_1_ysr-congress-y-s-jaganmohan-reddy-khammam-assembly-seat |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103065316/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-08/hyderabad/29633257_1_ysr-congress-y-s-jaganmohan-reddy-khammam-assembly-seat |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=2012-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jalagam Venkat Rao]], is also a politician and {{As of|2004|lc=on}} was a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of Andhra Pradesh, representing the INC for the same constituency, [[Sathupalli|Satthupalli]], as his father.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Jalagam Vengala Rao remembered |date=6 May 2009 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/06/stories/2009050652240300.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125132947/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/06/stories/2009050652240300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2012-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.ap.gov.in/Government/Lists/MLAs_1/DispForm.aspx?ID=277 |title=MLAs |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=2012-03-27 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121218162237/http://www.portal.ap.gov.in/Government/Lists/MLAs_1/DispForm.aspx?ID=277 |archive-date=18 December 2012 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Commemoration==<br /> Rao wrote an autobiography in the [[Telugu language]], called ''Naa Jeevitha Katha''. The contents caused some controversy with regard to the lives of other politicians.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?202077 |title=Skeletons In The Closet: Erstwhile Andhra Pradesh chief minister Vengala Rao's memoirs rake up Narasimha Rao's past |first=S. |last=Sivanand |date=11 September 1996 |publisher=Outlook |accessdate=2012-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=The Times of India |title=Hey Ram! |agency=TNN |date=25 March 2001 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/Hey-Ram/articleshow/35350474.cms |accessdate=2012-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; A part of it was published in English translation by ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' magazine.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?202078 |title='Pv's Affair Upset Indira': Extracts from Jalagam Vengala Rao's autobiography |date=11 September 1996 |publisher=Outlook |accessdate=2012-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A park in [[Banjara Hills]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] was named after him as [[Jalagam Vengal Rao Park]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/05/stories/2008050555240600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508172842/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/05/stories/2008050555240600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 May 2008 |title=Birth anniversary of Jalagam celebrated |date=5 May 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2012-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is also an upscale residential neighborhood named after him&amp;nbsp;– ''Vengal Rao Nagar'' -&amp;nbsp;and several educational institutions.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *{{cite book |title=Sri Jalagam Vengal Rao: a political study |first=G. |last=Ravichandrababu |publisher=Anna Centre for Public Affairs, University of Madras |year=1995}}<br /> *{{cite book |title=Report: Vimadalal Commission of Inquiry |first=Jal Rustamji |last=Vimadalal |publisher=The Vimadalal Commission |year=1978 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ILQeIgAACAAJ}}<br /> <br /> {{Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> {{Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Jalagam Vengal}}<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]<br /> [[Category:1999 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:1921 births]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress]]<br /> [[Category:People from Khammam district]]<br /> [[Category:Commerce and industry ministers of India]]<br /> [[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1962–1967]]<br /> [[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1967–1972]]<br /> [[Category:Presidents of Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Article_370_of_the_Constitution_of_India&diff=448654 2026-03-08T04:17:58Z

<p>GiseleStead: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Former law granting autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir}}<br /> {{pp-protected|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}<br /> {{use Indian English|date=June 2016}}<br /> {{Indian Constitution TOC}}<br /> [[File:British Indian Empire 1909 Imperial Gazetteer of India.jpg|thumb|260px|Map of the [[British Raj|Indian Empire]]. The [[princely state]]s are in yellow.]]<br /> [[File:Kashmir region 2004.jpg|thumb|260px|The territory claimed by the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir is now divided and administered separately by [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir|Pakistan]], [[Indian-administered Kashmir|India]], and [[Aksai Chin|China]], shown here in shades of [[Shades of green#Tea green|green]], [[Shades of yellow#Mellow yellow|yellow]] and [[Shades of brown#Khaki|brown]] respectively]]<br /> '''Article 370 of the Indian constitution'''{{efn| Article 370 was originally numbered as Article 306A in the original draft.{{sfn|Noorani, Article 370|2011|loc=Introduction, p. 4}}&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.constitutionofindia.net/blogs/article_370_and_the_constituent_assembly_debates Article 370 and the Constituent Assembly Debates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206233305/https://www.constitutionofindia.net/blogs/article_370_and_the_constituent_assembly_debates |date=6 February 2023 }}, constitutionofindia.net, retrieved 20 January 2022.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The idea found in some sources that Article 306A became the &quot;basis&quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;<br /> {{citation |last=Bose |first=Sumantra |authorlink=Sumantra Bose |title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-674-01173-2 |page=59}}<br /> &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; for a later Article 370 is incorrect. It is the same article, later renumbered.}}<br /> gave special status to [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], a region located in the northern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and part of the larger region of [[Kashmir]] which has been the subject of a dispute between [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] since 1947.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;britannica-jammu-kashmir&quot;&amp;gt;{{citation|last1=Akhtar|first1=Rais|title=Jammu and Kashmir, State, India|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=7 August 2019|last2=Kirk|first2=William}} (subscription required) Quote: &quot;Jammu and Kashmir, state of India, located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the vicinity of the Karakoram and westernmost Himalayan mountain ranges. The state is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947.&quot;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Jan·Osma鈔czykOsmańczyk2003&quot;&amp;gt;{{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&amp;amp;pg=PA1191|pages=1191–|year=2003|publisher=Taylor &amp;amp; Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5}} Quote: &quot;Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China.&quot;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; India administered Jammu and Kashmir as a state from 17 November 1952 to 31 October 2019. Article 370 conferred on it the power to have a separate constitution, a state flag, and autonomy of internal administration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-49231619 Article 370: India strips disputed Kashmir of special status], BBC News, 5 August 2019.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{citation |author=K. Venkataramanan |title=How the status of Jammu and Kashmir is being changed |newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 August 2019 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/explained-how-the-status-of-jammu-and-kashmir-is-being-changed/article28822866.ece?homepage=true |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808005453/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/explained-how-the-status-of-jammu-and-kashmir-is-being-changed/article28822866.ece?homepage=true |archive-date=8 August 2019 |access-date=5 August 2019 |url-status=dead }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Article 370 was drafted in [[Part XXI of the Constitution of India|Part XXI]] of the Indian constitution titled &quot;Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions&quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;indiatoday&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/highlights/story/article-370-issue-omar-abdullah-jammu-and-kashmir-jawaharlal-nehru-194780-2014-05-28|title=Article 370: 10 facts that you need to know: Highlights, News – India Today|date=28 May 2014 |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in|access-date=18 August 2014}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It stated that the [[Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir]] would be empowered to recommend the extent to which the Indian constitution would apply to the state. The state assembly could also abrogate Article 370 altogether, in which case all of the Indian Constitution would have applied to the state.<br /> <br /> After the state constituent assembly was convened, it recommended the provisions of the Indian constitution that should apply to the state, based on which [[#Presidential order of 1954|1954 Presidential Order]] was issued. Since the state constituent assembly dissolved itself without recommending the abrogation of Article 370, the article was deemed to have become a permanent feature of the Indian Constitution.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/the-importance-of-article-370/article7762192.ece The importance of Article 370], The Hindu, 15 October 2015.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/article-370-is-permanent-rules-jk-high-court/article7749839.ece|title=Article 370 is permanent, rules J&amp;amp;K High Court|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 March 2017|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;TOI 2018&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> On 5 August 2019, the Government of India issued a Presidential Order superseding the 1954 order, and making all the provisions of the Indian Constitution applicable to Jammu and Kashmir. The order was based on the resolution passed in both houses of India's parliament with a two-thirds majority.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192505,|title=Parliament approves Resolution to repeal Article 370; paves way to truly integrate J&amp;amp;K with Indian Union|website=pib.gov.in}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Venkataramanan&quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/article-370-rendered-toothless-article-35a-ceases-to-exist/articleshow/70535292.cms Article 370 rendered toothless, Article 35A ceases to exist], The Economic Times, 5 August 2019.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210049.pdf|title=The Gazette of India|access-date=6 March 2020}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; A further order on 6 August made all the clauses of Article 370 except clause 1 to be inoperative.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;inoperative&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In addition, the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]] was passed by the parliament, enacting the division of the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two [[union territory|union territories]] to be called Union Territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and Union Territory of [[Ladakh]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/jammu-and-kashmir-crisis-live-updates-1564981600854.html|title=Jammu and Kashmir Live News: Article 370 to be revoked, J&amp;amp;K to be reorganised|date= 5 August 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web| url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/jammu-and-kashmir-news-live-updates-narendra-modi-speech-in-lok-sabha-on-article-370-35a-jammu-and-kashmir-reorganisation-bill-ladakh-mufti-omar-abdullah-arrested-119080600104_1.html|title=Kashmir debate LIVE: LS passes Bill reorganising Jammu and Kashmir|date= 6 August 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jammu-kashmir-ladakh-article-370-live-news-updates/liveblog/70547109.cms|title=Article 370 Live News: Lok Sabha passes bill to bifurcate J&amp;amp;k, a step closer to becoming a law|date= 6 August 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The reorganisation took place on 31 October 2019.<br /> <br /> A total of 23 petitions were presented to the [[Supreme Court of India]], challenging the constitutionality of the abrogation of Article 370 of the Constitution, constituting a five-judge bench for the same.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|date=August 28, 2019|title=SC to examine legal challenge to abrogation of Article 370; refers matter to 5-judge Constitution bench |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sc-to-examine-legal-challenge-to-abrogation-of-article-370-refers-matter-to-5-judge-constitution-bench/articleshow/70870634.cms|access-date=2021-03-19|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-03-02|title=Article 370 matter stays with 5-judge bench, SC accepts govt's stand|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/no-need-for-larger-bench-rules-supreme-court-on-plea-on-scrapping-article-370/story-OgFNM16BpwyvcQh5QswT7I.html|access-date=2021-03-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Article 370: Supreme Court refuses to refer pleas challenging J&amp;amp;K decision to larger bench|url=https://scroll.in/latest/954875/article-370-supreme-court-refuses-to-refer-pleas-challenging-j-k-decision-to-larger-bench|access-date=2021-03-19|website=Scroll.in|date=2 March 2020 |language=en-US}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; On 11 December 2023, a five judge constitution bench unanimously upheld the constitutionality of the abrogation of Article 370 of the Constitution.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news|author=Krishnadas Gopal|title=SC upholds abrogation of Article 370, says move was part of 70-year-old exercise to integrate J&amp;amp;K to the Union|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-upholds-abrogation-of-article-370-says-move-was-part-of-70-year-old-exercise-to-integrate-jk-to-the-union/article67626914.ece|access-date=2023-12-14|website=The Hindu|date=11 December 2023 |language=en-US}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Purpose==<br /> The state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]'s original accession, like all other [[Princely states of India|princely states]], was on three matters: defence, foreign affairs and communications. All the princely states were invited to send representatives to India's Constituent Assembly, which was formulating a constitution for the whole of India. They were also encouraged to set up constituent assemblies for their own states. Most states were unable to set up assemblies in time, but a few states did, in particular [[Saurashtra Union]], [[Travancore-Cochin]] and [[Mysore State|Mysore]]. Even though the States Department developed a model constitution for the states, on 19 May 1949, the rulers and chief ministers of all the states met in the presence of States Department and agreed that separate constitutions for the states were not necessary. They accepted the Constitution of India as their own constitution. The states that did elect constituent assemblies suggested a few amendments which were accepted. The position of all the states (or unions of states) thus became equivalent to that of regular Indian provinces. In particular, this meant that the subjects available for legislation by the central and state governments was uniform across India.{{sfnp|Menon, The Story of Integration of the Indian States|1956|pp=467–469}}<br /> <br /> In the case of Jammu and Kashmir, the state's politicians decided to form a separate [[Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir|constituent assembly]] for the state. The representatives to the Indian Constituent Assembly{{efn|The representatives of Jammu and Kashmir were [[Sheikh Abdullah]], [[Mirza Afzal Beg]], [[Maulana Muhammad Syed Masoodi|Maulana Mohammad Saeed Masoodi]] and Moti Ram Bagda. They joined the Constituent Assembly on 16 June 1949.{{sfnp|Noorani, Article 370|2011|loc=Introduction, p.&amp;amp;nbsp;4}}}} requested that only those provisions of the Indian Constitution should be applied to the state as corresponding to the original [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]], and that the state's own constituent assembly would decide on the other matters. Government of India agreed to the demands shortly before the aforesaid 19 May meeting with the other states.{{efn|The negotiations were held at the residence of Home minister [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] on 15–16 May 1949, and prime minister Nehru recorded the results in a letter on 18 May. It said in particular, &quot;It will be for the Constituent Assembly of the State when convened, to determine in respect of which other subjects the state may accede&quot;.{{sfnp|Noorani, Article 370|2011|loc=Introduction, p.&amp;amp;nbsp;4}}}} Accordingly, the Article 370 was incorporated into the Indian Constitution, which stipulated that the other articles of the Constitution that gave powers to the Central Government would be applied to Jammu and Kashmir only with the concurrence of the State's own constituent assembly. This was a &quot;temporary provision&quot; in that its applicability was intended to last until the formulation and adoption of the State's constitution.{{sfnp|Noorani, Article 370|2011|loc=Introduction}} However, the State's constituent assembly dissolved itself on 25 January 1957 without recommending either abrogation or amendment of the Article 370. Thus, the Article was considered to have become a permanent feature of the Indian constitution, as confirmed by various rulings of the [[Supreme Court of India]] and the [[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir]], the latest of which was in April 2018.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/article-370-granting-special-status-to-the-state-is-permanent-jammu-and-kashmir-high-court/articleshow/49310080.cms Article 370, granting special status to the state, is permanent: Jammu and Kashmir High Court], The Economic Times, 11 October 2015.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=importance&amp;gt;[http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/the-importance-of-article-370/article7762192.ece The importance of Article 370], The Hindu, 15 October 2015.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[Amitabh Mattoo]], [http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/understanding-article-370/article5426473.ece Understanding Article 370], The Hindu, 29 May 2014.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/440377/bjp-quiet-explained-article-370.html BJP is quiet since I explained Article 370 to Modi: Jethmalani], Deccan Herald, 8 November 2014.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;TOI 2018&quot;&amp;gt;[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/article-370-has-acquired-permanent-status-supreme-court/articleshow/63603527.cms Article 370 has acquired permanent status: Supreme Court], The Times of India, 4 April 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Original text==<br /> {{blockquote|'''370. Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir'''{{sfnp|Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy|2013|pp=169-170 Table 5.1 with footnotes}}<br /> '''(1)''' Notwithstanding anything contained in this Constitution,—<br /> :(a) the provisions of article 238 shall not apply now in relation to the state of Jammu and Kashmir;{{efn|Article 238 was repealed by the [[List of amendments of the Constitution of India|7th Amendment]] in 1956.}}<br /> :(b) the power of Parliament to make laws for the said state shall be limited to—<br /> ::(i) those matters in the [[Union List]] and the [[Concurrent List]] which, in consultation with the [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir|Government of the State]], are declared by the [[President of India|President]] to correspond to matters specified in the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]] governing the accession of the State to the [[Dominion of India]] as the matters with respect to which the Dominion Legislature may make laws for that State; and<br /> ::(ii) such other matters in the said Lists as, with the concurrence of the Government of the State, the President may by order specify.<br /> <br /> ''Explanation'' [1950 wording]: For the purpose of this article, the Government of the State means the person for the time being recognised by the President as the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers for the time being in office under the Maharaja's Proclamation dated the fifth day of March 1948;<br /> <br /> ''Explanation'' [1952 wording]: For the purpose of this article, the Government of the State means the person for the time being recognized by the President on the recommendation of the Legislative Assembly of the State as the [[Sadr-i-Riyasat]] (now Governor) of Jammu and Kashmir, acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers of the State for the time being in office.{{efn|This was changed via the [[#Presidential order of 1952|1952 Presidential order]].{{sfnp|Noorani, Article 370|2011|p=225}}}}<br /> <br /> :(c) the provisions of article 1 and of this article shall apply in relation to that State;<br /> :(d) such of the other provisions of this Constitution shall apply in relation to that State subject to such exceptions and modifications as the President may by order specify:<br /> :Provided that no such order which relates to the matters specified in the Instrument of Accession of the State referred to in paragraph (i) of sub-clause (b) shall be issued except in consultation with the Government of the State:<br /> :Provided further that no such order which relates to matters other than those referred to in the last preceding proviso shall be issued except with the concurrence of that Government.<br /> <br /> '''(2)''' If the concurrence of the Government of the State referred to in paragraph (ii) of sub-clause (b) of clause (1) or in the second provision to sub-clause (d) of that clause be given before the Constituent Assembly for the purpose of framing the Constitution of the State is convened, it shall be placed before such Assembly for such decision as it may take thereon.<br /> <br /> '''(3)''' Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this article, the President may, by public notification, declare that this article shall cease to be operative or shall be operative only with such exceptions and modifications and from such date as he may specify:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;<br /> Provided that the recommendation of the Constituent Assembly of the State referred to in clause (2) shall be necessary before the President issues such a notification.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=The Constitution of India (1949)|url=http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/E.pdf|work=Lok Sabha Secretariat|access-date=2 May 2014|pages=1122–1123|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013102/http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/E.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}}<br /> <br /> ==Analysis==<br /> The clause 7 of the [[Instrument of Accession]] signed by [[Maharaja Hari Singh]] declared that the State could not be compelled to accept any future Constitution of India. The State was within its rights to draft its own constitution and to decide for itself what additional powers to extend to the Central Government. Article 370 was designed to protect those rights.{{sfnp|Noorani, Article 370|2011|loc=Introduction, pp. 1-2}}<br /> According to the constitutional scholar [[A. G. Noorani]], Article 370 records a 'solemn compact'. Neither India nor the State can unilaterally amend or abrogate the Article except in accordance with the terms of the Article.{{sfnp|Noorani, Article 370|2011|loc=Introduction, p. 1}}<br /> <br /> Article 370 embodied six special provisions for Jammu and Kashmir:{{sfnp|Noorani, Article 370|2011|loc=Introduction, pp. 5-6}}{{sfnp|Tillin, Asymmetric Federalism|2016|p=546}}<br /> # It exempted the State from the complete applicability of the Constitution of India. The State was conferred the power to have its own constitution.<br /> # Central legislative powers over the State were limited, at the time of framing, to the three subjects of defence, foreign affairs and communications.<br /> # Other constitutional powers of the Central Government could be extended to the State only with the concurrence of the State Government.<br /> # The 'concurrence' was only provisional. It had to be ratified by the State's Constituent Assembly.<br /> # The State Government's authority to give 'concurrence' lasted only until the State Constituent Assembly was convened. Once the State Constituent Assembly finalised the scheme of powers and dispersed, no further extension of powers was possible.<br /> # Article 370 could be abrogated or amended only upon the recommendation of the State's Constituent Assembly.<br /> Once the State's Constitutional Assembly convened on 31 October 1951, the State Government's power to give `concurrence' lapsed. After the Constituent Assembly dispersed on 17 November 1956, adopting a Constitution for the State, the only authority provided to extend more powers to the Central Government or to accept Central institutions vanished.{{sfnp|Noorani, Article 370|2011|loc=Introduction, pp. 7-8}}{{sfnp|Kumar, The Constitutional and Legal Routes|2005|p=97}}{{sfnp|Tillin, Asymmetric Federalism|2016|p=546}}<br /> <br /> Noorani states that this understanding of the constitutionality of the Centre-State relations informed the decisions of India till 1957, but that it was abandoned afterwards. In subsequent years, other provisions continued to be extended to the State with the 'concurrence' of the State Government.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;<br /> {{harvp|Noorani, Article 370|2011|loc=Introduction, pp. 7-8}}; {{harvp|Kumar, The Constitutional and Legal Routes|2005|p=97}}; {{harvp|Tillin, Asymmetric Federalism|2016|p=546}}<br /> &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Presidential orders==<br /> When Article 370 was originally created, only two articles of the Indian constitution applied in full to Jammu and Kashmir. Other provisions of the constitution would apply with exceptions and modifications specified by the president in his Order in consultation with or the concurrence of the government of the state.{{sfnp|Sharma|1958|p=284}} In exercise of these powers, as conferred by clause (3) of article 370 of the constitution, the president made a series of orders with the concurrence of the government of the state of Jammu and Kashmir.<br /> <br /> ===Presidential order of 1950===<br /> The Presidential order of 1950, officially '''The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1950''', came into force on 26 January 1950 contemporaneously with the [[constitution of India]]. It specified the subjects and articles of the Indian constitution that corresponded to the Instrument of Accession as required by the clause b(i) of the Article 370.{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|p=187}}{{sfnp|Sharma|1958|pp=284-286}}<br /> <br /> Thirty eight subjects from the [[Union List]] were mentioned as matters on which the Union legislature could make laws for the State. Certain articles in ten of the twenty-two parts of the Indian constitution were extended to Jammu and Kashmir, with modifications and exceptions as agreed by the state government.{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|p=187}}<br /> <br /> According to scholar Bodh Raj Sharma, at this stage, &quot;235 articles of the Indian constitution were inapplicable to the state of Jammu &amp;amp; Kashmir, 9 were partially applicable, and 29 were applicable in a modified form&quot;.{{sfnp|Sharma|1958|pp=284-286}}<br /> <br /> This order was superseded by the Presidential order of 1954.<br /> <br /> ===Presidential order of 1952===<br /> The Presidential order of 1952 was published on 15 November 1952, at the request of the state government. It amended the Article 370, replacing the phrase &quot;recognised by the President as the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir&quot; by &quot;recognized by the President on the recommendation of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly of the State]] as the [[Sadr-i-Riyasat]]&quot;. The amendment represented the abolition of the [[Dogra dynasty|monarchy]] of Jammu and Kashmir.{{sfnp|Noorani, Article 370|2011|pp=8–9,&amp;amp;nbsp;224–225}}{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|p=200}}<br /> <br /> '''''Background:''''' The [[Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir]] was elected in 1951 and convened on 31 October 1951. The Basic Principles committee of the Constituent Assembly recommended the abolition of the monarchy, which was unanimously approved by the Assembly on 12 June 1952. In the same month, the Hindu-dominated [[Jammu Praja Parishad]] submitted a memorandum to the president of India demanding the full application of the Indian constitution to the State. The government of India summoned a delegation from Jammu and Kashmir in Delhi for discussions on the relations between the Centre and the State. After discussions, the '''[[Delhi Agreement of 1952|1952 Delhi Agreement]]''' was reached.{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|p=196–198}}<br /> <br /> The State's prime minister [[Sheikh Abdullah]] was slow to implement the provisions of the Delhi Agreement. However, in August 1952, the State Constituent Assembly adopted a resolution abolishing the monarchy and replacing the position by an elected Head of State (called ''Sadar-i-Riyasat''). Despite reservations on this piecemeal approach to adopting provisions, the Central government acquiesced, leading to the Presidential Order of 1952. The Legislative Assembly elected [[Karan Singh]], who was already acting as the Prince Regent, as the new ''Sadar-i-Riyasat''.{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|p=200}}{{sfnp|Noorani, Article 370|2011|loc=Introduction, pp. 8–9}}<br /> <br /> ===Presidential order of 1954===<br /> The Presidential order of 1954, officially '''The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954''' came into force on 14 May 1954. Issued with the agreement of the State's Constituent Assembly, it was a comprehensive order seeking to implement the 1952 Delhi Agreement.{{sfnp|Chowdhary, Politics of Identity and Separatism|2015|p=48}}{{sfnp|Noorani, Article 370|2011|pp=264–274}} Arguably, it went further than the Delhi Agreement in some respects.{{sfnp|Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy|2013|pp=171–172}}<br /> <br /> The provisions implementing the Delhi Agreement were:{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|p=198–200,&amp;amp;nbsp;212}}{{sfnp|Kumar, The Constitutional and Legal Routes|2005|pp=97–98}}<br /> # Indian citizenship was extended to the 'permanent residents' of Jammu and Kashmir (formerly called 'state subjects'). Simultaneously, the [[Article 35A of Constitution of India|Article 35A]] was added to the constitution, empowering the state legislature to legislate on the privileges of permanent residents with regard to immovable property, settlement in the state and employment.<br /> # The [[Fundamental rights in India|fundamental rights]] of the Indian constitution were extended to the state. However, the state legislature was empowered to legislate on preventive detention for the purpose of internal security. The State's land reform legislation (which acquired land without compensation) was also protected.<br /> # The jurisdiction of the [[Supreme Court of India]] was extended to the State.<br /> # The Central government was given power to declare [[Part XVIII of the Constitution of India|national emergency]] in the event of external aggression. However, its power to do so for internal disturbances could be exercised only with the concurrence of the State Government.<br /> In addition, the following provisions which were not previously decided in the Delhi Agreement were also implemented:{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|p=212}}{{sfnp|Mir Qasim, My Life and Times|1992|p=60}}{{sfnp|Noorani, Article 370|2011|pp=264–274}}<br /> # Financial relations between the Centre and the State were placed on the same footing as the other States. The State's custom duties were abolished.{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|p=212}}<br /> # Decisions affecting the disposition of the State could be made by the Central government, but only with the consent of the State government.{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|p=212}}{{sfnp|Noorani, Article 370|2011|loc=p.&amp;amp;nbsp;269, item (e)}}<br /> <br /> '''''Background:''''' The State government's decision to abolish the monarchy led to increased agitation by the Jammu Praja Parishad, which found support among the Ladakhi Buddhists and the Hindu parties of India.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{harvp|Puri, State Politics: Jammu and Kashmir|2015|p=220}}: &quot;...the abolition of the monarchy and landlordism did not have the same emotional appeal in Jammu that it did in Kashmir. Soon the popular unrest in Jammu was articulated by a newly formed party—the Praja Parishad—which received support from and was later merged with the Jan Sangh....&quot;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{citation |last=Korbel |first=Josef |author-link=Josef Korbel |title=Danger in Kashmir |publisher=Princeton University Press |edition=second |year=1966 |orig-year=first published 1954 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q7WCgAAQBAJ |pages=226–227|isbn=9781400875238 }}: &quot;Economically [the Praja Parishad] represented that group of wealthy people who, as the Maharaja's active supporters, once enjoyed the privileged position of landlords but who have been dispossessed by the land reform, and of government officials and businessmen.&quot;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{citation |last=Om |first=Hari |title=Burning issues in Jammu and Kashmir politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jJuAAAAMAAJ |year=1999 |publisher=Jay Kay Book House |page=278}}: &quot;The Hindu dominated belt of Jammu had found its effective expression in the Hindu dominated party known as The All Jammu And Kashmir Praja Parishad, which first sought the security of Dogras in the retention of the Maharaja as a Constitutional head of the State and then favoured full accession of the State with Indian Union, and opposed the grant of special status to Kashmir. The ouster of Maharaja, and subsequent abolition of monarchy, further deepened the distrust of the Dogras.&quot;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{harvp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|p=200–205}}: &quot;In particular, the abolition of hereditary monarchy and retention of the State flag were fitting replies to the Praja Parishad leadership...&quot;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In response, Sheikh Abdullah started questioning the value of Kashmir's accession to India, leading to a loss of support among his Cabinet members. On 8 August 1953, Sheikh Abdullah was dismissed from the post of prime minister by the ''Sadar-i-Riyasat'' [[Karan Singh]] and his erstwhile deputy [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]] was appointed in his place. Abdullah and several of his colleagues were arrested and put in prison.{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|p=205–209}}{{sfnp|Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy|2013|p=171}}<br /> <br /> The purged Constituent Assembly, with 60 of the original 75 members, unanimously adopted on 6 February 1954, the recommendations of its Basic Principles Committee and the Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights and Citizenship.{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|p=210–211}} According to the Basic Principles Committee:<br /> {{blockquote|While preserving the internal autonomy of the State, all the obligations which flow from the fact of accession and also its elaboration as contained in the Delhi Agreement should find an appropriate place in the Constitution. The Committee is of the opinion that it is high time that finality in this respect should be reached and the relationship of the State with the Union should be expressed in clear and precise terms.{{sfnp|Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy|2013|p=171}}}}<br /> The Presidential order of 1954 was issued based on these recommendations.{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|p=210–211}}<br /> <br /> === Further presidential orders (1955–2018) ===<br /> In addition to these original orders, forty-seven Presidential orders were issued between 11 February 1956 and 19 February 1994, making various other provisions of the Constitution of India applicable to Jammu and Kashmir. All these orders were issued with the 'concurrence of the Government of the State' without any Constituent Assembly.{{sfnp|Noorani, Article 370|2011|loc=Introduction, pp. 9-11; Sec. 11.1}}{{efn|The Constituent Assembly was dissolved by a resolution passed by the representatives of Kashmir in 1956, and it ceased to exist on 26 January 1957.{{sfnp|Noorani, Article 370|2011|loc=Introduction, pp. 9-11}}}} Some of these Presidential orders were issued when the state was under President's rule and had &quot;no Kashmir government at all&quot;, states Jill Cottrell.{{sfnp|Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy|2013|pp=173–175}}{{efn|While the Congress party central government led by Rajiv Gandhi was in power, the President of India made an order under Article 370, on 30 July 1986, extending to Jammu and Kashmir [[s: Constitution of India/Part XI|Article 249]] of the Indian Constitution in order to empower Indian Parliament to legislate on matters in the State List after obtaining a Rajya Sabha resolution. The then Governor Jagmohan gave concurrence on behalf of the state government while the state was under President's rule,{{sfnp|Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy|2013|p=174}} despite protests from G. A. Lone – the Law secretary of Jammu &amp;amp; Kashmir – and in the absence of a Council of Ministers.{{sfnp|Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy|2013|p=174}}{{sfnp|Noorani, Article 370|2011|loc=Chapter 11}}}} The concurrence in this instance was given by the Governor of the state, a nominee of the Union government.{{sfnp|Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy|2013|pp=173–175}} The constitutional validity of the procedure was upheld by the Supreme Court of India in 1972.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ChoudhryKhosla2016&quot;/&amp;gt;{{efn|name=mmd|In the 1972 case ''Mohd Maqbool Damnoo vs State of Jammu and Kashmir'' (1 SCC 536), the petitioner challenged the constitutionality of interpreting and replacing the ''Sadar-i-Riyasat'' with the Governor of the state. The Supreme Court of India held that the &quot;Governor is the successor to the ''Sadar-i-Riyasat'' and is able to give the State Government's concurrence to any amendments under Article 370&quot;, states Louise Tillin.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ChoudhryKhosla2016&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|author=Louise Tillin|editor1=Sujit Choudhry|editor2=Madhav Khosla|editor3=Pratap Bhanu Mehta|title=The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0knDAAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-870489-8|pages=547–549}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}}<br /> <br /> The effect of the Presidential orders issued since 1954 had been to extend 94 of the 97 subjects in the Union List (the powers of the Central Government) to the State of Jammu and Kashmir, and 260 of the 395 Articles of the Constitution of India.{{sfnp|Noorani, Article 370|2011|loc=Introduction, pp. 13-14}} All of these orders had been issued as amendments to the Presidential Order of 1954, rather than as replacements to it, presumably because their constitutionality was in doubt, according to Cottrell.{{sfnp|Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy|2013|p=174}}<br /> <br /> This process has been termed the 'erosion' of the Article 370.{{sfnp|Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy|2013|p=174}}{{sfnp|Noorani, Article 370|2011|loc=Chapter 11}} Home minister [[Gulzarilal Nanda]] (1963–1966) opined that the terms for the &quot;special status&quot; granted to Jammu and Kashmir in this Article included a &quot;very simple&quot; process to amend, by an Executive Order of the President of India, whereas the powers of all other states could only be amended by the &quot;normal process of (constitutional) amendment [...] subject to stringent conditions&quot;. According to him, Article 370 was &quot;the only way&quot; of taking the Constitution of India into Jammu and Kashmir, it is a tunnel through which &quot;a good deal of traffic has already passed and more will&quot;. The successors of Nanda in the Home Ministry have interpreted the Article in the same manner.{{sfnp|Noorani, Article 370|2011|loc=Introduction, pp. 1–2; Chapter 9 Doc#2}}<br /> <br /> ==Autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir: Structure and limitations==<br /> India's constitution is a [[Federalism in India|federal structure]]. The subjects for legislation are divided into a 'Union List', a 'State List', and a 'Concurrent List'. The [[Union List]] of ninety-six subjects, including defence, military and foreign affairs, major transport systems, commercial issues like banking, stock exchanges and taxes, are provided for the Union government to legislate exclusively. The [[State List]] of sixty-six items covering prisons, agriculture, most industries and certain taxes, are available for States to legislate on. The [[Concurrent List]], on which both the Centre and States may legislate include criminal law, marriage, bankruptcy, trade unions, professions and price control. In case of conflict, the Union legislation takes precedence. The 'residual power', to make laws on matters not specified in the Constitution, rests with the Union. The Union may also specify certain industries, waterways, ports etc. to be 'national', in which case they become Union subjects.{{sfnp|Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy|2013|p=165}} <br /> <br /> In the case of Jammu and Kashmir, the 'Union List' and the 'Concurrent List' were initially limited to the matters ceded in the Instrument of Accession; later, they were extended with the concurrence of the State Government. The 'residual powers' continued to rest with the State rather than the Union. According to the State Autonomy Committee, ninety-four of the ninety-seven items in the Union List applied to Jammu and Kashmir; the provisions of the Central Bureau of Intelligence and Investigation and preventive detention did not apply. Of the 'Concurrent List', twenty-six of the forty-seven items applied to Jammu and Kashmir; the items of marriage and divorce, infants and minors, transfer of property other than agricultural land, contracts and torts, bankruptcy, trusts, courts, family planning and charities had been omitted – i.e., the State had exclusive right to legislate on those matters. The right to legislate on elections to state bodies also rested with the State.{{sfnp|Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy|2013|p=177–178}}<br /> <br /> ==Applicability of the Indian law to Jammu and Kashmir==<br /> Acts passed by Indian Parliament have been extended to Jammu and Kashmir over a period of time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jklaw.nic.in/central_acts.pdf |title=Central Enactments Applicable To State of Jammu And Kashmir in Alphabetical Order |date=10 February 2009 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622181256/http://jklaw.nic.in/central_acts.pdf |url-status=dead }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> * [[All India Services Act, 1951|All India Services Act]]<br /> * Negotiable Instruments Act<br /> * Border Security Force Act<br /> * Central Vigilance Commission Act<br /> * [[Essential Commodities Act]]<br /> * Haj Committee Act<br /> * [[Income-tax Act, 1961|Income Tax Act]]<br /> * [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|The Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017]]<br /> * [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017]]<br /> * The Central Laws (Extension To Jammu And Kashmir) Act, 1956<br /> * The Central Laws (Extension To Jammu And Kashmir) Act, 1968<br /> <br /> The non-applicability of [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) Act]] by claiming recourse to Article 370 was set aside in 2010.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.achrweb.org/ihrrq/issue2/order_extraordinaire.html |title=Order extraordinaire: J&amp;amp;K's immunity set aside by the NHRC |date=October 2010 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203193522/http://www.achrweb.org/ihrrq/issue2/order_extraordinaire.html |archive-date=3 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir==<br /> {{Quote box|width=20em|align=centre|quote=&amp;lt;poem&amp;gt;WE, THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR, &amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;<br /> having solemnly resolved, in pursuance of the '''accession of this State to India''' which took place on the twenty sixth day of October, 1947, to further define the existing '''relationship of the State with the Union of India as an integral part thereof''', and to secure to ourselves—<br /> <br /> JUSTICE, social, economic and political;<br /> <br /> LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;<br /> <br /> EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among us all;<br /> <br /> FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity of the nation;<br /> <br /> IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this seventeenth day<br /> of November, 1956, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE<br /> TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.&quot;&amp;lt;/poem&amp;gt;|source='''—Preamble of Constitution of Jammu &amp;amp; Kashmir.'''&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Official website of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly.&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|title=Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir|publisher=Official website of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly on National Informatics Centre, India|url=http://jklegislativeassembly.nic.in/Costitution_of_J&amp;amp;K.pdf|access-date=3 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903234618/http://jklegislativeassembly.nic.in/Costitution_of_J%26K.pdf|archive-date=3 September 2014|url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}}<br /> {{main|Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir}}<br /> <br /> Preamble and Article 3 of the erstwhile Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir stated that the State of Jammu and Kashmir is and shall be an integral part of the Union of India.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Official website of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly.&quot;/&amp;gt; Article 5 stated that the executive and legislative power of the State extend to all matters except those with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws for the State under the provisions of the Constitution of India. The constitution was adopted on 17 November 1956 and came into force on 26 January 1957.{{sfnp|Noorani, Article 370|2011|loc=Introduction, pp. 9-11}}<br /> <br /> The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir was rendered infructuous by The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019 (C.O. 272) issued by the president of India on 5 August 2019.<br /> <br /> ==Human rights==<br /> {{POV section|talk=Talk:Article 370 of the Constitution of India/Archive 1#Human rights section|date=August 2019}}<br /> In the 1954 Presidential order, among other things, the Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution were made applicable to Kashmir with some exceptions.{{sfnp|Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy|2013|pp=178–179}} The state legislature further modified these, as well as added &quot;preventive detention laws&quot; that it exempted from human rights challenges for twenty-five years.{{sfnp|Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy|2013|pp=178–179}} According to Cottrell, the autonomy and special status granted to the state of Jammu and Kashmir makes it possible &quot;for it to have rather lower standards of human rights&quot;.{{sfnp|Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy|2013|pp=186–187, 194–195 with footnotes}}<br /> <br /> === Permanent residence issues ===<br /> Article 370 acknowledges the special status of the state of Jammu and Kashmir in terms of autonomy and its ability to formulate laws for the state's permanent residents.{{efn|The legal term &quot;permanent residents&quot; replaced the term &quot;state subjects&quot; in earlier laws.{{sfnp|Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy|2013|pp=194–195}}}} Further, the state gave special privileges to the permanent residents in matters such as residence, property, education and government jobs, which were unavailable to others.{{sfnp|Sharma|1958|p=290}}{{sfnp|Kumar|2004|pp=549-550}} [[Article 35A of the Constitution of India|Article 35A]] of the Indian constitution has been interpreted by some Kashmiri officials to disallow challenging any state law, merely on the ground of infringing upon rights, granted to all citizens of India via the national constitution.{{sfnp|Kumar|2004|pp=549-550}}<br /> <br /> === Women's rights ===<br /> The state government officials of Jammu and Kashmir have issued &quot;permanent resident certificates&quot;. However, these certificates differ by gender.{{sfnp|Kumar|2004|pp=534-536}}{{sfnp|Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy|2013|pp=194–195 with footnotes}} The certificates issued to females are marked &quot;valid only till marriage&quot;, while certificates for males have no such markings. If a woman married to an Indian outside of Kashmir, she was denied a new certificate. These certificates are required by the Jammu and Kashmir state officials from anyone seeking to acquire immovable property, education or employment within the state.{{sfnp|Kumar|2004|pp=534-536}} Under the state laws, the Jammu and Kashmir High Court quashed the appointment of Susheela Sawhney in 1979 – a Kashmiri-born woman, as assistant professor in the Government Medical College because she was married to a man outside of Kashmir.{{sfnp|Kumar|2004|pp=534-536}} Numerous other women – such as Sunita Sharma, Anjali Khosla, Abha Jain, Kamla Rani, Reeta Gupta, and others – sued the state government on different but related matters, charging discrimination based on their gender.{{sfnp|Kumar|2004|pp=534-536 with footnotes}} These cases were reviewed in 2002 by the full bench of the state's High Court, which overturned the past rulings and found that the state has discriminated based on gender.{{sfnp|Kumar|2004|pp=534-536 with footnotes}}{{sfnp|Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy|2013|pp=194–195 with footnotes}}<br /> <br /> In 2004, the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly passed the Permanent Residents (Disqualification) Bill – also known as the Daughter's Bill. The new law sought to deprive daughters of the state's permanent residents{{efn|The legal term &quot;permanent residents&quot; replaced the term &quot;state subjects&quot; in earlier laws.{{sfnp|Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy|2013|pp=194–195}}}} of all their native-born rights and privileges if they marry someone who is not the subject of Jammu and Kashmir. This law applied only to the female descendants of Kashmir subjects, and does not apply to the male descendants.{{sfnp|Kumar|2004|pp=534-536}}{{sfnp|Singh|Vohra|2007|pp=157-158}}<br /> <br /> According to Sehla Ashai, per its provisions, &quot;the women who married non-state subjects [men from other states of India or abroad] could no longer claim state subject status, would thereby lose both preferential treatment in government hiring and the ability to acquire new property in the state&quot;. The opponents to this bill argued that this is a &quot;violation of Kashmiri women's fundamental rights under the Indian Constitution&quot; and that the bill discriminated human beings by their gender.{{sfnp|Ashai|2010|pp=537-538, 547-549}} The supporters argued that if this bill failed to pass it &quot;would be the end of constitutionally guaranteed autonomy for Jammu and Kashmir&quot; and that the law was created to &quot;protect the ethnic identity of the people of Jammu and Kashmir&quot;.{{sfnp|Ashai|2010|pp=537-538, 547-549}} The bill was supported by the state-based [[Jammu &amp;amp; Kashmir National Conference]] Party and [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]], but challenged by the Indian National Congress party. It was reintroduced in J&amp;amp;K legislative houses in August 2004 as an amendment to the state constitution, but it failed to pass the Upper House of the state by the required two-thirds majority.{{sfnp|Ashai|2010|pp=548–550 with footnote 76}}<br /> <br /> In 2010, the Permanent Residents (Disqualification) legislation was reintroduced in the state's legislative houses, with support from the two main state-based parties.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdhry2017p125&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|author=Abha Chauhan|editor=Prem Chowdhry|title=Understanding Women's Land Rights: Gender Discrimination in Ownership|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0xtBDwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PT126|year=2017|publisher=SAGE Publishing|isbn=978-93-86446-33-6|pages=125–126}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It again attracted criticism that &quot;such bills have no sanction in the legal and constitutional history of the state or in Article 370&quot;.{{sfnp|Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy|2013|pp=194–195 with footnotes}}<br /> <br /> == Other issues ==<br /> <br /> === Amarnath land transfer controversy ===<br /> {{Main|Amarnath land transfer controversy}}<br /> <br /> On 26 May 2008, the [[Government of India]] and the [[state government]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] reached an agreement to transfer 100 acres (0.40&amp;amp;nbsp;km&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;) of forest land to the Shri Amarnathji Shrine Board (SASB) to set up temporary shelters and facilities for Hindu pilgrims.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/|title=Zee News: Latest News, Live Breaking News, Today News, India Political News Updates|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=8 November 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Kashmiri separatists opposed the move citing reasons that it will jeopardize Article 370 which gives separate identity to the people of Jammu and Kashmir and prevents Indian citizens from freely settling in Kashmir. People in Kashmir staged widespread protests against this decision by government of India.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/news/2008/aug/07guest.htm|title=Jammu is not for burning|website=specials.rediff.com|access-date=8 November 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Due to the protests, the J&amp;amp;K State government relented and reversed the decision to transfer land. As a result, Hindus in the Jammu region launched counter-agitations against this roll back.<br /> <br /> ==Calls for abrogation==<br /> In 2014, as part of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] manifesto for [[2014 Indian general election|the 2014 general election]], the party pledged to integrate the state of Jammu and Kashmir into the Union of India.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.bjp.org/images/pdf_2014/full_manifesto_english_07.04.2014.pdf|title = BJP Manifesto for 2014 General Elections|access-date = 17 September 2015 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; After winning the elections, attempts were made by the party along with its parent organisation, the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), for the abrogation of Article 370.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/omar-abdullah-ram-madhav-start-war-of-words-over-article-370/articleshow/35694199.cms |title=Omar Abdullah &amp;amp; Ram Madhav start war of words over Article 370 – Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=29 May 2014 |access-date=18 August 2014}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Former prince regent and [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader [[Karan Singh]] opined that an integral review of Article 370 was overdue and, it need to be worked on jointly with the State of Jammu and Kashmir.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |title=Article 370: Integral review of Article 370 overdue, but needs cooperation not confrontation: Congress leader Karan Singh |website=The Times of India |date=29 May 2014 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Integral-review-of-Article-370-overdue-but-needs-cooperation-not-confrontation-Congress-leader-Karan-Singh/articleshow/35733023.cms }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> However, in October 2015, the [[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir]] ruled that the Article 370 cannot be &quot;abrogated, repealed or even amended.&quot; It explained that the clause (3) of the Article conferred power to the State's Constituent Assembly to recommend to the President on the matter of the repeal of the Article. Since the Constituent Assembly did not make such a recommendation before its dissolution in 1957, Article 370 has taken on the features of a &quot;permanent provision&quot; despite being titled a temporary provision in the Constitution.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/j-k-high-court-says-article-370-is-permanent-cant-be-abrogated-repealed-or-amended/ Art 370 permanent…cannot be repealed or amended: HC], The Indian Express, 12 October 2015.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=importance/&amp;gt; On 3 April 2018, the Supreme Court of India gave a similar opinion declaring that Article 370 has acquired a permanent status. It stated that, since the State Constituent Assembly has ceased to exist, the [[President of India]] would not be able to fulfill the mandatory provisions required for its abrogation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Special status to J-K: Article 370 not a temporary provision, says Supreme Court |date=3 April 2018 |website=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/special-status-to-j-k-article-370-not-a-temporary-provision-says-supreme-court/story-wNb5Bz0EOVIDU4NmRn537J.html}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In 2019, as part of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] manifesto for [[2019 Indian general election|the 2019 general election]], the party again pledged to integrate the state of Jammu and Kashmir into the Union of India.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=India's BJP releases manifesto before elections |website=www.aljazeera.com |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/india-bjp-releases-manifesto-upcoming-elections-190408072851526.html}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Ahead of Indian election, Modi's party vows to strip Kashmir of special rights |website=Channel News Asia |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/ahead-of-indian-election--modi-s-party-vows-to-strip-kashmir-of-special-rights-11422296 |access-date=5 August 2019 |archive-date=5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805090209/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/ahead-of-indian-election--modi-s-party-vows-to-strip-kashmir-of-special-rights-11422296 |url-status=dead }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Indian PM makes election vow to remove disputed Kashmir's special rights |work=TRT World |url=https://www.trtworld.com/asia/indian-pm-makes-election-vow-to-remove-disputed-kashmir-s-special-rights-25642}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Since its formation in 1990, the Kashmiri Hindu organisation [[Panun Kashmir]] had repeatedly criticised Article 370 and supported its abrogation, along with Article 35A.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Panun Kashmir condemns demand to restore Articles 370, 35A |url=https://news.statetimes.in/panun-kashmir-condemns-demand-to-restore-articles-370-35a/ |access-date=12 January 2024 |work=State Times |agency=State Times Group |date=30 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201221321/https://news.statetimes.in/panun-kashmir-condemns-demand-to-restore-articles-370-35a/ |archive-date=1 December 2021 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/modi-abdullah-mufti-bjp-pdp-time-for-article-370-35a-of-constitution-to-go-says-panun-kashmir-president-4822271/|title = Time for Article 370, 35A of Constitution to go, says Panun Kashmir president|date = 31 August 2017}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Jammu and Kashmir Workers Party]] and [[IkkJutt Jammu]] also support the removal of Article 370 and 35A and the integration of Jammu and Kashmir.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kalingatv.com/nation/removal-of-article-370-gave-hope-jk-youth-activists/|title=Removal of Article 370 gave hope: J&amp;amp;K youth activists|date=8 October 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/leaders-and-thinkers-of-jk-bat-for-interfaith-dialogue-124694|title = Leaders and thinkers of J&amp;amp;K bat for interfaith dialogue}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/bjp-vs-all-more-than-gupkar-alliance-these-jammu-centric-outfits-may-be-threat-to-ruling-party-3125219.html|title='BJP vs All': More Than Gupkar Alliance, These Jammu-Centric Outfits May be Threat to Ruling Party|date=28 November 2020}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/pm-bjp-announcements-vindicate-ikkjutt-jammu-stand-on-articles-35a-370-ankur/ | title=PM, BJP announcements vindicate Ikkjutt Jammu stand on Articles 35A, 370: Ankur | date=17 April 2019 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == 2019 Developments ==<br /> <br /> ===Presidential order of 2019===<br /> {{main|Indian revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status}}<br /> <br /> On 5 August 2019, Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] announced in the ''[[Rajya Sabha]]'' (upper house of the Indian Parliament) that the President of India had issued '''The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019''' (C.O. 272) under Article 370, superseding the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954. The order stated that all the provisions of the Indian Constitution applied to Jammu and Kashmir. Whereas the 1954 order specified that only some articles of the Indian constitution to apply to the state, the new order removed all such restrictions. This in effect meant that the separate [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir]] stood abrogated. The order was stated to have been issued with the &quot;concurrence of the Government of State of Jammu and Kashmir&quot; which apparently meant the Governor appointed by the Union government.&amp;lt;ref name=Venkataramanan&amp;gt;{{citation |author=K. Venkataramanan |title=How the status of Jammu and Kashmir is being changed |newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 August 2019 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/explained-how-the-status-of-jammu-and-kashmir-is-being-changed/article28822866.ece?homepage=true}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;co272&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210049.pdf |website=The Gazette of India |publisher=Government of India |access-date=6 August 2019 |date=5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805094806/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210049.pdf |archive-date=5 August 2019 |url-status=dead }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The Presidential Order 2019 also added clause (4) with four sub-clauses to Article 367 under &quot;interpretations&quot;. The phrase &quot;Sadar-i-Riyasat acting on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers&quot; shall be construed as the &quot;Governor of Jammu and Kashmir&quot;. The phrase &quot;State government&quot; shall include the Governor. In proviso to clause (3) of article 370 of the Constitution, the expression &quot;Constituent Assembly of the State referred to in clause (2)&quot; shall read &quot;Legislative Assembly of the State&quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=Venkataramanan/&amp;gt;{{efn|See [[s:Constitution of India/Part XXI|here]] for the complete Part XXI of the Indian Constitution.}} According to Jill Cottrell, some of the Presidential orders under Article 370 have been issued since 1954 in similar circumstances when the state was under President's rule. The Union governments interpreted the &quot;concurrence of the state government&quot; under these circumstances to mean the Governor.{{sfnp|Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy|2013|pp=173–175}}{{efn|name=mmd}}<br /> <br /> Immediately after placing the Presidential Order 2019 before the Rajya Sabha, Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] moved a resolution recommending that the president issue an order under article 370(3) rendering all clauses of Article 370 inoperative.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kashmir-unrest-amit-shah-parliament-reservation-bill-amendment-artcle-370-1577275-2019-08-05|title=No Article 370 for Jammu &amp;amp; Kashmir, historic move by Modi govt|date=5 August 2019|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=5 August 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=Venkataramanan/&amp;gt; After the resolution was adopted by both houses of the parliament, the president issued Constitutional Order 273 on 6 August 2019 replacing the extant text of Article 370 with the following text:&amp;lt;ref name=inoperative&amp;gt;[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/president-declares-abrogation-of-provisions-of-article-370/article28842850.ece President declares abrogation of provisions of Article 370], The Hindu, 7 August 2019.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;co273&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210243.pdf |website=The Gazette of India |publisher=Government of India |access-date=6 August 2019 |date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806192403/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210243.pdf|archive-date=6 August 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> {{blockquote|370. All provisions of this Constitution, as amended from time to time, without any modifications or exceptions, shall apply to the State of Jammu and Kashmir notwithstanding anything contrary contained in article 152 or article 308 or any other article of this Constitution or any other provision of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir or any law, document, judgement, ordinance, order, by-law, rule, regulation, notification, custom or usage having the force of law in the territory of India, or any other instrument, treaty or agreement as envisaged under article 363 or otherwise.}}<br /> <br /> ===Change of status of Jammu and Kashmir===<br /> {{Main|Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019}}<br /> On 5 August 2019, the Home Minister Amit Shah introduced the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill, 2019]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] to convert Jammu and Kashmir's status of a state to two separate [[Union Territory|union territories]], namely Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir and Union Territory of Ladakh. The union territory of Jammu and Kashmir was proposed to have a legislature under the bill whereas the union territory of Ladakh is proposed to not have one.&amp;lt;ref name=Venkataramanan/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/jammu-and-kashmir-crisis-live-updates-1564981600854.html|title=Jammu and Kashmir Live News: Article 370 to be revoked, J&amp;amp;K to be reorganised|date=5 August 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; By the end of the day, the bill was passed by Rajya Sabha with 125 votes in its favour and 61 against (67% in favour).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bill-to-bifurcate-jammu-and-kashmir-into-2-union-territories-passed-by-rajya-sabha-2080688 Already, Rajya Sabha Clears J&amp;amp;K As Union Territory Instead Of State], NDTV News, 5 August 2019.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The next day, the bill was passed by the [[Lok Sabha]] with 370 votes in its favour and 70 against it (84% in favour).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/live-updates/live-updates-jammu-and-kashmir-reorganisation-bill-in-lok-sabha-for-scrapping-article-370-2225088|title=Lok Sabha passes J&amp;amp;K Reorganisation Bill with 370 votes for and 70 against it|date=6 August 2019|website=Zee News}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The bill became an Act after it was signed by the president.<br /> <br /> The two union territories came into existence on 31 October 2019, which was celebrated as National Unity Day.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jammu-and-kashmir-bifurcated-ladakh-union-territory-october-31-1614249-2019-10-31|title=Jammu and Kashmir bifurcated: India has one less state, gets two new Union Territories in J&amp;amp;K, Ladakh|website=India Today|date=31 October 2019 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The president of India appointed a Lt. Governor for the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir and a Lt. Governor for the Union Territory of Ladakh.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ddnews.gov.in/national/jk-ladakh-uts-get-new-lieutenant-governors|title=J&amp;amp;K, Ladakh UTs get new Lieutenant Governors &amp;amp;#124; DD News|website=ddnews.gov.in}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Both the Lt. Governors were sworn in by Justice Gita Mittal, the Chief Justice of Jammu and Kashmir High Court, on 31 October 2019, first at Leh for Ladakh UT and then at Srinagar for Jammu and Kashmir UT.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/girish-chandra-murmu-appointed-as-jk-first-lieutenant-governor-radha-krishna-mathur-to-be-ladakh-first-lg-1572343020-1|title=GC Murmu sworn in as J&amp;amp;K's first Lieutenant Governor, RK Mathur takes oath as Ladakh's first LG|date=31 October 2019|website=Jagranjosh.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; President's Rule under article 356 of the Constitution of India was ended in the state of Jammu and Kashmir on the night of 30 October 2019. President's Rule is not applicable to and is not needed in a union territory as a union territory is controlled by the central government. The President issued an order stating that he will rule the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir directly until the legislative assembly is constituted in the union territory.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ddnews.gov.in/national/president-rule-imposed-jk-finally-revoked|title=President rule imposed in J&amp;amp;K finally revoked &amp;amp;#124; DD News|website=ddnews.gov.in}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/11/whats-article-370-what-to-know-about-india-top-court-verdict-on-kashmir|title=What's Article 370? What to know about India top court verdict on Kashmir|publisher=al jazeera}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jammu-and-kashmir-surrendered-sovereignty-after-india-merger-cji-on-article-370-101702274968861.html|title=Jammu and Kashmir surrendered sovereignty after India merger: CJI on Article 370|date=11 December 2023 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == Popular media ==<br /> The Hindi film [[Article 370 (film)|''Article 370'']], which is set against the backdrop of the revocation of the special status represented by Article 370, featuring actress [[Yami Gautam]] in a lead role, was released on 23rd February 2024, garnering mixed reviews from both audiences and critics.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-25 |title=Article 370 box office collection day 2: Yami Gautam film witnesses growth, mints over ₹7 crore in India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/article-370-box-office-collection-day-2-yami-gautam-film-witnesses-growth-mints-over-7-crore-in-india-101708826874103.html |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In 2022, Arghya Sengupta, founder and research director of the [[Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy]], published ''Hamīñ Ast? A Biography of Article 370'' (Navi Books), which explores the political and constitutional history of the provision.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-08-07 |title=Book traces journey of Article 370 |url=https://theprint.in/india/book-traces-journey-of-article-370/1073119/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar &amp;amp; |date=2022-08-03 |title=[Book Launch] 'Hamīñ Ast? A Biography of Article 370' by Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/book-launch-ham-ast-a-biography-of-article-370-vidhi-centre-for-legal-policy |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |last=Devji |first=Faisal |title=Why critics of Article 370’s nullification are quiet today: Their inability to criticise the government with any intensity follows from the Constitution itself |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/why-critics-of-article-370s-nullification-are-quiet-today-their-inability-to-criticise-the-government-with-any-intensity-follows-from-the-constitution-itself/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[1974 Indira–Sheikh accord]]<br /> * [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]<br /> * [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]<br /> * [[Article 356]]<br /> * [[Article 35A of Constitution of India]]<br /> * [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> * [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)]]<br /> * [[Kashmir conflict]]<br /> * [[Part XXI of the Constitution of India]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> {{refbegin|40em}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Ashai |first=Sehla |title=The Jammu and Kashmir State Subjects Controversy of 2004 |journal=Drexel Law Review |volume=2 |year=2010 |pages=537–555}}<br /> * {{citation |first=Rekha |last=Chowdhary |title=Jammu and Kashmir: Politics of Identity and Separatism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-2oCgAAQBAJ |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-41405-6 |ref={{sfnref|Chowdhary, Politics of Identity and Separatism|2015}} }}<br /> * {{citation |last=Cottrell |first=Jill |chapter=Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy |editor1=Yash Ghai |editor2=Sophia Woodman |title=Practising Self-Government: A Comparative Study of Autonomous Regions |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rY9fAAAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PT259 |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-29235-2 |pages=163–199 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139088206.006 |ref={{sfnref|Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy|2013}} }}<br /> * {{citation |last=Das Gupta |first=Jyoti Bhusan |title=Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpTpCAAAQBAJ |year=1968 |publisher=Springer (2012 reprint) |isbn=978-94-011-9231-6 |ref={{sfnref|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968}} }}<br /> * {{citation |title= Kashmir and the Indian Union: The Legal Position |first=Paras |last= Diwan |journal= The International and Comparative Law Quarterly |volume=2 |number= 3 |year= 1953 |pages= 333–353 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1093/iclqaj/2.3.333 |jstor=755438|ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite book |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |title=Hindu Nationalism: A Reader |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC |year=2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-40082-8036 }}<br /> * {{citation |last=Jagota |first= S.P. |title= Development of Constitutional Relations between Jammu and Kashmir and India, 1950–60 |journal = Journal of the Indian Law Institute |year=1960 |volume= 2 |issue= 4 |pages=519–538 |jstor = 43949608 |ref=none}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Hassan |first=Khalid Wasim |title=History Revisited: Narratives on Political and Constitutional Changes in Kashmir (1947–1990) |publisher=The Institute for Social and Economic Change |location=Bangalore |isbn=978-81-7791-189-3 |url=http://www.isec.ac.in/WP%20233%20-%20Khalid.pdf |year=2009 |ref=none }}<br /> * {{citation |last=Kumar |first=Ashutosh |chapter=The Constitutional and Legal Routes |editor-last=Samaddar |editor-first=Ranabir |title=The Politics of Autonomy: Indian Experiences |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BFAzgfJkh3QC&amp;amp;pg=PA93 |year=2005 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=9780761934530 |pages=93–113 |ref={{sfnref|Kumar, The Constitutional and Legal Routes|2005}} }}<br /> * {{citation |first=Virendra |last=Kumar |title= The Jammu and Kashmir Permanent Residents (Disqualification) Bill 2004: A Constitutional Perspective |year=2004 |journal=Journal of the Indian Law Institute |volume=46 |issue = 4 |pages=534–553 |jstor= 43951935}}<br /> * {{citation |first=V. P. |last=Menon |title=The Story of Integration of the Indian States |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1956 |url=https://www.questia.com/read/98974904/the-story-of-the-integration-of-the-indian-states |ref={{sfnref |Menon, The Story of Integration of the Indian States |1956}} |access-date=14 August 2019 |archive-date=8 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208211431/https://www.questia.com/read/98974904/the-story-of-the-integration-of-the-indian-states |url-status=dead }}<br /> * {{citation |last=Narain |first = Akanksha |title= Revival of Violence in Kashmir: The Threat to India's Security |journal= Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses |volume= 8 |number= 7 |year=2016 |pages= 15–20 |jstor=26351433|ref=none}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |author-link=A. G. Noorani |title=Article 370: A Constitutional History of Jammu and Kashmir |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-807408-3 |url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198074083.001.0001/acprof-9780198074083 |url-access=subscription |ref={{sfnref|Noorani, Article 370|2011}} }}<br /> *{{citation|title=My Life and Times|first=Syed Mir|last=Qasim|isbn=9788170233558|publisher=Allied Publishers|year=1992|ref={{sfnref|Mir Qasim, My Life and Times|1992}} }}<br /> * {{citation |first=Balraj |last=Puri |author-link=Balraj Puri |chapter=Jamu and Kashmir |editor=Myron Wiener |title=State Politics in India |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VErWCgAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA220 |date=2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-7914-4 |ref={{sfnref|Puri, State Politics: Jammu and Kashmir|2015}} }}<br /> * {{citation |last=Sharma |first= Bodh Raj |title = The Special Position of Jammu and Kashmir in the Indian Constitution |year=1958 |journal = The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=19 |number=3 |pages= 282–290 |jstor= 42743614}}<br /> * {{citation |last1=Singh |first1=Jasbir |last2=Vohra |first2=Anupama |title=Citizenship Rights of Women in Jammu and Kashmir |journal=Indian Journal of Gender Studies |publisher=SAGE Publications |volume=14 |issue=1 |year=2007 |doi=10.1177/097152150601400109 |pages=157–171 |s2cid=145365144 }}<br /> * {{citation |first=Christopher |last=Snedden |title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5amKCwAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-621-3 |ref=none }}<br /> * {{citation |last1=Tillin |first1=Louise |chapter=Asymmetric Federalism |editor1=Sujit Choudhry |editor2=Madhav Khosla |editor3=Pratap Bhanu Mehta |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0knDAAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA546 |year=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-870489-8 |pages=546– |ref={{sfnref|Tillin, Asymmetric Federalism|2016}} }}<br /> * {{citation |last=Tillin |first=Louise |title=United in Diversity? Asymmetry in Indian Federalism |journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=37 |issue=1 |year=2006 |doi=10.1093/publius/pjl017 |pages=45–67|ref=none|hdl=10.1093/publius/pjl017 |hdl-access=free }}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{wikisource|Constitution of India/Part XXI|Constitution of India, Article 370 text}}<br /> * {{cite web |url= http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/PARTXXI.pdf |title= Full text of Article 370 |access-date= 30 May 2006 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130708114220/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/PARTXXI.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}&amp;amp;nbsp;{{small|(387&amp;amp;nbsp;KB)}}<br /> * {{cite web |url= http://jklegislativeassembly.nic.in/Costitution_of_J&amp;amp;K.pdf |title= Full text of Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir |access-date= 21 June 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140903234618/http://jklegislativeassembly.nic.in/Costitution_of_J%26K.pdf |archive-date= 3 September 2014 |url-status= dead }}<br /> * {{cite web |url=http://jklaw.nic.in/jk1950order.pdf |title=The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1950 |publisher=Government of Jammu and Kashmir |access-date=11 May 2017 |archive-date=21 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021035202/http://www.jklaw.nic.in/jk1950order.pdf |url-status=dead }}<br /> * {{cite web |url=http://jklaw.nic.in/constitution_jk.pdf |title=The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954 |publisher=Government of Jammu and Kashmir |access-date=11 May 2017 |archive-date=28 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828152436/http://jklaw.nic.in/constitution_jk.pdf |url-status=dead }}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100816033009/http://www.jknc.in/UploadFiles/1aac23c2-365a-42b1-b0cb-0fea56d5aa42__Atonomy.pdf Report of the State Autonomy Committee, 2000], Jammu and Kashmir National Conference.<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210049.pdf |title=The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019 c.o. 272 |publisher=Government of India |access-date=5 August 2019}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210243.pdf |title=Declaration under Article 370 (3) of The Constitution, 2019 c.o. 273 |publisher=Government of India |access-date=6 August 2019}}<br /> * [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/full-text-of-document-on-govts-rationale-behind-removal-of-special-status-to-jk/article28821368.ece Full text of document on govt.’s rationale behind removal of special status to J&amp;amp;K], The Hindu, 5 August 2019.<br /> * [https://www.scribd.com/document/421403036/Draft-Writ-Mohd-Akbar-9-8-19#download&amp;amp;from_embed Mohammad Akbar Lone vs. Union of India], draft of writ petition filed in the Supreme Court, 10 August 2019<br /> * [https://scroll.in/video/940004/sardar-patel-was-actually-the-architect-of-article-370-historian-srinath-raghavan-on-kashmir ‘Sardar Patel was actually the architect of Article 370’: Historian Srinath Raghavan on Kashmir], Scroll.in, 10 October 2019.<br /> * Vakasha Sachdev, [https://www.thequint.com/news/law/article-370-jammu-and-kashmir-not-temporary-supreme-court-sampat-prakash-santosh-gupta-case Stop With the Fake News, Article 370 Was NOT a Temporary Provision], The Quint, 16 August 2019<br /> * [https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/article_370 Rotten Tomatoes]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Articles of the Constitution of India|370]]<br /> [[Category:1950s in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:History of the Republic of India]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of the Kashmir conflict]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_India_(disambiguation)&diff=549342 2026-03-08T02:11:16Z

<p>GiseleStead: started some post nd citations!</p> <hr /> <div>{{wiktionary|East Indies|East Indian}}<br /> '''[[East India]]''' is a region of India consisting of the states of West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Odisha.<br /> <br /> '''East India''' may also refer to: <br /> * [[East Indies]], a term used by Europeans from the 16th century onwards to identify what is now known as South Asia and Southeast Asia<br /> * [[East India Company]], an English joint-stock company founded in 1600 <br /> * [[East India Docks]], a small group of docks in the Blackwall area of East London<br /> * [[East India DLR station]], a railway station in East London<br /> <br /> '''East Indian'''('''s''') may refer to:<br /> * [[East Indian (ship)]], several ships<br /> * [[Bombay East Indians]], a Marathi-Konkani ethnoreligious group in Mumbai, India.<br /> ** [[East Indian language]], the dialect of Marathi-Konkani spoken by East Indian people in Mumbai, India<br /> * [[Indian Americans]], residents of the United States descended from migrants from India <br /> * [[Indian Canadians]], residents of Canada descended from migrants from India<br /> * [[Indo-Caribbean people]], residents of Caribbean countries descended from migrants from India<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Indian subcontinent]]<br /> * [[East India Company (disambiguation)]]<br /> * [[East Indies (disambiguation)]]<br /> * [[East India Club]]<br /> * [[Dutch East Indies]], the Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia following World War II<br /> <br /> {{disambiguation}}</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Looty_(2018_film)&diff=513585 2026-03-04T04:39:09Z

<p>GiseleStead: Creating Basic Data More To Come</p> <hr /> <div>{{No plot|date=October 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Looty<br /> | image = Looty (2018 film).jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | native_name = &lt;!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --&gt;<br /> | director = Girish Kamplapur <br /> | writer = <br /> | screenplay = <br /> | story = <br /> | based_on = &lt;!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --&gt;<br /> | producer = N. M. Niranjan<br /> | starring = {{plainlist|<br /> *[[Isha Koppikar]]<br /> *[[Dhruv Sharma]]<br /> * Shweta Pandit<br /> }}<br /> | narrator = <br /> | cinematography = <br /> | editing = <br /> | music = Dharma Vish<br /> | studio = Studio Focus<br /> | distributor = &lt;!-- or: | distributors = --&gt;<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|11|30}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Looty''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[crime thriller film]] directed by Girish Kamplapur and starring [[Isha Koppikar]] as a cop, in her return to Kannada cinema after a gap of seventeen and a half years, alongside [[Dhruv Sharma]] and Shweta Pandit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 October 2013 |title=Eesha returns as a cop |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/eesha-returns-as-a-cop/articleshow/23354701.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013074047/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/defaultinterstitial.cms |archive-date=13 October 2023 |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Dhwani |date=30 November 2018 |title=Ready for this Looty today? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ready-for-this-looty-today/articleshow/66863828.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230140832/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ready-for-this-looty-today/articleshow/66863828.cms |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Joy |first=Prathibha |date=27 September 2018 |title=Isha Koppikar returns to Kannada cinema |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/isha-koppikar-returns-to-kannada-cinema/articleshow/23154214.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013074046/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/isha-koppikar-returns-to-kannada-cinema/articleshow/23154214.cms |archive-date=13 October 2023 |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Having started production in 2013,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Talukdar |first=Taniya |date=25 October 2013 |title=Shwetha Pandit bags Eradondla Mooru |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/shwetha-pandit-bags-eradondla-mooru/articleshow/24704555.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919095836/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Shwetha-Pandit-bags-Eradondla-Mooru/articleshow/24704555.cms |archive-date=19 September 2014 |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; the film released after a four-year delay.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> *[[Isha Koppikar]] as ACP Durga Bhavani<br /> *[[Dhruv Sharma]] as Jaggi<br /> *Shweta Pandit<br /> *[[Sadhu Kokila]] <br /> *Kaddipudi Chandru<br /> *Andrea D'Souza<br /> *Deepika Das<br /> *Robo Ganesh<br /> *[[B. Jayashree]] as a mentally ill ragpicker<br /> *[[Dileep Raj]]<br /> *Rishank Tiwari as Inspector Ballu<br /> *[[Chemban Vinod Jose]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> The music was composed by Dharma Vish.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Looty |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/looty/0TKxXIXoTOI_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013074051/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/looty/0TKxXIXoTOI_ |archive-date=13 October 2023 |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Isha Koppikar]] and [[Dhruv Sharma]] shot for a song choreographed by Imran Sadhariya in Bangalore in 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 November 2014 |title=Isha Kopikar at the press meet of Looti in Bengaluru |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/isha-kopikar-at-the-press-meet-of-looti-in-bengaluru/articleshow/45068145.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013074049/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/isha-kopikar-at-the-press-meet-of-looti-in-bengaluru/articleshow/45068145.cms |archive-date=13 October 2023 |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Dangerous <br /> | extra1 = Aisha Sayed<br /> | length1 = 4:46<br /> | title2 = Looty<br /> | extra2 = [[Usha Uthup]]<br /> | length2 = 5:01<br /> | title3 = Khushi E Khushi<br /> | extra3 = [[Avinash Chebbi]], [[Supriya Lohith]]<br /> | length3 = 4:14<br /> | title4 = Khushi Va Khushi<br /> | extra4 = [[Nakul Abhyankar]], [[Sangeetha Rajeev]]<br /> | length4 = 4:14<br /> | title5 = Malavalli<br /> | extra5 = Nagendra, Supriya Lohith<br /> | length5 = 4:23<br /> | title6 = Koditelike<br /> | extra6 = Ramanujam, Supriya Lohith<br /> | length6 = 4:23<br /> | total_length = 27:01<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote &quot;Although curiosity simmers around the film because of its title and the presence of Bollywood actress Isha Koppikar as the protagonist, it successfully manages to get rid of your curiosity within the first few frames of the film&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=1 December 2018 |title=Beware! Looty can loot your money |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/dec/01/beware-looty--can-loot-your-money-1905580.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201115534/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/dec/01/beware-looty--can-loot-your-money-1905580.html |archive-date=1 December 2018 |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film {{Fraction|1|1|2}} out of 5 stars and wrote that &quot;Director Girish Kamplapur's attempt to churn out a thriller by keeping a bank robbery as the theme falls flat. Perhaps, if he had concentrated more on robbery operation and on investigative angle it might been a better watch&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lokesh |first=Vinay |date=30 November 2018 |title=LOOTY MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/looty/movie-review/66878467.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205134341/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/looty/movie-review/66878467.cms |archive-date=5 December 2021 |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote &quot;Looty sets a new standard for how to make a bad film. Director Girish Kamplapur's attempt to bring out a comedy thriller falls flat in every category. The story lacks intensity, the actors look tired and drained and the joke is on us for paying money to watch the film. The little said about the music, the better&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shwetha |first=Aravind |date=30 November 2018 |title='Looty' review: Isha Koppikar's bank robbery thriller falls flat |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/looty-review-isha-koppikars-bank-robbery-thriller-falls-flat-92494 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013074050/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/looty-review-isha-koppikars-bank-robbery-thriller-falls-flat-92494 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title|9389566}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2018 Kannada-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2018 crime thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanmukha_(film)&diff=534575 2026-03-03T09:08:03Z

<p>GiseleStead: created</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu-language film by Shanmugam Sappani}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Shanmukha poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = Shanmugam Sappani<br /> | writer = <br /> | screenplay = Shanmugam Sappani<br /> | story = Satish Aketi<br /> | producer = {{plain list|<br /> * Tulasi Ram Sappani<br /> * Shanmugam Sappani<br /> * Ramesh Yadav<br /> }}<br /> | starring = {{plain list|<br /> * [[Aadi Saikumar]]<br /> * [[Avika Gor]]<br /> }}<br /> | cinematography = {{plain list|<br /> * RR Vishnu<br /> * Krishna Murali<br /> }}<br /> | editing = M. A. Malik<br /> | music = [[Ravi Basrur]]<br /> | studio = Sapbro Productions<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|2025|3|21|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 121 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Shanmukha''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Crime film|crime]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film co-written and directed by Shanmugam Sappani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Naresh |first=Nelki |title=Shanmukha Review: ష‌ణ్ముఖ రివ్యూ - ఆది సాయికుమార్ డివోష‌న‌ల్ థ్రిల్ల‌ర్ మూవీ ఎలా ఉందంటే? |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/shanmukha-telugu-movie-review-aadi-saikumar-avika-gor-latest-telugu-devotional-thriller-movie-review-and-rating-121742557121716.html |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film features [[Aadi Saikumar]] and [[Avika Gor]] in lead roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-07-09 |title=After Playing Bechari Roles Shanmukha Was A Good Change, Says Actress Avika Gor |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/after-playing-bechari-roles-shanmukha-was-a-good-change-says-actress-avika-gor-article-111603295 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Times Now |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film was released on 21 March 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-03-12 |title=Shanmukha to release on March 21 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2025/Mar/12/shanmukha-to-release-on-march-21 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{No plot|date=March 2025}}<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{cast list|<br /> * [[Aadi Saikumar]] as Karthi Vallabhan<br /> * [[Avika Gor]] as Sara Maheswaran<br /> * [[Aditya Om]] as Kamal<br /> * [[Chirag Jani (actor)|Chirag Jani]] as Viganda<br /> * Master Manu Sappani<br /> * [[Manoj Nandam]] as Koushik <br /> * Veera Shankar<br /> * [[Krishnudu]] as Subrahmanyam<br /> * Ariyana Glory<br /> * Meena Vasu<br /> * [[C. V. L. Narasimha Rao]]<br /> * Madhurima<br /> * Mukhtar Khan<br /> * Raghu<br /> * Pandu as Srikanth <br /> * [[Chitram Srinu]]<br /> * Veerabhadram<br /> * Jabardasth Dorababu<br /> * Shanmugam Sappani<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Music ==<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | all_music = [[Ravi Basrur]]<br /> | title1 = Oo Chandrakala<br /> | length1 = 3:26<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Santhosh Venky]]<br /> | extra1 = Santhosh Venky<br /> | title2 = Title Track<br /> | length2 = 3:02<br /> | lyrics2 = Santhosh Venky<br /> | extra2 = Santhosh Venky, Ravi Basrur<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release and reception ==<br /> ''Shanmukha'' was released on 21 March 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-21 |title=New Telugu releases this week in theaters: Sapthagiri's Pelli Kani Prasad, Nihal Kodhaty's Tuk Tuk and more |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/new-telugu-releases-this-week-in-theaters-sapthagiris-pelli-kani-prasad-nihal-kodhatys-tuk-tuk-and-more-1378521 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Avad Mohammad of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 and wrote that &quot;Shanmukha has a very interesting subject and decent thrills. But the confusing screenplay in the second half makes things a bit dull for the audience&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shanmukha Review: Aadi Saikumar's film is high on thrills but low on drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/shanmukha-review-aadi-saikumars-film-is-high-on-thrills-but-low-on-drama/6feb30c4c3331 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Eenadu]]'' too praised the story and climax scenes while opining that the screenplay is negative aspect of the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shanmukha Review: రివ్యూ: షణ్ముఖ.. ఆది సాయికుమార్‌ ఖాతాలో హిట్‌ పడిందా? |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/aadi-saikumar-shanmukha-movie-review-in-telugu/0203/125051911 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=EENADU |language=te |archive-date=11 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411035616/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/aadi-saikumar-shanmukha-movie-review-in-telugu/0203/125051911 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Andhra Jyothi]]'' was critical of the screenplay and the direction.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2025-03-21 |title=Shanmukha Movie Review: ఆది సాయికుమార్ 'షణ్ముఖ'తో హిట్ కొట్టాడా.. {{!}} Aadi saikumar Starrer shanmukha movie review avm |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2025/film-reviews/aadi-saikumar-starrer-shanmukha-movie-review-avm-61759.html |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title|id=32813915|title=Shanmukha}}<br /> [[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 crime thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Srikanth_Kidambi&diff=456037 2026-03-02T13:56:04Z

<p>GiseleStead: further added layout for clarity and corrected details</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian badminton player (born 1893)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox badminton player<br /> | name = Srikanth Kidambi<br /> | image = Yonex IFB 2013 - Eightfinal - Boonsak Ponsana — K. Srikanth 01.jpg<br /> | caption = Kidambi at the [[2013 French Super Series]]<br /> | birth_name = Srikanth Kidambi<br /> | country = India<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1993|02|07}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Ravulapalem]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<br /> | height = 1.78 m<br /> | weight = 73 kg<br /> | handedness = Right<br /> | coach = [[Pullela Gopichand]]<br /> | event = Men's singles<br /> | career_record = 336 wins, 207 losses<br /> | highest_ranking = 1<br /> | date_of_highest_ranking = April 2018<br /> | current_ranking = 38<br /> | date_of_current_ranking = 25 November 2025<br /> | played =<br /> | medal_templates =<br /> {{MedalSport | Men's [[badminton]] }}<br /> {{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}<br /> {{MedalCompetition | [[BWF World Championships|World Championships]] }}<br /> {{MedalSilver | [[2021 BWF World Championships|2021 Huelva]] | [[2021 BWF World Championships – Men's singles|Men's singles]] }}<br /> {{MedalCompetition | [[Thomas Cup]] }}<br /> {{MedalGold | [[2022 Thomas &amp; Uber Cup|2022 Bangkok]] | Men's team }}<br /> {{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] }}<br /> {{MedalGold | [[Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|2018 Gold Coast]] | [[Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team|Mixed team]] }}<br /> {{MedalSilver | [[Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|2018 Gold Coast]] | [[Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's singles|Men's singles]] }}<br /> {{MedalSilver | [[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]] | [[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team|Mixed team]] }}<br /> {{MedalBronze | [[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]] | [[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's singles|Men's singles]] }}<br /> {{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton at the Asian Games|Asian Games]] }}<br /> {{MedalSilver | [[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]] | [[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's team|Men's team]] }}<br /> {{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton Asia Team Championships|Asian Team Championships]] }}<br /> {{MedalBronze | [[2016 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2016 Hyderabad]] | Men's team }}<br /> {{MedalBronze | [[2020 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2020 Manila]] | Men's team }}<br /> {{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] }}<br /> {{MedalGold | [[Badminton at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016 Shillong]] | Men's singles }}<br /> {{MedalGold | [[Badminton at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016 Shillong]] | Men's team }}<br /> {{MedalGold | [[Badminton at the 2019 South Asian Games|2019 Pokhara]] | Men's team }}<br /> {{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton Asia Junior Championships|Asian Junior Championships]] }}<br /> {{MedalBronze | [[2011 Asian Junior Badminton Championships|2011 Lucknow]] | Mixed team }}<br /> {{MedalCompetition | [[Commonwealth Youth Games]] }}<br /> {{MedalSilver | [[Badminton at the 2011 Commonwealth Youth Games|2011 Douglas]] | Mixed doubles }}<br /> {{MedalBronze | [[Badminton at the 2011 Commonwealth Youth Games|2011 Douglas]] | Boys' doubles }}<br /> | bwfbadminton_id = 93627<br /> |honours=[[Arjuna Award]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Padma Shri]]}}<br /> <br /> '''Srikanth Kidambi''' (born 7 February 1993) is an Indian [[badminton]] player. He represented India in [[Badminton at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|men's singles]] at the [[2016 Rio Olympics]], finishing fifth after a quarterfinal run.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Olympic Profile: Kidambi SRIKANTH |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/athletes/srikanth-kidambi |website=Olympics}}&lt;/ref&gt; In April 2018, he made history by becoming the first Indian male to achieve the World No.1 ranking since [[Prakash Padukone]]. He made history in 2021 by becoming the first Indian male to reach the final of the [[BWF World Championships]] in the [[2021 BWF World Championships - Men's singles|men's singles]] category, winning a silver medal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=19 December 2021 |title=Kidambi Srikanth clinches historic silver at BWF World Championships |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/kidambi-srikanth-clinches-historic-silver-at-bwf-world-championships/articleshow/88376554.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220020642/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/kidambi-srikanth-clinches-historic-silver-at-bwf-world-championships/articleshow/88376554.cms |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kidambi also served as the captain of the historic [[Thomas Cup]]-winning team in [[2022 Thomas Cup knockout stage|2022]], leading India to its first-ever title in the tournament.<br /> <br /> == Early life and background ==<br /> Srikanth [[Nammalwar]] Kidambi was born in [[Ravulapalem]], Andhra Pradesh on 7 February 1993 to a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] family. His father, KVS Krishna, is a landlord, and his mother Radha is a house-wife.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dearbadminton.com/ |title=dearbadminton.com |author=Dev Sukumar |date=21 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; His older brother [[K. Nandagopal]] is also a badminton player and junior national champion with his brother. They used to live in the same house until 2008 and then Srikanth moved to the Gopichand Academy to continue his practice.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/Guntur-brothers-create-history-in-Srinagar/articleshow/16646604.cms |title=Brothers from Guntur create history |work=The Times of India |date=3 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> <br /> === 2011 ===<br /> In the [[2011 Commonwealth Youth Games]] in the [[Isle of Man]], Kidambi won the bronze medal in men's doubles and silver in mixed doubles.&lt;ref&gt;[[India at the 2011 Commonwealth Youth Games#Medalist|Commonwealth Youth Games, 2011]]&lt;/ref&gt; He also emerged as the winner in the singles and doubles category at the All India Junior International Badminton Championship held in [[Pune]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.badmintonindia.org/download/news/final_draws_sc_jr_intl_2011_pune.pdf Junior International Championship results]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2012 ===<br /> In 2012, Kidambi overcame the then Junior World Champion [[Zulfadli Zulkiffli]] of Malaysia in the Maldives International Challenge to claim the men's singles title.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.maldivestimes.com/news/srikanth-k-grabs-mens-singles-title-maldives-international-badminton-bettorcom-blog |title=Maldives International Challenge 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2013 ===<br /> In the [[2013 Thailand Open Grand Prix Gold|Thailand Open Grand Prix Gold]] event, Kidambi won the men's singles title, beating then world number eight and local favorite [[Boonsak Ponsana]] in straight games.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/K-Srikanth-wins-Thailand-Open-Grand-Prix/articleshow/20504079.cms |title=Thailand Open Grand Prix, 2013 |work=The Times of India |date=9 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the same year, Kidambi beat reigning champion and Olympian [[Parupalli Kashyap]] in the All India Senior National Championships in [[Delhi]] to claim his first senior national title.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/Sindhu-Srikanth-win-national-badminton-titles/articleshow/27801853.cms |title=All India Senior Nationals, Delhi, 2013 |work=The Times of India |date=23 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was also part of the [[Awadhe Warriors]] team that finished second in the [[Indian Badminton League]], 2013.&lt;ref&gt;[[Awadhe Warriors|IBL, 2013]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2014 ===<br /> Kidambi finished runner up at the 2014 [[India Open Grand Prix Gold]] event in [[Lucknow]]&lt;ref&gt;[[2014 India Open Grand Prix Gold#Men.27s Singles|India Open Grand Prix, 2014]]&lt;/ref&gt; and was a quarterfinalist in the 2014 [[Malaysia Open (badminton)|Malaysian Open]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140117/sports-other-sports/article/giant-killer-srikanth-crashes-out-malaysia-open |title=Malaysian Open, 2014 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=17 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was part of the Indian badminton contingent that reached the semi-finals of the [[Badminton at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team|mixed team event]] at the [[2014 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games 2014]] in [[Glasgow]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://results.glasgow2014.com/athlete/badminton/1014179/srikanth_kidambi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806011652/http://results.glasgow2014.com/athlete/badminton/1014179/srikanth_kidambi.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=6 August 2014 |title=Srikanth Glasgow, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also reached the quarter-finals of the [[Badminton at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's singles|men's singles event]] in the same tournament.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/badminton-srikanth-stuns-ajay-jayaram/article4222827.ece |title=Badminton: Srikanth stuns Ajay Jayaram |author=Rakesh Rao |work=The Hindu |date=20 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In November, he created a major upset in the final of the [[2014 China Open Super Series Premier]] by beating 5-time World Champion and 2-time Olympic Champion [[Lin Dan]] in straight games (21–19, 21–17), thus becoming the first Indian to win a Super Series Premier men's title.&lt;ref name=&quot;sports.ndtv.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/badminton/news/233129-kidambi-srikanth-beats-home-favourite-lin-dan-to-win-china-open |title=Saina Nehwal, Kidambi Srikanth Win China Open Titles}}&lt;/ref&gt; He then reached the semi-finals of the Hong Kong Open Super Series after beating Taiwan's [[Chou Tien-chen]] in an early round. He lost to [[Chen Long]] of China in three games in the semi-finals. With those wins, he was qualified for the World Superseries Finals. He defeated [[Kento Momota]] (15–21, 21–16, 21–10) and [[Tommy Sugiarto]] (21–18, 21–13) in the group stage to reach the semi-final of the prestigious [[BWF Super Series Masters Finals]], where he lost again to [[Chen Long]] of China.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/saina-nehwal-kidambi-srikanth-boost-their-semifinal-chances-with-second-win/articleshow/45566997.cms |title=Saina Nehwal, Kidambi Srikanth boost their semifinal chances with second win |work=timesofindia-economictimes |date=18 December 2014 |access-date=13 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2015 ===<br /> Kidambi became the first Indian man to win gold at the [[2015 Swiss Open Grand Prix Gold]] by defeating [[Viktor Axelsen]] 21–15, 12–21, 21–14. During the same year, he also won the [[India Open (badminton)|India Open]] Super Series title by defeating [[Viktor Axelsen]] in the final.&lt;ref name=Kridangan&gt;{{cite web |url=http://kridangan.com/index.php/badminton/5766/kidambi-srikanth-is-the-first-ever-indian-man-to-win-swiss-open-grand-prix-gold/ |title=Kidambi Srikanth Is the First Ever Indian Man to Win Swiss Open Grand Prix Gold, 2015 |work=Kridangan |date=18 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2016 ===<br /> Kidambi reached the semifinal in the [[Malaysia Masters]], where he lost to [[Iskandar Zulkarnain Zainuddin]] of Malaysia in January. The following week, he won the [[Syed Modi International Badminton Championships]] Grand Prix Gold title, defeating [[Huang Yuxiang]] 21–13, 14–21, 21–14 in the final. At the [[2016 South Asian Games]], he won two gold medals, in men's team and men's singles, defeating [[Prannoy Kumar]] in the singles final. At the [[2016 Badminton Asia Team Championship]], although his team lost in the semifinal, he remained undefeated.<br /> <br /> In the [[2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Rio Olympics]], the World No. 11 Kidambi entered the Round of 16 of the [[Badminton at the 2016 Summer Olympics#Men's singles|men's singles]] by beating [[Lino Muñoz]] and [[Henri Hurskainen]]. He went on to beat World No. 5 [[Jan Ø. Jørgensen]] 21–19, 21–19 to reach the quarterfinals,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kidambi Srikanth storms into quarters |date=15 August 2016 |url=https://sportscafe.in/articles/badminton/2016/aug/15/rio-2016-kidambi-srikanth-storms-into-quarters |publisher=SportsCafe.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; but was defeated by [[Lin Dan]] by a score of 6–21, 21–11, and 18–21.<br /> <br /> === 2017 ===<br /> Kidambi and Sai Praneeth created history when they became the first ever Indian pair to enter the finals of a ranking event in Badminton. Both hailing from Hyderabad and being coached by Pullela Gopichand, it was Sai Praneeth who prevailed 17–21, 21–17, 21–12 eventually to clinch the [[2017 Singapore Super Series|Singapore Super Series]] title.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.sportswallah.com/news/badminton/singapore-open-sai-praneeth-defeats-kidambi-srikant-to-win-his-maiden-super-series-trophy |title=sportswallah.com |author=Sportswallah Desk |date=16 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kidambi won the [[2017 Indonesia Super Series Premier|Indonesia Super Series]] beating Japan's [[Kazumasa Sakai]] 21–11, 21–19, thereby becoming the first ever Indian male player to do so. He went on to win the [[2017 Australian Super Series|Australian Super Series]] beating China's [[Chen Long]] 22–20, 21–16 in the final, setting an Indian record for entering three consecutive Super Series Finals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Kidambi Srikanth beats Chen Long to win Australia Open Super Series |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/kidambi-srikanth-beats-chen-long-to-win-australia-open-super-series/articleshow/59307323.cms |access-date=8 November 2017 |work=The Times of India |date=25 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the [[2017 BWF World Championships|World Championships]], he was defeated in the quarter-final by South Korea's [[Son Wan-Ho]] in straight games. At the next Super Series, the [[2017 Denmark Super Series Premier|Denmark]], he won the title defeating [[Lee Hyun-il]] of Korea 21–10, 21–5 in the final. Following his good run, Kidambi became the fourth player ever to win four Super Series titles in a year, after he won the [[2017 French Super Series|French Super Series]] that followed, defeating Japan's Kenta Nishimoto 21–14, 21–13 in the final. In the process, he equalled the record held by [[Lee Chong Wei]], [[Lin Dan]], and [[Chen Long]]. Following the victory, he reached his career-best world [[BWF World Ranking|ranking]] of 2.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Kidambi Srikanth rises to career-best number two in latest badminton rankings |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/kidambi-srikanth-rises-to-career-best-number-two-in-latest-badminton-rankings-4919484/ |access-date=7 November 2017 |work=The Indian Express |date=2 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2018 ===<br /> Kidambi started 2018 at the [[2018 India Open (badminton)|India Open]] as the second seed. He was defeated in the second round by [[Iskandar Zulkarnain Zainuddin]] who had qualified from the qualifiers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=India Open: Kidambi Srikanth in awe of Zulkarnain's 'unimaginable' retrievals |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/badminton/story/india-open-kidambi-srikanth-in-awe-of-zulkarnain-s-unimaginable-retrievals-1160004-2018-02-02 |access-date=15 April 2018 |work=India Today |date=2 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also lost in the second round at the [[2018 All England Open|All England Open]] to Chinese player [[Huang Yuxiang]] in three games.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=All England Open 2018: Kidambi Srikanth, Chirag Shetty lash out at 'ridiculous' umpiring after suffering narrow defeats |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/all-england-open-2018-kidambi-srikanth-chirag-shetty-lash-out-at-ridiculous-umpiring-after-suffering-narrow-defeats-4392961.html |access-date=15 April 2018 |work=Firstpost |date=16 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the [[Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] in [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], Kidambi was more successful, winning a gold in the mixed team event, and a silver in the singles event.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Participants: Srikanth Kidambi |url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/badminton/athlete-profile-n6018897-srikanth-kidambi.htm |website=gc2018.com |publisher=Gold Coast 2018 |access-date=15 April 2018}}{{dead link|date=August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; He achieved the world number 1 ranking for a week during this period.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=world number 1 ranking |url=https://chaibisket.com/kidambi-srikanth-no-1/ |website=ChaiBisket |date=11 April 2018 |access-date=12 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kidambi lost to [[Liew Daren]] 18–21, 18–21 at the [[2018 BWF World Championships – Men's singles|world championships]] pre-quarters. Kidambi had a disappointing [[2018 Asian Games]] where in [[Badminton at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's singles|singles]] he lost in 1st round to [[Wong Wing Ki]] 21–23, 19–21 and in the team event after defeating [[Maldives]] 3–0 in the 1st round his team suffered a loss to [[Indonesia]] in quarterfinals.<br /> <br /> === 2019 ===<br /> Kidambi represented his country at the [[Badminton at the 2019 South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] in Nepal, and won the gold medal in the team event.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/south-asian-games-2019-india-collect-team-gold-in-mens-and-womens-badminton-after-overcoming-sri-lanka-in-summit-clashes-7729671.html |title=South Asian Games 2019: India collect team gold in men's and women's badminton after overcoming Sri Lanka in summit clashes |website=www.firstpost.com |date=2 December 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210171836/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/south-asian-games-2019-india-collect-team-gold-in-mens-and-womens-badminton-after-overcoming-sri-lanka-in-summit-clashes-7729671.html |archive-date=10 December 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2021 ===<br /> In [[2021 BWF World Championships|2021]], Kidambi reached the finals of [[BWF World Championships|World championships]] becoming the first Indian male badminton player to do so. He lost the final to [[Loh Kean Yew]] to win the silver medal.<br /> <br /> === 2022 ===<br /> Kidambi was part of the Indian men's team for [[2022 Thomas &amp; Uber Cup|Thomas Cup 2022]]. The team went on to win the Thomas Cup by beating Indonesia 3–0 in the final, with Kidambi winning his match against [[Jonatan Christie]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chaturvedi |first=Aditya |title=Srikanth Kidambi, unbeaten and unfazed, leads India to the top of the world |url=https://scroll.in/field/1023998/played-six-won-six-srikanth-kidambi-was-brilliant-for-india-at-the-thomas-cup-and-fittingly-he-applied-the-finishing-touches-to-an-incredible-week |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=Scroll.in |date=16 May 2022 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Achievements ==<br /> === World Championships ===<br /> ''Men's singles''<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Venue<br /> ! Opponent<br /> ! Score<br /> ! Result<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#F3E6D7&quot;<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[2021 BWF World Championships – Men's singles|2021]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Palacio de los Deportes Carolina Marín]], [[Huelva]], Spain<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|SGP}} [[Loh Kean Yew]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | 15–21, 20–22<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; | [[File:Med 2.png|Silver]] '''Silver'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Commonwealth Games ===<br /> ''Men's singles''<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Venue<br /> ! Opponent<br /> ! Score<br /> ! Result<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#FFE4B5&quot;<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's singles|2018]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre]], [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], Australia<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lee Chong Wei]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | 21–19, 14–21, 14–21<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; | [[File:Med 2.png|Silver]] '''Silver'''<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#FFE4B5&quot;<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's singles|2022]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | [[National Exhibition Centre]], [[Birmingham]], England<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|SGP}} [[Jason Teh]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | 21–15, 21–18<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === South Asian Games ===<br /> ''Men's singles''<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Venue<br /> ! Opponent<br /> ! Score<br /> ! Result<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#FFAAAA&quot;<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Badminton at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | Multipurpose Hall SAI–SAG Centre, [[Shillong]], India<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prannoy Kumar]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | 11–21, 21–14, 21–6<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; | [[File:Med 1.png|Gold]] '''Gold'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Commonwealth Youth Games ===<br /> ''Boys' doubles''<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Venue<br /> ! Partner<br /> ! Opponent<br /> ! Score<br /> ! Result<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#C6AEFF&quot;<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Badminton at the 2011 Commonwealth Youth Games|2011]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | [[National Sports Centre (Isle of Man)|National Sports Centre]], [[Douglas, Isle of Man|Douglas]], Isle of Man<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Hema Thandarang]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Nathan Choi]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Nyl Yakura]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | 21–14, 15–21, 21–12<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ''Mixed doubles''<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Venue<br /> ! Partner<br /> ! Opponent<br /> ! Score<br /> ! Result<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#C6AEFF&quot;<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Badminton at the 2011 Commonwealth Youth Games|2011]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | [[National Sports Centre (Isle of Man)|National Sports Centre]], [[Douglas, Isle of Man|Douglas]], Isle of Man<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|IND}} [[K. Maneesha]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Teo Ee Yi]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Chow Mei Kuan]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | 21–18, 16–21, 8–21<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; | [[File:Med 2.png|Silver]] '''Silver'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === BWF World Tour (3 runners-up) ===<br /> The BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Alleyne |first=Gayle |title=BWF Launches New Events Structure |url=http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |website=bwfbadminton.com |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |date=19 March 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201164159/http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |archive-date=1 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the [[Badminton World Federation]] (BWF). The BWF World Tours are divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super&amp;nbsp;1000, Super&amp;nbsp;750, Super&amp;nbsp;500, Super&amp;nbsp;300 (part of the HSBC World Tour), and the BWF Tour Super&amp;nbsp;100.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Sukumar |first=Dev |title=Action-Packed Season Ahead! |url=http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |website=bwfbadminton.com |publisher=Badminton World Federation |date=10 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113162925/http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |archive-date=13 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Men's singles''<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Tournament<br /> ! Level<br /> ! Opponent<br /> ! Score<br /> ! Result<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[2019 India Open (badminton)#Finals|2019]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | [[India Open]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | Super 500<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Viktor Axelsen]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | 7–21, 20–22<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[2025 Malaysia Masters#Finals|2025]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Malaysia Masters]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | Super 500<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Shifeng]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | 11–21, 9–21<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[2025 Syed Modi International#Finals 1|2025]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Syed Modi International Badminton Championships|Syed Modi International]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | Super 300<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Jason Gunawan]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | 16–21, 21–8, 20–22<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: left; background:white&quot; | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === BWF Superseries (6 titles, 1 runner-up) ===<br /> The BWF Superseries, which was launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=BWF Launches Super Series |url=http://www.badminton.org.au/index.php?id=22&amp;tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=136&amp;tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=2&amp;cHash=26fb36d8a5 |website=Badminton Australia |date=15 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006123828/http://www.badminton.org.au/index.php?id=22&amp;tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=136&amp;tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=2&amp;cHash=26fb36d8a5 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by the [[Badminton World Federation]] (BWF). BWF Superseries levels are [[BWF Super Series|Superseries and Superseries Premier]]. A season of Superseries consists of twelve tournaments around the world that have been introduced since 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Yonex All England Elevated To BWF Premier Super Series Event |url=http://www.ibadmintonstore.com/iBADMINTONstore-News/Yonex-All-England-Elevated-To-BWF-Premier-Super-Se.aspx |website=www.ibadmintonstore.com |access-date=29 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002005757/http://www.ibadmintonstore.com/iBADMINTONstore-News/Yonex-All-England-Elevated-To-BWF-Premier-Super-Se.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Successful players are invited to the Superseries Finals, which are held at the end of each year.<br /> <br /> ''Men's singles''<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Tournament<br /> ! Opponent<br /> ! Score<br /> ! Result<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#DAA520&quot;<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[2014 China Open Super Series Premier#Finals|2014]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | [[China Open (badminton)|China Open]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Lin Dan]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | 21–19, 21–17<br /> | style=&quot;text–align:left; background:white&quot; | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[2015 India Super Series#Finals|2015]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | [[India Open]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Viktor Axelsen]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | 18–21, 21–13, 21–12<br /> | style=&quot;text–align:left; background:white&quot; | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[2017 Singapore Super Series#Finals|2017]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Singapore Open (badminton)|Singapore Open]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|IND}} [[B. Sai Praneeth]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | 21–17, 17–21, 12–21<br /> | style=&quot;text–align:left; background:white&quot; | {{silver2}} '''Runner–up'''<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#DAA520&quot;<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[2017 Indonesia Super Series Premier#Finals|2017]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Indonesia Open (badminton)|Indonesia Open]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kazumasa Sakai]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | 21–11, 21–19<br /> | style=&quot;text–align:left; background:white&quot; | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[2017 Australian Super Series#Finals|2017]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Australian Open (badminton)|Australian Open]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Long]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | 22–20, 21–16<br /> | style=&quot;text–align:left; background:white&quot; | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#DAA520&quot;<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[2017 Denmark Super Series Premier#Finals|2017]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Denmark Open]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee Hyun-il]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | 21–10, 21–5<br /> | style=&quot;text–align:left; background:white&quot; | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC&quot;<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[2017 French Super Series#Finals|2017]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | [[French Open (badminton)|French Open]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kenta Nishimoto]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | 21–14, 21–13<br /> | style=&quot;text–align:left; background:white&quot; | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br /> |}<br /> : {{Color box|#DAA520|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Super Series|BWF World Superseries Premier]] tournament<br /> : {{Color box|#FFFFCC|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Super Series|BWF World Superseries]] tournament<br /> <br /> === BWF Grand Prix (3 titles, 3 runners-up) ===<br /> The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the [[BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold]]. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the [[Badminton World Federation]] (BWF) which was held from 2007 to 2017.<br /> <br /> ''Men's singles''<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Tournament<br /> ! Opponent<br /> ! Score<br /> ! Result<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#FFFF67&quot;<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[2013 Thailand Open Grand Prix Gold#Finals|2013]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Thailand Open (badminton)|Thailand Open]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Boonsak Ponsana]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | 21–16, 21–12<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#FFFF67&quot;<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[2014 India Open Grand Prix Gold#Finals|2014]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Syed Modi International Badminton Championships|India Grand Prix Gold]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Xue Song (badminton)|Xue Song]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | 21–16, 19–21, 13–21<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#FFFF67&quot;<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[2015 Syed Modi International Grand Prix Gold#Finals|2015]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | Syed Modi International<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Parupalli Kashyap]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | 21–23, 21–23<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#FFFF67&quot;<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[2015 Swiss Open Grand Prix Gold#Finals|2015]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Swiss Open (badminton)|Swiss Open]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Viktor Axelsen]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | 21–15, 12–21, 21–14<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#FFFF67&quot;<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[2015 Indonesian Masters Grand Prix Gold#Finals|2015]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Indonesia Masters|Indonesian Masters]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Tommy Sugiarto]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | 21–17, 13–21, 22–24<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#FFFF67&quot;<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[2016 Syed Modi International Grand Prix Gold#Finals|2016]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | Syed Modi International<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Yuxiang]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | 21–13, 14–21, 21–14<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br /> |}<br /> : {{Color box|#FFFF67|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix|BWF Grand Prix Gold]] tournament<br /> : {{Color box|#D4F1C5|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix|BWF Grand Prix]] tournament<br /> <br /> === BWF International Challenge/Series (1 title) ===<br /> ''Men's singles''<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Tournament<br /> ! Opponent<br /> ! Score<br /> ! Result<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#D8CEF6&quot;<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | 2012<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Maldives International]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Zulfadli Zulkiffli]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | 13–21, 21–11, 21–16<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br /> |}<br /> : {{Color box|#D8CEF6|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Challenge]] tournament<br /> : {{Color box|#D5D5D5|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Series]] tournament<br /> <br /> == Record against selected opponents ==<br /> Record against Year-end Finals finalists, World Championships semi-finalists, and Olympic quarter-finalists. Accurate as of 31 July 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Srikanth Kidambi Profile – Head To Head |url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/head-2-head?OrganizationCode=209B123F-AA87-41A2-BC3E-CB57133E64CC&amp;T1P1MemberID=93627 |website=bwf.tournamentsoftware.com |publisher=Badminton World Federation |access-date=23 March 2021}}{{dead link|date=February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{col-begin}}<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> {| class=wikitable style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:small&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! width=&quot;200&quot; | Player<br /> ! width=&quot;50&quot; | Matches<br /> ! width=&quot;50&quot; | Win<br /> ! width=&quot;50&quot; | Lost<br /> ! width=&quot;50&quot; | {{abbr|Diff.|Difference}}<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Long]]<br /> | 9 || 2 || 7 || bgcolor=&quot;#ffddee&quot; | –5<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Lin Dan]]<br /> | 5 || 2 || 3 || bgcolor=&quot;#ffddee&quot; | –1<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shi Yuqi]]<br /> | 6 || 4 || 2 || bgcolor=&quot;#ccffcc&quot; | +2<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tian Houwei]]<br /> | 8 || 2 || 6 || bgcolor=&quot;#ffddee&quot; | –4<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhao Junpeng]]<br /> | 3 || 1 || 2 || bgcolor=&quot;#ffddee&quot; | –1<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chou Tien-chen]]<br /> | 11 || 4 || 7 || bgcolor=&quot;#ffddee&quot; | –3<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Anders Antonsen]]<br /> | 6 || 3 || 3 || bgcolor=&quot;#fffff0&quot; | 0<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Viktor Axelsen]]<br /> | 14 || 3 || 11 || bgcolor=&quot;#ffddee&quot; | –8<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Jan Ø. Jørgensen]]<br /> | 6 || 4 || 2 || bgcolor=&quot;#ccffcc&quot; | +2<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Hans-Kristian Vittinghus]]<br /> | 6 || 4 || 2 || bgcolor=&quot;#ccffcc&quot; | +2<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Rajiv Ouseph]]<br /> | 4 || 4 || 0 || bgcolor=&quot;#ccffcc&quot; | +4<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Christo Popov]]<br /> | 3 || 2 || 1 || bgcolor=&quot;#ccffcc&quot; | +1<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Parupalli Kashyap]]<br /> | 4 || 2 || 2 || bgcolor=&quot;#fffff0&quot; | 0<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|IND}} [[B. Sai Praneeth]]<br /> | 10 || 5 || 5 || bgcolor=&quot;#fffff0&quot; | 0<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lakshya Sen]]<br /> | 3 || 3 || 0 || bgcolor=&quot;#ccffcc&quot; | +3<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prannoy H. S.]]<br /> | 10 || 7 || 3 || bgcolor=&quot;#ccffcc&quot; | +4<br /> |}<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> {| class=wikitable style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:small&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! width=&quot;200&quot; | Player<br /> ! width=&quot;50&quot; | Matches<br /> ! width=&quot;50&quot; | Win<br /> ! width=&quot;50&quot; | Lost<br /> ! width=&quot;50&quot; | {{abbr|Diff.|Difference}}<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Anthony Sinisuka Ginting]]<br /> | 7 || 2 || 5 || bgcolor=&quot;#ffddee&quot; | –3<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Sony Dwi Kuncoro]]<br /> | 1 || 1 || 0 || bgcolor=&quot;#ccffcc&quot; | +1<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Tommy Sugiarto]]<br /> | 6 || 3 || 3 || bgcolor=&quot;#fffff0&quot; | 0<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kento Momota]]<br /> | 19 || 3 || 16 || bgcolor=&quot;#ffddee&quot; | –13<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kodai Naraoka]]<br /> | 4 || 0 || 4 || bgcolor=&quot;#ffddee&quot; | –4<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Sho Sasaki]]<br /> | 1 || 1 || 0 || bgcolor=&quot;#ccffcc&quot; | +1<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lee Chong Wei]]<br /> | 7 || 1 || 6 || bgcolor=&quot;#ffddee&quot; | –5<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Liew Daren]]<br /> | 4 || 1 || 3 || bgcolor=&quot;#ffddee&quot; | –2<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Wong Choong Hann]]<br /> | 1 || 1 || 0 || bgcolor=&quot;#ccffcc&quot; | +1<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lee Zii Jia]]<br /> | 7 || 2 || 5 || bgcolor=&quot;#ffddee&quot; | -3<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Loh Kean Yew]]<br /> | 3 || 1 || 2 || bgcolor=&quot;#ffddee&quot; | –1<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Heo Kwang-hee]]<br /> | 1 || 1 || 0 || bgcolor=&quot;#ccffcc&quot; | +1<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee Hyun-il]]<br /> | 1 || 1 || 0 || bgcolor=&quot;#ccffcc&quot; | +1<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Son Wan-ho]]<br /> | 12 || 5 || 7 || bgcolor=&quot;#ffddee&quot; | –2<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Boonsak Ponsana]]<br /> | 5 || 3 || 2 || bgcolor=&quot;#ccffcc&quot; | +1<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Kunlavut Vitidsarn]]<br /> | 5 || 1 || 4 || bgcolor=&quot;#ffddee&quot; | –3<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Kantaphon Wangcharoen]]<br /> | 4 || 3 || 1 || bgcolor=&quot;#ccffcc&quot; | +2<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|VIE}} [[Nguyễn Tiến Minh]]<br /> | 3 || 2 || 1 || bgcolor=&quot;#ccffcc&quot; | +1<br /> |}<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> * {{INR}}500,000 award announced for Kidambi from [[Badminton Association of India|BAI]] for [[2015 Swiss Open Grand Prix Gold]] victory. He defeated [[Viktor Axelsen]] in the final 21–15,12–21,21–14.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/5-lakh-cash-award-for-Srikanth-from-Badminton-Association-of-India/articleshow/46586623.cms |title=5 lakh cash award for Srikanth from Badminton Association of India |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=16 March 2015 |access-date=18 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/bai-announces-cash-award-for-srikanth/article7000237.ece |title=BAI announces cash award for Srikanth |publisher=thehindu.com |date=17 March 2015 |access-date=18 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{INR}}500,000 award announced for Kidambi from [[Badminton Association of India|BAI]] for [[2015 India Super Series]] victory. He defeated [[Viktor Axelsen]] in the final 18–21, 21–13, 21–12.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/Saina-Nehwal-Kidambi-Srikanth-lift-India-Open-Super-Series-titles/articleshow/46737533.cms |title=Saina Nehwal, Kidambi Srikanth lift India Open Super Series titles |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=29 March 2015 |access-date=2 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{INR}}500,000 award announced for Kidambi from [[Badminton Association of India|BAI]] for [[2017 Indonesia Super Series Premier]] victory. He defeated [[Kazumasa Sakai]] in the final 21–11, 21–19.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Srikanth beats Sakai to win Indonesia Open Super Series Premier title – Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/srikanth-beats-sakai-to-win-indonesia-open-super-series-premier-title/articleshow/59203936.cms |website=The Times of India |date=18 June 2017 |access-date=30 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{INR}}500,000 award announced for Kidambi from [[Badminton Association of India|BAI]] for [[2017 Australian Super Series]] victory. He defeated [[Chen Long]] in the final 22–20, 21–16.<br /> * On 21 March 2018, Kidambi received [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award from [[Ram Nath Kovind]], the [[President of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Kidambi Srikanth, Somdev Devvarman receive Padma Shri awards; Padma Bhushan for Dhoni |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/kidambi-srikanth-somdev-devvarman-receive-padma-shri-awards-padma-bhushan-for-dhoni/articleshow/63384367.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> *[[Badminton in India]]<br /> *[[India national badminton team]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{commons category|K. Srikanth}}<br /> * {{BWFB|93627}}<br /> * {{BWFT|A9509AF9-8009-48A4-A4E2-486F125004C5}}<br /> * {{Olympedia}}<br /> * {{Olympics.com}}<br /> <br /> {{Footer Thomas Cup Champions Badminton Team Men}}<br /> {{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}<br /> {{Badminton in India}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kidambi, Srikanth}}<br /> [[Category:1993 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu people]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu sportspeople]]<br /> [[Category:Sportspeople from Guntur]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male badminton players]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]<br /> [[Category:Indian national badminton champions]]<br /> [[Category:Badminton players at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]<br /> [[Category:Olympic badminton players for India]]<br /> [[Category:Badminton players at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]<br /> [[Category:Badminton players at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]<br /> [[Category:Badminton players at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]<br /> [[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]<br /> [[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists in badminton]]<br /> [[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]<br /> [[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in badminton]]<br /> [[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]<br /> [[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists in badminton]]<br /> [[Category:Commonwealth Games badminton players for India]]<br /> [[Category:Badminton players at the 2014 Asian Games]]<br /> [[Category:Badminton players at the 2018 Asian Games]]<br /> [[Category:Badminton players at the 2022 Asian Games]]<br /> [[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]<br /> [[Category:Asian Games badminton players for India]]<br /> [[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]<br /> [[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]<br /> [[Category:South Asian Games medalists in badminton]]<br /> [[Category:Medalists at the 2019 South Asian Games]]<br /> [[Category:World No. 1 badminton players]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]<br /> [[Category:Medallists at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]<br /> [[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]<br /> [[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in badminton]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice_Maude_Sorabji_Pennell&diff=485533 2026-02-19T02:32:03Z

<p>GiseleStead: done - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian physician and writer (1874 –1951)}}<br /> [[File:AliceSorabji1896.png|thumb|Alice Maude Sorabji, from an 1896 publication.]]<br /> '''Alice Maude Sorabji Pennell''' [[OBE]] (July 17, 1874 – March 7, 1951) was an Indian physician and writer. She was the daughter and wife of Christian missionaries, and the first woman in India to earn a Bachelor of Science degree.<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> '''Alice Maude Sorabji''' was born at [[Belgaum]], the youngest daughter of [[Francina Sorabji]] and [[Reverend Sorabji Karsedji]]. Her mother was an educator and a Christian convert from Hinduism of tribal extraction;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1JkGDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Francina+Ford&amp;pg=PA137|title=Anglophone Indian Women Writers, 1870–1920|last=Brinks|first=Ellen|date=2016-04-15|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317180913|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; her father was a Parsi Christian missionary. Her sisters included lawyer [[Cornelia Sorabji]] and educator [[Susie Sorabji]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Open&quot;&gt;[http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/alice-maude-sorabji-pennell Alice Maude Sorabji Pennell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322130309/http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/alice-maude-sorabji-pennell |date=2023-03-22 }}, ''Making Britain: Discover How South Asians Shaped the Nation, 1870-1950'' (Open University).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Alice Sorabji attended her family's Victoria High School in [[Poona]], and earned a Bachelor of Science degree at [[Wilson College, Mumbai|Wilson College in Bombay]], the first woman to earn that degree in India.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25041921/alice_maude_sorabji_1896/ &quot;New Woman in India&quot;] ''Chicago Tribune'' (March 9, 1896): 3. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25042193/alice_sorabji_pennell_1896/ &quot;An Indian Lady Graduate&quot;] ''Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper'' (January 26, 1896): 9. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was trained as a physician in London, with her older sister Cornelia's encouragement and efforts,&lt;ref&gt;[[Antoinette Burton]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=KCdeI2FMsp0C&amp;q=Sorabji&amp;pg=PA125 ''At the Heart of the Empire: Indians and the Colonial Encounter in Late-Victorian Britain''] (University of California Press 1998): 124-125. {{ISBN|9780520919457}}&lt;/ref&gt; completing her studies in 1905.&lt;ref name=&quot;Open&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Alice Sorabji worked at the Zenana Hospital in [[Bahawalpur]]. For her work at the Pennell Hospital at [[Bannu]] (in present-day Pakistan), she was awarded the [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]] in 1917. She was also appointed an [[OBE]] in 1921, for her hospital work during [[World War I]]. She retired from medical work in 1925.&lt;ref name=&quot;Open&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJObit&quot;&gt;[https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC2069302&amp;blobtype=pdf &quot;Obituary&quot;] ''British Medical Journal'' (March 31, 1951): 706.&lt;/ref&gt; She was named an Officer of the [[Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)|Order of Saint John of Jerusalem]] in 1943.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36069/page/2898/data.pdf &quot;The Grand Priory in the British Realm of the Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem&quot;] ''The London Gazette'' (June 25, 1943): 2898.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She wrote a biography of her husband, published soon after he died,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pennell |first=Alice Maud (Sorabji) |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001266576 |title=Pennell of the Afghan frontier |date=1914 |publisher=E. P. Dutton &amp; company; Seeley, Service &amp; co., ltd. |location=New York : London}}&lt;/ref&gt; and novels including ''Children of the Border'' (1925), ''The Begum's Son'' (1928), and ''Doorways of the East '' (1931). A fourth novel remained unpublished. She also worked on women's higher education in India.&lt;ref&gt;Mrinalini Sinha, [https://books.google.com/books?id=xI2LClkTrFIC&amp;dq=Sorabji+Pennell&amp;pg=PA179 ''Specters of Mother India: The Global Restructuring of an Empire''] (Duke University Press 2006): 178. {{ISBN|9780822337959}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later in life, she traveled and gave lectures on Indian women and health topics.&lt;ref name=&quot;Open&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/15467113?searchTerm=Alice%20Sorabji%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20&amp;searchLimits= &quot;Women Doctors for India&quot;] ''Sydney Morning Herald'' (March 25, 1914): 5. via [[Trove]]{{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bmj.com/content/1/4298/641.2 &quot;Social Background of Health in India&quot;] ''British Medical Journal'' (May 22, 1943): 641.&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Absolutely fearless, she thinks nothing of taking an old Ford and proceeding, absolutely alone, into Afghanistan or up through the wilds of Persia,&quot; marveled a newspaper writer in 1930, when Alice Pennell was in her fifties, noting further that &quot;she is the friend and confidante of women from all over India.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Michael Pym, [https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/partners/aol/special/india/300525women.html &quot;India's Women Who Stand With Mahatma Gandhi&quot;] ''The New York Times'' (May 25, 1930).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Alice Maude Sorabji married fellow physician [[Theodore Leighton Pennell]] in 1908.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=pZNMAQAAMAAJ&amp;dq=Alice+Maude+Sorabji+Pennell&amp;pg=PA1495 &quot;Marriages&quot;] ''The Lancet'' (November 14, 1908): 1495.&lt;/ref&gt; She was widowed when Pennell died in 1912, from [[septicaemia]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=riVXAAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=Sorabji+Pennell&amp;pg=PA475 &quot;Dr. Pennell, of India&quot;] ''The Missionary Review'' (June 1912): 475.&lt;/ref&gt; They had a son. She died in 1951, aged 76 years, in [[Findon, Sussex]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25360277 &quot;Deaths&quot;] ''British Medical Journal'' (March 17, 1951): 597.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJObit&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *Shane Gail Malhotra, [https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do;jsessionid=C11ADEE76984C50B3AACC17CBB7FF514?uin=uk.bl.ethos.601793 &quot;Reading between the lines, 1839-1939: popular narratives of the Afghan frontier&quot;] (Doctoral thesis, Open University, 2013). Includes a chapter on Alice Sorabji Pennell's writings.<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Pennell, Alice Maude Sorabji}}<br /> [[Category:1874 births]]<br /> [[Category:1951 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian women medical doctors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women novelists]]<br /> [[Category:Parsi people]]<br /> [[Category:British people of Parsi descent]]<br /> [[Category:People from Findon, West Sussex]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saroj_Dutta&diff=453463 2026-02-11T08:35:13Z

<p>GiseleStead: refine details and fixed typos</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian intellectual and Poet (1914–1971)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Saroj Dutta<br /> | native_name = {{lang|bn|সরোজ দত্ত}}<br /> | image = Monuments, statues of Kolkata metropolis 16.jpg<br /> | caption = 2nd West Bengal State Secretary of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth-date|13 March 1914}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Jessore (city)|Jessore]], [[East Bengal]], [[British Raj]]<br /> | death_date = {{death-date and age|5 August 1971|13 March 1914}}<br /> | death_place = [[Kolkata, West Bengal]], India<br /> | term_start1 = 1969<br /> | term_end1 = 1971<br /> | successor1 = <br /> | predecessor1 = [[Sushital Ray Chowdhury]]<br /> | office1 = West Bengal State Secretary of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)|CPI(ML)]]<br /> | spouse = Bela Dutta<br /> | children = Siraj Dutta&lt;br&gt;Kunal Dutta<br /> | party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)]] <br /> | otherparty = [[Communist Party of India]] (1949–1964)&lt;br&gt;[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (1964–1967)<br /> | alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]<br /> [[Scottish Church College]]<br /> | profession = Politician, poet, journalist, Social Worker<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Saroj Dutta''' (March 13, 1914 – August 5, 1971) popularly known comrade SD, was an Indian communist intellectual and poet, active in the [[Naxalite]] movement in [[West Bengal]] in the 1960s. He was the first West Bengal state secretary of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)]] (CPI(ML)). He also remained editor-in-chief of the ''[[Amrita Bazar Patrika]]'' during the 1940s.&lt;ref name=prakash&gt;{{cite book | title = The Naxalite Movement in India | author = Prakash Singh | publisher = Rupa Publications | year = 2006 | isbn = 8171672949}}Appendix B&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is commonly thought that he was killed in a [[police encounter]] on August 5, 1971, but till now he was missing in police and state records.&lt;ref name=mint&gt;{{cite web|title = The remains of Naxalbari|publisher=Livemint | url = http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/qILQtLkiUnpvkRP9v3aV3O/The-remains-of-Naxalbari.html |author=Shamanth Rao|date=March 10, 2011| access-date = 2014-02-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghosh1993&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> He was born in a land-owning family in [[Jessore (city)|Jessore]] in [[East Bengal]], (now in Bangladesh) on 13 March 1914. He studied at the Victoria Collegiate School in [[Narail District|Narail]], and later graduated from the [[Scottish Church College]] in Calcutta in 1936. He subsequently earned his M.A in [[English Literature]] 1938 from the [[University of Calcutta]].&lt;ref name=Saroj_Dutta&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.cpiml.org/liberation/year_2014/mar_2014/saroj_dutta.html |title=Tribute to Saroj Dutta |access-date=31 March 2014 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210910/http://www.cpiml.org/liberation/year_2014/mar_2014/saroj_dutta.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Dutta joined the ''Amrit Bazar Patrika'' in early 1940s, after completing his studies, however he was fired in 1949 for joining violent activities as a member of the [[Communist Party of India]]. In 1962, after the [[Sino-Indian War]] he was briefly arrested for having pro-China ([[Maoist]]) sympathies. In 1964 he joined the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], CPI(M), and was an editor of their paper, ''Swadhinata'', along with [[Sushital Ray Chowdhary]]. He was among the many radicals who were disillusioned when the CPI(M) decided to join electoral politics in the run-up to the [[1967 Indian general election|1967 elections]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=State and politics in India|last=Kohli|first=Atul|publisher=OUP India|year=1998|isbn=0195647653|editor=Chatterjee|editor-first=Partha|editor-link=Partha Chatterjee (scholar)|page=348|chapter=From breakdown to order: West Bengal|author-link=Atul Kohli}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Attracted to a more radical form of revolutionary [[Marxism]], he along with Sushital Ray Chowdhury and some other Calcutta intellectuals, supported the [[Charu Majumdar]]-led [[Naxalbari uprising]] in May 1967. In April 1969, he was also one of the founder members of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)]], CPI (ML), an organisation which was outlawed a year later&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite news | title= History of Naxalism | agency= [[Press Trust of India|PTI]] | work= [[Hindustan Times]] | url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/nm2/history-of-naxalism/article1-6545.aspx | date= December 15, 2005 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130722091758/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM2/History-of-Naxalism/Article1-6545.aspx | archive-date= 22 July 2013 | df= dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; for conducting armed [[guerrilla warfare]] targeted at the landlords and the police.<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> Police Arrested Dutta from his friend Debiprasad Chattapadhyaya's home on the night of August 4–5, 1971. It is stated that he was killed by the [[Kolkata Police]] on the [[Aryan Club]] ground in the [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Kolkata Maidan]] that very morning.&lt;ref name=&quot;dnaindia&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/main-article-countering-the-maoists-1408542|title=Countering the Maoists|work=DNA|date=12 July 2010|location=India|access-date=2014-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also said that the movie star [[Uttam Kumar]] witnessed the shooting while on a morning walk, but talked about it much later when drunk; this is the storyline of the 1994 Bengali-language movie ''[[Sopan (film)|Sopan]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghosh1993&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Suniti Kumar Ghosh|title=The Historic Turning-point: A Liberation Anthology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6l3lAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|page=135|publisher=S.K. Ghosh}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indiancine&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://wiki.indiancine.ma/wiki/Sopan|title=Sopan – Indiancine.ma Wiki|publisher=wiki.indiancine.ma|access-date=2014-02-24|archive-date=15 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915192224/https://wiki.indiancine.ma/wiki/Sopan|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bengali writer [[Dibyendu Palit]] also portrayed the incident in his novel ''Sahajoddha''.<br /> <br /> In 1977, after the CPI(M) returned to power with a Left-front majority, many Naxalite sympathisers&lt;ref name=&quot;marxists&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mishra/1996/04/x01.htm|title=Come, let us take the country along a new road!|publisher=marxists.org|access-date=2014-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; signed on a petition seeking an investigation of Saroj Dutta's death. The petition was given to the chief minister [[Jyoti Basu]]. However, no investigation has ever been held.&lt;ref name=&quot;frontierweekly&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.frontierweekly.com/articles/vol-45/45-14-17/45-14-17-State%20Violence,%20Civil%20Liberties%20and%20Politics.html|title=Frontier articles on Society &amp; Politics|publisher=frontierweekly.com|access-date=2014-02-24|archive-date=28 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228034524/http://www.frontierweekly.com/articles/vol-45/45-14-17/45-14-17-State%20Violence,%20Civil%20Liberties%20and%20Politics.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His comrade, Charu Majumdar died in police custody a year later.&lt;ref name=mint/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Film ==<br /> A feature-length documentary film, ''S.D. :Saroj Dutta and His Times'', directed by Kasturi Basu and Mitali Biswas in 2018, featured Dutta's journey as a poet, journalist, translator, ideologue and revolutionary.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|title=A new documentary revisits the life of Bengali poet Saroj Dutta and the ferment of Naxalbari|url=https://scroll.in/reel/886949/meet-the-urban-naxal-of-his-times-in-documentary-on-bengali-poet-and-journalist-saroj-dutta|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Scroll.in|date=19 July 2018 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film contains the only on-camera interviews of two eyewitnesses - Debiprasad Chattopadhyay and Manjusha Chattopadhyay - of Saroj Dutta's abduction and disappearance by the Kolkata Police.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=S.D. : SAROJ DUTTA AND HIS TIMES* – Film South Asia|url=https://www.filmsouthasia.org/film/s-d-saroj-dutta-and-his-times/|access-date=2022-01-13|language=en-US|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113154611/https://www.filmsouthasia.org/film/s-d-saroj-dutta-and-his-times/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Commons category-inline|Saroj Dutta}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Dutta, Saroj}}<br /> [[Category:Indian communists]]<br /> [[Category:Maoist theorists]]<br /> [[Category:1914 births]]<br /> [[Category:1971 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali Hindus]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali-language writers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Bengali poets]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male poets]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male journalists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Marxist writers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Marxist journalists]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]<br /> [[Category:Naxalites]]<br /> [[Category:Indian newspaper editors]]<br /> [[Category:People from Jessore District]]<br /> [[Category:Extrajudicial killings in India]]<br /> [[Category:People shot dead by law enforcement officers in India]]<br /> [[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]<br /> [[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) politicians]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Poets from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Narail Victoria Collegiate Secondary School alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from West Bengal]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._T._Pandurangi&diff=507070 2026-02-07T23:15:16Z

<p>GiseleStead: created</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian scholar (1918–2017)}}<br /> {{Infobox scholar<br /> | honorific_prefix = '''[[Mahamahopadhyaya]]'''<br /> | name = Krishnacharya Tamanacharya Pandurangi<br /> | image = K T Pandurangi.png<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date ={{Birth date|1918|12|1}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Dharwad]], [[Karnataka]]<br /> | death_date ={{Death date and age|2017|04|22|1918|12|1}}<br /> | death_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]<br /> | other_names = <br /> | known_for = <br /> | spouse = Susheela <br /> | children = two daughters; three sons<br /> | occupation = Scholar, Professor<br /> | workplaces = [[Bangalore University]]<br /> | discipline = Sansrit language,Hindu Dvaita Philosophy and Studies<br /> | main_interests =[[Vedanta]], [[Hindu philosophy]]<br /> |alma_mater= [[Maharaja's College, Mysore]] &lt;br/&gt; [[Banares Hindu University]]<br /> |awards = 1989 : [[Rashtrapati Award]] &lt;br/&gt; 2007: [[Rajyotsava Award]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Krishnacharya Tamanacharya Pandurangi''' (1 December 1918 – 21 April 2017), also known by the pen name '''Viswamangala''', was an Indian [[Sanskrit]] scholar and a notable [[Indologist]]. Prof.Pandurangi was unique among contemporary Sanskrit scholars, being simultaneously at home among both traditional and modern systems of education. In 1989, the [[Government of India]] honoured him with the [[Rashtrapati Award]] for his contributions to literature and research.&lt;ref name=&quot;veda&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Veda as word|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foxjAAAAMAAJ|author=Śaśiprabhā Kumāra|publisher=Indian Council of Philosophical Research, Jawaharlal Nehru University|accessdate=1 January 2007|page=271|isbn = 9788124603765|date = January 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Krishnacharya's students included such renowned Sanskrit scholars as D. Prahladachar, former [[Vice Chancellor]], [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha]], [[Tirupati]]; [[V. R. Panchamukhi]], Indian [[Economist]]; [[Vyasanakere Prabhanjanacharya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;veda&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> Krishnacharya was born on 1 December 1918 in a family of Sanskrit scholars to Tamanacharya Pandurangi and Lakshmi Bai in [[Dharwad]], [[Karnataka]]. He studied up to 7th standard in the local school and then studied [[Sanskrit]] in the Sankaracharya Patasala at [[Dharwad]]. His further higher education was in Patasalas as well; from [[Dharwad]] to [[Sangli]] Patasala; from [[Sangli]] to [[Mysore]] Patasala and so on. In 1936 at the age of 18 he moved to [[Mysore]]. Within four years he had completed the study of [[Nyaya]] and [[Vedanta]] there.&lt;ref name=&quot;veda&quot;/&gt; At Patasala, he learnt [[Nyaya|Nyaya Shastra]] under Dharapuram Krishnamurthi Acharya. At other times he went to the residence of the same Acharya and learnt [[Vedanta]] at home. He practised this kind of double-study under other [[scholar]]s, including Kasipranesa Acharya, Chaturvedi Ramachandracharya, Doddaballapur Vasudevacharya, Nerur Krishnacharya, Ardikoppam Subramanya Shastry, Channa Kesava Shastry and others. In 1940, at the age of 22, he joined the Oriental department of [[Annamalai University]] and [[Maharaja's College, Mysore]], where he studied [[Purva Mimamsa]] under such reputed scholars as Dr. [[B. N. K. Sharma]]. He also holds [[Bachelor of Arts]] and [[Master of Arts]] degrees from [[Banares Hindu University]].&lt;ref name=&quot;toi&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Sanskrit scholar K. T. Pandurangi dies at 99|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/sanskrit-scholar-kt-pandurangi-dies-at-99/articleshow/58320721.cms|publisher=Times of India|access-date=24 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Prof. Pandurangi served as professor in [[Karnatak College Dharwar|Karnatak College, Dharwar]] for twelve years and in Government College, [[Bangalore]] for six years. Later he joined as head of the postgraduate Sanskrit department at [[Bangalore University]].&lt;ref name=&quot;toi&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> He was a member of the [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan]] and the Central Sanskrit Board. He was a Senior Fellow of the [[Indian Council of Philosophical Research]] and served as President of the Mythic Society, Bangalore for twelve years. He served as Kulapati of Poornaprajna Vidyapeetha and also served as honorary director of the Dvaita Vedanta Foundation at Bangalore.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEX11ZyjLpYC&amp;pg=PA200|title=Pride of India: A Glimpse Into India's Scientific Heritage|publisher=SAMSKRITA BHARATI|year=2006|page=200|isbn=9788187276272}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Sanskrit Studies in India: On the Occasion of 10th World Sanskrit Conference, Bangalore, Jan 3-9, 1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tW5jAAAAMAAJ|page=158|author=Kamla Kanta Mishra|publisher=Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan|year=1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Journal of Oriental Research, Madras, Volumes 47-55|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7GljAAAAMAAJ|page=xviii|publisher=Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute, Mylapore|year=1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pandurangi visited [[Germany]], [[England]], [[Austria]] and the [[United States]], delivering lectures on [[Purva Mimamsa]] and [[Vedanta]]. He also guided many foreign scholars who had come to [[India]] in subjects like Prakarana Panchika, [[Ramayana]], Uttara Ramacharita, Panchapadika, [[Anu Vyakhyana]], [[Pāṇini]]'s [[Aṣṭādhyāyī]], Vishnu Tatva Nirnaya, Karma Nirnaya and other topics of [[Dvaita Vedanta]].<br /> <br /> ==Academic accomplishments==<br /> Prof. Pandurangi was highly regarded as a scholar. He studied [[Nyaya]], [[Vedanta]] and [[Mīmāṃsā]], erning degrees in both philosophy and [[literature]].<br /> <br /> He also had extensive knowledge of orthodox Hindu rituals and Vedanta. His scholarship in various [[darśana]]s of orthodox Indian philosophy earned him titles such as Vedanta Vidwan, Mimamsa Siromani, Darsanaratna and Mimamsa Bhushana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Saints of Karnataka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrTRAAAAMAAJ|page=47|publisher=Chinmaya Mission|year=1981}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> For 35 years, he taught [[Sanskrit]] and [[Indian philosophy]] at the [[Graduation|graduate]] and [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] level, retiring in the year 1979. He delivered lectures on [[Indian philosophy|Philosophy]] &amp; [[Sanskrit]] at universities, at [[The Indian Institute of World Culture]], and at Gokhale Institute. After retirement, he guided research students, including students from the [[United Kingdom]], [[Germany]], [[Japan]], and the [[United States]], for Ph.D, M.Phil and Vidya Varidhi degrees, also serving as Examiner for more than a dozen Ph.D theses submitted in various universities in India. For 20 years (1980 to 2000) he had short-term assignments in five academic centres: [[Bangalore University]] (4 years), [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan]], [[Delhi]] (4 years), [[Indian Council of Philosophical Research]] (3 years), Gandhi Centre for Science and Human values, [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]], [[Bangalore]] (4 years), Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy and Culture (for 5 years).<br /> <br /> Prof. Pandurangi organised 12 conferences and seminars, and served as the Kulapati, Poorna Prajna Vidyapeeeta, Bangalore.<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> The Dvaita Vedanta Studies and Research Foundation has published many invaluable books by Pandurangi, some of which extend to several volumes. He published and edited rare works on [[Vedanta]] and [[Purva mimamsa|Poorva - Meemamsa]], translating some of them into [[English language|English]] and [[Kannada]]. Some of the notable works are listed here:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9X1AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA267|title=Hindu Theology in Early Modern South Asia: The Rise of Devotionalism and the Politics of Genealogy|page=267|author=Kiyokazu Okita|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=9780198709268}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;*{{Cite book|title=Madhva's Philosophy of the Viṣṇu Faith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GITXAAAAMAAJ|first=Helmuth von|last=Glasenapp|publisher=Dvaita Vedanta Studies and Research Foundation|year=1992|page=244}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lbMyBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA404|title=World Philology|page=404|author1=Sheldon Pollock|author2=Benjamin A. Elman|author3=Ku-ming Kevin Chang|date=5 January 2015|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674052864|accessdate=5 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Commentaries===<br /> * Bhatta Sangraha [[Raghavendra Tirtha]] (in 3 vols.)<br /> * Ṛgbhāṣyam of Sri [[Madhvacharya]] ( 2 volumes).<br /> * Nyayamrta and Advaita Siddhi (in 3 volumes).<br /> * Tātparya Chandrika of [[Vyasatirtha]] (3 vols.)<br /> * Brahmāsūtrabhāṣya with 8 commentaries (in 7 vols.)<br /> * Nyāya Sudhā with 5 commentaries (in 12 vols.)<br /> * Bhāgavata with 2 commentaries (in 12 vols.)<br /> * Tarka Tāṇḍava of [[Vyasatirtha]]<br /> * Pramana Paddhati of [[Jayatirtha]]<br /> <br /> ===Translations===<br /> * ''Principal Upanishads'' ([[Mukhya Upanishads|Ten Upanishads]] in 2 vols.) - ([[English language|English]])<br /> * {{IAST|Viṣṇutattvavinirṇaya}} of [[Jayatirtha]] - ([[English language|English]])<br /> * {{IAST|Viṣṇutattvavinirṇaya}} of [[Jayatirtha]] - ([[Kannada language|Kannada]]) <br /> * {{IAST|Anu Bhāṣya}} of [[Madhvacharya]] - ([[Kannada language|Kannada]])<br /> * ''Tattva Manjari'' of [[Raghavendra Tirtha]] - ([[Kannada language|Kannada]]).<br /> * {{IAST|Gītā Tātparya Nirnaya}} of [[Madhvacharya]] -([[Kannada language|Kannada]]).<br /> <br /> ===Independent works===<br /> ====Sanskrit====<br /> *Nabhovaniroopakaani - a collection of four radio plays<br /> *Kaavyaanjalihi - an anthology of poems<br /> *Raveendraroopakaani - an adaptation of [[Ravindranath Tagore]]’s four plays<br /> *Purandaravachanaani - an adaptation of [[Purandara Dasa]]’s one hundred sayings<br /> *Sarvajnavachanaani.<br /> <br /> ====Kannada====<br /> *Kaavyashaastra Vinoda - Critical essays on the works of poets [[Kalidasa]], [[Bhavabhuti]], Kshemishvara etc.<br /> *Sanskrita Kavayatriyaru - an introduction of thirty two poetesses of [[Sanskrit]]<br /> *Kalidaasana Soundaryadrishti<br /> <br /> ==Awards and honours==<br /> *In 1989, he was honoured with [[Rashtrapati Award]] by the [[Government of India]]<br /> *In 1997, he was honoured with the title of “[[Mahamahopadhyaya]]” by the [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha]]<br /> *In 2007, he was awarded [[Rajyotsava Awards (2007)|Rajyotsava Award]] by the [[Government of Karnataka]]<br /> *In 2015, he was honoured with Vyasajyothi Award&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Vyasajyothi Award for K.T. Pandurangi|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/vyasajyothi-award-for-kt-pandurangi/article7471916.ece|work=The Hindu|accessdate=28 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.382902/mode/1up Brahma Sutra Bhashya - Vol. 1], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.382903/mode/1up Vol. 2], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.382904/mode/1up Vol. 3], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.382905/mode/1up Vol. 4], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.382906/mode/1up Vol. 5], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.382909/mode/2up Vol. 6 (Sanskrit)]<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * K. T. Pandurangi at [http://ksu.ac.in/en/kt-pandurangi/ Karnataka Samskrita University] <br /> * K. T. Pandurangi at [https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1134079?c=people National Library of Australia]<br /> * K. T. Pandurangi at [https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22Prof.K.T.Pandurangi%22 Archive.org]<br /> * K. T. Pandurangi at [https://www.loc.gov/books/?all=true&amp;fa=language:sanskrit%7Ccontributor:pandurangi,+ke.+ti.+%28krsnacarya+tamanacarya%29&amp;st=slideshow Library of Congress]<br /> * K. T. Pandurangi at [https://library.ochs.org.uk/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=au:Pandurangi,%20Krishnacharya%20Tamanacharya, Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies Library]<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Rashtrapati Award]]<br /> [[Category:Sanskrit writers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]<br /> [[Category:1918 births]]<br /> [[Category:2017 deaths]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hartosh_Singh_Bal&diff=460271 2026-02-07T22:48:17Z

<p>GiseleStead: corrected intro further and corrected details based on references</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian magazine editor}}<br /> {{lead rewrite|date=April 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Hartosh Singh Bal<br /> | image = Hartosh Singh Bal.jpg<br /> | alt =<br /> | caption = Hartosh Singh Bal at the Press Club of India in New Delhi<br /> | birth_name =<br /> | birth_date = &lt;!-- {{Birth date|1943|08|12}} --&gt;<br /> | birth_place =<br /> | death_date = &lt;!--{{Death date and age|2016|12|05|1943|12|08}} --&gt;<br /> | death_place =<br /> | other_names =<br /> | occupation = Journalist<br /> | years_active =<br /> | known_for =<br /> | notable_works =<br /> | education =<br /> | alma_mater = [[BITS Pilani]] &amp; [[NYU]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hartosh Singh Bal''' is currently the political editor of ''[[The Caravan]]'' magazine&lt;ref name=&quot;Caravan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/profile/307|title=Bal home page in Caravan|access-date=2015-06-16|archive-date=2016-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201192644/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/profile/307/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ioblnFIXx68|title=#MediaRumble: Role of journalism in speaking truth to power|last=newslaundry|date=12 August 2017|publisher=|accessdate=15 March 2018|via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/HartoshSinghBal/status/897691286798512128|title=Suggestion on 35 A. Let's remove it but ensure twitter brahmin hawks are first to go settle. &amp; let's not waste state security on them|first=Hartosh Singh|last=Bal|website=twitter.com|accessdate=15 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is also an adjunct faculty member at Jindal School of Journalism &amp; Communication at the [[O. P. Jindal Global University]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Jindal School of Journalism &amp; Communication|url=https://s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/completejusticepodcast/JSJC+Brochure.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=18 December 2020|website=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hartosh Singh Bal -|url=https://jgu.edu.in/jsjc/faculty/hartosh-singh-bal/|access-date=2020-12-18|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116170357/https://jgu.edu.in/jsjc/faculty/hartosh-singh-bal/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; He had been the political editor of [[Open (Indian magazine)|''OPEN'']] magazine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Teh4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2 November 2011 |title=Bal on Niira Radia |url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/the-radia-of-the-tapes |accessdate=9 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> Bal pursued his undergraduate education in Mechanical Engineering from [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani|BITS Pilani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Freedom of Expression, the Business of Media, and Society: Connecting the Dots|url=https://asiasociety.org/india/events/freedom-expression-business-media-and-society-connecting-dots|access-date=2020-12-18|website=Asia Society|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He then went on to pursue an MS in mathematics from [[New York University]], USA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hartosh Singh Bal|url=https://harpercollins.co.in/author-details/hartosh-singh-bal/|access-date=2020-12-18|website=HarperCollins Publishers India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Various2018&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Various|title=THE CHILDREN'S BOOK OF TRUTHS|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--9LDwAAQBAJ|date=25 February 2018|publisher=Hachette India|isbn=978-93-5009-349-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> {{Expand section|date=April 2023}}<br /> In November 2013, Bal was controversially fired from his position of political editor of ''OPEN'' magazine.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=14 November 2013 |title=New York Times conversation with Bal |url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/11/14/a-conversation-with-former-political-editor-of-open-magazine-hartosh-singh-bal/?smid=tw-nytindia&amp;seid=auto&amp;_r=1&amp; |accessdate=11 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; In an interview, ''OPEN'''s former Editor [[Manu Joseph]] revealed that the magazine's proprietor, [[Sanjiv Goenka]], had told Joseph that Bal's views, expressed in his writings and in television appearances, were resulting in him &quot;making a lot of... political enemies.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Teh7&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Bal fired from Open magazine |url=http://scroll.in/article/655950/why-cnn-ibns-sagarika-ghose-can-no-longer-criticise-modi |accessdate=9 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Books==<br /> Bal has co-written a novel called ''[[A Certain Ambiguity]]'' which won the 2007 [[Association of American Publishers]] award for the best professional/scholarly book in [[mathematics]]. His second book--&quot;Waters close over us&quot;—is part-travelogue and partly a sociological, political, artistic, historical, and anthropological commentary.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://harpercollins.co.in/author-details/hartosh-singh-bal/|title=HarperCollinsPublishers India - Hartosh Singh Bal|website=harpercollins.co.in|accessdate=15 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Teh5&gt;{{cite web|title=Waters close over us review by Avtar Singh|url=http://www.outlooktraveller.com/travel-books/travel-classic-waters-close-over-us-1006462|accessdate=9 June 2015|archive-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610085933/http://www.outlooktraveller.com/travel-books/travel-classic-waters-close-over-us-1006462|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Hindu May 2014&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/literary-review/along-a-river/article5643091.ece |title=Along a river |work=The Hindu |date=26 May 2014 |accessdate=30 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint December 2013&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/LMyjhRaaTOQ0eoABRMyocM/Excerpt--Down-the-river.html |title=Down the river |publisher=Mint |date=14 December 2013 |accessdate=24 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> The Caravan was awarded the 2023 Shorenstein Journalism Award. Bal delivered a keynote address at Stanford in California. The award committee had specifically spoken of Bal’s achievements, “The award also recognizes the contributions of ''The Caravan’''s executive editor, Hartosh Singh Bal, who formerly worked as the magazine’s political editor for ten years. An incisive commentator on Indian politics and society, Bal was the political editor of ''Open'' magazine and has worked with ''The Indian Express, Tehelka'' and ''Mail Today''. He is the author of ''Waters Close Over Us, A Journey Along the Narmada'' and co-author of ''A Certain Ambiguity, A Mathematical Novel''. He is trained as an engineer and a mathematician.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Caravan Magazine Wins 2023 Shorenstein Journalism Award |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/media/caravan-magazine-wins-2023-shorenstein-journalism-award |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=thewire.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Controversies==<br /> He was invited to participate in the Harjit Kaur Sidhu Memorial Program at the University of British Columbia, where he was invited to speak on the Farmer's Movement in India.&lt;ref&gt;[https://asia.ubc.ca/events/event/harjit-kaur-sidhu-memorial-program-2021/ Harjit Kaur Sidhu Memorial Program 2021, UBS 2021]&lt;/ref&gt; However the UBC Sikh Students’ Association objected to his inclusion because he is a nephew of the [[KPS Gill]] and has spoken in support of Gill's role in the suppression of the Punjab disorder.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.straight.com/news/ubc-sikh-students-association-why-we-opposed-hartosh-singh-bals-inclusion-in-harjit-kaur-sidhu UBC Sikh Students' Association: Why we opposed Hartosh Singh Bal's inclusion in Harjit Kaur Sidhu Memorial Program, The Georgia Straight, April 17th, 2021]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Ujjal Dosanjh]], in a letter to UBC president said that he's recycled his UBC degree to protest what he perceived as an attack on academic freedom.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.straight.com/education/indian-journalist-will-speak-at-sfu-and-ubc-event-but-not-as-part-of-harjit-kaur-sidhu UBC is denying allegations that it infringed on anyone's free speech, The Georgia Straight, Charlie Smith on April 18th, 2021]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.openthemagazine.com/author/hartosh-singh-bal Hartosh Singh Bal articles] ''OPEN'' magazine<br /> * [http://www.caravanmagazine.in/profile/307 Hartosh Singh Bal articles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201192644/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/profile/307/ |date=2016-12-01 }} ''The Caravan''<br /> * [http://www.outlookindia.com/people/hartosh-singh-bal/11138 Hartosh Singh Bal articles] ''Outlook Magazine''<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bal, Hartosh Singh}}<br /> [[Category:Indian editors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian columnists]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male journalists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male novelists]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani alumni]]<br /> [[Category:New York University alumni]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_at_the_Hopman_Cup&diff=458645 2026-02-04T20:03:59Z

<p>GiseleStead: updated citations for consistency and added references as per guidelines</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Sporting event delegation}}<br /> {{Infobox tennis cup team<br /> | Type = Hopman<br /> | Name = India<br /> | Image = Flag of India.svg<br /> | First year = [[2007 Hopman Cup|2007]]<br /> | Years played = 2<br /> | Titles = <br /> | Runners-up = <br /> | Best = Finished 2nd in group (2007)<br /> | Player wins = [[Sania Mirza]] (9–3)<br /> | Singles wins = Sania Mirza (3–3)<br /> | Doubles wins = Sania Mirza (6–0)&lt;br&gt;[[Rohan Bopanna]] (6–0)<br /> | Best doubles = Sania Mirza &amp;&lt;br&gt;Rohan Bopanna (6–0)<br /> | Most years = Sania Mirza (2)&lt;br&gt;Rohan Bopanna (2)<br /> }}<br /> '''India''' is a nation that has competed at the [[Hopman Cup]] tournament on two occasions. The nation's first appearance came in [[2007 Hopman Cup|2007]], courtesy of a wild card earned by winning the inaugural Asian Hopman Cup (a now defunct qualification tournament for Asian nations which ran from 2006 until 2009).&lt;ref name=Results&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hopmancup.com/Results/Nations-Records |title=Nations Records |publisher=hopmancup.com |access-date=20 Oct 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905233823/http://hopmancup.com/Results/Nations-Records |archive-date=September 5, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; This remains their best performance to date.<br /> <br /> India also participated in the Asian Hopman Cup on two other occasions. In the 2008 and 2009 events, they failed to progress past the round robin stages of the event.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.asiantennis.com/latest/Asian%20hopman%20Cup%202008/DRAW%20HOPMAN%20CUP%202008.pdf |title=ASIAN HOPMAN CUP, 12–15 November 2008 |publisher=asiantennis.com |access-date=27 Oct 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425112949/http://www.asiantennis.com/latest/Asian%20hopman%20Cup%202008/DRAW%20HOPMAN%20CUP%202008.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hopmancup.com/News/293 |title=Country Profiles |publisher=hopmancup.com |date=29 Dec 2009 |access-date=27 Oct 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Players==<br /> This is a list of players who have played for India in the Hopman Cup.<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Name<br /> ! Total W–L<br /> ! Singles W–L<br /> ! Doubles W–L<br /> ! First year played<br /> ! No. of years played<br /> |-<br /> | {{sortname|Rohan|Bopanna}} || 6–6 || 0–6 || 6–0 || [[2007 Hopman Cup|2007]] || 2<br /> |-<br /> | {{sortname|Sania|Mirza}} || 9–3 || 3–3 || 6–0 || [[2007 Hopman Cup|2007]] || 2<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Results==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !width=&quot;50&quot;| Year<br /> !width=&quot;300&quot;| Competition<br /> !width=&quot;150&quot;| Location<br /> !width=&quot;150&quot;| Opponent<br /> !width=&quot;50&quot;| Score<br /> !width=&quot;60&quot;| Result<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[2007 Hopman Cup|2007]]<br /> | Round Robin<br /> | [[Burswood Dome]], [[Perth]] <br /> | {{hopman|CZE}}<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| 2–1<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#98FB98&quot;| Won<br /> |-<br /> | Round Robin<br /> | Burswood Dome, Perth <br /> | {{hopman|CRO}}<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| 2–1<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#98FB98&quot;| Won<br /> |-<br /> | Round Robin<br /> | Burswood Dome, Perth <br /> | {{hopman|ESP}}<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| 1–2<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFA07A&quot;| Lost<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[2008 Hopman Cup|2008]]<br /> | Round Robin<br /> | Burswood Dome, Perth <br /> | {{hopman|USA}}<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| 1–2<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFA07A&quot;| Lost<br /> |-<br /> | Round Robin<br /> | Burswood Dome, Perth <br /> | {{hopman|AUS}}<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| 2–1<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#98FB98&quot;| Won<br /> |-<br /> | Round Robin<br /> | Burswood Dome, Perth <br /> | {{hopman|CZE}}<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| 1–2<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFA07A&quot;| Lost<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{National sports teams of India}}<br /> {{Hopman Cup}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hopman Cup teams]]<br /> [[Category:India national tennis team|H]]<br /> [[Category:Tennis in India|Hopman Cup]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Usha_Barle&diff=542842 2026-01-22T16:16:10Z

<p>GiseleStead: stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian pandavani singer}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | honorific-prefix = <br /> | name = Usha Barle<br /> | image = <br /> | imagesize = 250px<br /> | othername = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1968|05|2}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Bhilai]], [[Chhattisgarh]]<br /> | occupation = [[Pandavani]] Folk Singer<br /> | yearsactive = <br /> | height = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | children = <br /> | awards = [[Padma Shri]] 2023 &lt;ref name=&quot;theprint&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2023-03-22 |title=Singers Usha Barle, Suman Kalyanpur receive Padma Awards |url=https://theprint.in/feature/singers-usha-barle-suman-kalyanpur-receive-padma-awards/1464409/ |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | website = ||<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Usha Barle''' (born 2 May 1968) is an Indian [[Pandavani]] folk singer, of a traditional performing folk art form,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=In Pics {{!}} Padma Awards 2023: S M Krishna, K M Birla, others honoured |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/archives/in-pics-padma-awards-2023-s-m-krishna-k-m-birla-others-honoured-1202575-1400476 |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; from [[Chhattisgarh]].'''&lt;ref name=&quot;theprint&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2023-03-22 |title=Singers Usha Barle, Suman Kalyanpur receive Padma Awards |url=https://theprint.in/feature/singers-usha-barle-suman-kalyanpur-receive-padma-awards/1464409/ |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;''' she is known for her performances in the Kapalik style.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-26 |title=Padma Awards 2023: Meet awardees honoured in the field of art |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/padma-awards-2023-art-culture-zakir-hussain-keeravaani-vani-jairam-8405477/ |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Barle was born in 1968 in [[Bhilai]], Chahattisgarh. she started her Pandwani singing at the age of seven and later trained under [[Padma Vibhushan]] [[Teejan Bai|Teejanbai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=CM greets Padma Shree awardees |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2023/state-editions/cm-greets-padma-shree-awardees.html |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=The Pioneer |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117141141/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2023/state-editions/cm-greets-padma-shree-awardees.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> In 2023 she received fourth highest civilian award in India the [[Padma Shri]] for her contributions to Pandwani singing,&lt;ref name=&quot;padmaawards&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Piyush |date=2023-01-25 |title=Press Note |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Content/PadmaAwardees2023.pdf |access-date=2024-01-19 |publisher=MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS}}&lt;/ref&gt; by Indian president [[Droupadi Murmu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ani {{!}} |date=2023-01-27 |title=Chhattisgarh: Pandwani singer Usha Barle honoured with Padma Shri for contribution to Art |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/chhattisgarh-pandwani-singer-usha-barle-honoured-with-padma-shri-for-contribution-to-art/videoshow/97369536.cms |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Barle, Usha}}<br /> [[Category:Padma Shri Award]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Singers from Chhattisgarh]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]<br /> [[Category:1968 births]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-musician-stub}}</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=L._V._Revanth&diff=511428 2026-01-08T00:33:37Z

<p>GiseleStead: done...</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian playback singer}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}{{Infobox musical artist<br /> | name = L. V. Revanth<br /> | image = Revanth (1).jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | alias = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1990|02|10}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Srikakulam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<br /> | genre = {{hlist|[[Filmi]]|[[Indian pop]]|[[Electronic music|electronic]]}}<br /> | occupation = [[Playback singer]]<br /> | instrument = Vocals<br /> | years_active = 2008–present<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Anvitha Gangaraju|2022}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''L. V. Revanth''' (born 10 February 1990),&lt;ref name=&quot;ht&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-04-02|title=LV Revanth wins Indian Idol 9, now wants to learn Hindi and make it big in Bollywood|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/lv-revanth-wins-indian-idol-9-now-wants-to-learn-hindi-and-make-it-big-in-bollywood/story-Gx2KMlAcTneedpkGq0pnfI.html|access-date=2020-09-23|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an Indian [[playback singer]] who primarily records songs for [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. He has sung around 200 songs for Telugu films. His notable works include &quot;Vey Vey Debbaku Debba&quot; (from ''[[Rajanna]]''), &quot;Ruler&quot; (from ''[[Dammu]]''), &quot;[[Manohari (song)|Manohari]]&quot; (from [[Baahubali: The Beginning (soundtrack)|''Baahubali: The Beginning'']]) and &quot;Telisiney Na Nuvvey&quot; (from ''[[Arjun Reddy]]''). He is the recipient of an [[IIFA Utsavam|IIFA Utsavam Award]] and a [[Santosham Film Awards|Santosham Award]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 January 2016 |title=IIFA Utsavam Awards 2015 – 2016 Telugu Nominees &amp; Winners |url=http://updatebro.com/iifa-utsavam-awards-2015-telugu-nominees-winners/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Before gaining success in his singing career, Revanth had earlier participated in television singing shows, including [[Maa TV Super Singer|''Super Singer'']], [[Indian Idol (Hindi TV series)|''Indian Idol'']] and ''Saptaswaralu.'' He is the winner of the reality show [[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 6|''Bigg Boss 6'']].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-19 |title=LV Revanth Takes Home Bigg Boss Telugu Trophy; Know The Prize Money |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/lv-revanth-takes-home-bigg-boss-telugu-trophy-know-the-prize-money-6648349.html |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early and personal life ==<br /> Revanth was born in [[Srikakulam]] to Seetha Subbalaxmi. His father died before he was born.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=3 April 2017|title=Meet Telugu singer LV Revanth who battled poor Hindi skills to win 'Indian Idol 9'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/meet-telugu-singer-lv-revanth-who-battled-poor-hindi-skills-win-indian-idol-9-59744|access-date=23 September 2020|website=[[The News Minute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; He grew up in [[Visakhapatnam]] and did his schooling at Bala Bhanu Vidyalayam in [[Srikakulam]] and his bachelor's degree at Dr. V. S. Krishna Government College in Visakhapatnam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Devalla |first=Rani |date=26 November 2014 |title=On a high, musically |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/on-a-high-musically/article6633348.ece |access-date=8 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has an elder brother, Santosh Kumar. He and his elder brother were raised by their mother.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://chaibisket.com/telugu-singing-idols/|title=All You Need To Know About The Telugu Singing Superstars Who Rocked The Indian Idol Stage!|last=Contributor|first=Guest|work=Chai Bisket|access-date=2017-03-26|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Revanth married Anvitha Gangaraju in February 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-02-07 |title=LV Revanth celebrates first wedding anniversary with wife Anvitha in Maldives; couple shares a mushy video on the occasion |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/lv-revanth-celebrates-first-wedding-anniversary-with-wife-anvitha-in-maldives-couple-shares-a-mushy-video-on-the-occasion/articleshow/97686672.cms |access-date=2023-10-14 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Before gaining recognition as a singer, Revanth participated in several television singing shows. One of his first shows was ''Sapthaswaralu'', which aired on [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]. After being runner-up in ''Super Singer 5'' and ''Super Singer 7''. he was the mentor in the ''Super Singer 8''. Revanth won the Hindi reality singing show [[Indian Idol (Hindi TV series)|''Indian Idol 9'']].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-04-03 |title=Indian Idol 9 winner LV Revanth wins Rs 25 lakh, a car, a Bollywood career: ‘My life has just begun’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-idol-9-winner-lv-revanth-wins-rs-25-lakh-a-car-and-a-bollywood-career-4597177/ |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also won ''Rock Star'', ''Spicy Singer'' on [[Maa TV]] and ''Superstar of the South''.<br /> <br /> In 2008, he sang his first film song, &quot;Jhalak Dikhlaja&quot; in ''Maha Yagnam'', composed by [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]. He sang two songs &quot;Telisiney Na Nuvvey&quot; and &quot;Oopiri Aaguthunnadey&quot; in the 2017 film ''[[Arjun Reddy]]''. He considers [[M. M. Keeravani]] as his mentor.<br /> <br /> Revanth sang his first Kannada song in the 2013 film ''[[Coffee with My Wife]]'' and the first Hindi song for the 2017 reality show ''[[Sabse Bada Kalakar]].'' In 2019, he composed and sang the title track of the TV series ''[[Radhamma Kuthuru]]''. His first Tamil song was &quot;Vithi Nathiye&quot;, from the 2019 film ''[[Thadam]]''.<br /> <br /> ==Discography==<br /> <br /> === Film songs ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Work<br /> !Song<br /> !Composer<br /> !Language<br /> |-<br /> |2008<br /> |''Maha Yagnam''<br /> |&quot;Jalak Diklaja&quot;<br /> |[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;50&quot; |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2009<br /> |''Illa Choodu Okasari''<br /> |&quot;Lovvenduku Pettaduru Devudu&quot;<br /> |Prasad<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Posani Gentleman]]''<br /> |&quot;Gentleman&quot;<br /> |Arjun<br /> |-<br /> |''Vatapatra Sai''<br /> |&quot;Sruthilayalerugani&quot;<br /> |[[Ilaiyaraaja|Illayaraja]] <br /> |-<br /> |''Vesavi Selavullo''<br /> |&quot;Dola Dola&quot;<br /> |Praveen Moghal<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2010<br /> |''Kothimooka''<br /> |&quot;Ammalarra&quot;<br /> |[[Mani Sharma]]<br /> |-<br /> |''Rakshana''<br /> |&quot;Ye Deshki Dhadkan&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Lokame Kothaga''<br /> |&quot;Edalone Enno Unna&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Lalith–Manomurthy<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Lokame Kothaga&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Maa Voori Maharshi''<br /> |&quot;Evadabba Sommani&quot; <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Visshu–Subbu<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Kala Nijamaithe&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |''Mangala''<br /> |&quot;Mangala&quot;<br /> |Viswa<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |2011<br /> |''Anukokunda Emjarigindhante''<br /> |&quot;I am Lekkallo&quot;<br /> |Kaasarla Shyam<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Badrinath (film)|''Badrinath'']]<br /> |&quot;Amba Dari&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[M. M. Keeravani]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Chiranjeeva&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Graduate (film)|''Graduate'']]<br /> |&quot;Gadichina Kashanamu&quot;<br /> |Sandeep<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kandireega]]''<br /> |&quot;Premey&quot;<br /> |[[S. Thaman]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''[[Madatha Kaja]]''<br /> |&quot;Gungudu Gudu Gudu&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sri Vasanth<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Madatha Kaja&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Nuvvila]]''<br /> |&quot;Baby Aa Popula Dabba&quot;<br /> |[[Shekar Chandra]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''[[Rajanna]]''<br /> |&quot;Okka Kshanam&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[M. M. Keeravani]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Raa Ree Ro Rela&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Vey Vey&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |''Thrilling''<br /> |&quot;Navvakunda&quot;<br /> |Rajendra Prasad<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Vykuntapali]]''<br /> |&quot;Pranaley Poyeloga&quot;<br /> |Anil Gopireddy<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;23&quot; |2012<br /> |''Anarkali''<br /> |&quot;Nee Style&quot;<br /> |P.N. Roy<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Bus Stop (2012 film)|''Bus Stop'']]<br /> |&quot;Bus Stop Title Song&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |J. B.<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Kalalake Kanulochina&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |''Chaduvukune Rojullo''<br /> |&quot;Edhi Sweetage&quot;<br /> |Jeevith Krupa<br /> |-<br /> |''Chanakyudu''<br /> |&quot;Chanakyudu&quot;<br /> |K Valisha Babji<br /> |-<br /> |''Daiva Swaranjali''<br /> |&quot;Yekkadunnavayya&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Dammu]]''<br /> |&quot;Ruler&quot;<br /> |[[M. M. Keeravani]]<br /> |-<br /> |''Disco''<br /> |&quot;Prema Enduke Ila&quot;<br /> |Mantra Anand<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''[[Ee Rojullo]]''<br /> |&quot;Cell Song&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |J. B.<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Edho Edho&quot; <br /> |-<br /> |''Idi Mamulu Prema Katha Kadu''<br /> |&quot;Thodunanuko&quot;<br /> |Quddus<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Jollyga Enjoy Cheddam''<br /> |&quot;Guntur Kurrallu&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kuna Praveen Kumar<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Nelavanka&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |''Maa Abbai Engineering Student''<br /> |&quot;Ninne Neeku Chupedi&quot;<br /> |Chinni Charan<br /> |-<br /> |''Memu Vayasuku Vachham''<br /> |&quot;Love you Antundhi&quot;<br /> |[[Shekar Chandra]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Naa Ishtam]]''<br /> |&quot;Haayi Haayiga&quot;<br /> |[[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]<br /> |-<br /> |''Premalo Padithe''<br /> |&quot;Premalo Padithe&quot;<br /> |Charavarthy<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Rowdigari Pellam''<br /> |&quot;Apakunda Endukanta&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Arjun<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Seesaku Pagulu&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Shirdi Sai]]''<br /> |&quot;Vasthunna Baba&quot;<br /> |[[M. M. Keeravani]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''[[Sudigadu]]''<br /> |&quot;Gajibiji Gathukula Roaddu&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sri vasanth<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Jagaalu Mottham&quot; <br /> |-<br /> |''Yem Babu Laddu Kavala''<br /> |&quot;Rani Rani&quot;<br /> |M M Sreelekha<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;23&quot; |2013<br /> |''[[Second Hand (2013 film)|Second Hand]]'' || &quot;&quot;Breaking News Konjam&quot;&quot; || Ravichandra <br /> |-<br /> |[[Athadu Aame o Scooter|''Athadu Aame O Scooter'']]<br /> |&quot;Drumm Drumm&quot;<br /> |Chinni Krishna<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''[[Coffee with My Wife]]''<br /> |&quot;Chakkani Vaadey&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Manthra Anand<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Kannada<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Govinda Govinda&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Saayare Sayya&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |''DK Bose''<br /> |&quot;Mr. D K Bose&quot;<br /> |[[Achu Rajamani]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''[[Emo Gurram Egaravachu]]''<br /> |&quot;Bullabbayini Edipinchina Neelaveni&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[M. M. Keeravani]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;46&quot; |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Boore Buttalo Padda Gurram&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |''Gurudu''<br /> |&quot;Gurudu&quot;<br /> |Anand<br /> |-<br /> |''Love Life''<br /> |&quot;Pakka Dindi&quot;<br /> |Srinivas Raju<br /> |-<br /> |''Mahesh''<br /> |&quot;Match Ke Pone&quot;<br /> |[[Gopi Sunder]]<br /> |-<br /> |''Music Magic''<br /> |&quot;Kothale Koyokandira&quot;<br /> |Padmanav T<br /> |-<br /> |''Na Rakumarudu''<br /> |&quot;Thapeshwaram Khaja&quot;<br /> |[[Achu Rajamani]]<br /> |-<br /> |''Nenu Chala Worst''<br /> |&quot;Yamma Yama&quot;<br /> |Pardhu<br /> |-<br /> |''Park''<br /> |&quot;O Baby Bangaru&quot;<br /> |[[M. M. Srilekha]]<br /> |-<br /> |''Parking''<br /> |&quot;Nannu Nuvve&quot;<br /> |Babu Sastry<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''[[Prema Katha Chitram]]''<br /> |&quot;I Just Love You Baby&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |J. B.<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Vennelaina Cheekataina&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Priyathama Neevachata Kusalama]]''<br /> |&quot;Allari Allaripilla&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Sai Karthik]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Romance (2013 film)|''Romance'']]<br /> |&quot;Anu Anu&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Ryee Ryee''<br /> |&quot;Lachimi Lachimi&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sri Vasanth<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Ryee Ryee&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |''Snehame Thoduga''<br /> |&quot;Tholi Tholi Tholakari&quot;<br /> |Chukka Srinivas<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;32&quot; |2014<br /> |''10th Lo Luck Inter Lo Kick B-Techlo''<br /> |&quot;10th Classlo Luck&quot;<br /> |J. S. Raju<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Aa Aiduguru]]''<br /> |&quot;Edhurey Ledhuani&quot;<br /> |Anand<br /> |-<br /> |''Ak Rao''<br /> |&quot;AAA Ak Rao&quot;<br /> |K. S. Rao<br /> |-<br /> |''Ali Baba Okkade Donga''<br /> |&quot;Nene Neevanna&quot;<br /> |Sai Srikanth<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Apartment''<br /> |&quot;Jaadu No 1&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Quddus<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Yem Maya Chesinave&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Dikkulu Choodaku Ramayya]]''<br /> |&quot;Chembisthri&quot;<br /> |[[M. M. Keeravani]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Hrudaya Kaleyam]]''<br /> |&quot;Nene Sampoo&quot;<br /> |RK<br /> |-<br /> |''I am in Love''<br /> |&quot;Paddhendhellu Kharchayyayi&quot;<br /> |Pradeep K K<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Just Business''<br /> |&quot;Bhajana Bhajana&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ajay Patnaik<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Yem Mayo&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kotha Janta]]''<br /> |&quot;Charminar Galli&quot;<br /> |J. B.<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kulfi]]''<br /> |&quot;Gunde Enthaga&quot;<br /> |[[Vivek-Mervin]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Laddu Babu]]''<br /> |&quot;Laddu Babu&quot;<br /> | [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Love You Bangaram]]''<br /> |&quot;Rendu Kallu Saalavata&quot;<br /> |Mahith Narayan<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Lovers''<br /> |&quot;Lovers Title Song&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |J. B.<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Pedavi Chivara&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''[[Mirchi Lanti Kurradu]]''<br /> |&quot;Michi Lanti Kurrade&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Luck is my name&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Types of Love&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Mukunda]]''<br /> |&quot;Chesededo&quot;<br /> |[[Mickey J. Meyer|Mickey J Meyer]]<br /> |-<br /> |''Nakenduku Nachave''<br /> |&quot;Nakenduku Nachave&quot;<br /> |A. R. Sunny<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Nenu Naa Friends''<br /> |&quot;Are Mamu&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Chinnicharan<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Golilaata&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |''Pancha Boothalu Sakshigha''<br /> |&quot;Naadantha Oka Roote&quot;<br /> |Vara Prasad<br /> |-<br /> |''Pawanism''<br /> |&quot;Yemaindo&quot;<br /> |Kanishka<br /> |-<br /> |''Pelladandi Preminchaka Matrame''<br /> |&quot;Lifelone Gelichanne&quot;<br /> |Vamsi–Ganesh<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Velaiilla Pattadhari (soundtrack)|''Raghuvaran B. Tech'']] (Dubbed version)<br /> |&quot;Luckkanna Mate Nillu&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Nippulanti Nirudyogi&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |''Rangageethagalu''<br /> |&quot;Manujadhama&quot;<br /> |R. Paramasivan<br /> |Kannada<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Vichakshana''<br /> |&quot;Prakshalana&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jagannath Sindhi<br /> | rowspan=&quot;66&quot; |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Sandella Mardala&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;12&quot; |2015<br /> |''Anaganaga Oka Chitram''<br /> |&quot;O Sanjana&quot;<br /> |Vinod Yajamanya<br /> |-<br /> |[[Baahubali: The Beginning (soundtrack)|''Baahubali: The Beginning'']]<br /> |&quot;[[Manohari (song)|Manohari]]&quot;<br /> |[[M. M. Keeravani]]<br /> |-<br /> |''Evariki Evaru''<br /> |&quot;Na Manase&quot;<br /> |Chinni Krishna<br /> |-<br /> |''Hora Hori''<br /> |&quot;Raanantavenduke&quot;<br /> |Koduri Kalyani<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Kai Raja Kai''<br /> |&quot;Okati Rendu Mudu&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |J. B.<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Benjilaga Vacchindira&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Kai Raja Kai&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |''Preminchu Pelladu''<br /> |&quot;Nannu Thadime Thapana Yedhuko&quot;<br /> |Ajay Patnaik<br /> |-<br /> |[[Rey (film)|''Rey'']]<br /> |&quot;Dance&quot; <br /> |[[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]<br /> |-<br /> |''Swimming Pool''<br /> |&quot;Galullo Ragalaki&quot;<br /> |Pradeep Chandra<br /> |-<br /> |''Vandanam''<br /> |&quot;Abbayi Boyfriend&quot;<br /> |J. B.<br /> |-<br /> |''Vikramarkudi Love Story''<br /> |&quot;Misslle Strength&quot;<br /> |Ghantasala N.Viswanath<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;27&quot; |2016<br /> |''Bhadram Be Careful Brotheru''<br /> |&quot;Hello Hello Na Darling&quot;<br /> |J. B.<br /> |-<br /> |''Digbandhana''<br /> |&quot;Dikkule Mokku&quot;<br /> |Ram Sudhanvi<br /> |-<br /> |''Dll Unna Raju''<br /> |&quot;Okate Malli&quot;<br /> |Gowtham<br /> |-<br /> |[[Dwaraka (film)|''Dwaraka'']]<br /> |&quot;Allabbi Allabbi&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Sai Karthik]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Eedo Rakam Aado Rakam]]''<br /> |&quot;Ko Ko Kodi&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Intlo Deyyam Nakem Bhayam]]''<br /> |&quot;Sathamaanam Bhavathi&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Jakkanna]]''<br /> |&quot;Helper&quot;<br /> |Dinesh<br /> |-<br /> |''Janu Nuvvekkada''<br /> |&quot;Urime Merupula&quot;<br /> |Murali Leon<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Kathanam''<br /> |&quot;Kalalaaye&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sabu Varghese <br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Kalalanni Pandy&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''[[Krishnashtami]]''<br /> |&quot;Krishnashtami&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Dinesh<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Gokula Thilaka&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Nagabharanam]]''<br /> |&quot;Raava Bangaram&quot;<br /> |Gurukiran<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Nenena''<br /> |&quot;Kaalam Kadhalo&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ajay Arasada<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Rudhiraagrahavva&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |''Nenu Seethadevi''<br /> |&quot;Kalaganaledu&quot;<br /> |Chaitanya Raja<br /> |-<br /> |''Nuvvunte Nee Jaathaga''<br /> |&quot;Konchem Konchem&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Pidugu''<br /> |&quot;Gola Gola&quot;<br /> |R. Karthik Kumar<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |''[[Speedunnodu]]''<br /> |&quot;Ammayini Abbbayi Chudagane&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Sri Vasanth<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Kasai Katthi Padhunu&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Aatakundhoy&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Rekkalatho Chukkalakegira&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Ye Sunami Ina&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Srirastu Subhamastu]]''<br /> |&quot;Desi Girl&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[S. Thaman]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Chuttalabbai]]''<br /> |&quot;Chuttalabbayi&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Supreme (film)|''Supreme'']]<br /> |&quot;Andam Hindolam&quot;<br /> |[[Raj–Koti]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Thikka]]''<br /> |&quot;Nee Kosam&quot;<br /> |[[S. Thaman]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;14&quot; |2017<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''[[Arjun Reddy]]''<br /> |&quot;Telisiney Na Nuvvey&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Radhan]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Oopiri Aaguthunnadhey&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |''Darre''<br /> |&quot;Beautiful Oh Baby&quot;<br /> |G. R. Naren<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Darsakudu]]''<br /> | &quot;Akasam Dinchi&quot;<br /> |[[Sai Karthik|Sai Kartheek]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''[[Luckunnodu]]''<br /> |&quot;Aisa Laga&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Praveen Lakkaraju<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Ravera&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;What DA F&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Nakshatram (film)|''Nakshatram'']]<br /> |&quot;Layire Layire&quot;<br /> |[[Bheems Ceciroleo]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Om Namo Venkatesaya]]''<br /> |&quot;Vayyari Kalahamsika&quot;<br /> |[[M. M. Keeravani]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Oxygen (2017 film)|''Oxygen'']]<br /> |&quot;Adi Lekka&quot;<br /> |[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Raja the Great]]''<br /> |&quot;Raja The Great Title Song&quot;<br /> |[[Sai Karthik|Sai Kartheek]]<br /> |-<br /> |''Samayam''<br /> |&quot;Gaganamloni&quot;<br /> |Ghana Shyam<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Shivalinga (2017 film)|Sivalinga]]'' (Dubbed version)<br /> |&quot;Saarah Saarah&quot;<br /> |[[S. Thaman]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Ungarala Rambabu]]''<br /> |&quot;Nuvve Naa Adhrushtam&quot;<br /> |[[Mohamaad Ghibran|Ghibran]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;11&quot; |2018<br /> |''[[Balakrishnudu]]''<br /> |&quot;Entha Varalaina&quot;<br /> |[[Mani Sharma]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''[[Thaanaa Serndha Koottam|Gang]]'' (Dubbed version)<br /> |&quot;Naala Nenu&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Gang Title Track&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''[[Jai Simha]]''<br /> |&quot;Priyam Jagame Anandhamayam&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Chirantan Bhatt|Chirrantan Bhatt]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Yevevo Yevevo Cheppalanipisthundhi&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Mental Madhilo]]''<br /> |&quot;Edhola Edhola&quot;<br /> |[[Prashanth R Vihari]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[PSV Garuda Vega]]''<br /> |&quot;Premale&quot;<br /> |[[Sricharan Pakala]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''[[Krishnarjuna Yudham]]''<br /> |&quot;Ela Ela&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Hiphop Tamizha]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;I Wanna Fly&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Vijetha (2018 film)|''Vijetha'']]<br /> |&quot;Salaam Salaam&quot;<br /> |Harshavardhan Rameshwar<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Geetha Govindam]]''<br /> |&quot;What the Life&quot;<br /> |[[Gopi Sundar]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2019<br /> |''[[Thadam]]''<br /> |&quot;Vithi Nathiye&quot;<br /> |Arun Raj<br /> |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Bigil (soundtrack)|''Whistle'']] (Dubbed Version)<br /> |&quot;Verrekiddam&quot;<br /> |[[A. R. Rahman]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2021<br /> |''Cycle''<br /> |&quot;Patasala&quot;<br /> |G. M. Sathish<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Chaavu Kaburu Challaga]]''<br /> |&quot;My Name Iju Raju&quot;<br /> |[[Jakes Bejoy]]<br /> |-<br /> |''Reddy Garintlo Rowdyism''<br /> |&quot;O Floweru Thechi&quot;<br /> |Mahith Narayan<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Seetimaarr]]''<br /> |&quot;Seetimaarr Title Song&quot;<br /> |[[Mani Sharma]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Yuvarathnaa]]'' (Dubbed Version)<br /> |&quot;Feel the Power&quot;<br /> |[[S. Thaman]]<br /> |-<br /> |''Missing''<br /> |&quot;Baanam Pattu&quot;<br /> |Ajay Arasada<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2022<br /> |[[Acharya (2022 film)|''Acharya'']]<br /> |&quot;Saana Kastam&quot;<br /> |[[Mani Sharma]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Shekar (film)|''Shekar'']]<br /> |&quot;Love Gante&quot;<br /> |[[Anup Rubens]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |2023<br /> |[[Bro (2023 film)|''Bro'']]<br /> |&quot;My Dear Markandeya&quot;<br /> |[[Thaman S]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Bhola Shankar]]''<br /> |&quot;Bholaa Mania&quot;<br /> |[[Mahati Swara Sagar]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[King of Kotha]]'' (Dubbed Version)<br /> |&quot;Hallaa Machaare&quot;<br /> |[[Jakes Bejoy]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Rules Ranjann]]''<br /> |&quot;Enduku Ra Babu&quot;<br /> |Amrish<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|''Leo'']] (Dubbed Version)<br /> |&quot;Ney Ready&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Naa Ready&quot;<br /> |Kannada<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Njan Ready&quot;<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Ready Chal&quot;<br /> |Hindi<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2025<br /> |''[[Mazaka]]''<br /> |&quot;Sommasilli Pothunnave&quot;<br /> |[[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> |[[28 Degree Celsius|''28 Degree Celsius'']]<br /> |&quot;Cheliya Cheliya&quot;<br /> |Shravan Bharadwaj<br /> |-<br /> |[[Kannappa (film)|''Kannappa'']]<br /> |&quot;Love Song&quot;<br /> |[[Stephen Devassy]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[The 100 (film)|The 100]]''<br /> |&quot;Hey Meghale&quot;<br /> |Harshavardhan Rameshwar<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Non-film songs ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Year<br /> !Work<br /> !Song<br /> !Composer<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |Unknown<br /> |''Voice of Youth''<br /> |&quot;Everyday&quot;<br /> |Nitish Narayan<br /> |Studio album<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2017<br /> |''Kalyana Vaibhogam''<br /> |&quot;Kalyana Vaibhogam&quot; (Title track)<br /> |Meenakshi Bhujang<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |TV show<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Sabse Bada Kalakar]]''<br /> |&quot;Sabse Bada Kalakar&quot; (Title track)<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> |–<br /> |&quot;Nanna&quot;<br /> |Karthik Kodakandla<br /> |Single<br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> |''[[Radhamma Kuthuru]]''<br /> |&quot;Radhamma Kuthuru&quot; (Title track)<br /> |L. V. Revanth<br /> |TV show<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |''[[Nijam With Smita]]''<br /> |&quot;Episode 8 Closing Song&quot;<br /> |Saketh Komanduri<br /> |Television talk show<br /> |-<br /> |2025<br /> |[[Rambo in Love|''Rambo in Love'']]<br /> |&quot;The Rage Cage Song&quot;<br /> |VC Vibes<br /> |TV show<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> <br /> === Television ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+List of television appearances<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Network<br /> !Role<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |2010<br /> |[[Maa TV Super Singer|''Super Singer 5'']]<br /> |[[Maa TV]]<br /> |Contestant<br /> |Runner-up<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2013<br /> |''Saptaswaralu''<br /> |[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]<br /> |Contestant<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Maa TV Super Singer|''Super Singer 7'']]<br /> |[[Maa TV]]<br /> |Contestant<br /> |Runner-up<br /> |-<br /> |2014–2015<br /> |[[Maa TV Super Singer|''Super Singer 8'']]<br /> |[[Star Maa]]<br /> |Mentor<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2016–2017<br /> |[[Indian Idol (Hindi TV series)|''Indian Idol 9'']]<br /> |[[Sony Entertainment Television]]<br /> |Contestant<br /> |Winner&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-04-03 |title=Revanth’s hold over Sanskrit helped him win Indian Idol 9 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/revanth-s-hold-over-sanskrit-helped-him-win-indian-idol-9/story-S56XHnLalWwqJouJxhvNAN.html |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2020–2021<br /> |''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa The Next Singing ICON]]''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Zee Telugu]]<br /> |Jury member<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2022<br /> |''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa The Singing Superstar]]''<br /> |Mentor<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 6|''Bigg Boss 6'']]<br /> |[[Star Maa]]<br /> |Contestant<br /> |Winner&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-18 |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 6 finale highlights: LV Revanth lifts trophy, wins a car and Rs 25 lakh property |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-6-grand-finale-nagarjuna-live-updates-8330903/ |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2024<br /> |''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa The Next Singing Youth Icon]]''<br /> |[[Zee Telugu]]<br /> |Mentor<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> == Awards and nominations ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Award<br /> !Category<br /> !Nominated work<br /> !Result<br /> !Ref<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2012<br /> |BIG FM Awards<br /> |Best Upcoming Male Playback Singer<br /> |&quot;Ambadari&quot; and &quot;Chiranjeeva Chiranjeeva&quot; from [[Badrinath (film)|''Badrinath'']]<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Maa Music|Maa Music Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Best Male Playback Singer<br /> |&quot;Vey Vey Debbaku Debba&quot; from ''[[Rajanna]]''<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2015<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&quot;[[Manohari (song)|Manohari]]&quot; from [[Baahubali: The Beginning (soundtrack)|''Baahubali: The Beginning'']]<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Krishnan |first=Aishwarya |date=2017-04-03 |title=Baahubali singer LV Rev bhai is Indian Idol 9 winner: 5 things to know about the playback singer Rockstar Revanth |language=en |work=India.com |url=http://www.india.com/buzz/lv-revanth-becomes-indian-idol-9-winner-5-things-to-know-about-the-playback-singer-rockstar-rev bhai-1988591/ |access-date=2017-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[1st IIFA Utsavam|IIFA Utsavam]]<br /> |Best Playback Singer – Male (Telugu)<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> |[[T. Subbarami Reddy|TSR–]][[TV9 Telugu|TV9 Awards]]<br /> |Special Jury Award<br /> |–<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2018<br /> |[[65th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]<br /> |[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; ''Teliseney Na Nuvvey'' | &quot;Telisaney Na Nuvvey&quot; from ''[[Arjun Reddy]]''<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[16th Santosham Film Awards|Santosham Film Awards]]<br /> |Best Male Playback Singer<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb name|4477462}}<br /> *{{Facebook|singerrevanthLVofficial|Revanth}}<br /> *{{Instagram|singerrevanth|Singer Revanth}}<br /> {{Bigg Boss Telugu}}{{Indian Idol}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Revanth, LV}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Idol participants]]<br /> [[Category:Musicians from Visakhapatnam]]<br /> [[Category:Singers from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:1990 births]]<br /> [[Category:People from Srikakulam]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Idol winners]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male singers]]<br /> [[Category:Santosham Film Awards winners]]<br /> [[Category:Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) winners]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sruthy_Rathinavel&diff=537268 2026-01-05T22:16:01Z

<p>GiseleStead: created</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian basketball player (born 2001)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br /> <br /> '''Sruthy Rathinavel''' (born 27 October 2001)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-25 |title=Sruthy Rathinavel (India) - Basketball Stats, Height, Age {{!}} FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/388872-sruthy-rathinavel |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=www.fiba.basketball |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an Indian [[basketball]] player from [[Tamil Nadu]]. She plays for the [[India women's national basketball team]] as a center. She plays for Tamil Nadu in the domestic tournaments.<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Sruthy is from Tamil Nadu. She is studying MA at [[MOP Vaishnav College for Women|MOP Vaishnav college]]. She is doing her post graduation in public policy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=George |first=Diya Maria |date=2023-11-22 |title=A dream debut on a global court |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2023/Nov/22/a-dream-debut-on-a-global-court-2634976.html |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She did her Class 10 at Madurai Yadava College when her coach Sampath noticed and introduced her to basketball. She shifted to Lady Sivaswamy Ayyar Girls’ Higher Secondary School, Mylapore, to improve her basketball.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; She lost her mother in her seventh class when she was 12 years and her father, a hockey player, died in 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; She has a brother, Venkat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Sruthy was selected for the Indian team to play the [[2025 SABA Women's Championship|3rd South Asian Basketball Association Women's Championship 2025]] qualifiers at New Delhi from 23 to 26 February 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Know Your Squad: Indian women's basketball team for SABA Women's Championship 2025 |url=https://khelnow.com/basketball/saba-womens-championship-2025-india-squad-facts-202502#google_vignette |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 February 2025 |title=Sreekala to lead Team India in SABA qualifiers, two other Keralites in squad |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/other-sports/2025/02/20/saba-qualifiers-three-kerala-basketball-players-india-squad-sreekala-captain.html |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=OnManorama.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Indian team played [[Maldives women's national football team results|Maldives]] and [[Nepal women's national football team|Nepal]] for a berth in the [[FIBA Women's Asia Cup|FIBA women's Asia Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pitts |first=Andre |date=23 February 2025 |title=SABA Women’s Championship 2025: Indian basketball team opens campaign with 113-32 win over Nepal |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/saba-women-championship-2025-basketball-india-vs-nepal-match-report |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=Olyympics.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; She played both the matches, and the final against Maldives at Delhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FIBA LiveStats India vs. Maldivs |url=https://fibalivestats.dcd.shared.geniussports.com/u/FASIA/2624275/bs.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=geniussports.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FIBA LiveStats India vs. Nepal |url=https://fibalivestats.dcd.shared.geniussports.com/u/FASIA/2624277/bs.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=geniussports.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FIBA LiveStats - Final - India vs. Maldives |url=https://fibalivestats.dcd.shared.geniussports.com/u/FASIA/2624278/bs.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=geniussports.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She also represented India at the [[India at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Asian Games]] but as a junior player did not get enough minutes on the court.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Sports links}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rathinavel, Sruthy}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:2001 births]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women's basketball players]]<br /> [[Category:Basketball players from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Sportswomen from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Basketball players at the 2022 Asian Games]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shaastra&diff=534180 2026-01-01T14:24:10Z

<p>GiseleStead: stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Annual technical festival of the Indian Institute of Technology Madras}}<br /> {{about||the Sanskrit term|Shastra|the Hindi-language film|Shastra (1996 film)|the Gujarati-language film|Shastra (2025 film)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2013}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{Cleanup|date=September 2011}}<br /> {{Cleanup-PR|1=article|date=February 2014}}<br /> {{Update|date=March 2020}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Shaastra''' is the annual technical festival of the [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]] (IITM), Chennai, India. The [[Sanskrit]] word ‘Shaastra’ means a subject of study/branch of knowledge and the festival accordingly consists of various engineering, science and technology competitions, summits, lectures, video conferences, exhibitions, demonstrations and workshops. The festival is traditionally held over four days and four nights during the first week of January. It has so far seen twenty one editions, having started in its current avatar in the year 2000. Shaastra attracts participation from all over India, and seeks to provide collegiate students with a platform to showcase their scientific and engineering talents. Shaastra is entirely student managed and is the first such event in the world to be [[ISO 9001:2015]] certified for implementing a [[Quality Management System]]. It is one of Asia's largest completely student-run techno-managerial festivals.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> In 1996, Prof. R Natarajan took over as director and instituted several committees to study several ways of improving IIT Madras. One of his committees, the committee on new mechanisms of Teacher Learning Interactions, was tasked with coming up with ways of inspiring students. This committee, headed by Prof. Ajit Kumar Kolar, came up with a suggestion to create a technology festival in IIT Madras. On the behest of Prof. U R Rao, chairman of the board of governors of the institute, in 1997, several students came together and staged 'Pragmaa', a technical festival, in 1997, and then in 1999.<br /> <br /> Students applied for and took on the role of Coordinators for various events. A set of colleges around the country was targeted and the amount required to run the event was raised through sponsorship agreements. The first edition of Shaastra was thus planned and took place starting 9 March 2000. Since then, Shaastra has continued to expand year by year, and has established itself as one of the premiermost technical fest in India. The 2020 edition of Shaastra, was held in January, with the theme 'Parsec to Planck'. The 2020 edition of Shaastra saw prominent speakers including Dr. V.K. Saraswat, Suresh Prabhu, Robin Li, Arunachalam Muruganathan and Dr. C. Rangarajan. The last two editions of Shaastra, in 2021 &amp; 2022, were held completely virtually keeping in mind the pandemic restrictions. These editions featured several prominent speakers gracing the fest, including Dr. Shashi Tharoor, Dr. Raghuram Rajan, Ms. Carolina Marin &amp; Dr. John L. Hennessy. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sudhish Kamath|date=23 February 2000|title=Getting ready for 'shaastra'|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2000/02/23/stories/09230461.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223094313/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2000/02/23/stories/09230461.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 December 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=18 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Indian Institutes of Technology}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Shaastra}}<br /> [[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology festivals]]<br /> [[Category:Technical festivals in India]]<br /> [[Category:Festivals established in 2000]]<br /> [[Category:2000 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhadohi_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=490611 2025-12-20T23:10:46Z

<p>GiseleStead: stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = LS<br /> | name = Bhadohi &lt;Br&gt;{{Small|UP-78}}<br /> | state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | latest_election_year = 2024<br /> | mp = [[Vinod Kumar Bind|Mr. V. K. Bind]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Bhadohi.map}}<br /> | map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Bhadohi Lok Sabha constituency<br /> | assembly_cons = [[Pratappur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Pratappur]]&lt;br&gt;[[Handia Assembly constituency|Handia]]&lt;br&gt;[[Bhadohi Assembly constituency|Bhadohi]]&lt;br&gt;[[Gyanpur Assembly constituency|Gyanpur]]&lt;br&gt;[[Aurai, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Aurai]]<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image = Dr vinod bind.jpg<br /> | established = 2008<br /> }}<br /> '''Bhadohi Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in northern [[India]]. This constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted in 2002.<br /> <br /> ==Assembly segments==<br /> Since the 2008 delimitation, Bhadohi Lok Sabha constituency comprises five [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/078_PC_Statistics_English.aspx|title=Information and Statistics-Parliamentary Constituencies-78-Bhadohi|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh website}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; <br /> !No<br /> !Name<br /> !District<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2024 lead<br /> |-<br /> |257<br /> |[[Pratappur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Pratappur]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]<br /> |[[Vijama Yadav]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |258<br /> |[[Handia Assembly constituency|Handia]]<br /> |[[Hakim Lal Bind]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> |392<br /> |[[Bhadohi Assembly constituency|Bhadohi]] <br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Bhadohi district|Bhadohi]]<br /> |Zahid Baig<br /> |-<br /> |393<br /> |[[Gyanpur Assembly constituency|Gyanpur]]<br /> |Vipul Dubey<br /> |{{party name with color|NISHAD Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |394<br /> |[[Aurai, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Aurai]] (SC) <br /> |[[Dinanath Bhaskar|Dinanath Bhashkar]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Members of Parliament==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Member&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bhadohi (Uttar Pradesh) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 - Bhadohi Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/bhadohi.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |{{center|''Till 2008 : Constituency did not exist''}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br /> |[[Gorakh Nath Pandey]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br /> |[[Virendra Singh Mast]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br /> |[[Ramesh Chand Bind]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> |[[Vinod Kumar Bind]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===General Election 2024===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]:[[Bhadohi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhadohi Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Bhadohi Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/bhadohi |accessdate=20 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620154704/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/bhadohi |archivedate=20 June 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bhadohi&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bhadohi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2478.htm |accessdate=20 June 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620154635/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2478.htm |archivedate=20 June 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Vinod Kumar Bind]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party <br /> |votes = 4,59,982<br /> |percentage = 42.39<br /> |change = {{decrease}}6.67<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = All India Trinamool Congress <br /> |candidate = [[Lalitesh Pati Tripathi]]<br /> |votes = 415,910<br /> |percentage = 38.33<br /> |change = {{increase}}38.33<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party <br /> |candidate = Harishankar <br /> |votes =155,053<br /> |percentage = 14.29<br /> |change = {{decrease}}30.56<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]] <br /> |votes = 11,229<br /> |percentage = 1.03<br /> |change = {{increase}}0.26<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes =44,072<br /> |percentage =4.06<br /> |change ={{decrease}}0.14 <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes =10,84,993 <br /> |percentage =53.24<br /> |change = {{decrease}}0.27<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Election 2019 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Bhadohi]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Rameshchand Bind]]<br /> |votes = 5,10,029<br /> |percentage = 49.05<br /> |change = {{increase}}7.95<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=[[Rangnath Mishra]]|votes=4,66,414|percentage=44.85|change={{increase}}19.85}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ramakant Yadav (politician)|Ramakant Yadav]]|votes=25,604|percentage=2.46|change={{increase}}0.16}}<br /> {{Election box candidate|<br /> |party = [[None of the above|NOTA]]<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |votes = 9,087<br /> |percentage = 0.87<br /> |change = {{decrease}}0.04<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=43,615|percentage=4.20|change={{decrease}}11.90}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=10,39,390|percentage=53.51|change={{decrease}}0.03}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Election 2014 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Bhadohi]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Virendra Singh Mast]]|votes=4,03,695|percentage=41.10|change=---}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=[[Rakeshdhar Tripathi]]|votes=2,45,554|percentage=25.00|change=---}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Seema Mishra|votes=2,38,712|percentage=24.30|change=---}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=Tej Bahadur Yadav|votes=26,995|percentage=2.75|change=---}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sartaj Imam|votes=22,573|percentage=2.30|change=---}}<br /> {{Election box candidate|<br /> |party = [[None of the above|NOTA]]<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |votes = 8,969<br /> |percentage = 0.91<br /> |change = ---<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=1,58,039|percentage=16.10|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=9,82,154|percentage=53.54|change=}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Sant Ravidas Nagar district]]<br /> * [[Mirzapur Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> * [[Phulpur Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> <br /> {{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> {{Mirzapur Division topics}}<br /> <br /> {{Coord|25.39|82.57|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bhadohi Lok Sabha constituency}}<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Bhadohi district]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madan_Mohan_Temple,_Bishnupur&diff=514291 2025-12-19T05:44:17Z

<p>GiseleStead: Creating Initial Place Basic Info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox Hindu temple<br /> | name = Madan Mohan Temple<br /> | native_name = মদনমোহন মন্দির<br /> | native_name_lang = bn<br /> | image = Madan Mohan Temple of Bishnupur District of West Bengal.jpg<br /> | image_upright = <br /> | alt = <br /> | Peetham =<br /> | caption = <br /> &lt;!-- RELIGION --&gt;<br /> | religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]<br /> | deity = Madanamohana (a form of [[Krishna]])<br /> | tradition = <br /> | organizational_status = <br /> | functional_status = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | temple_board = <br /> | festival = <br /> | festivals = <br /> | tower = <br /> | temple_tank = <br /> | temple_tree = <br /> &lt;!-- LOCATION --&gt;<br /> | location = [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]]<br /> | locale = <br /> | district = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]<br /> | state = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | province = <br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | map_type = <br /> | map_size = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_relief = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|23|4|50.50747|N|87|19|24.94999|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | coordinates_footnotes = <br /> &lt;!-- ARCHITECTURE --&gt;<br /> | architecture_type = [[Bengal temple architecture]]<br /> | architecture_style = [[Ratna Style|''eka-ratna'']] style<br /> | founded_by = [[Durjan Singha Dev]]<br /> | creator = <br /> | established = {{Start date and age|1694}}<br /> | groundbreaking = <br /> | year_completed = <br /> | date_demolished = <br /> &lt;!-- SPECIFICATIONS --&gt;<br /> | facade_direction = South <br /> | length = {{convert|12.2|m|ft}}<br /> | width = {{convert|12.2|m|ft}}<br /> | height_max = {{convert|10.7|m|ft}}<br /> | site_area = <br /> | temple_quantity = <br /> | monument_quantity = <br /> | inscriptions = <br /> | materials = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | elevation_ft = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> &lt;!-- NRHP --&gt;<br /> | nrhp = <br /> | added = <br /> | refnum = <br /> | designated = <br /> &lt;!-- DESIGNATION1 --&gt;<br /> | embedded = <br /> | designation1 =Monuments of National Importance (India) <br /> | designation1_type =Cultural <br /> | designation1_offname =Madan Mohan Temple <br /> | designation1_criteria = <br /> | designation1_date = <br /> | delisted1_date = <br /> | designation1_parent = <br /> | designation1_number =N-WB-15 <br /> | designation1_free1value= <br /> | designation1_free2value= <br /> | designation1_free3value= <br /> &lt;!-- WEBSITE --&gt;<br /> | website = <br /> &lt;!-- BELOW --&gt;<br /> | footnotes = {{sfn|Bandyopadhyay|1971|p=86}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Madan Mohan Temple'''{{sfn|Biswas|1992|pp=17–18}} or '''''Madanamōhana mandir''''' is a Krishna temple in [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]] town of [[Medinipur division]]. In the past, the Hindu deity [[Krishna]] was worshiped in the form of [[Madanamohana|''Madanamohan'']] in this temple, but currently no worship is conducted. According to the foundation plaque found in the temple,{{sfn|Bandyopadhyay|1971|p=87}} the temple was founded in 1694 CE (1000 ''[[Mallabda]]'') by King [[Durjan Singha Dev]] of [[Mallabhum kingdom|Mallabhum]].{{sfn|Bandyopadhyay|1971|p=86}} The temple is a unique example of ''[[Ratna Style|ekaratna]]'' temple architecture, which belongs to the [[Ratna Style|Ratna style]] developed in medieval Bengal.<br /> <br /> The roof of this temple is square and sloping, and there is a tower with a dome in the center of the roof. The temple is much known for the ornamentation, which adorns the walls of this temple. The ornamentations are mainly placed on terracotta plaques set into the walls. Various scenes of Krishna-''lila'', [[Dashavatara]] and other mythological stories are sculpted on the walls of the temple.<br /> <br /> Currently the temple is preserved as one of the archeological monument by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<br /> <br /> ==Architecture==<br /> The Madan Mohan Temple is built in the ''eka-ratna'' type of [[Ratna Style|Ratna]] style, one of the styles of [[Bengal temple architecture |temple architecture in Bengal]]. The structure of the temple consists of ''garbhagriha'' with curved roofs and a ''ratna''. The temple incorporates primary elements of the ''Chala'' style with its curved cornice, which was common in Hindu temples in Bengal built during this period. The exterior and interior of the temple have been protected and preserved by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<br /> {{multiple image |perrow=2/2|total_width=380|caption_align=left|image_style=border:none;|background color=#F7E7CE<br /> | align =left<br /> | image1 =THE MADAN-MOHAN TEMPLE - panoramio.jpg<br /> | image2 =Madan-Mohan-Temple-of-Vishnupur.jpg<br /> | footer = '''Left''': The southern and western parts of the temple, along with the ''ratna'' (''sikhara'') are visible., '''Right''': Front view of the temple.<br /> }}<br /> The temple stands on a stone-built platform, its length and width are both 12.2 meters (40 ft). The floor of the temple measures 148.84 sq m (1600 sq ft). The temple is 10.7 m (35 ft) high, resting on a 1.4 m (4 ft 7 in) high ''makra''-stone plinth, and is facing south.{{sfn|Bandyopadhyay|1971|p=86}}<br /> <br /> == Legend and Myth ==<br /> A popular local legend surrounds the Dalmadal Cannon, claiming that it was miraculously fired by Lord [[Madanamohana|Madan Mohan]], the tutelary deity of the Malla kings, to protect Bishnupur from the Maratha invader Bhaskar Rao.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | url = https://sundayguardianlive.com/culture/bishnupur-magnolious-bequest-west-bengal<br /> | title = Bishnupur: A magnolious bequest in West Bengal<br /> | date = 17 May 202<br /> | publisher = [[The Sunday Guardian]]<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240927161306/https://sundayguardianlive.com/culture/bishnupur-magnolious-bequest-west-bengal<br /> | archive-date = 27 September 2024<br /> | access-date = 27 September 2024<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the myth, during a Maratha attack, Lord Madan Mohan himself operated the cannon, causing the invaders to retreat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | url = https://www.asikolkata.in/bankura.aspx<br /> | title =Dalmadal Gun and the platform on which it is mounted<br /> | website = asikolkata.in<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240927160752/https://www.asikolkata.in/bankura.aspx<br /> | archive-date = 27 September 2024<br /> | access-date = 27 September 2024<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; This divine intervention story has become a cherished part of Bishnupur's cultural lore.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|3}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Biswas |first1=S. S. |title=Bishnupur |date=1992 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |location=New Delhi |edition=2nd |url=https://archive.org/details/bishnupur00bisw |access-date=11 March 2024 |chapter=The Temples}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Pika |title=Temple to Love: Architecture and Devotion in Seventeenth-Century Bengal |date=2005 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington and Indianapolis}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Amiya Kumar |title=Bām̐kuṛā jēlāra purākīrti |script-title=bn:বাঁকুড়া জেলার পুরাকীর্তি |trans-title=Antiquities of Bankura District |date=1971 |publisher=Public Works Department, West Bengal |location=Kolkata}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Commons category-inline|Madan Mohan Temple, Bishnupur}}<br /> {{Mallabhum}} <br /> <br /> [[Category:Krishna temples]]<br /> [[Category:Temples completed in 1694]]<br /> [[Category:Mallabhum temples]]<br /> [[Category:Temples in Bishnupur, Bankura]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padayatra&diff=465559 2025-12-18T12:42:42Z

<p>GiseleStead: improved citations after review per standard format</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Journey undertaken by politicians}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Dive ghat.jpg|thumb|Thousands taking part in ''[[Ashadhi Ekadashi|Ashadhi]] Vari'' ([[Warkari]]) the annual Hindu religious padayatra at Dive Ghat, Maharashtra, 2022]]<br /> A '''padayatra''' ({{langx|sa|पदयात्रा|padayātrā|journey by foot|translit-std=ISO}}) is a journey undertaken on foot, used both as a political–mass outreach tool and a spiritual pilgrimage ([[yatra]]). It is a journey undertaken by politicians or prominent citizens to interact more closely with different parts of society, educate about issues concerning them, and galvanise their supporters. ''Padayatras'' or foot pilgrimages are also [[Hindu]] religious pilgrimages undertaken towards sacred shrines or pilgrimage sites.&lt;ref name=pad&gt;[http://www.padayatra.com/history.php History of Padyatra] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718154933/http://www.padayatra.com/history.php |date=2012-07-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In its political form, a padayatra enables leaders to move beyond conventional rallies and engage directly with communities across towns and villages, symbolising accessibility, humility, and solidarity. In its religious or spiritual aspect, it continues an ancient Indian tradition of travelling on foot through sacred landscapes, transforming walking itself into an act of devotion and self-purification. Beyond its practical purpose, a padayatra often embodies a message of reform, unity, or faith, linking movement with meaning and turning collective footsteps into a symbol of transformation. Notable padayatras in India include Mahatma Gandhi’s 1930 Dandi March against the British salt tax, Vinoba Bhave’s Bhoodan Yatra advocating land reform, and contemporary political marches. On the religious front, annual pilgrimages like [[Pandharpur Wari]], [[Amarnath Yatra]] and [[Kanwar Yatra]] are prominent.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Padayatra: From Gandhi to Rahul Gandhi | website=The Hindu | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/padayatra-from-gandhi-to-rahul-gandhi/article65829273.ece | access-date=26 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=pad/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Types of Padayatras==<br /> [[File:Bhoodan yojana.jpg|thumb|Gandhian [[Vinoba Bhave]] during his padayantra across India, as part of [[Bhoodan movement]], a voluntary land reform movement in 1951. ]]<br /> <br /> ===Social causes===<br /> In the winter of 1933–34, Mahatma Gandhi went on a countrywide ''padayatra'' against untouchability.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Where Gandhi Meets Ambedkar|author=Ramachandra Guha|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-11-08/edit-page/27860607_1_untouchability-padayatra-hindu |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711203119/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-11-08/edit-page/27860607_1_untouchability-padayatra-hindu |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 11, 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=Nov 8, 2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, Gandhian [[Vinoba Bhave]] also started a ''padayatra'', which was part of his [[Bhoodan movement]] in 1951. Starting from the [[Telangana]] region, Bhave concluded his ''padayatra'' at [[Bodh Gaya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15mSMA8LXhoC&amp;pg=PA135 | title=Reflections From Shillong: Speeches Of M.M. Jacob | publisher=Daya Books | author=David R. Syiemlieh | year=2005 | pages=135 | isbn=8189233297 |access-date=9 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 6 January 1983, [[Chandra Shekhar]] started his ''padayatra'' from [[Kanyakumari]] and continued his {{convert|4260|km}} journey to [[Raj Ghat]] in Delhi till 25 June 1983 to understand the problems of the masses.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSCyVxEg2t4C&amp;pg=PA287 | title=Profiles of Indian Prime Ministers | publisher=Mittal Publications | author=Manisha | year=2010 | pages=xxi | isbn=978-8170999768 |access-date=9 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Rajagopal P. V.|Puthan Veetil Rajagopal]], in [[Janadesh 2007]], led 25,000 landless peasants on a 28-day march from Gwalior to Delhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Laxmi Prasanna|date=Jul 28, 2017|title=Activist PV Rajagopal to constitute taskforce in Kerala to ensure land for landless {{!}} Thiruvananthapuram News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/activist-pv-rajagopal-to-constitute-taskforce-in-kerala-to-ensure-land-for-landless/articleshow/59812196.cms|access-date=2021-05-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1986, [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] winner [[Rajendra Singh (environmentalist)|Rajendra Singh]] started ''padayatras'' through villages of [[Rajasthan]], promoting construction and revival of [[johad]]s and check dams.&lt;ref name=front&gt;{{cite web |title=The water man of Rajasthan |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1817/18170810.htm |date=Aug 18–31, 2001 |publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]], Volume 18 - Issue 17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Religious causes===<br /> [[File:Kanwarias in Haridwar.jpg|140px|thumb|left|Kanwar Yatra in pilgrimage town [[Haridwar]], 2007]]<br /> The [[warkari]]s from the [[Maharashtra]] state of western India practice a regular walk to religious places like [[Dehu]], [[Alandi]] and [[Pandharpur]]. [[Ashadhi Ekadashi]], [[Kartiki Ekadashi]], Maghi Ekadashi and Chaitra Ekadashi are some of the popular days when pilgrims reach Pandharpur to worship [[Vithoba]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2KSW8QkLusC&amp;q=varkari+vari&amp;pg=PT211 | title=Sufism and Inter-Religious Understanding | publisher=Pinnacle Technology | author=Asghar Ali Engineer | author-link=Asghar Ali Engineer | year=2008 | isbn=978-1618201683 |access-date=9 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The ''kanwariyas'' practice a regular walk to religious places like [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]], [[Kedarnath Temple]], [[Neelkanth Mahadev Temple]], [[Vaidyanath Temple]], [[Mahakaleshwar Temple]], [[Amarnath Temple]] etc. [[Maha Shivaratri]] and [[Kanwar Yatra]] are some of the popular days when pilgrims reach the temples to worship [[Shiva]].<br /> <br /> === Political causes===<br /> [[Image:Marche sel.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Gandhi on the [[Salt March]], 1930 part of India's independence movement]]<br /> <br /> [[Mahatma Gandhi]] originated the ''padayatra'' with his famous [[Salt March]] to [[Dandi, Gujarat|Dandi]] in 1930, this was done to protest against the new Salt taxes imposed by the British rule. [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]] did a 66-day-long ''padayatra'' covering {{cvt|1500|km}}, meeting people across 11 districts of Andhra Pradesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=తెలుగు నేలపై చెరగని జ్ఞాపకం {{!}} YS Rajasekhara Reddy 75th Birth Anniversary On July 8th {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/ys-rajasekhara-reddy-75th-birth-anniversary-july-8th-2108962 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt; He led his party to victory in the following general elections held in 2004 to become the chief minister of Andhra Pradesh, which included Telangana also.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Governor Biswa Bhusan Harichandan |first1=Andhra Pradesh |title=Farmers benefited by schemes of YSR – AP Governor Biswa Bhusan Harichandan |url=https://www.rajbhavan.ap.gov.in/pdfs/pn20210708.pdf |website=Raj Bhavan, Andhra Pradesh }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=YSR Congress Party |first1=YSR Congress Party |title=17 Years For YSR Padayatra |url=https://www.ysrcongress.com/special-news/17-years-ysr-padayatra-72090 |website=YSR Congress Party |date=9 April 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=The Times of India |first1=The Times of India |title=YSR's padayatra to begin on April 9 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ysrs-padayatra-to-begin-on-april-9/articleshow/42102373.cms |work=The Times of India|date=2 April 2003 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=The Hindu |first1=The Hindu |title=Vijayamma set to begin new innings |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/vijayamma-set-to-begin-new-innings/article4594671.ece |work=The Hindu|date=8 April 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=India Today |first1=India Today |title=Defiant Jagan 'pained' by aide's suspension |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/defiant-jagan-pained-by-aides-suspension-78918-2010-07-18 |website=India Today |date=19 July 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hindustan Times |first1=Hindustan Times |title=YSRTP chief Sharmila announces padayatra from October 20 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ysrtpchief-sharmila-announces-padayatra-from-october-20-101632250454746.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=22 September 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=The New Indian Express |first1=The New Indian Express |title=64-day Praja Prasthanam made him a mass leader |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2009/sep/04/64-day-praja-prasthanam-made-him-a-mass-leader-83258.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=16 May 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=News18 |first1=News18 |title=Ahead of Andhra Polls, TDP Leader Nara Lokesh Launches 4,000 Km Padayatra |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/ahead-of-andhra-polls-chandrababu-naidus-son-nara-lokesh-launches-4000-km-tdp-padayatra-6932383.html |website=News18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=The Print |first1=The Print |title=Why power of padayatra is fading in Telugu politics from YSR's days of 'charm &amp; showmanship' |url=https://theprint.in/politics/why-power-of-padayatra-is-fading-in-telugu-politics-from-ysrs-days-of-charm-showmanship/700304/ |website=The Print |date=22 July 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Sakshi Post |first1=Sakshi Post |title=YSR Padayatra: 'Rajanna' Made His Big, Monumental First Step This Day 17 Years Ago! |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/editors-picks/2020/04/09/17-years-of-dr-ysrs-historic-padayatra |website=Sakshi Post |date=9 April 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The YSRCP chief [[Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy]] launched his Padayatra named ‘[[Praja Sankalpa Yatra]]’ at RK Valley in his native Kadapa district after paying homage at the grave of his father. YSR Congress party coined a slogan “Raavali Jagan, Kaavali Jagan” (Jagan should come. We want Jagan) for the foot march that took to him across 125 Assembly segments in 13 districts of the state in 430 days. This Yatra was started on November 6, 2017 and ended on January 9, 2019.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}<br /> <br /> The [[Indian National Congress]], under the leadership of [[Rahul Gandhi]], started [[Bharat Jodo Yatra]], a padyatra on September 7, 2022 in Kanniyakumari at the tip of the Indian peninsula. This foot march will cover about 3,570&amp;nbsp;km in around five months. It will move across 12 States and two Union Territories, and shall end in Kashmir.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/discovery-of-congress-the-hindu-editorial-on-bharat-jodo-yatra/article65866600.ece|title=Discovery of Congress: On Bharat Jodo Yatra|newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 September 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Selma to Montgomery marches]]<br /> *[[Suffrage Hikes]]<br /> *[[Mahashraman|Acharya Mahashraman]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> {{Mohandas K. Gandhi|state=expanded}}<br /> {{Civil rights movement}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Politics of India]]<br /> [[Category:Gandhism]]<br /> [[Category:Social history of India]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu pilgrimages]]<br /> [[Category:Walking]]<br /> [[Category:Activism]]<br /> [[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu practices]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi words and phrases]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulab_Bai&diff=469689 2025-12-17T17:17:12Z

<p>GiseleStead: brief improved formatting for accuracy additionally and updated info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Actor}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Gulab Bai<br /> | image = <br /> | imagesize = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = 1926 <br /> | birth_place = Balpurva, [[Kannauj district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br /> | death_date = 1996 (aged 69–70)<br /> | death_place = <br /> | restingplace = <br /> | restingplacecoordinates = <br /> | othername = Gulab jaan<br /> | occupation = Stage performer&lt;br/&gt;Folk musician<br /> | yearsactive = <br /> | known for = [[Nautanki]]<br /> | spouse = <br /> | domesticpartner = <br /> | children = <br /> | parents = <br /> | website = <br /> | awards = [[Padma Shri]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Gulab Bai''' (1926–1996), popularly known as '''Gulab jaan''', was an Indian stage performer of [[Nautanki]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Gulab Bai (1926–96)&quot;&gt;{{cite book |isbn=9780195644463 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001/acref-9780195644463-e-0203 |title=Gulab Bai (1926–96) |publisher=The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre |date=2004 |access-date=28 September 2015 |author=Ananda Lal}}&lt;/ref&gt; the first female artist of the traditional operatic drama &lt;ref name=&quot;Dying Drama&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&amp;sd=Articles&amp;ArticleID=6264 |title=Dying Drama |publisher=Booji |date=2015 |access-date=28 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510211854/http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&amp;sd=Articles&amp;ArticleID=6264 |archive-date=10 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and considered by many as its pre-eminent exponent.&lt;ref name=&quot;Amazon profile&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Mehrotra |first1=Deepti Priya |title=Amazon profile |date=2015 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0143100430 }}&lt;/ref&gt; She was the founder of ''the Great Gulab Theatre Company'', a successful Nautanki troupe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Biography Page 179&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjyemJStPpUC&amp;q=the+Great+Gulab+Theatre+Company&amp;pg=PA179 |title=Biography Page 179 |publisher=Rediff |date=2015 |isbn=9780143100430 |access-date=29 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Government of India]] awarded her the fourth highest civilian award of [[Padma Shri]] in 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;Padma Awards&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |archive-date=15 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> Gulab Bai was born in 1926 in Balpurva, in [[Farrukhabad district]] of the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in [[Bedia (caste)|Bedia]] caste, a backward community of entertainment performers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gulab Bai (1926–96)&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Penguin Books profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/en/content/gulab-bai%3Frate=vj-3_Ysjn8fztsCuUwS58mO9GKm6pQF6ryBeBtgAo-M.html |title=Penguin Books profile |publisher=Penguin Books |date=2015 |access-date=28 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; She started formal training in singing under Ustad Trimohan Lal of the Kanpur [[gharana]] and Ustad Mohammad Khan of the Hathras gharana in 1931 and began performing in public by joining Trimohan Lal's Nautanki troupe at the age of thirteen, becoming the first female performer of the art form. Soon, she developed an individual style of singing which earned her the moniker, ''Guba jaan''.<br /> <br /> Her rising popularity helped her to establish a Nautanki troupe of her own, the ''Great Gulab Theatre Company'', against the wishes of Trimohan Lal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Biography Page 179&quot; /&gt; The company was said to be an instant success. The responsibility of the management of the company and her growing age forced her to curb her own performances by the 1960s &lt;ref name=&quot;Dying Drama&quot; /&gt; and she groomed her little sister, Sukhbadan, later day Nanda Guha, as the leading performer, who over the years became a noted performer in her own right.&lt;ref name=&quot;Biography Page 179&quot; /&gt; Her daughter, Madhu, is also a known performer.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dying Drama&quot; /&gt; Towards the latter part of her career, Nautanki's appeal, as an art form, gradually waned.&lt;ref name=&quot;Penguin Books profile&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The Government of India honoured her with the civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]] in 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;Padma Awards&quot; /&gt; Six years later, she died, at the age of 70.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gulab Bai (1926–96)&quot; /&gt; Her life has been documented in a biography by Deepti Priya Mehrotra, under the name, ''Gulab Bai: The Queen of Nautanki Theatre''; the book was published by [[Penguin India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Gulab Bai: The Queen of Nautanki Theatre&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjyemJStPpUC |title=Gulab Bai: The Queen of Nautanki Theatre |publisher=Penguin India |author=Deepti Priya Mehrotra |year=2006 |pages=318 |isbn=9780143100430}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her life story was also the theme of a play, enacted on stage in May 2014 at [[Kanpur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Actors and theatre artists watch the play 'Gulab Bai' in Lucknow&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/lucknow/Actors-and-theatre-artists-watch-the-play-Gulab-Bai-in-Lucknow/articleshow/35017259.cms |title=Actors and theatre artists watch the play 'Gulab Bai' in Lucknow |publisher=Times of India |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=29 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Nautanki]]<br /> {{portal|India|Theater}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ibyV0e8WIY |title=Legendary artist Gulab Bai ( Queen of Nautanki Theatre ) |publisher=Kalakunj |work=[[YouTube]] video |date=1982 |access-date=29 September 2015}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{cite book |title=Gulab Bai: The Queen of Nautanki Theatre |publisher=Penguin India |author=Deepti Priya Mehrotra |year=2006 |pages=318 |isbn=9780143100430}}<br /> <br /> {{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bai, Gulab}}<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]<br /> [[Category:1926 births]]<br /> [[Category:1996 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:People from Farrukhabad district]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women folk singers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian folk singers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian folklorists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian stage actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Indian theatre managers and producers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]<br /> [[Category:Women artists from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Singers from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women folklorists]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._A._Ayyangar&diff=456166 2025-12-15T15:55:04Z

<p>GiseleStead: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}<br /> {{Indian name|Ananthasayanam|Madabhushi}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific-prefix = <br /> | name = Madabhushi Ananthasayanam Ayyangar<br /> | honorific-suffix = <br /> | image = M.A. Ayyangar.jpg<br /> | imagesize = <br /> | order = 5th<br /> | office = Governor of Bihar<br /> | 1blankname = Chief Minister<br /> | 1namedata = [[Binodanand Jha]] &lt;br/&gt; [[Krishna Ballabh Sahay]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Mahamaya Prasad Sinha]]<br /> | term_start = 12 May 1962<br /> | term_end = 6 December 1967<br /> | predecessor = [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]]<br /> | successor = [[Nityanand Kanungo]]<br /> | order1 = 2nd<br /> | office1 = Speaker of the Lok Sabha<br /> | term_start1 = 8 March 1956<br /> | term_end1 = 16 April 1962<br /> | deputy1 = Sardar Hukam Singh<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar]] | 1blankname2 = Speaker| 1namedata2 =Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar<br /> | successor1 = [[Sardar Hukam Singh]]<br /> | office2 = 1st [[Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha|Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> | term_start2 = 30 May 1952<br /> | term_end2 = 7 March 1956<br /> | predecessor2 = ''Office Established''<br /> | successor2 = Sardar Hukam Singh<br /> | office3 = [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]<br /> | term_start3 = 1951<br /> | term_end3 = 1962<br /> | predecessor3 = ''Constituency Established''<br /> | successor3 = [[C. Dass]]<br /> | constituency3 = [[Tirupathi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirupathi]]<br /> | birth_date = 4 February 1891<br /> | birth_place = [[Thiruchanoor]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|1978|3|19|1891|2|4|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[Chittoor District|Chittoor]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]<br /> | nationality = [[India]]n<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | profession = [[Politician]]<br /> | spouse = Choodammal<br /> | known_for = First [[Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> | children = 12<br /> | alma_mater = [[Pachaiyappa's College]],&lt;br&gt;[[Madras Law College]]<br /> }}<br /> [[File:M._A._Ayyanagar_and_Oluf_Egerod.jpg|thumb|M. A. Ayyanagar and Oluf Egerod]]<br /> '''Madabhushi Ananthasayanam Ayyangar''' (4 February 1891 – 19 March 1978) was the [[Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha|first Deputy Speaker]] and then [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]] in the [[India]]n Parliament. He also served as the 5th [[Governor of Bihar]].<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> He was born in [[Thiruchanoor]], [[Tirupati district]] of [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]. He completed his early education from Devasthanam High School, Tirupati and the Pachiappa's College, Chennai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; He obtained a law degree from [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai|Madras Law College]] in 1913.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=M A Ayyangar death anniversary: Know all about the first Dy Speaker of Lok Sabha |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/m-a-ayyangar-death-anniversary-know-all-about-the-first-dy-speaker-of-lok-sabha |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early career ==<br /> He was teacher in Mathematics and later became a lawyer between 1915 -1950. Inspired by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] he participated actively in [[Indian Freedom Struggle]] and was jailed twice.<br /> <br /> == Political career ==<br /> He was elected as member of [[Central Legislative Assembly]] in 1934. He was elected to the first Lok Sabha from [[Tirupathi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirupathi]] and to the second Lok Sabha from [[Chittoor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chittoor]] constituencies in 1952 and 1956 respectively.<br /> <br /> He was elected in 1952 as the first Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha with [[Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar]] as the Speaker. After the death of Mavalankar in 1956, he was elected as Speaker of Lok Sabha. Dowry prohibition act 1961 was passed by joint session of parliament with M. A. Ayyangar as speaker. He worked as [[Governor of Bihar]] between 1962 and 1967.<br /> <br /> == Later life and death ==<br /> After his tenure as governor, Ayyanagar retired from politics and moved back to Tirupati.<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> A life size bronze statue of this celebrated statesman was erected at his hometown Tirupathi in 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2007-04-13 |title=Ananthasayanam Ayyangar statue to be unveiled |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Ananthasayanam-Ayyangar-statue-to-be-unveiled/article14749505.ece |access-date=2023-05-25 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> M. A. Ayyangar was born on 4 February 1891 in the village of Thiruchanur, near the world-famous temple town [[Tirupati]], in [[Tirupati district]]. His father was M. Venkatavaradhachariar. M. A. Ayyangar worked as mathematics Teacher in Pachaiyappa's College at Esplanade, Chennai. Ayyangar married Choodammal in 1919, with whom he had four sons and eight daughters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/596.htm|title=Members bioprofile on Lok Sabha website|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]], New Delhi and [[Lok Sabha]]|accessdate=24 April 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630073735/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/596.htm|archivedate=30 June 2013|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://speakerloksabha.nic.in/former/ayyangar.asp A short biography]<br /> *[http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/596.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]<br /> {{Speakers of the Lok Sabha}}<br /> {{Governor of Bihar}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ayyangar, Madabhushi}}<br /> [[Category:Telugu politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Speakers of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India]]<br /> [[Category:1891 births]]<br /> [[Category:1978 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Chittoor district]]<br /> [[Category:Deputy speakers of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> [[Category:People from Rayalaseema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]<br /> [[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]<br /> [[Category:Andhra movement]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_SC_Delhi_players&diff=512654 2025-11-29T18:17:05Z

<p>GiseleStead: Creating First Article From Scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br /> [[SC Delhi|Sporting Club Delhi]] (earlier Hyderabad FC) is a professional [[association football]] club based in [[Delhi]], [[India]], that plays in [[Indian Super League]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1536-hyderabad-fc-profile|title=Hyderabad FC|access-date=2020-06-26|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The club was formed in 2019 and played its first competitive match on 25 October 2019 and lost to [[ATK (football club)|ATK]] 5–0.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/29579-atk-fc-vs-hyderabad-fc|title=MATCH 6|access-date=2020-06-26|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==List of players==<br /> The list includes all the players registered under an [[Hyderabad FC]] contract. Some players might not have featured in a professional game for the club.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Name!!{{Tooltip| Nat| Player nationality}}!!{{abbr|Pos|Position}}{{ref label|Positions|NB|}}!!Hyderabad FC career!! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot;|{{abbr|Apps|Appearances}}!! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot;|Goals!!class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Ref<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kamaljit Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2019–2020|||12||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/hyderabad-fc-launches-jersey-isl-phil-brown/article29548568.ece|title=Hyderabad FC launches jersey ahead of ISL 2019-20|access-date=2020-06-26|website=www.sportstar.thehindu.com|language=en|author = V.V. Subrahmanyam|date = 29 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Laxmikant Kattimani]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2019–present|||6||0|| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2019-20-laxmikant-kattimani-set-to-join-hyderabad-fc|title=Exclusive: Veteran goalkeeper Laxmikant Kattimani set to join Hyderabad FC|access-date=2020-06-27|website=www.khelnow.com|language=en|author =Atrayo Bhattacharya|date = 17 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1536-hyderabad-fc-profile/news/laxmikant-kattimani-pens-a-one-year-extension-with-hyderabad-fc|title=Laxmikant Kattimani pens a one-year extension with Hyderabad FC|access-date=2020-06-27|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en|date = 30 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|Anuj Kumar|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2019–present|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.kreedon.com/hyderabad-fc-squad-2019/|title=Hyderabad FC Squad 2019: Full list of players &amp; their playing positions|access-date=2020-06-27|website=www.kreedon.com|language=en|author =Kartik Gai|date = 2 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Matthew Kilgallon|Matt Kilgallon]]|| {{flagicon|ENG}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2019–present|||17||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2019-20-hyderabad-fc-sign-matthew-kilgallon/cng3h6g959q118j64xhrdlcg9|title=ISL 2019-20: Hyderabad FC set to sign English defender Matthew Kilgallon|access-date=2020-06-27|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author =Ritabrata Banerjee|date = 24 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Rafa (footballer, born 1985)|Rafa]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2019–present|||6||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/amp/football/fc-pune-city-isl-squad|title=Hyderabad FC Squad ISL 2019-20|access-date=2020-06-27|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Gurtej Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2019–present|||13||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/amphtml/football/isl-2019-20-hyderabad-fc-team-preview-strength-weakness-squad-key-players-prediction-129454.html|title= ISL 2019-20: Hyderabad FC Team Preview: Strength, weakness, squad, key players, prediction|access-date=2020-06-27|website=www.mykhel.com|language=en|author= Chitrangada Dc|date = 17 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tarif Akhand]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2019–present|||1||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/hyderabad-fc-squad-season-preview-prediction-isl-2019-20|title= Hyderabad FC squad, season preview, prediction ISL 2019-20|access-date=2020-06-30|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en|author= Aaditya Narayan|date = 1 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sahil Panwar]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2019–present|||12||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/te161800/hyderabad-fc/squad/|title= Hyderabad FC » Squad 2019/2020|access-date=2020-06-30|website=www.worldfootball.net|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Dimple Bhagat]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2019–present|||2||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/hyderabad-fc-squad-season-preview-prediction-isl-2019-20|title= Hyderabad FC squad, season preview, prediction ISL 2019-20|access-date=2020-06-30|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en|author= Aaditya Narayan|date = 1 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Souvik Chakrabarti]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2020–present|||10||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/hyderabad-sign-souvik-chakrabarti-from-mumbai-city/o6hjhtum06rm1f7l3hcf7ydbl|title= Hyderabad sign Souvik Chakrabarti from Mumbai City|access-date=2020-06-30|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author= Ritabrata Banerjee|date = 28 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ashish Rai]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2019–2022|||48||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/amphtml/football/isl-2019-20-hyderabad-fc-team-preview-strength-weakness-squad-key-players-prediction-129454.html|title= ISL 2019-20: Hyderabad FC Team Preview: Strength, weakness, squad, key players, prediction|access-date=2020-06-30|website=www.mykhel.com|language=en|author= Chitrangada Dc|date = 17 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Adil Khan (footballer) |Adil Khan]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019–present|||14||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.kreedon.com/hyderabad-fc-squad-2019/|title=Hyderabad FC Squad 2019: Full list of players &amp; their playing positions|access-date=2020-06-30|website=www.kreedon.com|language=en|author =Kartik Gai|date = 2 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019–2020|||7||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.kreedon.com/hyderabad-fc-squad-2019/|title=Hyderabad FC Squad 2019: Full list of players &amp; their playing positions|access-date=2020-06-30|website=www.kreedon.com|language=en|author =Kartik Gai|date = 2 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Rohit Kumar (footballer)|Rohit Kumar]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019–2020|||9||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/amphtml/football/isl-2019-20-hyderabad-fc-team-preview-strength-weakness-squad-key-players-prediction-129454.html|title= ISL 2019-20: Hyderabad FC Team Preview: Strength, weakness, squad, key players, prediction|access-date=2020-06-30|website=www.mykhel.com|language=en|author= Chitrangada Dc|date = 17 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Marko Stanković]]|| {{flagicon|AUT}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019–2020|||15||2||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.kreedon.com/hyderabad-fc-squad-2019/|title=Hyderabad FC Squad 2019: Full list of players &amp; their playing positions|access-date=2020-06-30|website=www.kreedon.com|language=en|author =Kartik Gai|date = 2 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Deependra Negi]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019–present|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-hyderabad-fc-kerala-blasters-deependra-negi/1v7osdtwzx9jzzyfhn0n1vym8|title=ISL: Hyderabad FC to sign Deependra Negi|access-date=2020-06-30|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author = Nisanth V Easwar|date = 2 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Mohammad Yasir]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019–present|||15||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/hyderabad-fc-squad-season-preview-prediction-isl-2019-20|title= Hyderabad FC squad, season preview, prediction ISL 2019-20|access-date=2020-06-30|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en|author= Aaditya Narayan|date = 1 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Abhash Thapa]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019–2020|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/hyderabad-fc-squad-season-preview-prediction-isl-2019-20|title= Hyderabad FC squad, season preview, prediction ISL 2019-20|access-date=2020-06-30|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en|author= Aaditya Narayan|date = 1 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hitesh Sharma (footballer) |Hitesh Sharma]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2020–present|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-hyderabad-subrata-paul-extend-abhishek/1ezlqolbw3we41220sdez8xt4j|title= Hyderabad close in on Subrata Paul, extend Abhishek Halder's contract|access-date=2020-06-30|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author= Ritabrata Banerjee|date = 29 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sahil Tavora]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019–present|||2||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/hyderabad-fc-squad-season-preview-prediction-isl-2019-20|title= Hyderabad FC squad, season preview, prediction ISL 2019-20|access-date=2020-06-30|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en|author= Aaditya Narayan|date = 1 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Néstor Gordillo]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019–present|||9||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/nestor-gordillo-set-to-sign-with-hyderabad-fc/zqx3pik72zxo1u9drcswbwwqc|title= ISL 2019–20: Nestor Gordillo set to sign with Hyderabad FC|access-date=2020-06-30|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author= Soham Mukherjee|date = 5 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Abhishek Halder]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019–present|||8||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/amphtml/football/isl-2019-20-hyderabad-fc-team-preview-strength-weakness-squad-key-players-prediction-129454.html|title= ISL 2019-20: Hyderabad FC Team Preview: Strength, weakness, squad, key players, prediction|access-date=2020-06-30|website=www.mykhel.com|language=en|author= Chitrangada Dc|date = 17 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Marcelinho Leite Pereira|Marcelinho]]|| {{flagicon|BRA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2019–2020|||17||7||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/hyderabad-fc-launches-jersey-isl-phil-brown/article29548568.ece|title=Hyderabad FC launches jersey ahead of ISL 2019-20|access-date=2020-06-30|website=www.sportstar.thehindu.com|language=en|author = V.V. Subrahmanyam|date = 29 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Laldanmawia Ralte]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2019–present|||5||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2019-20-laldanmawia-ralte-sign-new-hyderabad-club/ij2x7esa21gx1oga88mbxaeeq|title=ISL: Laldanmawia Ralte set to join new Hyderabad-based club|access-date=2020-06-30|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author = Ritabrata Banerjee|date = 27 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ghani Ahmmed Nigam|Ghani Nigam]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2019–present|||5||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/amphtml/football/isl-2019-20-hyderabad-fc-team-preview-strength-weakness-squad-key-players-prediction-129454.html|title= ISL 2019-20: Hyderabad FC Team Preview: Strength, weakness, squad, key players, prediction|access-date=2020-06-30|website=www.mykhel.com|language=en|author= Chitrangada Dc|date = 17 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nikhil Poojari]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2019–present|||18||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/hyderabad-fc-launches-jersey-isl-phil-brown/article29548568.ece|title=Hyderabad FC launches jersey ahead of ISL 2019-20|access-date=2020-07-01|website=www.sportstar.thehindu.com|language=en|author = V.V. Subrahmanyam|date = 29 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Giles Barnes]]|| {{flagicon|JAM}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2019–present|||12||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.derbycounty.news/transfers/former-derby-county-favourite-giles-barnes-signs-for-hyderabad-fc-managed-by-phil-brown/|title=Former Derby County favourite Giles Barnes signs for Hyderabad FC managed by Phil Brown|access-date=2020-07-01|website=www.derbycounty.news|language=en|author = Tom Thorogood|date = 9 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Bobô (footballer, born 1985)|Bobô]]|| {{flagicon|BRA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2019–present|||13||5||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://theisltrolls.com/isl-2019-20-hyderabad-fc-sign-brazilian-forward-bobo//|title=ISL 2019-20: Hyderabad FC sign Brazilian forward Bobo|access-date=2020-07-01|website=www.theisltrolls.com|language=en|date = 1 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Liston Colaco]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2020–present|||4||2||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootballnetwork.com/blog/2020/01/13/hyderabad-fc-sign-liston-colaco/|title=Hyderabad FC Sign Liston Colaco|access-date=2020-07-01|website=www.indianfootballnetwork.com|language=en|date = 13 January 2020|author = Mohammed Hassan}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Subrata Pal]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2020–present|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl-hyderabad-fc-signs-subrata-paul-indian-super-league-jamshedpur-fc-albert-roca-kamaljit-singh-indian-football/article31747992.ece|title=ISL: Hyderabad FC signs Subrata Paul|access-date=2020-07-16|website=www.sportstar.thehindu.com|language=en|date = 4 June 2020|author = V. V. Subrahmanyam}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Lalbiakhlua Jongte]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2020–present|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-hyderabad-sign-rohit-danu-akash-mishra-lalbiakhlua/cowyv2le0ueq12og1omx722xr#:~:text=Indian%20Super%20League%20(ISL)%20club,move%20for%20the%20Arrows%20players.|title=ISL: Hyderabad to sign Rohit Danu, Akash Mishra, Lalbiakhlua Jongte|access-date=2020-07-16|website=www.goal.com|language=en|date = 5 March 2020|author =Nisanth V Easwar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Rohit Danu]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2020–present|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-hyderabad-sign-rohit-danu-akash-mishra-lalbiakhlua/cowyv2le0ueq12og1omx722xr#:~:text=Indian%20Super%20League%20(ISL)%20club,move%20for%20the%20Arrows%20players.|title=ISL: Hyderabad to sign Rohit Danu, Akash Mishra, Lalbiakhlua Jongte|access-date=2020-07-16|website=www.goal.com|language=en|date = 5 March 2020|author =Nisanth V Easwar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Akash Mishra]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2020–present|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-hyderabad-sign-rohit-danu-akash-mishra-lalbiakhlua/cowyv2le0ueq12og1omx722xr#:~:text=Indian%20Super%20League%20(ISL)%20club,move%20for%20the%20Arrows%20players.|title=ISL: Hyderabad to sign Rohit Danu, Akash Mishra, Lalbiakhlua Jongte|access-date=2020-07-16|website=www.goal.com|language=en|date = 5 March 2020|author =Nisanth V Easwar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Halicharan Narzary]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2020–present|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/kerala-blasters-halicharan-narzary-mohamad-rakip-set-to/lne9s0lq6xig1la088nwccmmc|title=Kerala Blasters: Halicharan Narzary, Mohammd Rakip set to leave|access-date=2020-07-16|website=www.goal.com|language=en|date = 25 February 2020|author =Nisanth V Easwar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Chinglensana Singh (footballer)|Chinglensana Singh ]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2020–present|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2020/announcement/hyderabad-fc-sign-defender-chinglensana-singh/|title=Hyderabad FC sign defender Chinglensana Singh|website=hyderabadfc.co.in|access-date=5 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Joel Chianese]]|| {{flagicon|AUS}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2020–present|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2020-21-hyderabad-fc-joel-chianese|title=Hyderabad FC sign A-League winger Joel Chianese|website=www.khelnow.com|language=en|date = 20 June 2020|author =Tarkesh Jha}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[João Victor (footballer, born 1988)|João Victor]]|| {{flagicon|BRA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2020–present|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2020/announcement/hyderabad-fc-complete-joao-victor-signing/|title=Hyderabad FC complete João Victor signing|website=hyderabadfc.co.in|access-date=28 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Lluís Sastre]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2020–present|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2020/announcement/hyderabad-fc-sign-spaniard-lluis-sastre/|title=Hyderabad FC sign Spaniard Lluís Sastre|website=hyderabadfc.co.in|access-date=8 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Aridane Santana]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2020–present|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2020/announcement/hyderabad-fc-bolster-attack-with-aridane-santana-signing/|title=Hyderabad FC bolster attack with Aridane Santana signing|website=hyderabadfc.co.in|access-date=17 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Odei Onaindia]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2020–present|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2020/announcement/hyderabad-fc-strengthen-defense-sign-odei-onaindia/|title=Spanish defender pens a one-year deal with HFC|website=hyderabadfc.co.in|access-date=19 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Francisco Sandaza]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2020–present|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2020/announcement/spaniard-fran-sandaza-joins-hyderabad-fc/|title=Experienced attacker pens one-year deal with Marquez's side|website=hyderabadfc.co.in|access-date=21 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==List of overseas players==<br /> The list includes all the overseas players registered under an [[Hyderabad FC]] contract. Some players might not have featured in a professional game for the club.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Name!!{{Tooltip| Nat| Player nationality}}!!{{abbr|Pos|Position}}{{ref label|Positions|NB|}}!!Hyderabad FC career!! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot;|{{abbr|Apps|Appearances}}!! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot;|Goals!!class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Ref<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Matthew Kilgallon|Matt Kilgallon]]|| {{flagicon|ENG}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2019–present|||17||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2019-20-hyderabad-fc-sign-matthew-kilgallon/cng3h6g959q118j64xhrdlcg9|title=ISL 2019-20: Hyderabad FC set to sign English defender Matthew Kilgallon|access-date=2020-06-27|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author =Ritabrata Banerjee|date = 24 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Rafa (footballer, born 1985)|Rafa]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2019–present|||6||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/amp/football/fc-pune-city-isl-squad|title=Hyderabad FC Squad ISL 2019-20|access-date=2020-06-27|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Marko Stanković]]|| {{flagicon|AUT}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019–2020|||15||2||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.kreedon.com/hyderabad-fc-squad-2019/|title=Hyderabad FC Squad 2019: Full list of players &amp; their playing positions|access-date=2020-06-30|website=www.kreedon.com|language=en|author =Kartik Gai|date = 2 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Néstor Gordillo]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019–present|||9||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/nestor-gordillo-set-to-sign-with-hyderabad-fc/zqx3pik72zxo1u9drcswbwwqc|title= ISL 2019–20: Nestor Gordillo set to sign with Hyderabad FC|access-date=2020-06-30|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author= Soham Mukherjee|date = 5 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Marcelinho Leite Pereira|Marcelinho]]|| {{flagicon|BRA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2019–2020|||17||7||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/hyderabad-fc-launches-jersey-isl-phil-brown/article29548568.ece|title=Hyderabad FC launches jersey ahead of ISL 2019-20|access-date=2020-06-30|website=www.sportstar.thehindu.com|language=en|author = V.V. Subrahmanyam|date = 29 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Giles Barnes]]|| {{flagicon|JAM}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2019–present|||12||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.derbycounty.news/transfers/former-derby-county-favourite-giles-barnes-signs-for-hyderabad-fc-managed-by-phil-brown/|title=Former Derby County favourite Giles Barnes signs for Hyderabad FC managed by Phil Brown|access-date=2020-07-01|website=www.derbycounty.news|language=en|author = Tom Thorogood|date = 9 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Bobô (footballer, born 1985)|Bobô]]|| {{flagicon|BRA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2019–present|||13||5||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://theisltrolls.com/isl-2019-20-hyderabad-fc-sign-brazilian-forward-bobo//|title=ISL 2019-20: Hyderabad FC sign Brazilian forward Bobo|access-date=2020-07-01|website=www.theisltrolls.com|language=en|date = 1 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Joel Chianese]]|| {{flagicon|AUS}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2020–present|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2020-21-hyderabad-fc-joel-chianese|title=Hyderabad FC sign A-League winger Joel Chianese|website=www.khelnow.com|language=en|date = 20 June 2020|author =Tarkesh Jha}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[João Victor (footballer, born 1988)|João Victor]]|| {{flagicon|BRA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2020–present|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2020/announcement/hyderabad-fc-complete-joao-victor-signing/|title=Hyderabad FC complete João Victor signing|website=hyderabadfc.co.in|access-date=28 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Lluís Sastre]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2020–present|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2020/announcement/hyderabad-fc-sign-spaniard-lluis-sastre/|title=Hyderabad FC sign Spaniard Lluís Sastre|website=hyderabadfc.co.in|access-date=8 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Aridane Santana]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2020–present|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2020/announcement/hyderabad-fc-bolster-attack-with-aridane-santana-signing/|title=Hyderabad FC bolster attack with Aridane Santana signing|website=hyderabadfc.co.in|access-date=17 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Odei Onaindia]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2020–present|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2020/announcement/hyderabad-fc-strengthen-defense-sign-odei-onaindia/|title=Spanish defender pens a one-year deal with HFC|website=hyderabadfc.co.in|access-date=19 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Francisco Sandaza]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2020–present|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2020/announcement/spaniard-fran-sandaza-joins-hyderabad-fc/|title=Experienced attacker pens one-year deal with Marquez's side|website=hyderabadfc.co.in|access-date=21 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Roland Alberg]]|| {{flagicon|SUR}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2020–present|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=28 December 2020|title=Hyderabad FC sign attacking midfielder Roland Alberg on loan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/hyderabad-fc-sign-attacking-midfielder-roland-alberg-on-loan/articleshow/79992999.cms|access-date=28 December 2020|website=Times Of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Hyderabad FC}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hyderabad FC players|*]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of Indian Super League players|SC Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of footballers in India by club|SC Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Hyderabad FC-related lists|Players]]<br /> [[Category:Association football player non-biographical articles]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooku_with_Comali_season_3&diff=494896 2025-11-23T17:15:55Z

<p>GiseleStead: created some biography added tags...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox television season<br /> | bg_colour = #006800<br /> | season_name = Cooku With Comali<br /> | season_number = 3<br /> | image =<br /> | module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season<br /> | judges = [[Chef Damu]] &lt;br&gt; [[Samayal Samayal with Venkatesh Bhat|Chef Venkatesh Bhat]]<br /> | host = [[Rakshan]] <br /> | num_contestants = 12<br /> | winner = [[Shruthika|Shruthika Arjun ]] <br /> | runner_up = [[Darshan (Tamil actor)|Darshan]]<br /> }}<br /> | num_episodes = 54<br /> | network = [[Star Vijay]]<br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|2022|01|22|df=y}}<br /> | last_aired = {{End date|2022|07|24|df=y}}<br /> | prev_season = [[Cooku with Comali season 2|Season 2]]<br /> | next_season = [[Cooku with Comali season 4|Season 4]] <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Cooku with Comali 3''''' is the third season of the Tamil reality cooking TV show [[Cooku with Comali]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Pugazh to give Cook With Comali 3 a miss? - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/pugazh-to-give-cook-with-comali-3-a-miss/articleshow/88588754.cms|access-date=2022-01-17|website=The Times of India|date=30 December 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=தொடங்கியாச்சு குக் வித் கோமாளி சீசன் 3: யார் யார் கலந்துக்க போறாங்க தெரியுமா|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/cook-with-comali-season-3-contestant-detail/articleshow/88941416.cms|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Samayam Tamil|language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; that was launched on 22 January 2022. This season is hosted by [[Rakshan]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-01-14|title=Cooku With Comali 3 Going Off-air? Fans Shocked|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/cooku-with-comali-3-going-off-air-fans-shocked-4658099.html|access-date=2022-01-17|website=News18|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-01-15|title=Cook With Comali Season 3 Contestants Names, Comali List - 2022|url=https://www.serialupdates.me/cook-with-comali-season-3-contestants-names-comali-list-2022/|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Serial Updates|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Winters|first=Bryce J.|date=2022-01-15|title=Cook With Comali Season 3 Contestants List With Photos: New Host &amp; Contestants Revealed!|url=https://thenewscrunch.com/cook-with-comali-season-3-contestants-list-with-photos-new-host-contestants-revealed/40773/|access-date=2022-01-17|website=TheNewsCrunch|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and judged by [[Chef Damodharan]] and Chef [[Venkatesh Bhat]].<br /> <br /> The Grand Finale Telecasted on 24 July 2022, with [[Shrutika]] winning the title and [[Darshan (Tamil actor)|Darshan]] emerging as the runner up of the show.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cook with Comali Season 3 Winner: sivanesh.U Won The &quot;Cook with Comali&quot; Tamil Reality Cooking Show Season 3 Trophy!|url=https://bulletinxp.com/entertainment/cook-with-comali-season-3-winner/17459/|access-date=2022-07-27|website=bulletinxp.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Contestants (Cooks) ==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot; text-align:center; font-size:100%; line-height:30px; width:auto;&quot;<br /> <br /> !Name<br /> !Entry episode<br /> !Episode Exited<br /> !Status<br /> !Elimination Faced<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |[[Shrutika|Shruthika Arjun]]<br /> |Episode 1<br /> |Episode 54<br /> |style=&quot;background:#73FB76&quot;;|''' Winner''' <br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Darshan (Tamil actor)|Darshan]]<br /> |Episode 1<br /> |Episode 54<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1E8EF;&quot; |'''1st Runner up'''<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ammu Abhirami]]<br /> |Episode 1<br /> |Episode 54<br /> |Style=&quot;background:#7FFFD4;&quot;|'''2nd Runner Up'''<br /> |2<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Vidyullekha Raman]]<br /> |Episode 1<br /> |Episode 54<br /> |Style=&quot;background:#DDA0DD;&quot;|'''3rd Runner Up'''<br /> |2<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Santhosh Prathap]]<br /> |Episode 1 <br /> |Episode 28 / Episode 54<br /> |Style=&quot;background:#FF69B4;&quot; |'''4th Runner Up'''<br /> |3<br /> |Style=&quot;background:yellow;&quot;|Re-joined<br /> |-<br /> |[[Grace Karunas]]<br /> |Episode 1<br /> | Episode 40 / Episode 54<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF00FF; text-align:center;&quot; |'''5th Runner Up''' <br /> |1<br /> |Style=&quot;background:yellow;&quot;|Re-joined<br /> |-<br /> |Vettai Muthukumar<br /> |Episode 29<br /> |Episode 50<br /> | {{no|''Eliminated''}}<br /> |2<br /> |Style=&quot;background:pink;&quot;|Wild card contestant<br /> |-<br /> |[[Roshini Haripriyan]]<br /> |Episode 1<br /> ||Episode 44<br /> | {{no|''Eliminated''}}<br /> |4<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Chutti Aravind]]<br /> |Episode 29<br /> |Episode 36<br /> | {{no|''Eliminated''}}<br /> |1<br /> |Style=&quot;background:pink;&quot;|Wild card contestant<br /> |-<br /> |[[Anthony Daasan]]<br /> |Episode 1<br /> |Episode 18<br /> | {{no|''Eliminated''}}<br /> |2<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Manobala]]<br /> |Episode 1<br /> |Episode 14<br /> | {{no|''Eliminated''}}<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Rahul Thatha]]<br /> |Episode 1<br /> |Episode 8<br /> | {{no|''Eliminated''}}<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Comalis ==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> *[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]<br /> *[[KPY Bala]] '''(Winner Comali) '''<br /> *[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]<br /> *[[Sunita Gogoi]]<br /> *Mohamed Kuraishi<br /> *Sakthi Raj<br /> *Adhirchi Arun<br /> *[[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]] '''(Winner Comali) '''<br /> *Mookuthi Murugan<br /> *Bharat K Rajesh <br /> *Sheethal Clarin<br /> *[[Thangadurai (actor)|Thangadurai]]<br /> *Sarath Raj<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> == Weekly Summary ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Week<br /> !Cook of the week<br /> !Comali of the week<br /> !Advantage Task<br /> !Immunity Band<br /> !Elimination<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Grace Karunas<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sheetal Clarin<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 3<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Grace Karunas<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bharat K Rajesh<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manobala<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Grace Karunas<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 4<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Shrutika Arjun<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Pugazh<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Ammu Abhirami<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Rahul Thatha<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 5<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Anthony Daasan<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunitha Gogoi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Roshini Haripriyan<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Anthony Daasan<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 6<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Grace Karunas<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Grace Karunas<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FFFACD; text-align:center;&quot; | ''Celebration''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 7<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Grace Karunas<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunitha Gogoi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Shrutika Arjun<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manobala<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 8<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Shrutika Arjun<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Ammu Abhirami<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Shrutika Arjun<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 9<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Vidyullekha Raman <br /> Santhosh Prathap (joint winner)<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunitha Gogoi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Roshini Haripriyan<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Anthony Daasan<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 10<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Dharsan<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunitha Gogoi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Vidyullekha Raman<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Dharsan<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 11<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Ammu Abhirami<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mohamed Kuraishi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Shrutika Arjun<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{no|''Cancelled''}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 12<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Dharsan<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sakthi Raj<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Grace Karunas<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FFFACD; text-align:center;&quot; | ''Celebration'' <br /> |Tamil Puththandu Celebration<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 13<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Vidyullekha Raman<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Ammu Abhirami<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Vidyullekha Raman<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 14<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Dharsan<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manimegalai<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Santhosh Prathap<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Santhosh Prathap<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 15<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Grace Karunas<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunita Gogoi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Vidyullekha Raman<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FFFACD; text-align:center;&quot; | ''Celebration''<br /> | Wildcard Round 1<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 16<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Dharsan<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mohamed Kuraishi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Roshini Haripriyan<br /> | {{no|''Cancelled''}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 17<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Muthukumar<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mohamed Kuraishi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Dharsan<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Muthukumar &lt;br /&gt; Vidyullekha Raman<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 18<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Ammu Abhirami<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Dharsan<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Chutti Aravind<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 19<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Muthukumar<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manimegalai<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Grace Karunas <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Muthukumar <br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 20<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Shrutika Arjun<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Adhirchi Arun<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Grace Karunas<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Grace Karunas<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 21<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Shrutika Arjun<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bharat K Rajesh<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Vidyullekha Raman<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Shruthika Arjun<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> |Family Round<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 22<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Darshan<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunitha Gogoi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Muthukumar<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Roshini Haripriyan<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 23<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Dharshan &amp; Kani<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sheetal &amp; Sunita<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Muthukumar &amp; Pavithra<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |Season 2 and Season 3 celebration<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 24<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Shrutika - 1st Finalist<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Muthukumar <br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> |Ticket to Finale<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 25<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Ammu Abhirami - 2nd Finalist <br /> Vidyullekha Raman - 3rd Finalist<br /> <br /> Dharsan - 4th Finalist<br /> | {{n/a}} <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Ammu Abhirami<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Muthukumar<br /> |Semi Finals<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 26<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Grace Karunas - 5th Finalist Santhosh Prathap - 6th Finalist<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Grace Karunas<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Wildcard Round 2<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 27&lt;br&gt;'''GRAND FINALE'''<br /> |colspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:gold;&quot;| '''Finale Results:'''<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#FF00FF&quot;|'''Grace Karunas''' (5th Runner Up)<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#FF69B4&quot;|'''Santhosh Prathap''' (4th Runner Up)<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#DDA0DD&quot;|'''Vidyullekha Raman''' (3rd Runner Up)<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#7FFFD4&quot;|'''Ammu Abhirami''' (2nd Runner Up)<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#D1E8EF&quot;|'''Darshan''' (1st Runner Up)<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#73FB76&quot;|'''Shrutika Arjun''' ('''WINNER''')<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Statistics ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cook of the week<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Comali of the week<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Advantage Task<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Immunity Round<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Elimination Round<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Darshan<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 6<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunitha Gogoi <br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 7<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Grace Karunas<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 5<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Shrutika Arjun<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 6<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Roshini Haripriyan<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 4<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Shrutika Arjun<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 5<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | KPY Bala<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 6<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Ammu Abhirami<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 5<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Grace Karunas<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 5<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Santhosh Prathap<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 3<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Grace Karunas<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 5<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manimegalai<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Roshini Haripriyan<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 3<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Dharshan<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 4<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Ammu Abhirami<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Ammu Abhirami<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 3<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mohamed Kuraishi<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Vidyullekha Raman<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 3<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Muthukumar<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 3<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Anthony Daasan<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Vidyullekha Raman<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bharat K Rajesh<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Dharsan<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 3<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Vidyullekha Raman<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 3<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Vidyullekha Raman<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Muthukumar<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sheetal Clarin<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Shrutika Arjun<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Ammu Abhirami<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Grace Karunas<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Anthony Daasan<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Pugazh<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Santhosh Prathap<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Roshini Haripriyan<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Shrutika Arjun<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Santhosh Pratap<br /> |scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Adhirchi Arun<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manobala<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Santhosh Prathap<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Chutti Aravind<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sakthi Raj<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Muthukumar<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manobala<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manobala<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Anthony Daasan<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Rahul Thatha<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |Darshan<br /> |scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |Muthukumar<br /> |scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Cook &amp; Comali Pairings==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; textcolor:&quot;#000;&quot;<br /> |- {{rh|align=center}} |<br /> ! '''Cooks&lt;br/&gt;'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Week 1'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Week 2'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Week 3'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Week 4'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Week 5'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Week 6'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Week 7'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Week 8'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Week 9'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Week 10'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Week 11'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Week 12'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Week 13'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Week 14'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Week 15'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Week 16'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Week 17'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Week 18'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Week 19'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Week 20'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Week 21'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Week 22'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Week 23'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Week 24'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Week 25'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Week 26'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Week 27 Round 1'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Week 27 Round 2'''<br /> |-<br /> | {{rh|align=center}} | '''Ammu Abhirami'''<br /> | {{D-A|''Week 2 Entry''}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Adhirchi Arun<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Adhirchi Arun<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mohamed Kuraishi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Adhirchi Arun<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bharat K Rajesh<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Adhirchi Arun<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sivaangi Krishnakumar<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sivaangi Krishnakumar<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mohamed Kuraishi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manimegalai<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mohamed Kuraishi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunita Gogoi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sivaangi Krishnakumar<br /> | {{D-A|''Not participated''}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunita Gogoi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sivaangi Krishnakumar<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mohamed Kuraishi <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mohamed Kuraishi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sivaangi Krishnakumar<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Adhirchi Arun<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manimegalai<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala / Manimegalai<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FFFF00; text-align:center;&quot; | ''Finalist''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Pugazh<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mohamed Kuraishi<br /> |-<br /> | {{rh|align=center}} | '''Darshan'''<br /> | {{D-A|''Week 2 Entry''}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunita Gogoi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Pugazh<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mohamed Kuraishi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Adhirchi Arun<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manimegalai<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bharat K Rajesh<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manimegalai<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunita Gogoi<br /> | style=&quot;background:#50C878; text-align:center;&quot; | ''Immunity''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sakthi Raj<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sivaangi Krishnakumar<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manimegalai<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mookuthi Murugan<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mohamed Kuraishi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Adhirchi Arun<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Adhirchi Arun<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manimegalai<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Tiger Thangadurai<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunita Gogoi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sheethal Clarin<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mohamed Kuraishi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Adhirchi Arun / Bharat K Rajesh<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FFFF00; text-align:center;&quot; | ''Finalist''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunita Gogoi <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sivaangi Krishnakumar<br /> |-<br /> | {{rh|align=center}} | '''Vidyullekha Raman'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mookuthi Murugan<br /> | {{D-A|''Week 1 Entry''}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sakthi Raj<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bharat K Rajesh<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sivaangi Krishnakumar<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mohamed Kuraishi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Adhirchi Arun<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sheethal Clarin<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunitha Gogoi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sivaangi Krishnakumar <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala<br /> | style=&quot;background:#50C878; text-align:center;&quot; | ''Immunity''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manimegalai<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manimegalai<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Adhirchi Arun <br /> | style=&quot;background:#50C878; text-align:center;&quot; | ''Immunity''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mohamed Kuraishi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mohamed Kuraishi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Tiger Thangadurai<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sivaangi Krishnakumar<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunita Gogoi / Sheethal Clarin<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FFFF00; text-align:center;&quot; | ''Finalist''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sivaangi Krishnakumar <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala<br /> |-<br /> | {{rh|align=center}} | '''Shruthika'''<br /> | {{D-A|''Week 2 Entry''}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sakthi Raj<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Pugazh<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mookuthi Murugan <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunita Gogoi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mohamed Kuraishi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala<br /> | style=&quot;background:#50C878; text-align:center;&quot; | ''Immunity''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mohamed Kuraishi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sivaangi Krishnakumar<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manimegalai<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sivaangi Krishnakumar<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mohamed Kuraishi<br /> | {{D-A|''Not participated''}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sivaangi Krishnakumar<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunita Gogoi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunita Gogoi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Adhirchi Arun<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bharat K Rajesh<br /> | style=&quot;background:#50C878; text-align:center;&quot; | ''Immunity''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mohamed Kuraishi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FFFF00; text-align:center;&quot; | ''Finalist''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Pugazh<br /> |-<br /> | {{rh|align=center}} | '''Grace''' '''Karunas'''<br /> | {{D-A|''Week 2 Entry''}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sheethal Clarin<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bharat K Rajesh<br /> | style=&quot;background:#50C878; text-align:center;&quot; | ''Immunity''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bharat K Rajesh<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunita Gogoi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunita Gogoi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mohamed Kuraishi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manimegalai<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bharat K Rajesh<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Adhirchi Arun<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bharat K Rajesh<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mohamed Kuraishi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunita Gogoi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sivaangi Krishnakumar<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sheethal Clarin<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bharat K Rajesh<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunitha Gogoi<br /> | colspan=&quot;5&quot; {{no|''Eliminated''}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bharat K Rajesh<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mohamed Kuraishi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manimegalai<br /> |-<br /> | {{rh|align=center}} | '''Santhosh''' '''Prathap'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manimegalai<br /> | {{D-A|''Week 1 Entry''}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sheethal Clarin<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sivaangi Krishnakumar<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sheethal Clarin<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Pugazh<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sivaangi Krishnakumar <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mohamed Kuraishi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bharat K Rajesh<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Adhirchi Arun<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manimegalai<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunita Gogoi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Adhirchi Arun<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sarath Raj<br /> | colspan=&quot;11&quot; {{no|''Eliminated''}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manimegalai <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bharat K Rajesh / Adhirchi Arun<br /> |-<br /> | {{rh|align=center}} | '''Vettai''' '''Muthukumar'''<br /> | colspan=&quot;14&quot; style=&quot;background:#A7C7E7; text-align:center;&quot; | ''Wildcard Contestant''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bharat K Rajesh<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunita Gogoi <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mohamed Kuraishi <br /> | style=&quot;background:#50C878; text-align:center;&quot; | ''Immunity''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manimegalai<br /> | style=&quot;background:#50C878; text-align:center;&quot; | ''Immunity''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunita Gogoi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sakthi Raj<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunita Gogoi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Rakshan/ Sivaangi Krishnakumar '''Eliminated'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunita Gogoi<br /> |-<br /> | {{rh|align=center}} | '''Roshni Haripriyan'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mohamed Kuraishi<br /> | {{D-A|''Week 1 Entry''}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunitha Gogoi <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manimegalai <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sivaangi Krishnakumar<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sheethal Clarin<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sivaangi Krishnakumar<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bharat K Rajesh<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunitha Gogoi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bharat K Rajesh<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunita Gogoi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bharat K Rajesh<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bharat K Rajesh<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mohamed Kuraishi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Pugazh<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bharat K Rajesh<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manimegalai<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manimegalai<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; {{no|''Eliminated''}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mohamed Kuraishi<br /> |-<br /> | {{rh|align=center}} | '''Chutti''' '''Aravind'''<br /> | colspan=&quot;14&quot; style=&quot;background:#A7C7E7; text-align:center;&quot; | ''Wildcard Contestant''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Adhirchi Arun<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Adhirchi Arun/Pugazh<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manimegalai<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sivaangi Krishnakumar<br /> | colspan=&quot;7&quot; {{no|''Eliminated''}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sivaangi Krishnakumar<br /> |-<br /> | {{rh|align=center}} | '''Anthony''' '''Daasan'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bharat K Rajesh <br /> | {{D-A|''Week 1 Entry''}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mohamed Kuraishi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Adhirchi Arun<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunita Gogoi<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bharat K Rajesh<br /> |style=&quot;background:#50C878; text-align:center;&quot; | ''Immunity''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manimegalai<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Pugazh<br /> | colspan=&quot;17&quot; {{no|''Eliminated''}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{rh|align=center}} | '''Manobala'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sivaangi Krishnakumar<br /> | {{D-A|''Week 1 Entry''}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mookuthi Murugan<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Mookuthi Murugan<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manimegalai<br /> | {{D-A|''Not participated''}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manimegalai<br /> | colspan=&quot;19&quot; {{no|''Eliminated''}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{rh|align=center}} | '''Rahul Thatha'''<br /> | {{D-A|''Week 2 Entry''}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manimegalai<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunitha Gogoi<br /> | colspan=&quot;21&quot; {{no|''Eliminated''}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Manimegalai<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; textcolor:&quot;#000;&quot;<br /> |- {{rh|align=center}} |<br /> ! '''Cooks (Guests)'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=70% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Week 23'''<br /> |-<br /> | {{rh|align=center}} | '''Kani Thiru'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sunita Gogoi<br /> |-<br /> | {{rh|align=center}} | '''Shakeela'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Bala<br /> |-<br /> | {{rh|align=center}} | '''Pavithra Lakshmi'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Pugazh<br /> |-<br /> | {{rh|align=center}} | '''Rithika Tamil Selvi'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sarath Raj<br /> |-<br /> | {{rh|align=center}} | '''Deepa Shankar'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Sivaangi Krishnakumar<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Pairing Matrix ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; width=&quot;125%&quot; textcolor:&quot;#000;&quot;<br /> |- <br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Cooks&lt;br/&gt;'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Bala'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Sivaangi Krishnakumar'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Manimegalai'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Sunita Gogoi'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Mohamed Kuraishi'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''Bharat K Rajesh'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Adhirchi Arun'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Pugazh'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Sheethal Clarin'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Mookuthi Murugan'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Sakthi Raj'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Sarath Raj'''<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Thangadurai'''<br /> |-<br /> | {{rh|align=center}} | '''Ammu Abhirami'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 3 &lt;br /&gt; Week 4 &lt;br /&gt; Week 18 &lt;br /&gt; Week 25<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 5 &lt;br /&gt; Week 9 &lt;br /&gt; Week 10 &lt;br /&gt; Week 15 &lt;br /&gt; Week 19 &lt;br /&gt; Week 22<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 3 &lt;br /&gt; Week 12 &lt;br /&gt; Week 24 &lt;br /&gt; Week 25<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2 &lt;br /&gt; Week 14 &lt;br /&gt; Week 17<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 6 &lt;br /&gt; Week 5 &lt;br /&gt; Week 11 &lt;br /&gt; Week 13 &lt;br /&gt; Week 20 &lt;br /&gt; Week 21 &lt;br /&gt; Week 27 <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 7<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 5 &lt;br /&gt; Week 2 &lt;br /&gt; Week 3 &lt;br /&gt; Week 6 &lt;br /&gt; Week 8<br /> Week 23<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 27 <br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{rh|align=center}} | '''Darshan'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2 &lt;br /&gt; Week 7 &lt;br /&gt; Week 17<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2 &lt;br /&gt; Week 13<br /> Week 27<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 4 &lt;br /&gt; Week 6 &lt;br /&gt; Week 9 &lt;br /&gt; Week 14 &lt;br /&gt; Week 20<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 4 &lt;br /&gt; Week 2 &lt;br /&gt; Week 10 &lt;br /&gt; Week 22 &lt;br /&gt; Week 27<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 3 &lt;br /&gt; Week 4 &lt;br /&gt; Week 16 &lt;br /&gt; Week 24<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2 &lt;br /&gt; Week 8 &lt;br /&gt; Week 25<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 4 &lt;br /&gt; Week 5 &lt;br /&gt; Week 18 &lt;br /&gt; Week 19 &lt;br /&gt; Week 25<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 3<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 23<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 15<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1<br /> Week 12<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> |1<br /> Week 21<br /> |-<br /> | {{rh|align=center}} | '''Vidyullekha Raman'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 6&lt;br /&gt; Week 10 &lt;br /&gt; Week 12 &lt;br /&gt; Week 13 &lt;br /&gt; Week 20<br /> Week 21<br /> <br /> Week 27<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 4 &lt;br /&gt; Week 5 &lt;br /&gt; Week 11 &lt;br /&gt; Week 24 &lt;br /&gt; Week 27<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2 &lt;br /&gt; Week 15 &lt;br /&gt; Week 16<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2 &lt;br /&gt; Week 9 &lt;br /&gt; Week 25<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 3 &lt;br /&gt; Week 6 &lt;br /&gt; Week 19 &lt;br /&gt; Week 22<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 4<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2 &lt;br /&gt; Week 7 &lt;br /&gt; Week 17<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2 &lt;br /&gt; Week 8 &lt;br /&gt; Week 25<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 1<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1<br /> Week<br /> 3<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> |1<br /> Week 23<br /> |-<br /> | {{rh|align=center}} | '''Shruthika'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 5 &lt;br /&gt; Week 3 &lt;br /&gt; Week 8 &lt;br /&gt; Week 11 &lt;br /&gt; Week 24 &lt;br /&gt; Week 27<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 3 &lt;br /&gt; Week 12 &lt;br /&gt; Week 14 &lt;br /&gt; Week 17<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 13 <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 3 &lt;br /&gt; Week 6 &lt;br /&gt; Week 18 &lt;br /&gt; Week 19<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 4&lt;br /&gt; Week 7 &lt;br /&gt; Week 10 &lt;br /&gt; Week 15<br /> Week 23<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 21<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 20<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 4<br /> | Week 4{{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;Week 5<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 2<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{rh|align=center}} | '''Grace Karunas'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2 &lt;br /&gt; Week 6 &lt;br /&gt; Week 19<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt;Week 16<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2 &lt;br /&gt;Week 10<br /> Week 27<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 4 &lt;br /&gt;Week 7 &lt;br /&gt; Week 8 &lt;br /&gt; Week 15 &lt;br /&gt; Week 20<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 3 &lt;br /&gt; Week 9 &lt;br /&gt; Week 14 &lt;br /&gt; Week 27<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 6 &lt;br /&gt; Week 3 &lt;br /&gt; Week 5 &lt;br /&gt; Week 11 &lt;br /&gt; Week 14 &lt;br /&gt; Week 18 &lt;br /&gt; Week 26<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 12<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2 &lt;br /&gt; Week 2 &lt;br /&gt; Week 17<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{rh|align=center}} | '''Santhosh''' '''Prathap'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 26<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 3 &lt;br /&gt; Week 4 &lt;br /&gt; Week 7 <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 3 &lt;br /&gt; Week 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 11 &lt;br /&gt; Week 27<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 12<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 8<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2&lt;br /&gt; Week 9<br /> Week27<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 3&lt;br /&gt; Week 10 &lt;br /&gt; Week 13<br /> Week 27<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 6<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2 &lt;br /&gt; Week 3 &lt;br /&gt; Week 5<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 14<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{rh|align=center}} | '''Muthukumar'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 22 <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 25<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 19<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 4 &lt;br /&gt; Week 16 &lt;br /&gt; Week 26<br /> Week 21&lt;br /&gt; Week 24<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt; Week 17 &lt;br /&gt; <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 15<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 23<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{rh|align=center}} |'''Roshni Haripriyan'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 4&lt;br /&gt; Week 5 &lt;br /&gt; Week 9 &lt;br /&gt; Week 15 &lt;br /&gt; Week 16<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2 &lt;br /&gt; Week 6 &lt;br /&gt; Week 8<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 3&lt;br /&gt; Week 4&lt;br /&gt; Week 21 &lt;br /&gt; Week 22<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 3 &lt;br /&gt; Week 3 &lt;br /&gt; Week 11 &lt;br /&gt; Week 13<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 3 &lt;br /&gt; Week 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week18 &lt;br /&gt; Week 26<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 5 &lt;br /&gt; Week 10 &lt;br /&gt; Week 12 &lt;br /&gt; Week 14 &lt;br /&gt; Week 17 &lt;br /&gt; Week 20<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 19<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 7<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{rh|align=center}} | '''Chutti''' '''Aravind'''<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2 &lt;br /&gt;Week 18 &lt;br /&gt; Week 26<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt;Week 17<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2 &lt;br /&gt; Week 15 &lt;br /&gt; Week 16 <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 16 <br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{rh|align=center}} |'''Anthony''' '''Daasan'''<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 8<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 5<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 3<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2 &lt;br /&gt; Week 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 6<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 4<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 9<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{rh|align=center}} |'''Manobala'''<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 1<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2 &lt;br /&gt; Week 5 &lt;br /&gt; Week 7<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2 &lt;br /&gt; Week 3 &lt;br /&gt; Week 4<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{rh|align=center}} | '''Rahul Thatha'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt;Week 2<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2 &lt;br /&gt; Week 3 &lt;br /&gt; Week 26<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1 &lt;br /&gt; Week 4<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Special Guests ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Date<br /> !Guest<br /> !Note<br /> |-<br /> |12 and 13 March 2022<br /> |[[Dulquer Salmaan]], [[Aditi Rao Hydari]], [[Brinda (choreographer)|Brinda]]<br /> |[[Hey Sinamika]] promotion<br /> |-<br /> |14 and 15 May 2022<br /> |[[Sivakarthikeyan]], [[Priyanka Arul Mohan]]<br /> |[[Don (2022 film)|Don]] promotion<br /> |-<br /> |18 and 19 June 2022<br /> |[[RJ Balaji]], [[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]]<br /> |[[Veetla Vishesham]] promotion<br /> |-<br /> |25 and 26 June 2022<br /> |Kani Thiru, [[Shakeela]], Pavithra Lakshmi, [[Rithika Tamil Selvi]], Deepa Shankar<br /> |For Top Five contestants from Season 2 for celebration round<br /> |-<br /> |2 and 3 July 2022<br /> |[[R. Parthiban]], [[Brigida Saga]]<br /> |[[Iravin Nizhal]] promotion<br /> |-<br /> |9 and 10 July 2022<br /> |[[Devadarshini]], Chef Koushik<br /> |Semi Final<br /> |}<br /> Sheethal Clarin, Mookuthi Murugan, Sakthi Raj, [[Madurai Muthu]], Sarath Raj and [[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]] are frequent guest comalis of the show<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb episodes|13464516}}<br /> <br /> {{STAR Vijay TV shows}}<br /> {{Cooku with Comali}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cooku with Comali]]<br /> [[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]<br /> [[Category:2022 Tamil-language television seasons]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language game shows]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]<br /> [[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language cooking television series]]<br /> [[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series endings]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93China_Border_Roads&diff=477428 2025-11-23T09:58:34Z

<p>GiseleStead: added some article w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian government project to develop border roads}}<br /> {{Dynamic list|multiple=yes}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox<br /> | bodystyle = width:22em<br /> | titlestyle = <br /> | above = India China Border Roads<br /> | abovestyle = background:#cfc;<br /> | subheader = ICBRs, ICB Roads<br /> | imagestyle = <br /> | captionstyle = <br /> | image = {{Photomontage<br /> | photo1a = ICB roads Ladakh.png<br /> | photo1b = ICB Roads in Uttarakhand.png<br /> | photo2a = ICBR Roads in Arunachal Pradesh Phase 1.png<br /> | photo2b =<br /> | size = 240<br /> | color = transparent<br /> | border = 0<br /> | text = Highlights in red for Ladakh, Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh<br /> | text_background = transparent<br /> }}<br /> | caption = <br /> | headerstyle = background:#bae6c6;<br /> | labelstyle = background:#ddf width:8em%;<br /> | header1 = <br /> | label1 = Type of project<br /> | data1 = Infrastructure development<br /> | header2 = <br /> | label2 = Current status<br /> | data2 = Ongoing (Establishing connectivity and maintenance)<br /> | header3 = <br /> | label3 = Location<br /> | data3 = Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh<br /> | header5 = <br /> | label5 = Approved<br /> | data5 = 1999<br /> | header6 = Length of roads<br /> | label7 = Phase 1<br /> | data7 = 3,323 km (approved in 2005)<br /> | header8 = <br /> | label8 = Phase 2<br /> | data8 = 6,700 km (approved in 2020)<br /> | label9 = Total length<br /> | data9 = 10,023 km<br /> | header10 = Status<br /> | label11 = Phase 1<br /> | data11 = 15% complete by 2012,&lt;ref name=&quot;:TribuneBorderLogistics&quot; /&gt; 20% complete by 2015&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sen|first=Sudhi Ranjan|date=27 February 2015|title=Only 20 Per Cent of India-China Strategic Border Roads Ready Till Now|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/only-one-fifth-of-india-china-strategic-border-roads-ready-till-now-743051|access-date=2022-01-17|website=NDTV}}&lt;/ref&gt; 46% complete and 95% connectivity established by 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;:Status&quot; /&gt;<br /> | header11 = <br /> | label12 = Phase 2<br /> | data12 = Ongoing<br /> | header12 = <br /> | belowstyle = <br /> | below = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[File:Darcha Padum Road Below Shinku La Lahaul Oct22 A7C 03533.jpg|thumb|left|The winding road below [[Shingo La]] in [[Lahaul]], Himachal Pradesh, that connects the region with [[Zanskar]] in Ladakh]]<br /> '''India–China Border Roads''' (ICBRs, ICB Roads) is a [[Government of India]] project for developing infrastructure along the [[Line of Actual Control|Sino-Indian border]] by constructing strategic roads, including bridges and tunnels.&lt;ref name=&quot;:TribuneBorderLogistics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Banerjee|first=Ajay|date=9 June 2013|title=Border Logistics. As China builds on border, policy potholes block India. Poor access undermines defence. No one knows how to fund rail lines. Confusion over crossroads within BRO.|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130609/edit.htm#1|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The Tribune India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Rahul|date=2019-02-13|title=Speed up road construction along China border: Parliamentary panel asks BRO|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/speed-up-road-construction-along-china-border-parliamentary-panel-asks-bro/story-GACofYeYv5l6tbK3XDjbvO.html|access-date=2020-06-18|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Jitendra Bahadur|date=17 June 2020|title=India to accelerate construction of roads along Chinese border: Sources|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-to-accelerate-construction-of-roads-along-chinese-border-sources-1690060-2020-06-17|access-date=2022-01-08|website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ICBR project is largely in response to Chinese infrastructure development along the borderlands with India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Jakhar|first=Pratik|date=2020-07-30|title=India and China race to build along a disputed frontier|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53171124|access-date=2022-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;chinaInfrastructure&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=4 September 2020|title=China planning building spree in Tibet as India tensions rise, sources say|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-investment-tibet-idUSKBN25V1KS}}&lt;/ref&gt; Several entities are responsible for constructing ICBR, including [[Border Roads Organisation]] (BRO) which handles the bulk of the ICBR road construction work,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI), [[National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited]] (NHIDCL), [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region]] (MoDNER), [[Central Public Works Department]] (CPWD), public works departments of respective states and others.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; At least 67 per cent of the road network assigned to BRO falls under ICBR.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Three phases of ICBR roads have been approved entailing 177 roads of over {{cvt|10023|km}} total length along the [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC) with China under the &quot;Border Infrastructure and Management Fund&quot; (BIMF) of [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], including 73 roads of {{cvt|3323|km}} length under Phase-I and Phase-II approved since 2005 and additional 104 roads of more than {{cvt|6700|km}} length under ICBR-III approved in 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-05-04|title=India-China Border Row: India Continues To Upgrade Border Infrastructure As Chinese PLA Looks To Pre-Empt India|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/india-continues-upgrading-border-infrastructure-amid-chinese-challenges-in-himalayas/|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The EurAsian Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|date=2021-03-15|title=Critical road on China border being constructed in Ladakh: MHA|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/critical-road-on-china-border-being-constructed-in-ladakh-mha/article34077712.ece|url-access=subscription|access-date=2022-01-11|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-05-09|title=Struggling with 73 roads, govt plans 55 more on China border|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/545284/struggling-73-roads-govt-plans.html|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of August 2024, the work on Phase-III had commenced, and the Phase-I and Phase-II were complete except some residual work from Phase-II.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rdd1&quot;&gt;[https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/India/border-road-organisation-starts-phase-3-of-india-china-border-roads-project/ar-BB1qMcPY?ocid=BingNewsVerp Border Road Organisation starts phase 3 of India, China Border Roads Project], MSN, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; ICBR covers construction of several roads, 18 feet wide foot tracks and border out posts (BoPs) connecting several LAC [[Patrol Point]]s (PP) and [[Border Personnel Meeting point|Border Personnel Meeting (BPM) point]]s. For example, in 2021 India was building 57 roads, 32 helipads, 47 BoPs, 12 staging camps for [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police|ITBP]] and many 18&amp;nbsp;ft tracks in Arunachal Pradesh under various ICBR phases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> India has set up an inter-departmental &quot;Empowered Committee&quot; (EC) headed by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] to expedite the issue resolution and timely completion of ICBR infrastructure after the delay in forest/wildlife clearance and land acquisition, rugged terrain, limited working season due to winter and rains, scarcity of construction material, etc. resulted in the missed deadlines in the past.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=17 March 2021|title=Another 6,700-km roads to come up along LAC|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/another-6-700-km-roads-to-come-up-along-lac-226715|access-date=2022-01-11|website=Tribune India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some of the important already completed projects include the [[Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road|Darbuk-Shayok-Daulat Beg Oldie Road]] (DS-DBO) and [[Atal Tunnel]] under [[Rohtang Pass]]; and the under-construction important projects include the [[Sela Tunnel]] in Arunachal Pradesh and a road-cum-rail tunnel under the [[Brahmaputra River]] in Assam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-06-02|title=Amid Ladakh standoff with China, India puts border roads in fast lane|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/020620/amid-ladakh-standoff-with-china-india-puts-border-roads-in-fast-lane.html|access-date=2020-06-18|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Overview ==<br /> === Strategic infrastructure requirements ===<br /> {{see also|Sino-Indian War|Line of Actual Control}}<br /> <br /> In the wake of heightened road and track construction work undertaken by China along India's northern and eastern frontiers, India constituted a [[China Study Group]] (CSG) in 1997, to study the requirement of road communication, along the China border for brisk movement of troops in the event of armed conflict. At the end of the study, the CSG identified a network of 73 roads, called the India–China Border Roads (ICBR), to be developed along the Indo-China border. The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) in 1999 approved the construction of these roads by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) under the Ministry of Defence. The project was to be completed by 2006 but the deadline was then extended to 2012. The [[Standing Committee on Defence (India)|Standing Committee on Defence]], a body for legislative oversight, appraised strategic road connectivity in 2018. With regard to the slow pace of construction of border roads, the Border Roads Organisation stated to the committee:&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;[[Standing Committee on Defence (India)|Standing Committee on Defence]] (February 2019) [http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Defence/16_Defence_50.pdf Fiftieth Report: Provision of all weather road connectivity under Border Roads Organisation (BRO) and other agencies up to International borders as well as the strategic areas including approach roads- An appraisal.] Ministry of Defence, Lok Sabha Secretariat, Government of India. [https://archive.today/20200619062007/http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Defence/16_Defence_50.pdf Archived] from the original on 19 June 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Blockquote|text=It would not be incorrect to say that few years back the philosophy of our nation was that we should not make roads as near to the border as possible. That philosophy is telling today very clearly as to why we do not have roads. It is only couple of years back that we suddenly decided a change of philosophy and said no, we must go as far forward as possible. It is going to take time. Unfortunately, the time cannot be compressed. Whatever we can do, it will take time.|author=BRO|title=|source=50th Report, Standing Committee on Defence (2018–19)}}Reasons such as climate, geography, land acquisition and natural disasters also accounted for the delays.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dubey|first=Amitabh|date=3 July 2020|title=How True Is the Claim that Modi Govt Is the Architect of the Border Roads Project?|url=https://thewire.in/security/fact-check-india-china-border-roads|access-date=2020-09-07|website=The Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013 the [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) government took multiple administrative decisions to speed up construction. The [[2017 Doklam Standoff]] further raised the profile of the issue with the [[Narendra Modi|Modi]] government for border infrastructure along the China border.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; ICBRs are present in Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Border Infrastructure Management Authority (BIMA) ===<br /> In May 2022, Indian govt sources announced establishment of the ''Border Infrastructure Management Authority'' (BIMA) which is responsible for the integrated development of the border areas including road, rail, water, power, communications infrastructure, and the ''Vibrant Village Program'' for improvement of living conditions of natives in these areas to prevent their out-migration as the border villages are considered strategic assets.&lt;ref&gt;[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/eye-on-china-govt-plans-border-infra-management-authority/articleshow/91242116.cms Eye on China, govt plans border infra management authority], The Times of India, 2 May 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === ICBR project phases ===<br /> {{ anchor | Phase | Phases | phase | phases | ICBR Phases | ICBR phases }}<br /> ==== ICBR-I (Phase-1) and ICBR-II (Phase-2) ====<br /> {{ anchor | ICBR-I | ICBR Phase-I | ICBR phase-I | ICBR Phase-1 | ICBR phase-1 | ICBR-II | ICBR Phase-II | ICBR phase-II | ICBR Phase-2 | ICBR phase-2 }}<br /> <br /> Phase-1 or ICBR-1 project was conceived in 1999 with a target completion date of 2012 to construct 73 strategic ICBRs of nearly 4000&amp;nbsp;km length.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Gurung|first=Shaurya Karanbir|date=2018-04-20|title=Shortage of funds delaying strategic roads along China border|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/shortage-of-funds-delaying-strategic-roads-along-china-border/articleshow/63848147.cms|access-date=2020-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; It was approved in 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Of the 73 ICBR in Phase-1, the construction of 61 roads was assigned to BRO and remaining 12 to [[Central Public Works Department|CPWD]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=23 June 2020|agency=PTI|title=Govt to expedite work on 32 road projects along border with China: Officials|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-to-expedite-works-on-32-road-projects-along-border-with-china-officials/articleshow/76513561.cms|access-date=2022-01-12|newspaper=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Of the 61 roads assigned to BRO, 12 roads of 1,064.14&amp;nbsp;km length in Ladakh, 5 roads of 116.99&amp;nbsp;km length in Himachal Pradesh, 14 roads of 355&amp;nbsp;km length in Uttarakhand, 3 roads of 61.98&amp;nbsp;km length in Sikkim, and 27 roads of 1,725.46&amp;nbsp;km length are in Arunachal Pradesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;/&gt; ICBR-I is seen as a successor of BRO's [[Himank|Project HIMANK]] which was initiated in 1985 for the construction of border roads in Ladakh.<br /> <br /> As of March 2021, of the 61 ICBR-I and ICBR-II roads assigned to BRO, connectivity on 59 roads of 3,205.16&amp;nbsp;km length had been achieved. Of these 61 roads where connectivity has been achieved, 42 roads of 1,530.38&amp;nbsp;km have been [[Asphalt concrete|black topped]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Nag|first=Devanjana|date=16 March 2021|title=Massive boost to infra along India-China border; Connectivity on 59 strategically important roads achieved|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/roadways/massive-boost-to-infra-along-india-china-border-connectivity-on-59-strategically-important-roads-achieved/2213742/|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The Financial Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:Status&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2021-03-15|title=Connectivity achieved on 59 roads along India-China border — Rajnath Singh in Rajya Sabha|url=https://theprint.in/india/connectivity-achieved-on-59-roads-along-india-china-border-rajnath-singh-in-rajya-sabha/622450/|access-date=2022-01-18|newspaper=ThePrint}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== ICBR-III or Phase-3 ====<br /> {{ anchor | ICBR-III | ICBR Phase-III | ICBR phase-III | ICBR Phase-3 | ICBR phase-3 }}<br /> <br /> ICBR-III was approved in 2020–21 fiscal budget,&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;/&gt; to construct additional 104 roads of more than 6,700&amp;nbsp;km length.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;/&gt; The proposal for the Phase 2 was first conceived in 2013 with the goal of constructing 32 roads along the border,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Jitendra Bahadur|date=17 June 2020|title=India to accelerate construction of roads along Chinese border: Sources|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-to-accelerate-construction-of-roads-along-chinese-border-sources-1690060-2020-06-17|access-date=2020-06-18|website=India Today|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; expanded version of which was approved in 2020 with inclusion of additional roads.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;/&gt; Amid the [[2020 China–India skirmishes|India-China skirmishes]], the government asked all bodies to speed up the construction of the roads.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Additional labour was also sent to these areas to assist in speeding up construction.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === BIMF funding and progress of construction ===<br /> {{ anchor | BIMF | Border Infrastructure and Management Fund | Status | Progress | Construction status }}<br /> <br /> ICBR infrastructure is funded by the &quot;Border Infrastructure and Management Fund&quot; (BIMF) which provides funding for India's border infrastructures along Bangladesh, Pakistan and China borders.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Spending on ICBR tripled between 2016 and 2020, from {{INRConvert|4600|c|lk=on|year=2020}} to {{INRConvert|11800|c|lk=on|year=2020}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Tripathi|first=Rahul|date=2020-07-05|title=India's spending on LAC roads has tripled in 4 years|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-spending-on-lac-roads-has-tripled-in-4-years/articleshow/76803235.cms|access-date=2020-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Annual funding was as follows: INR 118&amp;nbsp;billion in 2020–21, INR 80.50&amp;nbsp;billion in 2019–20, INR 67&amp;nbsp;billion in 2018–19, INR 54.50&amp;nbsp;billion in 2017–18, between INR 33&amp;nbsp;billion to INR 46&amp;nbsp;billion annually from 2008 to 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Due to significantly increased annual funding, the ICBR construction picked up pace after 2014:<br /> <br /> * Road length construction completed: 4,764&amp;nbsp;km roads during 2014–20 versus 3,610&amp;nbsp;km during 2008–14.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;/&gt;<br /> * [[Cut (earthworks)|Mountain formation-cutting]] completed: 470&amp;nbsp;km during 2017–20 versus 230&amp;nbsp;km during 2008–17.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;/&gt;<br /> * [[Road#Construction|Surface-clearing]] completed: 380&amp;nbsp;km during 2017–20 versus 170&amp;nbsp;km roads during 2008–17.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;/&gt;<br /> * Bridges completed: 14,450 metres length during 2014–20 versus 7,270 metres during 2008–14.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;/&gt;<br /> * Road tunnels completed: 6 tunnels during 2014–20 including [[Atal Tunnel]] at [[Rohtang Pass]] in the Himachal Pradesh versus 1 tunnel during 2008–14.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;/&gt;<br /> Funds were also diverted from &quot;General Staff (GS) roads&quot;{{Efn|&quot;GS roads ensure inter-valley and inter-sector movement along the LAC&quot;|name=|group=}} to ICBRs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Types of ICBRs ===<br /> Of the 73 ICBR of 3812&amp;nbsp;km, 61 of 3323.57&amp;nbsp;km were assigned to BRO, which have been subdivided based on their usage type. [[China Study Group]] had identified roads vital for defending the whole LAC at national level. Ministry of Defence had identified sub-national level inter-state and regional roads vital for larger military logistics, which were assigned to CPWD and state PWDs. ITBP which mans the forward staging areas and frontier posts on the LAC had identified strategic roads to connect the individual posts to the main trunk and arterial roads. Other roads include connecting inter state and state level.&lt;ref name=&quot;jan1&quot;&gt;[[Standing Committee on Defence (India)|Standing Committee on Defence]] (February 2021) [http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Defence/17_Defence_10.pdf Defence Committee Action Taken Report], Lok Sabha Secretariat, Parliament of India. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210827065820/http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Defence/17_Defence_10.pdf Archived] on 27 August 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; The work structure for the ICBRs is divided among different agencies including the [[NBCC (India) Limited|National Buildings Construction Corporation]] (NBCC), [[Central Public Works Department]] (CPWD), National Projects Construction Corporation (NPCC) and state public works departments.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == List of ICB Roads ==<br /> === Phase 1 ===<br /> <br /> Phase-I consists of 3812&amp;nbsp;km roads.&lt;ref name=&quot;:TribuneBorderLogistics&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- On what basis will roads be listed? A representative sample? Complete maps with ICBR phase 1 visible in The Tribune's article &quot;Border Logistics. As China builds on border, policy potholes block India. Poor access undermines defence. No one knows how to fund rail lines. Confusion over crossroads within BRO&quot; (https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130609/edit.htm#1) --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Key ====<br /> <br /> * '''Maplink''': Interactive map with road.<br /> *'''OSM ID''': Provides a link to road on [[OpenStreetMap]] (OSM) in the form of a relation.<br /> *'''Status''': Status does not represent current state of the road.<br /> *'''Length:''' Present / planned<br /> *'''Comments and citation:''' Further information about the road including bridges and tunnels.<br /> <br /> ==== Arunachal Pradesh ====<br /> [[File:ICBR Roads in Arunachal Pradesh Phase 1.png|thumb|300x300px|ICB Roads in Arunachal Pradesh&lt;ref name=&quot;:TribuneBorderLogistics&quot; /&gt;]]<br /> In Arunachal Pradesh the ICBR project, in coordination with other government programmes, has connected a number of [[border outpost]]s and frontier areas to the national highway network such as [[Kharsang La]], [[Taksing]], [[Lamang (Arunachal Pradesh)|Lamang]], [[Gelling (Arunachal Pradesh)|Gelling]], [[Kibithu]] and Dichu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dange|first=Vaibhav|date=8 October 2020|title=One step closer|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/vivacity/one-step-closer.html|access-date=2022-01-12|website=The Pioneer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major road projects in Arunachal Pradesh include the '[[Sela Pass]] project' which consists of the under construction [[Sela Tunnel]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=6 November 2017|title=To counter China and strengthen border security, India to construct 17 tunnels along LAC|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/to-counter-china-and-strengthen-border-security-india-to-construct-17-tunnels-along-lac/119619|access-date=2022-01-12|website=[[Times Now]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> {{Clear}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;<br /> |+Representative list of ICB roads in Arunachal Pradesh<br /> ! Route of road&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Maplink/OSM ID&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Interactive Map<br /> ! District<br /> ! Length<br /> ! Status<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Comments<br /> !{{Abbr|Ref|Reference(s)}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;7&quot; |Assam – Arunachal Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> ! Orang-[[Kalaktang]]-Shergaon-[[Rupa, Arunachal Pradesh|Roopa]]- Tenga (OKSRT)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{maplink|id=Q110475730|type=line}}&lt;br /&gt;{{OSM|relation=13649310}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{maplink|id=Q110475730|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}<br /> | [[West Kameng district|West Kameng]]<br /> |{{Convert|158|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br /> | Completed in 2016<br /> | It provides alternate access to western flank of [[National Highway 13 (India)|National Highway 13]] [[File:NH13-IN.svg|frameless|27x27px]] which also goes to Tawang. Bridges at [[Kalaktang]], Gajni, Shikari, Sher, Balemu, Bomnag, Haflong. <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-10-17|title=Kiren Rijiju inaugurates Orang-Kalaktang- Shergaon-Rupa-Tenga Road|url=https://arunachal24.in/kiren-rijiju-inaugurates-orang-kalaktang-shergaon-rupa-tenga-road/|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Arunachal24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;7&quot; |Arunachal Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> !Tato-Manigong-Tadagade&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{maplink|id=Q110486321|type=line}}&lt;br /&gt;{{OSM|relation=13651872}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{maplink|id=Q110486321|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}<br /> |[[Shi Yomi district|Shi Yomi]]<br /> |{{Convert|86|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br /> |Partially complete<br /> |[[Tato, Arunachal Pradesh|Tato]] is 47&amp;nbsp;km southeast of [[Mechuka]], Manigong is 9&amp;nbsp;km west of Mechuka, Tadagade is 33&amp;nbsp;km from Manigong.<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !Bona-[[Gelling (Arunachal Pradesh)|Gelling]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{maplink|id=Q110489452|type=line}}&lt;br /&gt;{{OSM|relation=13652936}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{maplink|id=Q110489452|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}<br /> |[[Upper Siang district|Upper Siang]]<br /> |{{Convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br /> |Complete<br /> |[[Gelling (Arunachal Pradesh)|Gelling]] is last Indian post on LAC. Gelling lies northeast of Bona. This is an extension of the '''Tuting-Bona-Gelling road'''.<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ![[Tame Chung Chung]]-[[Taksing]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{maplink|id=Q110490013|type=line}}&lt;br /&gt;{{OSM|relation=13653063}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{maplink|id=Q110490013|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Upper Subansiri district|Upper Subansiri]]<br /> |{{Convert|54|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br /> |Completed in 2017<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |The road from [[Nacho, Arunachal Pradesh|Nacho]] goes to Tame Chung Chung (TCC) at [[Gelensiniak]]. From there it diverges towards [[Taksing]] and Maja (also spelt Maza), both close to the border.<br /> Work on TCC-Taksing started in 2000 but was completed in 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-05-20|title=BRO toeing Army targets on Indo-China border roads: ADG|url=https://arunachalobserver.org/2018/05/20/bro-toeing-army-targets-indo-china-border-roads-adg/|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Arunachal Observer|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The road TCC-[[Bidak, Arunachal Pradesh|Bidak]] was completed in 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=16 February 2018|agency=PTI|title=Arunachal Pradesh: BRO builds strategic road in remote Arunachal Pradesh district |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bro-builds-strategic-road-in-remote-arunachal-pradesh-district/articleshow/62952725.cms|access-date=2022-01-11|newspaper=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bidak&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Pradeep|date=14 February 2018|title=BRO links remote villages on Indo-China border|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/bro-links-remote-villages-on-indochina-border/1252951|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Outlook India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ![[Tame Chung Chung]]-[[Maja, Arunachal Pradesh|Maja]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{maplink|id=Q110516201|type=line}}&lt;br /&gt;{{OSM|relation=13660521}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{maplink|id=Q110516201|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}<br /> |{{Convert|48|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br /> |Complete till Bidak<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !Nacho-[[Tame Chung Chung]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{maplink|id=Q110516368|type=line}}&lt;br /&gt;{{OSM|relation=13660549}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{maplink|id=Q110516368|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}<br /> |{{Convert|78|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br /> |Partially complete<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;jan1&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !Jang-Rama Sapper&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{maplink|id=Q110486185|type=line}}&lt;br /&gt;{{OSM|relation=13651811}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{maplink|id=Q110486185|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Tawang]]<br /> |{{Convert|90|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br /> |Completed in 2016<br /> |It provides access to Tawang and forms the northern/upper part of [[National Highway 13 (India)|National Highway 13]]. [[File:NH13-IN.svg|frameless|27x27px]] It was completed in 2016. It is a part of the unfinished '''Balipara-Charduar-Tawang road'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-08-29|title=Balipara-Charduar-Tawang Road to be completed by 2021|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/arunachal-news/balipara-charduar-tawang-road-to-be-completed-by-2021/|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Sentinel Assam}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Jang also spelt as Jung)<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;K P Purushotham (2017) [http://bro.gov.in/WriteReadData/linkimages/1520491265-Vtk%20history%20%20Apr%202017.pdf History of Project Vartak]. Border Roads Organisation, India. pg 8.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ![[Sangetsar Tso]]-Kharsang La&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{maplink|id=Q110530832|type=line}}&lt;br /&gt;{{OSM|relation=13664340}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{maplink|id=Q110530832|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}<br /> |{{Convert|16|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br /> |Complete<br /> | [[File:Lake Shungtser at Tawang-3.jpg|left|frameless|165x165px]]It lies very close to and southeast of [[Bum La Pass]], north of Tawang, east of Lumpo and it forms the part of Bum La Road. BRO ensure maintenances.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=10 February 2019|title=Work on border roads intensified: BRO DG|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2019/02/11/work-on-border-roads-intensified-bro-dg/|access-date=2020-06-19|website=The Arunachal Times|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Image of [[Sangetsar Tso]]. <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-02-11|title=Border Roads Organization To Speed Up Road Work In Arunachal|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/arunachal-news/border-roads-organization-to-speed-up-road-work-in-arunachal/|access-date=2020-06-19|publisher=Sentinel Assam}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ![[Zemithang]]-[[Khinzemane]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{maplink|id=Q110532437|type=line}}&lt;br /&gt;{{OSM|relation=13664456}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{maplink|id=Q110532437|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}<br /> |{{Convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br /> |Complete<br /> |The upper portion of the road is close to the [[Namka Chu]] river.<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !Yarlung-Lamang<br /> |<br /> |[[Shi Yomi district|Shi Yomi]]<br /> |N/A<br /> |N/A<br /> |Lamang is last Indian outpost near [[Mechuka]]. Yarlung post is en route Lamang.<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=17 March 2021|title=Arunachal Pradesh Speaker &amp; Minister meet jawans of ITBP at Lamang Post|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/arunachal-news/arunachal-pradesh-speaker-minister-meet-jawans-of-itbp-at-lamang-post-528968|access-date=2022-01-09|website=Sentinel Assam}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2006-12-13|title=Govt to build 27 roads along India-China Border|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/12/13/govt-to-build-27-roads-along-india-china-border-1166004057.html|access-date=2020-06-19|website=One India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Uttarakhand ====<br /> [[File:ICB Roads in Uttarakhand.png|thumb|ICB Roads in Uttarakhand]]<br /> In Uttarakhand, the border most points of [[Pulam Sumda]], [[Mana Pass]], [[Niti Pass]], [[Lapthal|Lapthal and Rimkhim]], and [[Lipulekh Pass|Lipulekh]] have been connected.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;<br /> {{Clear}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;<br /> |+Representative list of ICB roads in Uttarakhand<br /> ! Route of road&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Maplink/OSM ID&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Interactive Map<br /> ! District<br /> ! Length<br /> ! Status<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Comments<br /> !{{Abbr|Ref|Reference(s)}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;7&quot; |Uttarakhand<br /> |-<br /> ![[Nelang|Nelong]]-Naga-[[Jadhang]]/Sonam&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{maplink|id=Q110543269|type=line}}&lt;br /&gt;{{OSM|relation=13667660}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{maplink|id=Q110543269|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}<br /> |[[Uttarkashi district|Uttarkashi]]<br /> |{{Convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br /> |Partially complete<br /> |Nelang-Naga road forks into 2 roads, one each leading to Sonam&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-06-06|title=BRO completes road project, reaching Nelong valley becomes convenient|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/bro-completes-road-project-reaching-nelong-valley-becomes-convenient-1502762604.html|access-date=2020-06-19|website=The Statesman|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=7 June 2019|title=BRO constructs two strategically important roads on China border|url=http://www.pioneeredge.in/bro-constructs-two-strategically-important-roads-on-china-border/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621024905/http://www.pioneeredge.in/bro-constructs-two-strategically-important-roads-on-china-border/|archive-date=21 June 2020|access-date=2020-06-19|website=The Pioneer}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Sang, Uttarakhand|Jadhang]] IBTP border outposts (BoPs). Jadganga River bridge is on this route. The fork toward Sonam continues to [[Pulam Sumda]]. This is also known as the '''Nelgang-Pulam Sumda road'''.<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;jan1&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ![[Joshimath]]-[[Malari]]-Girthidobla-Sumna-Rimkhim&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{maplink|id=Q110542766|type=line}}&lt;br /&gt;{{OSM|relation=13667486}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{maplink|id=Q110542766|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Chamoli district|Chamoli]]<br /> |{{Convert|105|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br /> |Partially complete<br /> |[[Barahoti|Bara Hoti]]-[[Lapthal]] disputed sector is 100&amp;nbsp;km from Joshimath. Joshimath-Malari road forks to 2 different ITBP posts at Malari, to Sumna-Rimkhim post in the east and another post to the west. Bridges at Dhak, Tamak, Suraithota, Subaigadhera&lt;ref name=&quot;be1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 December 2019|title=Joshimath-Malari highway inaugurated|url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Joshimath-Malari-highway-inaugurated|access-date=2020-06-19|website=www.projectstoday.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ITBP has 42 BoPs (border outposts) in Bara Hoti sector and [[Mana Pass]] area.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Chauhan|first=Neeraj|date=2020-07-18|title=Eyeing national security, Uttarakhand, ITBP to improve border infrastructure|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/eyeing-national-security-uttarakhand-itbp-to-improve-border-infrastructure/story-UKZOI5g5xzJ5KDnCCM8V7K.html|access-date=2022-01-16|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-02-20|title=BRO officials asked to speed up pending road projects|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/bro-officials-asked-to-speed-up-pending-road-projects/story-bAInj85nna4zQ3Z49sjadL.html|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;comp1&quot;&gt;[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/After-24-yrs-of-work-strategic-military-outpost-near-India-China-border-connected-with-motorable-road/articleshow/55358605.cms After 24 years of work, strategic military outpost near India China border], Times of India, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Yogesh|date=11 November 2016|title=After 24 years of work, strategic military outpost near India-China border connected with motorable road|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/after-24-yrs-of-work-strategic-military-outpost-near-india-china-border-connected-with-motorable-road/articleshow/55358605.cms|access-date=2022-01-18|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ![[Mana, Uttarakhand|Mana]]-[[Mana Pass]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{maplink|id=Q110543284|type=line}}&lt;br /&gt;{{OSM|relation=13667703}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{#tag:mapframe|{{Wikipedia:Map data/Mana-Mana Pass road}}|zoom=8|frameless=1|align=center|height=150|latitude=30.8448|longitude=79.3881 |width=150}}<br /> |{{Convert|48|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br /> |Complete<br /> |[[File:Mana Village, Badrinath, Uttarakhand, India.jpeg|left|frameless|165x165px]]Image of [[Mana, Uttarakhand|Mana village]]. [[Mana Pass]] is located on the China–India border.<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Gurung|first=Shaurya Karanbir|date=2020-06-13|title=3,500 Jharkhand workers to be hired for Ladakh road projects|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/3500-jharkhand-workers-to-be-hired-for-ladakh-road-projects/articleshow/76347531.cms|access-date=2020-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !Tawaghat-Ghatiabagarh-[[Lipulekh Pass|Lipulekh]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{maplink|id=Q110543696|type=line}}&lt;br /&gt;{{OSM|relation=13667911}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{maplink|id=Q110543696|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]]<br /> |{{Convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br /> |Complete<br /> |[[Lipulekh Pass|Lipulekh]] area and the pass, [[Kalapani territory]], Kailash Mansarovar road.<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=10 May 2020|title=Nepal Objects Road Passing Through Lipulekh Pass, India Reacts|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-nepal-objects-road-passing-through-lipulekh-pass-india-reacts/352445|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621194617/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-nepal-objects-road-passing-through-lipulekh-pass-india-reacts/352445|archive-date=21 June 2020|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Outlook India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Nandi|first=Shreya|date=2020-05-08|title=BRO opens new 80-km road for Kailash Mansarovar pilgrims|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/bro-opens-new-80-km-road-for-kailash-mansarovar-pilgrims-11588956919993.html|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Livemint|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ![[Munsiyari]]-[[Milam, India|Milam]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{maplink|id=Q110543368|type=line}}&lt;br /&gt;{{OSM|relation=13667746}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |Partially complete<br /> |[[Milam, India|Milam]] is the last village.<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Ladakh====<br /> {{ see also | List of locations in Aksai Chin | Tourism in Ladakh#Roads | l2= Touristic roads in Ladakh }}<br /> <br /> [[File:ICB roads Ladakh.png|thumb|ICB Roads in Ladakh]]<br /> <br /> The forward most localities and border outposts of [[Daulat Beg Oldie]] (DBO), [[Hotspring]], [[Demchok, Ladakh|Demchok]] and [[Zursar]] have been connected. Roads connectivity has reduced their reliance on air transport.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;<br /> {{Clear}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;<br /> |+Representative list of ICB roads in Ladakh<br /> !Route of road&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Maplink/OSM ID&lt;/small&gt;<br /> !Interactive Map<br /> !District<br /> !Length<br /> !Status<br /> !Comments<br /> !{{Abbr|Ref|Reference(s)}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;7&quot; |Ladakh<br /> |-<br /> !Harong-[[Chushul]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{maplink|id=Q110553134|type=line}}&lt;br /&gt;{{OSM|relation=13671808}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{maplink|id=Q110553134|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Leh district|Leh]]<br /> |{{Convert|65|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br /> | Complete<br /> | Part of the {{Convert|240|km|mi|abbr=on}} '''[[Spangmik]]-[[Tangtse]]-Harong-[[Chushul]]-Tsaga-Loma route''' on towards [[Nyoma]].<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ![[Phobrang]]-[[Marsimik La]]-[[Hot Springs, Chang Chenmo Valley|Hot Springs]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{maplink|id=Q110553221|type=line}}&lt;br /&gt;{{OSM|relation=13671836}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{maplink|id=Q110553221|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}<br /> |{{Convert|70|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br /> | Complete<br /> | Route from [[Lukung]] near Pangong Tso towards Hot Springs close to the LAC. <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;jan1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ![[Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road|Darbuk-Shyok-DBO]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{maplink|id=Q96375957|type=line}}&lt;br /&gt;{{OSM|relation=13671859}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |<br /> |{{Convert|255|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br /> | Complete<br /> | Route is partially along the [[Shyok River]] and LAC. Also called the '''DS-DBO road''' or the '''Sub-Sector North Road.'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![[Sasoma–Saser La Road|Sasoma-Saser La]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{maplink|id=Q96419312|type=line}}&lt;br /&gt;{{OSM|relation=13671925}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |<br /> |{{Convert|55|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br /> | Partially complete<br /> | [[File:Sasser Pass, Nubra ca. 1857.jpg|left|frameless|160x160px]]The road will provide alternate connectivity to DBO in addition to existing DS-DBO road. Image of [[Sasser Pass]]. <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![[Koyul]]-Photila-Chisumle-Zurasar&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{maplink|id=Q110553569|type=line}}&lt;br /&gt;{{OSM|relation=13671950}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |<br /> |{{Convert|120|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br /> | Complete <br /> | [[Demchok sector]]. Zurasar is one of the last border posts in the area.<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;7&quot; |Himachal Pradesh – Ladakh<br /> |-<br /> !Leh-[[Upshi]]-[[Sarchu]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{maplink|id=Q251599|type=line}}&lt;br /&gt;{{OSM|relation=333878}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{maplink|id=Q251599|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}<br /> |[[Leh district|Leh]]<br /> |{{Convert|250|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br /> | Complete <br /> |[[File:Bajaj Chetak.jpg|left|frameless|160x160px]]Part of the {{Convert|428|km|mi|abbr=on}} '''[[Leh–Manali Highway]]'''.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![[Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road|Nimmu–Padum–Darcha]]<br /> |<br /> |[[Leh district|Leh]], [[Kargil district|Kargil]], [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]]<br /> |{{Convert|285|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br /> |Partially complete<br /> |[[File:New Road Zanskar Sumdo Lahaul Oct20 D72 18201.jpg|left|frameless|165x165px]]First all weather road to Ladakh. Third access route to Ladakh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Suresh|date=11 September 2019|title=Zanskar celebrates as new 'road' brings it 600km closer to Himachal Pradesh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/zanskar-celebrates-as-new-road-brings-it-600km-closer-to-himachal-pradesh/articleshow/71076975.cms|access-date=2020-06-19|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Shishir|date=2020-08-25|title=Govt pushes hard to complete 1st all-weather route to Ladakh|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-pushes-hard-to-complete-1st-all-weather-route-to-ladakh/story-bG46RSR4r0xZ2V1jvP5vLM.html|access-date=2020-09-01|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-08-26|agency=PTI|title=India laying new road between Ladakh and Darcha in Himachal Pradesh|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-laying-new-road-between-ladakh-and-darcha-in-himachal-pradesh-11598412313302.html|access-date=2020-09-01|newspaper=Mint}}&lt;/ref&gt; Image represents a section below Zanskar Sumdo in Lahaul.<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Sikkim====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;<br /> !Route of road<br /> !Interactive Map<br /> !District<br /> !Length<br /> !Status<br /> !Comments <br /> !{{Abbr|Ref|Reference(s)}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;7&quot; |Sikkim<br /> |-<br /> !Gangtok- Chunghang<br /> |<br /> |Northeast Sikkim<br /> |<br /> |Complete<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tr Jn-Bheem Base-[[Doka La|Dokala]]<br /> |<br /> |India-China-Bhutan Tri-junction<br /> |19.72<br /> |Complete<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Som|first=Vishnu|date=3 October 2019|title=How 7-Hour Journey On Mule Track To Doklam Now Takes Army Only 40 Minutes|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/how-7-hour-journey-on-mule-track-to-doklam-now-takes-army-only-40-minutes-2111047|access-date=2020-06-19|website=NDTV}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-10-03|title=Doklam: one motorable road complete, second to be constructed by March 2021|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/doklam-one-motorable-road-complete-second-to-be-constructed-by-march-2021/articleshow/71424958.cms|access-date=2020-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mohan|first=Vijay|date=13 February 2021|title=Amid LAC deployments, parliamentary panel flags delays in border road construction|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/amidst-lac-deployments-parliamentary-panel-flags-delays-in-border-road-construction-211893|access-date=2022-01-09|website=Tribune India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Related geo-strategic projects ==<br /> {{see also | India–China border infrastructure }}<br /> <br /> Geostrategic initiatives include the [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]] and the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue]].<br /> <br /> === Vibrant villages Border Area Development Plan ===<br /> <br /> Under the 2022–23 budget, India intends to repopulate, upgrade or establish 500 villages near the zero-line border along the LAC from Ladakh to Arunachal Pradesh,&lt;ref name=vib1&gt;[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-to-open-villages-along-china-border-to-tourists/article65217553.ece government to open villages along China border], the Hindu, 12 March 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; while China has already established 628 villages by 2021 at a cost of $6.4&amp;nbsp;billion with heavily subsidized telecommunication, internet, electricity and utilities, etc. According to this report, out of 172 (incl. 24 3G &amp; 78 4G) out 236 villages in Ladakh had telecom connectivity. For example, 19 border villages in Chushul had no or partial communication infrastructure.&lt;ref name=vib1/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Border airport and ALG projects ===<br /> {{anchor | ALG | AGL | Airports | Airbases | Airbase | Indian Air Force stations}} <br /> {{see also | List of Indian Air Force stations#AGL | l1= Indian Airbases | List of People's Liberation Army Air Force airbases | l2= Chinese Airbases | :Category:Indian Army bases | l3= Indian Army bases | Western Theater Command | l4= China's bases along LAC }} <br /> [[File:Map_of_Western_Theatre_of_PLA.svg|thumb|240x180px|[[Western Theater Command]] of China, area under integrated command.]]<br /> <br /> The [[People's Liberation Army]]'s [[Western Theater Command]] is responsible for the defense of China along the whole [[line of actual control]] with India.&lt;ref name=&quot;lac1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Krishnan|first=Ananth|date=13 May 2016|title=Eye on India, China raises Tibet military command rank|url=http://tibet.net/2016/05/eye-on-india-china-raises-tibet-military-command-rank/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007044449/http://tibet.net:80/2016/05/eye-on-india-china-raises-tibet-military-command-rank/|archive-date=7 October 2018|access-date=2016-10-01|publisher=India Today|via=Central Tibetan Administration}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Indian Armed Forces]] has divided the LAC into 3 sectors – the ''western sector'' across [[Ladakh]] and the Chinese-controlled Aksai Chin, the ''central sector'' across [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Uttrakhand]], and the ''eastern sector'' across [[Sikkim]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;lac2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Fazl-e-Haider|first=Syed|date=15 July 2020|title=Twisting India's Chicken's Neck|url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/twisting-india-s-chicken-s-neck|access-date=2020-07-18|website=The interpreter|publisher=Lowy Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the [[Indian Airforce]] has the [[Prayagraj]]-based [[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]], Delhi-based [[Western Air Command]], and [[Shillong]]-based [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]] to cover the LAC.<br /> <br /> * [[Ladakh]] airports and advanced landing grounds (ALGs) at [[Daulat Beg Oldi]], [[Fukche]], [[Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport|Leh]], [[Nyoma]], [[Padum]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-02-23|title=India plans advanced landing strips at Ladakh, Tawang|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/387892/india-plans-advanced-landing-strips.html|access-date=2022-01-16|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Thoise]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Joshi|first=Prateek|date=26 July 2016|title=India's Growing Military Footprint in Eastern Ladakh: Facing China {{!}} cogitASIA CSIS Asia Policy Blog|url=http://www.cogitasia.com/indias-growing-military-footprint-in-eastern-ladakh-facing-china/|access-date=2022-01-16|website=www.cogitasia.com|publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the proposed [[Tangtse#Advanced Landing Ground|Parma Valley]] ALG.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Joshi|first=Prateek|date=26 July 2016|title=India's Growing Military Footprint in Eastern Ladakh: Facing China|url=http://www.cogitasia.com/indias-growing-military-footprint-in-eastern-ladakh-facing-china/|access-date=8 January 2022|publisher=cogitASIA [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] (CSIS) Asia Policy Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=O'Donnell|first1=Frank|last2=Bollfrass|first2=Alexander K.|date=March 2020|title=The Strategic Postures of China and India: A Visual Guide|url=https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/strategic-postures-china-and-india-visual-guide|access-date=8 January 2022|website=[[Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Himachal Pradesh]] shares 250&amp;nbsp;km border with China.&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Suresh|date=19 June 2020|title=Himachal Pradesh: Demand for airstrip in Spiti grows amid increasing India-China tension|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/demand-for-airstrip-in-spiti-grows-amid-increasing-india-china-tension/articleshow/76453863.cms|access-date=2022-01-16|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Airports include [[Shimla Airport]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;/&gt; [[Kullu-Manali Airport]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;/&gt; and the proposed [[Rangrik]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;/&gt;<br /> * [[Uttrakhand]] has 350&amp;nbsp;km border with Tibet.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;/&gt; Airports and ALGs include [[Chinyalisaur Airport]] and [[Pithoragarh Airport]] ALG.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;/&gt;<br /> * [[Sikkim]] consists of the [[Pakyong Airport]] ALG.<br /> * [[Arunachal Pradesh]] has a number of airports and ALGs at [[Aalo]], [[Mechuka Advanced Landing Ground|Mechuka]], [[Pasighat]], [[Tawang Air Force Station]], [[Tuting]], [[Vijaynagar, Changlang|Vijoynagar]], [[Walong Advanced Landing Ground|Walong]], [[Ziro]], [[Daporijo Airport|Daporijo]], Arunachal Pradesh&lt;ref name=&quot;Archived copy&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=22 May 2018|agency=IANS|title=UDAN reaches Arunachal Pradesh; first commercial flight flagged off|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/udan-reaches-arunachal-pradesh-first-commercial-flight-flagged-off-118052200029_1.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120095406/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/udan-reaches-arunachal-pradesh-first-commercial-flight-flagged-off-118052200029_1.html|archive-date=20 November 2018|access-date=19 November 2018|newspaper=Business Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;economictimes.indiatimes.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Bikash|date=21 May 2018|title=Arunachal Pradesh finally gets connected with Guwahati by a commercial flight|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/arunachal-pradesh-finally-gets-connected-with-guwahati-by-a-commercial-flight/articleshow/64261669.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119215833/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/arunachal-pradesh-finally-gets-connected-with-guwahati-by-a-commercial-flight/articleshow/64261669.cms|archive-date=19 November 2018|access-date=19 November 2018|publisher=The Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the proposed [[Alinye (ALG)]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Archived copy&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;economictimes.indiatimes.com&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Border bridge projects ===<br /> * Teesta River road bridge in Sikkim, already completed in 2020 will serve Doklam sector.<br /> * [[Teesta River]] railway bridge, under construction in July 2020 and on target for completion by December 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sinha|first=Avijit|date=19 June 2020|title=Scurry to finish rail and road links to border|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/scurry-to-finish-rail-and-road-links-to-india-china-border/cid/1782001|access-date=2022-01-16|website=Telegraph India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Brahmaputra River#Planned bridges|New bridges on Brahmaputra River]] in Assam will serve Arunachal Pradesh in Eastern Sector.<br /> <br /> === Border railway projects ===<br /> {{anchor | BorRail}}<br /> {{ main | Future_of_rail_transport_in_India#Geo | l1= Strategic rail lines of India | Rail transport in Bhutan | l2= India-Bhutan geostrategic rail lines | Nepal Railway Company Limited | l3= India-Nepal geostrategic rail lines | India–China border infrastructure#ChRail | l4= China rail network on India border}}<br /> <br /> India's Ministry of Defence (MoD) has identified at least 15 new [[Future of rail transport in India#Geo|geostrategic rail lines]] to be constructed near the [[Line of Actual Control|China]], [[India–Pakistan border|Pakistan]] and [[India–Nepal border|Nepal]] borders for troop deployments.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=27 October 2013|agency=PTI|title=India to lay 14 strategic railway lines near China, Pak border|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-to-lay-14-strategic-railway-lines-near-china-pak-border/articleshow/24777163.cms|access-date=2022-01-16|newspaper=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; In comparison, China has built lines up to [[Shigatse]] in Tibet, with plans to connect it to Nepal and further to India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bhat|first=Aditya|date=2016-12-01|title=Real reason why India is building 14 strategic rail lines|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/real-reason-why-india-building-14-strategic-rail-lines-706534|access-date=2022-01-16|website=International Business Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; After these lines were proposed by the ministry of defense in 2013, the [[Government of India]] approved the initial surveys of all 14 lines in 2014,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dastidar|first=Avishek G|date=2014-10-22|title=Government gives go-ahead to 4 strategic rail lines along China border|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/government-gives-go-ahead-to-4-strategic-rail-lines-along-china-border/|access-date=2022-01-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some of these as well as other related projects are as follows:<br /> <br /> === Other border road projects ===<br /> <br /> * Ladakh-Himachal-Uttrakhand<br /> **[[Char Dham Highway]], not part of ICBR<br /> ** [[Poo, Himachal Pradesh|Pooh]]–[[Chumar]] Road &amp; [[Harsil]]-[[Karcham Wangtoo Hydroelectric Plant|Kharcham]] Road. Both were announced in September 2020 in addition to the ICBR phase 1, and each will cost between INR20&amp;nbsp;billion to INR30&amp;nbsp;billion.&lt;ref name=hars1&gt;<br /> [https://theprint.in/defence/modi-govts-infra-push-along-china-border-2-new-roads-alternate-route-to-daulat-beg-oldie/502013/?amp Modi govt's infra push along China border — 2 new roads, alternate route to Daulat Beg Oldie], The Print, 15 sept 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=hars2&gt;{{Cite web|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|author-link=Ajai Shukla|date=17 September 2020|title=Modi, Xi Jinping and Six Years of Battle for the Psychological High Ground|url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/modi-xi-jinping-six-years-summits-ladakh|access-date=2020-09-27|website=The Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * Sikkim<br /> ** [[Bagrakote]]-[[Gangtok]] Highway: 250&amp;nbsp;km-long road originating from [[National Highway 17 (India)|NH17]] (NH31 as per old numbering) near Bagrakote in the [[Dooars]] to Gangtok is being upgraded to national highway standard in July 2020 by the [[National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited]] (NHIDCL). It passes through [[Algarah]]-[[Lava, West Bengal|Lava]]-[[Rishyap]] (in West Bengal on Sikkim border)-[[Rhenock]]-[[Rorathang]]-[[Pakyong]]-[[Ranipool]] to Gangtok. In addition to the existing landslide-prone [[National Highway 10 (India)|NH10 Sevoke-Gangtok Highway]], this will provide alternate access to the state capital Gangtok and beyond to the India-China border.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;/&gt;<br /> * Arunachal Pradesh<br /> **[[Arunachal Frontier Highway]], proposed along the India-China border and is not part of ICBR.<br /> ** [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|Arunachal East-West Corridor]], proposed across the foothills of lower upper Arunachal Pradesh, not part of ICBR.<br /> ** [[Trans-Arunachal Highway]], existing operational highway.<br /> <br /> === Border tunnel projects ===<br /> {{anchor | Tunnel | Tunnels }}<br /> {{ see also | List of rail tunnels in India by length }}<br /> <br /> As of sept 2021, India is constructing 31 road tunnels (up from 17 tunnels of 100&amp;nbsp;km total length planned in 2017), 20 in J&amp;K and 11 in Ladakh, at the combined cost of INR1.4&amp;nbsp;trillion ([[Long and short scales|short scale]]) (~US$17.5&amp;nbsp;billion), this includes tunnels constructed by [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] (MoRTH).&lt;ref name=zorawar3&gt;[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/zojila-z-morh-tunnels-all-you-need-to-know/tunnels-on-srinagar-leh-highway/slideshow/86644539.cms Zojila, Z-Morh tunnels: All you need to know about], Economic Times, 30 Sept 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; As of January 2023, of the tunnel projects assigned to BRO, 5 were complete, 9 were under construction ( 6 – Arunachal Pradesh, 4 – Jammu and Kashmir, 1 – Ladakh), 11 were in DPR phase, the rest have been assigned to other entities.&lt;ref&gt;[https://hindi.news18.com/news/nation/bro-pushed-china-to-backfoot-at-lac-complete-over-200-projects-in-2-years-5214863.html LAC पर नहीं चलेगी चीन की चाल, BRO ने 2 साल में बना डाले 200 से ज़्यादा प्रोजेक्ट, लद्दाख और अरुणाचल अव्वल.], News18, 13 Jan 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=tnew2&gt;[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/border-roads-organisation-blazes-a-trail-in-most-testing-conditions/articleshow/95608878.cms CITY Border Roads Organisation blazes a trail in most testing conditions], Times of India, 18 nov 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;/&gt; BRO keeps 27 mountain passes open and plans to build tunnels under all of those so that traffic remains open throughout the year and the army will save several hundred crores of rupees annually presently spent on airlifting logistics supplies. Of the 13 highest motorable mountain passes in the world, 10 are in India, and out of which 8 are in Ladakh only. Out of 27 mountain passes maintained by BRO, tunnels are being constructed under 11 and the detail project report of tunnel under 9 is being prepared, tunnels will also be built under the remaining 7 mountain passes so that the army can reach the border at a faster pace with year-around all-weather connectivity through all 27 passes. Some of these tunnels have dual road and rail usage, such as the world's longest three tube rail and road tunnel under Brahmaputra. Modi government doubled the BRO's budget of GS Roads (General Staff roads for military) of BRO in 2 years, Rs 25&amp;nbsp;billion in fy2021-21 to Rs 35&amp;nbsp;billion in fy2022-23 to Rs 50&amp;nbsp;billion in 2023–24.&lt;ref name=brot1&gt;[https://hindi.news18.com/news/delhi-ncr/border-road-organization-bro-construction-worlds-longest-three-tube-tunnel-know-where-delsp-5265333.html देश में बन रही है विश्‍व की सबसे लंबी तीन ट्यूब वाली टनल, जानें कहां?], Bews18, 23 Jan 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> BRO has been constructing tunnels the strategic ICBR roads on Sino-Indian border to provide the year-round all-weather connectivity. Without these tunnels, the road access to high altitude posts on Sino-India border is closed for six months every year due to snowfall and rain, and supplies are through airlift only. These tunnels will reduce the travel time and operational costs, and eliminate the risk of avalanche and landslide. List of tunnels, from west to east along the Indo-Chinese border, is as follows:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Gurung|first=Shaurya Karanbir|date=13 July 2018|title=For year-round border security, India plans tunnels on China border|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/for-year-round-border-security-india-plans-tunnels-on-china-border/articleshow/61522629.cms|access-date=2022-01-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tun2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=16 January 2015|title=Voyants bagged Independent Engineer Services in Arunachal Pradesh|url=http://www.voyants.in/2015/01/16/voyants-bagged-independent-engineer-services-in-arunachal-pradesh/|access-date=2022-01-09|publisher=VOYANTS|archive-date=15 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915192443/http://www.voyants.in/2015/01/16/voyants-bagged-independent-engineer-services-in-arunachal-pradesh/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Tunnel construction in Himalayan areas have picked up the pace. For example, Uttrakhand has 18 existing tunnels in January 2023 and 66 more tunnels will be built in next 10 years, some of which are already under construction and others are either in DPR or planning phase.&lt;ref name=utr1&gt;[https://www.rajyasameeksha.com/uttarakhand/25002-uttarakhand-rishikesh-karnprayag-rail-project-tunnel Uttarakhand- Rishikesh-Karnprayag rail-project tunnel उत्तराखंड बनेगा सबसे ज्यादा सुरंगों वाला पहाड़ी राज्य], www.rajyasameeksha.com, 23 Jan 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2023, India had 1641 ongoing tunneling projects, of which national highways had 144 tunnels of 357&amp;nbsp;km costing ₹2000&amp;nbsp;billion including 30 tunnels (45&amp;nbsp;km) completed, 16 (120&amp;nbsp;km) under construction to be completed by fy2024-25, 54 (192&amp;nbsp;km) under the Detailed Project Report (DPR) stage.&lt;ref name=tu1&gt;[https://www.newsonprojects.com/news/tunnelling-projects-worth-2-lakh-crore-on-nhs-underway-in-india-minister-nitin-gadkari Tunnelling projects worth ₹2-lakh crore on NHs underway in India: Minister Nitin Gadkari.], 18 may 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Route <br /> ! Tunnel name<br /> ! State <br /> ! Length (km)<br /> ! Operational (as of dec 2022)<br /> ! Opening (yyyy (Mmm))<br /> ! Type (Road / Rail / Dual)<br /> ! Status/Comment<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Jammu–Baramulla line|Jammu–Baramulla rail line tunnels]] <br /> | [[Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel]]<br /> | Jammu and Kashmir<br /> | 11.215&amp;nbsp;km<br /> | Y <br /> | 2013 (Dec)&lt;ref name=tnew5/&gt;<br /> | Rail<br /> | 3 tunnels in the project.&lt;ref name=tnew5&gt;[https://asianatimes.com/the-engineering-marvel-usbrl-and-its-significance/ The Engineering Marvel USBRL and its Significance.], Asian Times, 13 sept 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |- <br /> | T13<br /> | Jammu and Kashmir<br /> | 9.8&amp;nbsp;km<br /> | Y <br /> | 2022 (Dec)&lt;ref name=tnew5/&gt;<br /> | Rail<br /> |<br /> |- <br /> | T49<br /> | Jammu and Kashmir<br /> | 12.758&amp;nbsp;km<br /> | N<br /> | 2023 (Dec)&lt;ref name=tnew5/&gt;<br /> | Rail<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[National Highway 44 (India)#Tunnel|NH44 Jammu-Udhampur-Patnitop-Banihal-Srinagar Highway tunnels]]<br /> | Chenani-Nashri [[Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Tunnel]]<br /> | Jammu and Kashmir<br /> | 9.028&amp;nbsp;km<br /> | Y<br /> | 2017 (Apr)<br /> | Road<br /> | 12 tunnels on NH44, two major tunnels are Dr. Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tunnel &amp; Banihal Qazigund Road Tunnel.&lt;ref name=tnew8&gt;[https://www.crosstownnews.in/post/73383/25-massive-projects-including-national-highways-in-jammu-region-at-cost-of-rs-11800-cr.html 25 Massive Projects Including National Highways In Jammu Region, At Cost Of Rs 11,800 Cr], Cross Town News, 19 jan 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Banihal Qazigund Road Tunnel]]<br /> | Jammu and Kashmir<br /> | 8.45&amp;nbsp;km<br /> | Y <br /> | 2021 (Dec)<br /> | Road<br /> |&lt;ref name=tnew8/&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | 4-[[Nandni tunnels]]<br /> | Jammu and Kashmir<br /> | 1.4&amp;nbsp;km<br /> | Y<br /> | 2022 (Dec)<br /> | Road<br /> | Between Jammu-Udhampur.&lt;ref name=tnew8/&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Tunnel#Tunnel|Sudhmahadev–Dharanga Tunnel]]<br /> | Jammu and Kashmir<br /> | 8&amp;nbsp;km<br /> | N (under construction)<br /> | 2025? (?)<br /> | Road<br /> | Uni-directional twin-tube tunnel near [[Patnitop]] costing INR25.98&amp;nbsp;billion.&lt;ref name=tnew4/&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Tunnel#Tunnel|Khellani Tunnel]]<br /> | Jammu and Kashmir<br /> | 2.5&amp;nbsp;km<br /> | N (under construction)<br /> | 2025? (?)<br /> | Road<br /> |&lt;ref name=tnew7/&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | [[National Highway 244 (India)|NH244]] [[Kishtwar]]-[[Qazigund]]-[[Anantnag]] highway<br /> | [[Sinthan Top#Tunnel|Singhpora-Vailoo tunnel]] (Sinthan Top Tunnel)<br /> | Jammu and Kashmir<br /> | 10.3&amp;nbsp;km<br /> | N (under construction)<br /> | 2025? (?)<br /> | Road<br /> | cost INR32.53&amp;nbsp;billion.&lt;ref name=tnew4&gt;[https://www.news18.com/news/india/after-long-wait-light-at-the-end-of-2-key-rs-6000-crore-jk-tunnel-projects-as-govt-invites-global-tenders-5676901.html After Long Wait, Light at End of 2 Key Rs 6,000-Crore J&amp;K Tunnel Projects as Govt Invites Global Tenders], News18, 3 Aug 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=tnew7&gt;[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/work-on-6-new-tunnels-in-jk-and-ladakh-to-start-in-next-2-years-gadkari/articleshow/78691393.cms Work on 6 new tunnels in J&amp;K and Ladakh to start in next 2 years: Gadkari], Times of India, 16 oct 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Cost INR46.50&amp;nbsp;billion. MoRTH approved project since before 2018.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | [[National Highway 501 (India)|NH501]] ''Chandanwari-Sangam Highway'' section on [[Amarnath Temple|Amarnath Cave yatra]] route.<br /> | [[Amarnath Temple#Tunnel|Sheshnag-Sangam Tunnel]] (under Mahaguns Top aka Ganesh Top)<br /> | Jammu and Kashmir<br /> | 11&amp;nbsp;km<br /> | N (DPR)<br /> | 2029<br /> | Road<br /> | cost INR?.<br /> <br /> ''Chandanwari-Sangam Highway'', including 11&amp;nbsp;km long tunnel, is 22&amp;nbsp;km long greenfield section of the national highway on the South Route (via [[Pahalgam]]) of Amarnath yatra which will connect the South (via Pahalgam) and North (via [[Baltal, Jammu and Kashmir|Baltal]]) yatra routes via the highway tunnel. In January 2023, [[MoRTH]]'s [[National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited|NHIDCL]] invited RFP submissions by vendors by 20 Feb 2023 for preparation of DPR (detailed project report) which will take 10 months to prepare, subsequently after 2 months long pre-construction preparation the construction will take 5 years, with the target completion date of 31 March 2029 (total 6 years).&lt;ref name=amart1&gt;[https://hindi.news18.com/news/nation/amarnath-yatra-22-km-road-planning-with-tunnel-for-all-weather-connectivity-complete-in-five-years-5240337.html Amarnath Road Project: हर मौसम में अमरनाथ पहुंचना होगा आसान, सुरंग के साथ 22Km लंबा रोड बनाने की योजना.], News18, 18 Jan 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Kathua]]-Basohli-Bani-Chattergala-Bhaderwah highway<br /> | Bhaderwah Tunnel<br /> | Jammu and Kashmir<br /> | 3.5&amp;nbsp;km<br /> | N (DPR)<br /> | 2027? (?)<br /> | Road<br /> | 2-lane tunnel.&lt;ref name=tnew4/&gt; Cost INR11.33&amp;nbsp;billion. MoRTH approved project since before 2018.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Chattergalla Tunnel]]<br /> | Jammu and Kashmir<br /> | 6.8&amp;nbsp;km<br /> | N (DPR)<br /> | 2027? (?)<br /> | Road<br /> | 2-lane tunnel.&lt;ref name=tnew4/&gt; Cost INR8.08&amp;nbsp;billion. MoRTH approved project since before 2018.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[National Highway 144A (India)|NH144A]] Jammu-[[Akhnoor]]-[[Poonch (town)|Poonch]] highway tunnels (4 tunnels)<br /> | [[National Highway 144A (India)#Tunnel|Kandi tunnel]] (Tunghi Morh-Chaura tunnel)<br /> | Jammu and Kashmir<br /> | ? km<br /> | N (under construction)<br /> | 2024 (Aug)<br /> | Road<br /> | Paved-shoulder highway, Jammu-Akhnoor 4-lanes &amp; Akhnoor-Poonch 2-lanes. All 4 tunnels built by BRO.&lt;ref name=tnew3/&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[National Highway 144A (India)#Tunnel|Sungal Tunnel]] (Daghun-Sungal tunnel)<br /> | Jammu and Kashmir<br /> | 2.7&amp;nbsp;km<br /> | N (under construction)<br /> | 2024 (Aug)<br /> | Road<br /> | 2-lane tunnel between Daghun village Kali Dwar temple and Chowki Choura, cost INR7.97&amp;nbsp;billion for 9.35 section including tunnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;tnew3&quot;&gt;[https://www.greaterkashmir.com/jammu/construction-of-akhnoor-to-poonch-highway-in-full-swing/ Construction of Akhnoor to Poonch highway in full swing], Greater Kashmir, 10 nov 2022&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir|Nowshera]] tunnel (Rajal-Kallar tunnel)<br /> | Jammu and Kashmir<br /> | ? km<br /> | N (under construction)<br /> | 2024 (Aug)<br /> | Road<br /> | 2-lane.&lt;ref name=tun1&gt;[https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/nowshera-tunnel-on-akhnoor-poonch-road-approved/ Nowshera tunnel on Akhnoor- Poonch road approved], Daily Excelsior,11-2-2021.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[National Highway 144A (India)#Tunnel|Bhimbar Gali tunnel]] (Kalai-Bhatadurian tunnel)<br /> | Jammu and Kashmir<br /> | ? km<br /> | N (under construction)<br /> | 2024 (Aug)<br /> | Road<br /> | Paved-shoulder highway, Jammu-Akhnoor 4-lanes &amp; Akhnoor-Poonch 2-lanes. All 4 tunnels built by BRO.&lt;ref name=tnew3/&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]]-[[Sophian]] [[Mughal Road]] highway tunnels<br /> | Pir ki Gali Tunnel (Chhatapani-Zaznar Tunnel)<br /> | Jammu and Kashmir<br /> | 8&amp;nbsp;km<br /> | N (DPR done)<br /> | 2025? (?)<br /> | Road<br /> | Poonch-Shopian 2-lane highway with paved shoulder and 2-lane tunnel will cost INR40&amp;nbsp;billion. DPR was ready in mid 2022.&lt;ref name=tnew9&gt;[https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/front-page/dpr-for-historic-mughal-road-tunnel-near-completion-officials DPR for historic Mughal Road tunnel near completion: Officials], Greater Kashmir, 9 May 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; Tunnel from Chhatapani from the Poonch side to Zaznar from Shopian, &quot;ideally there should be another tunnel that starts from Thanamandi and ends at Buflaiz to make it an all-weather road&quot;.&lt;ref name=buf1/&gt; Tunnel cost INR2,000, JICA-funded MoRTH approved project since before 2018.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | [[Tangdhar, Jammu and Kashmir|Tangdhar]]-[[Kupwara]] highway tunnel<br /> | [[Sadhna Pass]] Tunnel <br /> | Jammu and Kashmir<br /> | ? km<br /> | N (DPR done)<br /> | 2025? (?)<br /> | Road<br /> | 2-lane highway with paved shoulder and 2-lane tunnel announced in dec 2021.&lt;ref name=buf1&gt;[https://www.news18.com/news/india/30-road-links-tunnels-worth-rs-50000-cr-to-give-jammu-and-kashmir-big-infrastructural-push-4515929.html 30 Road Links, Tunnels Worth Rs 50,000 Cr to Give Jammu and Kashmir Big Infrastructural Push], News18, 3 dec 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | [[Paddar]]-Atholi-[[Machail Mata|Machail]]-[[Zanskar]]-[[Kargil]] highway ([[Hagshu La]] tunnel)<br /> | Paddar-Zanskar Tunnel (Machail-Zanskar Tunnel)<br /> | Jammu and Kashmir<br /> | ~350&amp;nbsp;km<br /> | N (DPR done)<br /> | 2025? (?)<br /> | Road<br /> | 2-lane highway with paved shoulder and 2-lane tunnel announced in dec 2021.&lt;ref name=buf1/&gt;&lt;ref name=buf2&gt;[https://www.constructionworld.in/transport-infrastructure/highways-and-roads-infrastructure/morth-okays-release-of-rs-5.62-bn-for-akhnoor-poonch-nh/36707 MoRTH okays release if 5.6 bn for Akhnoor-Poonch NH], Construction World, 30 sept 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; Traditional foot-track was over the [[Umasi La]], but the new highway will be built along a slightly different alignment with a tunnel under the [[Hagshu La]]. Udhampur command HQ-Srinagar-Zoji La-Kargil-Zanskar route is ~1100&amp;nbsp;km or 25 hours of travel and Udhampur-Pader-Zanskar route will be only ~350&amp;nbsp;km or 5 hours making it shortest route to serve the Kargil-[[Dras]] defence sector. Building the highway across this alpine route will be a challenge. It will connect the Buddhist villages in 3 valleys (Gandhari, Kabban, and Machail) of Pader area of [[Kishtwar district]] with Buddhist villages of Zanskar valley in the north which have the similar culture. Kishtwar to [[Machail Mata]] road has been completed under [[Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana|PMGSY scheme]].&lt;ref name=hagshu1&gt;[https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/atholi-machail-zanskar-road-why-it-is-important/ Atholi-Machail-Zanskar Road Why it is important], Daily Exce 8 Jan 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | [[National Highway 1 (India)|NH1 Srinagar-Kargil-Leh tunnels]]<br /> | [[Z-Morh Tunnel]]<br /> | Jammu and Kashmir<br /> | 6.5&amp;nbsp;km<br /> | N (under construction)<br /> | 2023 (Dec)<br /> | Dual<br /> | 2-lane tunnels, Zojila-La &amp; Z-Morh are 100&amp;nbsp;km southwest of Kargil.&lt;ref name=zorawar2/&gt;&lt;ref name=zorawar3/&gt;&lt;ref name=zorawar4/&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Zoji-la Tunnel]]<br /> | Jammu and Kashmir<br /> | 14.2&amp;nbsp;km<br /> | N (under construction)<br /> | 2023 (Dec)<br /> | Dual<br /> |&lt;ref name=zorawar2&gt;[https://telanganatoday.com/everything-about-zoji-la-tunnel Everything about Zoji La Tunnel], Telangana Today, 29 Oct 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=zorawar3/&gt;&lt;ref name=zorawar4&gt;[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/strategic-zojila-tunnel-to-see-defence-forces-crossing-into-ladakh-2-years-ahead-of-deadline/article65267630.ece Strategic Zojila tunnel to see defence forces crossing into Ladakh 2 years ahead of deadline], The Hindu, 28 March 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | Nilgrar Tunnel-I<br /> | Jammu and Kashmir<br /> | 0.433&amp;nbsp;km<br /> | N (under construction)<br /> | 2023 (Dec)<br /> | Dual<br /> | Twine-tube tunnel part of approach road to Zojila tunnel's west portal.&lt;ref name=nilg1&gt;[https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tunnels-in-jammu-kashmir Tunnels in Jammu Kashmir], Drishti, accessed 14 dec 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | Nilgrar Tunnel-II<br /> | Jammu and Kashmir<br /> | 1.95&amp;nbsp;km<br /> | N (under construction)<br /> | 2023 (Dec)<br /> | Dual<br /> | Twine-tube tunnel part of approach road to Zojila tunnel's west portal.&lt;ref name=nilg1/&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Namika La]]<br /> | Ladakh<br /> | ? km<br /> | N (DPR)<br /> | 2027? (?)<br /> | ?<br /> |&lt;ref name=tnew1&gt;[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tunnels-across-major-passes-in-ladakh-in-offing-to-cost-rs-5000cr/articleshow/95746991.cms Tunnels across major passes in Ladakh in offing; to cost Rs 5,000cr], Times of India, 24 nov 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Fotu La]]<br /> | Ladakh<br /> | ? km<br /> | N (DPR)<br /> | 2027? (?)<br /> | ?<br /> |&lt;ref name=tnew1/&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | Kargil-[[Batalik]]-Dah-[[Khalatse]] route tunnel<br /> | [[Hamboting La]]<br /> | Ladakh<br /> | ? km<br /> | N (DPR)<br /> | 2027? (?)<br /> | Road<br /> | 31&amp;nbsp;km east of Kargil between Kargil &amp; [[Batalik]], provides an alternate to NH1 Kargil-Leh.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | Leh-Khalsar-Siachen route<br /> | [[Khardung La]]<br /> | Ladakh<br /> | 5.5&amp;nbsp;km<br /> | N (DPR)<br /> | 2027? (?)<br /> | Road<br /> | 2-lane tunnel on Khardung La going north from Leh town to [[Siachen]] &amp; [[Nubra valley]].&lt;ref name=tnew1/&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | [[Sasoma–Saser La Road|Sasoma–Saser La Road-DBO Tunnel]] (SSSG-DBO tunnel, Saser La – Saser Brangsa Tunnel)<br /> | [[Depsang Plains]]<br /> | Ladakh<br /> | ? km<br /> | N (DPR)<br /> | 2027? (?)<br /> | Road<br /> | On ''[[Sasoma]]–[[Sasser Pass|Sasser La]]-Saser Brangsa-Gapsam-[[Daulat Beg Oldi]] Road'' ('''SSSG-DBO Road'''), also '''Sasoma-Sasser La Road''' between [[Nubra Valley]] and [[Daulat Beg Oldi]] (DBO) in [[Depsang Plains]] including a tunnel between Saser La {{Convert|17800|feet|m|abbr=}} to Saser Brangsa, wildlife approval for which was already granted in April 2022. As of January 2023, Sasoma (near [[Siachen Base Camp (India)|Siachen Base Camp]]) in south to Saser La in north route is under-construction – which is reachable on Saser La side from [[Murgo]] in northeast by a motorable road, Saser La to Saser Brangsa in northwest is a 30&amp;nbsp;km foot track under which a highway tunnel will be built, Saser Brangsa-Gapsam-Daulat Beg Oldi section in northwest is already motorable. SSSG-DBO Road connects to [[Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road]] (DS-DBO Road) at two places: at Daulat Beg Oldi in northwest and also via the Saser La to Murgo (on DS-DBO Road) spur in northeast.&lt;ref name=sssgd1&gt;[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/alternate-alignment-to-daulat-beg-oldi-road-gets-wildlife-board-nod/articleshow/91160241.cms Alternate alignment to Daulat Beg Oldi Road gets wildlife board nod], Economic Times, 29 Apr 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | [[Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road]] tunnel (DS-DBO tunnel)<br /> | [[Depsang Plains]]<br /> | Ladakh<br /> | ? km<br /> | N (DPR)<br /> | 2027? (?)<br /> | Road<br /> | 2-lane tunnel.&lt;ref name=nbtt1&gt;[https://www.timesnowhindi.com/india/border-road-organization-plan-2023-after-the-conflict-between-india-and-china-in-tawang-article-96740884 भारत और चीन के बीच तवांग में हुए संघर्ष के बाद बॉर्डर रोड ऑर्गेनाइजेशन का प्लान 2023.], Navbharat Times, 4 Jan 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | [[Gogra]]-[[Marsimik La]]-[[Pangong Tso]]-[[Chushul]]-Mahe-[[Karzok]]-[[Tso Moriri]]-Kiato-[[Kaza, Himachal Pradesh|Kaza]]-[[Dhar Larang]]-[[Tiuni]]-[[Paonta Sahib]]-[[Behat]]-Saharanpur-Delhi Highway<br /> | Several tunnels e.g. Marsimik La, Dhar Larang, Chheyuda Dhar, etc.<br /> | Ladakh, Himachal, Uttar Pradesh<br /> | ? km<br /> | N (Planning)<br /> | 2029?<br /> | Road<br /> | Karzok-Kiato has been proposed and the rest of the road is yet to be formally proposed.&lt;ref name=dha1&gt;[https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/namgyal-demands-korzok-kiato-road-for-all-weather-connectivity-of-ladakh-spiti-chandigarh/ Namgyal demands Korzok-Kiato Road for all-weather connectivity of Ladakh-Spiti-Chandigarh], Daily Excrlsior, 22 Dec 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; From Gogra &amp; Hot Springs the route will turn west to end at intersection with [[Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road]] (DSDBO Road). Between Chusul &amp; Marsimik La it will have tunnel under hill ranges immediately north (Marsimik) &amp; south (Chushul &amp; Changthang Nature Reserve) of Pangong Tso with a bridge over the Pangong Tso &amp; tourist [[Aerial lift in India|ropeway]] to peak of finger 4.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | [[Hemis]]-[[Tangste]]-[[Durbuk]]-[[Pangong Tso]] route<br /> | [[Ke La]]<br /> | Ladakh<br /> | ? km<br /> | N (DPR)<br /> | 2027? (?)<br /> | Road<br /> | 2-lane tunnel.&lt;ref name=tnew1/&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[National Highway 3 (India)|NH3]] [[Leh-Manali Highway]] <br /> | [[Lungalacha La]] tunnel<br /> | Ladakh<br /> | 14.5&amp;nbsp;km <br /> | N (Tender)<br /> | 2027? (?)<br /> | Road (or Dual?)<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Vashisht|first=Abhinav|date=27 September 2020|title=As Rohtang dream becomes reality, focus on 4 more tunnels|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/as-rohtang-dream-becomes-reality-focus-on-4-more-tunnels-147715|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Tribune India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Gurung|first=Shaurya Karanbir|date=13 July 2018|title=For year-round border security, India plans tunnels on China border|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/for-year-round-border-security-india-plans-tunnels-on-china-border/articleshow/61522629.cms|access-date=2022-01-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cost for Lachung La tunnel INR67.47&amp;nbsp;billion.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bara-lacha la]]''<br /> | Ladakh<br /> | ?<br /> | N (Tender)<br /> | 2027? (?)<br /> | Road (or Dual?)<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Tanglang La]]''<br /> | Ladakh<br /> | 7.5&amp;nbsp;km<br /> | N (Tender)<br /> | 2027? (?)<br /> | Road (or Dual?)<br /> | Cost for Tanglang La tunnel INR34.90&amp;nbsp;billion.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Rohtang Tunnel]] <br /> | Himachal Pradesh<br /> | 9.02&amp;nbsp;km<br /> | Y<br /> | 2020 (Jul)<br /> | Dual<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | [[National Highway 505 (India)|NH505]]<br /> [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]]-[[Kaza, Himachal Pradesh|Kaza]]-[[Kaurik]]<br /> | [[Kunzum Pass|Kunzum Pass Tunnel]] (west of Kaza, between Manali-Kaza)<br /> | Himachal Pradesh<br /> | ? km<br /> | N (planned)<br /> | ? (?)<br /> | Road<br /> | NH505 connects Kaza to Manali in the southwest, and via Sumdo to the Sino-Indian border in the east and the Kinnaur district in the southeast. The Kaza-Tabo-[[Shimla]] route is open whole year, but the Manali-Kaza route is closed for 5–7 months every year due to the closure of the [[Kunzum Pass]] (15,000&amp;nbsp;ft) by snows. NH505 is the arterial highway through [[Spiti]], and has been vital for this region's development.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Abhimanyu |url=https://hasp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/reader/download/1166/1166-43-103429-1-10-20230405.pdf |title=Aktuelle Forschungsbeiträge zu Südasien – 12. Jahrestagung des AK Südasien, 21./22. Januar 2022, Bonn/online. |publisher=Heidelberg Asian Studies Publishing |year=2023 |editor-last= |editor-first= |location=Heidelberg |pages=14–17 |chapter=Fragile mountains, extreme winters, and bordering China: Interrogating the shaping of remoteness and connectivity through roads in a Himalayan borderland |archive-date=26 May 2023 |access-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526152354/https://hasp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/reader/download/1166/1166-43-103429-1-10-20230405.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[National Highway Authority of India|NHAI]] is planning to construct a tunnel under the Kunzum Pass to provide all-weather connectivity between Manali and [[Spiti valley]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=June 14, 2020 |title=Rs 200 cr for Sumdoh-Gramphu road |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/rs-200-cr-for-sumdoh-gramphu-road-99160}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | [[Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road]]<br /> | [[Shingo La#Shingo La Tunnel|Shingo La Tunnel]]<br /> | Himachal Pradesh<br /> | 4.25&amp;nbsp;km<br /> | N (under construction)<br /> | 2027? (?)<br /> | Road<br /> | Provides an alternate route to NH3 Leh-Manali Highway to reach Leh. Cost INR40.95&amp;nbsp;billion for 8.8&amp;nbsp;km tunnel &amp; approach Road.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |<br /> [[National Highway 154 (India)|NH154]] [[Pathankot]]-[[Joginder Nagar]]-[[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]] Highway upgrade to 4-lanes <br /> | 3 new tunnels<br /> | Himachal Pradesh<br /> | ?<br /> | Y (being upgraded)<br /> | 2025? (?)<br /> | Road<br /> | 3 new tunnels between Joginder Nagar-Mandi newcalignment, 3 rail overbridges &amp; 8 bypasses elsewhere on this upgraded route. Kangra-Shimla, Kiratpur-Manali, Shimla-Kalka National highways are also being upgraded to four lanes with several new tunnels on each of these routes.&lt;ref name=jog1&gt;[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/pathankot-mandi-four-laning-a-challenge-for-sukhu-govt-460088 Pathankot-Mandi four-laning a challenge for Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu govt], 12 Dec 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | [[Harsil]]-Kharcham Highway<br /> | [[Lamkhaga Pass]] tunnel<br /> | Himachal &amp; Uttrakhand<br /> | ?<br /> | N (DPR)<br /> | 2027? (?)<br /> | Road<br /> | Connect Harsil &amp; Kharcham via Lamkhaga Pass tunnel, &amp; connect to Pooh-Chumar-Hanle Highway.&lt;ref name=khar1&gt;[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/vivacity/one-step-closer.html One step closer], Daily Pioneer, 8 April 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | [[Char Dham Railway]]<br /> | Char Dham rail tunnels<br /> | Uttrakhand<br /> | ?<br /> | N (DPR)<br /> | 2027? (?)<br /> | Rail<br /> | [[Char Dham Railway]] multiple rail tunnels.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | [[Char Dham Highway]]<br /> | Char Dham highway tunnels<br /> | Uttrakhand<br /> | ? km <br /> | N (under construction)<br /> | 2024 (Dec)<br /> | Road<br /> | [[Char Dham Highway]] multiple road tunnels e.g. Chamba tunnel<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | Chamba tunnel<br /> | Uttrakhand<br /> | 0.440&amp;nbsp;km <br /> | Y<br /> | 2021 (Jan)<br /> | Road<br /> | Under the town on [[Rishikesh]]-[[Dharasu]] road.&lt;ref name=tnew2/&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | Dabarkot twin-tube tunnel<br /> | Uttrakhand<br /> | 2&amp;nbsp;km <br /> | N (DPR)<br /> | 2026 <br /> | Road<br /> | Under landslide prone area of Dabarkot on [[Yamunotri]] Highway. DPR was prepared in late 2022 and construction will take 4 years.&lt;ref name=dabk1&gt;[https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/uttarkashi-second-longest-double-lane-tunnel-to-be-built-on-yamunotri-highway-23078779.html Yamunotri Highway पर बनेगी दूसरी सबसे लंबी डबल लेन सुरंग नासूर बने डाबरकोट भूस्खलन जोन से मिलेगी निजात], Dainik Jagran, 22 Sept 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Rudraprayag]] bypass tunnel<br /> | Uttrakhand<br /> | 0.900&amp;nbsp;km <br /> | N (under construction)<br /> | Road<br /> | 2024 <br /> | On [[Badrinath]] route, cost INR2&amp;nbsp;billion (US$25&amp;nbsp;million), construction began in November 2022.&lt;ref name=dabk2&gt;[https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/rudraprayag-kedarnath-highway-900-meter-long-tunnel-connect-with-badrinath-highway-23189962.html Kedarnath Highway पर बन रही 900 मीटर सुरंग चारधाम यात्रियों को जाम से मिलेगा छुटकारा फर्राटा भरेंगे वाहन], Dainik Jagran, 8 Nov 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Ghamandpur|Ranipokhri]] tunnel ([[Dehradun]]-[[Tehri]] tunnel)<br /> | Uttrakhand<br /> | 27&amp;nbsp;km <br /> | N (DPR)<br /> | Road<br /> | 2026? <br /> | Between Dehradun &amp; Tehri on ~35&amp;nbsp;km long greenfield alignment including 27 to 28&amp;nbsp;km long tunnel, starts from Ranipokhri in south. Tunnel alignment was being finalized in December 2022.&lt;ref name=dabk3&gt;[https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-uttarakhand-tourism-tunnel-between-dehradun-and-tehri-lake-journey-complete-in-just-one-hour-23264572.html देहरादून को Tehri Lake से जोड़ेगी 35 किलोमीटर लंबी सुरंग महज एक घंटे में तय होगा सफर], Dainik Jagran, 20 Dec 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | {{anchor|garbt}}[[Gunji, Uttarakhand#NH|Budi-Garbyang tunnel]] on [[Gunji, Uttarakhand#NH|Pithoragarh-Lipulekh Pass Highway]] (PLPH) or ''Kailash-Mansarovar Road'' (KMR).<br /> | Uttrakhand<br /> | 6&amp;nbsp;km <br /> | N (DPR)<br /> | Road<br /> | 2029? <br /> | Rs 20&amp;nbsp;billion 2-lane tunnel, on ''[[Mount Kailash#Religious significance|Kailash]]-[[Lake Manasarovar#Religious significance|Mansarovar]] [[yatra]]'' route.&lt;ref name=pri1&gt;[https://theprint.in/india/uttarakhand-6-km-tunnel-to-be-built-between-bundi-garbyang-on-way-to-india-china-border/1590548/?amp Uttarakhand: 6-km tunnel to be built between Bundi, Garbyang on way to India-China border], The Print, 23 May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | NH310A [[Chungthang]]-[[Tung, Sikkim|Tung]] North Sikkim highway<br /> | [[Theng Tunnel]]<br /> | Sikkim<br /> | 0.578&amp;nbsp;km<br /> | Y<br /> | 2018 (Oct)<br /> | Road<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | [[National Highway 6 (India)|NH6 Silchar-Shillong Highway]]<br /> | [[National Highway 6 (India)#Route|Sonapur Tunnel]]<br /> | Meghalaya<br /> | 0.120&amp;nbsp;km<br /> | Y<br /> | 2008 (Sept)<br /> | Road<br /> | On NH6 (old NH44) inside [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India#Meghalaya|Narpuh Sanctuary]] northwest of [[Silchar]], connects Meghalaya with Assam's [[Barak Valley]] in Meghalaya's southeast.&lt;ref name=tnew2/&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | [[Brahmaputra River]]<br /> | [[Brahmaputra River#Tunnel|Numaligarh-Gohpur under-river tunnel]]<br /> | Assam<br /> | 15.6&amp;nbsp;km<br /> | N (DPR)<br /> | 2029? (?)<br /> | Dual<br /> | Twin-tubes 22 metres below river connecting [[National Highway 52 (India)|NH-52]] and Numaligarh on [[National Highway 37 (India)|NH-37]] will cost Rs 128.07&amp;nbsp;billion (US$1.7 b).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=14 July 2020|editor-last=Chaturvedi|editor-first=Amit|title=Centre gives in-principle approval for tunnel under the Brahmaputra amid tension with China: Report|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|access-date=3 September 2020|work=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=30 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830011134/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=goh1&gt;{{Cite news| date= 9 September 2021| editor-last= DAS GUPTA| editor-first= MOUSHUMI DAS GUPTA| title= Modi govt proposes 15.6-km twin road tunnel of strategic importance under Brahmaputra| url= https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-proposes-15-6-km-twin-road-tunnel-of-strategic-importance-under-brahmaputra/731790/| access-date= 10 September 2021| work= The Print| language= en| archive-date= 11 September 2021| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210911072212/https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-proposes-15-6-km-twin-road-tunnel-of-strategic-importance-under-brahmaputra/731790/| url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[National Highway 13 (India)|NH13 Bogibeel (Assam)-Tawang Highway]]<br /> | [[Nechiphu Pass]]<br /> | Arunachal Pradesh<br /> | 0.5&amp;nbsp;km<br /> | N (under construction)<br /> | 2023 (Jan)<br /> | Dual<br /> | 2-lane tunnel halfway between Tawang &amp; [[Dirang]]<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Sela Tunnel]]s<br /> | Arunachal Pradesh<br /> | 1.790&amp;nbsp;km &amp; 0.475&amp;nbsp;km<br /> | N (under construction)<br /> | 2023 (Jan)<br /> | Dual<br /> | D-shaped single-tube Nechiphu Pass tunnel halfway between Bomdila &amp; Bhalukpong.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Sea ports and waterways projects ===<br /> [[Sagarmala]] port development project and the [[List of National Waterways in India|National Waterways projects]] will also enhance geostrategic capabilities along LAC and elsewhere. Waterway projects in Assam on Brahmaputra River and its tributaries are of geostrategic importance for the movement of military assets, these include [[National Waterway 2]] and [[Subansiri River]].<br /> <br /> === Under-river tunnel ===<br /> Gohpur–Numaligarh under-river tunnel, is an under construction tunnel under the Brahmaputra river.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-14|editor-last=Chaturvedi|editor-first=Amit|title=Centre gives in-principle approval for tunnel under the Brahmaputra amid tension with China: Report|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|access-date=2020-09-03|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Mobile and internet connectivity ===<br /> <br /> In June 2020, it was announced that 54 villages in the Ladakh region; including the [[Demchok, Ladakh|Demchok]] is among the 19 in Kargil, 11 in Zanskar and 7 in [[Nubra]] Valley; will receive [[cellular network|mobile phone connectivity]] from [[Jio]] via the satellite connected towers under the [[Universal Service Obligation Funding]] (USOF) programme.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/54-villages-in-ladakh-to-get-mobile-connectivity-104602 |title=54 villages in Ladakh to get mobile connectivity |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=26 June 2020 |access-date=19 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Radars ===<br /> <br /> * Uttarakhand<br /> ** [[Doppler radar]] at [[Mukteshwar]] and [[Surkanda Devi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Prashant|date=17 October 2019|title=Doppler radars will be installed in Uttarakhand by March 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/doppler-radars-will-be-installed-in-ukhand-by-march-2020/articleshow/71620337.cms|access-date=2020-09-18|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Air defence radars, under construction, at [[Chamoli district|Chamoli]], [[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]] and [[Uttarkashi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Verma|first=Lalmani|date=2020-09-12|title=IAF plans to set up Air Defence Radars in 3 Uttarakhand districts|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/iaf-plans-to-set-up-air-defence-radars-in-3-uttarakhand-districts-6592690/|access-date=2020-09-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Northeast connectivity projects ===<br /> <br /> * [[North Eastern Railway Connectivity Project]]<br /> * [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region#Projects|Northeast Connectivity projects]]<br /> * [[India–Myanmar barrier#Look-East Connectivity|Look-East Connectivity projects]]<br /> * [[North-South and East-West Corridor]]<br /> * [[Burma–India relations#India-Myanmar-Thailand Friendship Highway|India-Myanmar-Thailand Friendship Highway]]<br /> * [[Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Forum for Regional Cooperation#BCIM Economic Corridor|BCIM Economic Corridor]]<br /> * [[Asian Highway Network]]<br /> * [[Brahmaputra River#Bridges|List of bridges on Brahmaputra River]]<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|India|Transport|Roads|Railways}}<br /> <br /> ; Geostrategic<br /> * [[India-China border infrastructure]]<br /> * [[List of disputed territories of India]]<br /> * [[Western Theater Command]], China<br /> * [[List of disputed territories of India|East, Central and Western Command LAC]], of India<br /> * [[List of Indian Air Force stations]] <br /> * [[List of People's Liberation Army Air Force airbases]]<br /> <br /> ; Similar rail development<br /> * [[Future of rail transport in India]], rail development<br /> * [[China–India railway]]<br /> <br /> ; Similar roads development<br /> * [[Bharatmala]]<br /> ** [[Diamond Quadrilateral]], Subsumed in Bharatmala<br /> ** [[Golden Quadrilateral]], completed national road development connectivity older scheme<br /> ** [[National Highways Development Project]], Subsumed in Bharatmala<br /> ** [[North-South and East-West Corridor]], Subsumed in Bharatmala<br /> * [[Expressways of India]]<br /> <br /> ; Similar ports and river transport development<br /> * [[List of national waterways in India]]<br /> * [[Sagar Mala project]], national water port development connectivity scheme<br /> <br /> ; Similar air transport development<br /> * [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]]<br /> * [[UDAN]], national airport development connectivity scheme<br /> <br /> ; General<br /> * [[List of national highways in India]]<br /> * [[Transport in India]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan, Rahul Prakash (May 2013). Sino-Indian Border Infrastructure: An Update. ORF<br /> * {{Cite web|last=Sethi|first=Abheet Singh|date=2015-06-29|title=82% Roads Along China Border Unfinished|url=https://www.indiaspend.com/82-roads-along-china-border-unfinished-31084/|website=IndiaSpend}}<br /> * {{Cite news|last=Mandhana|first=Niharika|date=2017-04-05|title=India Moves Mountains to Build Military Road to China Border|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/india-moves-mountains-to-build-military-road-to-china-border-1491384609|url-access=subscription|issn=0099-9660}}<br /> * {{Cite web|last=Kulkarni|first=Pranav|date=2015-05-18|title=Will finish building China border infrastructure by 2018: Rao Inderjit|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/will-finish-building-china-border-infrastructure-by-18-rao-inderjit/|website=The Indian Express}}<br /> <br /> {{China–India relations}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:India-China Border Roads}}<br /> [[Category:China–India border]]<br /> [[Category:Roads in Ladakh]]<br /> [[Category:Roads in Arunachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Ladakh]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Sikkim]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Arunachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Roads in Uttarakhand]]<br /> [[Category:China–India relations]]<br /> [[Category:Proposed infrastructure in India]]<br /> [[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Arunachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Ladakh]]<br /> [[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Sikkim]]<br /> [[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Uttarakhand]]<br /> [[Category:Border Roads Organisation roads]]<br /> [[Category:Sino-Indian border dispute]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_C._Hopkinson&diff=473729 2025-11-22T14:33:13Z

<p>GiseleStead: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian police officer (1880–1914)}}<br /> {{more footnotes|date=September 2017}}<br /> [[File:Detail of Canadian immigration officer William Charles Hopkinson from a photograph of him and other officials meeting with reporters during Komagata Maru crisis, 1914.jpg|thumb|Detail of Canadian immigration officer William Charles Hopkinson from a photograph of him and other officials meeting with reporters during ''Komagata Maru'' crisis, 1914]]<br /> {{EngvarB|date=April 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br /> '''William Charles Hopkinson''' (16 June 1880 – 21 October 1914) was an Anglo-Indian who served as an [[Indian Imperial Police|Indian police officer]] and later an immigration inspector in the Canadian Immigration Branch in [[Vancouver]], British Columbia, who is noted for his role in infiltration and intelligence on the [[Ghadar Party|Ghadarite]] movement in [[North America]] in the early 1900s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web <br /> | publisher = UC, Berkeley, Bancroft Library<br /> | url=http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/SSEAL/echoes/chapter7/chapter7.html<br /> | title=Echoes of Freedom:South Asian pioneers in California 1899-1965. <br /> | access-date=2007-11-11<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Puri|1980|p=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Jensen&gt;{{harvnb|Jensen|1979|p=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Hopkinson was born in [[Delhi]] on 16 June 1880. His father, William Hopkinson, was then a sergeant instructor of volunteers at Allahabad. His mother, Agnes Hopkinson, may have been an Indian woman, who used a European name.&lt;ref name=Johnson142&gt;{{Harvnb|Johnson|1979|p=142}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raised in India, he spoke Hindi, but did not speak Punjabi well.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hickman |first=Pamela |title=Righting Canada's Wrongs: The Komagata Maru: and Canada's Anti-Indian Immigration Policies in the Twentieth Century |publisher=[[James Lorimer &amp; Company]] |year=2014 |isbn=9781459404373 |edition=illustrated |pages=43 |chapter=3: Unwelcome in Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt; He turned to others for translation of materials written in the Gurmukhi script.<br /> <br /> ==Intelligence work==<br /> In 1903 or 1904, he became an inspector of police in Calcutta. Hopkinson came to Canada in late 1907 or early 1908, officially on leave, but pursuing investigations for the Criminal Intelligence Department in India.<br /> <br /> In February 1909, he was hired by the Immigration Branch (part of the [[Minister of the Interior (Canada)|Department of the Interior]]), as an immigration inspector and interpreter. He later became chief assistant to the Canadian inspector of immigration.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Campbell|1999|P=60}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hopkinson continued to work for the police in India. He reported to the deputy minister of the Interior in Ottawa and to [[John Wallinger|J. A. Wallinger]], Agent of the Government of India in London. He was also retained by the U.S. immigration service.<br /> <br /> By 1910 Hopkinson was actively involved in monitoring the Indian immigration and the nationalistic separatist opinions and outlets in [[North America]], especially Canada, and was the principal agent responsible for comprehensive British intelligence in the Pacific coast.<br /> <br /> He openly attended public meetings in British Columbia and down the coast in Washington, Oregon and California, to gather information on Indian nationalists and separatists. He used a network of assets to provide additional information on various terrorist and separatist groups. During that time he was subjected to accusations of bribery and to threats by the objects of his intelligence work, although it has been stated that in fact this was done due to his refusal to accept bribes or to be threatened by these subjects.<br /> Hopkinson was successful in infiltrating the Ghadarite movement after its conception, and in 1914 he was involved in the [[Komagata Maru incident|''Komagata Maru'' incident]].&lt;ref name=Campbell&gt;{{Harvnb|Campbell|1999|P=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Canadian citizenship}}<br /> <br /> ==''Komagata Maru'' incident and aftermath==<br /> During the incident, he acted as an interpreter for the Immigration Branch when passengers were questioned.<br /> <br /> In mid-July, 1914, prior to the departure of the ''[[Komagata Maru]]'', a local [[Ghadar Party|Ghadarite]], [[Mewa Singh Lopoke|Mewa Singh]], was arrested while re-entering Canada from [[Sumas, Washington]], attempting to bring weapons into Canada. Hopkinson helped to secure his release with a minor fine. <br /> <br /> On 31 August 1914, one of Hopkinson's informants, Harnam Singh, was found murdered in Vancouver. On 3 September, another informant, Arjan Singh, was shot dead in Vancouver. On 5 September, another informant, Bela Singh, was arrested and subsequently charged with murder for killing two local Ghaderites, in what he claimed was self-defence.<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> {{context|section|date=September 2017}} &lt;!-- The context around Hopkins' assassination is jumbled. --&gt;<br /> On 21 October 1914, Hopkinson attended the provincial courthouse on West Georgia Street in Vancouver. He was there to testify at Bela Singh's murder trial, where he was expected to give evidence concerning threats made against Bela Singh, including death threats made by one of the victims. While waiting outside a courtroom, Hopkinson was assassinated by Mewa Singh. For Bhai Mewa Singh the turning came on 15 September, when he witnessed a man named Bela (who worked as an informant for the Canadian immigration department) enter the Gurdwara on West Second Avenue and was attacked and forced to shoot two Sikhs: Bhai Bhag Singh and Bhai Battan Singh. Bhai Mewa Singh, like many Sikhs, was devastated by this event especially with their source of weapons cut off and he planned to testify in revenge.<br /> <br /> However, Bhai Mewa Singh did not waver; he testified in court that Bela had shot Bhai Bhag Singh and Bhai Battan Singh from behind without any prior provocation. After giving this testimony Bhai Mewa Singh claimed he was threatened once again by a mole named Babu who worked for inspector Hopkinson, although no evidence of this ever was provided. Bhai Mewa Singh continued to make claims he was told that the next time he was seen walking the streets of Vancouver that he would be shot dead.<br /> <br /> Bhai Mewa Singh held inspector Hopkinson responsible for interfering in the efforts of the radical separatist group. And when Mr. Hopkinson was to appear in court on 21 October 1914, to testify in favor of Bela. Bhai Mewa Singh went to court that same day and shot and killed inspector Hopkinson to prevent him from testifying. After shooting inspector Hopkinson, Bhai Mewa Singh dropped his weapons and surrendered to the authorities. Bhai Mewa Singh was put on trial for the murder of Officer Hopkinson. The presiding judge found him guilty of killing an inspector and Bhai Mewa Singh was sentenced to death. At his trial, he told the court that he did not regret killing Hopkinson.&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;My religion does not teach me to bear enmity with anybody, nor had I any enmity with Mr. Hopkinson. He was oppressing poor people very much. I, being a staunch Sikh, could no longer bear to see the wrong done both to my countrymen and the Dominion of Canada. This is what led me to take Hopkinson’s life and sacrifice my own life. And I, performing the duty of a true Sikh and remembering the name of God, will proceed towards the scaffold with the same amount of pleasure as a hungry baby goes towards his mother.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://kdsross.com/about/history/shaheed-bhai-mewa-singh/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=kdsross.com |title=Shaheed Bhai Mewa Singh &amp;#124; Khalsa Diwan Society |date=12 August 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Bhai Mewa Singh was executed by hanging at the New Westminster jail on 11 January 1915.&lt;ref name=&quot;Popplewell160&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=160}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Canada Executions from 1860 to Abolition – Capital Punishment UK |url=http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/canada.html |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=www.capitalpunishmentuk.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> *{{Citation<br /> | surname1 = Campbell<br /> | given1 = Peter<br /> | year = 1999<br /> | title = East Meets Left: South Asian Militants and the Socialist Party of Canada in British Columbia,1904-1914.Vol 20, Autumn 1999. p 35-66<br /> | publisher = International Council for Canadian Studies<br /> }}<br /> *{{Citation<br /> | surname1 = Jensen<br /> | given1 = Joan M<br /> | year = 1979<br /> | title = The &quot;Hindu Conspiracy&quot;: A Reassessment. The Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 48, No. 1. (Feb., 1979), pp. 65-83<br /> | journal = Pacific Historical Review<br /> | publisher = University of California Press<br /> | issn = 0030-8684<br /> }}.<br /> *{{Citation<br /> | surname1 = Johnson<br /> | given1 = Hugh J M<br /> | year = 1979<br /> | title = The Voyage of the Komagata Maru: The Sikh Challenge to Canada's Colour Bar.<br /> | publisher = University of British Columbia Press<br /> | isbn = 0-7748-0340-1<br /> }}.<br /> *{{Citation<br /> | surname1 = Popplewell <br /> | given1 = Richard J<br /> | year = 1995<br /> | title = Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire 1904-1924.<br /> | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H44J2uDSE2cC&amp;pg=PA160<br /> | publisher = Routledge<br /> | isbn = 0-7146-4580-X<br /> }}.<br /> *{{Citation<br /> | surname1 = Puri <br /> | given1 = Harish K<br /> | year = 1980<br /> | title = Revolutionary Organization: A Study of the Ghadar Movement. Social Scientist, Vol. 9, No. 2/3. (Sep.–Oct., 1980), pp. 53-66 <br /> | journal = Social Scientist<br /> | doi = 10.2307/3516925<br /> | jstor = 3516925<br /> | issn = 0970-0293<br /> }}.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://komagatamarujourney.ca/ ''Komagata Maru: Continuing the Journey'' website]<br /> {{Ghadar Conspiracy}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Hopkinson, William C.}}<br /> [[Category:1880 births]]<br /> [[Category:1914 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Deaths by firearm in British Columbia]]<br /> [[Category:Indian police officers]]<br /> [[Category:People from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]<br /> [[Category:History of immigration to Canada]]<br /> [[Category:Assassinated Indian people]]<br /> [[Category:People murdered in British Columbia]]<br /> [[Category:Indian people murdered abroad]]<br /> [[Category:Assassinated police officers]]<br /> [[Category:People murdered in 1914]]<br /> [[Category:Immigration to British Columbia]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chhilka_roti&diff=494014 2025-11-03T10:11:28Z

<p>GiseleStead: created initial post basic info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian traditional bread}}<br /> {{Infobox food<br /> | name = Chhilka roti<br /> | alternate_name = Chilka roti<br /> | image = File:Chilka Roti.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | country = India<br /> | region = [[Jharkhand]]<br /> | type = [[Bread]]<br /> | main_ingredient = [[Rice]], chana [[dal]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Chhilka roti''' or '''chilka roti''' is a traditional [[bread]] of [[Jharkhand]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/mistress-of-spices-princess-of-the-pitha/cid/1330552|title=Mistress of spices, princess of the pitha|publisher=telegraphindia|access-date=21 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is prepared using rice [[flour]] and [[Chickpea|chana]] dal. It is served with <br /> [[chutney]], vegetables and meat.&lt;ref name= &quot;news18&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/lifestyle/recipe-chilka-roti-recipe-jharkhand-famous-food-dish-chilka-roti-banane-ka-tarika-in-hindi-neer-3981235.html|title=Chilka Roti Recipe: झारखंड की फेमस चिल्का रोटी का लें ज़ायका, आसान है रेसिपी|publisher=news18|date=30 January 2022|access-date=18 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/food/photo-gallery-jharkhand-s-most-famous-food-items/789152|title=Jharkhand Special: चिल्का रोटी से लेकर चावल की बीयर तक, झारखंड में मशहूर हैं ये व्यंजन|publisher=zeenews|date=19 November 2020|access-date=18 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pinkvilla&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/lifestyle/food-travel/delectable-dishes-ranchi-you-should-try-once-1097286|title=Delectable dishes in Ranchi you should try once|publisher=pinkvilla|access-date=18 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170445/https://www.pinkvilla.com/lifestyle/food-travel/delectable-dishes-ranchi-you-should-try-once-1097286|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Preparation==<br /> Rice and chana dal are soaked in water overnight. They are ground in the morning, after filtering the water to make a [[Batter (cooking)|batter]], and salt is added for taste. Then a little oil is greased on the heated [[Tava|tawa]] and half a bowl of batter is dispersed on it. After the mixture turns light brown, it is turned and the other side is roasted. When the other side turns light brown with proper roasting, the bread is ready. It is generally served with chutney, vegetables and meat.&lt;ref name= &quot;news18&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pinkvilla&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;slurrp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.slurrp.com/article/5-jharkhandi-dishes-that-you-must-try-1659130695992|title=5 Jharkhandi Dishes That You Must Try|publisher=slurrp|date=21 July 2022|access-date=18 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newstimeexpress.com/national/jharkhands-popular-chilka-roti-recipe-take-this-for-lunch-and-eat-it-in-breakfast/|title=Jharkhand’s Popular Chilka Roti Recipe: Take this for lunch and eat it in breakfast|publisher=newstomeexpress|date=31 January 2022|access-date=21 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Indian bread]]<br /> *[[Jharkhandi cuisine]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian snack foods]]<br /> [[Category:Culture of Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Nagpuri culture]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pollibetta&diff=463000 2025-10-25T18:22:38Z

<p>GiseleStead: fixed layout for accuracy per standard format</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Pollibetta<br /> | native_name = <br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = State<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = District <br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Kodagu]]<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | nickname =<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|12.23988|75.91931|display=inline,title}}<br /> | timezone = [[indian standard time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:25<br /> | postal_code_type = [[postal code|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = '''571215'''<br /> }}<br /> [[File:Golf course pollibetta.jpg|thumb|Golf course at Pollibetta]]<br /> <br /> [[File:WoodStoveSpencer.jpg|thumb|Old fashioned Spencer woodstove in a British building in Pollibetta]]<br /> '''Pollibetta''' is a small village in Kodagu district of Karnataka state, India.<br /> <br /> ==Location==<br /> Pollibetta is a small town in the southern part of Kodagu district. This town falls under Virajapet taluk and is located between Gonikoppal, Siddapura and Ammathi towns. The distance to Gonikoppa is 9.4 kilometers, the distance to Ammathi is 8.8&amp;nbsp;km, the distance to Siddapura is 11 kilometers and the distance to Virajpet is 27.8&amp;nbsp;km.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Siddapura,+Karnataka,+India/Pollibetta,+Karnataka+571215,+India/@12.2685023,75.8969624,14z/data=!4m8!4m7!1m2!1m1!1s0x3ba5af0a99b68bc3:0xd6e2673adfa3a53e!1m2!1m1!1s0x3ba5bab90f9ee335:0x41700b815386bd5c!3e0|title = Siddapura to Pollibetta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Post office==<br /> There is a post office in Polibetta village. The pincode is 571215.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/KARNATAKA/KODAGU/P/POLLIBETTA|title = Pin Code: POLLIBETTA, KODAGU, KARNATAKA, India, Pincode.net.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> A British company called Pollibetta Coffee Estates Company Limited, London managed by Matheson and Company started a tea company in Pollibetta in 1943. In 1960, the company sold the shares to Indian public. In 1966, the company was renamed Consolidated Coffee Limited. Tata Tea Limited acquired the company in 1992. In 2000, the company was renamed Tata Coffee Limited.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tatacoffee.com/corporate/heritage.htm Tata Coffee - Corporate Heritage]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Education Institutions==<br /> Government Schools: Government Model Primary School and Namma High School.<br /> Private School: Lourdes Hill Convent School Mekur Hosakeri<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Kodagu district]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andhra_Pradesh_Tourism_Development_Corporation&diff=446140 2025-10-02T01:14:17Z

<p>GiseleStead: cleanup</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|State government agency in Andhra Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox government agency<br /> | agency_name = Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation&lt;hr /&gt; ఆంధ్ర రాష్ట్ర పర్యాటక అభివృద్ధి సంస్థ <br /> | logo = [[File:APTDC Logo.png]]<br /> | motto = Everything's possible!<br /> | type = [[Government-owned corporation|Public Sector Undertaking]]<br /> | formed = 1976<br /> | headquarters = [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]<br /> | chief1_name = <br /> | chief1_position = <br /> | jurisdiction =[[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]<br /> | agency_type = [[Tourism]], [[Package tour]]<br /> | parent_department = Department of Tourism, [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | website = {{URL|http://www.aptourism.gov.in/}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation''' ('''APTDC''') is a [[States of India|state]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|government]] agency which promotes [[tourism]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<br /> <br /> The department offers tour packages of Heritage, Nature, Adventure, Health and Rural tourism representing rich historical and natural background of Andhra Pradesh state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.expressbuzz.com/edition/story.aspx?Title=There+are+more+to+weekends+than+malls&amp;artid=T4uW79BhozE=&amp;SectionID=xAV59odivTs=&amp;MainSectionID=w44iAeuGCu8=&amp;SectionName=BUzPVSKuYv7MFxnS0yZ7ng==&amp;SEO=Andhra%20Pradesh%20Tourism%20Development%20Corporation|title=There are more to weekends than malls|last=Chakravorty|first=Sohini|date=17 November 2009|work=Express Buzz|access-date=25 November 2009}}{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; The tours covering 8 centers of Andhra Pradesh. The department maintains resorts at popular tourism destinations such as Tirupati, Horseley hills, Araku valley, Vizag and Srisailam. A wide range of vehicles including 63 hi-tech coaches, 29 Volvo coaches, 8 air-conditioned hi-tech coaches, 4 semi-sleepers, 11 mini vehicles, 1 vintage coach and 10 Qualis are being used.<br /> <br /> [[File:APTDC_Entrance.jpg|thumb|Office of Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation.]]<br /> APTDC is also promoting leisure tourism in the state of Andhra Pradesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leisure Tourism&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=APTDC to develop leisure tourism|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/aptdc-to-develop-leisure-tourism-105112101032_1.html|access-date=22 October 2014|work=Business Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has identified a number of potential tourism developments.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Central funding for AP Tourism projects|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/article1054229.ece|publisher=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=22 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2006, it opened an office to serve the [[Tamil Nadu]] market.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/23/stories/2006012317270300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309051912/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/23/stories/2006012317270300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 March 2007|title=Andhra Pradesh tourism corporation opens new office |date= 23 January 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 November 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Bolat |first1=Alex |title=Tour in Casablanca |url=http://toursincas.com |access-date=22 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> == Destination Andhra Pradesh ==<br /> <br /> AP is 3rd highest in India in terms of number of visits by tourists to Indian states. In 2013, 152.1 million domestic tourists visited Andhra Pradesh which was about 13.3% of the total domestic tourism market. There are Scenic locations, [[Beaches]], [[Reservoirs]] and Pristine Forest areas in the state. 100% exemption of luxury tax for all new tourism infrastructure projects that meets certain minimum requirements is provided by Authorities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://apedb.gov.in/andhrapradesh-tourism-sector.html|title=Focus Sectors in Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Tourism in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> * [[Tourism in Telangana]]<br /> * [[Tourism in Karnataka]]<br /> * [[Tourism in Kerala]]<br /> * [[Tourism in Maharashtra]]<br /> * [[Tourism in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> * [[Tourism in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.aptdc.in/ Official site]<br /> * {{Cite book|title= A to Z: Andhra pradesh travel guide|url=https://aptourism.gov.in/books/#book-10|year=2019|publisher=APTDC}}<br /> <br /> {{State agencies of Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> {{Tourism in India}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Tourism in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:State agencies of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:State tourism development corporations of India]]<br /> [[Category:Organisations based in Vijayawada]]<br /> [[Category:Government agencies with year of establishment missing]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satish_Kumar_Kaura&diff=446506 2025-09-24T23:17:29Z

<p>GiseleStead: page edit</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Kashyap Satish Kumar Rawani}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Satish Kumar Kaura<br /> | image = <br /> | imagesize = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = 18 December 1944<br /> | birth_place = India<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | restingplace = <br /> | restingplacecoordinates = <br /> | othername = <br /> | occupation = Technocrat&lt;br&gt;Industrialist<br /> | yearsactive = <br /> | known for = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | domesticpartner = <br /> | children = <br /> | parents = <br /> | website = <br /> | awards = [[Padma Shri]]&lt;br&gt;[[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur|IITK]] Distinguished Alumnus Award&lt;br&gt;[[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]] Care for Nature Award&lt;br&gt;Electronics Man of the Year&lt;br&gt;[[Society for Information Display|SID]] Special Recognition Award&lt;br&gt;[[Uttar Pradesh|UP]] Transformational Leadership Award&lt;br&gt;[[EFY Group]] Lifetime Achievement Award<br /> }}<br /> '''Satish Kumar Kaura''' is an Indian technocrat, industrialist and the founder of [[Samtel Group]], where he holds the post of the chairman.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reuters profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=SAME.BO&amp;officerId=1292608 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126063438/http://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=SAME.BO&amp;officerId=1292608 | url-status=dead | archive-date=26 November 2015 | title=Reuters profile | publisher=Reuters | date=2015 | access-date=25 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is also the chairman and managing director of Samcor Glass Limited and the executive director of Samtel Colour Limited.&lt;ref name=&quot;Satish Kumar Kaura - Bloomberg&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=8334283&amp;capId=8081133&amp;previousCapId=881419&amp;previousTitle=SRF%20LTD | title=Satish Kumar Kaura - Bloomberg | publisher=Bloomberg | date=2015 | access-date=25 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; An elected Fellow of the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] (INAE),&lt;ref name=&quot;Search Of Fellows&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109182038/http://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=9 November 2015 | title=Search Of Fellows | publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineering | date=2015 | access-date=25 November 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kaura is the first recipient of the ''Distinguished Alumnus Award'' of the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Distinguished Alumnus Award&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.iitk.ac.in/dora/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=category&amp;layout=blog&amp;id=195&amp;Itemid=264 | title=Distinguished Alumnus Award | publisher=IIT Kanpur | date=2015 | access-date=25 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2004, for his contributions to Indian industrial sector.&lt;ref name=&quot;Padma Awards&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> S. K. Kaura was born in a middle-class family on 18 December 1944 and joining the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]], he graduated in electrical engineering (BTech) in 1966.&lt;ref name=&quot;Satish Kumar Kaura - DORA&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.iitk.ac.in/dora/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=category&amp;layout=blog&amp;id=213&amp;Itemid=367 | title=Satish Kumar Kaura - DORA | publisher=Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur | date=2015 | access-date=25 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, he moved to Canada and secured a master's degree (MS) in electronics from [[Carleton University]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Governing Council - Member&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.imt.edu/AboutIMT/SatishKKaura.aspx | title=Governing Council - Member | publisher=Institute of Management Technology | date=2015 | access-date=25 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Returning to India, he founded [[Samtel Group]] in 1973 and established ''Teletube Electronics Limited'', a small industry for manufacturing television picture tubes, in 1974.&lt;ref name=&quot;Satish Kumar Kaura - DORA&quot; /&gt; This was followed by two more ventures, Samtel India Limited in 1981 and an engineering firm, Samtel Engineering and Sourcing Solutions, in 1983.&lt;ref name=&quot;Company Overview of Samtel Engineering and Sourcing Solutions Pvt. Ltd.&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=254219607 | title=Company Overview of Samtel Engineering and Sourcing Solutions Pvt. Ltd. | publisher=Bloomberg | date=2015 | access-date=25 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1986, he established Samtel Color Limited,&lt;ref name=&quot;Company History - Samtel Color Ltd.&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/samtel-color-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-13151.cms | title=Company History - Samtel Color Ltd. | publisher=Economic Times | date=2015 | access-date=25 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; with technical and commercial collaborations with conglomerates like [[Sumitomo Corporation]] and [[Mitsubishi Electric Corporation]]&lt;ref name=&quot;About Samtel India Ltd.&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/samtel-india-ltd/stocks/companyid-13117.cms | title=About Samtel India Ltd. | publisher=Economic Times | date=2015 | access-date=25 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the company had an installed capacity of 10 million picture tubes per annum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Samtel Color Ltd&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://profit.ndtv.com/stock/samtel-color-ltd_samtel/reports | title=Samtel Color Ltd | publisher=ND TV | date=2015 | access-date=25 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also set up Samtel Display Systems (Later renamed Samtel Avionics Ltd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Samtel Display Systems name change&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories1662_Samtel_is_India_first_complete_avionics.htm | title=Samtel Display Systems name change | publisher=India Strategic | date=2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;) for manufacturing of high-technology products for avionics and military applications, rugged displays, cockpit displays and equipment for military and commercial platforms. His son Puneet Kaura is the Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer of Samtel Avionics Ltd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Puneet Kaura MD &amp; CEO&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/puneet-kaura-appointed-samtel-avionics-md-and-ceo-115052801279_1.html | title=Puneet Kaura MD &amp; CEO | publisher=Business Standard | date=28 May 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Samtel Avionics]] has two joint venture companies,&lt;ref name=&quot;Samtel Avionics JVs&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.samtelavionics.com/partnerships.php | title=Samtel Avionics JVs | publisher=Samtel Avionics Ltd. }}&lt;/ref&gt; Samtel HAL Display Systems, in association with [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] in 2006, for the manufacture of electronic display systems&lt;ref name=&quot;Air Chief visits Samtel-HAL joint venture facilities&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories666.htm | title=Air Chief visits Samtel-HAL joint venture facilities | publisher=India Strategic | date=July 2010 | access-date=25 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Samtel Thales Avionics Limited, joining with the French multinational, [[Thales Group]] in 2010, for the manufacture of Helmet-Mounted Sight and Display Systems and modern Avionics Systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;SAMTEL THALES AVIONICS JV IS OFFICIALLY INCORPORATED&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/content/samtel-thales-avionics-jv-officially-incorporated | title=SAMTEL THALES AVIONICS JV IS OFFICIALLY INCORPORATED | publisher=Thales Group | date=9 February 2011 | access-date=25 November 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126065126/https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/content/samtel-thales-avionics-jv-officially-incorporated | archive-date=26 November 2015 | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Samtel Glass Limited, incorporated in 1986,&lt;ref name=&quot;Samtel Glass Ltd&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profiles/companies/6595980Z:IN-samtel-glass-ltd | title=Samtel Glass Ltd | publisher=Bloomberg | date=2015 | access-date=25 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Samtel Machines and Projects Limited are the other companies founded by Satish Kumar Kaura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Business Leaders&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.4-traders.com/business-leaders/Satish-Kumar-Kaura-06GYQF-E/biography/ | title=Business Leaders | publisher=4Traders | date=2015 | access-date=25 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Group, as of 2005, has an employee strength of 4500 and has nine factories spread across India and Germany.&lt;ref name=&quot;U.S. society honors Indian display industry groundbreaker&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | url=http://www.indusbusinessjournal.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&amp;nm=&amp;type=Publishing&amp;mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&amp;mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&amp;tier=4&amp;id=B847CEA1F85E4FA8A771EF9F2FAE0693 | title=U.S. society honors Indian display industry groundbreaker | author=Naomi Grossman | journal=Indus Business Journal | date=January 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kaura has been associated with the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] (CII), as the president of its Northern Chapter,&lt;ref name=&quot;Satish Kumar Kaura - Bloomberg&quot; /&gt; co-chairman of the National Committee on Defence&lt;ref name=&quot;Business Leaders&quot; /&gt; and as the chairman of the Industrial Policy Committee.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reuters profile&quot; /&gt; He has served as the president of the Electronic Industries Association of India&lt;ref name=&quot;Business Leaders&quot; /&gt; and has been on the board of ICICI Group, [[SRF Limited]], Infinity I, Fame Mercantile, Capfin Leasing, Blue Bell Trade Link, and Parsec Technologies (India).&lt;ref name=&quot;Satish Kumar Kaura - Bloomberg&quot; /&gt; He is also a former member of the Review Committee of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) and the Scientific Advisory Council, attached to the office of the [[Prime Minister of India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Satish Kumar Kaura - Bloomberg&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards and honours ==<br /> Kaura is an elected Fellow of the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] (INAE)&lt;ref name=&quot;Search Of Fellows&quot; /&gt; and a member of the governing council of the [[Institute of Management Technology, Ghaziabad]] (IMT-G)&lt;ref name=&quot;Governing Council - Member&quot; /&gt; and the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Board of Governors&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.iitmandi.ac.in/institute/bog.html | title=Board of Governors | publisher=Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi | date=2015 | access-date=25 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; When the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]] instituted the ''Distinguished Alumnus Award'' in 1989, he was the first to receive it.&lt;ref name=&quot;Satish Kumar Kaura - DORA&quot; /&gt; He received the ''Care for Nature Award'' of the [[World Wide Fund for Nature]] in 1994 from Prince Philip, the then president of the organisation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Satish Kumar Kaura - Bloomberg&quot; /&gt; Lucknow Management Association awarded him the ''Uttar Pradesh Transformational Leadership Award'' to him in 2002&lt;ref name=&quot;Reuters profile&quot; /&gt; and the Government of India included him in the 2004 [[Indian honours system|Republic Day Honours]] list for the civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Padma Awards&quot; /&gt; The ''Special Recognition Award'' of the [[Society for Information Display]] reached him in 2005&lt;ref name=&quot;U.S. society honors Indian display industry groundbreaker&quot; /&gt; as also the ''Electronics Man of the Year'' of the Electronic Industries Association of India and Consumer Electronics and TV Manufacturers' Association.&lt;ref name=&quot;Governing Council - Member&quot; /&gt; The [[EFY Group|Electronics For You Group]] honoured him with their ''Lifetime Achievement Award'' in 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;EFY Honours Satish K. Kaura For Lifetime Achievement&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=17122&amp;magid=13 | title=EFY Honours Satish K. Kaura For Lifetime Achievement | publisher=EFY Times | date=3 February 2007 | access-date=25 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Samtel Group]]<br /> {{portal|India}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science &amp; Engineering}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kaura, Satish Kumar}}<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science &amp; engineering]]<br /> [[Category:1944 births]]<br /> [[Category:Indian industrialists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian chief executives]]<br /> [[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]<br /> [[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]</div>

GiseleStead https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gandevi_Assembly_constituency&diff=464368 2025-09-21T22:30:55Z

<p>GiseleStead: rework references for consistency and cleaned formatting</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Gandevi<br /> | state = Gujarat<br /> | district = [[Navsari district|Navsari]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Navsari Lok Sabha constituency|Navsari]]<br /> | established = 2007<br /> | constituency_no = 176<br /> | reservation = ST<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | mla = [[Patel Nareshbhai Maganbhai]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:292704}}&lt;ref name=election2022&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2028|2}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Gandevi''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].&lt;ref name=gjceo&gt;{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS &amp; Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is part of [[Navsari district|Navsari]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<br /> <br /> ==List of areas==<br /> This assembly seat represents the following segments&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent|last=|first=|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> # Gandevi Taluka (Part) Villages – Duwada, Vadsangal, Rahej, Sarikhurd, Saribujrang, Torangam, Khergam, Deshad, Kalvach, Ambheta, Pati, Valoti, Devdha, Chhapar, Mendhar, Morali, Kalamtha, Bhatha, Dhakwada, Kesali, Nandarkha, Vaghrech, Bigri, Govandi Bhathala, Vangam, Khaparwada, Undach Luhar Faliya, Undach Vaniya Faliya, Gandevi (CT), Devsar (CT), Talodh, Bilimora (M), Antaliya (CT).<br /> # Chikhli Taluka (Part) Villages – Nogama, Saraiya, Chitali, Bodvank, Tankal, Minkachchh, Barolia, Sunthwad, [[Degam]], Chasa, Vanzna, Undhwal, Rethvania, Alipor, Khundh, Thala, Samaroli, Majigam, Ghekti, Vankal, Hond, Malwada, Sadakpor, Pipalgabhan, Talavchora, Balwada, Tejlav, Maliadhara, Soldhara, Pananj, Vad, Ghej, Chari, Vav, Debarpada, Ruzvani, Khergam, Naranpor, Nandhai, Bhervi, Peladi Bhervi, Bahej, Chimanpada, Chikhli (CT), Achhavani, Jamanpada, Gauri, Vadpada.<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !Picture<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]] <br /> | Khamoshiyan Patel ||<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br /> | [[Mangubhai Patel]]&lt;ref name=election2017/&gt; || [[File:Mangubhai C. Patel (cropped).jpg|75px]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Naresh Patel]]|| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === 2022 ===<br /> &lt;!-- this section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA--&gt;&lt;section begin=&quot;Assembly Election 2022&quot;/&gt; <br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> |title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: 176. Gandevi Assembly constituency }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Naresh Patel]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=131116|percentage=62.24|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ashokbhai Lallubhai Patel (Karate)|party=Indian National Congress|votes=37950|percentage=18.01|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pankajbhai Lallubhai Patel|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=37818|percentage=17.95|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=3775|percentage=1.79|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=93,166|percentage=44.23|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = {{formatnum:288889}} <br /> |ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Gujarat Elections ECI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}&lt;!--<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = <br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}--&gt;<br /> {{Election box end}}&lt;section end=&quot;Assembly Election 2022&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2017 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: 176. Gandevi&lt;ref name=election2017&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Nareshbhi Patel<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 124010<br /> |percentage = 61.87<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Sureshbhai Halpati<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 65811<br /> |percentage = 33.31<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 58199<br /> |percentage = 28.57<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 200408<br /> |percentage = 74.01<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = {{formatnum:270785}} <br /> |ref=&lt;ref name=election2017/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2012===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]] : 176. Gandevi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=29 October 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Mangubhai Patel<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 104417<br /> |percentage = 54.67<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Bhartiben Patel<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 78240<br /> |percentage = 40.96<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 26177<br /> |percentage = 13.71<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 191002<br /> |percentage = 75.96<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[Navsari district]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}<br /> {{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|20.81|73|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Navsari district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies established in 2007]]<br /> [[Category:2007 establishments in Gujarat]]</div>

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