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Pushkara Mallikarjunaiah

2026-05-06T14:27:42Z

GildaNolan0093: new basic info initial version

{{Short description|Indian film producer (born 1980)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pushkara Mallikarjunaiah
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Pushkar Mallikarjunaiah.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|9|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Koratagere]], [[Tumkur district]], [[Karnataka]], India
| known_for = {{Ubl
| ''[[Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu]]''
| ''[[Kirik Party]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/nov/28/pushkar-films-buys-a-stake-in-kirik-party-1543582.html |title=Pushkar films buys a stake in kirik party |last=Sharadhaa |first=A |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=28 November 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
| ''[[Humble Politician Nograj]]''
}}
| parents = 
| education = {{Ubl
| [[B.E]], [[Mechanical Engineering]], [[MS Ramaiah Institute of Technology]]
| [[Master of Science|M.S.]], Automotive, [[University of Hertfordshire]]
}}
| occupation = [[Film Producer]] 
| awards = [[Bengaluru International Film Festival|Bengaluru International Film Festival Award–2017]]
| years_active = 2013–present
}}

'''Pushkara Mallikarjunaiah''' is an Indian [[film producer|producer]] best known for his [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film]]s. His debut film ''[[Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu]]'' was a blockbuster hit which was released in 2016 followed by another collaboration with actor and producer [[Rakshit Shetty]] in ''[[Kirik Party]]'' which is now all-time top three hit movies in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Godhbianna |url=http://www.chitraloka.com/godhibanna/ |access-date=2026-05-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sandalwood-film-kirik-party-grosses-over-rs-40-crore-57409|title=Sandalwood film 'Kirik Party' grosses over Rs 40 crore|date=18 February 2017|access-date=18 February 2017}}</ref> He co-produced the multiple award-winning Kannada film ''[[Jeerjimbe]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/karnataka-state-awards-2016-amaravathi-bags-3-honours-kirik-party-declared-popular-entertaining-722831 |title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2016: Amaravathi, Jeer Jimbe bag major honours, Kirik Party declared Popular Entertaining Film |first=Prakash |last=Upadhyaya |date=12 April 2017|website=[[International Business Times]] | language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Pushkara Mallikarjunaiah was born on 11 September 1980 to K.N Mallikarjunaiah and Manjula Devi B.S in, a [[village|Koratagere town]] in [[Tumkur district]], [[Karnataka]]. Pushkar graduated with a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Mechanical from [[M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology]] in 2003 and further pursued his M.S. in Automotive (UK) from the [[University of Hertfordshire]] from [[United Kingdom]] in 2005. Later worked as a SAP consultant for few years and quit his job to live his dream as an entrepreneur. He then started his construction business from the year 2009. His film journey started in the year 2016 with a blockbuster hit [[Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu]].

== Career ==
Pushkar's debut production [[Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu]] which was directed by [[Hemanth Rao]], starring [[Anant Nag]] and [[Rakshit Shetty]] produced under his banner '''Pushkar Films''' went on to become a blockbuster hit. The movie is amongst the all-time top 3 highest grossing Kannada movie in terms of overseas collection. It stands at 4th position in terms of number of shows played at [[Karnataka]] [[Multiplexes]].

His next project was [[Kirik Party]], where he bought<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/nov/28/pushkar-films-buys-a-stake-in-kirik-party-1543582.html | title=Pushkar films buys a stake in kirik party|date=28 November 2016|first=A|last=Sharadhaa|access-date=10 December 2018}}</ref> a stake of 30% under his banner ''Pushkar Films'' was yet another blockbuster. The film was released in 2016, this movie created a history of becoming 2nd highest profitable movie<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kannada.simplycinema.in/news/pushkar-films-takes-kirik-party-gbsm-producer-new-move/|title=Pushkar films takes 'Kirik Party', GBSM producer new move - Simply Cinema Kannada|access-date=18 February 2017}}</ref> in Kannada cinema with a near turnover of more than 40 crores and the movie is still running in theaters heading towards completing its 100 days run.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2017/producer-mallikarjun-decodes-the-success-of-kirik-party-253600.html|title=Producer Mallikarjun Decodes The Success Of Kirik Party|date=7 February 2017|access-date=18 February 2017}}</ref> Pushkara Mallikarjunaiah's upcoming production venture is titled as ''Humble Politician Nograj'' starring Danish Sait.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ytalkies.com/sandalwood-film-news/pushkar-mallikarjun-and-hemanth-rao-joins-for-different-project|title=Pushkar Mallikarjun and Hemanth Rao joins for different project|access-date=18 February 2017}}</ref> Produced under his banner ''Pushkar films'' in association with [[Rakshit Shetty]]’s Paramvah Studios, this movie is expected to be released in August 2017.

Pushkar received the [[Bengaluru International Film Festival]] award during February 2017 for his debut production film ''Godhi Banna Sadharna Mykattu'' as the 3rd best [[Kannada cinema]].

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No !! Year !! Film !! Director !! Actors !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1 || rowspan="2" | 2016 || ''[[Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu]]'' ||[[Hemanth Rao]] ||[[Anant Nag]], [[Rakshit Shetty]], [[Vasishta N. Simha]] ||[[Kannada]] || Won [[Bengaluru International Film Festival]] Award
|-
| 2 ||''[[Kirik Party]]'' || [[Rishab Shetty]] || [[Rakshit Shetty]], [[Rashmika Mandanna]], [[Samyuktha Hegde]] ||[[Kannada]] ||30% Stake holder<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/pushkar-films-takes-kirik-party-gbsm-producer-new-move-kannada-news-172567.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219100654/http://www.indiaglitz.com/pushkar-films-takes-kirik-party-gbsm-producer-new-move-kannada-news-172567.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 February 2017|title=IndiaGlitz - Pushkar films takes Kirik Party GBSM producer new move - Kannada Movie News|access-date=18 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 3 || 2017 || ''[[Huliraaya]]''||[[Aravind Kaushik|Arvind Kaushik]]|| Balu Nagendra ||[[Kannada]]|| Presented & Distribution
|-
| 4 || rowspan="4" | 2018 || ''[[Humble Politician Nograj]]''|| [[Saad Khan]] || [[Danish Sait]] || [[Kannada]] || Producer
|-
| 5 ||[[Mercury (film)|''Mercury'']]||[[Karthik Subbaraj]]|| Prabhu Deva || Silent || Distribution

|-
| 6 ||''[[Katheyondu Shuruvagide]]''||[[Senna Hegde]]||[[Diganth]], [[Pooja Devariya]]||[[Kannada]]|| Producer
|-
| 7 ||''[[Jeerjimbe]]''|| [[Karthik Saragur]] || Siri Vanalli, Lavanya ||[[Kannada]]|| Co-Producer along with Beehive Productions. This film won four [[Karnataka State Film Awards]], the most for any film in 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2017/amaravathi-jeer-jimbe-bag-top-honours-at-karnataka-state-film-awards-2016-258898.html|title=Amaravathi And Jeer Jimbe Bagged Top Honours At Karnataka State Film Awards 2016|first=Santhosh|last=Kumar|date=18 April 2017|website=Filmibeat}}</ref>
|-
| 8 || 2019 ||''[[Avane Srimannarayana]]'' || Sachin Ravi || [[Rakshit Shetty]], [[Shanvi Srivastava]] || [[Kannada]] || Producer
|-
|9||2020 ||''[[Bheema Sena Nala Maharaja]]''|| [[Karthik Saragur]] || Aravinnd Iyer, Arohi Narayan || [[Kannada]] || Producer
|-
|10||2021||''[[Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam]]'' ||[[Senna Hegde]] ||Manoj K. U., Ajisha Prabhakaran, Anagha Narayanan, Unnimaya Nalppadam, Sunil Surya || [[Malayalam]]|| Producer<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/senna-hegdes-film-wins-big-at-kerala-state-film-awards/articleshow/87107159.cms |title=Senna Hegde's film wins big at Kerala State Film awards |date=19 October 2021 |access-date=28 October 2021 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
|11
|rowspan=2|2022
|[[Avatara Purusha (2022 film)|''Avatara Purusha'']]
|[[Simple Suni|Suni]]
|[[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] [[Ashika Ranganath]]
|[[Kannada]]
|Producer
|-
|12
|[[10 (2022 film)|10]]
|Karm Chawla
|[[Vinay Rajkumar]]
|[[Kannada]]
|Producer
|-
|13
|2024
|[[Avatara Purusha 2]]
|[[Simple Suni|Suni]]
|[[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] [[Ashika Ranganath]]
|[[Kannada]]
|Producer
|-
|}

== Awards ==
{{BLP unsourced section|date=July 2021}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Result
|-
| 2017
| [[Bengaluru International Film Festival|Bengaluru International Film Festival Award]]
| ''3rd Best Film''
| {{won}}
|-
| 2017
| [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
| ''Best children film''
| {{won}}
|-
| 2020
| [[68th National Film Awards]] || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|Best Feature Film in Malayalam]] || {{won}} <ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/national-film-awards-suriya-ajay-devgn-shares-best-actor-title-aparna-balamurali-wins-big-1.7718000|title=National Film Awards: Suriya, Ajay Devgn share best actor title, Aparna Balamurali wins best actress |date=22 July 2022 |access-date=22 July 2022 |work=English Mathrubhumi News}}</ref>
|-
|2021
| [[51st Kerala State Film Awards]] || [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film|Second Best Film]] for ''[[Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam]]'' || {{won}} <ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/51st-kerala-state-film-awards-winners-list-7574805/lite | title=51st Kerala State Film Awards: The full winners list | date=17 October 2021 | access-date=28 October 2021 | work=Indian Express}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|7493926}}

{{Pushkar Films}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mallikarjunaiah, Pushkara}}
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Hertfordshire]]
[[Category:Film producers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada film producers]]
[[Category:1980 births]]

Mohamad Yousuf Tarigami

2026-05-05T16:49:13Z

GildaNolan0093: Creating a details w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohammed Yousuf Tarigami
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1949|07|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = Tarigam village, [[Kulgam district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Dominion of India]] (now in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]])
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of]] [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Kulgam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kulgam]]
| term_start1 = 8 October 2024
| predecessor1 = ''Himself''
| term_start2 = 1996
| term_end2 = 2018
| constituency2 = [[Kulgam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kulgam]]
| predecessor2 = [[Chuni Lel Dhamen]]
| successor2 = ''Himself''
| party = [[Image:CPI-M-flag.svg|18px]] [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| region =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| office2 =
| office =
| term_start =
| term_end =
}}
'''Mohammed Yousuf Tarigami''' (born 17 July 1949) is an [[Indian politician]] from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He belongs to the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)) and is a member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]], to which he has been elected five times consecutively since 1996, representing the [[Kulgam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kulgam Assembly Constituency]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=2002 Assembly Constituency-wise Results at a Glance|url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/const_res_glance.pdf|website=Chief Electoral Officer, UT of Jammu, Kashmir & Ladakh}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Detailed Results, 2008 Assembly Election|url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|website=Chief Electoral Officer, UT of Jammu, Kashmir & Ladakh}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Iqbal|first=Aadil Ikram Zaki|date=2014-12-23|title=Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Election Results 2014: Complete list of winning candidates|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2014-complete-list-of-winning-candidates-230461/|access-date=2021-05-21|website=India News, Breaking News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}</ref>

He is the Central Committee member of CPI(M) and the former state secretary of the party in Jammu and Kashmir. He was the convenor and spokesperson of the [[People's Alliance for Gupkar Declaration|People’s Alliance for Gupkar Declaration]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|last=Ali|first=Jehangir|title=After Months of Turmoil and Dormancy, PAGD Puts up United Face in J&K|url=https://thewire.in/politics/pagd-mehbooba-mufti-farooq-abdullah-jammu-and-kashmir|website=The Wire}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Tarigami was born into a farmer family in Tarigam village of Kulgam.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=24 December 2020|title=This 71-yr-old leader is reason no one's surprised by Left's good show in Kashmir DDC polls|url=https://theprint.in/politics/this-71-yr-old-leader-is-reason-no-ones-surprised-by-lefts-good-show-in-kashmir-ddc-polls/572837/}}</ref> Named Mohammed Yousuf Rather, he took on the last name 'Tarigami' later in life. His late father was Gulam Rasool Rather.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Mohamad Yousuf Tarigami(Communist Party of India (Marxist)(CPI(M))):Constituency- KULGAM(KULGAM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/jk2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=204|access-date=2021-05-21|website=myneta.info}}</ref> He could not appear for the B.A. final year examination due to the political turbulence in Kashmir.<ref name=":4" /> He lost his wife during childbirth in 1975, during which he was a political prisoner.<ref name=":12" />

He came to be known as Tarigami after [[Press Trust of India]] journalist P.N. Jalali asked [[Sheikh Abdullah]], the then Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir about his arrest during a press briefing. Abdullah responded, 'Woh Jo Tarigam Wala', referring to his village. From then on, the media, especially newspapers, wrote his name as Mohammed Yousuf Tarigami.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|date=2024-09-30|title=Tarigami reflects on being first J-K leader detained under PSA, life of struggle, loyalty to CPIM|url=https://kashmirpulse.com/videos/news-interviews/tarigami-reflects-on-being-first-j-k-leader-detained-under-psa-life-of-struggle-loyalty-to-cpim/110024.html|access-date=2024-10-01|website=The Kashmir Pulse|language=en}}</ref>

== Political life ==
Yousuf Tarigami was shaped as a communist under the influence of [[Abdul Kabir]] Wani of Chawalgam. In 1967, when he was 18, Tarigami and his friend Ghulam Nabi Malik, now the J&K secretary of the CPI(M), organised a protest to demand an increase in intake capacity at Anantnag Degree College.<ref name=":12" /> The two were then part of a local communist group called the Revolutionary Students and Youth Federation.<ref name=":12" /> They did a hunger strike for 36 hours at the deputy commissioner’s office and the authorities were forced to raise the total intake of the college.<ref name=":12" /> After the successful campaign, Tarigami took part in various farmer movements in J&K under farmer leader Abdul Qadir, but their political activism took a more solid shape when they joined the Democratic Conference, which was part of the CPI(M), in 1967.<ref name=":12" /> Tarigami grew close to communist leader Ram Pyaare Saraf and served as his understudy. When Saraf split from the CPI(M) to lend support to the Naxalite movement and joined the CPI (Marxist-Leninist), so did Tarigami.<ref name=":12" />

In 1967, he was imprisoned for taking up the cause of farmers against the forcible procurement of rice. After the 1975 [[Indira–Sheikh Accord|Indira-Sheikh Accord]], under which Jammu and Kashmir was made a constituent unit of the Union of India, Tarigami demanded the right to self-determination, and his activism landed him in jail. While he was in prison, his wife died. The government released him on parole for a month but rearrested him after three days.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-16|title=Yusuf Tarigami - Kashmir's Communist|url=https://www.newsclick.in/yusuf-tarigami-kashmir-communist-CPIM|access-date=2021-05-21|website=NewsClick|language=en}}</ref>

In 1979, when the execution of former Pakistan PM [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] led to riots in Kashmir, Sheikh Abdullah, confronted Marxists and Tarigami became among the first people to be booked under the controversial Public Safety Act (PSA).<ref name=":12" /> In the aftermath of the Bhutto episode, both Malik and Tarigami rejoined the CPI(M) and restarted their journey in Kulgam as mainstream politicians.<ref name=":12" /> In his political journey, he has been imprisoned in various jails like the Sub-Jail Reasi, the very dangerous torture centres of Red-16 and Papa II.

In 2005, militants entered the heavily guarded Tulsibagh colony in Srinagar and attacked the homes of Tarigami and the Minister for Education [[Ghulam Nabi Lone]]. Lone was killed. (In 2015, ten years after Ghulam Nabi Lone's death, there was another minister in Kashmir with the same name belonging to People's Democratic Party PDP)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-journalist-beating-agriculture-minister-ghulam-nabi-lone-willing-for-apology-after-uproar-2098259|title=Journalist beating: Agriculture Minister Ghulam Nabi Lone willing for apology after uproar|date=23 June 2015}}</ref> In the attack in 2005, Tarigami's guards fought off the attackers, although one of his guards was killed.<ref name="News">{{Cite news |url=https://www.newsclick.in/yusuf-tarigami-kashmir-communist-CPIM |title=Yusuf Tarigami - Kashmir's Communist |last=Prasad |first=Vijay |date=16 Sep 2019 |work=Newsclick |access-date=16 Sep 2019}}</ref> He is a Z category protectee by [[Government of India]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite magazine|author=Aneesha Mathur |date=September 16, 2019 |title=CPM leader Tarigami free to return to Kashmir: SC|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cpm-leader-tarigami-free-to-return-to-kashmir-sc-1599576-2019-09-16|access-date=2021-05-21|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

In 2016, he slammed the former MP [[Tariq Hameed Karra]] for resigning from Lok Sabha membership and said he should have raised the Kashmir issue in Indian Parliament.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2016-09-28|title=Tariq Hameed Karra should have raised Kashmir issue in Parliament: CPI(M) leader Mohammad Yousuf Tarigami|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/tariq-hameed-karra-should-have-raised-kashmir-issue-in-parliament-cpim-leader-mohammad-yousuf-tarigami-3054742/|access-date=2021-05-21|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> He added that the dialogue with Kashmir should not be through interlocutors but with the involvement of the Parliament by constituting a committee of senior Parliamentarians.<ref name=":5" /> He views the tradition of Kashmir as built on the sacrifices of the working class. He said that the Zaldagar martyrs of 1865 laid the foundation of a struggle against the exploitation and atrocities on the artisans and the Shawlbaff protest launched at Zaldagar against the ruling class has given vent to numerous movements of the working class which are awaiting successful culmination.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-01|title=Tradition of Kashmir has always been sacrifices of working class: Tarigami|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/tradition-of-kashmir-has-always-been-sacrifices-of-working-class-tarigami/|access-date=2021-05-21|website=Greater Kashmir|language=en-US}}</ref>

He saw the BJP’s policy ''vis-a-vis'' Kashmir as successful in distracting people from pressing issues such as unemployment and economic stagnation by centring its campaign around Kashmir as a vehicle to further its bellicose nationalism.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Bhakto|first=Anando|title=Operation Kashmir|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article27660338.ece|access-date=2021-05-21|website=Frontline|date=8 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref> He views BJP's approach on Articles 370 and 35A as a great disservice to the nation’s unity as it will lead to disintegration of the State of J&K from India, also by eroding the Kashmiris’ sense of unity with the nation.<ref name=":6" />

=== After abrogation of Article 370 ===
Immediately after the abrogation of Article 370, Tarigami was placed in house arrest at Srinagar for 35 days.<ref name=":10" /> In August 2019, CPI(M) General Secretary [[Sitaram Yechury]] filed a Habeas corpus petition in Supreme Court to find Mohammed Yusuf Tarigami, who was targeted by Jammu & Kashmir authority.<ref>{{Cite web|title=മുഹമ്മദ് യൂസഫ് തരിഗാമിക്കായി സുപ്രീംകോടതിയില്‍ ഹേബിയസ് കോര്‍പ്പസ് ഹര്‍ജി|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/mohammad-yousuf-tarigami-habeas-corpus-petition-filed-by-supreme-court-cpm-1.4065333|access-date=2021-05-21|website=Mathrubhumi|date=24 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Sitaram Yechury was allowed by the court to visit Jammu and Kashmir only to meet his party colleague.<ref>{{Cite magazine|agency=Press Trust of India |date=August 29, 2019 |title=Sitaram Yechury in Srinagar, meets ailing colleague Mohammed Yousuf Tarigami|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sitaram-yechury-srinagar-meets-mohammed-yousuf-tarigami-1593165-2019-08-29|access-date=2021-05-21|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Yousuf Tarigami, was kept under detention in Srinagar since Jammu and Kashmir lost its special status, and he was shifted to All India Institute of Medical Sciences in New Delhi for medical care, following a Supreme Court order on September 5, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=J&K: Detained CPI(M) leader moved to Delhi for treatment after Supreme Court order|url=https://scroll.in/latest/936721/j-k-detained-cpi-m-leader-moved-to-delhi-for-treatment-after-supreme-court-order|access-date=2021-05-21|website=Scroll.in|date=9 September 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> Supreme Court later allowed him to return freely to Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=CPI(M) leader Mohammed Yousuf Tarigami is free to return to Kashmir, says Supreme Court|url=https://scroll.in/latest/937464/cpi-m-leader-mohammed-yousuf-tarigami-is-free-to-return-to-kashmir-says-supreme-court|access-date=2021-05-21|website=Scroll.in|date=16 September 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mahajan|first=Shruti|title=Supreme Court allows J&K CPI (M) leader Mohammed Yousuf Tarigami to return to Kashmir|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/supreme-court-allows-jk-cpi-m-leader-mohammed-yousuf-tarigami-to-return-to-kashmir|access-date=2021-05-21|website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news|date=16 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Tarigami was the first political leader from the state to address a press conference after the abrogation of Article 370.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=J&K: 'We are not terrorists', says CPI(M) leader Mohammed Yousuf Tarigami|url=https://scroll.in/latest/937644/j-k-we-are-not-terrorists-says-cpi-m-leader-mohammed-yousuf-tarigami|access-date=2021-05-21|website=Scroll.in|date=17 September 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> He slammed the modi Government for detaining former Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister Farooq Abdullah under the Public Safety Act.<ref name=":11" /> He said, “We, Abdullah and others are not terrorists,... We also want to live, a Kashmiri, is saying this,”..This is my appeal, please listen to us too. The average Kashmiri doesn’t ask for heavens, we just ask for a chance to march with you.”<ref name=":11" />

Tarigami approached the Supreme Court challenging the order of the Union Ministry of Home Affairs that allowed people from across the country to buy land in the territory of Jammu and Kashmir, including agricultural land.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roy|first=Radhika|date=2020-12-01|title=CPI(M) Leader Tarigami Moves Supreme Court Challenging MHA Order Allowing Outsiders To Buy Land In Jammu & Kashmir|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/cpim-leader-tarigami-moves-supreme-court-challenging-home-ministrys-orders-allowing-any-person-to-buy-land-in-jammu-and-kashmir-166654|access-date=2021-05-21|website=www.livelaw.in|language=en}}</ref> In the aftermath of repealing Article 370, he said, "Kashmiris have been humiliated, feel betrayed."<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|last=Mohan|first=Archis|date=2019-10-26|title=Kashmiris have been humiliated, feel betrayed: Mohammed Yousuf Tarigami|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/kashmiris-have-been-humiliated-feel-betrayed-mohammed-yousuf-tarigami-119102600743_1.html|access-date=2021-05-21}}</ref> He refuted the government claim that there is normalcy in Kashmir, and pointed out that Modi Government made Kashmir into graveyards.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Kashmir has been turned into a graveyard, says CPI(M) leader released from detention|url=https://scroll.in/latest/948750/kashmir-has-been-turned-into-a-graveyard-says-cpi-m-leader-released-from-detention|access-date=2021-05-21|website=Scroll.in|date=4 January 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 24 October 2020 he was elected as the convenor of the [[People's Alliance for Gupkar Declaration]] (PAGD).<ref>{{cite news|date=24 October 2020|title=Farooq Abdullah to lead Gupkar alliance|work=[[The Hindu]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/farooq-abdullah-named-chairman-of-peoples-alliance-for-gupkar-declaration-mehbooba-mufti-to-be-deputy/article32936487.ece}}</ref> The seven-party PAGD swept the maiden District Development Council (DDC) polls by winning 110 seats out of 276 seats, and Tarigami said that the results was a clear indication that the people of Jammu and Kashmir want "restoration of their rights".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gupkar alliance's success clear indication of what people of J&K want: Tarigami|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/dec/23/gupkar-alliancessuccess-clear-indication-of-what-people-of-jk-want-tarigami-2240191.html|access-date=2021-05-21|website=The New Indian Express|date=23 December 2020 }}</ref> He said that, for the PAGD, the dignity of the people of J&K matters the most.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rashid|first=Hakeem Irfan|title=Way forward in J&K is up to centre: CPM leader Mohammad Yousuf Tarigami|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/way-forward-in-jk-is-up-to-centre-tarigami/articleshow/77710525.cms|access-date=2021-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=BHAKTO|first=ANANDO|title=Mohammad Yousuf Tarigami: Threads of resistance are available|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30327935.ece|access-date=2021-05-21|website=Frontline|date=18 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

He called on Jammu and Kashmir Lieutenant Governor [[Manoj Sinha]] and raised the issue of the encounter in Srinagar’s Hokersar-Lawaypora.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-05|title=Yousuf Tarigami calls on J-K LG, demands probe into Hokersar encounter|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/yousuf-tarigami-calls-on-j-k-lg-demands-probe-into-hokersar-encounter/story-YVdtjmgSBXZdVUNQiK9hII.html|access-date=2021-05-21|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> He demanded an impartial and time-bound probe into the incident in which three youths including a 17-year-old from South Kashmir’s Pulwama and Shopian districts were killed on December 30 inside a house in Hokersar on the outskirts of Srinagar by the security forces in an encounter.<ref name=":7" /> He slammed New Delhi and the UT administration for utilising the pandemic and security induced lockdown to pass contentious laws without consultation, confident that there would be no resistance.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhat|first=Gulzar|date=2020-08-03|title=It was a 'monumental blunder' and a year has been wasted in Kashmir: Md Yousuf Tarigami|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/it-was-a-monumental-blunder-and-a-year-has-been-wasted-in-kashmir-md-yousuf-tarigami|access-date=2021-05-21|website=National Herald|language=en}}</ref>

Tarigami argued that there was no need for the J&K administration to constitute a special task force (STF) to deal with government employees allegedly involved in “anti-national activities” as there were already enough provisions in the law to act against such people.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Decision on STF arbitrary, says Tarigami|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/decision-on-stf-arbitrary-says-tarigami-242727|access-date=2021-05-21|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref> He also demanded the release of Kashmiri “political detainees” lodged in various jails within the Valley in view of the surge in Covid-19 cases.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Tarigami seeks release of 'political detainees'|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/tarigami-seeks-release-of-political-detainees-251663|access-date=2021-05-21|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref> Further, he urged the government to provide adequate incentives and wages to ASHA workers on the pattern of COVID-19 warriors of the Health and Medical Education Department.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-06|title=Tarigami urges LG to include ASHAs in incentive scheme for COVID-19 warriors|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/tarigami-urges-lg-to-include-ashas-in-incentive-scheme-for-covid-19-warriors/|access-date=2021-05-21|website=Greater Kashmir|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=KNS|title=KNS|url=http://www.knskashmir.com/tarigami-urges-jandk-lg-to-include-ashas-in-incentive-scheme-for-covid-10-warriors-76681|access-date=2021-05-21|website=www.knskashmir.com|date=6 May 2021 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==== People’s Alliance for Gupkar Declaration ====
Tarigami was the Convenor and Spokesperson of [[People's Alliance for Gupkar Declaration|People’s Alliance for Gupkar Declaration]], an alliance of regional parties in Jammu and Kashmir committed for the restoration of Article 370.<ref name=":13" />

The alliance was headed by headed by National Conference chief [[Farooq Abdullah|Dr Farooq Abdullah]] and it includes [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]], [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], [[Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference]] and [[Jammu & Kashmir People's Movement]].

=== Electoral Politics ===
Tarigami was repeatedly successful in electoral polls from the Kulgam constituency. He became the Member of Legislative Assembly from [[Kulgam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] in 1996, 2002, 2008 ,2014 and 2024 assembly polls. In 1996 assembly polls, his winning margin was 51.56 percentage.<ref name=":0" /> He sustained the constituency in 2002, 2008, 2014 and 2024 by a winning margin of 30.27, 0.47, 0.63 and 10.46 percentage respectively.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/|access-date=2021-05-21|website=Election Commission of India|language=en-IN}}</ref> He was also the only elected communist politician in Jammu and Kashmir Legislative assembly during these times.

{| class="wikitable"
|+1996, 2002, 2008, 2014 & 2024 Jammu & Kashmir Assembly Election<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Jammu & Kashmir Assembly Election Results in 1996|url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/1996-election-results.html|access-date=2021-05-21|website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":9" />
!Constituency
!Year of Election
!Name of Winner
!Party
!Votes Polled (%)
!Runner up
!Party
!Votes Polled (%)
|-
|[[Kulgam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kulgam]]
|1996
|Mohammed Yousuf Tarigami
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|69.65
|Habibullah Laway
|[[Janata Dal]]
|18.09
|-
|[[Kulgam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kulgam]]
|2002
|Mohammed Yousuf Tarigami
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|51.72
|Gh.Nabi Dar
|[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
|21.45
|-
|[[Kulgam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kulgam]]
|2008
|Mohammed Yousuf Tarigami
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|34.24
|[[Nazir Ahmad Laway]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]]
|33.77
|-
|[[Kulgam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kulgam]]
|2014
|Mohammed Yousuf Tarigami
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|38.69
|[[Nazir Ahmad Laway]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]]
|38.06
|-
|[[Kulgam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kulgam]]
|2024
|Mohammed Yousuf Tarigami
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|44.86
|Sayar Ahmed Reshi
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|34.40
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tarigami, Mohammed Yousuf}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:People from Kulgam district]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 1996–2002]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2002–2008]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2008–2014]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]

Lionel Messi's 2025 tour of India

2026-05-05T11:43:39Z

GildaNolan0093:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Lionel Messi series}}
'''Lionel Messi's G.O.A.T. India Tour 2025''' was a promotional and fan engagement tour by Argentine footballer [[Lionel Messi]] across [[India]] during December 2025. As a celebration of Messi's status among the greatest football players of all time, the tour included [[public appearance]]s, [[Exhibition Match|exhibition matches]], community events, and cultural engagements in several major Indian cities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Velamuri |first=Anirudh |date=2025-12-12 |title=Lionel Messi's tour of India: The full itinerary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/lionel-messis-tour-of-india-the-full-itinerary/article70389370.ece |access-date=2025-12-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This was Messi's first visit to India since 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2025-12-11 |title=Lionel Messi's GOAT India Tour schedule, set for Kolkata, Hyderabad, Mumbai, and Delhi |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/lionel-messis-goat-india-tour-schedule-set-for-kolkata-hyderabad-mumbai-and-delhi-1503524362.html |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>

The tour was overshadowed by a major crowd-control failure at its opening event in [[Kolkata]], where Messi's appearance was abruptly cut short, leading to protests by fans, property damage inside the stadium, and police intervention, which drew media attention and prompted official investigations, including a public apology by the state's [[Chief Minister]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2025-12-13 |title=Messi event sparks chaos in Kolkata; Mamata Banerjee issues apology |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/messi-event-descends-into-chaos-in-kolkata-mamata-banerjee-apologises-for-mismanagement-1503525297.html |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> According to organizers and police, inadequate crowd segregation, overselling of tickets, along with celebrities and their entourages with their own conflicting security details, severely restricted visibility and access for general ticket holders.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2025-12-13 |title=Lionel Messi's India tour starts in chaos as angry fans throw seats in stadium |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2025/dec/13/lionel-messi-india-tour-chaos-angry-fans-seats-pitch-kolkata |access-date=2025-12-13 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agencies |first=Kevin Hand,News |title=Messi's tour of India begins with fans throwing bottles, stadium vandalised |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2025/12/13/messis-tour-of-india-gets-off-to-chaotic-start-with-fans-throwing-bottles |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
Lionel Messi, an eight-time [[Ballon d'Or]] winner and [[2022 FIFA World Cup]] champion, embarked on the India leg of his global '''G.O.A.T. (Greatest Of All Time)''' tour following his club commitments and international competitions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nalwala |first=Ali Asgar |date=12 December 2025 |title=Lionel Messi in India: GOAT Tour 2025 |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/goat-tour-2025-lionel-messi-india-schedule-cities-ticket |website=Olympics}}</ref> The India tour was designed to connect with Indian football supporters and included a series of public events, [[Fan Meeting|fan meets]], and football clinics across multiple cities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-13 |title='Messi is my God in football': Argentina legend in Mumbai on Sunday, to conduct clinic for budding players |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/messi-football-legend-argentina-mumbai-clinic-budding-players-10419005/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On 12 December 2025, Messi arrived at [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata Airport]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2025 |title=Messi Arrives In Kolkata For GOAT Tour, Thousands Welcome Him At Airport |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/football/videos/messi-arrives-in-kolkata-for-goat-tour-thousands-welcome-him-at-airport-1033823 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

== Itinerary ==
The tour itinerary included stops in:

* [[Kolkata, West Bengal]] - [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
* [[Hyderabad, Telangana]] (replaced [[Ahmedabad]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-02 |title=Hyderabad replaces Ahmedabad in Lionel Messi's 'GOAT Tour of India 2025' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/lionel-messi-india-goat-tour-hyderabad-venue-10340664/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]]
* [[New Delhi]], [[National Capital Territory]]

At each venue, Messi was scheduled to engage with fans, participate in exhibition matches, launch [[Promotional Campaign|promotional campaigns]], and support youth football initiatives.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2025-12-11 |title=Shah Rukh Khan to welcome Lionel Messi at Salt Lake stadium in Kolkata; check full details inside |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-to-welcome-lionel-messi-at-salt-lake-stadium-in-kolkata-check-full-details-inside-1503524418.html |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>

== Kolkata ==
{{Infobox disaster
| title = Unrest at Kolkata event
| date = 13 December 2025
| time = 11:15 am – 12:53 pm
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| location = [[Salt Lake Stadium]], Kolkata, India
| type = [[Crowd crush]]
| cause = Overcrowding during celebrations
| fatalities =
| injuries = 17
}}

=== Statue unveiling ===
Lionel Messi's visit to Kolkata featured the unveiling of a statue honoring his football career. On 13 December 2025, a 70-foot (21-metre) statue of Messi was unveiled at the Sree Bhumi Sporting Club in [[Lake Town, Kolkata]], depicting Messi holding a [[FIFA World Cup Trophy|FIFA World Cup trophy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-11 |title=Lionel Messi to unveil 70ft statue of himself on 'GOAT' tour |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/c2k4p7xjn2zo |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-01 |title=Salt Lake Stadium visit, unveiling of 70-foot statue: Itinerary of Lionel Messi as he returns to Kolkata after 14 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/salt-lake-stadium-visit-unveiling-70-foot-statue-itinerary-lionel-messi-returns-kolkata-14-years-10395939/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Messi, along with [[Bollywood]]'s [[Shah Rukh Khan]] attended the event from the stadium.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-12-13 |title=Shah Rukh Khan meets Lionel Messi in Kolkata |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shah-rukh-khan-meets-lionel-messi-in-kolkata/article70391980.ece |access-date=2025-12-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The ceremony marked the start of the tour.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-13 |title=GOAT India Tour: Lionel Messi Poses With Shah Rukh Khan And AbRam, Unveils 70-ft Statue In Kolkata |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/lionel-messi-poses-with-shah-rukh-khan-and-abram-unveils-70-ft-statue-in-kolkata |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Opening event ===
The opening event of the tour took place at the Salt Lake Stadium in Kolkata on 13 December 2025. Thousands of fans gathered to see Messi, many of whom had purchased tickets at prices ranging up to ₹10,000 or more.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-12-13 |title='Hefty' price for Lionel Messi event ticket; West Bengal Governor seeks report |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/hefty-price-for-lionel-messi-event-ticket-west-bengal-governor-seeks-report/article70391527.ece |access-date=2025-12-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Messi's planned appearance included a walk around the pitch and interactions with supporters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-13 |title=Salt Lake Stadium chaos: Organiser of Messi's GOAT tour arrested after fans vent fury |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/paid-so-much-yet-could-not-see-him-fans-vent-fury-salt-lake-stadium-messi-brief-appearance-outrage-10418286/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2025 |title=Messi mania grips Kolkata as thousands welcome Argentine icon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/messi-kolkata-goat-india-tour-updates-december-13/article70390512.ece |access-date=14 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Messi arrived at the stadium at around 11:15 AM (IST) along with his teammates [[Luis Suárez]] and [[Rodrigo De Paul]], but he was almost immediately swarmed by politicians, celebrities, photographers, and officials, causing a delay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2025 |title=4 cities, 1 GOAT: Lionel Messi's India tour that had it all |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/lionel-messi-goat-tour-of-india-2025-kolkata-hyderabad-mumbai-delhi-rollercoaster-2836399-2025-12-15 |access-date=15 December 2025 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

Soon, the public who were present in the stadium became frustrated, and some began vandalizing the stadium via ripping up the stadium's seats and throwing them onto the pitch, along with bottles and banners.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2025 |title=Lionel Messi's GOAT Tour: Kolkata event descends into vandalism after fans fail to catch a glimpse of star |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/kolkata-messi-event-descends-into-vandalism-after-fans-unable-to-catch-a-glimpse-of-star/articleshow/125947858.cms?from=mdr |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2025 |title=Messi's tour of India begins with fans throwing bottles, stadium vandalised |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2025/12/13/messis-tour-of-india-gets-off-to-chaotic-start-with-fans-throwing-bottles#:~:text=Satadru%20Dutta%2C%20the%20event's%20chief,mismanagement%20does%20not%20go%20unpunished. |work=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> Despite early intervention by local police, all chairs and banners were broken, as well as other equipment within the stadium.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2025 |title=Angry fans vandalise India stadium after Messi’s early departure |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2025/12/14/angry-fans-vandalise-india-stadium-after-messis-early-departure#:~:text=Frustrated%20spectators%2C%20many%20having%20paid,holding%20aloft%20the%20World%20Cup. |access-date=15 December 2025 |work=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> The event was ultimately cut short when Messi's lap and planned activities were abruptly reduced to around 20 minutes due to security concerns and organizational mismanagement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-13 |title=Messi's 'GOAT Tour' erupts with fan chaos at first stop in India |url=https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/news/chaos-lionel-messi-kolkata-india-goat-tour-fans/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=CBS Sports |language=en}}</ref> Many fans complained that they were unable to see Messi properly because of crowd congestion, celebrities and their entourages trying to override access with their own security details, led to rising frustration among ticket holders, which also included more restrictive areas than most events.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-13 |title=Lionel Messi statue unveiling in India marred by fan unrest |url=https://www.espn.in/football/story/_/id/47292297/lionel-messi-statue-unveiling-india-marred-fan-unrest |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref>

=== Crowd unrest ===
Following Messi's early departure, chaos erupted inside the stadium as the crowd protested.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-13 |title=Video. Angry fans throw chairs, invade pitch as Messi GOAT Tour starts in India |url=http://www.euronews.com/video/2025/12/13/angry-fans-throw-chairs-invade-pitch-as-messi-goat-tour-starts-in-india |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-13 |title='Disappointing that genuine fans didn't get to see Messi': Bhaichung Bhutia on chaotic start to GOAT Tour in Kolkata |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/lionel-messi-kolkata-chaos-bhaichung-bhutia-unwanted-vips-10418999/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Fans reacted by ripping up seats, throwing water bottles and chairs, and [[Pitch invasion|invading portions of the pitch]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-13 |title=Anger at Lionel Messi 'GOAT' India tour as fans throw chairs and bottles at stadium event |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4g66nll48do |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-12-13 |title=Angry India fans rip up seats, storm pitch after Messi makes brief appearance |url=https://www.theage.com.au/sport/soccer/angry-india-fans-rip-up-seats-storm-pitch-after-messi-makes-brief-appearance-20251214-p5nngf.html |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=The Age |language=en}}</ref> Police used mild force to control the unrest and restore order.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-13 |title=Watch: Ugly scenes at Lionel Messi event in India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/videos/c80xx09k485o |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Buswal |first=Neha |date=2025-12-13 |title=Messi in India: GOAT India Tour kicks off with Chaos in Kolkata, high hopes in Hyderabad |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/messi-goat-india-tour-live-day-1-kolkata-hyderabad-1503525204.html |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>

=== Aftermath ===
Satadru Dutta, the chief organiser of the event, was detained by [[Kolkata Police|Kolkata police]] in connection with the mismanagement and ensuing unrest, and sent to 14 days in custody.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Manisha |date=2025-12-13 |title=Who is Satadru Dutta? Main organiser of Messi's Kolkata event arrested after stadium chaos |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/who-is-satadru-dutta-main-organiser-of-messis-kolkata-event-arrested-after-stadium-chaos-1503525425.html |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> The custody was then extended to 9 January 2026 on the 28th of December due to multiple additional charges being introduced by public prosecutors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2025 |title=Messi Arrives In Kolkata For GOAT Tour, Thousands Welcome Him At Airport |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/football/videos/messi-arrives-in-kolkata-for-goat-tour-thousands-welcome-him-at-airport-1033823 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> Authorities announced plans to investigate the circumstances around the planning and execution of the event.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Investigation going on": West Bengal Sports Minister Aroop Biswas on chaos at Lionel Messi's Event |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/investigation-going-on-west-bengal-sports-minister-aroop-biswas-on-chaos-at-lionel-messis-event20251213181501/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> [[West Bengal]] Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] publicly apologized to Messi and fans for the incident and ordered a detailed inquiry to assess responsibility and prevent similar failures at future events.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-13 |title='I sincerely apologise to Lionel Messi': Mamata sets up inquiry committee after angry fans ransack Kolkata stadium |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/i-sincerely-apologise-lionel-messi-mamata-sets-up-inquiry-committee-10418385/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Fans demanded that refunds should be offered to disappointed ticket holders who were unable to see Messi due to the disruption.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Som |first=Moyurie |date=2025-12-13 |title=Lionel Messi event organiser detained after fan violence in Kolkata; DGP ensures refunds |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/lionel-messi-event-organiser-detained-trying-to-ensure-refunds-for-fans-west-bengal-dgp/article70392077.ece |access-date=2025-12-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

During the financial investigation, it was revealed that approximately ₹19 crore (approx. $2.10 million USD) was collected from ticket sales alone. Authorities have frozen over ₹20 crore (approx. $2.22 million USD) in Dutta’s bank accounts. There are also allegations of corruption regarding food and beverage contracts, where Dutta received ₹60 lakh, but the actual food and beverage contract was of just ₹40 lakh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2025 |title=Messi Arrives In Kolkata For GOAT Tour, Thousands Welcome Him At Airport |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/football/videos/messi-arrives-in-kolkata-for-goat-tour-thousands-welcome-him-at-airport-1033823 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

== Hyderabad ==
After the Kolkata incident, Messi continued the tour to [[Hyderabad]], where a more orderly exhibition match and fan interaction occurred.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nanisetti |first=Serish |date=2025-12-13 |title=Hyderabad roars for Messi, as Revanth Reddy scores in a friendly match |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/hyderabad-roars-for-messi-as-revanth-reddy-scores-in-a-friendly-match/article70393403.ece |access-date=2025-12-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Messi met local dignitaries and participated in football activities that drew positive responses from the crowd.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-14 |title=Hyderabad leg of Lionel Messi's GOAT Tour of India goes uneventfully after Kolkata chaos |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/lionel-messi-goat-tour-of-india-hyderabad-leg-kolkata-10419053/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Gujarat==
On December 16, in Jamnagar, [[Gujarat]], Messi visited [[Vantara]] which was Anant Ambani's wildlife conservation centre. He was welcomed with traditional Indian rituals and participated in multiple Hindu prayers and ceremonies. A lion cub was named "Lionel" in his honour.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-12-16 |title=Messi goes desi: Football great prays, poses with tiger at Anant Ambani's Vantara |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/lionel-messi-visits-vantara-wildlife-centre-indian-traditions-modern-conservation-2836961-2025-12-16 |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-16 |title=Anant Ambani, Radhika Merchant give Lionel Messi a Vantara tour, show him lion, tiger and other animals |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/anant-ambani-radhika-merchant-give-lionel-messi-a-vantara-tour-show-him-lion-tiger-and-other-animals-101765904812484.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lionel Messi}}

[[Category:2025 in Indian sport]]
[[Category:December 2025 in India]]
[[Category:Football in India]]
[[Category:Lionel Messi|India tour]]
[[Category:Inter Miami CF]]

2001–02 Ranji Trophy

2026-05-01T11:28:11Z

GildaNolan0093: done

{{Short description|68th Ranji Trophy}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2001–02 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 285px
| fromdate =
| todate =
| caption = The Ranji Trophy, which the winners receive
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = League and [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host =
| champions = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| count = 1
| participants = 27
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Amit Pagnis]] (Railways) (800)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 2001/02 / Records / Most runs |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_2001-02/Batting_by_Runs.html|access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Utpal Chatterjee]] (Bengal) (39)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 2001/02 / Records / Most wickets |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_2001-02/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 2000–01
| previous_tournament = 2000–01 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 2002–03
| next_tournament = 2002–03 Ranji Trophy
}}

The '''2001–02 Ranji Trophy''' was the 68th season of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. Baroda and Railways played the final again but Railways won their first Ranji title.

This was the last season played under the zonal format.

==Zonal stage==
;Central Zone
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:120px"|Team<ref>{{cite web|url=https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2001-02/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/CENTRAL/RJI-C_2001-02_TABLE.html|title=Ranji Trophy Central Zone Table - 2001–02|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref>
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|A|Abandoned}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || '''26'''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| 4 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || '''19'''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 0 || '''16'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || '''13'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| 4 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || '''8'''
|}
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Top three teams advanced to the [[#Knockout stage|knockout stage]].

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
;East Zone
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:120px"|Team<ref>{{cite web|url=https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2001-02/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/EAST/RJI-E_2001-02_TABLE.html|title=Ranji Trophy East Zone Table - 2001–02|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref>
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|A|Abandoned}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| 4 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 1 || '''27'''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]
| 4 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 1 || '''27'''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| 4 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || '''10'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| 4 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || '''8'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| 4 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || '''6'''
|}
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Top three teams advanced to the [[#Knockout stage|knockout stage]].

;North Zone
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:120px"|Team<ref>{{cite web|url=https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2001-02/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/NORTH/RJI-N_2001-02_TABLE.html|title=Ranji Trophy North Zone Table - 2001–02|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref>
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|A|Abandoned}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| 5 || 3 || 0 || 2 || 0 || '''34'''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| 5 || 2 || 0 || 3 || 0 || '''27'''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| 5 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 0 || '''24'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| 5 || 1 || 1 || 3 || 0 || '''19'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr-IND|jak}}
| 5 || 0 || 3 || 2 || 0 || '''10'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Services cricket team|Services]]
| 5 || 0 || 3 || 2 || 0 || '''6'''
|}
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Top three teams advanced to the [[#Knockout stage|knockout stage]].

{{col-2}}
;West Zone
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:120px"|Team<ref>{{cite web|url=https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2001-02/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/WEST/RJI-W_2001-02_TABLE.html|title=Ranji Trophy West Zone Table - 2001–02|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref>
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|A|Abandoned}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| 4 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 0 || '''23'''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''16'''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 0 || '''16'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || '''11'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| 4 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || '''8'''
|}
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Top three teams advanced to the [[#Knockout stage|knockout stage]].

;South Zone
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:120px"|Team<ref name=RPoints>{{cite web|url=https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2001-02/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/SOUTH/RJI-S_2001-02_TABLE.html|title=Ranji Trophy South Zone Table - 2001–02|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref>
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|A|Abandoned}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
| 5 || 1 || 0 || 4 || 0 || '''28'''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| 5 || 1 || 0 || 4 || 0 || '''26'''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| 5 || 1 || 0 || 4 || 0 || '''24'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| 5 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 0 || '''22'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| 5 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 0 || '''14'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| 5 || 0 || 3 || 2 || 0 || '''6'''
|}
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Top three teams advanced to the [[#Knockout stage|knockout stage]].
{{col-end}}

==Knockout stage==
The draw for the quarter-finals were made after the final zonal-stage match, with the following fixtures announced.<ref name="Results">{{cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/ranji-trophy-2001-02/results|title=Ranji Trophy 2001–02 / Results|publisher=Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI)|access-date=20 October 2018|archive-date=21 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021111410/http://www.bcci.tv/ranji-trophy-2001-02/results|url-status=dead}}</ref> The fixtures in the knockout stage of the tournament are played across five days, instead of four days in the zonal stage.<ref name="Results"/>

{{16TeamBracket|nowrap=y
| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 80px
| RD1 = Round of 16
| RD2 = Quarterfinals
| RD3 = Semifinals
| RD4 = Final

| RD1-seed01 = '''SZ2'''
| RD1-team01 = '''[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]'''
| RD1-score01 = '''182 & 272'''
| RD1-seed02 = WZ1
| RD1-team02 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| RD1-score02 = 186 & 129

| RD1-seed03 = '''CZ1'''
| RD1-team03 = '''[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]'''
| RD1-score03 = '''497 & 314/4'''
| RD1-seed04 = NZ1
| RD1-team04 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| RD1-score04 = 395

| RD1-seed05 = CZ3
| RD1-team05 = [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| RD1-score05 = 321 & 146
| RD1-seed06 = '''EZ1'''
| RD1-team06 = '''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''
| RD1-score06 = '''518'''

| RD1-seed07 = '''WZ3'''
| RD1-team07 = '''[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]'''
| RD1-score07 = '''499 & 175/8'''
| RD1-seed08 = SZ1
| RD1-team08 = [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
| RD1-score08 = 456

| RD1-seed09 = NZ3
| RD1-team09 = [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| RD1-score09 = 192 & 238
| RD1-seed10 = '''SZ3'''
| RD1-team10 = '''[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]'''
| RD1-score10 = '''403 & 31/0'''

| RD1-seed11 = '''WZ2'''
| RD1-team11 = '''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''<ref name="bye" group="nb">Baroda got bye in Round of 16 on the virtue of winning [[2000–01 Ranji Trophy]].</ref>
| RD1-score11 =
| RD1-seed12 =
| RD1-team12 = bye
| RD1-score12 =

| RD1-seed13 = EZ3
| RD1-team13 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| RD1-score13 = 170 & 200
| RD1-seed14 = '''NZ2'''
| RD1-team14 = '''[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]'''
| RD1-score14 = '''357 & 15/0'''

| RD1-seed15 = CZ2
| RD1-team15 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| RD1-score15 = 231 & 369/9d
| RD1-seed16 = '''EZ2'''
| RD1-team16 = '''[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]'''
| RD1-score16 = '''320 & 284/7'''

| RD2-seed01 = SZ2
| RD2-team01 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| RD2-score01 = 276 & 326/6d
| RD2-seed02 = '''CZ1'''
| RD2-team02 = '''[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]'''
| RD2-score02 = '''423 & 180/2'''

| RD2-seed03 = '''EZ1'''
| RD2-team03 = '''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''
| RD2-score03 = '''353 & 483/6d'''
| RD2-seed04 = WZ3
| RD2-team04 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| RD2-score04 = 321 & 69/5

| RD2-seed05 = SZ3
| RD2-team05 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| RD2-score05 = 290 & 127
| RD2-seed06 = '''WZ2'''
| RD2-team06 = '''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''
| RD2-score06 = '''673'''

| RD2-seed07 = '''NZ2'''
| RD2-team07 = '''[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]'''
| RD2-score07 = '''207 & 460'''
| RD2-seed08 = EZ2
| RD2-team08 = [[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]
| RD2-score08 = 205 & 219

| RD3-seed01 = '''CZ1'''
| RD3-team01 = '''[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]'''
| RD3-score01 = '''557 & 380/3d'''
| RD3-seed02 = EZ1
| RD3-team02 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| RD3-score02 = 325

| RD3-seed03 = '''WZ2'''
| RD3-team03 = '''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''
| RD3-score03 = '''222 & 233'''
| RD3-seed04 = NZ2
| RD3-team04 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| RD3-score04 = 237 & 82

| RD4-seed01 = '''CZ1'''
| RD4-team01 = '''[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]'''
| RD4-score01 = '''253 & 306'''
| RD4-seed02 = WZ2
| RD4-team02 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| RD4-score02 = 169 & 113
}}

==Final==
{{Test match
| date = 6–10 March 2002
| team1 = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| team2 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| score-team1-inns1 = '''253 (82.4 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Jai Prakash Yadav (cricketer)|Jai Prakash Yadav]] 84 (170)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ajit Bhoite]] 3/52 (20 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = '''169 (74 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Satyajit Parab]] 53 (78)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Murali Kartik]] 5/51 (22 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = '''306 (107.4 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Murali Kartik]] 69 (127)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Tushar Arothe]] 3/49 (10 overs)
| score-team2-inns2 = '''113 (36.3 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Atul Bedade]] 59 (73)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Murali Karthik]] 3/7 (6 overs)
| result = Railways won by 277 runs
| venue = [[Karnail Singh Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Arani Jayaprakash]], [[Francis Gomes]]
| motm =
| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/ranji-trophy-2001-02/match/73 Scorecard]
| toss = Railways won the toss and decided to bat
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Scorecards and averages==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_2001-02.html CricketArchive]

==Notes==
===Footnotes===
{{reflist|group=nb}}

===References===
{{Reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranji Trophy, 2001-02}}
[[Category:2001 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2002 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2001–02]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Proper Patola (film)

2026-04-29T12:35:49Z

GildaNolan0093: new basic info more to come

{{Multiple issues|
{{update|date=June 2019}}
{{one source|date=November 2017}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Proper Patola
| image = Proper Patola (2014 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Harish Vyas
| producer = Deepak Lalwani
| writer = Amit Saxena
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Neeru Bajwa]] [[Harish Verma]] [[Yuvraj Hans]]
| music = Jassi Katyal & Saurabh Kalsi
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Country Media Pvt Ltd.
| distributor = OmJee Cine World
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|11|28}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Proper Patola''''' is a 2014 [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] [[romantic comedy]] film directed by Harish Vyas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://themoviean.com/harish-vyas-interview/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214074938/https://themoviean.com/harish-vyas-interview/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=14 February 2018|title=Harish Vyas- Director |publisher=theMoviean}}</ref> The film has an [[ensemble cast]] which includes [[Neeru Bajwa]], [[Harish Verma]], and [[Yuvraj Hans]]. It was written and co-directed by Amit Saxena. The film was distributed by OmJee Cineworld.

==Cast==

* [[Neeru Bajwa]] as Preet and Jeet (double role)
* [[Harish Verma]] as Raj
* [[Yuvraj Hans]] as Yuvi

==Marketing==
The trailer of the film was released on [[YouTube]] on 1 November 2014 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://punjabimania.com/theatrical-trailer-proper-patola-punjabi-movie/|title=Theatrical Trailer |publisher=Punjabimania |date=2014-11-01 |accessdate=2014-11-03}}</ref>

==Awards==

PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2015

Pending
*PTC Punjabi Film Award for Best Editing - Gurjant Singh / Vicky Singh
*PTC Punjabi Film Award for Best Screenplay - Harish Vyas / Amit Saxena
*PTC Punjabi Film Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role - Teji Sandhu
*PTC Punjabi Film Award for Best Debut Director - Harish Vyas
*PTC Punjabi Film Award for Best Actress - [[Neeru Bajwa]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.facebook.com/ProperPatolaMovie Official Facebook]
* [https://twitter.com/ProperPatolaM Official Twitter]
* {{IMDb title|id=4171952}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jassi Katyal]]
[[Category:Films scored by Saurabh Kalsi]]

{{Punjabi-film-stub}}

Nikita Gill

2026-04-26T10:44:35Z

GildaNolan0093:

{{short description|Poet and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Nikita Gill at the 2025 Edinburgh International Book Festival-26 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Gill in 2025
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland
| alma_mater = [[University for the Creative Arts]]
| occupation =
| years_active = 2016–present
| website =
}}
'''Nikita Gill''' is an Irish-Indian poet, playwright, writer and illustrator based in south England.<ref name="Smallman 2022 Nikita Gill">{{cite web | last=Smallman | first=Etan | title=Poet Nikita Gill: 'I worry about people getting tattoos of my work. What if I made a typo?' | website=the Guardian | date=2022-08-10 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/aug/10/poet-nikita-gill-i-worry-about-people-getting-tattoos-of-my-work-what-if-i-made-a-typo | access-date=2024-01-25}}</ref> She has written and curated eight volumes of [[poetry]] and is one of the most followed poets on [[Instagram]].<ref name="fashionmagazine.com">{{Cite web|url=https://fashionmagazine.com/culture/nikita-gill-interview/|title=Don't Repost Nikita Gill's Poetry Without Crediting Her—Even if You're a Kardashian|first=Meghan|last=McKenna|date=2018-06-26|website=FASHION Magazine|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=24 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124223130/https://fashionmagazine.com/culture/nikita-gill-interview/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ABPL">{{Cite web|url=https://www.asian-voice.com/Culture/Art/Instapoets-taking-the-world-by-storm|title=Instapoets taking the world by storm...|last=ABPL|website=www.asian-voice.com|language=en-GB|date=18 February 2019|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=24 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124223143/https://www.asian-voice.com/Culture/Art/Instapoets-taking-the-world-by-storm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Life ==
Gill was born in [[Belfast]] to [[Indian people|Indian]] parents who had been living in Ireland. She has Irish citizenship and Overseas Citizenship of India. Her father was in the [[merchant navy]]. The family moved to [[New Delhi]] when Gill was six, and she grew up and was educated there.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/author-interviews/author-interviews/nikita-gill-there-was-so-much-anger-inside-me-640601|title=Nikita Gill {{!}} 'There was so much anger inside me'|website=The Bookseller|first=Caroline|last=Sanderson|date=15 September 2017|access-date=19 November 2022|archive-date=19 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119220537/https://www.thebookseller.com/author-interviews/author-interviews/nikita-gill-there-was-so-much-anger-inside-me-640601|url-status=live}}</ref> Gill studied design at university in New Delhi, and she completed a master's degree at the [[University for the Creative Arts]].<ref name="ABPL"/> She worked as a cleaner and a care-giver after her education.<ref name="TEDxLondonWomen">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/33565|title=TEDxLondonWomen|publisher=TED|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929173808/https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/33565|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Work ==
Gill's work was first published when she was 12 years old.<ref name=":0" /> She has published eight volumes of poetry, including ''Your Soul Is A River'' (2016), ''Wild Embers: Poems of rebellion, fire and beauty'' (2017), ''Fierce Fairytales: & Other Stories to Stir Your Soul'' (2018), ''Great Goddesses: Life lessons from myths and monsters'' (2019), ''Your Heart Is The Sea'' (2019), ''The Girl and the Goddess'' (2020), ''Where Hope Comes From: Poems of Resilience, Healing, and Light'' (2021), and ''These Are the Words: fearless versefind your voice'' (2022). Her debut novel, ''[[Hekate: The Witch]]'' (2025), a novel-in-verse published by [[Little, Brown Books for Young Readers]], is a retelling of the [[Hecate|Greek myth of Hekate]] and the first installment in the Goddesses of the Underworld trilogy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hekate: The Witch by Nikita Gill |url=https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/nikita-gill/hekate/9780316596763/ |website=Hachette Book Group |access-date=2026-04-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Hekate: The Witch |journal=[[Kirkus Reviews]] |date=2025 |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/nikita-gill/hekate-standard-edition/ |access-date=2026-04-26}}</ref> Her work offers reflections on love, and feminist re-tellings of fairy tales and Greek myths.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/Nikita-Gill-Poems/|title=27 Poems By Nikita Gill That Capture The Whirlwind Of Emotions That Love Is|last=Bhatia|first=Shrishti|date=2017-01-11|website=scoopwhoop.com|language=English|access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> She has been inspired by the works of [[Sylvia Plath]], [[Maya Angelou]] and [[Robert Frost]].

Gill wrote and performed her debut work for the stage, ''Maidens, Myths, and Monsters''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.omnibus-clapham.org/maidens-myths-monsters/|title=Maidens, Myths & Monsters|website=Omnibus Theatre|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=24 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124223141/https://www.omnibus-clapham.org/maidens-myths-monsters/|url-status=live}}</ref> She is an ambassador for [[National Poetry Day]].<ref name=":0" /> She has appeared on the [[BBC]], contributing to [[Woman's Hour]] on Radio Four, Free Thinking on Radio Three, and [[BBC Asian Network]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p06mv3xh|title=BBC Radio 4 - Woman's Hour, Poets: Charly Cox and Nikita Gill, Premature babies and crocheted octopuses, Scarlett Curtis, Can poetry be a form of therapy?|website=BBC|date=3 October 2018 |language=en-GB|access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09kd52k|title=BBC Asian Network - Mim Shaikh, Nikita Gill|website=BBC|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0000v4s|title=BBC Radio 3 - Free Thinking, The Dark and Political Messages of Kids Fiction|website=BBC|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=24 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124225552/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0000v4s|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000dj0g|title=BBC Radio 3 - Free Thinking, Pioneering women: academics and classics|website=BBC|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=25 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125091121/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000dj0g|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Gill is openly bisexual.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iftikhar |first=Asyia |date=2023-06-13 |title=Mary Lambert, Nikita Gill and more on the enduring legacy of queer female poets |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/06/13/legacy-of-queer-female-poets-mary-lambert-nikita-gill/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=PinkNews |language=en-US |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710164526/https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/06/13/legacy-of-queer-female-poets-mary-lambert-nikita-gill/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Instapoetry]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{instagram|nikita_gill}}
*TedX Profile: http://tedxlondon.com/attend/TEDxLondonWomen2019/speakers/NikitaGill {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413230842/https://tedxlondon.com/attend/TEDxLondonWomen2019/speakers/NikitaGill |date=13 April 2021 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gill, Nikita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century poets from Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:21st-century women writers from Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University for the Creative Arts]]
[[Category:British writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Instagram poets]]
[[Category:Irish LGBTQ poets]]
[[Category:People from Northern Ireland of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Women poets from Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Writers from Belfast]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Writers of mythic fiction]]
[[Category:21st-century British women poets]]

D. Bala Venkatesh Varma

2026-04-24T20:04:16Z

GildaNolan0093: starting basic stub needs work!

{{Short description|Indian diplomat (born 1961)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = File:The_Ambassador-designate_of_India_to_Russia,_Shri_D.B._Venkatesh_Verma_meeting_with_the_President_of_India,_Shri_Ram_Nath_Kovind,_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan.jpg
| caption = D.B. Venkatesh Verma meeting with the President of India, [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| office = [[List of ambassadors of India to Russia|Ambassador of India to Russia]]
| office2 = Ambassador of India to Spain
| successor2 = Sanjay Verma
| predecessor = [[Pankaj Saran]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|10|16}}
| successor = [[Pavan Kapoor]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2021
| term_end2 = 2019
| term_start2 = 2017
| alma_mater = [[Nizam College]] [[Osmania University]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
}}

'''D. Bala Venkatesh Varma''' is a retired Indian [[diplomat]] of [[Indian Foreign Service]] who served as the [[List of Ambassadors of India to Russia|Ambassador of India to Russia]] from 2019 toq 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2012-01-06 |title=S.K. Singh award for nuclear trouble-shooter Venkatesh Varma |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sk-singh-award-for-nuclear-troubleshooter-venkatesh-varma/article2781321.ece |access-date=2023-06-15 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-08-14 |title=D Bala Venkatesh Varma appointed Ambassador to Russia |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/d-bala-venkatesh-varma-appointed-ambassador-to-russia-118081401637_1.html |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-23 |title=Ex-envoy in Moscow D B Venkatesh Varma is expert at Explained event |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ex-envoy-in-moscow-d-b-venkatesh-varma-is-expert-at-explained-event-8167538/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==
He studied at the [[Hyderabad Public School]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alumni Relations – The Hyderabad Public School |url=https://hpsbegumpet.org.in/relations/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> He completed a BA from [[Nizam College]] in 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Somasekhar |first=M. |date=2021-06-18 |title=Hyderabadi diplomat Nagaraj Naidu gets important role in UN General Assembly |url=https://www.siasat.com/hyderabadi-diplomat-nagaraj-naidu-gets-important-role-in-un-general-assembly-2152514/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> Varma has an MPhil from the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Amb. D.B.Venkatesh Varma {{!}} GCSP |url=https://www.gcsp.ch/our-experts/amb-dbvenkatesh-varma |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=www.gcsp.ch}}</ref>

== Career ==
He joined the [[Indian Foreign Service]] in 1988. Between 2004 and 2007, he worked at the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] and was part of the Indian negotiating team during the negotiations for the [[India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In 2017, he was appointed the Indian envoy to Spain.

In 2019, he was appointed the Indian envoy to Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-02 |title=MEA reshuffle: Venkatesh Varma to be India's envoy to Russia |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mea-reshuffle-venkatesh-varma-to-be-india-s-envoy-to-russia/story-Q2huhoQmlwnEUSazxNpYtJ.html |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Venkatesh Varma new envoy to Russia |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/venkatesh-varma-new-envoy-to-russia-637331}}</ref> Varma oversaw the assistance to Indian nationals during the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaudhury |first=Dipanjan Roy |date=2020-04-22 |title=Indian Embassies undertake herculean task of community outreach |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indian-embassies-undertake-herculean-task-of-community-outreach/articleshow/75285784.cms |access-date=2023-06-15 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> He retired in 2021.

== Awards ==
In 2010, he received the S. K. Singh Award.<ref name=":0" />

== Personal life ==
Varma is married and has one daughter.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varma, D. Bala Venkatesh}}
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Russia]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Spain]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Barmiok Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T20:22:49Z

GildaNolan0093: stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Barmiok
| type= SLA
| state = Sikkim
| established = 1979
| abolished = 2004
| electors = 6,888
| mla = Narendra Kumar Subba
| party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Barmiok''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India|Indian]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Sikkim]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1979]] || Til Bahadur Limbu || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Janata Parishad}}
|-
| [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=2 | Birbal Subba || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan=2 | Tulshi Prasad Pradhan || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Narendra Kumar Subba]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== Assembly election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Barmiok<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006151710/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Narendra Kumar Subba]]|party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,029 |percentage=71.92% |change={{increase}}26.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Puspak Ram Subba |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,479 |percentage=26.40% |change={{increase}}11.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash Bista |party=Independent politician |votes=48 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Puran Kumar Chettri |party=Independent politician |votes=46 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,550 |percentage=45.52% |change= {{increase}}39.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,602 |percentage=81.33% |change= {{increase}}1.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,888 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}26.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Barmiok<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007144437/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tulshi Prasad Pradhan |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=2,353 |percentage=45.75% |change={{increase}}2.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Birendra Subba |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,020 |percentage=39.28% |change={{increase}}5.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxmi Prashad Tiwari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=770 |percentage=14.97% |change={{decrease}}5.98 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=333 |percentage=6.47% |change= {{decrease}}3.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,143 |percentage=81.28% |change= {{decrease}}2.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,443 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.66 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}2.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Barmiok<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007184813/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tulshi Prasad Pradhan |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=2,007 |percentage=43.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Birendra Subba |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=1,552 |percentage=33.63% |change={{decrease}}35.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Birbal Tamling |party=Indian National Congress |votes=967 |percentage=20.95% |change={{increase}}19.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Praveen Gurung |party=Independent politician |votes=30 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pushpa Lall Sharma |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=30 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vir Man Subba |party=Independent politician |votes=29 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=455 |percentage=9.86% |change= {{decrease}}32.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,615 |percentage=83.89% |change= {{increase}}13.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,619 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{decrease}}25.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Barmiok<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006145759/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bir Bal Subba |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,624 |percentage=69.25% |change={{increase}}25.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Chandra Poudyal]] |party=Rising Sun Party |votes=1,001 |percentage=26.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Janardhan Limboo |party=Denzong Peoples Chogpi |votes=83 |percentage=2.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ran Bahadur Subba |party=Indian National Congress |votes=60 |percentage=1.58% |change={{decrease}}39.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhan Lall Lamboo |party=Independent politician |votes=21 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,623 |percentage=42.83% |change= {{increase}}40.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,789 |percentage=72.10% |change= {{decrease}}0.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,492 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{increase}}25.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Barmiok<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006223633/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Birbal Subba |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=1,287 |percentage=43.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manita Prdhan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,216 |percentage=41.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Birkha Bahadur Subba |party=Independent politician |votes=314 |percentage=10.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhanlal Subba |party=Independent politician |votes=48 |percentage=1.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gangaram |party=Independent politician |votes=41 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=71 |percentage=2.42% |change= {{decrease}}10.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,939 |percentage=71.74% |change= {{increase}}3.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,214 |ref = |change= {{increase}}35.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Janata Parishad |swing= {{increase}}10.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 1979 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Barmiok<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1979 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006104054/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Til Bahadur Limbu |party=Sikkim Janata Parishad |votes=688 |percentage=33.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhakta Bahadur Chetri |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=419 |percentage=20.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manita Pradhan |party=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |votes=419 |percentage=20.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moni Prasad Subba |party=Independent politician |votes=305 |percentage=14.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Needup Lepcha |party=Independent politician |votes=112 |percentage=5.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mani Raj Rai |party=Janata Party |votes=70 |percentage=3.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devi Prasad Gurung |party=Independent politician |votes=25 |percentage=1.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padam Singh Subba |party=Independent politician |votes=18 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jag Bahadur Chhetri |party=Independent politician |votes=16 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=269 |percentage=12.98% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,072 |percentage=71.07% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,108 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Janata Parishad |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}
{{coords|27.25|88.24|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2004]]
[[Category:2004 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1979]]

Tumkur City Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:36:09Z

GildaNolan0093: starting basic place needs work

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Tumkur City
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 132
| map_image = 132-Tumkur City constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|district = [[Tumkur district|Tumkur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tumkur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tumkur]]
|established = 2008
|electors = {{formatnum:258925}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
|reservation = None
|mla = [[G. B. Jyothi Ganesh]]
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|preceded_by = Rafeeq Ahmed
}}
'''Tumkur City Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], a southern state of [[India]]. It is also part of [[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 9 October 2017}}</ref> It represents [[Tumkur|Tumkur City]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[Sogadu Shivanna]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || Dr. Rafeeq Ahmed. S || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan="2" | [[G. B. Jyothi Ganesh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Tumkur City <ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Tumkur City">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Tumkur City |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10132.htm?ac=132 |access-date=11 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250511143602/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10132.htm?ac=132 |archive-date=11 May 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. B. Jyothi Ganesh]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 59,165 |percentage = 33.79% |change = {{decrease}}1.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Govindaraju |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 55,967 |percentage = 31.97% |change = {{decrease}}0.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Iqbal Ahmed |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 46,900 |percentage = 26.79% |change = {{decrease}}3.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sogadu Shivanna]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,954 |percentage = 5.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,131 |percentage = 0.65% |change = {{decrease}}0.12 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,198 |percentage = 1.83% |change = {{decrease}}1.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 175,356 |percentage = 67.72% |change = {{increase}}2.27 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 175,085}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 258,925 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}0.24 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}1.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Tumkur City <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=7 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name=karCeoResults2018>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/GenELC_2018/ResultsACWise.PDF |title=Karnataka 2018 - Candidate-wise Votes Details |date=2018-05-16 |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Election Office - Karnataka}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://zeenews.india.com/karnataka/karnataka-assembly-election-results-2018-full-list-of-jds-winners-2108006.html | title=Karnataka Assembly election Results 2018: Full list of JDS winners }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. B. Jyothi Ganesh]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 60,421 |percentage = 35.57% |change = {{increase}}26.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Govindaraju |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 55,128 |percentage = 32.45% |change = {{increase}}6.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Rafeeq Ahmed. S |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 51,219 |percentage = 30.15% |change = {{increase}}0.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,309 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,293 |percentage = 3.12% |change = {{increase}}0.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 169,877 |percentage = 65.45% |change = {{decrease}}0.34 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 169,871}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 259,542 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.35 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Tumkur City <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Rafeeq Ahmed. S |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 43,681 |percentage = 29.77% |change = {{decrease}}5.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. B. Jyothi Ganesh]] |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 40,073 |percentage = 27.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Govindaraju |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 38,322 |percentage = 26.12% |change = {{increase}}2.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Shivannasogadu |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 13,159 |percentage = 8.97% |change = {{decrease}}28.52 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,608 |percentage = 2.46% |change = {{increase}}0.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 138,424 |percentage = 65.79% |change = {{increase}}13.01 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 146,725}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 210,412 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.29 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}7.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Tumkur City <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sogadu Shivanna]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 39,435 |percentage = 37.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Rafeeq Ahmed. S |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,486 |percentage = 35.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravisha |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 24,595 |percentage = 23.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Veera Dilip Kumara |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,053 |percentage = 1.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Siddagangappa. T |party = Independent politician |votes = 831 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,949 |percentage = 1.85% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 105,484 |percentage = 52.78% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 105,192}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 199,842 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Tumkur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|13.34|77.11|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Tumakuru district]]
[[Category:Tumkur]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi (2013 film)

2026-04-19T07:23:43Z

GildaNolan0093: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi
| image = ABCD Malayalam movie Poster - from Commons.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Martin Prakkat]]
| producer = Shibu Thameens
| writer = Martin Prakkat Naveen Bhaskar Sooraj-Neeraj
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Dulquer Salman]]
* [[Jacob Gregory]]
* [[Tovino Thomas]]
* [[Aparna Gopinath]]
}}
| music = [[Gopi Sunder]]
| cinematography = [[Jomon T. John]]
| editing = [[Don Max (film editor)|Don Max]]
| studio = [[Thameens Films]]
| distributor = Thameens Films Tricolor Entertainments
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|06|14}}
| runtime = 167 minutes<ref>{{cite web|title=''ABCD – AMERICAN BORN CONFUSED DESI'' (15)|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/abcd-american-born-confused-desi-2013-0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305082431/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/abcd-american-born-confused-desi-2013-0|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 March 2016|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=27 June 2013|access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = ₹4.5 crore<ref name="The News Minute" />
| gross = 
}}
'''''ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[black comedy film]] directed by [[Martin Prakkat]], and produced by Shibu Thameens under the banner of [[Thameens Films]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.mallumoviereporter.com/2012/10/dulquar-salman-martin-prakkat-movie.html |title=Dulquar Salman Martin Prakkat Movie Titled ABCD | ABCD Dulquar Salman Movie – Online Movie And TV Reporter |publisher=Mallumoviereporter.com |date=17 October 2012 |access-date=27 October 2012 |archive-date=19 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019215550/http://www.mallumoviereporter.com/2012/10/dulquar-salman-martin-prakkat-movie.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> It stars [[Dulquer Salmaan]], [[Jacob Gregory]], [[Tovino Thomas]], and [[Aparna Gopinath]]. The film features music composed by [[Gopi Sunder]], and cinematography by [[Jomon T. John]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metromatinee.com/News/Dulquer%20Salmaan%20%20Martin%20Prakkat%20movie%20titled%20as%20ABCD..-4510-1 |title=Dulquer Salmaan – Martin Prakkat movie titled as "ABCD"..? :News – Movie News, Film News, Cinema News – Malayalam Movie News |publisher=Metromatinee.com |date=15 October 2012 |access-date=27 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018003857/http://www.metromatinee.com/News/Dulquer%20Salmaan%20%20Martin%20Prakkat%20movie%20titled%20as%20ABCD..-4510-1 |archive-date=18 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The film deals with the journey of two young American Malayalees to [[Kerala]]. The title is based on the term [[American-Born Confused Desi]].<ref name="KT">{{cite news|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=/data/citytimes/2013/December/citytimes_December198.xml&section=citytimes |title=The best of Malayalam cinema in 2013 |last=Deepa Gauri |date=26 December 2013 |work=[[Khaleej Times]] |access-date=22 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102124957/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=%2Fdata%2Fcitytimes%2F2013%2FDecember%2Fcitytimes_December198.xml&section=citytimes |archivedate=2 January 2014 }}</ref> Released on 14 June 2013, the film received positive reviews and was commercially successful.<ref name=":1" /> It marked the first collaboration between Dulquer Salmaan and Martin Prakkat.<ref name=":0" /> The film was remade into Telugu in 2019 with the [[ABCD – American Born Confused Desi|same name]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/abcd-first-look-allu-sirish-release-date-5513894/|title = ABCD first look: Allu Sirish's film will release in February|date = 28 December 2018}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story revolves around two rich spoilt brats who were born in the [[United States|U.S]].: Johns Isaac, and his cousin Korah Murikken. Johns is the son of a millionaire named Isaac John who is settled in New York, while Korah's mother left for Paris with her new husband. Johns and Korah enjoy their luxurious lives by driving expensive cars, going to pubs and nightclubs, playing pranks on public. Isaac decides to send both of them to India, saying that it is a vacation before Johns goes to Melbourne for his [[MBA]] studies the next month. He then blocks Johns and Korah's credit cards post their arrival in India. Johns and Korah initially stay at a luxurious hotel apartment unaware that their credit cards are useless. Upon realizing their financial situation, they try to escape from the apartment to avoid paying. However, they are caught by the security guard. He brings them to the manager who then confiscates their mobile phones, tablets PCs and wrist watches. Isaac provides Johns and Korah with very poor accommodation with water from the nearby community dug well and a [[public toilet]]. They try to make money through underhand methods but are duped. With all of their money gone, they are left with no choice but to join the MBA studies at a local university that Isaac arranged for them, along with {{INR}}5000 monthly for their combined expenses, provided they attend their classes regularly.

They befriend a student and social worker, Madhumitha, from their college. Johns, out of romantic interest, takes part in Madhumita's social works and protests during which they get to know each other better. One of Madhumita's friends Seenamol, a journalist, publishes a fabricated article on Johns and Korah's poor upbringing and how they manage to survive on just {{INR}} 83 per day, which gains widespread popularity, making Johns and Korah overnight public figures. This triggers Akhilesh, the son of the late minister K. P. Ravi Varma, whose government claimed that {{INR}} 28 per day is enough to survive in the current economy. Johns and Korah's popularity is on the rise along with their frustration. Battling sociopolitical issues on their journey they realize one day that their only way to go back to the U.S. is by winning a competition called ''Youth Icon of the year'' and the prize money of {{INR}}100,000. So, they participate in a protest which ends up in a police [[Baton (law enforcement)#Indian subcontinent|baton]] charge. This raises their popularity and votes in the competition, much to the disappointment of Akhilesh, who is a candidate in the upcoming election. Seeing the duo's bravery, [[Naxalite]] representatives approach them and give them a handgun seeking their support in future. Johns & Korah realize things are getting out of hand and go [[Desertion|AWOL]], but later are found to have taken refuge at Madhumita's house.

Madhumita loans them money to go back to the US. However, Akhilesh tracks them down and confiscates their passports. Johns fights off Akhilesh but surrenders to law enforcement agencies. The ministry confirms in a press conference that Johns and Korah are not Indian citizens and, thus, are not legally allowed to be involved in sociopolitical matters of India and are hence being deported. Now back in America, Johns and Korah return Madhumita's loan while also expressing Johns' romantic interest in her but Madhumita has other plans. As the movie ends, during the family prayer, an anonymous person arrives in front of the duo's house and shouts for revenge for one of Johns' earlier [[Practical joke|pranks]]. Johns and Korah escape through the back door.

==Cast==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Dulquer Salmaan]] as Johns Isaac
* [[Jacob Gregory]] as Korah Murikken
* [[Tovino Thomas]] as Akhilesh Varma
* [[Aparna Gopinath]] as Madhumitha (voice dubbed by [[Angel Shijoy]])
* [[Lalu Alex]] as Dr. Isaac John, Johns' father
* Sajini Zacharia as Susan, Johns' mother
* [[Vijayaraghavan]] as Chief Minister P. K. Ravi Varma
* [[S. P. Sreekumar]] as Lloyd Fernandes
* [[Sijoy Varghese]] as Police Commissioner
* [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]] as Vennala Gopalan
* [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] as Selinamma
* [[Dinesh Panicker]] as Shekharan Pillai
* [[Nandu (actor)|Nandhu]] as Kunjachan
* [[Chembil Ashokan]] as Scaria "Kuriachan"
* [[Thampi Antony]] as Thampi
* [[Kalasala Babu]] as Chief Minister
* [[Anand (actor)|Anand]] as Pothen
* [[Surabhi Lakshmi]] as Seenamol
* [[Kalabhavan Navas]] as Saji
* [[Abi Varghese]] as Sebastin, Johns's and Korah's cousin
* [[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1988)|Anjali Nair]] as Newsreader
* [[Krishna Prasad (actor)|Krishna Prasad]] as Showroom manager
* Samson Matthew Valiyaparambil as College Professor
* [[Santhakumari (Malayalam actress)|Santhakumari]] as Colony lady
* [[Hakim Shahjahan]] as College student
{{Colend}}

==Production==
The project was announced a few months before its shoot, but acquiring the licence to shoot in the US delayed the commencement of the project.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news|author =Shiba Kurian |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Dulquer-Salmaan-as-a-confused-desi/articleshow/16850435.cms |title=Dulquer Salmaan as a confused desi! |work=The Times of India |date=18 October 2012 |access-date=27 October 2012}}</ref> Initially many actresses were considered for the heroine including [[Isha Talwar]], but theatre artist [[Aparna Gopinath]] was selected for the role in her debut film.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nambidi |first=Parvathy |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article1313775.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413220140/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article1313775.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 April 2013 |title=Aparna Gopinath dances her way to Mollywood |newspaper=The New Indian Express |access-date=27 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/back-to-roots/article4077184.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Vijay | last=George | title=Back to roots | date=8 November 2012}}</ref> Jacob Gregory, a mutual friend of Martin played the character of Korah. He himself showed interest in playing Korah and auditioned for the role. He had been part of the film from the scripting process itself.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/life-imitates-art/article4094932.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Nita | last=Sathyendran | title=Life imitates art | date=14 November 2012}}</ref>

===Filming===
The shooting was announced to start in March 2013 in the U.S.<ref name="indiatimes1" /> [[New York City]] was the main location for the scenes shot in America.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/ABCD-In-awe-of-Martins-visual-mastery/articleshow/17664693.cms | work=The Times of India | title=ABCD: In awe of Martin's visual mastery – The Times of India}}</ref> The original plan was to start the shooting of the film in the U.S. but that had to be changed after it became difficult to get the required permission and the visas. So the schedules were altered and the scenes in Kerala were wrapped up first. The college scenes were shot inside the [[Federal Institute of Science And Technology]] (FISAT), [[Angamaly]]. The filming of a few 'montage cuts' for showing in between the songs were shot at the college.<ref name="thehindu.com" />

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = ABCD
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Gopi Sundar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|6|6}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=25|s=32}}
| language = Malayalam
| label = [[Manorama Music]]
| producer = [[Gopi Sundar]]
| prev_title = [[Sound Thoma]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[5 Sundarikal]]
| next_year = 2013
}}
The music of the film is from [[Gopi Sundar]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nambidi |first1=Parvathy |title=A frothy expat tale comes home |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2013/Jun/13/a-frothy-expat-tale-comes-home-486355.html |access-date=2 April 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=13 June 2013}}</ref> The soundtrack features a remixed version of the song "Nayaapaisayilla" sung by [[Mehboob (singer)|Mehaboob]] for the 1960 film ''Neelisaali''. This version is sung by Junior Mehaboob.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/that-forgotten-mavericks-voice/article4269199.ece "That forgotten maverick's voice..."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120042233/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/that-forgotten-mavericks-voice/article4269199.ece |date=20 January 2013 }}. Thehindu.com (3 January 2013). Retrieved 2015-07-18.</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:32
| title1 = Johnny Mone Johnny
| lyrics1 = Santhosh Varma, [[Anna Katharina Valayil]]
| extra1 = [[Dulquer Salmaan]], [[Anna Katharina Valayil]]
| length1 = 4:32
| title2 = Sivane
| lyrics2 = Santhosh Varma
| extra2 = [[Suchith Suresan]]
| length2 = 4:25
| title3 = Vaanam
| lyrics3 = [[Rafeeq Ahammed]]
| extra3 = [[Gopi Sundar]], [[Anna Katharina Valayil]]
| length3 = 4:20
| title4 =Nayapaisayilla (Remix)
| lyrics4 = [[P. Bhaskaran]]
| extra4 =Junior Mehboob, [[Anna Katharina Valayil]], Asif Akber, [[San Jaimt]]
| length4 = 4:20
}}

==Release==
The film was released on 14 June 2013.

===Critical reception===

Unni R Nair of ''Kerala9'' stated that the movie is a "confused mess to an extent" and was "not up to the mark", but gave 3.5 stars in a scale of 5.<ref name="R2">{{cite web|title=ABCD Malayalam Movie Review|url=http://kerala9.com/news/abcd-malayalam-movie-review/|author=Unni R Nair|publisher=Kerala9|date=14 June 2013|access-date=18 June 2013|archive-date=18 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618013428/http://kerala9.com/news/abcd-malayalam-movie-review/|url-status=dead}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Sudheer Shah, writing for ''IndiaGlitz'', awarded the movie 6.5 stars out of 10, concluding that "''ABCD'' is one movie that must not be taken with any bit of seriousness." and that "If you have a few hours to laugh out for simple jokes that are not that intelligent, this is your movie."<ref name="R3">{{cite web|title=ABCD – American Born Confused Desi Movie Review|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/17592.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620123528/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/17592.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 June 2013|author =Sudheer Shah|website=IndiaGlitz|date=17 June 2013|access-date=18 June 2013}}{{Rating|6.5|10}}</ref> Shekhar of ''OneIndia'' gave the movie 3/5 stars, called the movie "a wonderful comedy entertainer, which has an interesting story" and said that "If you are comedy lover, don't miss to watch this film."<ref name="R4">{{cite web|title=ABCD – Movie Review|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2013/abcd-american-born-confused-desi-movie-review-112006.html|author=Shekhar|work=[[Oneindia.in|OneIndia]]|date=18 June 2013|access-date=18 June 2013|archive-date=18 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618031926/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/reviews/2013/abcd-american-born-confused-desi-movie-review-112006.html|url-status=live}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref> Aswin J Kumar of ''The Times of India'' wrote that the movie is "watchable for the chemistry between Johns and Kora", giving it 3 stars.<ref name="R5">{{cite news|title=ABCD Movie Review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/movie-reviews/ABCD-American-Born-Confused-Desi/movie-review/20612900.cms|author =Aswin J Kumar|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 June 2013|access-date=18 June 2013}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref> Rahul of ''Metro Matinee'' rated the movie as ''Entertaining'', while stating that "it entertains in full throttle, asks the right questions and provides moments of emotional ecstasy and angst, all of which is part and parcel of a feel good movie."<ref name="R6">{{cite web|title=ABCD Film Review|url=http://www.metromatinee.com/Review/ABCD%20Review-287-1|author=Rahul|publisher=MetroMatinee|date=14 June 2013|access-date=18 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617220859/http://www.metromatinee.com/Review/ABCD%20Review-287-1|archive-date=17 June 2013|url-status=dead}}''Entertaining''</ref> Paresh C Palicha of ''Rediff'' awarded the movie 2.5 stars, and wrote that the movie "is a showcase for Dulquer Salmaan; nothing more, nothing less."<ref name="R9">{{cite web|title=Review: Malayalam film ABCD|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/11490/malayalam/abcd/4277/review.htm|author=Paresh C Palicha|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=17 June 2013|access-date=18 June 2013|archive-date=18 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618182114/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/11490/malayalam/abcd/4277/review.htm|url-status=dead}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film became a commercial success.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dulquer Salmaan's journey to stardom|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/dulquer-salmaans-journey-to-stardom-imagegallery-malayalam-pexnNrbdidhii.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619185619/http://www.sify.com/movies/dulquer-salmaans-journey-to-stardom-imagegallery-malayalam-pexnNrbdidhii.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 June 2015|website=[[Sify]]|date=18 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Allu Sirish on ABCD: We have only taken the soul of the Malayalam version|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/allu-sirish-on-abcd-5730786/|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=16 May 2019}}</ref> The film collected $48,711(₹36.31 lakhs) in three weeks from the United Kingdom box office.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl4173628417/weekend/|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|date=3 July 2013}}</ref> The film collected around ₹12.5 crore from Kerala box office.<ref name="The News Minute">{{cite web|title=Allu Sirish's 'ABCD' ready for summer release|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/allu-sirish-s-abcd-ready-summer-release-99746|publisher=[[The News Minute]]|date=9 April 2019}}</ref> The film ran 101 days in theatres.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/abcd-101-days-celebration-malayalam-videos-45139|title=ABCD' 101 DAYS CELEBRATION|work=Indiaglitz|date=10 October 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20130621184303/http://www.abcdmovie.com:80/}}
* {{IMDb title|2956300|ABCD}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2013 comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian films set in New York City]]
[[Category:Films about Indian Americans]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gopi Sundar]]
[[Category:Films shot in New York City]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films directed by Martin Prakkat]]
[[Category:Comedy films about Asian Americans]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]

Bride buying in India

2026-04-10T14:58:12Z

GildaNolan0093: starting some post added tags!

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}

'''Bride buying in India''' is the practice of forced [[Arranged marriages in india|arranged marriages]] through [[human trafficking]]. Brides are commonly referred to as '''"paro"''' (from the far side) or '''"molki"''' (one who has a price) within this framework. The [[Bride buying|brides are sold]] by their parents to human traffickers who transport and sell them within relatively wealthier regions of [[Northern India]]. The desire for a male child and subsequent female [[infanticide]] has resulted in a significantly lowered [[sex ratio]] within India, creating an abundance of unmarried men in [[Haryana]], [[Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], and [[Uttar Pradesh|Western UP]]. These men resort to purchasing inter-region women from impoverished communities mainly to continue their family lineage. The key motivation for low-income families to sell their daughter is to receive financial compensation and avoid having to pay a [[dowry system in India|dowry]]. Major sources are the impoverished parts of [[Northeast India]] ([[Assam]]), [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]], and [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yadav|first=Jyoti|date=23 November 2020|title='Mol ki bahuein' — the women Haryana's men buy as brides|url=https://theprint.in/india/mol-ki-bahuein-the-women-haryanas-men-buy-as-brides/549641/|url-status=live|website=The Print|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123091531/https://theprint.in/india/mol-ki-bahuein-the-women-haryanas-men-buy-as-brides/549641/ |archive-date=23 November 2020 }}</ref><ref name="bride1">[http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/when-women-come-cheaper-than-cattle/story-EJD38cJ4kaTGVn03LJzUkJ.html], Danish Raza "When Women Come Cheaper than Cattle" (23 March 2014) Hindustan Times <www.hindustantimes.com>.</ref><ref name=dech1>[https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/second-edit/bride-trafficking-must-stop-720547.html Bride trafficking must stop now], Deccan Herald, 2 February 2019.</ref><ref name="thehindu.com">[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/In-male-dominated-Haryana-Rajasthan-cross-regional-brides-are-deprived-of-rights/article12340404.ece], Aarti Dhar "In Male-dominated Haryana, Rajasthan, Cross-regional Brides are Deprived of Rights" (18 October 2016) The Hindu <www.thehindu.com>.</ref><ref name="molki1">[http://www.unodc.org/documents/southasia/reports/Human_Trafficking-10-05-13.pdf], United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Current Status of Victim Service Providers and Criminal Justice Actors in India on Anti Human Trafficking (2013) at [94].</ref><ref name=poor1/>

Progressive [[panchayats]], khaps, and activists have been lobbying the government for the protection of the legal rights of molki brides by mandatory marriage registration and for the extension of government benefits of inter-caste marriages.<ref name="thehindu.com" /><ref name="molkitime1" />

==Brides==
Brides are usually women from impoverished areas, some reported to be as young as ten years old. Women are often motivated to escape undesirable economic situations. There have been reports of manipulation and abductions<ref name="poor1">[http://www.unodc.org/pdf/india/publications/htvs_miniweb/situational_report_shakti_vahini.pdf], Kamal Kumar Pandey Female Foeticide, Coerced Marriage & Bonded Labour in Haryana and Punjab: A Situational Report (10 December 2003) at [13].</ref> by traffickers who promise higher standards of living and wages in wealthier areas.

Women are sold at prices based on physical appearance such as health, age, beauty, and virginity. The prices range from 5,000 rupees ($70 USD) to 40,000 rupees ($550 USD).<ref>M Shafiqur Khan "Bride Trafficking within India" in Veerendra Mishra (ed) Human Trafficking: The Stakeholders’ Perspective (SAGE, India, 2013) 47 at 48.</ref> For the bride, marriage often means the end of their agency, freedom of movement, and access to education<ref>[https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/MarryingTooYoung.pdf], United Nations Population Fund Marrying Too Young: End Child Marriage (2012) at [4].</ref> as traditional gender roles require maintenance of the marital home and caregiving of her in-laws. Due to the physical and mental underdevelopment of most brides, they are susceptible to serious health problems arising in pregnancy and childbirth; the leading cause of death among women aged 15–19 in India and other developing countries.<ref>[http://www.unodc.org/pdf/india/publications/htvs_miniweb/situational_report_shakti_vahini.pdf], Kamal Kumar Pandey Female Foeticide, Coerced Marriage & Bonded Labour in Haryana and Punjab: A Situational Report (10 December 2003) at [9].</ref>

Despite undergoing traditional marriage rituals, trafficked brides struggle to be fully accepted in the community and regularly face discrimination due to the ambiguity regarding their marital status and are deprived of property rights.<ref name="Haryana 2005"/>

Bride shortages have seen re-emergence of [[polyandry|fraternal polyandry]] where one woman is shared with {{Not a typo|brother(s)}} of the husband.<ref>Alix Dolson "Intergenerational Prostitution in India: How a Cultural Practice Constitutes Sex Trafficking" in Margaret Alston (ed) Women, Political Struggles and Gender Equality in South Asia (Palgrave MacMillan, UK, 2014).</ref> ''[[Widow remarriage|Karewa]]'' (widow remarriage) refers to the practice of marrying off the bride to the brother (or sometimes the father) of a deceased husband.<ref>M Shafiqur Khan "Bride Trafficking within India" in Veerendra Mishra (ed) Human Trafficking: The Stakeholders’ Perspective (SAGE, India, 2013) 47 at 85.</ref>

==Modus Operandi of Arranging Marriages==

According to the research sponsored by the Royal Norwegian Embassy at Delhi, the Molki brides are arranged for marriage in 4 ways: Brides acting as marriage mediators'','' husbands of molki brides arranging brides for family and friends, [[marriage broker]]s also known as Dalals, and trafficking of women for forced marriages though this is not as prevalent.<ref name="thehindu.com" /> Molki brides face [[Discrimination based on skin color|color discrimination]], [[racism]], [[Pejorative|slur]]s, [[social isolation]], and related [[Mental disorder|mental health issues]].<ref name="thehindu.com" /> Among molki brides, cases of those who are trafficked are rarely reported and they find it difficult to obtain justice.<ref name="dech1" /> Families of trafficked women often do not report it to the police because many people believe it to be the solution to the skewed sex ratio in India.<ref name=dech1/>

==Causes==
===Buying Brides===
For the men of backward castes like [[Jat people|Jat]]s, [[Ror]]s, [[Ahir]]s, and [[Yadav|Yadavs]] there is a severe shortage of women. Rich men can easily find a local bride within their caste; however the disadvantaged men in these castes, who are mostly poor and do not own land, are the ones who must seek a bride using alternative methods. This phenomenon has now spread to [[Dalit|lower castes]] and Indian [[Meo (ethnic group)|Muslim communities]].<ref name="thehindu.com"/><ref name=molkitime1/>

In India, [[sex-selective abortion|feticide]], [[female infanticide|infanticide]], and deliberate neglect of female children<ref>Sonali Mukherjee "Skewed Sex Ratio and Migrant Brides in Haryana: Reflections from the Field" (2013) 43 Social Change 37 at 38. {{doi|10.1177/0049085713475725}}</ref> helped cause the [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] imbalance. Preference for a son stems from centuries-old [[Patriarchy|patriarchal traditions]] which view women as financial burdens in a culture where [[Hindu Succession Act, 1956|property is passed down the male lineage]] and [[dowry]] expenses are expected to be paid by the bride's family.<ref>Sonali Mukherjee "Skewed Sex Ratio and Migrant Brides in Haryana: Reflections from the Field" (2013) 43 Social Change 37 at 41. {{doi|10.1177/0049085713475725}}</ref> Despite the prevalence of the dowry system across all castes and regions in India,<ref>Padma Srinivasan and Gary R Lee "The Dowry System in Northern India: Women's Attitudes and Social Change (2004) 66 Journal of Marriage and Family 1108 at 1109. {{JSTOR|3600328}}</ref> un-wealthy men who cannot find a bride are willing to pay for a bride from an improvised background.<ref name="Haryana 2005">Prem Chowdry "Crisis of Masculinity in Haryana: The Unmarried, the Unemployed and the Aged" (2005) 40 Economic and Political Weekly 5189 at 5195. {{JSTOR|4417491}}</ref>

===Selling Daughters===
[[File:India - Delhi wedding - 5438.jpg|thumb|300px|Wedding gifts for the son of the Imam of Delhi, India, with soldiers and 2000 guests]]

Impoverished families tend to be more vulnerable to selling their daughters for money, some of whom are led to believe their daughter is married to a wealthier man in a faraway place. Victim's families tend to be unaware that middleman resell their daughters to other states for a profit.<ref name=dech1/> Due to the [[dowry system in India]], the bride's family gives durable goods, cash, and natural or movable property to the bridegroom, his parents, or his relatives as a condition of the [[marriage]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book| title = Dowry Deaths and Access to Justice in Kali's Yug: Empowerment, Law and Dowry Deaths| last= Rani Jethmalani & P.K. Dey| year= 1995| pages= 36, 38}}</ref> Due to India's skewed inheritance laws, the Hindu Succession Act needed to be amended to stop the routine disinheritance of daughters.<ref name=fem1>[http://www.rediff.com/news/special/ls-election-madhu-kishwar-modi-when-a-feminist-turns-right/20140402.htm When a feminist turns right] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222225859/http://www.rediff.com/news/special/ls-election-madhu-kishwar-modi-when-a-feminist-turns-right/20140402.htm |date=22 February 2018 }}, [[Rediff.com]], 2 April 2014.</ref>

==Domestic and International Laws==
The [[Constitution of India]] prohibits all forms of trafficking under Article 23(1), which states that "Traffic in human beings and begar [sic] and other similar forms of forced labor are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance with the law."<ref>[http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-4March2016.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416084719/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-4March2016.pdf|date=16 April 2016}}, Constitution of India 1949 (India), art 23(1).</ref> However, India has yet to implement comprehensive laws prohibiting the practice of bride trafficking. Despite explicit references to trafficking in the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956, it pertains only to commercial sexual activities in brothels and public places.<ref>[http://www.unodc.org/pdf/india/publications/htvs_miniweb/situational_report_shakti_vahini.pdf], Kamal Kumar Pandey Female Foeticide, Coerced Marriage & Bonded Labour in Haryana and Punjab: A Situational Report (10 December 2003) at [6].</ref> The law conflates prostitution and forced sexual exploitation, but fails to distinguish between the victims and perpetrators of the crime.

While bride trafficking is not explicitly prohibited in Indian law, it does criminalize many aspects of the practice in statutes. The [[Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929]] provides the legal age of marriage is 21 for males and 18 for females.<ref>[http://chdslsa.gov.in/right_menu/act/pdf/childmarriage.pdf], The Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929 (India), s 2(a).</ref> On 11 December 1992, India signed the [[Convention on the Rights of the Child|UN Convention on the Rights of the Child]] subsequently passing the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000, which was replaced by an act of the same name in 2015. The act protects children who have been sexually exploited or are at risk of sexual exploitation,<ref>[http://www.indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/2016/201602.pdf], Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2015, s 2(14)(ix).</ref> but limits the definition of ''child'' as "a person who has not completed eighteen years of age."<ref>[http://www.indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/2016/201602.pdf], Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2015, s 1(14)(i).</ref> The act covers only some of the victims of sexual exploitation but it fails to account for those over the age of 18.

India is a member of human rights conventions which explicitly prohibit forced marriage, such as the [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women|Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women 1979]] (CEDAW) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 (CRC). The government of India passed domestic legislation in light of its international commitments such as the [[Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006]]. Article 16(1)(b) of CEDAW states that women have "the same right freely to choose a spouse and to enter into marriage only with their free and full consent."<ref>[http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/cedaw.pdf],
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, article 16(1)(b).</ref> By contrast, the CRC does not explicitly refer to child-marriage, but it does have numerous provisions that discuss such topics. These include article 19 which states that a child has "the right to protection from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse, while in the care of parents, guardian or any other person",<ref>[https://www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/files/Child_Marriage_and_the_Law(1).pdf], Convention on the Rights of the Child, article 19.</ref> and article 34 which provides for "the right to protection from all forms of sexual exploitation and sexual abuse."<ref>[https://www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/files/Child_Marriage_and_the_Law(1).pdf], Convention on the Rights of the Child, article 34.</ref>

In the latest Concluding Observations on India (2014)<ref>[https://www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/files/Child_Marriage_and_the_Law(1).pdf], Concluding Observations on the Combined Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of India.</ref> the CEDAW recommended India amend the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act to include provisions that prevent trafficking of women,<ref>[https://www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/files/Child_Marriage_and_the_Law(1).pdf], Concluding Observations on the Combined Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of India, at [23(a)]</ref> address the root causes of trafficking,<ref>[https://www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/files/Child_Marriage_and_the_Law(1).pdf], Concluding Observations on the Combined Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of India, at [23(b)]</ref> ensure that traffickers are effectively investigated and prosecuted,<ref>[https://www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/files/Child_Marriage_and_the_Law(1).pdf], Concluding Observations on the Combined Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of India, at [23(c)]</ref> and ensure victims of trafficking have access to victim support and witness protection.<ref>[https://www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/files/Child_Marriage_and_the_Law(1).pdf], Concluding Observations on the Combined Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of India, at [23(d)]</ref>

==Source and destination states==
===Source states===
{{Expand section|date=November 2019}}
The parents who sell their daughters as molki brides are usually from the lower socioeconomic strata of the under-developed or economically marginalized regions and states, such as Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal.<ref name=bride1/><ref name=dech1/><ref name="thehindu.com"/><ref name=poor1/>

===Destination states===
The destination states are generally prosperous [[North India|North Indian]] provinces where the sex ratio is more imbalanced. Some of the common destination states are [[Haryana]], Punjab, Rajasthan, and Western Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=bride1/><ref name=dech1/><ref name="thehindu.com"/>

====Haryana====
A 2019 survey by Jind based Selfie-With-Daughter Foundation found 130,000 molki brides in Haryana.<ref name=molkitime1/> Among them, 1470 such brides ''"''looted and scooted from their in-laws' house with valuables and expensive items,''"'' <ref name=molkitime1/> indicating a phenomenon of criminal gangs engaging in the organized practice. Molki bride practice, which started from the [[Ahirwal]] and [[Mewat]] region in the 1980s, is now common in [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]], [[Jind district|Jind]], [[Hisar district|Hisar]], [[Kaithal district|Kaithal]], [[Yamunanagar district|Yamunanagar]], and [[Kurukshetra district|Kurukshetra]].<ref name=molkitime1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/1-30-lakh-haryana-brides-bought-from-other-states-survey/articleshow/72301436.cms 1.30 lakh Haryana brides ‘bought’ from other states: Survey], Times of India, 30 November 2019.</ref><ref name=bride1/>

Haryana, [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|one of the wealthiest states in India]] with the third-highest per capita income in 2014-2015<ref>[http://www.esaharyana.gov.in/Data/Economic%20Survey%20of%20Haryana/2011-12.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306062642/http://esaharyana.gov.in/data/economic%20survey%20of%20haryana/2011-12.pdf|date=6 March 2016}}, Department of Economic and Statistical Analysis, Government of Haryana Economic Survey of Haryana: 2011-2012 (2012) <www.esharyana.gov.in> at 1.</ref> of 147,076 rupees (USD 2,293), is a destination state for the molki brides.<ref name=molkitime1/> An unintended consequence of [[Economy of Haryana|Haryana's economic development]] is the advancement of medical technology and accessibility of its health care system which offer [[Prenatal testing|prenatal screening]] to [[Sex selection|determine the sex]] of the fetus. This has created a paradoxical situation<ref>Sonali Mukherjee "Skewed Sex Ratio and Migrant Brides in Haryana: Reflections from the Field" (2013) 43 Social Change 37 at 40. {{doi|10.1177/0049085713475725}}</ref> where adverse [[sex ratio]] is perpetuated by parents routinely aborting female fetuses in favour of sons, contributing to the increase in demand for imported brides.

The Haryana government has taken several actions against female infanticide and gender discrimination, making them one of the most successful states in terms of improving sex ratio.<ref name=sucess1/><ref name=sucess2/><ref name=sucess3/> According to the [[2011 Census of India]],<ref>[http://www.firstpost.com/india/haryanas-crisis-bridegrooms-decked-one-marry-1626691.html], Rajendra Khatry "Haryana's Crisis: Bridegrooms All Decked Up But No One to Marry" (20 July 2014) Firstpost <www.firstpost.com>.</ref> there were 877 females to 1,000 males in Haryana against the national average of 933 females to 1000 males.<ref>[http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/fsex.aspx], Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India (2011) Census India <www.censusindia.gov.in>.</ref> In 2019, due to various initiatives by the [[Government of Haryana]] the sex ratio has improved to 920 females births per 1000 male child.<ref name=molkitime1/> This ratio saw an improvement in 2020, with SRB seeing a rise from 920 in 2019 to 922 in 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-07-17|title=Haryana records 911 sex ratio at birth in first six months of 2021|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/haryana-records-911-sex-ratio-at-birth-in-first-six-months-of-2021-101626546439096.html|access-date=2022-01-02|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> While the cumulative SRB dipped from 922 to 911 in the first half of 2021, showcasing a setback in the "Beti Bachao Beti Padhao" a flagship Programme, despite increase in raids and strict regulations on people practicing sex determination tests.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-07-17|title=Haryana records 911 sex ratio at birth in first six months of 2021|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/haryana-records-911-sex-ratio-at-birth-in-first-six-months-of-2021-101626546439096.html|access-date=2022-01-02|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

==== Rajasthan ====

Molki brides are often found in various districts of Rajasthan including [[Alwar district|Alwar]] and [[Jhunjhunu district|Jhunjhunu]].<ref name="thehindu.com"/>

====Uttar Pradesh====

The practice has also been recorded in [[Western Uttar Pradesh]]<ref name=bride1/> which is a relatively affluent region of the state of Uttar Pradesh. [[Eastern Uttar Pradesh]] is one of the source of such brides.

==Critique==
===Disadvantages of molki system===
{{Expand section|date=November 2019}}

According to the research of 10 source villages in Odisha as well as 1,216 molki brides in 226 villages in destination states of Haryana and Rajasthan, sponsored by the Royal Norwegian Embassy and titled "Tied in a Knot — cross-region marriages in Haryana and Rajasthan, Implications for Gender Rights and Gender Relations", the molki brides face color discrimination due to usually being darker, caste discrimination, names calling such as "molki" (one who was bought for money), slurs like "Biharan" a term "that implies poverty, desperation, filth and savagery", judgmental attitudes towards their parents who are seen as "thieves, sellers of daughters and primitive savages", leading to their social isolation and mental health issues.<ref name="thehindu.com"/>

===Advantages of the molki system===
{{Expand section|date=November 2019}}
Advantages include social stratification in terms of socioeconomically disadvantaged men are able to find brides who also are disadvantaged, bride's poor family also receives money, breaking of orthodox social taboos by making inter-caste and inter-religion marriages socially acceptable and widespread.<ref name=bride1/><ref name="thehindu.com"/> Some orthodox [[khap]]s, which might usually oppose inter-caste marriages, generally provide a silent acceptance of the practice of molki brides by maintaining a "studied silence".<ref name="thehindu.com"/> Progressive [[Panchayati raj|panchayats]] and khaps have taken initiatives to champion the rights of molki brides by running campaign to make the marriage registration mandatory for these brides so that they and their children have the legal rights.<ref name=molkitime1/> Activists have been demanded that the government must extend the benefits of inter-caste marriages to molki marriages as well.<ref name="thehindu.com"/>

==Intervention against the bride trafficking==
To address the nationwide issues of female infanticide, the government of India has passed the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act 1994 which prohibits sex determination via prenatal screening. However, even if all discriminatory practices ceased it is estimated that it will take at least 50 years for the population to reach its natural sex ratio.<ref>[http://www.unodc.org/documents/southasia/reports/Human_Trafficking-10-05-13.pdf], United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Current Status of Victim Service Providers and Criminal Justice Actors in India on Anti Human Trafficking (2013) at [96].</ref>

In 2002, the Union Ministry of Child and Development launched the Scheme for Women in Difficult Circumstances (SWADHAR) to protect the welfare of vulnerable women. The initiative aims to assist victims of exploitation to lead their life with dignity and conviction.<ref>[http://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/Guidelines7815_1_0.pdf], Ministry of Women and Child Development SWADHAR GREH: A Scheme that Caters to Primary Needs for Women in Difficult Circumstances (2015) at [1].</ref> SWADHAR has been implemented in Haryana since 2007.<ref>[http://www.unodc.org/documents/southasia/reports/Human_Trafficking-10-05-13.pdf], United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Current Status of Victim Service Providers and Criminal Justice Actors in India on Anti Human Trafficking (2013) at [95].</ref>

===Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana ("Educate Daughters, Save Daughters" scheme)===
[[Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana]] ''(translation: ''Save the daughter, educate the daughter'')'' is a campaign of the [[Government of India]] that aims to generate awareness and improve the efficiency of welfare services intended for girls. The scheme was launched with an initial funding of {{INRConvert|100|c}}.<ref name="Beti_bachao_beti_padhao_campaign_24072014">{{cite web|url=http://wcd.nic.in/tender/Beti_bachao_beti_padhao_campaign_24072014.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105190442/http://wcd.nic.in/tender/Beti_bachao_beti_padhao_campaign_24072014.pdf |archive-date=5 November 2014 }}</ref> It mainly targets the clusters in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Bihar]] and [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/up-govt-sounds-alert-over-beti-bachao-beti-padhao-scheme-fraud/story-Qmns8pm4xqBtFyWNGMuyoI.html|title=UP govt sounds alert over Beti Bachao Beti Padhao scheme fraud|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|author=K Sandeep Kumar, Rajeev Mullick|date=19 May 2017|access-date=12 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/haryana-govt-cautions-people-against-frauds-under-beti-bachao-beti-padhao-scheme-4589990/|title=Haryana govt cautions people against frauds under Beti Bachao-Beti Padhao scheme|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=28 March 2017|author=[[Press Trust of India]]|access-date=12 June 2017}}</ref> Haryana is one of the most successful state in rapidly increasing sex ratio by taking stringent actions against female infanticide under this scheme.<ref name=sucess1>[https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/sex-ratio-in-haryana-is-best-in-decades-beti-bachao-beti-padhao-scheme-behind-success/1014605/ Sex ratio in Haryana is best in decades; ‘Beti Bachao-Beti Padhao’ scheme behind success], Financial Express, 15 Jan 2018.</ref><ref name=sucess2>[http://www.uniindia.com/haryana-taken-new-initiative-after-success-of-beti-bachao-beti-padhao/states/news/1186278.html Haryana taken new initiative after success of 'Beti Bachao-Beti Padhao'], UNI, 1 April 2018.</ref><ref name=sucess3>[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/state-editions/cm-congratulates-dcs-for-success-of-beti-bachao-beti-padhao.html CM congratulates DCs for success of 'Beti Bachao-Beti Padhao'], Daily Pioneer, 7 March 2016.</ref>

Under the scheme, Haryana which had the sex ratio of 834 females in 2012, and improved the female ratio to 914 in 2018 resulting in 17 of 21 districts having a sex ratio of above 900 female to 1000 males and only 4 districts having a sex ratio of between 875 and 900.<ref name=sexr1>[http://punjabnewsexpress.com/regional/news/haryana-maintains-previous-year-s-figure-of-female-ratio-of-914-in-2018-84498.aspx Haryana maintains previous year's figure of female ratio of 914 in 2018] 17 January 2019</ref> Some [[Community development block in India|community development blocks]] have a newborn ratio of over 1000 females. For example: [[Ratia]] block, comprising 53 villages, had a yearly newborn ratio of 1003 females on 31 December 2018.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190204174356/https://www.bhaskar.com/harayana/fatehabad/news/haryana-news-boys-girls-girl-population-daughter-daughters-people-son-boys-boy-children-vk-jain-bhoda-khairpar-smo-boda-village-villages-khairpur-bahalbamia-place-hospital-chenkothi-department-of-health-health-department-daughter-number-section-birth-figure-awareness-health-department-records-gap-ratiya-ratio-bhanikhera-village-sex-ratio-sex-ratio-ratio-data-birth-rate-total-birth-quot-024600-3817184.html Ratia has better sex ratio] Dainik Bhaskar, 4 Feb 2019</ref> This SRB ratio saw an improvement in 2020, with SRB seeing a rise from 920 in 2019 to 922 in 2020.<ref name=":0" /> While the cumulative SRB dipped from 922 to 911 in the first half of 2021, showcasing a setback in the "Beti Bachao Beti Padhao" a flagship Programme, despite increase in raids and strict regulations on people practicing sex determination tests.<ref name=":1" />

===Apni Beti, Apna Dhan Yojna ("Our Daughters, Our Wealth" scheme)===
In response to the prevalence of child marriages in India, the government has implemented [[conditional cash transfer]] schemes which periodically pay families in exchange for delaying their daughters’ marriage until the age of 18.<ref>[https://www.icrw.org/research-programs/evaluating-the-power-of-conditional-cash-transfers-ccts-to-delay-marriage-in-india/], Erin Kelly "ICRW Releases Results of Conditional Cash Transfer Evaluation to Tackle Marriage in India" (14 October 2015) International Centre for Research on Women <www.icrw.org>.</ref> This initiative, known as Apni Beti Apna Dhan or "Our Daughters, Our Wealth", was launched in Haryana from 1994-1998 by the State Department of Women and Children Development. It offered 500 rupees ($8 USD) to families enrolled in the program, within 14 days of giving birth to a girl and a second payment of 25,000 rupees ($380 USD) on her 18th birthday provided she remained unmarried.<ref>[https://www.icrw.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/IMPACCT_Synthesis_Webready.pdf], Priya Nanda and others "Impact of a Conditional Cash Transfer Program on Girls’ Education and Age of Marriage in India" (2016) International Centre for Research on Women <www.icrw.org> at 2.</ref> Its goal was to delay marriage until the age of 18, as required by law, and in doing so it hoped to increase the value of girls in society and extend their education.<ref>[http://www.girlsnotbrides.org/economic-incentives-enough-prevent-child-marriage-findings-haryana-india/], "Are Economic Incentives Enough to Prevent Child Marriage? Findings from Haryana, India" (17 October 2016) Girls Not Brides <www.girlsnotbrides.org>.</ref>

In 2012, as the first participants turned 18, a follow up assessment by [[International Centre for Research on Women]] showed that while enrolling in the program incentivized the parents to delay marrying off their daughters, financial incentives without other complementary interventions were inadequate to change the deeply entrenched gender roles and expectations on women.<ref>[https://www.icrw.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/IMPACCT_Synthesis_Webready.pdf], Priya Nanda and others "Impact of a Conditional Cash Transfer Program on Girls’ Education and Age of Marriage in India" (2016) International Centre for Research on Women <www.icrw.org> at 6.</ref>

===Trafficking of Persons (Prevention, Protection and Rehabilitation) Bill 2016===
In June 2016, the Trafficking Persons (Prevention and Rehabilitation) Bill was published. It is envisioned as India's first comprehensive anti-trafficking law by consolidating all existing law on human trafficking.<ref name="fxb.harvard.edu">[https://fxb.harvard.edu/india-anti-trafficking-bill-changes-little-for-child-laborers-but-activists-continue-fight-from-the-bottom-up/], "Are Economic Incentives Enough to Prevent Child Marriage? Findings from Haryana, India" (17 October 2016) Girls Not Brides <www.girlsnotbrides.org>.</ref> India's current legal framework lacks coordination between district and state agencies which has prevented effective prosecution of offenders. The bill focuses on three key aspects of tracking: prevention, protection and rehabilitation of victims.<ref>[http://asiafoundation.org/2016/06/08/indias-new-anti-human-trafficking-law-need-know/], Diya Nag "India's New Anti-Human Trafficking Law: What You Need to Know" (8 June 2016) The Asia Foundation <www.asiafoundation.org>.</ref> Despite this, the bill has been criticized for failing to provide a clear definition of trafficking and for its lack of clarity regarding rehabilitation measures.<ref name="fxb.harvard.edu"/>

A 2016 report by FXB Centre for Health and Human Rights at [[Harvard University]]<ref>[https://cdn2.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2016/03/Is-this-Protection-Final.pdf], Harvard FXB Is This Protection? Analyzing India's Approach to the Rescue and Reintegration of Children Trafficked for Labour Exploitation (March 2016).</ref> into the Indian government's anti-trafficking initiatives revealed that the current approaches lack multi-faceted long-term commitment. They consist primarily of removal of victims from exploitative environments after which they are still exposed to the same structural vulnerabilities that led to their being trafficked originally, with the predictable outcome that many of them are re-trafficked.<ref>[https://cdn2.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2016/03/Is-this-Protection-Final.pdf], Harvard FXB Is This Protection? Analyzing India's Approach to the Rescue and Reintegration of Children Trafficked for Labour Exploitation (March 2016) at [25].</ref>

==See also==
* [[Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent]]
* [[Bride buying]]
* [[Child marriage in India]]
* [[Forced marriage]]
* [[Human rights in India]]
* [[Human trafficking in India]]
* [[Lavender marriage]]
* [[Mariage blanc]]
* [[Marriage of convenience]]
* [[Sham marriage]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.girlsnotbrides.org/ Girls Not Brides]
*[http://www.unodc.org/documents/southasia/reports/Human_Trafficking-10-05-13.pdf United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Report on Anti-Human Trafficking in India]
*[https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/MarryingTooYoung.pdf United Nations Population Fund Report on Child Marriage]
*[http://www.swadharpune.org/ SWADHAR Institute for Development of Women and Children]

[[Category:North India]]
[[Category:Social issues in India]]
[[Category:Marriage in India]]

M. S. Bisht

2026-04-10T13:55:24Z

GildaNolan0093: Creating the details more to come!

{{Update|date=April 2025}}{{short description|Indian politician}}{{For|the politician from Delhi, India|Mohan Singh Bisht}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. Mohan Singh Bisht
| image =
| office = [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Lalkuan (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Lalkuan]]
| birth_date = 1969
| term_start = 10 March 2022
| term_end =
| successor =
| predecessor = Naveen Chandra Dumka
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession = [[Politician]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dr. Mohan Singh Bisht''' (born 1969) is an Indian politician from Uttarakhand. He is a Member of [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] from [[Lalkuan Assembly constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS2856.htm?ac=56|access-date=2022-03-12|website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref> representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress' Harish Rawat, At Helm Of Losing Side In Uttarakhand |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/harish-rawat-at-helm-of-losing-side-in-uttarakhand-2815186 |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Mar 11, 2022 |title=dhami: Cm Dhami, Harish Rawat Lose Their Seats {{!}} Dehradun News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/cm-dhami-harish-rawat-lose-their-seats/articleshow/90137692.cms |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Uttarakhand polls: BJP's M. S. Bisht, Cong's Bhuvan Chandra Kapri emerge as giant killers |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/uttarakhand/uttarakhand-polls-bjps-mohan-singh-bisht-congs-bhuvan-chandra-kapri-emerge-as-giant-killers/articleshow/90152474.cms |access-date=2022-03-11}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Bisht is from [[Lalkuan]], Nainital District, Uttarakhand. He is the son of Gopal Singh. He completed his Ph.D. in 2004 at [[Kumaun University]], [[Nainital]], D.S.B.
Campus after his M.A. in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Mohan Singh Bisht(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- LALKUAN(NAINITAL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/uttarakhand2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=409 |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Bisht won from Lalkuan Assembly constituency representing Bharatiya Janata Party in the [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 46,307 votes and defeated his nearest rival and former chief minister [[Harish Rawat]] of [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 17,527 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Lalkuan Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates : Dr. Mohan Singh Bisht of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/lalkuan-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4853819.html |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Lalkuan, Uttarakhand Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: BJP retains Lalkuwa seat, Dr. Mohan Singh Bisht wins with 44851 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/lalkuan-uttarakhand-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923015-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bisht, Mohan Singh}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Nainital district]]

{{Uttarakhand-BJP-politician-stub}}

West Meets East, Volume 2

2026-04-09T18:32:32Z

GildaNolan0093: starting new pg added tags

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox album
| name = West Meets East, Volume 2
| type = studio
| artist = [[Yehudi Menuhin]] and [[Ravi Shankar]]
| cover = West Meets East Volume 2 album cover.jpg
| alt =
| released = 15 July 1968
| recorded = 1967–68 [[Angel Records]], New York City
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Indian classical music|Indian classical]]
| length = 1:03:34
| label = [[His Master's Voice (British record label)|His Master's Voice]] (UK), [[Angel Records]] (US)
| producer =
| prev_title = [[West Meets East]]
| prev_year = 1967
| next_title = West Meets East, Volume 3
| next_year = 1976
}}
{{Music ratings
|rev1 = [[AllMusic]]
|rev1score = {{rating|4.5|5}}<ref name="AM review">[http://www.allmusic.com/album/west-meets-east-vol-2-mw0000234471 "Yehudi Menuhin and Ravi Shankar ''West Meets East, Vol. 2''"], [[AllMusic]] (retrieved 3 December 2013).</ref>
}}

'''''West Meets East, Volume 2''''' is an album by American violinist [[Yehudi Menuhin]] and Indian [[sitar]] virtuoso [[Ravi Shankar]], released in 1968. It is the second album in a trilogy of collaborations between the two artists,<ref name="Lavazzoli p 63" /> after the [[Grammy Award]]-winning ''[[West Meets East]]'' (1967).<ref name="Massey/Shankar obit">Reginald Massey, [https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/dec/12/ravi-shankar-dies "Ravi Shankar obituary"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 12 December 2012 (retrieved 3 December 2013).</ref>

The release followed Menuhin and Shankar's duet on 10 December 1967 at the [[United Nations Headquarters|United Nations]] in New York, celebrating the twentieth anniversary of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]].<ref name="Raga Mala p 184">Shankar, ''Raga Mala'', p. 184.</ref> As part of his [[utopia]]n ideal,<ref>Allan Kozinn, [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/13/arts/sir-yehudi-menuhin-violinist-conductor-and-supporter-of-charities-is-dead-at-82.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm "Sir Yehudi Menuhin, Violinist, Conductor and Supporter of Charities, Is Dead at 82"], ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'', 13 March 1999 (retrieved 4 December 2013).</ref> international human rights was a cause long supported by Menuhin in his work,<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/12/newsid_2540000/2540427.stm "12 March 1999: Violinist Yehudi Menuhin dies"], [[BBC News Online]] (retrieved 4 December 2013).</ref> while for [[Indian classical music]], this [[Human Rights Day]] recital marked the first time that a performance had received a worldwide television broadcast.<ref>Lavezzoli, pp. 7–8, 63.</ref>

Reflecting the celebrity status afforded the sitarist during this period, particularly as a result of his association with [[George Harrison]] of [[the Beatles]],<ref>''World Music: The Rough Guide'', pp. 109–10.</ref><ref>Shankar, ''My Music, My Life'', pp. 101–03.</ref> Shankar's activities were filmed for a documentary on his life, released as ''[[Raga (film)|Raga]]'' in 1971,<ref>Lavezzoli, pp. 184, 187.</ref> and his autobiography ''My Music, My Life'' (1968) became a bestseller.<ref>Massey, p. 142.</ref> Although ''West Meets East, Volume 2'' was another popular success for Menuhin and Shankar,<ref>''World Music: The Rough Guide'', p. 109.</ref> their work together drew further criticism from purists in India,<ref>Lavezzoli, p. 146.</ref> who considered that Shankar was westernising and thus diluting Indian classical music.<ref>Shankar, ''Raga Mala'', pp. 208–09.</ref>

==Recording and musical content==
The follow-up to ''West Meets East'' was announced in February 1968, when ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' magazine reported that Menuhin and Shankar had been recording new material together at [[Angel Records]]' New York studios.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAcEAAAAMBAJ&q=sitarist|title=Classical Music|date=3 February 1968|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|page=43|accessdate=23 August 2015}}</ref> While their first album continued to top that magazine's Best Selling Classical LP's listings,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwoEAAAAMBAJ&q=Richard+Bonynge|last=Kirby|first=Fred|title=Mahler Takes Listings Crown From Beethoven|date=13 January 1968|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|page=34|accessdate=23 August 2015}}</ref> Shankar had also achieved mainstream success with the recently released ''[[Live: Ravi Shankar at the Monterey International Pop Festival]]'', which peaked at number 43 on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' Top LP's]] chart – the highest US chart placing he would achieve throughout his career.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1481439/ravi-shankars-impact-on-pop-music-an-appreciation|last=Gallo|first=Phil |title=Ravi Shankar's Impact on Pop Music: An Appreciation |date=12 December 2012|publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|billboard.com]]|accessdate=22 August 2015}}</ref> Angel released the new Menuhin–Shankar set on 15 July that year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xgoEAAAAMBAJ&dq=United+Nations&pg=PA30|last=Staff writer|title=Angel's Follow LP on 'West'|date=13 July 1968|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|page=30|accessdate=24 August 2015}}</ref> The album peaked at number 3 on the Classical LP's listings.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQoEAAAAMBAJ&dq=West+Meets+East&pg=PA29|title=Billboard Best Selling Classical LP's|date=28 September 1968|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|page=29|accessdate=24 August 2015}}</ref>

''West Meets East, Volume 2'' contains a version of the piece played at the United Nations, an interpretation of [[Pilu (raga)|Raga Piloo]].<ref name="Lavazzoli p 63">Lavazzoli, p. 63.</ref> According to Shankar's comments in a March 1968 issue of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine, they recorded this selection "just a few days ago".<ref name="Clark/RS interview">Sue C. Clark, [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/ravi-shankar-the-rolling-stone-interview-19680309 "Ravi Shankar: The ''Rolling Stone'' Interview"], ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', 9 March 1968 (retrieved 3 December 2013).</ref> As at the recital,<ref>Shankar, ''My Music, My Life'', p. 96.</ref> Menuhin and Shankar were accompanied by [[Alla Rakha]] on [[tabla]] and [[Kamala Chakravarty]], Shankar's female companion,<ref>Shankar, ''Raga Mala'', pp. 157, 196.</ref> on [[Tanpura (instrument)|tambura]].<ref name="album sleeve">[http://www.discogs.com/viewimages?release=2492539 Sleeve credits], ''West Meets East, Volume 2'' LP ([[His Master's Voice (British record label)|His Master's Voice]], 1968).</ref> The second piece is "Raga Ananda Bhairava", performed by Shankar with his regular accompanist and instrument-maker, [[Nodu Mullick]],<ref>Shankar, ''Raga Mala'', p. 159.</ref> on tambura, and Rakha again on tabla.<ref name="album sleeve" />

Side two in the original [[LP record|LP]] format consists of Menuhin and his sister [[Hephzibah Menuhin|Hephzibah]] performing [[Béla Bartók|Bartók]]'s Sonata No. 1 for Violin and Piano.<ref name="album sleeve" />

==Track listing==
All selections by Ravi Shankar except where noted.

'''Side one'''
# "[[Pilu (raga)|Raga Piloo]]" – 14:44
# "Raga Ananda Bhairava" – 15:37

'''Side two'''
#<li value="3">"Sonata for Violin & Piano No. 1" ([[Béla Bartók]]) – 33:13

==Personnel==
* [[Yehudi Menuhin]] – violin
* [[Ravi Shankar]] – [[sitar]]
* [[Alla Rakha]] – [[tabla]]
* [[Hephzibah Menuhin]] – piano
* [[Nodu Mullick|N.C. Mullick]] – [[Tanpura (instrument)|tambura]]
* [[Kamala Chakravarty]] – tambura

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
*[[Hindustani music]]

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* Peter Lavezzoli, ''The Dawn of Indian Music in the West'', Continuum (New York, NY, 2006; {{ISBN|0-8264-2819-3}}).
* Reginald Massey, ''The Music of India'', Abhinav Publications (New Delhi, NCT, 1996; {{ISBN|81-7017-332-9}}).
* Ravi Shankar, ''My Music, My Life'', Mandala Publishing (San Rafael, CA, 2007; {{ISBN|978-1-60109-005-8}}).
* Ravi Shankar, ''Raga Mala: The Autobiography of Ravi Shankar'', Welcome Rain (New York, NY, 1999; {{ISBN|1-56649-104-5}}).
* ''World Music: The Rough Guide (Volume 2: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific)'', Rough Guides/Penguin (London, 2000; {{ISBN|1-85828-636-0}}).
{{refend}}

{{Ravi Shankar}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1968 albums]]
[[Category:Ravi Shankar albums]]
[[Category:Yehudi Menuhin albums]]

Dapoli Khed Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:20:05Z

GildaNolan0093: starting initial info w/ infobox!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dapoli Khed
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 52,891
| mla = Parkar Wajuddin Ahmed
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Dapoli Khed Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. After the 1955 Delimitation act, it was merged into [[Dapoli Assembly constituency|Dapoli]] constituency.
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Parkar Wajuddin Ahmed || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Dapoli Khed <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Parkar Wajuddin Ahmed |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,004 |percentage = 33.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patne Jagannath Shivram |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 4,867 |percentage = 20.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karandikar Shivram Laxman |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,441 |percentage = 14.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tambe Mohamed Amin Wajeer Mohammed |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,199 |percentage = 9.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = More Vasant Atmaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,899 |percentage = 7.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rakhange Sk. Uaman Sk. Abdulla |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,309 |percentage = 5.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sakpal Ganpat Kashiram |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,226 |percentage = 5.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Phatak Bhargao Mahadeo |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,064 |percentage = 4.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,137 |percentage = 13.07% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 24,009 |percentage = 45.39% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 24,009}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,891 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Slice Small Finance Bank

2026-04-08T07:41:55Z

GildaNolan0093: starting first stub initial version

{{Short description|Indian small finance bank}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Slice Small Finance Bank
| logo = File:Slice Small Finance Bank.png
| logo_size = 160px
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| industry = [[Small finance bank]] [[Financial technology]]
| founded = {{start date and age|2016|1}}
| predecessors = Slice North East Small Finance Bank
| founder = Rajan Bajaj<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Digbijay |title=Slice Bank in talks to raise $250 million to expand its digital banking operations |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/slice-bank-in-talks-to-raise-250-million-to-expand-its-digital-banking-operations/articleshow/117583329.cms |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=27 January 2025}}</ref>
| hq_location_city = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]] (corporate) [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], [[India]] (registered)
| area_served = India
| key_people = {{plainlist|
* Rajan Bajaj ([[Managing director|MD]] & [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajan Bajaj appointed Slice SFB's new CEO and MD |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/rajan-bajaj-appointed-slice-sfbs-new-ceo-and-md/articleshow/128423312.cms |access-date=27 February 2026 |work=The Economic Times |date=16 February 2026}}</ref>
}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.slice.bank.in}}
}}
'''Slice Small Finance Bank''' ([[doing business as]] '''slice''')<ref>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Mansi |title=After years of burn, Slice looks to turn profitable in FY26 |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/slice-north-east-small-finance-bank-digital-bank-slice-fintech-slice-bank-merger-11751126369921.html |access-date=15 November 2025 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=29 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vardhan |first1=Gyan |title=Slice rolls out UPI credit card and opens UPI-powered bank branch in Bengaluru |url=https://entrackr.com/snippets/slice-rolls-out-upi-credit-card-and-opens-upi-powered-bank-branch-in-bengaluru-9445022 |access-date=15 November 2025 |work=Entrackr |date=28 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian [[small finance bank]] based in [[Bengaluru]]. It was formed as a result of the merger between [[fintech]] company Slice and North East Small Finance Bank (NESFB).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karthik |first1=Hamsini |title=slice-North East SFB merger — an unusual marriage |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/current-account/slice-north-east-sfb-merger-an-unusual-marriage/article67393740.ece |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=8 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
===Slice===

Slice was founded in January 2016 as SlicePay, a fintech company offering [[buy now, pay later]] and [[Line of credit|credit lines]] for students and young professionals.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhakta |first1=Pratik |title=High risk, high reward: Slice’s bet in millennial credit space |url=https://the-captable.com/2021/12/high-risk-high-reward-unicorn-slice-bet-in-millennial-credit-card-2/ |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=The CapTable |date=1 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sanghvi |first1=Disha |title=Easy credit can derail students’ money lives |url=https://www.livemint.com/money/personal-finance/easy-credit-can-derail-students-money-lives-1567012149711.html |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=28 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Abrar |first1=Peerzada |title=Slice, credit provider for young professionals, eyes $1 bn gross transactions |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/slice-loan-provider-for-young-professionals-eyes-1-bn-gross-transactions-121052400542_1.html |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=24 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In January 2019, the company received a [[non-banking financial company]] (NBFC) license from the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tripathi |first1=Dhirendra |title=Student microfinancing start-up SlicePay gets RBI licence for NBFC play |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/student-microfinancing-start-up-slicepay-gets-rbi-licence-for-nbfc-play-1548405211531.html |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=25 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Later that year, Slice launched its prepaid card in partnership with [[Visa Inc.|Visa]] and [[SBM Bank India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Rajiv |title=Fintech, Slice: Slam Dunk: Can Rajan Bajaj grab a big slice of the fintech pie? |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/slam-dunk-can-rajan-bajaj-grab-a-big-slice-of-the-fintech-pie/71915/1 |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=[[Forbes|Forbes India]] |date=1 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

In November 2021, Slice became a [[unicorn (finance)|unicorn company]], after raising about $220 million.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rai |first1=Saritha |title=Tiger Global Helps Make Credit-Card Startup Newest India Unicorn |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-11-28/tiger-global-helps-make-credit-card-startup-newest-india-unicorn |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=28 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> By mid-2022, it was reportedly issuing over 300,000 prepaid cards per month,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Noronha |first1=Gaurav |title=Once invincible, Slice finds itself trapped between banks, regulators, and products |url=https://the-ken.com/story/once-invincible-slice-finds-itself-trapped-between-banks-regulators-and-products/ |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=[[The Ken]] |date=24 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Malik |first1=Bismah |title=Slice's Existential Threat — Can Fintech Unicorn's Shaky Business Model Survive RBI's PPI Notification? |url=https://inc42.com/features/slices-existential-threat-can-fintech-unicorns-shaky-business-model-survive-rbis-ppi-notification/ |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=Inc42 Media |date=14 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> having positioned itself as a credit card [[Challenger bank|challenger]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Vishwanath |title=How Slice Scored A Bank License From RBI |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/how-slice-scored-a-bank-license-from-rbi |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=11 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kalra |first1=Jaspreet |title=Lending is easy for Slice, making money isn’t |url=https://the-ken.com/story/lending-is-easy-for-slice-making-money-isnt/ |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=[[The Ken]] |date=25 January 2022}}</ref> However, after the RBI's June 2022 directive barring NBFC companies from issuing credit lines on prepaid payment instruments, the company discontinued prepaid cards to comply with the new norms.<ref>{{cite news |title=Slice pivots to real-time term loans after new RBI guidelines |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/slice-pivots-to-real-time-term-loans-after-new-rbi-guidelines/article65661619.ece |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=20 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Panchal |first1=Salil |title=The Slice-NE SFB merger shakes up banking landscape |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/the-slicene-sfb-merger-shakes-up-banking-landscape/88819/1 |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=[[Forbes|Forbes India]] |date=10 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

===NESFB merger===
North East Small Finance Bank (NESFB) was established in July 2016, and was one of the [[Small finance bank#History|10 financial institutions]] to be granted a small finance bank license by the RBI in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=North East Small Finance Bank Limited |url=https://www.crisil.com/mnt/winshare/Ratings/RatingList/RatingDocs/NorthEastSmallFinanceBankLimited_October%2013,%202023_RR_329715.html |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=[[CRISIL]] |date=13 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Agrawal |first1=Amol |title=RBI should allow large and profitable fintechs to become small finance banks |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/opinion/rbi-should-allow-large-and-profitable-fintechs-to-become-small-finance-banks-11583611.html |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=[[Moneycontrol]] |date=23 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vardhan |first1=Gyan |title=Slice merger with NESFB comes with a cost: Legacy NPAs worth Rs 192 crore |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/slice-merger-with-nesfb-comes-with-a-cost-legacy-npas-worth-rs-192-crore-12866998.html |access-date=14 November 2025 |work=[[Moneycontrol]] |date=15 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2023, Slice announced that it would merge with North East Small Finance Bank (NESFB), marking the first instance of a fintech company merging with a bank in India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Ritu |title=Fintech slice gets rare RBI nod to merge with North East Small Finance Bank |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/fintech-slice-gets-rare-rbi-nod-to-merge-with-north-east-small-finance-bank-17945301.htm |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=[[CNBC TV18]] |date=4 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Noronha |first1=Gaurav |title=Slice proves RBI can love fintechs, after all |url=https://the-ken.com/story/slice-proves-rbi-can-love-fintechs-after-all/ |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=[[The Ken]] |date=9 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kayastha |first1=Anshika |title=Merger of North-East SFB and slice: RBI kills two birds with one stone |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/merger-of-north-east-sfb-and-slice-rbi-kills-two-birds-with-one-stone/article67385560.ece |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=6 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dethe |first1=Amol |title=Slice gives hope to FinTechs to become banks |url=https://bfsi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/editors-view/slice-gives-hope-to-fintechs-to-become-banks/104199877 |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=6 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The merger was completed in October 2024 after regulatory scrutiny.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Manish |title=Indian fintech Slice seals bank merger |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/27/india-fintech-slice-now-bank/ |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=[[TechCrunch]] |date=28 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Moharkan |first1=Furquan |last2=Manikandan |first2=Ashwin |title=RBI sets a tough test for Slice-NESFB merger |url=https://themorningcontext.com/internet/rbi-sets-a-tough-test-for-slice-nesfb-merger |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=The Morning Context |date=11 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kawale |first1=Ajinkya |last2=Saha |first2=Manojit |title=A 'Slice' of lifeline: Fintech firm to infuse capital in North East SFB |url=https://www.business-standard.com/finance/news/a-slice-of-lifeline-to-ne-sfb-will-dilute-promoter-s-shareholding-123100401316_1.html |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=4 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Sachin |title=Slice model won’t be template for future SFB licences |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-slice-model-wont-be-template-for-future-sfb-licences-3264210/ |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=6 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The merged entity was renamed as Slice Small Finance Bank in May 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banthia |first1=Jyoti |title=slice Small Finance Bank Limited (slice SFB) emerges as India’s first fintech bank post merger with NESFB, focusing on expansion |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/slice-to-rebrand-as-slice-small-finance-bank-plans-expansion/article69146830.ece |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=27 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dubey |first1=Navneet |title=North East Small Finance Bank renamed to slice Small Finance Bank; RBI issues notification |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/personal-finance/banking/north-east-small-finance-bank-renamed-to-slice-small-finance-bank-rbi-issuesnotification/123318 |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune India]] |date=21 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Funding==
As of December 2024, Slice has raised $387 million in funding across multiple rounds from investors such as [[Tiger Global]], [[Insight Partners]], and [[Blume Ventures]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The 51 most disruptive startups of 2024 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/12/13/the-51-most-disruptive-startups-of-2024/ |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=[[TechCrunch]] |date=13 December 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Banks}}
* [[Neobank]]
* [[Banking in India]]
* [[List of banks in India]]
* [[Indian Financial System Code]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Banking in India}}

[[Category:Small finance banks]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2016]]
[[Category:Banks established in 2016]]
[[Category:Private sector banks in India]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Banks based in Karnataka]]

Sangken

2026-04-04T03:52:59Z

GildaNolan0093:

{{Short description|Festival in Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{see also|Indian New Year's days}}
{{Infobox holiday
|holiday_name = Sangken
|type = Buddhist
|image =
|imagesize = 250px
|caption = Water is poured on Bhikkhus (monk) to invoke their blessings for good luck, good health, peace and harmony throughout the year
|official_name = Sangken Festival
|nickname =
|observedby = [[Khamti people|Khamti]], [[Jingpo people#Singpho|Singpho]], [[Tangsa people|Tangsa]], [[Khamyang people|Khamyang]], [[Tai Phake people|Phake]], [[Tai Aiton people|Aiton]] in Northeast India and Northern Myanmar
|litcolor =
|longtype =
|significance = Marks the [[Songkran (Thailand)|Tai New Year]]
|begins =
|ends =
|date = 13/14 April<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arunachalipr.gov.in/GH_Local.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-02-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110138/http://arunachalipr.gov.in/GH_Local.htm |archivedate=2016-03-04 }}</ref>
|scheduling =
|duration =
|frequency = annual
|celebrations =
|observances =
|relatedto = [[Thingyan]], [[Sangrain]], [[Songkran (Thailand)|Songkran]], [[Water-Sprinkling Festival]], [[Lao New Year]], [[Cambodian New Year]]
}}

The '''Sangken''' festival is celebrated in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and parts of [[Assam]], India and in [[Kachin state|Kachin]], [[Sagaing Region|Sagaing]] region of [[Myanmar]] as the traditional New Year's Day from 14 to 16 April by the [[Theravada Buddhist]] Communities. It coincides with the New Year of many calendars. The Sangken festival is celebrated by the [[Khamti people|Khamti]], [[Jingpo people|Singpho]], [[Khamyang people|Khamyang]], [[Tangsa people|Tangsa]] tribes of Arunachal Pradesh, and [[Tai Phake people|Tai Phake]], Tai Aiton, and Tai Turung communities of [[Assam]]. Sangken generally falls in the month of 'Nuean Ha', the fifth month of the year of the [[Tai Phake people|Tai]] [[lunisolar calendar]] coinciding with the month of April. It is celebrated in the last days of the old year and the New Year begins on the day just after the end of the festival.

== New Year Traditions ==
The main attraction of the festival is splashing clean water, which is the symbol of peace and purity. The images of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] are taken out and after the ceremonial bath. The procession is accompanied by drums, dances and enjoyment. The holy bath of Buddha is an auspicious event in the festival. The celebration takes place for three consecutive days. During the celebration the locals make homemade sweet and distribute them. The exchange of gifts is also a common trait of the festival. There are festivals other than Sangken celebrated throughout the year calendar. Some of the festivals are namely: POI-PEE-MAU (Tai or Dai New Year), MAI-KASUNG-PHAI, KHAO-WA, POAT-WA, etc.

Every festive occasion or celebration of the Buddhist people revolves around the principles and teachings of Buddha. All its socio-cultural activities have been truly religious. The essence of festivals lies in bringing people together and spreading the intrinsic values of their cultures and traditions. Being followers of Buddha, the Buddhist people are lovers of peace and harmony. Thus, Sangken has always unfolded the message of peace, harmony and unity. Their decency and craftsmanship and their cuisine reveal their love and taste of food, while their sports show their adeptness in the art of games.

The [[Tai Phake people|Tai Phakes]] is a lesser known Buddhist population of Assam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thealternative.in/lifestyle/the-tai-phakes-of-assam/|title=The Tai Phake|publisher=Seven Sisters Project|date=13 February 2014|accessdate=11 March 2014|archive-date=12 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812111949/http://www.thealternative.in/lifestyle/the-tai-phakes-of-assam/|url-status=dead}}</ref> With its microscopic existence of less than 2000 souls, they mostly dwell in villages. In a constantly changing world they have tried to keep up, all the while trying to maintain their ways of life, tradition and culture.

== The Three Days ==
Before the beginning of the Sangken festival, a temporary shrine called 'Kyongfra' is constructed for keeping the idols of Buddha during Sangken. In this Kyongfra during Sangken, clean water is sprinkled through a specially designed water fountain called the 'Lungkong'. Clean and scented water poured through the fountain is sprinkled over the idols of Buddha kept inside the Kyongfra. This water, which has washed the Gods, is collected as holy water by the devotees. Sangken festival is celebrated for three consecutive days. On the first day and at an auspicious time, the images of Buddha are taken out of the shrine, given a ceremonial bath and placed in the 'Kyongfra’ to the accompaniment of drums and cymbals. People pray, offer sweets and food as offerings in the temple and then distribute sweets and goodwill amongst all by pouring water over each other. Water is also poured over all the holy objects, including the Boddhi tree, the Sailiks ropes of the holy book), Chausangphau-upuk and the Sammukathing. Water is also poured on Bhikkhus (monk) to invoke their blessings for good luck, good health, peace and harmony throughout the year.

On the final day of the Sangken festival at the appointed time, the images are taken back to their original places and this marks the end of the old year. The Sangken festival marks a farewell to the old year and a warm welcome to the New Year.

The New Year is welcomed with community prayers and feast during the ‘Poi Sangken’ celebrated after the end of the festival. This day is celebrated with great devotion and enthusiasm by all and marked by people going to the monastery to wash and clean up the shrine, idols and sprinkle holy water in the premises and a community feast which follows. This festival is dedicated to the worship of Buddha so that he can bless mankind with prosperity.

==Related festivals==
===Poi cheng ken===
Poi cheng ken is the traditional spring festival of the [[Ahom people|Tai-Ahom people]] observed in the Ahom month Duin-Ha of [[Sexagenary cycle]].<ref>{{Harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=153-154}}</ref> This festival involves washing things especially bathing the household cattles, commemorates the ancestors and worshipping the insignia ''Chum Pha Rueng Sheng Mueang''.<ref>{{Harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=153-154}}</ref> The rituals of Cheng Ken are described in the ancient manuscript ''Khyek Lai Bet''.<ref>{{Harvcol |Gogoi|2011|p=153-154}}</ref> As mentioned: {{Cquote|Duin ha jao pai ka duin ruk Poi cheng ken ao ma, hu ap nam, khai ap nam...., {{lit|‘the month of Duin-ha is gone. The Poi cheng ken came in the month of Duin-ruk. Cows and buffaloes are washed with water.}}}}

===Songkran===
{{Main|Songkran (Thailand)}}
Sangken is also seen to be celebrated abroad. Many Buddhist exist elsewhere where this festival is celebrated with enthusiasm. Sangken is celebrated as Songkran in other South East Asian countries. [[Songkran (Thailand)|Songkran]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaiworldview.com/feast/songkran.htm|title=SONGKRAN|website=thaiworldview.com}}</ref> is a new year in the countries like Thailand, Laos, etc., while the Tai Phake celebrate Sangken to invoke the blessings of the Buddha for protection of the mankind from the evils, for peace, harmony, good luck and good health.

[[File:2007 Songkran Laplae 1.jpg|thumb|Sangken festival similar to Songkran of Southeast Asia]]

==See also==
*[[South and Southeast Asian solar New Year]]
*[[Indian New Year's days]]

==Notes==
<references />
==References==
*{{cite thesis |last=Gogoi |first=Shrutashwinee|date=2011 |title=Tai ahom religion a philosophical study |hdl=10603/116167 |type=PhD |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/116167}}

{{New Year by Calendar}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tribes of Assam]]
[[Category:Buddhist holidays]]
[[Category:April observances]]

[[Category:Observances on non-Gregorian calendars]]
[[Category:New Year celebrations]]
[[Category:Buddhist festivals in India]]
[[Category:New Year in India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Assam]]
[[Category:Water-splashing festivals]]

Swapna Dutt

2026-03-30T18:04:55Z

GildaNolan0093:

{{short description|Indian film producer (born 1981)|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{like resume|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Family name hatnote|Chalasani|lang=Telugu}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Swapna Dutt
| birth_name = Swapna Dutt Chalasani
| image =
| caption = Swapna Dutt at [[Busan International Film Festival]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|08|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = [[Film producer]]
| death_place =
| height =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2000–present
| organization = [[Vyjayanthi Movies]] 
Swapna Cinema
| spouse = Prasad Varma
| children = 1
| parents = [[C. Aswani Dutt]] (Father)
| relatives = [[Priyanka Dutt]] (Sister) [[Nag Ashwin]] (Brother-in-law) Sravanthi Dutt (Sister)
| awards = National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu - Mahanati (2018)
| alma_mater = [[The University of Findlay]]
| website =
}}

'''Swapna Dutt Chalasani''' (born 30 August 1981) is an Indian film producer known for her work in [[Telugu cinema]]. She is the daughter of [[C. Ashwini Dutt]], a well-known Indian film producer and the founder of [[Vyjayanthi Movies]].<ref>{{cite web |title=How Vyjayanthi Movies Brought Chiranjeevi and Sridevi's 'Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari' Back To Life in 3D |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/how-vyjayanthi-movies-brought-the-iconic-jagadeka-veerudu-athiloka-sundari-back-to-life |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>

She began her career in filmmaking at the age of 18 as an associate producer of the movie ''[[Azad (2000 film)|Azad]]'' (2000). Soon after her first project, she co-produced movies with her father under his banner [[Vyjayanthi Movies]] with her sister [[Priyanka Dutt]]. Both Priyanka and Swapna revived Swapna Cinema in 2014. Swapna later produced ''[[Mahanati]]'', for which she received a National Award, and later, ''[[Sita Ramam]]''.

==Early life and family==
Born in [[Vijayawada]] to a family involved in [[Telugu cinema]], Swapna is the eldest daughter of [[C. Aswani Dutt]] and Vinaya Kumari. She has two younger sisters: [[Priyanka Dutt]], who co-produces movies with Swapna and Sravanthi Dutt, who is a businesswoman in the hospitality sector.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kavirayani|first=Suresh|date=12 May 2018|title=The Dutt sisters behind Mahanati|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/120518/the-dutt-sisters-behind-mahanati.html|access-date=22 February 2021|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> On 19 December 2010, Swapna married Prasad Varma. They have a daughter, Navya Vyjayanthi.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Swapna Dutt introduces baby girl Navya Vyjayanthi - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/swapna-dutt-introduces-baby-girl-navya-vyjayanthi/articleshow/71671300.cms|access-date=22 February 2021|website=The Times of India|date=20 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
===Television===
She studied [[business management]] at [[The University of Findlay]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-districtplus/smile-of-success/article572958.ece|title=Smile of Success|work=The Hindu|date=15 August 2010 |accessdate=16 August 2010}}</ref>

===Films===
[[File:Swapna Dutt.jpg|right|thumb|Dutt at the success meet of ''[[Mahanati]]'' in May 2018]]
In 2014, Swapna launched Swapna Cinema.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greatandhra.com/movies/reviews/yevade-subramanyam-review-yes-he-is-worth-the-find-64844.html|title=Yevade Subramanyam' Review: Yes, He Is Worth The Find|work=GreatAndhra|accessdate=21 March 2015}}</ref> Under the banner, Swapna and her sister Priyanka co-produced ''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]'', directed by Priyanka's husband [[Nag Ashwin]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-11|title=Exclusive {{!}} Dulquer Salmaan was a choice that I was hell bent on: Swapna Dutt Chalasani|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/exclusive-samantha-ruth-prabhu-was-finalised-for-mahanati-before-keerthy-suresh-swapna-dutt-chalasani/story-JtEaCxznReIclljubQiS1J.html|access-date=22 February 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Much of the filming took place at the [[Everest base camps|Everest Base Camps]], becoming the first Indian film to be shot at the location.<ref name="Times of India 1">{{cite news|last1=staff|title=Yevade Subramanyam, the first Telugu film shot in Everest|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Yevade-Subramanyam-the-first-Telugu-film-shot-in-Everest/articleshow/45346986.cms|accessdate=14 January 2015|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=2 December 2014}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Company
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Azad (2000 film)|Azad]]'' || Associate Producer || rowspan="3" | [[Vyjayanthi Movies]]
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Jai Chiranjeeva]]'' || Line Producer
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Subash Chandra Bose (film)|Subhash Chandra Bose]]'' || rowspan="4" | Producer
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]'' || rowspan="3" | Swapna Cinema
|-
|2018
|''[[Mahanati]]''
|-
|2022
|''[[Sita Ramam]]''
|-
|2024
|''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]''
|Co-producer
|Vyjayanthi Movies
|-
|2026
|''Champion''<ref>{{cite web |title=Jr NTR unveils Champion teaser ahead of Christmas release: Here's all on the period sports drama |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/jr-ntr-unveils-champion-teaser-ahead-of-christmas-release-heres-all-on-the-period-sports-drama-101766571733676.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=24 December 2025}}</ref>
|Co-producer
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"
! Title !! Role !! Channel
|-
|''Sa Ri Ga Ma Pa'' || rowspan="14" | Producer || rowspan="2" | [[Zee Telugu]]
|-
|''Sa Ri Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/zeesaregamapa-littlechamps2007.html|title=Zee Saregamapa Little Champs final 2007|work=Idlebrain|accessdate=9 September 2007}}</ref>
|-
|''Saptaswaralu'' || [[ETV Telugu]]
|-
|''Jagadam'' || Local TV [[Zee Telugu]]
|-
|''Jayapradam'' || Local TV [[MAA TV|Maa TV]] [[ETV Telugu]]
|-
|''Raju Rani Jagapathi'' || rowspan="2" | [[ETV Telugu]]
|-
|''Super''
|-
|''Gata Jhanma Rahasyam'' || [[MAA TV|Maa TV]]
|-
|''Narthana sala'' || rowspan="2" | [[ETV Telugu]]
|-
|''Narthana sala 2''
|-
|''Nee Kongu Bangaaram Kanu'' || rowspan="2" | [[MAA TV|Maa TV]]
|-
|''Nee Kongu Bangaaram Kanu 2''
|-
|''Jhummandi Naadam'' || rowspan="2" | [[ETV Telugu]]
|-
|''Jhummandi Naadam 2''
|}
===Web Series===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Streaming Service
|-
|2018 || ''[[Gangstars]]'' || rowspan="2" | Producer || rowspan="2" | Telugu || rowspan="2" | [[Amazon Prime Video]]
|-
|2023 || ''[[Kumari Srimathi]]''
|}

== Awards ==
* [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film]] - ''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]'' (2015)
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Film - Telugu]] - ''[[Mahanati]]'' (2018)
* [[SIIMA Award for Best Film]] - ''[[Mahanati]]'' (2018)
* [[Zee Cine Awards Telugu]] - ''[[Mahanati]]'' (2018)
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]] - ''[[Mahanati]]'' (2018)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=2014995|name=Swapna Dutt}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutt, Swapna}}
[[Category:Businesspeople from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian women television producers]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards Telugu winners]]
[[Category:Gaddar Telangana Film Awards winners]]

Indian Certificate of Secondary Education

2026-03-29T09:21:12Z

GildaNolan0093: cleanup article per sources and updated info for clarity

{{Short description|Private worldwide accepted education board}}{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=June 2014}}
{{Cleanup|reason=this article contains a lot of possibly unnecessary and unencyclopedic content|date=August 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Indian Certificate of Secondary Education
| abbreviation = ICSE
| logo =
| logo_size =
| caption =
| formation = 1958
| type = Private Board of Education
| purpose = Secondary education certification in India
| headquarters = [[New Delhi|New Delhi, India]]
| region_served = [[India]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| parent_organization = Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE)
| website = https://www.cisce.org/
}}
The '''Indian Certificate of Secondary Education''' ('''ICSE''') is an academic qualification awarded by the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]], a private, non-governmental board of [[education in India]]. The CISCE conducts these examinations to assess students' performance in a course of general education, offered through the medium of English, and aligned with the recommendations of the [[National Education Policy 2020|New Education Policy 2020]]. The board facilitates these examinations for affiliated schools across various states and union territories, ensuring standardized evaluation and representation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cisce.org/|title=CISCE|website=www.cisce.org|access-date=2018-09-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cisce.org/FAQ.aspx|title=CISCE|website=www.cisce.org|access-date=2018-09-23}}</ref>

==Overview==
===Introduction===
The ICSE is known for its comprehensive syllabus and primary focus on the English language and variety of subjects that it offers, which involve language, arts, commerce and science. The ICSE is taught in English only.

The ICSE Examination is a school examination and the standard of the examination pre-supposes a school course of ten years duration (Classes I-X).

The Indian Certificate of Secondary Education Examination will ensure a general education and all candidates are required to enter for six or more subjects and [[SUPW|Socially Useful Productive Work]] (SUPW).<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Regulations: Indian Certificate of Secondary Education Examination |url=https://cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/0.4-ICSE-Regulations-26.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324105523/https://cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/0.4-ICSE-Regulations-26.pdf |archive-date=2025-03-24 |website=cisce.org}}</ref>

Private candidates are not permitted to appear for the examination.<ref name="auto"/>

===Academic Year===
The beginning of the academic year in Schools affiliated to the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE) shall be from the middle of March and the first week of June each year.<ref name="auto"/>

===Entry Requirements===
#Entry to the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education Examination, in the case of candidates who are being entered for the first time, is restricted to candidates with a minimum of 75% attendance. Candidates can be entered only by the School they are attending.<ref name="auto"/>
#Candidates who were entered as School candidates, in accordance with (1) above, and who were not awarded Pass Certificates may be admitted to Class X by 31 August, under intimation to CISCE, provided such a candidate fulfills all other conditions as per the Regulations.<ref name="auto"/>
#Candidates who have been awarded Pass Certificates will be permitted to enter for a Supplementary Pass Certificate in any/all of the subjects offered.<ref name="auto"/>
#Candidates who were not awarded Pass Certificates may appear for the Improvement Examination in subject/s (maximum two subjects) in which they have not secured the Pass Marks (33%)
#There is no age limit for candidates taking the examination.<ref name="auto"/>

==Subjects==
Fixed number of subjects are selected by schools. Candidates appearing for the ICSE must write examinations in at least six or at most eight subjects. Of these, five subjects will be included in their final grade—out of these five, one will compulsorily be English, even if it is the subject in which the student has scored the lowest marks.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/counting-7-subjects-is-discriminatory-says-icse-board/article1-552399.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402144040/http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/counting-7-subjects-is-discriminatory-says-icse-board/article1-552399.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=2 April 2015 | title=Counting 7 subjects is discriminatory, says ICSE Board | publisher=Hindustan Times | work=HT Correspondent | date=3 June 2010 | access-date=11 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/ICSE-pupils-can-again-draw-best-5-score-from-six-subjects/articleshow/17975412.cms | title=ICSE pupils can again draw best-5 score from six subjects | work=The Times of India | date=11 January 2013 | access-date=11 March 2015}}</ref> There are three groups of subjects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICSE - Contents |url=https://cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/0.3-ICSE-Contents-26.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324104014/https://cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/0.3-ICSE-Contents-26.pdf |archive-date=2025-03-24 |website=cisce.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Syllabus for Vocational Subjects: Group III - Section B |url=https://cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/0.2-Contents-26.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324102651/https://cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/0.2-Contents-26.pdf |archive-date=2025-03-24 |website=cisce.org}}</ref>

===Group I (compulsory)===
* English
* Second Language (Any 1)
** [[Hindi]]
**; Indian regional languages
*** [[Ao Naga language|Ao-naga]]
*** [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
*** [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
*** [[Dzongkha]]
*** [[Garo language|Garo]]
*** [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
*** [[Kannada]]
*** [[Khasi language|Khasi]]
*** [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]]
*** [[Mizo language|Mizo]]
*** [[Malayalam]]
*** [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
*** [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
*** [[Odia language|Odia]]
*** [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
*** [[Sanskrit]]
*** [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
*** [[Tangkhul language|Tangkhul]]
*** [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
*** [[Urdu]]
**; Modern foreign languages
*** Arabic
*** Chinese
*** French
*** German
*** Russian
*** [[Modern Armenian]]
*** Portuguese
*** Spanish
*** Thai
*** Tibetan
* Geography
* History & Civics
* History & Civics - Thailand <ref group=note>Candidates offering History, Civics and Geography (Thailand) are not eligible to offer History, Civics and Geography.</ref>
* Geography - Thailand
* Environmental Science

===Group II (Any 2)===
* Mathematics
* Science (Includes Physics, Chemistry and Biology)
* Economics
* Commercial Studies
* '''Modern foreign languages (Group II)''':<ref group=note>Candidates opting for a Modern Foreign Language as a Group II subject may not opt for the same language
under Modern Foreign Languages as a Group I and Group III subject.</ref>
** French
** German
** Spanish
* Classical Language <ref group=note>Candidates offering Sanskrit as a Group II subject may not opt for Sanskrit as a Group I subject.</ref>

===Group III (Any 1)===

'''Section A'''<ref group=note>Candidates may select one subject either from Section A or Section B or two subjects, one from Section A and one from Section B</ref>
* Computer Applications
* Economic Applications <ref group=note>Candidates offering Economic Applications in (Group III) are not eligible to offer Economics (Group II).</ref>
* Commercial Applications <ref group=note>Candidates offering Commercial Applications (Group III) are not eligible to offer
Commercial Studies (Group II).</ref>
* Art
* Performing Arts
* Home Science
* Cookery
* Fashion Designing
* Physical Education
* Yoga
* Technical Drawing Applications
* Environmental Applications <ref group=note>Candidates offering Environmental Applications (Group III) are not eligible to offer
Environmental Science (Group II).</ref>
* '''Modern Foreign Languages (Group III):'''<ref group=note>Candidates opting for a Modern Foreign Language as a Group III subject may not opt for the same language
under Modern Foreign Languages as a Group I and Group II subject</ref>
** French
** German
** Spanish
* Mass Media & Communication
* Hospitality Management
'''Section B'''
* Robotics and Artificial Intelligence
* Assistant Beauty Therapist
* Assistant Hair Stylist
* Basic Data Entry Operator
* Dietetic Aide
* Cashier
* Early Years Physical Activity Facilitator
* Auto Service Technician

While ICSE offers each of these subjects to students, the school affiliated to CISCE may or may not be offering all the subjects listed. Depending on the school's resources, only a few subjects may be available to students.

In addition to the subjects listed above ICSE mandates an extra-curricular development to be displayed by students. This is achieved through a scheme called Socially Useful Productive Work & Community Service, commonly referred to as [[SUPW]], introduced in 1978.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/rest-in-pieces/supw-class-do-we-love-it-or-hate-it/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116053149/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/rest-in-pieces/supw-class-do-we-love-it-or-hate-it/ | url-status=live | archive-date=16 Jan 2025 | title= Does SUPW stand for 'Socially Useful Period Wasted?' | publisher=Times of India | date=24 Feb 2019 | access-date=16 Jan 2025}}</ref>

In accordance to SUPW, candidates will be required t select one main craft and one subsidiary service or one main service and one subsidiary craft per year of preparation for the examination. The craft may be aligned with their studies. For example a candidate who has selected Art may submit pottery as their craft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Socially Useful Productive Work and Community Service |url=https://cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/36.-ICSE-SUPW-and-Community-Service-26.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324102017/https://cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/36.-ICSE-SUPW-and-Community-Service-26.pdf |archive-date=2025-03-24 |website=cisce.org}}</ref>

ICSE added 8 [[vocational]] subjects under Section B of Group III in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-13 |title=Advisory on Actionable Items in the NEP |url=https://ruchikaschool.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Circular_3955_262877.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121103527/https://ruchikaschool.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Circular_3955_262877.pdf |archive-date=2025-01-21 |website=ruchikaschool.ac.in}}</ref>

===Marking Scheme===
Group I and Group II subjects have a separate marking scheme than that of Group III subjects, though all exams are scored out of 100.

In Group I and Group II subjects, candidates write an 80 mark paper on the day of the examination which constitutes the external examination portion of their marks. Another 20 marks constitute the internal assessment, which is awarded based on projects, practical files or oral/aural assessments.

To obtain marks out of 100, both external examination and internal assessment is added and reported as final marks.

Thus the split between external and internal assessments is 80% and 20% respectively.<ref name="auto"/>

For Group III subjects, candidates write a 100 mark paper on the day of the examination, which comprises the external examination portion of their marks. Another 100 marks comprise the internal assessment which is awarded based on projects or practical files.

To obtain marks out of 100, both external examination and internal assessment marks are added and the average is calculated and reported as final marks.

This the split between external and internal assessments is 50%.<ref name="auto"/>

The pass marks for each subject is 33%.<ref name="auto"/>

The maximum attainable marks is a 600 out of 600 or 100% which is an All India Rank of 1.

==Examinations==
The Indian Certificate of Secondary Education Examination is conducted once a year, and usually spans 1 month. The registrations for supplementary examination and improvement examination are opened within a month after declaration of results of the main exam.<ref name="auto"/>

In 2025, the ICSE examination took place from February 18 to March 27.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=November 2024 |title=Examination Timetable |url=https://cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ICSE-Timetable-with-Instructions.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125203944/https://cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ICSE-Timetable-with-Instructions.pdf |archive-date=2024-11-25 |website=cisce.org}}</ref>

In the one-month interval of the exams, only one examination is conducted per day, often leaving gaps in between each exam, giving candidates a large gap between their exams.

Each exam normally spans 2 hours, with the exception of the following exams which have a duration of 3 hours:<ref name="auto1"/>
* Second language and other language exams
* Mathematics
* Art papers

Each exam usually has only one paper, with the exception of the following papers:<ref name="auto1"/>
* English - 3 papers (English Literature, English Poetry and English Language)
* Science - 4 papers (Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Math)
* Art/Humanities - 4 papers (Geography, Environmental Science, Social Sciences, Moral Science, Political Science, History-Civics, Economics, Commerce etc.)

===Improvement Examination===
All candidates who appear for the ICSE Main Examination, are eligible to take the Improvement Examination conducted on the same year of Examination.<ref name="auto"/>

Candidates are allowed to take the improvement examination for any two subjects they have enrolled themselves in.<ref name="auto"/>

==Certification==
The Indian Certificate of Secondary Education will be awarded to every candidate that sits for a minimum of 6 subjects and SUPW, attaining an aggregate of their 5 best subjects (including English) of above 33% and a grade of D or above in their SUPW.

==Criticism==
In 2013, a 20-year-old Indian student studying in the US, Debarghya Das, claimed in his personal blog to have downloaded the ICSE scores for over 100,000 students by [[Web scraping|scraping]]. His analysis of the data showed interesting patterns in the marking system, suggesting that the marks were rounded off with no student getting under 33 marks out of a possible 100. The reason for this was reportedly attributed to ''moderation''; a practice also followed by [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), it involved tweaking candidates' marks to account for paper variances.<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-06/security/39787770_1_cisce-icse-gerry-arathoon
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610013840/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-06/security/39787770_1_cisce-icse-gerry-arathoon
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=2013-06-10
| title=Indian student in Cornell University hacks into ICSE, ISC database
| date=2013-06-06
| work=[[The Times of India]]
| access-date=2013-06-08 }}
</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/internet/news/he-didnt-hack-he-scraped-icse-results-and-look-what-he-found-376256
| title=He didn't hack, he scraped ICSE results and look what he found
| work=NDTV Gadgets
| date=2013-06-06
| access-date=2013-06-08 }}
</ref>

ICSE board claims of getting admission to foreign universities are misleading as additional tests like TOEFL or IELTS score are used for admission in foreign universities.

ICSE/ISC is not suitable for Indian entrance exam as it is not oriented towards Science & problem solving, it's syllabus is more aligned towards humanities and admission into Central universities like [[Delhi University]].<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/to-stop-plus-ii-exodus-cisce-stresses-flexi-timetable-objective-questions/articleshow/124489200.cms</ref><ref>https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/kolkata/icse-board-moves-to-curb-student-exodus-to-other-boards-after-class-10-examination-prnt/cid/2127345</ref><ref>https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/top-schools-take-a-hit-in-isc-exodus/cid/1503146</ref>

In West Bengal, Several toppers claimed to have benefitted by migrating from boards like the ICSE to CBSE for plus II.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/students-fulfil-better-grade-dreams-with-cbse-switch/articleshow/64337699.cms</ref>

In Kerala, close to 47% of Plus II students had migrated to the state board & CBSE from the ICSE. Similar pattern is commonly observed in other states.<ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Aug/24/migration-of-cbse-icse-students-to-state-plus-ii-course-records-huge-dip-in-kerala</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|Council of Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (The examination board responsible for conducting the ICSE and ISC examinations)
* [[Indian School Certificate]] (The examination conducted at the senior secondary level (Grade 12 equivalent) under the same board)
* [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (A central government-run board that administers nationwide examinations at the secondary and senior secondary levels)

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.cisce.org}} of CISCE (homepage)

[[Category:School qualifications of India]]
[[Category:Secondary school qualifications]]

Shivani Engineering College

2026-03-28T06:30:04Z

GildaNolan0093: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[List of colleges affiliated to the Anna University]]

M. A. Muthiah Chettiar

2026-03-27T15:20:19Z

GildaNolan0093: improved article

{{Short description|Indian banker and politician (1905-1984)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = RAJAH OF CHETTINAD
| name = Rajah Sir M. A. Muthiah Chettiar
| image = Raja Muthiah Chettiar.jpg
| caption = Rajah Sir Muthiah Chettiar
| imagesize =
| honorific-suffix =
| office = Member of [[Constituent Assembly of India]]
| term_start = 9 December 1946
| term_end = 24 January 1950
| order1 = Minister of Education and Excise (Madras Presidency)
| term_start1 = 10 October 1936
| term_end1 = 14 July 1937
| governor1 = [[George Frederick Stanley]]
| premier1 = [[Ramakrishna Ranga Rao of Bobbili]], [[P. T. Rajan]], [[Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu]]
| predecessor1 = [[S. Kumaraswami Reddiar]]
| successor1 = [[P. Subbarayan]]
| birth_date = 5 August 1905
| birth_place = Chettinad Palace, [[Kanadukathan]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1984|05|12|1905|08|05}}
| death_place = Chettinad House, [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| party = [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]]
| children = [[M. A. M. Muthiah]], [[M. A. M. Ramaswamy]]
| preceding2 = Incumbency
| successor2 = Abdul Hameed Khan
| office2 = Mayor Of [[Madras]]
| termstart2 = 8 March 1933
| termend2 = 1935
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]](1973)
}}

{{Indian name|Muthiah Chettiar|Muttaiya Annamalai}}[[Sir]] '''Muthiah Annamalai Muthiah Chettiar''', [[Raja of Chettinad|Rajah of Chettinad]] [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]] (5 August 1905 – 12 May 1984) better known as '''Rajah''' '''Sir Muthiah Chettiar''' was an Indian Industrialist, banker, politician, philanthropist, and cultural activist who served as First [[List of mayors of Chennai|Mayor of Madras city]] (1933) and Minister of Excise and Education (1936–37) in the provincial government of [[Madras Presidency]].<ref name=mayor>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070203104408/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/06/stories/2005080615440300.htm Tamil scholar honoured]. ''The Hindu''. 6 August 2005.</ref><ref name=mayor2>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071127104059/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/06/stories/2006080610330300.htm Awards presentation ceremony marks 102nd birth anniversary of Muthiah Chettiar]. ''The Hindu''. 6 August 2006.</ref>

Muthiah Chettiar was holder of the hereditary title Kumar-rajah (1929–48) and later, [[Raja of Chettinad|Rajah of Chettinad]] (1948–84).

His father [[Rajah Sir Annamalai Chettiar]] was also a famous educationist and founder of the [[Annamalai University]] in the town of [[Chidambaram]] in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="stamp">[http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Color/Gray/DR.RAJAH%20SIR%20MUTHIAH%20CHETTIAR Dr. Rajah Sir Muthiah Chettiar – Biography on release of postal stamp on his honour]. Indianpost.com. Retrieved on 10 December 2018.</ref> He was also the third [[Nagarathar|Nattukottai Chettiar]] to be [[knight]]ed; the first two were his nephew and father.<ref name="knight">Muthiah, S. (8 September 2003) {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20031021053117/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/09/08/stories/2003090800060300.htm A generation apart]}}. ''The Hindu''.</ref> The government of Tamil Nadu honoured him with the title ''Tamil Isai Kavalar''.<ref name="stamp" /><ref name="award" />

==Early life==
He was born on 5 August 1905, son of Dr. Rajah [[Sir Annamalai Chettiar]], the [[Raja of Chettinad]] and a distinguished member of the [[Nagarathar|Nattukottai Nagarathar]] community. He studied mostly in [[Madras]], graduating from the [[Presidency College, Chennai]] in 1922. He then went to [[Burma]] on his family's business, acquiring expertise in banking.<ref name=stamp/>

==As a banker==
He became a member of the [[Madras Legislative Council]], representing the [[Southern Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry|South Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry]], with which he was associated for 50 years, and was elected its President in 1941. He was appointed member of the Provincial Banking Enquiry Committee (1931). In 1929, he became a member of the Corporation of Madras and was elected mayor in 1933 and 1934. In 1943, he was elected president of the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry|Federation of the Indian Chambers of Commerce and industry]]. He was associated with the [[Imperial Bank of India]] (now the [[State Bank of India]]) and the [[Indian Bank]].<ref name=stamp/>

==As an educationist==
Interest in education was part of the family heritage. He was associated with his father in making Sri Meenakshi College, Chidambaram the nucleus of [[Annamalai University]]. While pursuing his political career as Chief Whip and Legislative Assembly Chairman of the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]], he retained his interest in education. In 1936 he was appointed Minister-in-Charge of education, Public Health and Excise, and was also the pro-Chancellor of [[Madras University]] for over a year. He remained on the Board of Management of the Pachaiyappa's Charities for 33 years. He was also on the Syndicate of the Madras University and the Board of Management of the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]]. In 1948 he became Pro-Chancellor of Annamalai University which expanded to include the faculties of Education, Fine Arts, Culture, Law and Medicine. Two UGC centres of advanced study in [[marine biology]] and [[linguistics]] came into being. The Engineering and Technology Department developed into a post-graduate centre. The Muthiah Polytechnic, Annamalainagar, and the Annamalai Polytechnic, Chettinad, were established.<ref name=stamp/>

He was interested in the study of [[Tamil language]], [[Tamil literature|literature]], [[Tamil music|music]] and culture. His services to the Tamil cause earned him the title of ''Tamil Isai Kavalar''.<ref name=stamp/><ref name=award>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040820011445/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/04/stories/2004080411370300.htm Encomiums on Raja Muthiah Chettiar – The Hindu]. Hindu.com (4 August 2004). Retrieved on 2018-12-10.</ref>

==In politics==
He earned the reputation of being a sensitive [[Member of Parliament|Parliamentarian]], [[impartial]] and balanced, as a leader of the [[opposition (parliamentary)|opposition]] in 1939 and when he held charge of Local Administration and [[Hindu]] Religious Endowments. He was the first Mayor of Chennai (then called Madras) when the mayoralty was reinstated for the [[Corporation of Chennai]] in 1933.<ref>[http://www.tamilnation.org/hundredtamils/annamalai.htm Dr. Rajah Sir Annamalai Chettiar – 100 Tamils of the 20th Century]. Tamilnation.org. Retrieved on 10 December 2018.</ref> The mayoralty had been earlier removed in 1792, when the act made Madras a municipality.<ref>Muthiah, S. (16 August 2004) [https://web.archive.org/web/20040829234410/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/08/16/stories/2004081600230300.htm The first Mayor]. ''The Hindu''.</ref> In 1946 he was elected member of the Constituent Assembly at New Delhi.<ref name=stamp/>

==Awards and legacy==
He was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in the [[1941 King's Birthday Honours]], and was invested by the [[Viceroy of India]] on 24 June 1941.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=35184 |supp=y|page=3282|date=6 June 1941}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=35241 |supp=y|page=4565|date=8 August 1941}}</ref> He also had the rare honour of hosting a lunch in the Chettinad House for [[Queen Elizabeth II]] and the [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Duke of Edinburgh]]. The government of India bestowed on him [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1973,<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> and the Tamil Nadu government honoured him with the "Tamil Isai Kavalar" title in 1979. New York World University awarded an honorary doctorate to him in 1982.<ref name=mayor2/> He died on 12 May 1984 in Madras leaving an impressive record of interests and achievements. The Indian government honoured him with a postal stamp issued on his memory on 21 December 1987.<ref name=stamp/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of mayors of Chennai|Mayor of Madras]]|before=None|after=[[W. W. Ladden]]|years=8 March 1933 – 7 November 1933}}
{{succession box|title=Mayor of Madras|before=W. W. Ladden|after=[[Abdul Hameed Khan]]|years=1934–1935}}
{{s-end}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}

{{Chettinad Villages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muthiah Chettiar, M A}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian bankers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Mayors of Chennai]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Annamalai University]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philanthropists]]

Kanthaswamy temple, Cheyyur

2026-03-26T12:17:17Z

GildaNolan0093: put up a location from scratch - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Kanthaswamy Temple
| image = Cheyyur Murugar.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12|21|09|N|80|02|22|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =

| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
| location = [[Cheyyur]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Kanthaswamy ([[Murugan]])
Valli, Deivasena

| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Kanthaswamy Temple''' in [[Cheyyur]], in [[Chengalpattu district]] in the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Murugan]]. Constructed in the ancient Tamil [[Dravidian architecture|style of architecture]], the temple was constructed during the [[Cholas]] during the 10th century. Murugan is worshipped as Kanthaswamy along with his consorts Valli and Deivasena. A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines.

The temple is open from 6 am - 12:30 pm and 4:30 - 8:00 pm on all days. Four daily rituals and many yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the Vaikasi Visagam, Kanthasasti festival, Soorasamharam, Thaipoosam festival and Panguni Uthiram festival being the most prominent being the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=HRCE>{{cite web|title=Thirukoil - Temple list of Tamil Nadu|url=https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|publisher=Hindu Religious & Charitable Endowments Department, Government of Tamil Nadu|pages=244|access-date=10 January 2021|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009010850/https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Legend==
As per Hindu legend, Muruga obtained the [[Vel]] (spear) from his mother Parvathi from [[Sikkal Singaravelan Temple]]. He slayed Sooran, the demon, the event called [[Sooranporu|Soorasamharam]] at [[Tiruchendur]]. During the war, the [[Bhutagana]]s, Shiva's army, is also believed to have helped Murugan. Since Murugan killed Sooran and his son Iranyeswaran, he attained [[Dosha]] (sin). To propitiate himself from the sin, he is believed to have installed the image of Shiva as Somanatha at this place and worshipped Shiva. Since the son of Shiva (called ''Sei'') worshipped him, the place is called Cheyyur. The 27 Bhutaganas are personified to the 27 stars as per Hindu mythology.<ref name="maalaimalar"/>

==History==
The place was believed to be ruled by a [[Chola]] emperor named Valanvan and the place came to be known as Valavapuri. From the inscriptions in the temple, it is believed that it was constructed by the [[Cholas]] during the 10th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=Temples of Tamilnad|page=214|last=Das|first=R.K.|year=1964|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref> The inscriptions from the [[Vijayanagar Empire]] during the 15th century indicate that Muslims were employed in the office of the kings. They also indicate that lands were endowed to the temple by the Muslims.<ref name=Muthiah>{{cite book|title=Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India, Volume 1|last=S.|first=Muthiah|page=140|publisher=Palaniappa Brothers|year=2008|isbn=9788183794688|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbR_LLkqdI8C&dq=cheyyur+temple&pg=PA140}}</ref> The shrine of Meenakshi was added by the benevolent contribution by a devotee in 1937.<ref name="maalaimalar"/> The temple is believed to have been visited by [[Arunagirinathar]], a 15th-century Murugan devotee and composed ''[[Thiruppugazh]]'' at this place.<ref name=express/>

==Architecture==
Kanthaswamy temple has a flat ''raja[[gopuram]]'' in the North, piercing the rectangular granite walls around the temple. The presiding deity Kanthaswamy, is housed in the East facing sanctum, with Valli and Deivasena on either of his sides. The sanctum is approached from the main entrance through the flag staff hall, Maha mandap and Artha mandap. There is a {{convert|5|ft|m|abbr=on}} granite Vel in front of Kanthaswamy. The flag staff is located in the flagstaff hall axial to the sanctum. An image of peacock, the vehicle of Muruga and [[Surya]] faces the main shrine in the Maha Mandap. There are shrines of Vinayaga before the Mahamandap and the sanctum is guarded by [[Brahma]] and [[Vishnu]], which is an unusual feature in Murugan temples. The shrine of Tiripurasundari is located in the second precinct. There are separate shrines of Valli and Deivasena in South facing shrines diagonally opposite to the sanctum. The image of Somanathar and Meenakshi are in the temple. The images of the 27 Bhutaganas, each {{convert|2|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall are sculpted in the niches around the sanctum. The first precinct around the sanctum houses the images of Nrithuya Kanthar, Bala Kanthar, Brahma Sastha, Sivagurunathar, Veduvar and [[Navagraha]]s.<ref name="maalaimalar"/> There are several pillars without roof in the precinct indicating the presence of large halls in the temple earlier. A hall called Vadya Mandapa which was used for recitals of [[Nadaswaram]] is not existent anymore.<ref name=express>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/jan/04/little-known-muruga-temple-in-cheyyur-1555815.html|title=Little-known Muruga temple in Cheyyur|date=4 January 2017|accessdate=10 January 2021|publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Festival==
The temple follows Saivite tradition. The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. The temple rituals are performed four times a day: ''Kalasanthi'' at 7:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:30 p.m., and ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 p.m.. During the ''Arthajamam'' between 8:30  - 9:00 p.m, Kanthaswamy is believed to offer his worship Somanatha along with the 27 Bhoothagans and it is enacted every day. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Kanthaswamy and Tiripurasundari. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple. The temple is open from 6 am - 12:30 pm and 4-9:00 pm on all days. The temple has many festivals in its calendar, with the Vaikasi Visagam, Kanthasasti festival, Soorasamharam, Thaipoosam festival and Panguni Uthiram festival being the most prominent.<ref name="maalaimalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Kanthaswamy temple|url=http://www.maalaimalar.com/2014/04/25145851/Cheyyur-Kandaswamy-Temple.html|publisher=Maalaimalar|date=25 April 2014|accessdate=28 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428001931/http://www.maalaimalar.com/2014/04/25145851/Cheyyur-Kandaswamy-Temple.html|archive-date=28 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sarva vadyam is a music instrument used in the temple from historic times during the festive occasions.<ref>{{cite book|title=Music and temples, a ritualistic approach|page=123|last=L.|first=Annapoorna|publisher=Annapoorna|year=2000|isbn=9788175740907}}</ref> Chengalvaraya Sastri, a historical musician is believed to have composed songs praising the presiding deity. The practise of singing his songs during the rituals is continued in modern times.<ref>{{cite book|title=Glimpses of Indian music|last1=Kuppuswamy|first1=Gowri|last2=Hariharan|first2=Muthuswamy|publisher=Sundeep|year=1982}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Murugan temples}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Chengalpattu district]]
[[Category:Murugan temples in Tamil Nadu]]

Basta (film)

2026-03-25T16:56:25Z

GildaNolan0093:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Basta Marathi movie poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
Concept _tanaji ghadage
| director = Tanaji Ghadge
| writer = Arvind Jagtap
| producer = Sunil Phadtare
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Sayali Sanjeev]]
*[[Subodh Bhave]]
*[[Parth Bhalerao]]
*[[Suraj Pawar]]
*[[Jyoti Subhash]]
*[[Shubhangi Gokhale]]}}
| cinematography = {{Plainlist|
* Surya Mishra
* Krishna Soren
}}
| editing = {{Plainlist|
* Ashish Mhatre
* [[Apurva Motiwale]]
}}
| music = Santosh Mulekar
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2021|01|29}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
}}

'''''Basta''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by Tanaji Ghadge and produced by Sunil Phadtare.<ref>{{cite news|title=Basta Movie Review: Relevant story, average execution|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/basta/movie-review/80670252.cms|access-date=16 August 2021|work=Times of India}}</ref> The film stars [[Sayali Sanjeev]], [[Subodh Bhave]] and [[Parth Bhalerao]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='Jhimma' to 'Manmauji'; Movies of Sayali Sanjeev to look forward to in 2021|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/jhimma-to-manmauji-movies-of-sayali-sanjeev-to-look-forward-to-in-2021/photostory/85269782.cms|access-date=16 August 2021|website=Times of India|date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='Basta' first look: Sayali Sanjeev looks like a dream in her bridal avatar - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/basta-first-look-sayali-sanjeev-looks-like-a-dream-in-her-bridal-avatar/articleshow/73893894.cms|access-date=2021-11-19|website=The Times of India|date=3 February 2020 }}</ref> It was released in India on 29 January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sayali Sanjeev-starrer Basta to be released on 29 January on ZeePlex|date=19 January 2021 |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/jan/19/28491|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205175446/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/jan/19/28491|url-status=live|archive-date=5 February 2021|access-date=16 August 2021|work=Cinestaan}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story of this film is about families of a bride and groom who goes shopping (Marathi: बस्ता) for their wedding. During the shopping various comedy drama events takes place.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zore|first=Suyog|title=Basta review: Earnest performances make this predictable and preachy social drama bearable|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/basta-42904|access-date=16 August 2021|work=Cinestaan|date=30 January 2021}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Sayali Sanjeev]]
* [[Subodh Bhave]]
* [[Parth Bhalerao]]
* [[Bharat Ganeshpure]]
* [[Shubhangi Gokhale]]
* [[Suhas Palshikar (actor)|Suhas Palshikar]]
* [[Pallavi Patil]]
* [[Suraj Pawar]]
* [[Arbaj Shaikh|Arbaz Shaikh]]
* [[Jyoti Subhash]]
* Prajakta Hanamghar
* Kalpana Jagtap
* Madhavi Juvekar
* Rohit Chavan
* Kishore Chougule
* Sagar Karande
* Sanjay Kulkarni
* Kishor Mahabole
* Neeta Shende
* Yogesh Shirsat
* Akshay Tanksale

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was theatrically released on 29 January 2021.

=== Home media ===
It is available for streaming on [[ZEE5]].

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
! {{Abbreviation|Ref.|References}}
|-
|Rowspan="3"|[[Maharashtra State Film Awards|57th Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
|Rowspan="3"|[[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
|Best Editor
|Ashish mhatr Apoorva motiwale
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Comedian|Best Comedian]]
|[[Parth Bhalerao]]
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|Suhas Palshikar
|{{Nom}}
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|11725450}}
*''[https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/basta/0-0-342436 Basta]'' at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:2021 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 comedy-drama films]]

{{Marathi-film-stub}}

Krishna Mukunda Murari

2026-03-23T16:11:34Z

GildaNolan0093: put up initial stub and citations - done

{{short description|Telugu-language drama TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Krishna Mukunda Murari.jpg
| image_size =
| company =
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|06|08|df=y}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2012|10|01|df=y}}
| network = [[Star Maa]]
| num_episodes = 491
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons =
| editor =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| writer =
| producer =
| country = India
| director =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| genre = [[drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| caption =
| location = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
}}

'''''Krishna Mukunda Murari''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language]] [[drama (film and television)|drama]] television series that aired on [[Star Maa]]. It aired from 1 October 2012 to 8 June 2024, replacing ''[[Devatha - Anubandhala Alayam]]''. The show is an official remake of [[Star Jalsha]]'s television series ''[[Kusum Dola]]''. It stars Prerana Kambam, Gagan Chinnappa/Madhusudhan and Yashmi Gowda in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title='కృష్ణ ముకుందా మురారి' కొత్త సీరియల్.. కీలక పాత్రలో ప్రభాకర్.. వెళ్లింది 'దేవత'.. వచ్చాడు 'మురారి' |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/news/krishna-mukunda-murari-new-serial-with-a-fascinating-love-story-coming-soon-on-star-maa/articleshow/95473108.cms |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

==Plot==
Krishna, the sweet-natured, small-town police officer's daughter, resides in Tirumala. She recently earned her MBBS degree and intends to continue her education in surgery in Hyderabad. Everyone in her town is loved by her.

Murari is a future IPS officer who comes from a large family where everyone has diverse viewpoints. While travelling, Murari and Mukunda get romantically interested in one another but are unable to communicate their sentiments. Murari receives a temporary posting to Tirumala, but unintentionally loses his phone and is unable to reach Mukunda, leaving her feeling betrayed. She soon marries Adarsh, the brother of Murari.

== Cast ==
* Prerana Kambam as Dr. Krishnaveni aka Krishna – Chandrashekhar's daughter; Murari's wife.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kannada actress Prerna Kambam makes a comeback; forays into Telugu television - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-actress-prerna-kambam-makes-a-comeback-forays-into-telugu-television/articleshow/95005932.cms |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
** Deshna as Child Krishna
* Gagan Chinnappa / Madhusudhan as IPS Murari/ ACP Sir – Revathi and Eshwar's son; Adarsh, Nandhini and Madhukar's cousin; Krishna's husband.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gagan Chinappa forays into Telugu television; set to play a cop yet again | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/gagan-chinappa-forays-into-telugu-television-set-to-play-a-cop-yet-again/articleshow/94811366.cms | date=12 October 2022 | access-date=2023-11-28 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Yashmi Gowda / [[Rashmi Prabhakar]] as Mukunda – Dev's sister; Murari's former love interest; Adarsh's wife.
* [[Mamilla Shailaja Priya|Priya]] as Bhavani – Eshwar and Prasad's sister-in-law; Adarsh and Nandhini's mother.
* Madhavi Latha as Revathi – Eshwar's wife; Murari's mother.
* Sai Mithra as Eshwar – Prasad's brother; Revathi's husband; Murari's father.
* Sriraj Balla as Prasad – Eshwar's brother; Sumalatha's husband; Madhukar's father.
* Sirisha as Sumalatha – Prasad's wife; Madhukar's mother.
* Amar Sasanka as Adarsh – Bhavani's son; Nandhini's brother; Murari and Madhukar's cousin; Mukunda's husband.
* Haritha Udaykumar as Nandhini – Bhavani's daughter; Adarsh's sister; Murari and Madhukar's cousin; Gautam's wife.
* Surya as Dr. Gautam Siddharth – Nandhini's husband; Krishna's professor.
* Sandeep Makham as Madhukar aka Madhu – Prasad and Sumalatha's son; Adarsh, Nandhini and Murari's cousin; Alekhya's husband.
* Siri Naidu / Shilpa as Alekhya – Madhukar's wife.
* Prabhakar as
** Inspector Chandrashekhar – Prabhakar's brother; Krishna's father; Murari's former trainer.(Dead)
** Prabhakar – Chandrashekhar's brother; Shakuntala's husband.
* Neeraja as Shakuntala – Prabhakar's wife.
* Viren Srinivas as Dev – Mukunda's brother.
* Krishna Reddy as Shiva
* Amrutha as Shiva's sister
* Gundra Srinivas Rao as Mukundha's father
* Sowjanya as Mukundha's mother
* Preetham as Gopi; Murari's best friend
* Hamsa Teju as Geethika; Mukunda's best friend
* Vijay Yadav as Police Officer
* [[Pallavi Gowda]] as Krishna's mother (died)
* Aadya Sharma as Murari's Aunt
* Sanyu Davalagar as Varun; Guest Appearance

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Original Release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Notes
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Kusum Dola]]'' ''কুসুম দোলা''
| 18 March 2013
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| 2 September 2018
| Original
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Nenjam Marappathillai (TV series)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]'' ''நெஞ்சம் மறப்பதில்லை''
| 9 October 2017
| [[Star Vijay]]
| 23 February 2019
| rowspan="6"| Remake
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]'' ''गुम है किसी के प्यार में''
| 5 October 2020
| [[StarPlus]]
| 27 June 2023
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Marali Manasagide]]'' ''ಮರಳಿ ಮನಸಾಗಿದೆ''
| 9 August 2021
| [[Star Suvarna]]
| 21 January 2023
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Lagnachi Bedi]]'' ''लग्नाची बेडी''
| 31 January 2022
| [[Star Pravah]]
| 15 December 2024
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Krishna Mukunda Murari'' కృష్ణ ముకుంద మురారి
| 31 May 2021
| [[Star Maa]]
| 8 June 2024
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Chandrikayilaliyunna Chandrakantham'' ചന്ദ്രികയിലലിയുന്ന ചന്ദ്രകാന്തം
| 20 November 2023
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| 23 May 2025
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/krishna-mukunda-murari/1260123126 ''Krishna Mukunda Murari''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Star Maa original programming]]

Safed (film)

2026-03-16T02:17:09Z

GildaNolan0093: starting the details initial version

{{Short description|2023 Indian film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Safed
| image = Safed film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official Release poster
| director = [[Sandeep Singh (producer)|Sandeep Singh]]
| writer = Sandeep Singh
| screenplay = Sandeep Singh
| producer = Sandeep Singh
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Meera Chopra]]
* [[Abhay Verma]]
* [[Barkha Bisht]]
}}
| cinematography = Anirban Chatterjee
| editing = Rajesh G Pandey Rahul Om Reniwal
| music = [[Rekha Bhardwaj]] [[Shail Hada]] Monty Massey Jahaan Shah Jaspreet Jazim Sharma Shashi Suman
| studio = Legend Studios 
Anand Pandit Motion Pictures
| distributor = [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|12|29}}
| runtime = 90 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Safed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/safed/movieshow/106313568.cms |access-date=30 December 2023 |website=The Times of India |date=29 December 2023}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Safed''''' ({{translation|White}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama film]] written, directed and produced by [[Sandeep Singh (producer)|Sandeep Singh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 December 2023 |title=Abhay Verma and Meera Chopra starrer Safed to release on this date |language=en-IN |work=Cinema Express |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2023/dec/14/abhay-verma-and-meera-chopra-starrersafedto-release-on-this-date-50369.html |access-date=24 December 2023}}</ref> It stars [[Meera Chopra]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Meera Chopra: Challenging For An Actress To Face Camera Sans Makeup |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/meera-chopra-challenging-for-an-actress-to-face-camera-sans-makeup-news-337869/amp |access-date=24 December 2023 |website=Outlook |date=21 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Abhay Verma]], [[Barkha Bisht]] and [[Jameel Khan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch: Sandeep Singh Shares Teaser Of His Directorial Debut Safed Starring Meera Chopra, Abhay Verma |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/watch-sandeep-singh-shares-teaser-of-his-directorial-debut-safed-starring-meera-chopra-abhay-verma |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Free Press Journal |date=24 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

It premiered on [[ZEE5]] on 29 December 2023 to negative reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Safed, producer Sandeep Singh's directorial debut, to stream on ZEE5 from December 29 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/safed-producer-sandeep-singhs-directorial-debut-stream-zee5-december-29/ |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=14 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Safed' Trailer: Abahy Verma and Meera Chopra starrer 'Safed' Official Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/hindi/safed-trailer-video-abahy-verma-and-meera-chopra-starrer-safed-official-trailer-video/videoshow/106202502.cms |access-date=24 December 2023 |website=The Times of India |date=22 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Kaali, A young woman who has recently lost her husband. Following rigid orthodox customs, she is stripped of her identity, forced to wear white (safed), and sent to live in a "widow house" (vidhwa ashram) where she is expected to live a life of mourning and social invisibility.Chandi is a transgender person (eunuch) who has been disowned by her family. She lives within a trans community but struggles against the harsh realities of her existence, including the pressure from her community leaders, Guru Maa and Radha, to enter the sex trade—a path she desperately wants to avoid.The story begins with both characters at their lowest point, feeling that society has no place for them. In an act of desperation, both attempt to end their lives by drowning in the Ganges. Underwater, their paths cross; Kaali saves Chaandi (initially mistaking her for a man).

Because Kaali believes Chaandi is a man named Chaand, she begins to form a bond with "him." For Chaandi, the attention and respect she receives from Kaali—who treats her as a human being rather than an outcast—is a feeling she has never experienced. This leads to a delicate, unconventional romance. Chaandi hides her true gender identity to preserve this rare connection, finding a temporary escape from the abuse and "cursed" status she faces within her own community.Meanwhile, Chaandi is forced by a drunk man to have sex with him which, Chaandi complies.

On the day of Holi,in a moment of vulnerability and surrendering herself to "Chaand," Kaali discovers Chaandi’s physical reality. The revelation shatters Kaali, who feels betrayed. However, the film concludes on a heavy, symbolic note: after confronting the head of the widow home and grappling with their shared status as "the living dead" in the eyes of the world, Kaali eventually accepts Chaandi.

In a tragic conclusion meant to highlight their lack of agency in a conformist world, the two find their ultimate solace together. They return to the river where they first met and, unable to find a place in society, choose to drown together, seeking peace in death that they were denied in life.

== Cast ==
* [[Meera Chopra]] as Kaali
* [[Abhay Verma]] as Chaandi
* [[Barkha Bisht]] as Radha
* [[Chhaya Kadam]] as Amma
* [[Jameel Khan]] as Guru Maa

== Music ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(S)
| total_length = 13:16
| title1 = Bhula Dena
| extra1 = [[Subhankar Dey]]
| lyrics1 = Soham Majumdar
| length1 = 3:12
| title2 = Rona Aaya
| extra2 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| lyrics2 = Mehboob
| length2 = 2:42
| title3 = Rang Rasiya
| extra3 = [[Shilpa Rao]]
| lyrics3 = Mahima Bhardwaj
| length3 = 3:21
| title4 = Gila Karna
| extra4 = [[Jazim Sharma]]
| lyrics4 = Mohan Jutley
| length4 = 4:01
}}

== Reception ==
Sana Farzeen of ''[[India Today]]'' gave two stars out of five and writes in her review ""Safed," Sandeep Singh's directorial debut, has a good intention, but it suffers from mediocre acting."<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2023 |last=Farzeen |first=Sana |title='Safed' Review: A well-intentioned film that falters due to average performances |website=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/safed-movie-review-a-well-intentioned-film-that-falters-due-to-average-performances-of-barkha-bisht-meera-chopra-2481905-2023-12-29 |access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref> Vinamra Mathur of ''[[Firstpost]]'' said, "It's one of those rare films where the silence itself cries ham. The conversation doesn't benefit any of the communities the movie so proudly portrays, and the images fall short of enlivening the restrained."<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2023 |last=Mathur |first=Vinamra |title='Safed' movie review: Meera Chopra and Sandeep Singh's film fails to do justice to its unusual plot |website=Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/safed-movie-review-meera-chopra-and-sandeep-singhs-film-fails-to-do-justice-to-its-unusual-plot-13556012.html |access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref> Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2 stars out of 5 and writes in his review that although Safed's idea seems sound on paper, it is not well executed. A thoughtful idea becomes more sensational than delicate, and the over-dramatization diminishes its effect.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2023 |last=Roy |first=Dhaval |title=SAFED REVIEW : OVER-THE-TOP NARRATIVE TAKES AWAY FROM A SENSITIVE SUBJECT'S IMPACT |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/safed/ottmoviereview/106367298.cms |access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref> Toshiro Agarwal of ''[[Times Now]]'' criticizes the film and said, "In his directing debut, Sandeep Singh explores marginalized lives via Kaali's unanticipated romance with Chaandi. The film receives a meager 1.5 stars because of its forced speech and unexpressed emotions, despite its decent intentions."<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2023 |last=Agarwal |first=Toshiro |title=Safed Movie Review: Meera Chopra Starrer Marred By Forced Dialogues And Unexpressed Emotions |website=Times Now |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/safed-movie-review-meera-chopra-starrer-marred-by-forced-dialogues-and-unexpressed-emotions-review-106357655 |access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[OTT Play]]'' writes, "For those who enjoy seeing experimental films, "Safed" is a good choice. However, it is still true that modern moviegoers would rather see a heroine dressed in a contemporary chiffon sari than a "safed" saree (if you know what we mean!).<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2023 |last=Sundaresan |first=Satish |title=Safed review: Innovative plot intervened with average direction almost takes the light out of 'white'! |website=OTT Play |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/safed-review-innovative-plot-intervened-with-average-direction-almost-takes-the-light-out-of-white/3b0352b026150 |access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'', Mayur Sanap gave one star and opined, "''Safed'' is a lame attempt at social commentary, with terribly dull and thoughtless direction".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanap |first=Mayur |title=Safed Review: Misery Porn |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/safed-review-misery-porn/20231229.htm |access-date=30 December 2023 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt27923623}}

[[Category:2023 drama films]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original

films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

Saraikhet

2026-03-12T08:42:50Z

GildaNolan0093: starting initial info added tags

{{Short description|Village in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Saraikhet
| settlement_type = Village
| unit_pref = Metric
| established_title = 
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Almora district|Almora]]
| coordinates = {{coord|29|53|13|N|79|7|44|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand, India
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| website = {{URL|almora.nic.in}}
| registration_plate = UK
| postal_code = 246275
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
}}
'''Saraikhet''' (spelling variants: '''Suraikhet''' and '''Sarai Khet''') is a village in [[Almora district]], Uttarakhand, India. It has a population of 305 (as of 2011).<ref>{{cite report|title = District Census Handbook: Almora: Village And Town wise Primary Census Abstract (PCA)| publisher = Directorate Of Census Operations, Uttarakhand| year = 2011| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0509_PART_B_DCHB_ALMORA.pdf| page = 62}}</ref> It is situated on the [[Moradabad]] highway, located approximately 99.4 kilometers from Ramnagar and 95.2 kilometers from [[Pauri]], in [[Pauri Garhwal district]]. Saraikhet is close to the border between the regions of [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] and [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saraikhet · Uttarakhand 246275 |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Saraikhet,+Uttarakhand+246275/@29.8896314,79.1147911,16z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3909f1fd1de8f515:0xbfc9f6fa70982739!8m2!3d29.8907719!4d79.1167483?shorturl=1 |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=Saraikhet · Uttarakhand 246275 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* https://myroots.euttaranchal.com/village-sarai-khet-almora-52042.html

[[Category:Villages in Almora district]]
[[Category:Caravanserais in India]]

{{Uttarakhand-geo-stub}}

C. E. Lane

2026-03-04T15:53:50Z

GildaNolan0093: starting the entry w/ refs!

{{Short description|British general in the Indian army}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{distinguish|Charles Lane Poole}}
{{Infobox person
|name=C. E. Lane
|image=
|image_size=
|caption=
|birth_date=29 October 1786
|birth_place=
|death_date={{death date and age|1872|2|18|1786|10|29|df=y}}
|death_place=[[Jersey]]
|occupation=General in the Indian army
|known_for=
}}
'''Charles Edward William Lane''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CB}} (29 October 1786 – 18 February 1872) was a British general in the Indian army.

==Biography==
Lane was the son of John and Melissa Lane. He was born 29 October 1786, and was baptised at [[St. Martin’s-in-the-Fields]], London, in November the same year. He was nominated to a cadetship in 1806, and passed an examination in Persian and Hindustani, for which he was awarded a gratuity of twelve hundred rupees and a sword. His commissions in the infantry were: ensign 13 August 1807, lieutenant 14 July 1812, captain (army 5 February 1822) 30 January 1824, major 30 April 1835, lieutenant-colonel 26 December 1841, colonel 25 May 1852. He became major-general in 1854, lieutenant-general in 1866, general in 1870. He shared the Deccan prize as lieutenant 1st Bengal native infantry for ‘general captures.’ He sought permission in 1824 to change his name to Mattenby, but the request was refused as beyond the competence of the Indian government. He served with the 2nd native grenadier battalion in Arracan in 1825, was timber agent at Naulpore in 1828, and was in charge of the commissariat at Dinapore in 1832. As major he commanded his regiment in Afghanistan under Sir [[William Nott]] in 1842, and commanded the garrison of Candahar when, during the temporary absence of Nott, the place was assaulted on 10 March 1842 by an Afghan detachment, which was repulsed with heavy loss (see London Gazette, 6 Sept. 1842). Lane received the medal for Candahar and Cabul, and was made [[Companion of the Order of the Bath|C.B.]] 27 December 1842. He died in [[Jersey]] 18 February 1872, aged 85.

==References==
{{DNB|wstitle=Lane, Charles Edward William|first=Henry Manners|last=Chichester|authorlink=Henry Manners Chichester|volume=32}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lane, C. E.}}
[[Category:1786 births]]
[[Category:1872 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century British Army personnel]]
[[Category:British Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]

Zahan Kapoor

2026-03-04T15:35:40Z

GildaNolan0093: updated details

{{Short description|Indian film actor (born 1992)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Zahan Kapoor
| image = Zahan Kapoor in February 2020.jpg
| image_caption = Kapoor in 2020
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|03|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| nationality =
| family = [[Kapoor family]]
| education =
| occupation = Actor
| father = [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1959)|Kunal Kapoor]]
| children =
}}
'''Zahan Prithviraj Kapoor''' ([[Hindi]] {{IPA|hns|zəˈɦəːɳ kəˈpuːɾ|pron}}, born 11 March 1992) is an Indian actor who primarily works in [[Hindi]] films, series and theatre.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bollywood-kapoor-familys-new-kid-zahan-all-set-to-debut-in-thriller-faraaz-1.81348760|title=Bollywood: Kapoor family's new kid Zahan all set to debut in thriller 'Faraaz'|date=5 August 2021|website=gulfnews.com}}</ref> A member of the [[Kapoor family]], he is the son of actor [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1959)|Kunal Kapoor]]. He made his screen acting debut with the film ''[[Faraaz (film)|Faraaz]]'' (2022) and has since starred in the thriller series ''[[Black Warrant (TV series)|Black Warrant]]'' (2025).

==Early life and background==
Kapoor was born on 11 March 1992, in Mumbai, to the actor Kunal Kapoor and Sheena Sippy. He has a sister named Shaira Laura Kapoor, who works as a set designer. His paternal grandfather was the actor and film producer [[Shashi Kapoor]], and his grandmother was English actress [[Jennifer Kendal]]. His great-grandfather on his paternal side are actors [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] and [[Geoffrey Kendal]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/prithviraj-kapoor-birthday-349871-2016-11-02|title=Remembering Prithviraj Kapoor: 10 facts you must know about the Father of Bollywood|website=India Today|date=3 November 2016|accessdate=31 March 2025}}</ref> His maternal grandfather is film director, actor, and producer [[Ramesh Sippy]].{{fact|date=April 2025}}

Kapoor has a diverse family circle as well. His uncles are [[Karan Kapoor]] and [[Rohan Sippy]] and his aunt is former actress [[Sanjana Kapoor]]. Among his first cousins are [[Kapoor family|Aliya Kapoor, Zach Kapoor, and Hamir Thapar]]. Bollywood actors [[Karisma Kapoor]], [[Kareena Kapoor]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-meet-kareena-kapoors-cousin-zahan-kapoor-who-is-set-to-make-his-debut-in-hansal-mehtas-faraaz-2906255|title=Meet Kareena Kapoor's cousin Zahan Kapoor who is set to make his debut in Hansal Mehta's 'Faraaz'|website=DNA India}}</ref> [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[:hi:अरमान जैन|Armaan Jain]] and [[:hi:आदर जैन|Aadar Jain]] are his second cousins.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/armaan-jain/biography.html|title=Armaan Jain|website=filmibeat}}</ref> His paternal grand-uncles were the actors [[Shammi Kapoor]] and [[Raj Kapoor]] whereas actors [[Randhir Kapoor]], [[Rishi Kapoor]] and [[Rajiv Kapoor]] are his father's paternal cousins.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.herzindagi.com/society-culture/bollywood-kapoor-family-tree-details-article-171198|title=Take A Look At All The Members Of The First Family Of Indian Cinema|date=10 February 2021|website=HerZindagi English}}</ref> Former actress [[Felicity Kendal]] is his grand-aunt.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

Growing up in the Kapoor family, Zahan spent much of his time at [[Prithvi Theatre]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://staging.instantbollywood.com/2021/07/06/who-is-zahan-kapoor/|title=Who Is Zahan Kapoor? Late Shashi Kapoor Grandson To Make Bollywood Debut!|date=6 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://cineblitz.in/interviews/zahan-kapoor-i-want-to-be-here-for-a-long-time/|title=Zahan Kapoor: "I want to be here for a long time!" – CineBlitz}}</ref>

==Career==
Kapoor's career started at the Prithvi Theatre, following in the footsteps of his grandfather Shashi Kapoor. He began his career by assisting theatre director [[Sunil Shanbag]] in a workshop for children.<ref name="auto"/> He even hosted performances for newcomers. In 2019, he made his theatre debut in [[Makarand Deshpande]]'s play "''Pitaji Please''" at Prithvi Theatre.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/hindi/pitaji-please-hindi-play-preview.asp#|title=PITAJI PLEASE Hindi Play/Drama - www.MumbaiTheatreGuide.com|website=www.mumbaitheatreguide.com}}</ref> Zahan, alongside his sister Shaira, has been integral to the annual Prithvi Festival since 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mansworldindia.com/currentedition/from-the-magazine/zahaan-kapoor-the-new-kapoor-on-the-block/|title=An Interview With Zahaan Kapoor|first=Ananya|last=Ghosh|date=13 March 2023|website=Man's World India}}</ref> During that period, he also took part in a podcast titled ''[[IVM Podcasts]]'', where he shared the spotlight with his father, Kunal Kapoor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/kg/podcast/ep-583-feat-kunal-zahan-kapoor/id979118845?i=1000498235843|title=Cyrus Says: Ep. 583: feat. Kunal & Zahan Kapoor on Apple Podcasts|website=Apple Podcasts}}</ref> This endeavor took place before he debuted in [[Bollywood]] film industry with the film "''[[Faraaz (film)|Faraaz]]''", directed by [[Hansal Mehta]], in 2022.(2022).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/zahan-kapoor-hansal-mehta-anubhav-sinha-london-film-festival-faraaz-1235400470/|title=Zahan Kapoor on Debuting With Hansal Mehta, Anubhav Sinha's BFI London Film Festival Title 'Faraaz' (EXCLUSIVE)|first=Naman|last=Ramachandran|date=12 October 2022}}</ref> The film depicts the tragedy of the [[July 2016 Dhaka attack]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/faraaz-actor-zahan-kapoor-wants-to-carry-on-the-legacy-of-his-grandfather-shashi-kapoor/cid/1916219|title=Faraaz actor Zahan Kapoor wants to carry on the legacy of his grandfather Shashi Kapoor|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> Zahan also did a photo shoot for [[Elle (India)|Elle Magazine]] with fashion designer [[Masaba Gupta]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kareena-kapoor-praises-cousin-zahan-for-magazine-cover-with-masaba-gupta-101660304969542.html|title=Shashi Kapoor's grandson poses with Masaba Gupta on magazine cover, cousin Kareena Kapoor cheers for him|date=12 August 2022|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

After his film debut, Zahan returned to theatre in June 2023 with the play "''Siachen''",<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/the-new-play-siachen-is-a-heartwarming-tale-of-hope-and-survival/article67018956.ece|title=Siachen, a new play, is a heartwarming tale of hope and survival|first=Narendra|last=Kusnur|newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 June 2023|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/culture-society/cold-truth-siachen-brings-the-world-highest-battlefield-and-many-questions-to-mumbai-prithvi-theatre-weekender_story-308295|title=Cold Truth: 'Siachen' Brings The World's Highest Battlefield And Many Questions To Mumbai's Prithvi Theatre}}</ref> written by [[Aditya Rawal]] and directed by Makarand Deshpande, portraying the survival story of Indian soldiers stuck on the [[Siachen Glacier]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//how-to-lounge/art-culture/a-survival-drama-set-in-siachen-comes-to-prithvi-theatre-111686737507440.html|title=A survival drama, set in Siachen, comes to Prithvi Theatre|date=15 June 2023|website=Mintlounge}}</ref> He's also set to appear in the [[Amazon Prime Video]] web series "''Janta Band''", directed by [[Akshat Verma]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/news-digital/exclusive-shilpa-shukla-in-amazon-prime-videos-janta-band/2023/04/19|title=Exclusive: Shilpa Shukla in Amazon Prime Video's Janta Band|date=19 April 2023|website=IWMBuzz}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kapoor, is a [[polo player]], he secured victory in the ARC Challenge Cup as a part of his team, Benaz Corp in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/just-who-is-zahan-kapoor/20210706.htm|title=Just who is Zahan Kapoor?|first=NAMRATA|last=THAKKER|website=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-free-press-journal/20180407/282780652075883|title=Who is Zahan?|via=PressReader}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Year !! Film !!Role
!{{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2022
|''[[Faraaz (film)|Faraaz]]''
|[[Faraaz Ayaaz Hossain|Faraaz Hossain]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Zahan – Shashi Kapoor's Grandson Debuts In New Film Faraaz |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/meet-zahan-kapoor-kareena-kapoor-s-cousin-in-faraaz-trailer-3699679 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Year !! TV series !!Role !!Notes
!{{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2025
|''[[Black Warrant (TV series)|Black Warrant]]''
|Sunil Gupta
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The teaser of 'Black Warrant' packs a solid punch |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/watch/netflix-shares-black-warrant-teaser-created-by-vikramaditya-motwane-satyanshu-singh-around-life-in-tihar-jail/cid/2072468}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''Yuva Sapno Ka Safar''
|
|Segment: Samudra
||<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite web | title=Anthology film 'Yuva Sapno Ka Safar' to release on Waves OTT on April 11 | website=Telegraph | date=6 April 2025 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/anthology-film-yuva-sapno-ka-safar-to-release-on-waves-ott-on-april-11/cid/2092722 | access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''[[Bandwaale]]''
|DJ Psycho
|
|<ref name="Bollywood Hungama">{{cite web | title=
Bandwaale actor Zahan Kapoor on his film lineage, “I was taught to earn my place, stand on my own feet and make my own choices”| website=Bollywood Hungama | date=19 February 2026 | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bandwaale-actor-zahan-kapoor-film-lineage-taught-earn-place-stand-feet-make-choices/| access-date=3 March 2026}}</ref>
|}

====Theater====
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Year !! Theater !!Role
!{{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2019
|''Pitaji Please''
|Cast
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2021 |title=Meet Zahan Kapoor, Shashi Kapoor's grandson, who is all set to debut in Hansal Mehta's film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shashi-kapoor-grandson-zahan-kapoor-hansal-mehta-7391124/}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Siachen''
|Lead
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 June 2023|title=Theatre review: Siachen|website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/theatre/theatre-review-siachen/articleshow/101180908.cms}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Kapoor Family]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama|zahan-kapoor}}

{{Kapoor family}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor, Zahan}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kapoor family|Zahan]]
[[Category:Kendal family|Zahan Kapoor]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]
[[Category:Indian people of English descent]]
[[Category:Actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Jhargram Raj

2026-03-04T11:53:55Z

GildaNolan0093: corrected information for clarity based on references

{{Short description|Feudal estate in India (1592–1952)}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2018}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name = ঝাড়গ্রাম রাজ
|conventional_long_name =Jhargram Raj
|common_name = Jhargram
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Zamindari]]
|era =
|year_start = 1592
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1952
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =Mughal Empire
|s1 =Republic of India
|flag_p1 = Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat = Jhargram Raj Insignia 01.jpg
|image_map =
|image_map_caption =
|stat_area1 = 655
|stat_year1 =1922
|stat_pop1 = 71350
|today = [[Jhargram]], [[West Bengal]], India
|footnotes =
}}
{{Bengal Zamindars series}}
'''Jhargram Raj''' was a ''[[zamindari]]'' (feudatory kingdom) which occupied a position in [[Bengal region]] (present-day [[West Bengal, India]]) of [[British India]]. The zamindari came into being during the later part of the 16th century when [[Man Singh I|Man Singh]] of [[Amer, India|Amer]] was the [[Dewan]]/[[Subahdar]] of Bengal (1594–1606). Their territory was centered around present-day [[Jhargram district]]. Jhargram was never an independent territory since the chiefs of the family held it basically as the [[zamindars]] of the British Raj in India after Lord Cornwallis's Permanent Settlement of 1793. Although its owners were both rich and powerful, with the chiefs of the family holding the title of Raja, the Jhargram estate was not defined as a [[Princely State]] with freedom to decide its future course of action at the time of Indian independence in 1947.<ref>[http://www.indianrajputs.com/view/jhargram Rajput Provinces of India]</ref> Later, the Vice-Roy of India agreed to recognize Jhargram as "Princely State" after the [[Second World War]], but the proposal taken back as the British had decided to give independence to India.<ref>{{cite news |title=JhargramEstate|url=https://cbkwgl.wordpress.com/2014/05/19/jhargram-estate/ |publisher=WordPress.com |date=May 19, 2014|access-date=December 1, 2014}}</ref>{{sps|date=January 2025}}

==History==
[[File:Jhargram Palace.jpg|thumb|Palace of the Rajas]]
Jhargram Raj was founded around 1592 AD by Sarveshwar Singh who along with his elder brother were Generals under [[Man Singh I|Man Singh]] of [[Amer, India|Amer]] and came to conquer Bengal when Emperor Akbar granted Subehdari of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa to Raja Man Singh. He defeated and vanquished the local [[Mal (caste)|Mal]] tribal kings who were ruling the region known as Junglekhand, even today in order to commemorate this victory, every year an idol of Mal Raja is made and slain on [[Vijayadashami]] day. As a reward, Raja Man Singh, granted ''mansabdari'' of the entire region of Junglekhand to his victorious generals Sarveshwar Singh and his elder brother, under suzerainty and subordination as a tributary vassal state to the Mughal Emperor Akbar. He named his capital Jhargram which means a village surrounded by deep forests, hence the rulers of Jhargram assumed the title “Malla Deb”.<ref>[http://www.royalfamilyofindia.com/jhargram/ Royal Families of India]</ref>{{Better source needed|date=January 2025}}

==Administration==
[[File:Jhargram Raj Guest.jpg|thumb|The Governor of Bengal at [[Jhargram Palace]]]]
The royal family were [[Zamindars]] of Jhargram under the [[United Kingdom|British]] government rule, they were politically powerful and financially wealthy. The Zamindar was conferred with the title of [[Raja]] and was appointed to the Legislative Council of Bengal. The Zamindari ruled their dominions and estates from [[Jhargram Palace]] in present-day [[West Bengal]], they had 8 ''sardars'' under the system and one Sub Zamindar of [[Beliaberah]].

The period 1922–1950 was considered as the golden era for Jhargram Raj, with Rai Bahadur Debendra Mohan Bhattacharya as the [[Dewan]], Jhargram developed into a township, and many educational institutions were established. The [[Jhargram Kumud Kumari Institution]] was founded in 1924. In 1925, an annual sports fund was created to encourage athletic activities and to construct a football stadium and the Jhargram Club. Raja Bahadur established Jhargram Agricultural College, which was later renamed Jhargram Raj College, as well as Vidyasagar Polytechnic for industrial training. He provided funds to set up Sri Ramkrishna Saradapeeth Girls High School and Bharat Sevashram Sangha. In 1931, he commissioned a new palace on 23 acres of land; it is a prominent example of Indo-Saracenic architecture. During World War II, he constructed [[Dudhkundi Airfield]] for the United States Air Force and provided the Allied forces with elephants, vehicles, and other help.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jhargrampalace.com/about.php|title=About | JHARGRAM PALACE}}</ref>{{sps|date=January 2025}}

==Legacy of the Raj family==
[[File:Jhargram Raj Singhdwar.jpg|thumb|Singhdwar of Jhargram Palace]]
The last and the 16th king Raja [[Narasingha Malla Deb]] reigned from 1916 until his royal powers were abolished by an amendment to the [[Constitution of India]] in 1954. After losing his royal title, he served for two terms as a member of the Legislative Council of [[Bengal]]. He also served in the [[Lok Sabha]],<ref>{{cite web|title=1957 Midnapur loksabha vote|url=http://www.indiavotes.com/pc/detail/783/9/2|website=www.indiavotes.com}}</ref> the [[lower house]] of the Indian Parliament.

The royal family was known for working to rehabilitate refugees after the [[partition of India]]. After India gained its independence, they owned a business in Kolkata and large real estate properties in Kolkata, Midnapore, and [[Digha]]. Narsingha's son Yuvraj Birendra Bijoy got involved in politics and was a two-time member of the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal from [[Jhargram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jhargram's Vidhan Sabha constituency]], representing the [[Indian National Congress]]. His son Shivendra Bijoy Malla Deb—Narasingha Malla Deb's grandson—is a social worker and politician associated with the [[All India Trinamool Congress]], and the chairman of the municipality of Jhargram.<ref>[http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/jhargram.html Indian Princely States]</ref> They currently reside in [[Jhargram Palace]] and have converted about 15 rooms on the ground floor into a Heritage Hotel run by them.<ref>{{cite news |title=Royal retreats: Jhargram Palace/ Midnapore |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080705/jsp/personaltt/story_9503606.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920012322/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080705/jsp/personaltt/story_9503606.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 September 2008 |publisher=The Telegraph |date=July 5, 2008 |access-date=Feb 16, 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Political integration of India]]

==Further study==
* ''The Indian princes and their states'' Author Barbara Ramusack {{ISBN|978-0-521-26727-4}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Ramusack|first=Barbara N.|author-link=Barbara Ramusack|title=The Indian princes and their states|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA278|access-date=6 November 2011|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26727-4|page=278}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bengal Nobility}}
{{Nobility of the Raj}}

{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Bengali zamindars]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates]]
[[Category:Quasi-princely estates of India]]
[[Category:1710 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1950 disestablishments in India]]

Thiruneelakandar

2026-03-04T04:53:37Z

GildaNolan0093: starting some info w/ sources

{{for|the saint|Tirunilakanta Nayanar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thiruneelakandar poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = C. P. Jambulingam
| producer = K. Selvaraj
| writer = [[Kannadasan]] [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| starring = [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] [[Sowcar Janaki]] [[R. S. Manohar]] [[M. Bhanumathi]]
| music = [[C. N. Pandurangan]]
| cinematography = T. K. Venkat T. R. Raghunath B. Nanchappan
| editing = B. K. Krishnan C. B. S. Mani
| studio = Sudarkodi Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1972|6|3|ref1=}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thiruneelakandar''''' is a 1972 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[biographical film]], directed by C P Jambulingam and produced by K. Selvaraj. The film script and lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]] and [[Panchu Arunachalam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=16 August 2018 |title=Southern Lights: The Man Who Made (And Named) Ilayaraja |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/opinion/tamil-opinion/southern-lights-the-man-who-made-and-named-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927142643/https://www.filmcompanion.in/opinion/tamil-opinion/southern-lights-the-man-who-made-and-named-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=27 September 2022 |access-date=18 October 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> Music was by [[C. N. Pandurangan]]. It stars [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] playing the title role of [[Tirunilakanta Nayanar]], with [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[R. S. Manohar]], [[M. Bhanumathi]] and [[Gandhimathi]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |pages=415 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}</ref> It was released on 3 June 1972.<ref>{{Cite web |title=திருநீலகண்டர் / Thiruneelakandar (1972) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/thiruneelakandar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211103046/https://screen4screen.com/movies/thiruneelakandar |archive-date=11 December 2023 |access-date=11 December 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=October 2023}}
The movie narrates the life tale of Thiruneelakandar. Originally agnostic, he becomes a staunch devotee of Lord Shiva singing his own composed hymns. He marries Neelavathy and leads a pious life as a potter. However, he embarks on an affair with Kalavathy which leads to estrangement from his wife vowing to never touch her or any other woman ever again. He goes on singing praises of the lord into ripe old age until the lord appears as an old hermit, puts him to test and revives the couple's youth and takes them with him.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] as [[Tirunilakanta Nayanar|Ambalavaanar/Thiruneelakandar]]
* [[Sowcar Janaki]] as Neelavathy
* [[R. S. Manohar]] as [[Lord Shiva]]
* [[M. Bhanumathi]] as Kalavathy
* [[Gandhimathi]] as Sinthamani
* [[Suruli Rajan]] as Murugan
* Pushpamala as Valli
* [[A. Veerappan]] as Singaram
* [[S. D. Subbulakshmi]] as Woman Saint
* [[Usilai Mani]] as Chinna Paiya
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[C. N. Pandurangan]] and lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]] and [[Panju Arunachalam]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer !! Length
|-
| "Nattiya Kalai" || rowspan=7|[[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] || 3:48
|-
| "Ambalavaananai Nambiya" || 3:45
|-
| "Kadalil Vizhuntha Or Kakkai" || 3:15
|-
| "Thaayae Thandhaiyae" || 1:52
|-
| "Yethanai Per Unnakku" || 2:55
|-
| "Sivaleelai En Veettila" || 3:12
|-
| "Aandavan Thaan Vanthu" || 1:27
|-
| "Pantha Pasa Kattukulle" || [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] [[S. Janaki]] || 3:13
|-
| "Kaalaiyil Naan Oru Kanavu" || [[S. Janaki]] || 4:04
|-
| "Mugam Paarthathu Pothatha" || [[P. Leela]] || 3:18
|-
| "Thathuvathil Naan Or Sanyasi" (Villayattu Karanukku) || K. M. Mani Rajan || 4:25
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1970s biographical films]]
[[Category:1972 Indian films]]
[[Category:1972 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:1972 musical films]]
[[Category:Epic films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films about Hinduism]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Films scored by C. N. Pandurangan]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian musical films]]
[[Category:Indian religious epic films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Praise the Lord (film)

2026-03-03T20:42:18Z

GildaNolan0093: corrected section to improve readability and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Praise the Lord
| image = Praise the Lord (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Shibu Ganghadharan
| producer = Milan Jaleel
| screenplay = T. P. Devarajan
| narrator =
| based_on = {{based on|''Praise the Lord''|[[Paul Zacharia|Zacharia]]}}
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Akanksha Puri]] [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]
| music = [[Shaan Rahman]] [[Bijibal]]
| cinematography = Pradeep Nair
| editing = Sreekanth
| studio = Galaxy Films
| distributor = Galaxy Films &
Multiplex Movies Tricolor Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|03|20}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross = 
}}

'''''Praise the Lord''''' is a 2014 [[Malayalam]] film directed by Shibu Gangadharan and starring [[Mammootty]], [[Akanksha Puri]] and [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/10959/malayalam/praise-the-lord/index.htm|title=Praise the Lord (2014) | Praise the Lord Malayalam Movie | Movie Reviews, Showtimes|website=Nowrunning.com|date=28 June 2012 |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref> The film has been adapted from [[Paul Zacharia|Zacharia]]'s eponymous novelette,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tryst-with-romance/article5809593.ece|title=Tryst with romance|first=Saraswathy|last=Nagarajan|date=20 March 2014|access-date=18 November 2021|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref> T. P. Devarajan has written the screenplay.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2012/jun/22/mammootty-in-praise-the-lord-379686.html|title=Mammootty in 'Praise the Lord'|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref> The film was produce by Milan Jaleel under his banner Galaxy Films.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2014/mar/14/inspired-by-love-not-religion-586208.html|title=Inspired by Love, not Religion|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref> It was released on 20 March 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2014/praise-the-lord-sure-to-entertain-all-says-paul-zacharia-134594.html|title=Praise The Lord Is Sure To Entertain All, Says Paul Zacharia|date=20 March 2014|website=Filmibeat.com|access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Mammootty]] as Aanamadayil Joy
* [[Akanksha Puri]] as Annie
* [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Sunny
* [[Reenu Mathews]] as Ancy
* [[Ahmed Sidhique]] as Samkutty
* [[Anoop Krishnan]] as Samkutty's friend
* [[Kalabhavan Shajon]] as Father Antony
* [[Joy Mathew]] as Kaduvakunnil Kunjutty
* [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] as C.I. Balakrishnan
* [[Mani C. Kappan]] as M P Mathachan
* [[Indrans]] as Chacko
* [[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]] as Alwin, Annie's boyfriend
* [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as Kuttappan
* [[Sajitha Betti]] as Kochu Rani
* [[Anoop Chandran]] as Sonykutty
* [[Dinesh Panicker]] as Cherian Varghese
* Pauly as Karthyayani
* Noby as Kulappuram Vakkan
* Adinad Sasi as Kunjiraman
* Mohan Ayiroor as Yohannan
* [[Kalabhavan Haneef]] as Police constable
* Nasser Lathif as English Sermon Preacher
}}

==Music==
The film features songs composed by [[Shaan Rahman]] while [[Bijibal]] composed the background score. [[Manorama Music]] bought the music rights of ''Praise the Lord''.

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
[[The Times of India]] rated the film 2/5 stars and characterised ''Praise the Lord'' as a glossy appearance that vainly tries to mask a weak story, and the narrative is "over-populated with scenes and sequences and actors seldom being just to the lovable characters on the book." Mammootty's performance was considered "wasted" in the poor narrative; Reenu Mathews's performance seemed "off guard." The narrative is described as "dull, faded," lacking flow and rhythm, while also noting that it fails to capture the "blissful comic strain" of the book.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=11 April 2016 |title=Praise the Lord Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Praise the Lord by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/praise-the-lord/movie-review/32550954.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3671708}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on short fiction]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shaan Rahman]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bijibal]]

{{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Hippalus

2026-03-03T17:58:45Z

GildaNolan0093: brief enhance content to improve readability and improved wording

{{Short description|Ancient Greek sailor}}
[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumb|Hippalus is credited by the [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea|Periplus of the Erythreaen Sea]] as the first to discover the passage from the [[Red Sea]] to India over the Indian Ocean]]

'''Hippalus''' ([[Ancient Greek]]: Ἵππαλος) was a [[Greeks|Greek]] navigator and merchant who probably lived in the 1st century [[Common Era|BCE]]. He is sometimes conjectured to have been the captain of the Greek explorer [[Eudoxus of Cyzicus]]' ship.

==Use of monsoon==
The writer of the 1st-century CE ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' credited Hippalus with discovering the direct route from the [[Red Sea]] to [[Tamilakam]] over the [[Indian Ocean]] by plotting the scheme of the sea and the correct location of the trade ports along the Indian coast. [[Pliny the Elder]] claimed that Hippalus discovered not the route, but the [[monsoon]] wind also called ''Hippalus'' (the south-west monsoon wind). Most historians have tried to reconcile the reports by stating that knowledge of the monsoon winds was necessary to use the direct route, but the historian [[André Tchernia]] explains that Pliny's connection between the wind and the navigator was based on common pronunciation: in the [[Hellenistic era]] the name of the wind was written as ''Hypalus'', only in [[Ancient Rome| Roman]] times the spelling ''Hippalus'' came into use. The wind had already been known in Hellenistic times and had before been used by [[Himyarite]] (Southern Arabian Semites) and Indian sailors to cross the Indian Ocean.

===Significance===
To understand the importance of Hippalus' discovery we have to know that before him Greek [[Geography| geographers]] thought that the Indian coast stretched from west to east. Hippalus was probably the first (in the West) to recognize the north–south direction of India's west coast. Only someone who has this insight will think crossing the [[Arabian Sea]] might be a faster way to [[south India]] than following the coastline.

The use of Hippalus' direct route greatly contributed to the prosperity of [[Indo-Roman trade relations|trade contacts]] between the [[History of Roman Egypt|Roman province of Aegyptus]] and India from the 1st century BCE onwards. From [[Red Sea]] ports like [[Berenice Troglodytica| Berenice]] large ships crossed the Arabian Sea to the [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] coast and [[Muziris]] port, [[Tamil people|Tamil]] kingdoms of the [[Pandyas]], [[Cholas]] and [[Chera Dynasty|Cheras]] in present-day [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].

==Legacy in science and literature==
In 1935, a [[Hippalus (crater)|crater on the Moon]] was named after the navigator.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature|url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2515|website=usgs.gov|publisher=[[International Astronomical Union]]|access-date=May 18, 2024}}</ref>

Hippalus is also a prominent character in [[L. Sprague de Camp]]'s 1969 novel about Eudoxus, ''[[The Golden Wind]].'' He is also mentioned in the Tamil novel ''[[Veera Yuga Nayagan Vel Paari]].''

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Federico De Romanis and André Tchernia, ''Crossings: Early Mediterranean Contacts with India'' (New Delhi 1997)

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ancient Greek explorers]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek merchants]]
[[Category:Ancient Greeks in Africa]]
[[Category:Maritime navigators]]
[[Category:1st-century BC Greek people]]
[[Category:Explorers of Asia]]
[[Category:Ancient explorers]]
[[Category:Roman-Indian relations]]

Beauty (2025 film)

2026-03-03T09:10:13Z

GildaNolan0093: done

{{Short description|2025 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Beauty
| image = Beauty (2025 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = J S S Vardhan
| writer = RV Subramanyamm
| producer = {{plain list|
* Adidhala Vijaypal Reddy
* Umesh Kumar Bansal
}}
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Ankith Koyya]]
* Nilakhi Patra
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]
}}
| cinematography = Shrie Saikumaar Daara
| editing = S. B. Uddhav
| music = [[Vijai Bulganin]]
| studio = {{plain list|
* Vanara Celluloid
* [[Zee Studios]]
* [[Maruthi|A Maruthi Team Product]]
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|09|19|df=y}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Beauty''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film directed by J S S Vardhan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naga Chaitanya Unveils The Trailer For Maruthi's Film, Beauty |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/south/naga-chaitanya-launches-beauty-trailer-article-152794940 |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Ankith Koyya]], Nilakhi Patra and [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] in important roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-02-15 |title=Beauty teaser: Two young lovers meet under unlikely circumstances in the upcoming youthful romance |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Feb/15/beauty-teaser-two-young-lovers-meet-under-unlikely-circumstances-in-the-upcoming-youthful-romance |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on 19 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-08-30 |title=Ankith Koyya: Beauty is a unique triangular love story |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Aug/30/ankith-koyya-beauty-is-a-unique-triangular-love-story |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film depicts the romance between Alekhya (Nilakhi), a college student, and Arjun (Ankith), a pet trainer. Alekhya’s sudden disappearance prompts her family to search for her, leaving her father, Narayan (Naresh), emotionally shaken. The narrative examines the evolving search and its emphasis on faith, relationships, and paternal affection.

== Cast ==
* [[Ankith Koyya]] as Arjun
* Nilakhi Patra as Alekhya
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Narayana, Alekhya's father
* [[Vasuki Anand]] as Janaki, Alekhya's mother
* Prasad Behara
* Nithin Prasanna as CI Imran
* Murali Goud
* Nanda Gopal
* Nagendra Medida

==Music==
The background score and soundtrack were composed by [[Vijai Bulganin]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2025-04-08 |title=Beauty Telugu Movie: ఆకట్టుకునే కన్నమ్మ {{!}} Beauty Telugu Movie Kannamma Song Release 2025 |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2025/cinema-news/beauty-telugu-movie-kannamma-song-release-2025-62147.html |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kannamma
| extra1 = [[Adithya RK]], Lakshmi Meghana
| length1 = 5:34
| lyrics1 = Sanare
| title2 = Pretty Pretty
| extra2 = [[P V N S Rohit]]
| length2 = 4:39
| lyrics2 = Purna Chari
| title3 = Nuvu Leni Nenu
| extra3 = Ritesh G Rao
| title4 = Nenevare Nenevare
| length4 = 3:19
| lyrics4 = Sanare
| extra4 = [[Dhanunjay Seepana]]
| length3 = 3:30
| lyrics3 = Dev
}}
==Release==

=== Theatrical release ===
''Beauty'' was released on 19 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beauty Trailer Out: Ankit Koyya's film is a tale of love, family, and shocking twists |url=https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/beauty-trailer-out-ankit-koyyas-film-is-a-tale-of-love-family-and-shocking-twists/20b98eb1ec101 |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The digital streaming rights of ''Beauty'' were acquired by [[ZEE5]]. Following its theatrical run, the film premiered on the platform on 2 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beauty Trailer Out: Ankit Koyya's film is a tale of love, family, and shocking twists |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/beauty-trailer-out-ankit-koyyas-film-is-a-tale-of-love-family-and-shocking-twists/20b98eb1ec101 |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-30 |title=Beauty Set for Exclusive Digital Premiere on ZEE5 Telugu on January 2 |url=https://www.telugutimes.net/en/cinemas/cinema-news/beauty-set-for-exclusive-digital-premiere-on-zee5-telugu-on-january-2-335610.html |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=Telugu Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined that the casting strengthened the film and praised the performances of Ankith Koyya and Nilakhi Patra.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-09-19 |title='Beauty' movie review: A relevant tale of relationships led by Ankith Koyya, VK Naresh, and Nilakhi Patra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/beauty-movie-review-the-telugu-film-directed-by-jss-vardhan-stars-ankith-koyya-nilakhi-patra-and-vk-naresh/article70065279.ece |access-date=2025-09-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Echoing the same, Shreya Varanasi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it 3 out of 5 and stated, "''Beauty'' is a watchable drama that balances youthful romance with parental love".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beauty Movie Review: Talented cast makes this mundane romantic drama watchable |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/beauty/movie-review/123991606.cms |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> BH Harsh of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated it 2 out of 5 and was critical towards story and screenplay while appreciating Ankith Koyya's performance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-09-19 |title=Beauty Movie Review: A topsy-turvy drama that settles for a familiar message |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Sep/19/beauty-movie-review-a-topsy-turvy-drama-that-settles-for-a-familiar-message |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|37980739|Beauty}}
*[https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/beauty/0-0-1z5886880 Beauty] on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2025 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films set in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Telangana Police]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijai Bulganin]]

Department of Higher Education (Kerala)

2026-02-27T16:54:53Z

GildaNolan0093:

{{Short description|Department responsible for higher education in Kerala}}
The '''Department of Higher Education''' is an administrative department under the [[Government of Kerala]] responsible for formulating policies, implementing programmes, and managing institutions related to [[higher education]] in the state. The department oversees universities, government and aided colleges, technical education institutions, professional colleges, and entrance examinations for professional courses in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Higher Education Department – Government of Kerala |url=https://www.highereducation.kerala.gov.in |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=highereducation.kerala.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

The Higher Education Department was formed to improve the standard of higher education in the state and to ensure coordinated development of university education, technical education, collegiate education, and professional course admissions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-05 |title=Kerala's higher education talks with Governor inconclusive, says Minister R Bindu |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/keralas-higher-education-talks-with-governor-inconclusive-says-minister-r-bindu-ppoh5hhz |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-09-15 |title=Kerala’s higher education sector poised for global recognition: R. Bindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/keralas-higher-education-sector-poised-for-global-recognition-r-bindu/article70053419.ece |access-date=2025-11-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=TNIE |first=Team |date=2025-03-30 |title=INTERVIEW {{!}} ‘Khan’s exit has certainly come as a relief’: Kerala Higher Education Minister R Bindu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Mar/30/interview-khans-exit-has-certainly-come-as-a-relief-kerala-higher-education-minister-r-bindu |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The department headquarters is located in the [[Government Secretariat, Thiruvananthapuram|Government Secretariat]] at [[Thiruvananthapuram]].

{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Higher Education Department
| type = Department
| logo = Government of Kerala Logo.svg
| logo_width = 120px
| jurisdiction = {{Flag|India}} Kerala
| headquarters = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala, India
| minister1_name = [[R. Bindu]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister for Higher Education
| chief1_name = Sharmila Mary Joseph IAS
| chief1_position = Principal Secretary (Higher Education)
| parent_department = [[Government of Kerala]]
| child1_agency = Directorate of Collegiate Education
| child2_agency = Directorate of Technical Education
| website = {{URL|https://highereducation.kerala.gov.in/}}
}}

== Leadership ==
The department is headed by a [[Minister (government)|Cabinet Minister]] of the [[Government of Kerala]], and the current Minister for Higher Education is [[R. Bindu]].<ref>[https://www.niyamasabha.nic.in/index.php/chief_minister/ministers Kerala Council of Ministers – Kerala Legislative Assembly]</ref>

The administration of the department is overseen by the [[Principal secretary (India)|Principal Secretary to Government]], an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer. The present Principal Secretary (Higher Education) is Sharmila Mary Joseph IAS.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Key Officials – Higher Education Department |url=https://www.highereducation.kerala.gov.in/index.php/officials |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=highereducation.kerala.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> The Principal Secretary is assisted by Additional Secretaries, Joint Secretaries, Deputy Secretaries, Under Secretaries and other Secretariat staff as per the Rules of Business of the Government of Kerala.<ref>[https://gad.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/general_attachment/Rules%20of%20Business%20-%20Part%20II.pdf Rules of Business of Government of Kerala]</ref>

== Functions ==
* Formulation and implementation of policies relating to higher education in Kerala
* Administration of Acts and Rules governing higher and technical education institutions in the state<ref name="policy">[https://www.highereducation.kerala.gov.in/index.php/policies Policies & Acts – Higher Education Department]</ref>
* Supervision of government, aided, and self-financing colleges, universities, professional institutions, and law colleges
* Administration of entrance examinations to professional courses through the Commissioner for Entrance Examinations
* Implementation of state and centrally sponsored schemes relating to higher and technical education

== Line Departments / Subordinate Offices ==
The Department exercises administrative control over the following major line departments and bodies:

* [[Department of Technical Education|Directorate of Technical Education]]
* [[Directorate of Collegiate Education (Kerala)|Directorate of Collegiate Education]]
* [[Commissioner for Entrance Examinations (Kerala)|Commissionerate of Entrance Examinations (CEE)]]
* [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] (Kerala)
* Government Law Colleges and other professional colleges
* Universities under the administrative control of Higher Education, including:
** [[University of Kerala]]
** [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]]
** [[University of Calicut]]
** [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]]
** [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit]]

(Universities are governed as per their respective Acts and statutes.)

===[[Directorate of Collegiate Education (Kerala)|Directorate of Collegiate Education]]===
This is the government agency responsible for establishing new government colleges, introducing new academic programmes, and managing staff matters of aided colleges, including disbursement of salary to teaching and non-teaching staff.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Directorate of Collegiate Education, Kerala |url=https://www.collegiateedu.kerala.gov.in |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=collegiateedu.kerala.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

===[[Directorate of Technical Education (Kerala)|Directorate of Technical Education]]===
{{Main|Department of Technical Education}}
The [[Department of Technical Education|Directorate of Technical Education]] oversees all state institutions imparting technical and professional education, including government engineering colleges, polytechnics, colleges of fine arts, food craft institutes, commercial institutes, technical high schools, and vocational training centres.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Directorate of Technical Education – Government of Kerala |url=https://www.dtekerala.gov.in |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=dtekerala.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

===[[Commissioner for Entrance Examinations (Kerala)|Commissionerate of Entrance Examinations (CEE)]]===
Responsible for conducting entrance examinations and allotting seats to various professional degree courses in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commissioner for Entrance Examinations |url=https://www.cee.kerala.gov.in |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=cee.kerala.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

===[[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] (Kerala)===
Functions as the state unit of the NCC, providing military training, leadership development, and youth involvement programmes within the educational institutions of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Cadet Corps Kerala |url=https://kerala.ncc.gov.in |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=kerala.ncc.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

The department also exercises administrative oversight over universities and professional institutions under the Higher Education sector in the state.

==Universities and autonomous institutions==
=== Universities under Higher Education Department ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sl. No.
! University
! Location
! Website
|-
| 1 || [[University of Kerala]] || Thiruvananthapuram || {{URL|https://www.keralauniversity.ac.in}}
|-
| 2 || [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]] (KTU) || Thiruvananthapuram || {{URL|https://ktu.edu.in}}
|-
| 3 || [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]] (MGU) || Kottayam || {{URL|https://www.mgu.ac.in}}
|-
| 4 || [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]] (CUSAT) || Kochi || {{URL|https://www.cusat.ac.in}}
|-
| 5 || [[University of Calicut]] || Malappuram || {{URL|https://www.uoc.ac.in}}
|-
| 6 || [[Kannur University]] || Kannur || {{URL|https://www.kannuruniversity.ac.in}}
|-
| 7 || [[Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University]] || Tirur, Malappuram || {{URL|https://www.malayalamuniversity.edu.in}}
|-
| 8 || [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit]] || Kalady || {{URL|https://ssus.ac.in}}
|-
| 9 || [[National University of Advanced Legal Studies]] (NUALS) || Kochi || {{URL|https://www.nuals.ac.in}}
|}

=== Autonomous Institutions / Bodies ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sl. No.
! Institution / Body
! Type
! Website
|-
| 1 || [[LBS Centre for Science and Technology]] || Autonomous Institution || {{URL|https://lbscentre.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| 2 || [[Institute of Human Resources Development]] (IHRD) || Autonomous Educational Institution || {{URL|https://www.ihrd.ac.in}}
|-
| 3 || Centre for Continuing Education Kerala (CCEK) || Autonomous Organisation || {{URL|https://www.ccek.org}}
|-
| 4 || Kerala State Centre for Advanced Printing and Training (C-APT) || Government Printing & Training Organisation || {{URL|https://www.captkerala.com}}
|-
| 5 || [[Kerala State Science and Technology Museum]] || Science & Technology Museum || {{URL|https://www.kstmuseum.in}}
|-
| 6 || Kerala Council for Historical Research (KCHR) || Research Council || {{URL|https://kchr.ac.in}}
|-
| 7 || National Service Scheme Cell – Kerala || NSS (Higher Education Wing) || {{URL|https://nsskerala.org}}
|-
| 8 || Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) – Kerala || Centrally Sponsored Scheme || {{URL|https://rusa.education.gov.in}}
|-
| 9 || Additional Skill Acquisition Programme (ASAP Kerala) || Autonomous Skill Development Agency || {{URL|https://asapkerala.gov.in}}
|-
| 10 || K. R. Narayanan National Institute of Visual Science and Arts || Film & Visual Arts Institute || {{URL|https://www.krnnivsa.edu.in}}
|-
| 11 || Kerala State Higher Education Council || Statutory Council || {{URL|https://kshec.kerala.gov.in}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Kerala]]
[[Category:Education in Kerala]]
[[Category:Government departments of Kerala]]

Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer

2026-02-25T17:59:07Z

GildaNolan0093: minor cleanup

{{short description|Indian poet and historian (1877–1949)}}
{{About|the poet|the place|Ulloor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
|name = Ulloor S. Parameswara
|image = Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer 1936.jpg
|imagesize =
|caption = Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer in 1936
|pseudonym =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1877|06|06|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Changanacherry]], [[Travancore]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1949|6|15|1877|06|06|df=y}}
|deathplace =
|occupation = Poet, historian
|nationality = Indian
|period =
|genre =
|subject =
|movement =
|debutworks =
|influences =
|influenced =
|signature =
|website =
|footnotes =
|notableworks= {{ubl|''Umakeralam''|''Karnabhushanam''|''Pingala''|''Kerala Sahitya Charitram''}}
| spouse = Ananthalakshmi Ammal, Subbammal
| partner =
| children =
| relatives = {{ubl|Subramania Iyer (father)|Bhagavathi Ammal (mother)}}
}}
'''Ullur S. Parameswara Iyer''' (6 June 1877 – 15 June 1949), born Sambasivan but popularly known as ''' Ullur''', was an Indian poet of [[Malayalam literature]] and a historian. He was one of the [[triumvirate poets of modern Malayalam|modern triumvirate poets]] of [[Kerala]] in the first half of the 20th century, along with [[Kumaran Asan]] and [[Vallathol Narayana Menon]].<ref name="This Ancient Lyre: Selected Poems">{{Cite book |title=This Ancient Lyre: Selected Poems |last=O. N. V. Kurup |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=2005 |isbn=978-8126017911 |editor-last=A. J. Thomas |page=10}}</ref> ''Umakeralam'', a [[mahakavya]], and ''Kerala Sahitya Charitram'', a comprehensive history of the Malayalam language are two of his most important works.

== Biography ==
{{quote box|align = right|width=22em|'' The desire to rise seen in the flying fireflies,'' ''the enthusiasm brimming within the singing cuckoo' to offer worship to other beings,''
''the skill of the full-blown flower to entice the entire world,'' ''the expertise of the jumping bird to move its feet.......'' ''I have read ambrosia-like suggestive poetry even in mere rust;'' ''I have heard with my ear sweet veena sounds even in silence,'' Excerpts from Ulloor's ''Bhoothakkannadi'' (Microscope)<ref name="Ulloor Parameswara Iyer (1877-1949)">{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralacafe.com/malayalam_literature/index14.html |title=Ulloor Parameswara Iyer (1877-1949) |date=2019-03-04 |website=keralacafe.com |access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref>}}
Ulloor was born on 6 June 1877 at Thamarassery Illam in [[Perunna]], [[Changanassery]] in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]] to Subramania Iyer and Bhagavathi Ammal.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/Ulloor/Html/Ulloorgraphy.htm |title=Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |date=2019-03-04 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref> His early schooling was at Chanagassery. Still, his father died when he was young. The family shifted to [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in 1890, where his mother raised him. He graduated with [[Latin honors|Honors]] in [[Philosophy]] from Maharajas College in 1897 and joined the Travancore State Services.<ref name="Statues Of Trivandrum: Mahakavi Ulloor S Parameswara Iyer">{{Cite web |url=http://www.yentha.com/news/view/4/statues-of-trivandrum-mahakavi-ulloor-s-parameswara-iyer |title=Statues Of Trivandrum: Mahakavi Ulloor S Parameswara Iyer |last=Mukesh |date=16 May 2012 |website=Yentha.com |access-date=30 December 2013 |archive-date=31 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000216/http://www.yentha.com/news/view/4/statues-of-trivandrum-mahakavi-ulloor-s-parameswara-iyer |url-status=dead }}</ref> He continued his studies and took a graduate degree in Law and master's degrees in [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. He held various positions in the government service such as those of a Land Revenue and Income Tax Commissioner before superannuating from service as the Chief Secretary of the State.<ref name="Bio on Amrut Philately Gallery">{{Cite web |url=http://www.amrutphilately.com/gallery/index.php?yer=1980 |title=Bio on Amrut Philately Gallery |date=2019-03-04 |website=amrutphilately.com |access-date=2019-03-04 |quote=Source:Information Folder issued by Indian Posts & Telegraph Department, Government of India |archive-date=12 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212053814/http://www.amrutphilately.com/gallery/index.php?yer=1980 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Iyer married Ananthalakshmi Ammal in 1892 when he was only 15 years old but his wife died in 1903.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /> Subsequently, he married Subbammal in 1905, who died in 1930. He had three daughters and five sons from his two marriages. He died on 15 June 1949, aged 72.<ref name="Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer - IStamp Gallery profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.istampgallery.com/mahakavi-ulloor/ |title=Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer - IStamp Gallery profile |date=2019-03-04 |website=istampgallery.com |access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:State Central Library, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India (2006).jpg|left|thumb|The statue of Ulloor in front of the [[State Central Library, Kerala|State Central Library]] at Palayam]]
Iyer assumed his name, Ulloor, after the [[Ulloor|place of his ancestral home]]. Unlike the other two members of the [[Triumvirate poets of modern Malayalam|modern triumvirates]], [[Kumaran Asan]] and [[Vallathol Narayana Menon]], who were romanticists, Ulloor was known to be a classicist and his works were marked by Sanskrit words, mythological references, satirical undertones and scholarship.<ref name="Remembering Ulloor Parameswara Iyer, the Man Who Immortalised Love in His Poems">{{Cite web |url=https://kochipost.com/tag/ulloor-s-parameswara-iyer/ |title=Remembering Ulloor Parameswara Iyer, the Man Who Immortalised Love in His Poems |date=2019-03-04 |website=KochiPost |language=en-US |access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref> One of his most notable works was published in 1914, a [[mahakavya]] titled ''Umakeralam'' when the language had only one complete mahakavya until then, ''Rukmamgadacharitham'' of [[Pandalam Kerala Varma]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|year=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-8126011940|page=1185}}</ref> Poet [[K. Ayyappa Paniker]] noted that ''Umakeralam'' was a ''work of great devotion: devotion to the land, to the language, to a poetic tradition''.<ref name="Ulloor Parameswara Iyer (1877-1949)" /> He also wrote short narratives or ''khandakavyas'' and ''Karnabhooshanam'' and ''Pingala'' are two notable works in that genre; the former an account of [[Karna]]'s generosity and dedication to principles while the latter is a portrayal of the transformation of a courtesan overnight into a pious and saintly character. Some of his other best known works were ''Bhakthideepika'', and ''Chithrasala''. Uloor also wrote quite a large number of lyrics and shorter pieces, now available in various collections.<ref name="Statues Of Trivandrum: Mahakavi Ulloor S Parameswara Iyer" /> The most noted of his historical works was ''Kerala Sahitya Charitram'', which narrates the history of Malayalam language, culture, and literature and the book was published by the [[University of Travancore]] in five volumes after the writer's death.<ref name="Statues Of Trivandrum: Mahakavi Ulloor S Parameswara Iyer" /> The first three volumes were published respectively in 1953, 1954 and 1955. The last two volumes were published in 1957. He did research on ancient literature and palm leaf manuscripts and was successful in discovering works such as ''Rama Charitham'' poem and ''Doothavakyam'' prose. Besides, he wrote a play, ''Amba'' and such other works in prose as ''Bashachampukkal'', a study on [[Champu|Champu literature]] and ''Vijnana Deepika'', a compilation of essays in four volumes.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /> He also wrote poems for children and the popular song, ''Kakke, Kakke, Koodevide'' is one among them.<ref name="Translation as a synopsis of the Malayalam poetry Uma Keralam by Ulloor.">{{Cite web |url=https://gopasrivatsam.wordpress.com/2017/03/13/translation-as-a-synopsis-of-the-malayalam-poetry-uma-keralam-by-ulloor/ |title=Translation as a synopsis of the Malayalam poetry Uma Keralam by Ulloor. |date=2017-03-13 |website=Candid thoughts |language=en |access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref>

== Honours ==
The [[Government of Kerala]] established ''Mahakavi Ulloor Memorial Library and Research Centre'' in 1956, to honour the memory of the poet, and it was shifted to a new premises in [[Jagathy]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in 1966 which was inaugurated by [[S. Radhakrishnan]], the then president of India.<ref name="Ulloor Smarakam">{{Cite web |url=http://keralaliterature.com/old/building.php?buildid=46 |title=Ulloor Smarakam |date=2019-03-04 |website=keralaliterature.com |access-date=2019-03-04 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111533/http://keralaliterature.com/old/building.php?buildid=46 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The institution which houses a research centre and a public library, became the first open university in Kerala for non-formal education in 1978, offering courses in Sanskrit, Malayalam literature, poetry and telecasting.<ref name="Mahakavi Ulloor Memorial Library and Research Centre">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/ |title=Mahakavi Ulloor Memorial Library and Research Centre |date=2019-03-04 |website=keralaculture.org |language=en |access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref> It has also instituted an annual literary award, Ulloor Award, to recognise excellence in Malayalam poetry.<ref name="Ulloor Smarakam" /> The [[India Post]] released a [[commemorative stamp]] in 1980, depicting his portrait.<ref name="Commemorative and definitive stamps">{{Cite web |url=http://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps_List.aspx |title=Commemorative and definitive stamps |date=2019-03-04 |website=postagestamps.gov.in |access-date=2019-03-04 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121210123/http://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps_List.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 15 May 1981, the then [[President of India|Indian President]] [[Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy]] unveiled a full size statue of Ulloor in the premises of the [[State Central Library, Kerala]], at [[Palayam, Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name="Statues Of Trivandrum: Mahakavi Ulloor S Parameswara Iyer" />

== Works ==
=== Poetry ===
* {{Cite book |title=Arunodayam |last=Parameswara Iyer |first=Uḷḷoor S. |date=1930 |publisher=B. V. Book Depot |location=Thiruvananthapuram |oclc = 38510518 |author-mask=1}}
* {{Cite book |title=Sharanopaharam: Sabarimala Sastavineppattiyulla Sthothram |last=Parameswara Iyer |first=Uḷḷoor S. |date=1945 |publisher=R. T. Pillai and Sons |location=Trivandrum |oclc = 38513938 |author-mask=1}}
* {{cite book|author=Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer|title=Manimanjusha|year=1968 |author-mask=1}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aKUHAQAAIAAJ|title=Manimanjusha |access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref>
* {{cite book|author=Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer|title=Tharaharam|year=1969 |author-mask=1}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNMqAQAAIAAJ|title=Tharaharam |access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |title=Chithrashala |last=Parameswara Iyer |first=Ulloor S. |date=1969 |publisher=Ulloor Publishers |location=Trivandrum |author-mask=1}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=75458 |title=Chithrashala |access-date=24 January 2023 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124035920/https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=75458 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{Cite book |title=Tharangini |last=Parameswara Iyer |first=Uḷḷoor S. |date=1971 |publisher=Ulloor Publishers |location=Trivandrum |oclc = 5413640 |author-mask=1}}
* {{Cite book |title=Karna Bhooshanam |last=Parameswara Iyer |first=Ulloor S. |date=1972 |publisher=Ulloor Publishers |edition=1 |location=Trivandrum |author-mask=1}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://14.139.185.57/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=32276 |title=Karna Bhooshanam |access-date=24 January 2023 |archive-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230071214/http://14.139.185.57/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=32276 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{Cite book |title=Bhakthideepika |last=Parameswara Iyer |first=Uḷḷoor S. |date=1973 |publisher=Ullur Publishers |location=Trivandrum |oclc = 5834716 |author-mask=1}}
* {{Cite book |title=Ulloorinte Padya Krithikal: Part 1 |last=Parameswara Iyer |first=Uḷḷoor S. |date=1977 |publisher=[[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society]] |location=Kottayam |author-mask=1}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=220721|title=Ulloorinte Padya Krithikal: Part 1|access-date=24 January 2023|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124035931/https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=220721|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |title=Umakeralam |last=Parameswara Iyer |first=Ulloor S. |date=1981 |publisher=Ullur Publishers |location=Trivandrum |author-mask=1}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=77520 |title=Umakeralam |access-date=24 January 2023 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124035925/https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=77520 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{Cite book |title=Pingala |last=Parameswara Iyer |first=Ulloor S. |date=1990 |publisher=Ulloor Publishers |location=Trivandram |author-mask=1}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=328431 |title=Pingala |access-date=24 January 2023 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124035936/https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=328431 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{Cite book |title=Sree Andal Kavithakal |last=Parameswara Iyer |first=Uḷḷoor S. |date=2006 |publisher=DC Books |asin= B007E4WO40 |author-mask=1}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.amazon.in/Sree-Andal-Kavithakal-Ulloor/dp/B007E4WO40/ref=sr_1_3?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1551699339&sr=1-3&refinements=p_27%3AUlloor |title=Sree Andal Kavithakal |access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |title=Ulloor Kavithakal Sampoornam |last=Parameswara Iyer |first=Uḷḷoor S. |date=2010 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam|id= {{ASIN|8126428015|country=in}} |author-mask=1}}
* {{Cite book |title=Deshadanakili |last=Parameswara Iyer |first=Uḷḷoor S. |date=2012 |publisher=Lipi Publications |location=Calicut |isbn= 978-8188012329 |author-mask=1}}
* {{Cite book |title=Padyamanjari |last=Parameswara Iyer |first=Uḷḷoor S. |date=2013 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=978-8126442034 |author-mask=1}}
* {{Cite book |title=Dhoothavakyam |last=Parameswara Iyer |first=Uḷḷoor S. |date=2016 |publisher=Public Domain Books |author-mask=1}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.amazon.in/DOOTHAVAKYAM-Malayalam-ULLOOR-S-PARAMESWARAYYAR-ebook/dp/B01MDVGSKB/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1551699339&sr=1-1&refinements=p_27%253AUlloor |title=Dhoothavakyam |access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref>

=== Prose ===
* Vijñanadipika, a collection of essays in 4 volumes, 1930, 1933, 1937, 1938
* {{cite book|author=Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer|title=Kerala Sahitya Charitram (5 Volumes)|url=http://ax.sayahna.org/ulloor/|year=1953–1957|publisher=[[University of Travancore]]|isbn=978-81-930368-4-6 |author-mask=1}}
* {{Cite book |title=Hīra: Savyākhyānaṃ |last1=Parameswara Iyer |first1=Ulloor S. |editor=Jagati Vēlāyudhan Nāir |date=1969 |publisher=Uḷḷoor Publishers|location=Thiruvananthapuraṃ |oclc = 31063558 |author-mask=1}}
* {{Cite book |title=Kāvyapr̲abhāvaṃ: savyākhyānaṃ |last1=Parameswara Iyer |first1=Ulloor S. |editor=A. V. Sankaran |date=1971 |publisher=Ullur Publishers |location=Trivandrum|oclc = 31433537 |author-mask=1}}
* {{Cite book |title=Uḷḷoorint̲e Pr̲abandhaṅṅaḷ |last=Parameswara Iyer |first=Ulloor S. |date=1979 |publisher=University of Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuraṃ |language=Malayalam|oclc = 17607218 |author-mask=1}}

=== Translations into other languages ===
* {{Cite book |title=English essays and poems of Mahakavi Ulloor |last1=Parameswara Iyer |first1=Uḷḷoor S. |translator=N. Viśvanāthan |date=1978 |publisher=University of Kerala, Dept. of Publications |location=Trivandrum |language=English|oclc = 7706032}}
* {{Cite book |title=Selected poems of Mahakavi Ullur |last1=Parameswara Iyer |first1=Ulloor S. |translator=K. Ramachandran Nair |date=1978 |publisher=University of Kerala |location=Trivandrum |language=English|oclc = 9978154}}
* {{Cite book |title=Progress of Travancore under H.H. Sree Moolam Tirunal |last1=Parameswara Iyer |first1=Uḷḷoor S. |last2=Kerala (India) |last3=Department of Cultural Publications |date=1998 |publisher=Dept. of Cultural Publications, Govt. of Kerala |isbn=9788186365663 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |language=English|oclc = 51087846}}
* {{Cite book |title=Essays on Travancore |last1=Parameswara Iyer |first1=Uḷḷoor S. |last2=Kerala (India) |last3=Department of Cultural Publications |date=2003 |publisher=Cultural Publications Dept., Govt. of Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |language=English|oclc = 55147458}}
* {{Cite journal |title=The Ornaments of Karna |journal = Journal of South Asian Literature|volume = 15|issue = 2|pages = 38–71|last1=Parameswara Iyer |first1=Ulloor S. |translator=K. Raghavan Pillai |jstor = 40861160|year = 1980}}

=== Works on Ulloor ===
* {{Cite book |title=Ulloorinte Sahityasādhana: Padanaṃ |last=Sahrudayavedi |date=1976 |publisher=Sahrudayavedi; National Book Stall (distributors) |location=Trichur; Kōṭṭayaṃ|oclc = 33252123}}
* {{Cite book |title=Mahakavi Ulloor: a centenary volume |last=George |first=K. M |date=1977 |publisher=Mahakavi Ulloor Memorial Library and Research Institute |location=Trivandrum |language=English|oclc = 5240774}}
* {{Cite book |title=Mahakavi Ulloor |last=Sukumār Azhikode |date=1979 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |location=New Delhi |language=English|oclc = 7328266}}

== Trivia ==
* His name at birth was Sambasivan and but was called by his family as Parameshwaran.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" />
* K. Subramaniam, the director of [[Prahlada (film)|Prahlada]], the 1941 Malayalam movie, was the nephew of Ulloor.<ref name="Of monarchs and movies">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/of-monarchs-and-movies/article5764301.ece |title=Of monarchs and movies |last=Chelangad |first=Saju |date=2014-03-09 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/Ulloor/Html/UlloorPage.htm |title=Portrait commissioned by Kerala Sahitya Akademi |date=2019-03-04 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-03-04}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4WOBHQCHVA4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/4WOBHQCHVA4 |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|title=Statues of Trivandrum - Ulloor |last=buzzvideos |date=2015-10-16 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-03-04}}{{cbignore}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/audio-clips/premasangeetham-by-ulloor/50 |title=Premasangeetham by Ulloor |date=2019-03-04 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en |access-date=2019-03-04}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/Ulloor/Html/UlloorBooks.htm |title=List of works |date=2019-03-04 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |access-date=2019-03-04}}

{{Triumvirates of Malayalam poetry}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iyer, Ulloor S. Parameswara}}
[[Category:1877 births]]
[[Category:1949 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:People from Changanassery]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Hindu poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:History of Changanassery]]
[[Category:Poets from British India]]
[[Category:Historians from British India]]

Ugna Mahadev, Bhawanipur

2026-02-23T18:57:43Z

GildaNolan0093: starting the post w/ sources

{{short description|Hindu temple in India}}
{{See also|Ugna Mahadev|Vidyapati Dham}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Ugna Mahadev Mandir
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Madhubani district]]
| location = [[Bhavanipur|Bhawanipur]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Ugna Mahadev]]
| year_completed =
| architecture =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Ugna Mahadev Mandir''' is a [[Hindu]] temple in [[Bhavanipur|Bhawanipur]] village of [[Madhubani district]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of [[Bihar]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.biharprabha.com/2014/10/govt-to-organize-vidyapati-mahotsav-at-samastipur-from-november-5/ |title=Govt to organize Vidyapati Mahotsav at Samastipur from November 5 |website=The Biharprabha News |language=en-US |access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref> The temple is located at 14 km from [[Madhubani, Bihar|Madhubani]] and 180 km away from [[Patna]]. It is believed to be the place where [[Lord Shiva]] showed his original form to the [[Maithili language|Maithili]] Mahakavi [[Vidyapati]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.punjabkesari.in/dharm/news/ugranath-temple-of-bholenath-in-bihar-797156 |title=इस भक्त के लिए नौकर बने बाबा भोलेनाथ |date=2018-05-06 |website=punjabkesari |access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref> Ugna was incarnation of Lord Shiva as a servant of his favorite devotee and great Maithili poet [[Vidyapati]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/spirituality/religion/story-of-ugna-mahadev-temple-in-bhawanipur-village-at-madhubani |title=...जब चूल्हे की जलती लकड़ी से हुई भगवान शिव की पिटाई, हुआ ये अंजाम |website=Amar Ujala |access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
* [[Darbhanga]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{facebook|377328295773115}}

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Madhubani district]]

Vashi

2026-02-19T10:51:47Z

GildaNolan0093: quick expand structure to improve readability and improved wording per standard format

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=October 2017}}
{{original research|date=February 2018}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vashi
| settlement_type = Business District of [[Navi Mumbai]]
| image_skyline = File:Vashi Navi Mumbai.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Mumbai
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|19.08|N|73.01|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thane district|Thane]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1972
| founder = [[CIDCO]]
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages-
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 400 703
| registration_plate = MH-43 Navi Mumbai
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Thane (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thane]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Belapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Belapur]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Vashi''' is a residential and commercial node in [[Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra]], across the [[Thane Creek]] of the [[Arabian Sea]] on the outskirts of [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/navi-mumbai/potholes-under-vashi-flyover-filled-up/articleshow/60883502.cms |last= George Mendonca|location =[[Navi Mumbai]]|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Potholes under Vashi flyover filled up|date=30 September 2017 |access-date=18 October 2017}}</ref> Vashi is named after the largest village present in Vashi Node.

[[File:Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Chowk, Vashi.jpg|thumb|View of the ''Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Chowk'' at Vashi near NMMT Bus Depot]]

==Overview==
[[File:'Vashi Creek and the Mangrove forests'..JPG|250px|left|thumb|Vashi Creek and the Mangrove forests]]

Vashi is a well-connected node of Navi Mumbai. It is also the first Navi Mumbai station after [[Mankhurd]], which is the last station of the Mumbai Suburban city. Vashi is a well-organised suburban area that houses many commercial stores and has many residential societies. Vashi has three main and large malls, viz., [[Inorbit Mall|Inorbit Mall Vashi]], Palm Beach Galleria Mall and [[Raghuleela Mall, Vashi|Raghuleela Mall]]. Along with these three malls several other small shopping plazas are also developed across vashi, e.g. Satra Plaza,<ref>{{Cite news |title=No Parking at Satra Plaza |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/no-parking-from-satra-plaza-to-palm-beach-galaria-in-vashi}}</ref> Vashi Plaza.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vashi Plaza Owners and Residents Community |url=https://www.apnacomplex.com/complex/vashi-plaza }}</ref> Vashi is located 20 minutes away from [[Chembur]] a suburban area in [[Mumbai]] and is easily accessible by both road and railways. Vashi is also a terminal railway station for [[Harbour line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Harbour Line]] & [[Trans-Harbour line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Trans-Harbour Line]]. Vashi is well known for its cosmopolitan culture & educational institutes.

Turbhe also houses an [[Agricultural produce market committee|Agricultural Produce Market Committee]] (APMC) market where all the grocery items, food items, Rice, Lentils, wheat, and different types of Spices are sold at a wholesale price.

== Educational institutions ==
* [[Fr. Conceicao Rodrigues Institute of Technology]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fcrit.ac.in/|title=Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology.|website=www.fcrit.ac.in}}</ref>
* Oriental Institute of Management<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oim.edu.in/|title=Leading Business School in Navi Mumbai | Oriental Institute of Management|website=oim.edu.in}}</ref>
* [[ITM Group of Institutions]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itm.edu/|title=Institute for MBA, Engineering, Fashion Designing, PGDM Course B-School in India|date=7 September 2014}}</ref>
* [[Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil College]]
* [[Fr. Agnel Multipurpose School and Junior College]]

==See also==
* [[Vashi Bridge]]
* [[Vashi railway station]]
* [[Inorbit Mall]] in Vashi
* [[Raghuleela Mall, Vashi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{commonscat|Vashi}}
{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Mumbai metropolitan area}}
{{Navi Mumbai}}
}}

[[Category:Nodes of Navi Mumbai]]

French Armed Forces

2026-02-10T00:13:51Z

GildaNolan0093: reworked section per sources and updated info

{{Short description|Combined military forces of France}}
{{Infobox national military
| country = France
| name = French Armed Forces
| native_name = {{Lang|fr|Forces armées françaises}}
| image = [[File:Emblème de l'État-Major des armées (EMA).svg|200px]]
| alt =
| caption = Emblem of the French Defence Staff
| image2 =
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| motto =
| founded = 26 May 1445 ({{age in years and days|1445|5|26}})
| current_form =
| branches = {{tree list}}
* {{flagicon image|Logo of the French Army (Armee de Terre).svg|size=25px|border=no}} [[French Army]]
* {{flagicon image|LOGO MARINE NATIONALE 2021.svg|size=25px|border=no}} [[French Navy]]
* {{flagicon image|Logo de l'Armée de l'Air et de l'Espace.svg|size=25px|border=no}} [[French Air and Space Force]]
* {{flagicon image|Gendarmerie nationale logo.svg|size=25px|border=no}} [[National Gendarmerie]]{{Tree list/end}}
| headquarters = [[Hexagone Balard]], Paris
| website = 

| commander-in-chief = {{flagicon image|Standard of the President of France.svg|size=25px|border=no}} [[President of France|President]] [[Emmanuel Macron]]
| commander-in-chief_title = [[Chief of the Armed Forces (France)|Chief of the Armed Forces]]
| chief minister =
| chief minister_title =
| minister = {{flagicon image|Marque mindef.svg|size=25px|border=no}} [[Catherine Vautrin]]
| minister_title = [[Minister of the Armed Forces (France)|Minister of the Armed Forces]]
| chief_of_staff = {{flagicon image|Marque CEMA.svg|size=25px|border=no}} [[Army general (France)|''Général d'armée aérienne'']] [[Fabien Mandon]]
| chief_of_staff_title = [[Chief of the Defence Staff (France)|Chief of the Defence Staff]]

| age = 17.5
| conscription = None
| manpower_data =
| manpower_age = 16–50
| available =
| available_f =
| fit =
| fit_f =
| reaching =
| reaching_f =
| active = 264,000 (2025)<ref name="French Armed Forces Key Figures 2025">{{cite web |title=Defence Key Figures 2025 (English version) |url=http://www.defense.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/ministere-armees/Chiffres_Cle%CC%81s_2025_UK.pdf}}</ref>
| reserve = 43,444 (2025)<ref name="French Armed Forces Key Figures 2025" />
| ranked =
| deployed =
| amount = €61.8 billion ($71.7 billion) (2025, including pensions) €50.5 billion ($58.5 billion) (2025, excluding pensions)<ref name="Haushalt 2025">{{Cite web|url=https://www.defense.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/ministere-armees/Projet%20de%20Loi%20de%20Finances%202025%20-%20LPM%20ann%C3%A9e%202%20(10%202024).pdf#page=5|title=PROJET DE LOI DE FINANCES |publisher=Ministere Armees |accessdate=2025-01-05| language=fr}}</ref>
| percent_GDP = 2.06% (2024)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2024/6/pdf/240617-def-exp-2024-en.pdf#page=9/ |title=Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2014-2024) |publisher=nato.int|date=2024-06-17|accessdate=2024-06-18}}</ref>

| domestic_suppliers = {{plainlist|
* [[Airbus]]
* [[ArianeGroup]]
* [[Dassault Aviation]]
* [[MBDA]]
* [[Naval Group]]
* [[KNDS France]]
* [[Safran]]
* [[Thales Group|Thales]]
}}
| foreign_suppliers = {{flag|United States}} {{flag|United Kingdom}} {{flag|Brazil}} {{flag|Switzerland}} {{flag|Germany}} {{flag|Netherlands}} {{flag|Italy}} {{flag|Norway}} {{flag|Canada}} {{flag|Belgium}} {{flag|Austria}} {{flag|NATO}} {{flag|European Union}}
| imports = {{Currency|84 million|USD|passthrough=yes|linked=no}} (2014–2022)<ref name="SIPRI_India"/>
| exports = {{Currency|2.60 billion|USD|passthrough=yes|linked=no}} (2014–2022)<ref name="SIPRI_India">{{cite web|url=https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/values.php|title=TIV of arms imports/exports data for France, 2014–2022|date=30 January 2024|work=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>
| history = [[Military history of France]] [[:Category:Wars involving France|Warfare directory of France]] [[List of wars involving France|Wars involving France]] [[:Category:Battles involving France|Battles involving France]]
| ranks = [[Ranks in the French Army|Army ranks]] [[Ranks in the French Navy|Navy ranks]] [[Ranks in the French Air and Space Force|Air and Space Force ranks]]
}}

The '''French Armed Forces''' ({{langx|fr|Forces armées françaises}}, {{IPA|fr|fɔʁs aʁme fʁɑ̃sɛːz|pron}}) are the [[military|military forces]] of [[France]]. They consist of four [[military branch]]es – the [[French Army|Army]], the [[French Navy|Navy]], the [[French Air and Space Force|Air and Space Force]], and the [[National Gendarmerie]]. The [[National Guard (France)|National Guard]] serves as the French Armed Forces' [[military reserve force]]. As stipulated by [[Constitution of France|France's constitution]], the [[president of France]] serves as [[commander-in-chief]] of the French military. The [[Chief of the Defence Staff (France)|Chief of the Defence Staff]], currently [[Army general (France)|''Général d'armée aérienne'']] [[Fabien Mandon]],<ref>{{cite web|title= Fabien Mandon, nouveau chef d'état-major des armées : Ces défis brûlants qui l'attendent|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/monde/europe/fabien-mandon-nouveau-chef-detat-major-ces-defis-brulants-qui-lattendent-3XHMPZMCOREZ5CLKFKMUF5R3JM/|date= 1 September 2025|access-date=2 September 2025|author=Clément Daniez|website=[[L'Express]]|lang=fr}}</ref> serves as the Armed Forces' military head.

France has the [[List of countries by military expenditures|ninth largest defense budget]] in the world and the second largest in the [[European Union]] (EU). It also has the [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|largest military by size]] in the EU.<ref name="SIPRI">{{cite web |url = https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/Milex-constant-2015-USD.pdf |title = Military expenditure by country, in constant (2015) US$ m., 2007–2016 (table) |publisher = [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] |access-date= 18 August 2017}}</ref> As of 2025, the total active personnel of the French Armed Forces is 264,000. While the reserve personnel is 43,000, for a total of 307,000 personnel (excluding the National Gendarmerie). Including the National Gendarmerie (155,000 in 2024<ref>{{cite web | title=Rejoindre la Gendarmerie nationale | url=https://www.gendarmerie.interieur.gouv.fr/notre-institution/la-gendarmerie-nationale/rejoindre-la-gendarmerie-nationale }}</ref>), the total manpower of the French Armed Forces combined is 462,000 strong.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.senat.fr/rap/r07-271/r07-2719.html#:~:text=La%20gendarmerie%20compte%20aujourd%27hui,l%27arm%C3%A9e%20de%20terre). | title=Quel avenir pour la gendarmerie ? | date=3 April 2023 }}</ref> A 2015 [[Credit Suisse]] report ranked the French Armed Forces as the world's sixth most powerful military.<ref name="CreditSuisse2015">{{cite report|url=http://publications.credit-suisse.com/tasks/render/file/index.cfm?fileid=EE7A6A5D-D9D5-6204-E9E6BB426B47D054|title=The End of Globalization or a more Multipolar World?|publisher=[[Credit Suisse]] AG|first1=Michael|last1=O’Sullivan|first2=Krithika|last2=Subramanian|date=2015-10-17|access-date=2017-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215235711/http://publications.credit-suisse.com/tasks/render/file/index.cfm?fileid=EE7A6A5D-D9D5-6204-E9E6BB426B47D054|archive-date=15 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Armed Forces continuously rank as one the institutions in which the French people have the highest confidence. A 2023 [[Institut français d'opinion publique|IFOP]] poll showed that 89% of the French trusted their Armed Forces.<ref>{{cite web|lang=fr|publisher=[[Institut français d'opinion publique]]|url=https://www.ifop.com/article/les-francais-et-lengagement-patriotique/|title=Les Français et l'engagement patriotique|date=13 October 2023|quote=L’armée arrive en deuxième position : près de neuf Français sur dix ont confiance dans l’armée (89%, dont 41% « tout à fait »).}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|Military history of France}}

The military history of France encompasses an immense panorama of conflicts and struggles extending for more than 2,000 years across areas, including modern France, greater Europe, and [[French colonial empire|French territorial possessions overseas]]. According to British historian [[Niall Ferguson]], the French participated in 50 of the 125 major European wars that have been fought since 1495; more than any other European state. They are followed by the Austrians who fought in 47 of them, the Spanish in 44 and the English (and later British) who were involved in 43. In addition, out of all recorded conflicts which occurred since the year 387 BC, France has fought in 168 of them, won 109, lost 49 and drawn 10.

The Gallo-Roman conflict predominated from 60 BC to 50 BC, with the Romans emerging victorious in the [[Gallic Wars|conquest of Gaul]] by [[Julius Caesar]]. After the decline of the [[Roman Empire]], a [[Germanic peoples|Germanic tribe]] known as the [[Franks]] took control of [[Gaul]] by defeating competing tribes. The "land of Francia", from which France gets its name, had high points of expansion under kings [[Clovis I]] and [[Charlemagne]]. In the [[Middle Ages]], rivalries with England and the [[Holy Roman Empire]] prompted major conflicts such as the [[Norman Conquest]] and the [[Hundred Years' War]]. With an increasingly centralized monarchy, the first standing army since Roman times, and the use of artillery, France expelled the English from its territory and came out of the Middle Ages as the most powerful nation in Europe, only to lose that status to Spain following defeat in the [[Italian Wars]]. The [[French Wars of Religion|Wars of Religion]] crippled France in the late 16th century, but a major victory in the [[Thirty Years' War]] made France one of the most powerful nations on the continent once more. In parallel, France developed its [[French colonial empire|first colonial empire]] in Asia, Africa, and in the Americas. Under [[Louis XIV]], France achieved military supremacy over its rivals, but escalating conflicts against increasingly powerful enemy coalitions [[War of the Spanish Succession|checked French ambitions]] and left the kingdom bankrupt at the opening of the 18th century.

Resurgent French armies secured victories in dynastic conflicts against the [[War of the Quadruple Alliance|Spanish]], [[War of the Polish Succession|Polish]], and [[War of the Austrian Succession|Austrian]] crowns. At the same time, France was [[French and Indian Wars|fending off attacks]] on its colonies. As the 18th century advanced, global competition with Great Britain led to the [[Seven Years' War]], where France lost its [[New France|North American holdings]]. Consolation came in the form of dominance in Europe and the [[American Revolutionary War]], where [[France in the American Revolutionary War|extensive French aid]] in the form of money and arms, and the [[Anglo-French War (1778–83)|direct participation of its army and navy]] led to America's independence.<ref name=aid>Richard Brooks (editor), ''Atlas of World Military History.'' p. 101. "''Washington's success in keeping the army together deprived the British of victory, but French intervention won the war.''"</ref> Internal political upheaval eventually led to 23 years of nearly continuous conflict in the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] and the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. France reached the zenith of its power during this period, dominating the European continent in an unprecedented fashion under [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], but by 1815 it had been restored to its pre-Revolutionary borders. The rest of the 19th century witnessed the growth of the [[Second French colonial empire]] as well as French interventions in [[Ten Days' Campaign|Belgium]], [[First Carlist War|Spain]], and [[French intervention in Mexico (disambiguation)|Mexico]]. Other major wars were fought against [[Russian Empire|Russia]] in the [[Crimean War|Crimea]], [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] in [[Second Italian War of Independence|Italy]], and [[Prussia]] within France itself.

Following defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]], [[French–German enmity|Franco-German rivalry]] erupted again in the First World War. France and its allies were victorious this time. Social, political, and economic upheaval in the wake of the conflict led to the Second World War, in which the Allies were defeated in the [[Battle of France]] and the French government surrendered and was replaced with an [[Vichy France|authoritarian regime]]. The [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], including the government in exile's [[Free French Forces]] and later a liberated French nation, eventually emerged victorious over the [[Axis powers]]. As a result, France secured an [[Allied-occupied Germany|occupation zone in Germany]] and a permanent seat on the [[United Nations Security Council]].

The imperative of avoiding a third Franco-German conflict on the scale of those of two world wars paved the way for [[European integration]] starting in the 1950s. France became a [[Force de frappe|nuclear power]] with its [[Gerboise Bleue|first test of an atomic bomb]] in [[Algeria]] in 1960.<ref>{{cite news |title=France Explodes Her First A-Bomb in a Sahara Test |first=W. Granger |last=Blair |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0913F63C5916738DDDAA0994DA405B808AF1D3&scp=32& |newspaper=New York Times |date=13 February 1960 |page=1 |access-date=5 November 2010 }}</ref> Since the 1990s its military action is most often seen in cooperation with [[NATO]] and its European partners.

 <gallery mode="packed">
File:Lionel Royer - Vercingetorix Throwing down His Weapons at the feet of Julius Caesar.jpg|[[Vercingetorix]] throws down his arms at the feet of [[Julius Caesar]] after the [[Battle of Alesia]] during the [[Gallic Wars|Roman conquest of Gaul]] (58–50 BC)
File:Lenepveu, Jeanne d'Arc au siège d'Orléans.jpg|[[Joan of Arc]] at the [[Siege of Orléans (1428–1429)|Siege of Orléans]] during the [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337–1453)
File:La bataille d'Austerlitz. 2 decembre 1805 (François Gérard).jpg|[[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]] at the [[Battle of Austerlitz]] during the [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars]] (1792–1815)
File:Free French Foreign Legionnairs.jpg|[[Free France|Free French]] [[French Foreign Legion|Legionnaires]] at the [[Battle of Bir Hakeim]] during the [[World War II|Second World War]] (1939–1945)
</gallery>

==International stance==
{{See also|France and weapons of mass destruction}}

Today, French military doctrine is based on the concepts of national independence, nuclear deterrence (''see [[Force de dissuasion]]''), and military self-sufficiency. [[France]] is a charter member of [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]], and has worked actively with its allies to adapt NATO—internally and externally—to the post-[[Cold War]] environment. In December 1995, France announced that it would increase its participation in NATO's military wing, including the Military Committee (France withdrew from NATO's military bodies in 1966 whilst remaining full participants in the Organisation's political Councils). France remains a firm supporter of the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] and other cooperative efforts. Paris hosted the May 1997 NATO-Russia [[Summit (meeting)|Summit]] which sought the signing of the Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security. Outside of NATO, France has actively and heavily participated in both coalition and unilateral peacekeeping efforts in [[Africa]], the [[Middle East]], and the [[Balkans]], frequently taking a lead role in these operations. France has undertaken a major restructuring to develop a professional military that will be smaller, more rapidly deployable, and better tailored for operations outside of mainland France. Key elements of the restructuring include: reducing personnel, bases and headquarters, and rationalisation of equipment and the [[arms industry in France|armaments industry]].

Since the end of the [[Cold War]], France has placed a high priority on arms control and non-proliferation. French Nuclear testing in the [[Pacific]], and the [[Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior|sinking of the ''Rainbow Warrior'']] strained French relations with its Allies, South Pacific states (namely [[New Zealand]]), and world opinion. France agreed to the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] in 1992 and supported its indefinite extension in 1995. After conducting a controversial final series of six nuclear tests on [[Mururoa]] in the [[Pacific Ocean|South Pacific]], the French signed the [[Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty]] in 1996. Since then, France has implemented a moratorium on the production, export, and use of anti-personnel [[land mine|landmines]] and supports negotiations leading toward a universal ban. The French are key players in the adaptation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe to the new strategic environment. France remains an active participant in: the major programs to restrict the transfer of technologies that could lead to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction: the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the [[Australia Group]] (for chemical and biological weapons), and the [[Missile Technology Control Regime]]. France has also signed and ratified the [[Chemical Weapons Convention]].

===White Papers===
{{Main|2008 French White Paper on Defence and National Security}}

====2008====
On 31 July 2007, President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] ordered M. Jean-Claude Mallet, a member of the Council of State, to head up a thirty-five member commission charged with a wide-ranging review of French defence. The commission issued its [[White Paper]] in early 2008.<ref>Official Presidential Website, [http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/elysee.fr/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2007/white_paper_on_defence_and_national_security_letter_to_m_jean-claude_mallet_member_of_the_conseil_d_etat.79322.html Letter of Engagement to M. Jean-Claude Mallet, 31 July 2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921130731/http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/elysee.fr/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2007/white_paper_on_defence_and_national_security_letter_to_m_jean-claude_mallet_member_of_the_conseil_d_etat.79322.html |date=21 September 2008 }}</ref>

Acting upon its recommendations, President Sarkozy began making radical changes in French defense policy and structures starting in the summer of 2008. In keeping with post-[[Cold War]] changes in European politics and power structures, the French military's traditional focus on territorial defence will be redirected to meet the challenges of a global threat environment. Under the reorganisation, the identification and destruction of [[terrorist]] networks both in metropolitan France and in [[francophone Africa]] will be the primary task of the French military. Redundant military bases will be closed and new weapons systems projects put on hold to finance the restructuring and global deployment of intervention forces. In a historic change, Sarkozy furthermore has declared that France "will now participate fully in [[NATO]]," four decades after former French president General [[Charles de Gaulle]] withdrew from the alliance's command structure and ordered American troops off French soil.<ref>Jim Hoagland, "France's Whirlwind of Change", Real Clear Politics, 18 June 2008 [http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/06/sarkozy_on_the_move.html]</ref>

====2013====
{{Main|2013 French White Paper on Defence and National Security}}

In May 2014, high ranking defence chiefs of the French Armed Forces threatened to resign if the defence budget received further cuts on top of those already announced in the 2013 White Paper. They warned that further cuts would leave the armed forces unable to support operations abroad.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/french-military-heads-threaten-to-resign-over-grave-defense-cuts |title=French Military Heads Threaten to Resign Over 'Grave' Defense Cuts |last1=Samuels |first1=Henry |date=23 May 2014 |website=www.atlanticcouncil.org |publisher=Telegraph |access-date=27 May 2014}}</ref>

===Recent operations===
[[File:Opérations extérieures depuis 2001.png|thumb|right|upright=2.0|
{{Legend|#0000FF|France}}
{{Legend|#F0002B|French military interventions since 2001: [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Afghanistan]], [[2004 French–Ivorian clashes|Ivory Coast]], [[Chadian Civil War (2005–10)|Chad]], [[2011 military intervention in Libya|Libya]], [[Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa|Somalia]], [[Northern Mali conflict|Mali]], [[Central African Republic conflict under the Djotodia administration|Central African Republic]], [[Syrian Civil War|Syria]], [[American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)|Iraq]]}}
]]

There are currently 36,000 [[Deployments of the French military|French troops deployed in foreign territories]]—such operations are known as "OPEX" for {{lang|fr|Opérations Extérieures}} ("External Operations"). Among other countries, France provides troops for the United Nations force stationed in [[Haiti]] following the [[2004 Haiti rebellion]]. France has sent troops, especially [[special forces]], into [[Afghanistan]] to help the United States and NATO forces fight the remains of the [[Taliban]] and [[Al Qaeda]]. In [[Opération Licorne]] a force of a few thousand French soldiers is stationed in [[Ivory Coast]] on a UN peacekeeping mission. These troops were initially sent under the terms of a mutual protection pact between France and the Ivory Coast, but the mission has since evolved into the current UN peacekeeping operation. The French Armed Forces have also played a leading role in the ongoing UN peacekeeping mission along the [[Lebanon]]-[[Israel]] border as part of the cease-fire agreement that brought the [[2006 Lebanon War]] to an end. Currently, France has 2,000 army personnel deployed along the border, including infantry, armour, artillery and air defence. There are also naval and air personnel deployed offshore.

The French Joint Force and Training Headquarters ({{lang|fr|État-Major Interarmées de Force et d'Entraînement}}) at Air Base 110 near [[Creil]] maintains the ability to command a medium or large-scale international operation, and runs exercises .<ref>[http://www.defense.gouv.fr/ema/commandement/organismes_et_directions_interarmees/emia_fe/emia_fe] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605155257/http://www.defense.gouv.fr/ema/commandement/organismes_et_directions_interarmees/emia_fe/emia_fe|date=June 5, 2010}}</ref> In 2011, from 19 March, France participated in the enforcement of a [[Libyan no-fly zone|no-fly zone]] over northern [[Libya]], during the [[2011 Libyan civil war|Libyan Civil war]], in order to prevent forces loyal to [[Muammar Gaddafi]] from carrying out air attacks on [[Anti-Gaddafi forces]]. This operation was known as [[Opération Harmattan]] and was part of France's involvement in the conflict in the NATO-led coalition, enforcing [[UN Security Council Resolution 1973]]. On 11 January 2013 France begun [[Operation Serval]] to fight Islamists in [[Mali]] and the [[Sahel Region|Sahal Region]] with African support but without NATO involvement and launched [[Operation Barkhane]] to combat terror in African Sahal from 2014 to 2022.

===Exercises===
[[File:French air force Dassault Rafale refuels from a U.S. Air Force KC-10 Extender.jpg|thumb|A [[Dassault Rafale]] refuels from a USAF KC-10 Extender]]

France participates in several recurring exercises with other nations, including:
* [[South America air forces maneuvers|CRUZEX]], joint aerial combat training exercises in Brazil.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110719031120/http://www.fab.mil.br/portal/operacoes_aereas/cruzex/index.php?page=mostra&id=212&idioma=1 FAB In CRUZEX IV Coalition Force's backstage]</ref><ref>[http://www.fab.mil.br/portal/capa/cruzex.pdf FAB CRUZEX IV] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719031147/http://www.fab.mil.br/portal/capa/cruzex.pdf |date=2011-07-19 }} {{in lang|pt}}</ref>
* [[Caraibe 2013]], every two years in the Caribbean, centering on [[Martinique]] and [[Guadeloupe]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lc.ambafrance.org/FRENCH-MILITARY-EXERCISE-CARAIBE |title=FRENCH MILITARY EXERCISE – CARAIBE 2013 |author= |date=3 May 2013 |website=La France dans la Caraïbe |publisher=Government of France |access-date= 8 May 2021}}</ref>
* [[Exercise Croix du Sud|Croix du Sud]], in New Caledonia every two years with Australia, New Zealand, the United States and other Pacific nations.
* [[Varuna (naval exercise)|Varuna]], an annual naval exercise with India.
* [[Air Defender 23|NATO Air Defender 2023]], the largest deployment exercise in NATO's history.
In 2023, Exercise Orion, the largest in decades, is to be held in the [[Champagne-Ardenne]] region. About 10,000 soldiers are expected to take part, along with the French navy and possibly forces from Belgium, Britain, and the United States.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2021/03/31/the-french-armed-forces-are-planning-for-high-intensity-war |title=The French armed forces are planning for high-intensity war |author= |date=31 March 2021 |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=8 May 2021 |url-access= limited}}</ref>

==Personnel==
[[File:Hexagone Balard @ Ballon de Paris @ Parc André Citroën @ Paris (28745446201).jpg|thumb|[[Hexagone Balard]], the headquarters of the French Armed Forces]]

The head of the French armed forces is the [[President of France|President of the Republic]], in his role as ''[[chef des armées]]''. However, the Constitution puts civil and military government forces at the disposal of the ''[[Cabinet of France|gouvernement]]'' (the executive cabinet of ministers chaired by the [[Prime Minister of France|Prime Minister]], who are not necessarily of the same political side as the president). The [[Minister of the Armed Forces (France)|Minister of the Armed Forces]] oversees the military's funding, procurement and operations.

Historically, France relied a great deal on [[conscription]] to provide manpower for its military, in addition to a minority of professional career soldiers. Following the [[Algerian War]], the use of non-volunteer draftees in foreign operations was ended; if their unit was called up for duty in war zones, draftees were offered the choice between requesting a transfer to another unit or volunteering for the active mission.

In 1996, President [[Jacques Chirac]]'s government announced the end of conscription and in 2001, conscription formally was ended. Young people must still, however, register for possible conscription (should the situation call for it). As of 2017 the French Armed Forces have total manpower of 426,265, and has an active personnel of 368,962 (with the [[Gendarmerie Nationale (France)|Gendarmerie Nationale]]).<ref name="Key figures in 2017">{{cite web |url=https://www.defense.gouv.fr/actualites/articles/chiffres-cles-de-la-defense-2017 |title=Chiffres clés de la Défense – 2017 |language=fr |publisher=Defense.gouv.fr |access-date=2018-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218090228/https://www.defense.gouv.fr/actualites/articles/chiffres-cles-de-la-defense-2017 |archive-date=2018-02-18 |url-status=dead }})</ref>

It breaks down as follows (2022):<ref>{{Cite web |title=defense.gouv.fr |url=https://www.defense.gouv.fr/ |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=www.defense.gouv.fr}}</ref>
* The [[French Army]]; 118,600 personnel.
* The [[French Air and Space Force]]; 43,597 personnel.
* The [[French Navy]]; 36,044 personnel.
* Tri-service [[French Defence Health service|DHS]], [[Operational Energy Service (France)|SEO]], and [[Délégation générale pour l'armement|DGA]]; 17,647 personnel in medical, support and administrative roles, and in the acquisition of weapon systems.

The [[Military reserve forces of France|reserve element]] of the French Armed Forces consists of two structures; the Operational Reserve and the Citizens Reserve. As of 2022 the strength of the Operational Reserve is 25,785 personnel.<ref name="Key figures in 2017"/>

Apart from the three main service branches, the French Armed Forces also includes a fourth military branch called the [[National Gendarmerie]]. It had a reported strength of 103,000 active personnel and 25,000 reserve personnel in 2018.<ref name="gendarmerie2011">[https://www.gendarmerie.interieur.gouv.fr/Notre-communication2/Publications-Documentations/MemoGend/Memogend-2018], gendarmerie.interieur.gouv.fr, 2018</ref> They are used in everyday law enforcement, and also form a coast guard formation under the command of the French Navy. There are however some elements of the Gendarmerie that participate in French external operations, providing specialised law enforcement and supporting roles.

Historically the [[National Guard (France)|National Guard]] functioned as the Army's reserve national defense and law enforcement militia. After 145 years since its disbandment, due to the risk of terrorist attacks in the country, the Guard was officially reactivated, this time as a service branch of the Armed Forces, on 12 October 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.militarytimes.com/articles/france-creates-national-guard-to-battle-terrorism|title=France creates National Guard to battle terrorism|first=Sylvie|last=Corbet|date=8 August 2017}}</ref>

Since 2019, young French citizens can fulfill the [[Civil conscription|mandatory service]] ''[[Service national universel|Service national universel (SNU)]]'' within the Armed Forces in the service branch of their choice.<ref>{{cite web|author=Text by: FRANCE 24 Follow |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190616-france-trial-macron-new-compulsory-national-service-teen-military |title=France begins trial of compulsory civic service for teens |date=16 June 2019 |publisher=France24.com |access-date=2020-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Williamson |first=Lucy |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48755605 |title=France's raw recruits sign up for return of national service |publisher=BBC |date=2019-06-26 |access-date=2020-06-02}}</ref>

==Organisation and service branches==
Placed under the command of the staffs, the French [[Military|armed forces]] include the five [[Military branch|service branches]], the [[French Army|Army]], the [[French Navy|National Navy]], the [[French Air and Space Force|Air and Space Force]], the [[National Gendarmerie]], and the [[National Guard (France)|National Guard]], as well as the support services and joint organizations:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Article L3211-1 du code de la Défense|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnArticleDeCode?code=CDAFENSM.rcv&art=L3211-1|access-date=2022-02-23|website=www.legifrance.gouv.fr}}</ref>

===French Army (''Armée de terre'')===
{{Main|French Army}}
{{See also|List of equipment of the French Army}}

* [[French Army Special Forces Command|Special Forces]]
* [[List of French paratrooper units|Airborne Units]] (''Troupes aéroportées'')
* [[Infantry]] (''Infanterie'')
* [[Armoured Cavalry Arm|Armoured Cavalry]] (''Arme blindée cavalerie'')
* [[Artillery]] (''Artillerie'')
* [[French Foreign Legion|Foreign Legion]] (''Légion étrangère'')
* [[Troupes de marine|Troupes de Marine]]
* [[French Army Light Aviation]] (''Aviation légére de l'armée de terre'', ''ALAT'')
* [[Engineering Arm|Engineers]] (''Génie'')
* [[Paris Fire Brigade]] (brigade des sapeurs-pompiers de Paris)
* [[Signal Corps (French Army)|Signal Corps]] (''Transmissions'')
* Transport and logistics (''Train'')
* [[Matériel (French Army)|Matériel]] (''Supply'')
* Intelligence (''Renseignement'')

 <gallery mode="packed">
File:Bastille Day Parade 2017, VBCI of the 16th battalion of chasseurs.jpg|[[VBCI]] armoured infantry fighting vehicles during the [[Bastille Day]] parade
File:SETC France’s Defensive Operations Lane (41661152745).jpg|[[Leclerc tank|Leclerc main battle tank]] taking part in the [[Strong Europe Tank Challenge]]
File:French, US forces continue working side by side.jpg|[[Eurocopter Tiger]] twin-engine attack helicopter
File:French VBLs in Afghanistan.jpg|Column of [[Véhicule Blindé Léger|VBL]]s in Afghanistan
File:35 VBCI1.jpg|Soldiers of the [[35th Infantry Regiment (France)|35th Infantry Regiment]] in formation behind a [[VBCI]]
File:French MO-120-RT-61 and Véhicule de Tracte Mortier 120 during Operation Desert Shield.JPEG|[[Mortier 120 mm Rayé Tracté Modèle F1|MO-120 RT heavy mortar]] of the 2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment during [[Opération Daguet]]
File:French Ceasar Task Force Wagram Al Quim.jpg|[[CAESAR self-propelled howitzer]] on the Iraqi-Syrian border
</gallery>

===National Navy (''Marine nationale'')===
{{Main|French Navy}}
{{See also|List of active French Navy ships}}

* [[List of French Paratrooper Units|Parachute Units of the French Navy]]
** [[Fusiliers Marins|Naval Infantry]] and [[naval commandos (France)|Naval Commandos]] (''Fusiliers Marins'')
* [[Aviation Navale|Naval Air Arm]] (''Aviation navale'')
* [[Submarine forces (France)|Submarine Force]] (''Forces sous-marines'')
* [[Force d'action navale|Naval Action Force]] (''Force d'action navale'')
* The [[Marseille Marine Fire Battalion]]

In addition, the [[National Gendarmerie]] form a Coast Guard force called the [[Maritime Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie Maritime]] which is commanded by the French Navy.

 <gallery mode="packed">
File:Collins class submarine with the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle in May 2019.jpg|[[French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle|[[French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle|''Charles de Gaulle'' (R91)]] nuclear-powered aircraft carrier
File:Temeraire1048.jpg|[[Triomphant-class submarine|[[Triomphant-class submarine|''Triomphant'']]-class nuclear ballistic missile submarine
File:French amphibious assault ship Mistral (L9013) underway in the Mediterranean Sea on 24 June 2020 (200624-M-IR130-1284).JPG|[[Mistral-class landing helicopter dock|''Mistral'']]-class amphibious assault helicopter carrier
File:Rafales aboard USS Harry Truman.jpg|[[Dassault Rafale|Rafale]] multirole fighter of the [[French Naval Aviation]]
File:Decollage caracal 1.JPG|[[Eurocopter EC725|Caracal]] military transport helicopter
File:French Frigate Forbin participates in Formidable Shield 2021 - 6665647.jpg|[[Horizon-class frigate|''Horizon'']]-class [[French frigate Forbin|''Forbin'' (D620)]] frigate
File:Flickr - Official U.S. Navy Imagery - A French landing craft comes ashore during the amphibious assault phase of Bold Alligator 2012..jpg|[[Engin de débarquement amphibie rapide|EDA-R]], high-speed amphibious landing craft
</gallery>

===French Air and Space Force (''Armée de l'air et de l'espace'')===
{{Main|French Air and Space Force}}
{{See also|List of active military aircraft of the French Armed Forces}}

* [[French Space Command]]
* [[List of French Paratrooper Units|Parachute Units of the French Air and Space Force]]
** [[Fusiliers Commandos de l'Air|Air and space force ground troops]] (''Fusiliers Commandos de l'Air'')
** [[List of French Paratrooper Units|Paratroopers/Special forces]] (''Commando parachutiste de l'air'')
* Territorial [[Air Defence]]

 <gallery mode="packed">
File:U S Air Force F-35As and French Rafales perform formation flight over France (6650328).jpg|[[Dassault Rafale|Rafale]] multirole combat aircraft
File:Transall de l'armée de l'air française sur la piste de Madama, 1er janvier 2015 - Fort de Madama.JPG|[[Transall C-160]] military transport aircraft
File:French Air Force Dassault Mirage 2000C.jpg|[[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000-5]] fighter aircraft
File:A400M FRENCH ARMY (43357902032).jpg|[[Airbus A400M Atlas]] tactical military transport aircraft
File:French Air Force EC725 lift off.jpg|[[Eurocopter EC725]], military transport helicopter
File:French Armed Forces2.JPEG|Parachute [[commandos]] of the [[French Air and Space Force]]
File:Bastille Day, Paris, 2017 (36127738205).jpg|Formation flight of the ''[[Patrouille de France]]''
</gallery>

===National Gendarmerie (''Gendarmerie nationale'')===
{{Main|National Gendarmerie}}

* [[List of French Paratrooper Units|Parachute Units of the National Gendarmerie]]
* [[Departmental Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie Départementale (GD)]] – territorial police force
* [[Mobile Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie Mobile (GM)]] – anti-riot unit and counter-terrorism group ([[GIGN]])
* [[Republican Guard (France)|Garde républicaine]] – republican guard of France
* [[Air Transport Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie des Transports Aériens]] – airport security force
* [[Air Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie de l'Air]] – used for Air and Space Force security
* [[Maritime Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie Maritime]] – coast guard unit
* Provost Gendarmerie – provides military police services to French Armed Forces personnel in deployments outside France
* Overseas Gendamerie – provides military police services in the French overseas dependencies and territories, as well as to embassies of France abroad

The [[National Gendarmerie]] is primarily a military and airborne capable police force which serves as a rural and general purpose police force.

 <gallery mode="packed">
File:GIGN65 Domenjod 160622.jpg|[[GIGN]] unit progressing in front of a [[Sherpa Light|Sherpa]] assault ladder vehicle during training
File:Volvo Ocean Race - P 620 (1).JPG|[[Vedette côtière de surveillance maritime|Sèvre (P620)]], coastal maritime surveillance patrol boat
File:Crisis Response Marines, French Gendarmerie conduct riot control training 160513-M-NJ276-171.jpg|French gendarmes and [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines]] during a joint exercise
File:Eurocopter EC-135 T2+ (7474070224).jpg|[[Eurocopter EC135]] helicopter operated by the Gendarmerie’s air units
File:DSC 9295 (39893874463).jpg|[[Berliet VXB-170]] four-wheel armoured vehicle of the Mobile Gendarmerie
File:Gendarmerie BMW R1100RT.jpg|Gendarmes of a [[motorcycle]] brigade
File:VIPG Centaure-6.jpg|VIPG Centaure [[Vehicle armour|armored vehicle]] of the Mobile Gendarmerie during a demonstration
</gallery>

===National Guard (''Garde nationale'')===
{{Main|National Guard (France)}}

Reactivated in 2014, the National Guard serves as the official primary military and police reserve service of the Armed Forces. It is placed under the jurisdiction of [[Ministry of Armed Forces (France)|Ministry of the Armed Forces]] and serves as a [[reserve force]]. It also doubles as a force multiplier for law enforcement personnel during contingencies and to reinforce military personnel whenever being deployed within France and abroad.

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Bastille Day Military Parade]]
* [[Combined Joint Expeditionary Force (CJEF)]]
* [[French Foreign Legion|Foreign Legion]]
* [[History of the French Navy from 1715 to 1789]]
* [[Lists of military equipment of France]]
* [[List of equipment of the French Army]]
* [[List of active military aircraft of the French Armed Forces]]
* [[Military history of France]]
* [[National Office for Veterans and Victims of War]]
* [[The Lancaster House Treaties (2010)]]
* [[Troupes de Marine]]
* [[Unmanned aerial vehicles in the French Armed Forces]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|40em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2021 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781032012278}}

==External links==
* [http://www.defense.gouv.fr/ Official site of the French Ministry of Defence]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170311223255/http://www.cfr.org/france/french-military-strategy-nato-reintegration/p16619 French Military Strategy and NATO Reintegration]—Council on Foreign Relations
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111023074200/http://www.opoccuu.com/france-ranks-insignia.htm French Army rank insignia]

{{French Military}}
{{France topics}}
{{Military of Europe}}
{{Militaries of European Union member states}}
{{North Atlantic Treaty Organization}}

[[Category:Military of France| 03]]
[[Category:1792 establishments in France]]
[[Category:Permanent Structured Cooperation]]

Chandivali Assembly constituency

2026-01-30T22:21:27Z

GildaNolan0093:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chandivali
| constituency_no = 168
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 168-Chandivali.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Mumbai North Central Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North Central]]
| district = [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Dilip Lande]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors = 453,074
}}
'''Chandivali Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies of the state of [[Maharashtra]] in western [[India]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=23 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=18 March 2010 }}</ref>

==Overview==
Chandivali (constituency number 168) is one of the 26 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in the [[Mumbai Suburban district]].<ref name=ceo/> The number of electors in 2009 was 368,233 (male 219,832, female 148,401).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf |title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=23 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409033702/http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf |archivedate=9 April 2011 }}</ref>

Chandivali is part of the [[Mumbai North Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North Central Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely [[Kalina Assembly constituency|Kalina]], [[Vile Parle Assembly constituency|Vile Parle]], [[Kurla Assembly constituency|Kurla]], [[Vandre West Assembly constituency|Vandre West]] and [[Vandre East Assembly constituency|Vandre East]] in the [[Mumbai Suburban district]].<ref name=ceo/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|colspan=4|{{center|''Till 2009 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Naseem Khan (politician)|Naseem Khan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|Rowspan=2|[[Dilip Lande]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=1}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandivali<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Chandivali">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Chandivali |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13168.htm |accessdate=28 December 2024 |publisher=The Times of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228054634/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13168.htm |archivedate=28 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="Chandivali Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Chandivali Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/chandivali |access-date=28 December 2024 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228054639/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/chandivali |archive-date=28 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dilip Lande|Dilip Bhausaheb Lande]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 1,24,641 |percentage = 52.39% |change={{increase}}7.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Naseem Khan (politician)|Mohammed Arif Naseem Khan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 1,04,016 |percentage = 43.72% |change={{decrease}}0.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mahendra Manji Bhanushali |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 7,347 |percentage = 3.09% |change={{decrease}}0.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,247 |percentage = 0.94% |change={{decrease}}0.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[ADV. UTTAMKUMAR SAHU]] |party=Independent |votes = 186 |percentage = 0.08% |change={{New}}0.08 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,625 |percentage = 8.67% |change= {{increase}}8.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,40,153 |percentage = 53.01% |change= {{increase}}1.64 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,37,906}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,53,074|ref = |change= {{increase}}19.44 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}7.89 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandivali<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dilip Lande|Dilip Bhausaheb Lande]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 85,879 |percentage = 44.50% |change={{increase}}20.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Naseem Khan (politician)|Mohammed Arif Naseem Khan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 85,470 |percentage = 44.29% |change={{increase}}3.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abul Hasan Khan |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 8,876 |percentage = 4.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sumeet Pandurang Baraskar |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 7,098 |percentage = 3.68% |change={{decrease}}12.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 3,360 |percentage = 1.74% |change={{decrease}}0.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mamata Shubhranshu Dixit |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,171 |percentage = 0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohd Imran Qureshi |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 1,167 |percentage = 0.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 409 |percentage = 0.21% |change= {{decrease}}16.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,96,357 |percentage = 51.76% |change= {{increase}}7.67 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,92,981}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,79,343|ref = |change= {{decrease}}9.18 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.97 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandivali<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Naseem Khan (politician)|Mohammed Arif Naseem Khan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 73,141 |percentage = 40.53% |change={{decrease}}11.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Singh Santosh Ramniwas |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 43,672 |percentage = 24.20% |change={{increase}}9.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ishwar Devram Tayade |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 28,678 |percentage = 15.89% |change={{decrease}}14.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Annamalai S. |party=Independent politician |votes = 20,266 |percentage = 11.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sharad Pawar |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 9,740 |percentage = 5.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 4,653 |percentage = 2.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adsul Vishal Narayan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,843 |percentage = 1.02% |change={{increase}}0.21 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,469 |percentage = 16.33% |change= {{decrease}}4.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,85,115 |percentage = 44.32% |change= {{decrease}}0.24 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,80,445}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,17,700|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.43 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}11.11 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandivali<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Naseem Khan (politician)|Mohammed Arif Naseem Khan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 82,616 |percentage = 51.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dilip Lande|Dilip Bhausaheb Lande]] |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 48,901 |percentage = 30.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sou. Chitra Somnath Sangle |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 22,782 |percentage = 14.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Katke Sahadev Alias Sadhu Shankar |party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 2,175 |percentage = 1.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tambare Tanaji Sadashiv |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,296 |percentage = 0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shah Latif Dim Mohammed |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,069 |percentage = 0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 33,715 |percentage = 21.08% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,59,968 |percentage = 43.44% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,59,964}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,68,233|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Chandivali]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai Suburban district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{Coords|19.11|72.90|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai Suburban district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Jahu, Himachal Pradesh

2026-01-28T01:10:05Z

GildaNolan0093: put up a data initial version - done

{{Short description|Village in Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jahu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = [[Hindi]]
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline = A view of Jahu Bus Stand.jpg
| image_alt = Jahu bus stand
| image_caption = Jahu [[bus stand]]
| other_name =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|31|35|23|N|76|43|27|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
| subdivision_type3 = Village
| subdivision_name3 = Jahu
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Bhoranj (Hamirpur district of Himachal Pradesh)|Bhoranj]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1189
| population_total = 2663
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pin Code]]
| postal_code = 176 048
| registration_plate =
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|1,411|mm|in}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. annual temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|21.9|°C|°F}}
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Jahu''' (also called '''Jahu Bhoranj''') is a village [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] in [[Bhoranj]] [[tehsil]], of the [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Jahu">{{cite web |url=http://www.gloriousindia.com/unleashed/place.php?id=73066 |title=Jahu - A village in the mandal of Bhoranj, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India |author= |date= |website= |publisher= |accessdate=29 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Pin Code of Jahu in Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh">{{cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/pincode/india/himachal-pradesh/hamirpur/jahu.html |title=Pin Code of Jahu in Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh |author= |date= |website= |publisher= |accessdate=29 December 2016}}</ref> Jahu is on a trijunction of Hamirpur, [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]] and [[Mandi District|Mandi]] districts.<ref name="101 Things to Do in Leh, Ladakh: Own a Dream House in Himachal Pradesh – Part II">{{cite web |url=http://theotherhomeindia.blogspot.com/2011/03/own-dream-house-in-himachal-pradesh.html |title=101 Things to Do in Leh, Ladakh: Own a Dream House in Himachal Pradesh – Part II |author= |date= |website= |publisher= |accessdate=29 December 2016}}</ref>

The people of Jahu use [[Hindi]] and [[Pahadi Language|Pahadi language]] for communication.

[[File:A Jahu image captured near Jahu Police Station.jpg|thumb|281x281px|A Jahu view from state highway 32, showing area near Jahu [[Police station#India|police station]]]]

==Economy==

[[Agriculture]] is the major economic driver of Jahu, however people are also involved in [[manufacturing industry|manufacturing]] and various trading businesses. Fishing is also an economy driver of Jahu.<ref name="101 Things to Do in Leh, Ladakh: Own a Dream House in Himachal Pradesh – Part II"/>

==The area, nearby cities==

Jahu is an emerging small town. The nearest major town is [[Sarkaghat]].<ref name="Jahu, हिंदी">{{cite web |url=http://wikiedit.org/India/Jahu/1077 |title=Jahu, हिंदी |author= |date= |website= |publisher= |accessdate=29 December 2016}}</ref> [[Bhota]] is {{convert|23|km|mi}} west, and Jahu is {{convert|36|km|mi}} east of [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamipur]], and {{convert|131|km|mi}} from [[Shimla]],<ref name="Distance between Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh, India and Bhoranj, Himachal Pradesh, India 36 Miles">{{cite web |url=http://www.distancebetweencities.co.in/bilaspur_himachal-pradesh_india_and_bhoranj_himachal-pradesh_india/ |title=Distance between Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh, India and Bhoranj, Himachal Pradesh, India 36 Miles / 57 Km |author= |date= |website= |publisher= |accessdate=29 December 2016 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018072321/http://www.distancebetweencities.co.in/bilaspur_himachal-pradesh_india_and_bhoranj_himachal-pradesh_india/ |url-status=dead }},</ref><ref name="Jahu Village, Bhoranj Tehsil, Hamirpur District">{{cite web |url=http://www.onefivenine.com/india/villages/Hamirpur/Bhoranj/Jahu |title=Jahu Village, Bhoranj Tehsil, Hamirpur District |author= |date= |website= |publisher= |accessdate=29 December 2016}}</ref>

To the north, {{convert|103|km|mi}} is [[Palampur]], to the east, {{convert|25|km|mi}} is [[Rewalsar Lake]] (see also [[Rewalsar, India]]), and {{convert|134|km|mi}} to the west is [[Hoshiarpur]].<ref name="Distance between Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh, India and Bhoranj, Himachal Pradesh, India 36 Miles"/>

[[Jahu Khurd (Himachal Pradesh)|Jahu Khurd]] is {{convert|2|km|mi}} south.<ref name="Distance between Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh, India and Bhoranj, Himachal Pradesh, India 36 Miles"/>

Big cities close to Jahu are [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]], {{convert|36|km|mi}} west, [[Sundarnagar]] at {{convert|37|km|mi}}, [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]] at {{convert|47|km|mi}}, and [[Nangal]] at {{convert|111|km|mi}}.<ref name="Distance between Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh, India and Bhoranj, Himachal Pradesh, India 36 Miles"/> [[Talai]] is {{convert|57|km|mi}} northwest, [[Ghumarwin]] is {{convert|28|km|mi}} south.<ref name="Distance between Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh, India and Bhoranj, Himachal Pradesh, India 36 Miles"/> [[Jogindernagar]] is {{convert|76|km|mi}} north.<ref name="Distance between Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh, India and Bhoranj, Himachal Pradesh, India 36 Miles"/> [[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]] is {{convert|44|km|mi}} southwest, as [[Pandoh (Himachal Pradesh)|Pandoh]], by [[Pandoh Dam]], is {{convert|65|km|mi}} northeast.<ref name="Distance between Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh, India and Bhoranj, Himachal Pradesh, India 36 Miles"/>

===Nearby tehsils===

Several [[tehsils]] are near Jahu. To the west is [[Hamirpur Tehsil]], and to the south [[Ghumarwin]], to the south east Baldwara Tehsil, and to the south is [[Bijhri Tehsil]], and to the north are [[Bamson Tehsil]] and [[Dharmpur, Mandi|Dharampur Tehsil]].

<ref name="Jahu Village, Bhoranj Tehsil, Hamirpur District" />

==People from Jahu==

[[Kangana Ranaut]], a [[Bollywood]] actress, did her primary education in Bhambla near Jahu.<ref name="Himachal's Bollywood Queen « Divya Himachal: No. 1 in Himachal news – News – Hindi news – Himachal news – latest Himachal news">{{cite web |url=http://www.divyahimachal.com/2015/04/himachals-bollywood-queen/ |title=Himachal's Bollywood Queen « Divya Himachal: No. 1 in Himachal news – News – Hindi news – Himachal news – latest Himachal news |author= |date= |website= |publisher= |accessdate=29 December 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==The Area==

Jahu is near [[Gobind Sagar]], a [[reservoir]] on the [[Sutlej]] river, which flows south of town. The [[Beas Satluj Link Project]] is northeast, as is [[Prashar Lake]].

The [[confluence]] of the [[Sunail Khad]] and the [[Seer Khad]] is just south of Jahu.<ref name="Microalgal diversity of Sheer Khad (stream): a tributary of Sutlej River, Himachal Pradesh, India (PDF Download Available)">{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261983719 |title=Microalgal diversity of Sheer Khad (stream): a tributary of Sutlej River, Himachal Pradesh, India (PDF Download Available) |author= |date= |website= |publisher= |accessdate=29 December 2016}}</ref> The Sunail Khad flows west of Jahu. The Seer Khad flows into the [[Sutlej River|Sutlej]].

The [[river source|source]] of the [[Beas River]] is just west.

==Access to and from==

Jahu has bus service.<ref name="Jahu Bus Station, Jahu, Himachal Pradesh, India to Mandi, HP, India directions, best route map, conditions and traffic inf">{{cite web |url=http://www.distanceindia.com/jahu-bus-station_himachal-pradesh_india_and_mandi_hp_india/route |title=Jahu Bus Station, Jahu, Himachal Pradesh, India to Mandi, HP, India directions, best route map, conditions and traffic info |author= |date= |website= |publisher= |accessdate=29 December 2016 |archive-date=30 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230002605/http://www.distanceindia.com/jahu-bus-station_himachal-pradesh_india_and_mandi_hp_india/route |url-status=dead }}</ref> The nearest railways station is [[Nangal Dam railway station]],<ref name="How to Reach Jahu, Driving Direction by Road, Trains, Flights, Bus / Car at MakeMyTrip Route Planner">{{cite web |url=https://www.makemytrip.com/routeplanner/how-to-reach-jahu.html |title=How to Reach Jahu, Driving Direction by Road, Trains, Flights, Bus / Car at MakeMyTrip Route Planner |author= |date= |website= |publisher= |accessdate=29 December 2016}}</ref> near [[Nangal]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], also near [[Bhakra Dam]]. The nearest airport is [[Bhuntar Airport]]. Buses are also available at specific timings to major cities like Dharamshala, Shimla, Chandigarh and Manali {{citation needed|date=February 2020}}.

==Other information==

People of Jahu are friendly and helpful. Jahu has a well developed infrastructure but during the [[Hamirpur Flood|Flood in 2014]], a bridge on the Seer Khad collapsed, and three people were washed downstream.<ref name="31 lives lost; rain damages to roads, bridges in Himachal put at Rs 412 Cr">{{cite web |url=http://hillpost.in/2014/08/31-lives-lost-rain-damages-to-roads-bridges-in-himachal-put-at-rs-412-cr/100634/ |title=31 lives lost; rain damages to roads, bridges in Himachal put at Rs 412 Cr |author= |date= |website= |publisher= |accessdate=29 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="hamirpur flood video: the crash of jahu bridge of himachal pradesh - YouTube">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8_SqsoVCCaQ |title=hamirpur flood video: the crash of jahu bridge of himachal pradesh - YouTube |author= |date= |website= |publisher= |accessdate=29 December 2016}}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist}}
{{Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh]]

Thiruvananthapuram City Circular

2026-01-21T04:18:23Z

GildaNolan0093: starting basic place first draft

{{Infobox Public transit
| name = KSRTC City Circular Thiruvananthapuram
| image =
| imagesize =
| locale = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| transit_type = Circular Bus Transit
| lines = 13
| stations = 1,000
| ridership = 80,000
| operator = [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]]<ref>{{cite web |title=City circular service, KSRTC’s Grama Vandi’, win national recognition |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/city-circular-service-grama-vandi-of-ksrtc-win-national-recognition/article66087657.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=2 November 2022}}</ref>
| vehicles = 1000
| headway = 15 minutes (peak hour) 30 minutes (off-peak hours)
}}

The '''Thiruvananthapuram City Circular''' is a bus service operated by the [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] (KSRTC) in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the capital of Kerala, India. The service was launched with a fleet of 64 buses in November, 2021 operating on seven route connecting major parts of the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=KSRTC city circular services start registering profit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ksrtc-city-circular-services-start-registering-profit/article66061817.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=27 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1 January 2022 |title=How seven coloured city circular route buses help commuters in Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-seven-coloured-city-circular-route-buses-help-commuters-thiruvananthapuram-159376 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> The service currently operates on 13 circular routes, with over 1000 stops and 24 interchange points (route intersection stops) serviced by a fleet of 132 buses, including electric buses. The buses operate every 15 minutes during peak hours and 30 minutes during off-peak hours. The fare for a journey ranges from INR 10 to 30.<ref>{{cite web |last1=ലേഖകൻ |first1=മാധ്യമം |title=കെ.എസ്.ആര്‍.ടി.സി; സിറ്റി സര്‍ക്കുലര്‍ രണ്ടാംഘട്ട ഇ-ബസുകൾ എത്തിത്തുടങ്ങി {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/local-news/trivandrum/ksrtc-city-circular-second-phase-e-buses-have-started-arriving-1167224 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml |date=4 June 2023}}</ref> The service is the first public transportation system in Kerala with a 'hop on, hop off' model. A 'Good Day Ticket' offers unlimited travel in any city circular bus valid upto 24 hours.<ref>{{cite web |title=കെഎസ്‌ആർടിസി സിറ്റി സർക്കുലർ ഇനി കൊച്ചിയിലും |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/ksrtc-city-circular-service/1095448 |website=Deshabhimani |language=ml}}</ref> The Road Transport Corporation claims an average daily ridership of 80,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |title=Relief for KSRTC as City Circular Service with e-buses turns profitable in TVM |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/relief-for-ksrtc-as-city-circular-service-with-e-buses-turns-profitable-in-tvm-78ed2533 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> Along with the services on circular routes, new Point-to-Point services have been introduced.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |title=Renaming and fare increase; KSRTC city circular e-bus deceives commuters |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/rates-increased-and-renamed-ksrtc-city-circular-deceives-commuters-27c06d65 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

==Routes==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Circular Service Routes
! '''Route No.'''
! Route name
! Route details
|-
| style="background-color: #ff0000;" | '''1C/1A'''
| '''Red''' Clockwise/Anti-Clockwise
|East Fort - Overbridge - Thampanoor - Overbridge - Ayurveda College - Statue - Spencer - VJT - Kerala University - Palayam - Legislature - PMG - Vikas Bhavan Depot - PMG - LMS - Museum - Kanakakunnu - Manaveeyam Road - Police Headquarters - Vazhuthakkad - Police Training College - Mettukada - Thycaud Hospital - Fly Over - Thampanoor - Overbridge - East Fort.
|-
| style="background-color: #0000FF;" | '''2C/2A'''
| '''Blue''' Clockwise/Anti-Clockwise
| East Fort - Overbridge - Thampanoor - Overbridge - Ayurveda College - Uppitamudu Bridge - Vanchiyur Court - Pattur - General Hospital - Kerala University - Palayam - Legislature - PMG - LMS - Museum - Kanakakunnuu - Vellayambalam - Shastamangalam - Sri Ramakrishna Hospital - Marutankuzhi - Kochar Road - Edapachinji - Jagati - Vazhuthakad - Bakery Junction - Jacobs Junction - Cantonment Gate - Statue - Ayurveda College - Overbridge - Thampanoor - East Fort.
|-
| style="background-color: #FD3DB5;" | '''3C/3A'''
| '''Magenta''' Clockwise/Anti-Clockwise
| Peroorkada Depot - Peroorkada - Ambalamukk - Kowdiar - TTC - Vellayambalam - Museum - LMS - Palayam - Statue - Thampanoor - Aristo - Model School - Bakery (Underpass) - RBI - Palayam (Stadium) - Legislature - PMG - Plamoodu - Pattom - Kesavadasapuram - Pattom - Kuravankonam - Kowdiar - Ambalammukku - Peroorkada - Peroorkada Depot
|-
| style="background-color: #FFFF00;" | '''4C/4A'''
| '''Yellow''' Clockwise/Anti-Clockwise
| Peroorkada Depot - Peroorkada - Ambalamukku - Kowdiar - TTC - Devaswom Board - Nanthancode - Museum - LMS - Palayam - VJT - Kerala University - Flyover - Legislature - PMG - Plamoodu - Pattom - Potakuzhi - Medical College - Ulloor - Kesavadasapuram - Paruthipara - Muttada - Vayalikada - Santwana Junction - Ambalamukku - Peroorkada - Peroorkada Depot
|-
| style="background-color: #7F00FF;" | '''5C/5A'''
| '''Violet''' Clockwise/Anti-Clockwise
|Peroorkada Depot - Oolampara - HLL - Pipinmood - Edapazhanji - Cotton Hill School, Vazhuthacaud - Mettukada - Thycaud - Thampanoor - Ayurveda College - Statue - Palayam - Assembly - LMS - Museum - Vellayambalam - TTC - Kowdiar - Ambalamukku - Peroorkada - Peroorkada Depot
|-
| style="background-color: #964B00;" | '''6C/6A'''
| '''Brown''' Clockwise/Anti-Clockwise
|East Fort - Overbridge - Thampanoor - Flyover - Chenthitta - Kannettumukku - Jagathy - Edapazhanji - Sasthamangalam - Sree Ramakrishna Hospital - Maruthamkuzhi - Forest Office (PTP Nagar) - PTP Nagar - Vettamukku - Ilipode - Valiyavila - Tirumala - Vijayamohini Mill - Poojappura - Kunchalumoodu - Karamana - Killipalam - Attakkulangara Road - East Fort.
|-
| style="background-color: #008000;" | '''7C/7A'''
| '''Green''' Clockwise/Anti-Clockwise
|East Fort - Transport Bhavan - Vazhappally - Fort Hospital - Uppidamoodu Bridge - Petta Pallimukku - Kannammoola - Kumarapuram - Medical College - Murinjapalam - Pottakuzhi - Theekumoodu - Anadyil Hospital - Law College Junction - Vikas Bhavan Depot - P. M. G. - L. M. S. - Palayam - Statue - Ayurveda College - Overbridge - Thampanoor - Overbridge - East Fort.
|-
| style="background-color: #808080;" | '''8C/8A'''
| '''Air - Rail''' Clockwise/Anti-Clockwise
|East Fort North Bus Stand - Thampanoor Railway Station - East Fort South Bus Stand - Manacaud - Valiyathura - Airport (Domestic) - Airport (International) - Chakka - Pettah - Pattur - Kerala University - Thampanoor Railway Station - East Fort
|-
| style="background-color: #FF4D00;" | '''9C/9A'''
| '''Orange''' Clockwise/Anti-Clockwise
|East Fort- Thampanoor - Overbridge - Secretariat - Pattor - Chakai - Shangumugham - Airport - Valiyathura - Kallumoodu - Manacaud - East Fort
|-
| style="background-color: #6D5ACF;" |'''10C/10A'''
|'''Indigo'''
Clockwise/Anti-Clockwise
|Thampanoor - East Fort South Bus Stand - Kalipankulam - Koncharivila Temple - Bound Road - Milma - Thiruvallam - Ambalathara - Kamaleswaram - Manacaud - East Fort North Bus Stand -Thampanoor
|-
| style="background-color: #FFC30B|'''11C/11A'''
|'''Gold'''
Clockwise/Anti-Clockwise
|Thampanoor - East Fort South Bus Stand - Manacaud - Kamaleswaram - Ambalathara - Poonthura - Beemapally - Valiyathura - Mukkolakkal - Manacaud - East Fort North Bus Stand -Thampanoor
|-
| style="background-color: #808000;" |'''12C/12A'''
|'''Olive'''
Clockwise/Anti-Clockwise
|Thampanoor - East Fort South Bus Stand - Eenchakkal - Vallakadavu - Ponnara Bridge - Sulaiman Street - Domestic -Airport (International) - Chakka - Petta - Pattur - Kerala University -Thampanoor
|-
| style="background-color: #00FFFF;" |'''13C/13A'''
|'''Cyan'''
Clockwise/Anti-Clockwise
|Thampanoor - East Fort South Bus Stand - Kamaleswaram - Kallettumukku - Ambalathara - Manikkavilakam- Kallumoodu - Manacaud - East Fort North Bus Stand - Thampanoor
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bus rapid transit in India]]

Raghubhai Merajbhai Desai

2026-01-05T19:50:23Z

GildaNolan0093: new new entry v1

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{orphan|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

'''Raghubhai Merajbhai Desai''' is an Indian politician. He was a Member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Radhanpur Assembly constituency]] from 2019 to 2022 after winning a by-election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Bypoll Results: Alpesh Thakor's Move From Congress To BJP Backfires |url=https://english.newsnationtv.com/assembly-elections/gujarat-elections/gujarat-assembly-bypoll-results-2019-counting-begins-bjp-congress-242001.html |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=News Nation English |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat: BJP candidate Alpesh Thakor loses Radhanpur by-poll |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/gujarat-bjp-candidate-alpesh-thakor-loses-radhanpur-by-poll20191024184530/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Neelam |date=2019-10-24 |title=Congress wins 3 seats in Gujarat bypolls, defector Alpesh Thakor loses in Radhanpur |url=https://theprint.in/politics/congress-wins-3-seats-in-gujarat-bypolls-defector-alpesh-thakor-loses-in-radhanpur/310858/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=2019-10-24 |title=Gujarat: BJP candidate Alpesh Thakor loses Radhanpur by-poll |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/gujarat-bjp-candidate-alpesh-thakor-loses-radhanpur-by-poll-119102401512_1.html |access-date=2022-12-24}}</ref> He is associated with the [[Indian National Congress]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]

{{Gujarat-INC-politician-stub}}

Koothu

2025-12-30T10:10:40Z

GildaNolan0093: corrected article and improved wording

{{Short description|Tamil performing folk art}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox music genre
| name = Koothu
| image = MET DP363734.jpg
| image_size = 250
| caption = Koothu costumes, c.1700–1750
| stylistic_origins = [[Ancient Tamil music]], [[Dance forms of Tamil Nadu]]
| cultural_origins = [[Tamilakam]]
| derivatives = [[Terukkuttu]], [[Kattaikkuttu]]
}}
'''Koothu''', or '''Therukoothu''', is an ancient [[Dance forms of Tamil Nadu|Tamil art form]], where artists enacted scenes from epics and folklore with dance and music. It is a form of storytelling art that originated in the early [[Tamilakam]], and served as an entertainment and a medium to educate the people about religion and history. Various forms exist such as [[Terukuttu]] and [[Kattaikkuttu]].

== Description ==
Koothu is an ancient [[Dance forms of Tamil Nadu|Tamil art form]], which is a form of [[Indian classical drama|drama]], where artists enacted scenes from epics and folklore with dance and music. It involves play performance along with narration and singing.<ref>{{cite book|title=Images of the Body in India: South Asian and European Perspectives on Rituals and Performativity|year=2012|isbn=978-1-13670-392-8|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|editor1=Axel Michaels|editor2=Christoph Wulf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ui2pAgAAQBAJ&q=koothu|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140334/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Images_of_the_Body_in_India/ui2pAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=koothu|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sangam literature]] such as ''[[Silappatikaram]]'' provide detailed description of the art form.<ref name="Vijay">{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|author=Vijaya Ramaswamy|year=2017|isbn=978-1-538-10686-0|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|page=357}}</ref> The stories are drawn from Hindu epics such as [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]], mythology and folklore. Apart from entertainment, koothu also serves as a medium of education to the rural people about religion and history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamilnadu.com/arts/therukoothu.html|title=Therukoothu|work=Tamilnadu.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619060246/http://tamilnadu.com/arts/therukoothu.html|archive-date=19 June 2013}}</ref>

== Variations ==
Koothu broadly consists of the art forms of [[Terukuttu]] and [[Kattaikkuttu]]. Terukkuttu refers to mobile performances in a procession, while Kattaikkuttu denotes narrative performance, often performed overnight, on a fixed performance space.<ref>{{cite web|title=Therukoothu: The People's Art|url=http://www.maduraimessenger.org/printed-version/2010/april/therukoothu-the-people-s-art/|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116191807/http://www.maduraimessenger.org/printed-version/2010/april/therukoothu-the-people-s-art/|archive-date=16 January 2014|access-date=11 December 2010|work=Times of Madurai}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu">{{cite web |last=Mangai |first=A. |date=26 March 2025 |title=How a koothu performance proved to be a social leveller |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/how-a-koothu-performance-proved-to-be-a-social-leveller/article69376224.ece |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=28 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528161018/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/how-a-koothu-performance-proved-to-be-a-social-leveller/article69376224.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Koothu generally means a performance and is used as a part of the names denoting other specific art forms. These include Nattu Koothu, Kuravai Koothu, and Valli Koothu, which depict scenes from the state and culture of different peoples in Tamil country. Samaya Koothu showcases religious topics, while Porkaala Koothu, Pei Koothu, and Thunangai Koothu are focused on the martial arts and war of the country. Other forms include Chakyar Koothu and Ottan koothu, a tribal ritual dance form.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/tamilnadu/music-and-dance/theru-koothu.html|title=Theru Koothu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622055107/http://www.mapsofindia.com/tamilnadu/music-and-dance/theru-koothu.html |archive-date=22 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="Ottan">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8vfAAAAMAAJ|page=226-227|title=Folk Dance Traditions of India|author=Shovana Narayan|publisher=Shubhi Publication|year=2004|isbn=978-81-87226-93-2 |access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140333/https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=s8vfAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bommalattam]], a type of string [[puppetry]], is also referred to as thol pavai koothu (dance of leather dolls).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/shadow-play/article4705618.ece|title=Shadow play|date=15 May 2013|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|archive-date=22 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422134246/https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/shadow-play/article4705618.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Performance ==
[[File:Aritharam.JPG|thumb|Koothu performer|upright=0.5]]

The performers are called as "koothar".<ref name="Vijay"/> They wear elaborate wooden headgear, special costumes with swirling skirts, ornaments such as heavy anklets along with prominent face painting and make-up.<ref name="Koothu">{{cite book|title=Masks and Performance with Everyday Materials|first1=Gita|last1=Wolf|first2=V.|last2=Geetha|first3=Anushka|last3=Ravishankar|year=2003|isbn=978-8-18621-147-2|publisher=Tara Publishing|page=37-38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c4XWU6kr1_UC&pg=PA37|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140337/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Masks_and_Performance_with_Everyday_Mate/c4XWU6kr1_UC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA37|url-status=live}}</ref> While traditionally the performers have been predominantly male, women have been included in modern times.<ref>{{cite web |last=Srinivasaraghavan |first=N. C. |date=7 October 2021 |title=Women take centre stage at Kattaikkuttu Sangam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/women-take-centre-stage-at-kattaikkuttu-sangam/article]] | work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The art is a form of street theater, performed during festivals in open public places such as temples or village squares. It is usually dedicated to Hindu goddesses such as [[Mariamman]] or [[Draupadi]]. The dance is accompanied by music played from traditional instruments and the story is usually narrated by a ''kattiyakaran'' in the background during the performance.<ref name="Koothu" /> The artisians often train in a ''koothu pattarai'' (theatre workshop) under a nattuvanar (teacher).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/article25437297.ece|title=Remembered realities|date=8 November 2018|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref>

== Areas of practice ==
Koothu is an art form which has been practised in [[Tamil Nadu]] since the [[Sangam period]].<ref name="Vijay"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Etiquette: A Glimpse Into India's Culture|author=Niraalee Shah|year=2021|isbn=978-1-63886-554-4|page=132|publisher=[[Notion Press]]}}</ref> Theater groups such as the [[Koothu-P-Pattarai]] have been performing the art form in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite web |last=Santhanam |first=Kausalya |date=21 September 2005 |title=Master of avant-garde theatre |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/11/28/stories/2008112850610300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202034312/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/11/28/stories/2008112850610300.htm |archive-date=2 December 2008 |access-date=1 February 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Koothu-P-Pattarai |date=21 September 2005 |url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Koothu-P-Pattarai-57185.htm |access-date=1 February 2009 |work=India9 |archive-date=18 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091118173200/http://www.india9.com/i9show/Koothu-P-Pattarai-57185.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Dedicated schools such as Kattaikuthu Gurkulam and various training programmes have also been established for training artisans.<ref name="The Hindu"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/koothu-comes-to-town/article5702479.ece|title=Koothu comes to town|date=18 May 2016|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=2 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102092745/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/koothu-comes-to-town/article5702479.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In the early 2020s, the art form suffered a dip due to the [[COVID-19]] enforced [[COVID-19 lockdowns|lockdowns]], with artists struggling for means to earn a livelihood.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shekar |first=Anjana |date=18 June 2020 |title=Traditional folk artists across Tamil Nadu hit hard during lockdown |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/traditional-folk-artists-across-tamil-nadu-hit-hard-during-lockdown-126841 |access-date=13 June 2025| work=The News Minute }}</ref>

Apart from Tamil Nadu, as Tamils migrated abroad to various countries such as Sri Lanka and Fiji, the art form was carried to those regions.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://saarcculture.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/diasporic-monograph.pdf|title=Diasporic Monograph|date=February 2016|page=181|work=[[SAARC]]|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108082331/https://saarcculture.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/diasporic-monograph.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Fiji">{{cite news|url=https://fijisun.com.fj/2015/07/28/hindus-in-navua-mark-end-of-pooja/|title=Hindus In Navua Mark End Of Pooja|date=28 July 2015|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[Fiji Sun]]|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127141438/https://fijisun.com.fj/2015/07/28/hindus-in-navua-mark-end-of-pooja/|url-status=live}}</ref> In Fiji, it is called as "tirikutu" in Fiji, and is performed by males during temples festivals.<ref name="Fiji"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.fijitimes.com.fj/devotees-prepare-for-prayer-ceremony/|title=Devotees prepare for prayer ceremony|date=26 May 2015|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[Fiji Times]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Koodiyattam]]
* [[Kathakali]]
* [[Yakshagana]]
* [[Dappankuthu]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.therukoothu.org Therukoothu.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405193649/http://www.therukoothu.org/ |date=5 April 2013 }}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kUJPioz_lMk Therukoothu documentary], Bay of Bengal Programme Inter-Governmental Organisation

{{Dance in India}}
[[Category:Tamil culture]]
[[Category:Tamil dance styles]]
[[Category:Classical theatre of india]]

Noboru Karashima

2025-12-26T03:31:29Z

GildaNolan0093: added references

{{Short description|Japanese historian and writer (1933–2015)}}
{{Infobox scholar
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Noboru Karashima
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Noboru Karashima (historian).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1933|04|24}}
| birth_place = {{JPN}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2015|11|26|1933|04|24}}
| death_place = [[Tokyo]]
| nationality =
| other_names = 辛島昇
| ethnicity = 
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| main_interests = South Indian History South Asian History
| workplaces = [[University of Tokyo]] [[Taisho University]] Epigraphical Society of India Japan Association for South Asian Studies International Association of Tamil Research (IATR)
| occupation = Professor, Writer, Historian
| awards = [[Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize]] [[Padma Shri]]
}}
{{Nihongo|'''Noboru Karashima'''|辛島昇|Karashima Noboru|24 April 1933 – 26 November 2015}}<ref name="Hindu">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-scholar-who-inspired-a-generation/article7920303.ece | title=Tamil scholar who inspired a generation | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=27 November 2015 | access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref> was a Japanese historian, writer and [[Professor Emeritus]] in [[University of Tokyo]], Japan. He also served as Professor Emeritus at the [[Taisho University]], Japan. He was a prominent scholar of Asia in the studies of south Indian and South Asian histories. He has rewritten historical accounts on medieval south India and published a number of writings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.city.fukuoka.lg.jp/fu-a/en/culture_prizes/detail/30.html |title=KARASHIMA Noboru – Fukuoka Asian Culture Prizes – Archive Library – Fu:a SENSE ASIA IN FUKUOKA |publisher=City.fukuoka.lg.jp |access-date=2013-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208045632/http://www.city.fukuoka.lg.jp/fu-a/en/culture_prizes/detail/30.html |archive-date=2015-12-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Professor Karashima played a critical role in developing Indo-Japan cultural ties and was conferred the [[Padma Shri]] award in 2013, one of India's highest civilian award, for his contribution in the field of literature and education.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |year=2015 |access-date=July 21, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=October 15, 2015 }}</ref> In a rare gesture the Indian Prime Minister Dr. [[Manmohan Singh]] handed over the award personally to Professor Karashima in Tokyo.<ref>{{cite web|agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/manmohan-presents-padma-shri-to-japanese-tamil-scholar/article4759597.ece |title=Manmohan presents Padma Shri to Japanese Tamil scholar. |work=The Hindu |access-date=2013-08-07}}</ref> He died of leukemia in November, 2015.

==Position held==
*President of the Epigraphical Society of India in 1985.
*President of the Japan Association for South Asian Studies from 1996 to 2000.
*He was the President of International Association of Tamil Research (IATR) from 1989 to 2010.<ref>{{cite web|author=Noboru Karashima |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/iatr-and-the-world-classical-tamil-conference/article528744.ece |title=Opinion / Op-Ed : IATR and the World Classical Tamil Conference |work=The Hindu |date=2010-07-23 |access-date=2013-01-23}}</ref> He organised 8th [[World Tamil Conference]] in 1995 at [[Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-25/india/28105633_1_tamil-research-aiadmk-chief-jayalalithaa-locus-standi |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216072018/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-25/india/28105633_1_tamil-research-aiadmk-chief-jayalalithaa-locus-standi |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-02-16 |title=DMK govt has no locus standi to host global Tamil meet: Jayalalitha |date=2009-09-25 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-01-23}}</ref> He and IATR boycotted 9th World Tamil Conference in 2009 due to the political interference. He resigned from the post of president in 2010 because of the same reason.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/Requiem-for-the-IATR-and-my-resignation-as-its-President/article16129298.ece |title=Opinion / News Analysis : Requiem for the IATR and my resignation as its President |work=The Hindu |access-date=2018-05-05}}</ref>

==Books==
*''South Indian History and Society - Studies from Inscriptions AD 850-1800'', Oxford University Press, Delhi (1984)
*''Kingship in Indian History''<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oyiKAAAAMAAJ | title=Kingship in Indian history – Google Books | publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors | access-date=2013-01-23 | author=Karashima, Noboru | author-link=Noboru Karashima | year=1999 | page=271 | isbn=9788173045448}}</ref>
*''Towards a New Formation: South Indian Society under Vijayanagar Rule''<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ARe1AAAAIAAJ | title=Towards a new formation: South Indian society under Vijayanagar rule – Noboru Karashima – Google Books | publisher=Oxford University Press | access-date=2013-01-23 | author=Karashima, Noboru | author-link=Noboru Karashima | year=1992 | page=294 | isbn=0195628616}}</ref> (1992)
*''A Concordance of the Names in Cōl̲a inscriptions''<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYJAAAAAMAAJ | title=A concordance of the names in Cōl̲a inscriptions – Noboru Karashima, Y. Subbarayalu, Tōru Matsui – Google Books | publisher=Sarvodaya Ilakkiya Pannai | access-date=2013-01-23 | author=Karashima, Noboru | author-link=Noboru Karashima | year=1978}}</ref>
*''History and Society in South India: The Cholas to Vijayanagar. Comprising South Indian History and Society and Towards a New Formation''<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TRtuAAAAMAAJ | title=History and society in South India: the Cholas to Vijayanagar : comprising ... – Noboru Karashima – Google Books | publisher=Oxford University Press India | access-date=2013-01-23 | author=Karashima, Noboru | author-link=Noboru Karashima | year=2001 | page=307 | isbn=0195651049}}</ref> (2001)
*''A Concordance of Nāyakas: The Vijayanagar Inscriptions in South India'' (2002)
*''Ancient to Medieval: South Indian Society in Transition'' (2009)
*''A Concise History of South India. Issues and Interpretations''<ref>{{cite book | publisher=Oxford University Press.}}</ref> (2014)

==Awards==
*[[Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize]] (1995)
*[[Japan Academy Prize (academics)|Japan Academy Prize]] (2003)
*[[Person of Cultural Merit]] (2007)
*[[Padma Shri]] (2013)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/Padma%28E%292013.pdf | title=List of Padma Awardees | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, India | access-date=2013-01-26 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karashima, Noboru}}
[[Category:20th-century Japanese historians]]
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Linguists of Tamil]]
[[Category:Japanese Indologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Japanese historians]]
[[Category:Deaths from leukemia in Japan]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Tokyo]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]
[[Category:Academics from Tokyo Metropolis]]

{{Japan-academic-bio-stub}}

Indigenous cattle breeds of India

2025-11-30T16:30:16Z

GildaNolan0093:

{{Short description|none}}

Of the more than 800 [[cattle breeds]] recognized worldwide, India had 27 acknowledged [[indigenous breeds]] of cattle and 7 breeds of buffalo. {{as of|2018}} the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]] recognized 50 breeds that are indigenous in India,<ref>{{cite web | url= https://nbagr.icar.gov.in/en/registered-cattle/ | title= Registered Breeds Of Cattle | publisher= ICAR National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources | access-date= December 26, 2021 | archive-date= December 26, 2021 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211226122739/https://nbagr.icar.gov.in/en/registered-cattle/ | url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="JAR">{{cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332143111 | title=Conservation of Indigenous Cattle Breeds |author=Srivastava, Amit Kumar |author2=Patel, J |author3=Ankuya, Kanu |author4=hauhan, H |author5=Pawar, Mahesh |author6=Gupta, Jay Prakash | journal=Journal of Animal Research | year=2019 | volume=9 | pages=1–12| doi=10.30954/2277-940X.01.2019.1 | s2cid=134903361 | doi-access=free }}</ref> of which two cattle breeds and three buffalo breeds were added in 2018.<ref name="ICAR 2018">{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1555652 | title=Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has approved registration of record 15 new breeds of livestock and poultry this year | publisher=[[Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare]] | work=[[Press Information Bureau]], Government of India | date=12 December 2018 | access-date=November 27, 2019 | archive-date=26 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126015353/https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1555652 | url-status=live }}</ref> Local conservation programs are endeavouring to maintain the purity of breeds such as Tharparkar,<ref name="Saving Tharparkar"/> dwarf cattle such as [[Kasaragod Dwarf cattle|Kasaragod]], and [[Kankrej]], [[Amrit Mahal]] and [[Kangayam]].<ref name="Kasaragod conservation"/> On the basis of main uses, Indigenous cattle breeds are classified in to [[Dairy cattle|milch]] (cow and buffaloes for milk), [[Working animal#Draft animals|draft]] (load carrying such as ox), and dual purpose (i.e. milk and draft).<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.nddb.coop/services/animalbreeding/geneticimprovement/breeds| website=nddb.coop| title=Breeds| access-date=28 December 2021| archive-date=27 December 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227044527/https://www.nddb.coop/services/animalbreeding/geneticimprovement/breeds| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://eagri.org/eagri50/LPM201/lec04.pdf | title=Definition of breed-classification of indigenous, exotic cattle and buffaloes | access-date=28 December 2021 | archive-date=28 December 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228060914/http://eagri.org/eagri50/LPM201/lec04.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>

== All India livestock census (in thousands) ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Exotic/Crossbred
!2007
!2012
!% change
|-
|Male
|6,844
|5,971
|<nowiki>-12.75</nowiki>
|-
|Female
|26,216
|33,760
|28.78
|-
|Total
|33,060
|39,732
|20.18
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Indigenous<ref name="salient_features-19th_livestock">{{Cite web|url=http://dairyknowledge.in/sites/default/files/salient_features-19th_livestock_censusenglish.pdf|title=statistics|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170347/http://dairyknowledge.in/sites/default/files/salient_features-19th_livestock_censusenglish.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
!2007
!2012
!% change
|-
|Male
|76,779
|61,949
|<nowiki>-19.32</nowiki>
|-
|Female
|89,236
|89,224
|<nowiki>-0.01</nowiki>
|-
|Total
|1,66,015
|1,51,172
|<nowiki>-8.94</nowiki>
|}

== Indigenous cattle breeds of India==

Total population and breeds of indigenous cattle of India are as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.love4cow.com/pdf/issue8/29-37.pdf|title=BIODIVERSITY OF INDIGENOUS CATTLE AND ITS UTILITY|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2021-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219175711/http://www.love4cow.com/pdf/issue8/29-37.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dairyknowledge.in/section/cattle-breeds|title=Cattle Breeds|website=Dairy Knowledge Portal|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119062717/http://dairyknowledge.in/section/cattle-breeds|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/guernsey/index.html/cattle|title=Breeds of Livestock - Cattle Breeds — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science|website=ansi.okstate.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170346/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/guernsey/index.html/cattle|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!S No
! Breed || Image || Region of origin
!Type
!Related cattle breed|| Description
|-
|1
|[[Alambadi (cattle)|Alambadi]]
|
|Alambadi, [[Dharmapuri district]], Tamil Nadu
|draught
|
|
|-
|2
| [[w:Amrit Mahal|Amritmahal]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Royalty-to-history-End-of-road-for-Amrit-Mahal/articleshow/18963440.cms|title=Royalty to history: End of road for Amrit Mahal?|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2016-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924123557/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Royalty-to-history-End-of-road-for-Amrit-Mahal/articleshow/18963440.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|Hassan, Chikmagalur and Chitradurga district, Karnataka.
|draught
|
|
|-
|3
|[[Gyr (cattle)|Gir]]
!
|Gir forest region and surrounding districts, Saurashtra region, Gujarat
|[[Dairy cattle|milch]]
|Bhadawari, Desan, Gujarati, Kathiawari, Sorthi, and Surati.
Gyr<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cattle-today.com/Gyr.php|title=Gyr Cattle at Cattle-Today.com|last=expert|first=Gyr cattle|website=cattle-today.com|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112050301/http://cattle-today.com/Gyr.php|url-status=live}}</ref> - Brazil,
|
|-
|4
|[[Red Sindhi cattle|Red Sindhi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/redsindhi|title=Breeds of Livestock - Red Sindhi Cattle — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science|website=ansi.okstate.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2016-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224094344/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/redsindhi|url-status=live}}</ref>
!
|Karachi and Hyderabad (Pakistan) regions of undivided India
|milch
|Red Karachi, Sindhi and Mahi
!
|-
|5
|[[Sahiwal cattle|Sahiwal]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/for-desi-breed-sahiwal-punjab-luring-farmers-with-special-benefits-rashtriya-gokul-mission-indigenous-cow-breed/story-MTquWIOvaOfTZgiHkyiDTM.html|title=For desi breed 'Sahiwal', Punjab luring farmers with special benefits|date=2016-05-06|newspaper=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102175544/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/for-desi-breed-sahiwal-punjab-luring-farmers-with-special-benefits-rashtriya-gokul-mission-indigenous-cow-breed/story-MTquWIOvaOfTZgiHkyiDTM.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/sahiwal|title=Breeds of Livestock - Sahiwal Cattle — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science|website=ansi.okstate.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2018-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530003025/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/sahiwal|url-status=live}}</ref>
!
|[[Montgomery District]] of undivided India
|milch
|Lola (loose skin), Lambi Bar, Montgomery, Multani, Teli.
[[Australian Milking Zebu]], [[Australian Friesian Sahiwal]].
|Best indigenous dairy breed.

|-
|6
|Bargur
|
|Bargur forest hills, [[Anthiyur]] Taluk, [[Erode District]], Western [[Tamil Nadu]]
|draught
|
|
|-
|7
| [[w:Amrit Mahal|Hallikar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/hallikar|title=Breeds of Livestock - Hallikar Cattle — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science|website=ansi.okstate.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2016-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224094544/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/hallikar|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|[[Mysore District|Mysore]], [[Mandya District|Mandya]], [[Hassan District|Hassan]] and [[Tumkur District|Tumkur]] districts, [[Karnataka|South Karnataka]]
|draught
|
|
|-
|8
| [[w:Kangayam cow|Kangayam]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kangayambull.org/|title=Home|website=Kangayam Bull|language=en-US|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123161551/http://kangayambull.org/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/kangayam|title=Breeds of Livestock - Kangayam Cattle — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science|website=ansi.okstate.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201113927/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/kangayam|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|[[Kangeyam]], [[Tiruppur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|draught
|
|
|-
|9
|[[Pulikulam]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/pulikulam-cattle-approved-as-indigenous-breed/article3652470.ece|title=Pulikulam cattle approved as indigenous breed|last=Karthikeyan|first=D.|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116222845/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/pulikulam-cattle-approved-as-indigenous-breed/article3652470.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dairyknowledge.in/article/pulikulam|title=Pulikulam {{!}} Dairy Knowledge Portal|website=dairyknowledge.in|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203162746/http://dairyknowledge.in/article/pulikulam|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|[[Cumbum Valley]], [[Madurai district]], Tamil Nadu.
|draught
|
|
|-
|10
| [[Khillari cattle]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/khillari|title=Breeds of Livestock - Khillari Cattle — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science|website=ansi.okstate.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2016-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224044444/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/khillari|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|[[Satara district|Satara]], [[Kolhapur]] and [[Sangli]] regions, [[Maharashtra]] and [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]], [[Dharwad District|Dharwad]] and [[Belgaum District|Belgaum]] districts, [[Karnataka]]
|draught
|
|
|-
|11
| [[w:Jallikattu|Umblachery]]
|
| Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu
|draught
|
|
|-
|12
| [[w:Deoni (cattle)|Deoni]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/deoni|title=Breeds of Livestock - Deoni Cattle — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science|website=ansi.okstate.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2016-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224050711/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/deoni|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|[[Bidar district]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Latur district]], [[Maharashtra]]
|milch, draught
|
|
|-
|13
| [[Hariana cattle|Hariana]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/hariana|title=Breeds of Livestock - Hariana Cattle — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science|website=ansi.okstate.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120115901/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/hariana|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|[[Rohtak]], [[Karnal]], [[Jind]], [[Hisar (district)|Hissar]], and [[Gurgaon]] districts, [[Haryana]] and eastern [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|milch, draught
|
|
|-
|14
| [[Kankrej]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/kankrej|title=Breeds of Livestock - Kankrej Cattle — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science|website=ansi.okstate.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116123731/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/kankrej|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|[[Banaskantha]], [[Gujarat]]
|milch, draught
|[[Guzerá|Guzerat]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/guzerat|title=Breeds of Livestock - Guzerat Cattle — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science|website=ansi.okstate.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226114412/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/guzerat|url-status=live}}</ref> Brazil
|
|-
|15
| [[Krishna Valley]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/krishnavalley|title=Breeds of Livestock - Krishna Valley Cattle — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science|website=ansi.okstate.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214092959/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/krishnavalley|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
| Southern border of Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh
|milch, draught
|
|
|-
|16
| [[w:Ongole Cattle|Ongole]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/ongole|title=Breeds of Livestock - Ongole Cattle — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science|website=ansi.okstate.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2016-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224094715/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/ongole|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|[[Prakasam District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|milch, draught
|Nelore,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/nelore|title=Breeds of Livestock - Nelore Cattle — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science|website=ansi.okstate.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201203113/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/nelore/|url-status=live}}</ref> Brazil
|
|-
|17
| [[Tharparkar (cattle)|Tharparkar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dairyknowledge.in/article/tharparkar|title=Tharparkar {{!}} Dairy Knowledge Portal|website=dairyknowledge.in|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122054820/http://dairyknowledge.in/article/tharparkar|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/tharparkar|title=Breeds of Livestock - Tharparkar Cattle — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science|website=ansi.okstate.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131123900/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/tharparkar|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|[[Tharparkar District]] in [[Sindh]] province in [[Pakistan]].
|milch, draught
|Karan Fries<ref name="Saving Tharparkar">{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/livestock-conservation-saving-indigenous-cattle-from-the-brink-of-extinction-4449565/ | title=Livestock conservation: Saving indigenous cattle from the brink of extinction | work=The Indian Express | date=December 29, 2016 | access-date=November 27, 2019 | author=Mishra, Garima Rakesh | location=Pune | archive-date=April 20, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420180805/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/livestock-conservation-saving-indigenous-cattle-from-the-brink-of-extinction-4449565/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
|
|-
|18
| Bachaur<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/bachaur|title=Breeds of Livestock - Bachaur Cattle — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science|website=ansi.okstate.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2016-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224094154/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/bachaur|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|[[Madhubani district|Madhubani]], [[Darbhanga]] and [[Sitamarhi]], north [[Bihar]]
|draught
|
|
|-
|19
| Dangi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/dangi|title=Breeds of Livestock - Dangi Cattle — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science|website=ansi.okstate.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226173222/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/dangi|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|[[Nasik]] and [[Ahmednagar district]]s, [[Maharashtra]]
|draught
|
|
|-
|20
| [[Kasaragod Dwarf cattle|Kasaragod]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/428710/punjab-cm-bowled-over-kasargod.html|title=Punjab CM bowled over by Kasargod dwarf cow|website=Deccan Herald|date=September 2014|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902051848/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/428710/punjab-cm-bowled-over-kasargod.html/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kasaragod conservation">{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/project-to-conserve-indigenous-cattle-breeds/article5170882.ece | title=Project to conserve indigenous cattle breeds | work=The Hindu | date=September 26, 2013 | access-date=November 27, 2019 | author=T. Nandakumar | location=Thiruvananthapuram | archive-date=July 22, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722132339/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/project-to-conserve-indigenous-cattle-breeds/article5170882.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>
|
| [[Kasaragod district]], Kerala
|
|
|
|-
|21
| [[Kenkatha cattle|Kenkatha]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/kenwariya|title=Breeds of Livestock - Kenwariya Cattle — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science|website=ansi.okstate.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2016-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224094419/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/kenwariya|url-status=live}}</ref> / Kenwariya
|
|[[Bundelkhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and banks of river [[Ken River|Ken]] and [[Vindhyas]] hilly range, [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|draught
|
|
|-
|22
| [[Kherigarh cattle|Kherigarh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.upsbdb.org/pdf/20121017/FLYERS/4.KherigarhCattle.pdf|title=Kherigarh|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2015-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032209/http://www.upsbdb.org/pdf/20121017/FLYERS/4.KherigarhCattle.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/kherigarh|title=Breeds of Livestock - Kherigarh Cattle — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science|website=ansi.okstate.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211105458/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/kherigarh|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|[[Lakhimpur Kheri]] district, [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|draught
|
|
|-
|23
| Malenadu [[Malnad Gidda|Gidda]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sci-tech-and-agri/need-for-conserving-malnad-gidda-dwarf-cattle-breed/article2267726.ece|title=Need for conserving Malnad Gidda dwarf cattle breed|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2020-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831045248/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sci-tech-and-agri/need-for-conserving-malnad-gidda-dwarf-cattle-breed/article2267726.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dairyknowledge.in/article/malnad-gidda|title=Malnad Gidda {{!}} Dairy Knowledge Portal|website=dairyknowledge.in|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214031346/http://www.dairyknowledge.in/article/malnad-gidda|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
| Coastal and hilly areas of Karnataka
|
|
|
|-
|24
| [[Malvi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/malvi|title=Breeds of Livestock - Malvi Cattle — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science|website=ansi.okstate.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313233838/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/malvi|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|[[Malwa]] plateau, Western [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|draught
|
|
|-
|25
| [[Mewati cattle|Mewati]] / Kosi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/mewati|title=Breeds of Livestock - Mewati Cattle — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science|website=ansi.okstate.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117044554/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/mewati|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|[[Mewat]], [[Haryana]]
|milch
|
|
|-
|26
| [[Nagori]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/nagori|title=Breeds of Livestock - Nagori Cattle — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science|website=ansi.okstate.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2016-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224094628/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/nagori|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dairyknowledge.in/article/nagori|title=Nagori {{!}} Dairy Knowledge Portal|website=dairyknowledge.in|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103151835/http://dairyknowledge.in/article/nagori|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|[[Nagaur district]], [[Rajasthan]]
|draught
|
|appreciated for fast road work.
|-
|27
| [[Nimari cattle|Nimari]]
|
|[[Narmada]] valley, [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Jalgaon district]], [[Maharashtra]]
|
|
|
|-
|28
| [[Ponwar cattle|Ponwar]]
|
| Pilbhit, Uttar Pradesh
|
|
|
|-
|29
| [[w:Rath (cattle)#Breeds|Rathi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/rathi|title=Breeds of Livestock - Rathi Cattle — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science|website=ansi.okstate.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2016-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224052540/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/rathi|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
| Rajasthan
|milch, draught
|
|
|-
|30
| Red [[Red Kandhari cattle|Kandhari]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dairyknowledge.in/article/red-kandhari|title=Red Kandhari {{!}} Dairy Knowledge Portal|website=dairyknowledge.in|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101192154/http://dairyknowledge.in/article/red-kandhari|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|[[Latur]], [[Kandhar]] taluk in [[Nanded district]] and [[Parbhani]] district, [[Maharashtra]] and North Karnataka
|
|
|
|-
|31
| [[Siri cattle|Siri]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/siri|title=Breeds of Livestock - Siri Cattle — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science|website=ansi.okstate.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201175620/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/siri|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|Parts of [[Sikkim]], [[Darjeeling]] and [[Bhutan]]
|draught
|
|
|-
|32
| [[Vechur Cattle|Vechur]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dairyknowledge.in/article/vechur|title=Vechur {{!}} Dairy Knowledge Portal|website=dairyknowledge.in|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505221930/http://dairyknowledge.in/article/vechur|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|[[Kerala]]
|
|
|
|-
|33
|Motu<ref name="Registered Breeds Of Cattle">{{Cite web|url=https://nbagr.icar.gov.in/en/registered-cattle/|title=Registered Breeds Of Cattle|website=nbagr.icar.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2022-05-05|archive-date=2022-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719010032/https://nbagr.icar.gov.in/en/registered-cattle/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|[[Orissa]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
and [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|
|
|
|-
|34
|Ghumusari<ref name="Registered Breeds Of Cattle"/>
|
|[[Orissa]]
|
|
|
|-
|35
|Binjharpuri<ref name="Registered Breeds Of Cattle"/>
|
|[[Orissa]]
|
|
|
|-
|36
|Khariar<ref name="Registered Breeds Of Cattle"/>
|
|[[Orissa]]
|
|
|
|-
|37
|Pulikulam<ref name="Registered Breeds Of Cattle"/>
|
|[[Tamilnadu]]
|
|
|
|-
|38
|Kosali<ref name="Registered Breeds Of Cattle"/>
|
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|
|
|
|-
|39
|Belahi<ref name="Registered Breeds Of Cattle"/>
|
|[[Haryana]] and [[Chandigarh]]
|
|
|
|-
|40
|Gangatiri<ref name="Registered Breeds Of Cattle"/>
|
|[[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]]
|
|
|
|-
|41
|Badri<ref name="Registered Breeds Of Cattle"/>
|
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|
|
|
|-
|42
|Lakhimi<ref name="Registered Breeds Of Cattle"/>
|
|[[Assam]]
|
|
|
|-
|43
|Ladakhi<ref name="Registered Breeds Of Cattle"/>
|
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|
|
|
|-
|44
|Konkan Kapila<ref name="Registered Breeds Of Cattle"/>
|
|[[Maharashtra]] and [[Goa]]
|
|
|
|}

== Newly registered cattle breeds of India==

ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal (NBAGR) is the nodal agency for the registration of newly identified germplasm of Cattle are:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nbagr.icar.gov.in/en/new-breeds-lines/|title=New Breeds Registered ICAR-National Bureau Of Animal Genetic Resources|website=ICAR- National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources|language=en|access-date=2022-05-04|archive-date=2021-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128060409/https://nbagr.icar.gov.in/en/new-breeds-lines/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!S No
! Breed || Image || Region of origin
!Type
!Related cattle breed|| Description
|-
|1
|[[Poda Thurpu]]
|
| [[Nagarkurnool district|Nagarkurnool]] of [[Telangana]]
|Draught purpose
|
|
|-
|2
|Nari
|
|[[Sirohi]] and [[Pali district|Pali]] districts of [[Rajasthan]], [[Sabarkantha]] and [[Banaskantha]] districts [[Gujarat]]
|Dual purpose (Milch and Draught)
|
|
|-
|3
|Dagri
|
|[[Dahod]], [[Chhota Udaipur]] and parts of [[Mahisagar district|Mahisagar]], [[Panchmahal]] and [[Narmada district|Narmada]] district [[Gujarat]]
|Draught purpose
|
|
|-
|4
|Thutho
|
|[[Nagaland]]
|Draught and Meat purpose
|
|
|-
|5
|[[Shweta Kapila]]
|
|[[North Goa]] and [[South Goa]] districts of [[Goa]]
|
|
|
|-
|6
|Himachali Pahari
|
|[[Kullu]], [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]], [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]], [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]], [[Sirmaur district|Sirmaur]], [[Shimla]], [[Kinnaur]], [[Lahul]] & [[Spiti]] districts of [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|Draught purpose
|
|
|-
|7
|Purnea
|
|[[Araria]], [[Purnia district|Purnea]] and [[Katihar district|Katihar]] districts; and the Adjoining areas of [[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]], [[Supaul district|Supaul]] and [[Madhepura district|Madhepura]] districts of [[Bihar]]
|Dual purpose (Milch and Draught)
|
|
|-
|}

== Indigenous buffalo breeds of India ==

Total population and indigenous buffalo breed of India are as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/expert_system/cattlebuffalo/Breeds%20of%20cattle%20%26%20baffalo.html#top|title=Breeds of cattle and buffalo|website=agritech.tnau.ac.in|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2016-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221092903/http://www.agritech.tnau.ac.in/expert_system/cattlebuffalo/Breeds%20of%20cattle%20%26%20baffalo.html#top|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dairyknowledge.in/section/buffalo-breeds|title=Buffalo Breeds {{!}} Dairy Knowledge Portal|website=dairyknowledge.in|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170940/http://www.dairyknowledge.in/section/buffalo-breeds|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Buffalo Population in India (in million) ==
The total Buffalo Population in the country was 109.85 million in 2019. Total Buffalo has increased by 1.1% over the previous Livestock Census (2012). The Female Buffalo Population increased by 8.61% whereas the Male Buffalo is declined by 42.35% over the previous census. About 20.5% of the total livestock is contributed by buffaloes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dahd.nic.in/sites/default/filess/Key%20Results%2BAnnexure%2018.10.2019.pdf|title=Total Buffalo, Male, Female and Milch Animals|website=dahd.nic.in|language=en|access-date=2022-05-10|archive-date=2022-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308071733/https://dahd.nic.in/sites/default/filess/Key%20Results%2BAnnexure%2018.10.2019.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Buffalo
!2007 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dahd.nic.in/sites/default/filess/Livestock%20%205_0.pdf|title=Changes in Livestock and Poultry Population in Rural Urban Areas|website=dahd.nic.in|language=en|access-date=2022-05-10|archive-date=2021-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204022539/https://dahd.nic.in/sites/default/filess/Livestock%20%205_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
!2012 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dahd.nic.in/sites/default/filess/Key%20Results%2BAnnexure%2018.10.2019.pdf|title=Total Buffalo, Male, Female and Milch Animals|website=dahd.nic.in|language=en|access-date=2022-05-10|archive-date=2022-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308071733/https://dahd.nic.in/sites/default/filess/Key%20Results%2BAnnexure%2018.10.2019.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
!2019 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dahd.nic.in/sites/default/filess/Key%20Results%2BAnnexure%2018.10.2019.pdf|title=Total Buffalo, Male, Female and Milch Animals|website=dahd.nic.in|language=en|access-date=2022-05-10|archive-date=2022-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308071733/https://dahd.nic.in/sites/default/filess/Key%20Results%2BAnnexure%2018.10.2019.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Male
|19.59
|16.10
|9.28
|-
|Female
|85.74
|92.60
|100.57
|-
|Total
|105.34
|108.70
|109.85
|}

== Registered Buffalo breed of india ==
There are 19 registered Buffalo breeds in India under ICAR - NBAGR are as follows <ref name="Registered Breeds Of Buffalo">{{cite web| url=https://nbagr.icar.gov.in/en/registered-buffalo/| title=Registered Breeds Of Buffalo| website=nbagr.icar.gov.in| access-date=10 May 2022| archive-date=19 July 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719010021/https://nbagr.icar.gov.in/en/registered-buffalo/| url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!S No
!Breed
!Image
!Region of origin
!Type
!Related cattle breed
!Description
|-
|1
|[[Banni buffalo|Banni]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dairyknowledge.in/article/banni|title=Banni {{!}} Dairy Knowledge Portal|website=dairyknowledge.in|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125080334/http://dairyknowledge.in/article/banni|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|2
|[[Bhadawari]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dairyknowledge.in/article/bhadawari|title=Bhadawari {{!}} Dairy Knowledge Portal|website=dairyknowledge.in|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429142553/http://dairyknowledge.in/article/bhadawari|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|Agra and Etawah districts, Uttar Pradesh and Gwalior district, Madhya Pradesh.
|
|
|
|-
|3
|[[Jaffrabadi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dairyknowledge.in/article/jaffarabadi|title=Jaffarabadi {{!}} Dairy Knowledge Portal|website=dairyknowledge.in|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2016-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223112425/http://www.dairyknowledge.in/article/jaffarabadi|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|Gir forests, Kutch and Jamnagar districts, Gujarat.
|
|
|known for its ability to fight lions in the Gir forest
|-
|4
|[[Mehsana buffalo|Mehsana]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dairyknowledge.in/article/mehsana|title=Mehsana {{!}} Dairy Knowledge Portal|website=dairyknowledge.in|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312062758/http://dairyknowledge.in/article/mehsana|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|Mehsana, Sabarkanda and Banaskanta districts, Gujarat and adjoining Maharashtra
|
|
|evolved out of crossbreeding between the Surti and the Murrah.
|-
|5
|[[Murrah buffalo|Murrah]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dairyknowledge.in/article/murrah|title=Murrah {{!}} Dairy Knowledge Portal|website=dairyknowledge.in|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170904/http://www.dairyknowledge.in/article/murrah|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|Rohtak, Hisar and Sind of Haryana, Nabha and Patiala districts, Punjab and the southern parts of Delhi
|
|Delhi, Kundi and Kali.
|
|-
|6
|[[Nagpuri (buffalo)|Nagpuri]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dairyknowledge.in/article/nagpuri|title=Nagpuri|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170258/http://www.dairyknowledge.in/article/nagpuri|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|Nagpur, Akola and Amravati districts, Maharashtra.
|
|Elitchpuri, Barari.
|
|-
|7
|[[Nili Ravi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dairyknowledge.in/article/nili-ravi|title=Nili-Ravi {{!}} Dairy Knowledge Portal|website=dairyknowledge.in|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170426/http://www.dairyknowledge.in/article/nili-ravi|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|[[Sutlej valley]] in [[Ferozpur district]], Punjab and in the Sahiwal (Pakistan)
|
|
|
|-
|8
|[[Surti buffalo|Surti]]
|
|Kaira and Baroda district, Gujarat.
|
|Deccani, Gujarati, Talabda, Charator and Nadiadi.
|
|-
|9
|[[Toda buffalo|Toda]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dairyknowledge.in/article/toda|title=Toda {{!}} Dairy Knowledge Portal|website=dairyknowledge.in|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=2017-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170514/http://www.dairyknowledge.in/article/toda|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|[[Nilgiri Hills]], South India
|
|
|semi-wild breed.
|-
|10
|Marathwadi<ref name="Registered Breeds Of Buffalo"/>
|
|[[Maharashtra]]
|
|
|
|-
|11
|Pandharpuri<ref name="Registered Breeds Of Buffalo"/>
|
|[[Maharashtra]]
|
|
|
|-
|12
|Chilika<ref name="Registered Breeds Of Buffalo"/>
|
|[[Odisha|Orissa]]
|
|
|
|-
|13
|Kalahandi<ref name="Registered Breeds Of Buffalo"/>
|
|[[Odisha|Orissa]]
|
|
|
|-
|14
|Luit (Swamp)<ref name="Registered Breeds Of Buffalo"/>
|
|[[Assam]] and [[Manipur]]
|
|
|
|-
|15
|Bargur<ref name="Registered Breeds Of Buffalo"/>
|
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|
|
|
|-
|16
|Gojri<ref name="Registered Breeds Of Buffalo"/>
|
|[[Pathankot district|Pathankot]], [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]], [[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]], [[Rupnagar district|Rupnagar]] and [[Mohali|SAS Nagar]] ([[Mohali district|Mohali]]) districts of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Kangra district|Kangra]] and [[Chamba district|Chamba]] districts of [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|Milk and draught purpose
|
|Animals can travel long distances (seasonal migration) and can climb easily on hill tops for grazing. Used for both milk and draught power (ploughing and other agricultural operations).
|-
|17
|Dharwad<ref name="Registered Breeds Of Buffalo"/>
|
|[[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]], [[Belagavi]], [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]], [[Gadag district|Gadag]], [[Ballari]], [[Bidar]], [[Vijayapura]], [[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]], [[Kalaburgi]], [[Haveri district|Haveri]], [[Koppal district|Koppal]], [[Raichur]] and [[Yadgir district|Yadgir]] districts of [[Karnataka]]
|Milk purpose
|
|The milk from this buffalo is used for the preparation of the famous Dharwad Peda with a GI tag.
|-
|18
|Manda<ref name="Registered Breeds Of Buffalo"/>
|
|[[Koraput district|Koraput]], [[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]] and [[Nabarangpur district|Nawarangapur]] districts of [[Odisha]]
|Draught, milk and manure
|
|Manda buffaloes are reared mostly under an extensive system. Both males and females are used for agricultural operations.
|-
|19
|Chhattisgarhi<ref name="Registered Breeds Of Buffalo"/>
|
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|
|
|
|}

==See also==

* [[Animal welfare and rights in India]]
* [[Dairy in India]]
* [[Fauna of India]]
* [[List of endangered animals in India]]
* [[List of Indian cattle breeds]]
* [[List of Indian state animals]]
* [[List of schools of veterinary medicine#India|List of veterinary universities and colleges in India]]
* [[Wildlife of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.nativebreed.org/registed-indian-cattle/Officially Registered Breeds of Indian Cattle]{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - Native Breed.org (2018)

{{Cattle breeds of India}}

[[Category:Cattle breeds originating in India]]

Joginder Singh Bedi

2025-11-23T18:58:14Z

GildaNolan0093: put up first biography first draft - done

{{Short description|Indian Paralympic athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{MedalTop}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Paralympic Games]]}}[[File:IPC logo (2019).svg|center|40px]]
{{MedalSilver| [[1984 Summer Paralympics|1984 Stoke Mandeville]] | [[Athletics at the 1984 Summer Paralympics|Shot Put L6]]}}
{{MedalBronze| [[1984 Summer Paralympics|1984 Stoke Mandeville]] | [[Athletics at the 1984 Summer Paralympics|Javelin - F46]]}}
{{MedalBronze| [[1984 Summer Paralympics|1984 Stoke Mandeville]] | [[Athletics at the 1984 Summer Paralympics|Discus Throw L6]]}}
{{MedalBottom}}
'''Joginder Singh Bedi''' was an Indian [[track and field]] [[Paralympic Games|Paralympic]] athlete.<ref name="International Paralympic Committee - Joginder Singh Bedi">{{cite web|url=https://www.paralympic.org/joginder-singh-bedi|title=International Paralympic Committee - Joginder Singh Bedi|website=[[International Paralympic Committee]]|access-date=17 May 2020|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901073134/https://www.paralympic.org/joginder-singh-bedi|url-status=live}}</ref> Singh Bedi competed at the [[1984 Summer Paralympics]], where he won three [[Olympic medal|medals]].<ref name="Hindustan Times - 22 August 2012 - Forgotten hero: India's first Paralympic gold medallist">{{cite news |last1=Shrikant |first1=B |title=Forgotten hero: India's first Paralympic gold medallist |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other/forgotten-hero-india-s-first-paralympic-gold-medallist/story-E1hXui7AhlKehUuHEkFC4N.html |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=22 August 2012 |archive-date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901072638/https://www.hindustantimes.com/other/forgotten-hero-india-s-first-paralympic-gold-medallist/story-E1hXui7AhlKehUuHEkFC4N.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-29 |title=Paris Paralympics: India's most decorated para athlete in summer games |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/paris-paralympics/paris-paralympics-indias-most-decorated-para-athlete-in-summer-games/articleshow/112890191.cms |access-date=2024-09-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[India at the Paralympics]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Paralympic medalists for India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh Bedi, Joginder}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Paralympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1984 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Indian men discus throwers]]
[[Category:Indian men javelin throwers]]
[[Category:Indian men shot putters]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Paralympic silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Paralympic bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Discus throwers with limb difference]]
[[Category:Javelin throwers with limb difference]]
[[Category:Shot putters with limb difference]]
[[Category:Paralympic discus throwers]]
[[Category:Paralympic javelin throwers]]
[[Category:Paralympic shot putters]]

Dhone

2025-11-15T02:42:56Z

GildaNolan0093: revised

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhone
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Dronachalam
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = Dhone Junction Railway station.jpg
| image_alt = Dronachalam Station
| image_caption = Dhone Junction Railway Station
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.396|N|77.872|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Municipality]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="civicbody">{{cite web|title=Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs|url=http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=29 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128175528/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2016}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =9.95
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 59272
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 2nd (in Nandyal District)
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook – Kurnool |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2821_PART_B_DCHB_KURNOOL.pdf |website=Census of India |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326041037/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2821_PART_B_DCHB_KURNOOL.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2022 |pages=12, 50}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 518222
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]
| area_code = +91–8516
| registration_plate = AP 21, AP 39
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dhone''' or '''Dronachalam''' is a town in [[Nandyal district]] of the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a [[municipality]] located in Dhone [[mandal]], and it is the headquarters of [[Dhone revenue division]].<ref name=map>{{cite web |title=Guntur District Mandals|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf |publisher=Census of India|access-date=19 January 2015|pages=344, 364}}</ref>

==History==
Dhone was formerly known as Dronachalam.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Raju|first1=P. Yenadi|title=Rayalaseema during colonial times : a study un Indian nationalism|date=2003|publisher=Northern Book Centre|location=New Delhi|isbn=8172111398|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3C11beCHF0C&q=Dhone+dronachalam&pg=PA2|access-date=24 April 2015}}</ref> Dhone is the second biggest municipality in Nandyal district after Nandyal Municipality. According to local tradition, the name of the village is derived from the name of the tutor Dronacharya, a character in Mahabharata, who meditated on the hill in village. There is now a Hanuman temple, Dargah and church on the hill. Dhone has large deposits of high quality limestone, and it was previously the site of an active quarry. The quarry is no longer in operation. The oldest temple in Dhone is Sri Vasavi Temple, which was constructed in 1916. The Vasavi Temple celebrated 100 at the year 2017.

== Geography ==
Dhone is surrounded by hills on its south. Geographically it is located on Erramala Pin-Code of Dhone is 518222

== Demographics ==
According to 2011 census, Dhone had population of 59,272 of which 29,470 were male and 29,802 were female.

Population of children aged of 0-6 was 7,118, which is 12.01% of the total population of Dhone. The female sex ratio is of 1011 against state average of 993. Moreover, the child sex ratio in Dhone is around 954 compared to Andhra Pradesh state average of 939. The literacy rate of Dhone city is 72.33% higher than the state average of 67.02%. In Dhone, male literacy is around 81.88% while the female literacy rate is 62.96%.

== Economy ==
Dhone has large deposits of high quality limestone. It also have good size of Granite and Polish slab Factories. Dhone is Industrially developing town.

== Governance ==
=== Civic administration ===
Dhone is a Municipality in district of Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh. The Dhone city is divided into 32 wards for which elections are held every five years.

The [[municipality]] was established in the year 2005 and has an extent of {{convert|9.85|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. During 2010–2011 period, total expenditure per annum was {{INRConvert|431|c|abbr=on}}, while the total income generated per annum was {{INRConvert|515|c|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Basic Information of Municipality|url=http://cdma.gov.in/Dhone/Basic_information_Municipality.html|website=Commissioner & Director of Municipal Administration|publisher=Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=11 November 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706232230/http://cdma.gov.in/Dhone/Basic_information_Municipality.html|archive-date=6 July 2012}}</ref> The municipality provided 798 public taps, 186 bore-wells, length of {{convert|106.28|km|mi|abbr=on}} roads, 1551 street lights, a park, public market, elementary and secondary schools etc.<ref>{{cite web|title=Public services/amenities|url=http://cdma.gov.in/Dhone/Public%20services_amenities.html|website=Commissioner & Director of Municipal Administration|publisher=Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=11 November 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707012301/http://cdma.gov.in/Dhone/Public%20services_amenities.html|archive-date=7 July 2012}}</ref>

=== Revenue Division ===
Dhone Revenue Division have six mandals:
# Dhone
# Peapully
# Bethamcherla
# Banaganapalle
# Owk
# Koilakuntla.

=== Politics ===
Dhone is represented by [[Dhone (Assembly constituency)]] for [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. [[Kotla Jayasurya Prakasha Reddy|Kotla Jayasurya Prakasha]] Reddy is the present [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency representing [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]].<ref>{{cite web|title=MLA|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/government/mla/|publisher=AP State Portal|access-date=12 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008071101/http://www.ap.gov.in/government/mla/|archive-date=8 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dhone Assembly 2014 Election Results|url=https://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/dhone.html |publisher=Elections.in|access-date=13 October 2014}}</ref> [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]] elected as CM for Andhra Pradesh represented Dhone constituency.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Governance
!Department
!Incharge
|-
|Legislative
|Dhone MLA, Dhone Municipality Chairman
|-
|Executive
|Dhone RDO, Dhone MRO
|-
|Judiciary
|Hon'ble Dhone Court Judge
|-
|Police Sub Division
|Dhone DSP
|-
|Health
|CHNC Dhone
|-
|APSPDCL Division
|Dhone DE
|-
|APSRTC Bus Service
|Dhone Depot
|-
|Transport
|Dhone MVI
|}

==Transport==
=== Railways ===
[[Dhone Junction railway station]] is located in [[Guntakal railway division]] of the [[South Central Railway zone]]. This junction is one of the oldest railway junctions in India.Guntur - Hubli line and Secunderabad - Bengaluru line meet in the Dhone Junction Railway station. Dhone railway station is the biggest railway station in Nandyal district.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-04|title=Doubling work through on Guntur-Guntakal section|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/doubling-work-through-on-guntur-guntakal-section/article33243778.ece|access-date=2021-04-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Roadways ===
The [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] operates bus services from Dhone bus station.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bus Stations in Districts |url=http://www.apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx |website=Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation |access-date=9 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322233330/http://apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx |archive-date=22 March 2016 }}</ref> Dhone has bus station situated near [[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway 44]], which is called North - South corridor.

=== Distance to major towns and cities ===
# Kurnool = {{cvt|52|km}}
# Nandyal = {{cvt|82|km}}
# Adoni = {{cvt|100|km}}
# Bethamcherla = {{cvt|36|km}}
# Banaganapalle = {{cvt|47|km}}
# Gooty = {{cvt|43|km}}
# Anantapuram = {{cvt|95|km}}
# Kadapa = {{cvt|180|km}}
# Tirupati = {{cvt|316|km}}
# Bellary = {{cvt|130|km}}
# Hyderabad = {{cvt|263|km}}
# Bengaluru = {{cvt|310|km}}
# Vijayawada = {{cvt|395|km}}
# Visakhapatnam = {{cvt|745|km}}
# Guntur = {{cvt|357|km}}

==Villages==


* [[Chanugondla]]
* [[Dorapalle]]
* [[S.Valasala]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Nandyal district}}
{{Municipalities of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Nandyal district]]

Anand Prakash

2025-08-12T00:57:09Z

GildaNolan0093: entry

{{Short description|Indian ethical hacker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anand Prakash
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Founder & CEO of @PingSafe
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Rajasthan]], India
| occupation = Ethical hacker
| education = [[Computer science and engineering|B.Tech Computer Science]] in [[Vellore Institute of Technology|VIT]]
| alma_mater =
| genre =
| notableworks =
| website =
}}
'''Anand Prakash''' is an [[India]]n [[White hat (computer security)|ethical hacker]] and entrepreneur<ref>{{cite news |last1=|first1= |title=Indian techie discovers Uber bug, bags Rs 4.6 lakh reward |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/Sep/16/indian-techie-discovers-uber-bug-bags-rs-46-lakh-reward-2034549.html |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=16 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-06 |title=Not an IITian, This Bengaluru Techie Sold his Company for USD 100 Million, Inspiring Tale of Anand Prakash |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/not-an-iitian-this-bengaluru-techie-sold-his-company-for-usd-100-million-inspiring-tale-of-anand-prakash-article-107445251 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> from [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hackers for good: How Anand Prakash rescued Facebook |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Passcode/Security-culture/2016/1003/Hackers-for-good-How-Anand-Prakash-rescued-Facebook |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=[[Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Laik |first1=Rohan |title=The Bounty Hunter: This 22-year-old Flipkart employee is worth Rs 1.3 crore! he is also the co founder of vedantu|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/the-bounty-hunter-this-22-year-old-flipkart-employee-is-worth-rs-1-3-crore/articleshow/51357926.cms |access-date=3 April 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=11 March 2016}}</ref> He is the Founder & CEO of PingSafe, which [[SentinelOne]] acquired for over $100 million.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Haranas |first1=Mark |title=SentinelOne Buys PingSafe To 'Redefine Cloud Security' |url=https://www.crn.com/news/security/2024/sentinelone-buys-pingsafe-to-redefine-cloud-security |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=[[CRN (magazine)|CRN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Manish |title=SentinelOne acquires Peak XV-backed PingSafe for over $100 million |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/01/07/sentinelone-acquires-peak-xv-backed-pingsafe-for-over-100-million/ |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=[[TechCrunch]] |date=8 January 2024}}</ref> He was named in [[Forbes 30 Under 30]] 2017 Asia list.<ref>{{cite news |title=30 Under 30 Asia 2017: Enterprise Technology |url=https://www.forbes.com/30-under-30-asia/2017/enterprise-technology/#22ca1a41699e |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shaikh |first1=Shadma |title=Bengaluru boy finds Facebook bug, gets $15,000 for it |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/090316/bengaluru-youth-finds-facebook-bug-gets-15-000-for-it.html |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=9 March 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=US company buys Bengaluru cybersecurity startup PingSafe for $100million |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/us-company-buys-bengaluru-cybersecurity-startup-pingsafe-for-100million/articleshow/106677271.cms |access-date=3 April 2024 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=11 January 2024}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Prakash was born in [[Bhadra, Rajasthan|Bhadra]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Doshi |first1=Vidhi |title=Meet the bughunters: the hackers in India protecting your data |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/02/meet-the-bughunters-the-hackers-in-india-protecting-your-facebook-profile |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=1 April 2016}}</ref> [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Tanaya |title=This Engineer Earned Rs. 1.2 Crore from Finding Software Bugs in Facebook and Twitter |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/44752/anand-prakash-ethical-hacking/ |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=[[The Better India]] |date=20 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Not an IITian, This Bengaluru Techie Sold his Company for USD 100 Million, Inspiring Tale of Anand Prakash |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/not-an-iitian-this-bengaluru-techie-sold-his-company-for-usd-100-million-inspiring-tale-of-anand-prakash-article-107445251 |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=6 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> He studied [[Computer science and engineering|B.Tech Computer Science]] at [[Vellore Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet Anand Prakash — a white hat hacker who's earned bug bounties from Facebook, Twitter, and Uber |url=https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/meet-anand-prakash-a-white-hat-hacker-whos-earned-bug-bounties-from-facebook-twitter-and-uber-74e30d709b97/ |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=[[Free Code Camp]] |date=25 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Notable Alumni |url=https://chennai.vit.ac.in/computer-science-engineering-chennai/scse-notable-alumni/ |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=[[Vellore Institute of Technology]]}}</ref>

==Career==

He started his career in 2014 as a security engineer at [[Flipkart]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet Anand Prakash, one of India's best known 'white hat hackers' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/meet-anand-prakash-one-of-indias-best-known-white-hat-hacker-4336577.html |access-date=3 April 2024 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=7 February 2018 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=INTERVIEW: This Indian Hacker Has Earned ₹2.2 Crore By Finding Bugs In Facebook, Twitter, And Other websites |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/interview-this-indian-hacker-has-earned-2-2-crore-by-finding-b_in_5c10807ce4b081d497d644e0 |access-date=3 April 2024 |work=[[HuffPost]] |date=7 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref> After this, in 2016, he started a red teaming startup named AppSecure.<ref>{{cite news |title=This is where we are in Dubai: A local's guide from millennials and Gen Z |url=https://gulfnews.com/friday/art-people/this-is-where-we-are-in-dubai-a-locals-guide-from-millennials-and-gen-z-1.1710319576020 |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=[[Gulf News]] |date=18 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Then, in 2021, another company named PingSafe was established, which was acquired in 2024 by American cyber security company [[SentinelOne]] for over $100 million.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McDowell |first1=Steve |title=SentinelOne Expands Unified Security Offerings With PingSafe Acquisition |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevemcdowell/2024/01/03/sentinelone-expands-unified-security-offerings-with-pingsafe-acquisition/?sh=6857d8f32ba9 |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NYSE-listed SentinelOne acquires Bangalore-based startup PingSafe |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/start-ups/nyse-listed-sentinelone-acquires-bangalore-based-startup-pingsafe-124011000274_1.html |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

==Notable works==

* He found a bug in 2016 on [[Facebook]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Waugh |first1=Rob |title=Hacker could get into ANY Facebook account using simple password trick |url=https://metro.co.uk/2016/03/08/hacker-could-get-into-any-facebook-account-using-simple-password-trick-5740875/ |access-date=3 April 2024 |work=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]] |date=8 March 2016 |language=en}}</ref> which allowed the takeover of any account.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brandom |first1=Russell |title=Facebook paid $15,000 to close a bug that could unlock any user's account |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/3/8/11179926/facebook-account-security-flaw-bug-bounty-payout |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=[[The Verge]] |date=8 March 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bengaluru Techie Rewarded $15000 By Facebook For Finding A Bug |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/bengaluru-techie-rewarded-15000-by-facebook-for-finding-a-bug_n_9414428 |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=[[HuffPost]] |date=9 March 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Titcomb |first1=James |title=Hacker reveals how he could take over any Facebook account and change its password |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/03/08/hacker-reveals-how-he-could-log-in-to-any-facebook-account-and-c/ |access-date=3 April 2024 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|Telegraph]] |date=8 March 2016}}</ref>
* He discovered a bug in [[Uber]] in 2017 that allowed anyone to take Uber rides for free.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Conger |first1=Kate |title=Researcher finds bug that allowed free Uber rides |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/03/04/researcher-finds-bug-that-allows-free-uber-rides/ |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=[[TechCrunch]] |date=4 March 2017}}</ref>
* In 2018, he found a security flaw in [[Tinder (app)|Tinder]], after which he was given a reward of {{INRConvert|4|l|lk=l}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=This hacker was rewarded ₹4 lakh by Tinder and Facebook |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/tinder-facebook-anand-prakash-4-lakh |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=[[GQ India]] |date=23 February 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* In 2019, he found a bug in [[Uber]], after which he was given a reward of $5500.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Researcher Gets Rs 4.6 Lakh Reward For Discovering Bug In Uber App |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indian-researcher-anand-prakash-discovers-uber-bug-gets-rs-4-6-lakh-reward-2101595 |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>
* In April 2023, he found a "security flaw" in [[LinkedIn]] that could have led to the deletion of any posts.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian researcher spots security flaw in LinkedIn |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/indian-researcher-spots-security-flaw-linkedin/article66759122.ece |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 April 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Internet|India|}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash, Anand}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian technology writers]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Vellore Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Ethical hackers]]

Tandava

2025-08-11T15:10:42Z

GildaNolan0093: improve layout based on references and added references based on references

{{Short description|Divine dance performed by the Hindu god Shiva}}
{{redirect|Tandav|the 2014 film|Tandav (film)|the 1984 Telugu film|Tandava Krishnudu|the 2021 TV series|Tandav (TV series)}}

[[File:Shiva as the Lord of Dance LACMA edit.jpg|thumb|A Shiva Nataraja idol in [[Tamil Nadu]], India]]

'''Tandavam''' (also spelled as '''{{IAST|Tāṇḍava}}'''), also known as '''{{IAST|Tāṇḍava Natyam}}''', is a divine dance performed by [[Hindu deities|Hindu god]] [[Shiva]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=MW Cologne Scan|url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=MW&page=441|access-date=2021-06-06|website=www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de}}</ref><ref>James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0823931798}}, pages 687</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tandava {{!}} Indian dance|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/tandava|access-date=2021-06-06|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref><ref name="NS"/>{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=407}} Shiva is depicted as dancing the Tandava in his form of [[Nataraja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharatanatyam - classical Dance |url=https://karnatakatourism.org/destinations/bharatanatyam/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Karnataka Tourism |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The ''[[Natya Shastra]]'', a Sanskrit treatise on the performing arts, describes various aspects of the Tandava.

==Description==
Tandava, as performed in the sacred dance-drama of India, has vigorous, brisk movements. Performed with joy, the dance is called ''[[Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)|Ananda]] Tandava''. Performed in a violent mood, the dance is called ''Raudra'' or ''Rudra Tandava''. The types of Tandava found in the Hindu texts are: Ananda Tandava, Tripura Tandava, Sandhya Tandava, Samhara Tandava, Kali (Kalika) Tandava, Uma Tandava, Shiva Tandava, Krishna Tandava and Gauri Tandava.{{sfn|Manohar Laxman Varadpande|1987|p=154}} Tandava mudras and postures occur within the person by itself without volition, if his Kundalini (shakti within) is invoked. Mudras and postures of sculptures in ancient Indian temples are a mere depiction of spirituality (invoked spirit, the kundalini), which actually is supposed to occur in the person as a fruit of his practices.

Shiva Tandava is described as a vigorous dance that is the source of the cycle of creation, preservation and dissolution. While the ''Rudra Tandava'' depicts his violent nature, first as the creator and later as the destroyer of the universe, even of death itself, the ''Ananda Tandava'' depicts him as joyful. In [[Shaiva Siddhanta]] tradition, Shiva as [[Nataraja]] (lit. "King of dance"<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=44MTBwAAQBAJ&q=nataraja+king+of+the+dance&pg=PA74|title=Everyday Hinduism|page=74|author=Joyce Burkhalter Flueckiger|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|date=23 February 2015|isbn=978-1118528181}}</ref>) is considered to be supreme lord of dance.<ref name="ananda"/>

Tandava takes its name from ''Tandu'' ({{IAST|taṇḍu}}), the attendant of Shiva, who instructed [[Bharata Muni|Bharata]] (author of the [[Natya Shastra]]) in the use of ''Angaharas'' and ''[[Karana dance|Karana]]s''<ref name="NS">[https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-natyashastra/d/doc209696.html Natya-shastra IV.263-264]</ref> modes of the Tandava at Shiva's order. Some scholars consider that Tandu himself must have been the author of an earlier work on the [[dramaturgy|dramatic art]]s, which was incorporated into the Natya Shastra.<ref>''Quarterly Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society,'' part III, pp. 25-26, as cited in {{harvnb|Manohar Laxman Varadpande|1987|p=154}}</ref> The ''Natya Shastra'' portrays Shiva narrating about the various aspects of the dance to the god [[Brahma]].<ref name="NS"/>

The 32 Angaharas and 108 Karanas are discussed by Bharata in the 4th chapter of the Natya Shastra, ''Tandava Lakshanam''.<ref>Ragini Devi, ''Dance Dialects of India,'' pp. 29-30. Motilal Banarsidass (1990) {{ISBN|81-208-0674-3}}</ref> Karana is the combination of hand gestures with feet to form a dance posture. Angahara is composed of seven or more Karanas.{{sfn|Manohar Laxman Varadpande|1987|p=154}}

<blockquote>
"How many various dances of Shiva are known to His worshipers I cannot say. No doubt the root idea behind all of these dances is more or less one and the same, the manifestation of primal rhythmic energy. Whatever the origins of Shiva's dance, it became in time the clearest image of the activity of God which any art or religion can boast of." - [[Ananda Coomaraswamy]]<ref name="ananda">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170817194048/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Religions/Avatars/Natar.html Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, "The Dance of Shiva", in ''The Dance of Shiva: Fourteen Indian Essays,'' rev. ed. (New York: Noonday Press), (1957)] {{ISBN|81-215-0153-9}}. Cited, "Nataraja", ''Manas,'' UCLA</ref>
</blockquote>
[[File:Kadavul tandavas.jpg|thumb|The 108 Karanas of Tandava depicted in Nataraja sculptures.]]
The dance is described as a pictorial allegory of the five principle manifestations of eternal energy:<ref name="ananda" />
* ''Srishti'' - creation, evolution
* ''[[Sthiti]]'' - preservation, support
* ''Samhara'' - destruction, evolution
* ''Tirodhana'' - illusion
* ''Anugraha'' - release, emancipation, grace

The dance performed by Shiva's wife [[Parvati]] in response to Shiva's Tandava is known as [[Lasya]], in which the movements are gentle, graceful and sometimes erotic. Some scholars consider Lasya to be the feminine version of Tandava. There are two types of Lasya, Jarita Lasya and Yauvaka Lasya.

The Hindu scriptures narrate various occasions when Shiva performed the Tandava. When [[Sati (goddess)|Sati]] (first wife of Shiva, who was reborn as Parvati) gave up her life in [[Daksha yajna|Daksha's sacrifice]], Shiva is said to have performed the Rudra Tandava to express his grief and anger. The ''Shivapradosha stotra'' says when Shiva performs the ''Sandhya Tandava'', the other gods like [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], [[Sarasvati]], [[Lakshmi]] and [[Indra]] play musical instruments and sing Shiva's praises.{{sfn|Manohar Laxman Varadpande|1987|p=154}}

The ''[[Shiva Tandava Stotra]]'' is a ''[[stotra]]'' (Hindu hymn) that describes Shiva's power and beauty, believed to have been written by [[Ravana]], a great devotee of Shiva.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Vanamali |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/827262640 |title=Shiva : stories and teachings from the Shiva Mahapurana |date=4 October 2013 |isbn=978-1-62055-248-3 |oclc=827262640}}</ref>

==Association with other deities==
[[File:Indischer Maler um 1640 001.jpg|thumb|right|Krishna dancing over the subdued [[Kaliya|Kāliya]] and his wives Naginis asking Krishna for his mercy. From a Bhagavata Purana manuscript, c. 1640.]]

[[Ganesha]], the son of Shiva, is depicted as ''Ashtabhuja tandavsa nritya murtis'' (Eight armed form of Ganesha dancing the Tandava) in temple sculptures.{{sfn|Manohar Laxman Varadpande|1987|p=5}}

The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' talks of [[Krishna]] dancing his Tandava on the head of the serpent [[Kaliya]].{{sfn|Manohar Laxman Varadpande|1987|p=98}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Theatre And Dance Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sVNQAAAAMAAJ|page=14|author=Shovana Narayan|publisher=Harman Publishing House|date=1 January 2004|isbn=978-8186622612}}</ref> King [[Chikka Devaraja]] (the fourteenth [[Maharaja of Mysore|maharaja]] of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]]) minted a series of gold coins called "Devaraja [with] the image of dancing Krishna" (''tandava krishnamurti devaraja'') to commemorate his coronation.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cMHADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA267|title=Devotional Sovereignty: Kingship and Religion in India|page=8|author=Caleb Simmons|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2 December 2019|isbn=978-0190088910}}</ref> [[Purandara Dasa]] calls the dancing Krishna ("Nritya Krishna") as "Tandava Krishna".<ref>{{cite book|author=Tumuluri Seetharama Lakshmi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBTmAAAAMAAJ|title=A study of the compositions of Purandaradāsa and Tyāgarāja|publisher=Veda Sruti Publications|year=1994|page=116}}</ref>

According to [[Jain]] traditions, Indra is said to have performed the Tandava in honour of [[Rishabha (Jain tirthankar)]] on the latter's birth.{{sfn|Manohar Laxman Varadpande|1987|p=146}}

The similarly correlated Buddhist deity [[Acala]] is shown in some depictions to trample upon Vighnarāja, a demon of obstacles, in the manner of Tandava.

==Indian classical dance==
In [[Kathak]] dance three types of Tandavas are generally used, they are, Krishna Tandava, Shiva Tandava and Ravana Tandava, but sometimes a fourth variety - Kalika Tandava, is also often used.<ref>{{cite book|title=Classical and Folk Dances of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzwOAQAAIAAJ|publisher=Marg Publications|year=1963|page=43|quote=There are three types of Tandavas generally used in Kathak, namely, Krishna Tandava, Shiva Tandava and Ravana Tandava, but sometimes a fourth variety - Kalika Tandava, is also recognised .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Kathak, Classical Dance of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l6kkAQAAIAAJ|page=12|author=Marie Joy Curtiss|publisher=University of the State of New York|year=1970}}</ref> [[Bharatanatyam]] and [[Kuchipudi]] have variants of Krishna dancing his Tandava on Kaliya.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lavanya Vemsani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ|title=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names|date=13 June 2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610692113|page=220|quote=Bharatanatyam and Kuchipudi developed a style of dance known as Tandava, a set of vigorous dance moves mainly performed with brisk movements of the feet, which was once said to have been performed by the child Krishna while he defeated the sepant Kaliya in Kalind lake in Brindavan.|author-link=Lavanya Vemsani}}</ref>

The [[Manipuri dance]] is categorized as either "Tandava" (vigorous, usually go with Shiva, Shakti or Krishna as warrior-savior themed plays) or lasya (delicate,<ref>{{cite book|author=Vimalakānta Rôya Caudhurī|title=The Dictionary of Hindustani Classical Music|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhind00roya|url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1708-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhind00roya/page/80 80]}}</ref> usually go with love stories of Radha and Krishna).{{Sfn|Reginald Massey|2004|pp=193-194}}{{Sfn|Saryu Doshi|1989|pp=xvi-xviii, 44-45}} In the Krishna Tandava in Raslila performance of Manipuri dance is graceful yet with swift movement and acrobatic gestures.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Raslila Performance Tradition of Manipur in Northeast India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAw7eAozMjwC|author=Angana Jhaveri|publisher=Michigan State University. Department of Theater|year=1986|page=105|quote=Krishna tandava as used in the raslila has very spritely and joyful dance movements. It involves small quick movements, light springy jumps, fast footwork, spinning at a dizzy speed and some acrobatic movements. But the overall effect of the form is that of grace and delicacy suitable to the romantic and youthful character of Krishna.}}</ref>

== Sculpture ==
The 108 karanas of Tandava have inspired Shiva sculptures of the 1st-millennium BCE, particularly the Tandava style which fuses many of these into a composite image found at the [[Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Nataraja temple]] of [[Chidambaram]].{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=278}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Brenda Pugh McCutchen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C0yjXGJ3EEoC|title=Teaching Dance as Art in Education|publisher=Human Kinetics|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7360-5188-0|pages=450}}</ref>

Shiva as Nataraja or Krishna dancing the Tandava is a recurring theme in the [[Chola dynasty|Chola period]] bronzes. Various Shiva temples in South India depict the dancing Nataraja.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sehdev Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSDACkmA_ukC|title=A Thousand Petalled Lotus: Jain Temples of Rajasthan : Architecture & Iconography|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=2001|isbn=978-8170173489|page=184}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book |author=Manohar Laxman Varadpande |title=History of Indian Theatre |publisher=Abhinav |year=1987 |isbn = 978-81-7017-278-9 }}
* {{cite book|author=Reginald Massey|title=India's Dances: Their History, Technique, and Repertoire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6MJ8jbHqIwC |year=2004|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-434-9 }}
*{{cite book|author=Saryu Doshi|title=Dances of Manipur: The Classical Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRbkAAAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Marg Publications|isbn=978-81-85026-09-1}}
*{{cite book|last= Dalal |first=Roshen |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT120|year=2014 | publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 }}

==External links==
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-natyashastra/d/doc209696.html Description of the Class Dance (''tāṇḍava'')], Chapter IV of the Nāṭyaśāstra

{{Dance in India}}
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Rishabha (svara)

2025-05-03T04:19:59Z

GildaNolan0093: new the details added tags

{{Short description|Second octave in Indian classical music}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Ṛiṣabha (Re).jpg|thumb|Rishabh (Re)]]

'''Rishabha''' ({{Langx|sa|ऋषभ|translit=Ṛṣabha}} {{IPA|sa|ɽ̩̊ʂɐbʱɐ|}}) is the second of the seven [[svara]]s in [[Hindustani music|Hindustani]] and [[Carnatic music]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://raag-hindustani.com/Notes.html|title=The Notes in an Octave in Indian Classical Music|website=Raag Hindustani}}</ref> Rishabha is the long form of the syllable रे (Re).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://brainly.in/question/4916824 | title=What is the full form of SA, RA, GA, MA, PA, DHA, NI, SA | date=28 July 2018 | publisher=Brainly | accessdate=17 December 2021 }}</ref>

== Detail ==
The following is the information about Rishabha and its importance in [[Indian classical music]]:

* Rishabha is the second ''svara'' in an octave or ''[[Saptak]]'' and follows "Sa" (Shadja) as its immediate successor.
* The [[svara]] of Rishabha is ''Komal'' and ''Shuddha''.
* It is said that Shadja is the basic svara from which all the other 6 svaras are produced. When we break the word Shadja then we get, ''Shad'' and ''Ja''. It means that Shad is 6 and ja is 'giving birth' in [[marathi (language)|Marathi]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://saxonianfolkways.wordpress.com/2013/01/30/the-7-shadows-of-shadja | title=The 7 Shadows of Shadja | date=30 January 2013 }}</ref> So basically the translation is :
'''षड् - 6, ज -जन्म . Therefore, it collectively means giving birth to the other 6 notes of the music.'''
So the svara Re is formed from [[Shadja]].
* The frequency of Rishabha is 270 Hz. The frequencies of the seven svaras are also given below: Sa 240 Hz, Re 270 Hz, Ga 300 Hz, Ma 320 Hz, Pa 360 Hz, Dha 400 Hz, and Ni 450 Hz, Sa 480 Hz (Taar Saptak) ........ (and so on). 'Sa' can have any frequency but then the frequencies of other svaras increase or decrease with a common ratio or difference.
Consequently, the Re after the Sa of 480 Hz (Taar Saptak) has a frequency of 540 Hz i.e. the double of the Lower octave Re.
* There are 3 [[Shruti (music)|Shruti]] of Rishabha. Previously the main Shruti, not only for Re but for all the other svaras, was on the last Shruti but now it is considered to be on the 1st Shrurti.
For example, if these are the 3 Shruti's of Re then,

'''Previously this was the position of the main Shruti of Re'''.
'''^'''
'''1 2 3'''
''' ^'''
'''But now this position has become the main Shruti of Re'''.
* All the other svaras except Shadja (Sa) and Pancham (Pa) can be {{lang|hi-Latn|Komal}} or {{lang|hi-Latn|Tivra svara}}s but Sa and Pa are always Shuddha svaras. And hence svaras Sa and Pa are called '''Achal Svaras''', since these svaras don't move from their original position. Svaras Ra, Ga, Ma, Dha, Ni are called '''Chal Svaras''', since these svaras move from their original position.

'''Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, Ni - Shuddha Svaras'''

'''Re, Ga, Dha, Ni - {{lang|hi-Latn|Komal Svaras}}'''

'''Ma - {{lang|hi-Latn|Tivra Svaras}}'''

* Ragas from [[Bhairav Thaat]], [[Poorvi Thaat]], [[Marwa Thaat]], [[Bhairavi Thaat]] and [[Todi Thaat]] have Komal Rishabha, rest of the [[thaat]]s have Shuddha Rishabha.
* Ragas where Re is the Vadi svara - Raga [[Brindabani Sarang]], etc. Ragas where Re is the Samvadi svara - Raga [[Bhairav (raga)|Bhairav]], etc.
* Hypothetically speaking, Re is said to be the Rishimuni (also known as Rushimuni), Rishimuni as in, the three main gods, [[Bhrama|Brahma]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]] were first created i.e. Sakar Brahma (Sa) and then these three gods created the Rishimunis (the sages) i.e. Re. Re is made the acronym of Rishimuni for showing the importance of the syllable Re.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-significance-of-Seven-Sur-Sa-Re-Ga-Ma-Pa-Dha-Ni-Sa-in-music | title=What is the significance of Seven Sur (Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni Sa) in music? }}</ref>
* Rishabha is said to be sourced from the lowing of a [[bull]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://adharashadja.wordpress.com/2017/03/21/swara-and-shruti/#:~:text=SHRUTIS | title=Swara and Shruti | date=21 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dollsofindia.com/library/raga_ragini/ | title=The Raga Ragini System of Indian Classical Music | date=15 March 2007 }}</ref>
* Rishabha is associated with the planet [[Mars]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://adharashadja.wordpress.com/2017/03/21/swara-and-shruti/#:~:text=SHRUTIS | title=Swara and Shruti | date=21 March 2017 }}</ref>
* Rishabha is the Name of the earliest and the very First [[Tirthankara]] of [[Jainism]]
* Rishabha is associated with [[Red]] colour.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://adharashadja.wordpress.com/2017/03/21/swara-and-shruti/#:~:text=SHRUTIS | title=Swara and Shruti | date=21 March 2017 }}</ref>

==Difference in pronouncing==
In the introductory part of Rishabha it is given that, 'Rishabha is the long form of the syllables रे and री. For simplicity in pronouncing while singing the syllable, Rishabha is pronounced as Re and Ri'. This is given because the pronouncing of the syllable Re is different in the Hindustani classical music and Carnatic classical music. In Hindustani classical music, the pronouncing of Rishabha is done as Re and in Carnatic classical music, the pronouncing of Rishabha is done as Ri.

So a Hindustani classical singer will sing the 7 svaras as : Sa '''Re''' Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni Sa.

While a Carnatic classical singer will sing these svaras like : Sa '''Ri''' Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni Sa.

==See also==
* [[List of Ragas in Hindustani classical music]]
* [[Svara]]
* [[Shadja (svara)|Shadja]] (Sa)
* [[Gandhar (svara)|Gandhara]] (Ga)
* [[Madhyam (svara)|Madhyam]] (Ma)
* [[Pancham (svara)|Pancham]] (Pa)
* [[Dhaivat (svara)|Dhaivat]] (Dha)
* [[Nishad (svara)|Nishada]] (Ni)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian classical music]]
[[Category:Musical notation]]
[[Category:Musical scales]]
[[Category:Hindustani music terminology]]
[[Category:Carnatic music terminology]]