Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Muhammad Abbas Sheikh

2026-05-03T01:54:29Z

Gheethivf: starting some info w/ infobox.

{{short description|Kashmiri militant (1975–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Muhammad Abbas Sheikh
| other_name = Umar Mukhtar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1975
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|8|df=y|23|1975}}
| birth_place = [[Kulgam district|Rampora Qaimoh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| death_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| burial_place = Wudder Payeen, [[Handwara]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| allegiance = * [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] (1996–2019)
* [[The Resistance Front]] (2019–2021)
| branch = 
| service_years = 1996–2021
| rank = Chief Operational Commander of [[The Resistance Front]]
| unit = 
| commands = 
| battles = [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]
| awards = 
| relations = 
| other_work = 
| module =
}}
'''Muhammad Abbas Sheikh''' (also known as '''Umar Mukhtar''') was a militant commander and founder and Chief of [[The Resistance Front]], a separatist organization involved in the [[insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]. He was killed in an encounter with the Indian security forces on 23 August 2021. He had joined militancy in 1996 and was previously associated with [[Hizbul Mujahideen]]. He was accused of several attacks on security forces and civilians in Kashmir. He was one of the ten most wanted militants in [[Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Majid, DHNS |first=Zulfikar |title=3 newly-recruited militants among J&K's most wanted 10 ultras |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/3-newly-recruited-militants-among-jk-s-most-wanted-10-ultras-1015762.html |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=J&K Police releases fresh list of 8 most wanted militants |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jammu-kashmir-police-fresh-list-of-most-wanted-militants-1779009-2021-03-13 |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=India Today |date=13 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> He was also known for reviving militancy in [[Srinagar]] and recruiting new militants.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-25 |title=Mohd Abbas Sheikh killed: Planner, recruiter, militant for 26 yrs, he was most wanted |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mohd-abbas-sheikh-killed-planner-recruiter-militant-for-26-yrs-he-was-most-wanted-7469190/ |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who was Abbas Sheikh, TRF chief who revived militancy in Srinagar? |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/08/26/who-was-abbas-sheikh-trf-chief-who-revived-militancy-in-srinagar.html |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-24 |title=Chief of Lashkar Offshoot, aide Killed in Srinagar Encounter |url=https://www.newsclick.in/Chief-Lashkar-Offshoot-aide-Killed-Srinagar-Encounter |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=NewsClick |language=en}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Muhammad Abbas Sheikh was born in 1975 in Rampora village in [[Kulgam district]], to farmer Ghulam Hassan Sheikh. He first joined militancy in 1996 by joining [[Hizbul Mujahideen]]. In 2004, he was arrested, and after his release in 2005, he rejoined militancy the same year, leading to another arrest in 2007. After being released in 2011, he briefly worked as a tailor but returned to militancy in March 2014. Since then, he has been actively involved.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. K. W. |date=2021-08-23 |title=Why was Abbas Sheikh the most wanted militant of Kashmir? |url=https://thekashmirwalla.com/why-was-abbas-sheikh-the-most-wanted-militant-of-kashmir/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920073422/https://thekashmirwalla.com/why-was-abbas-sheikh-the-most-wanted-militant-of-kashmir/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=20 September 2021 |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=The Kashmir Walla |language=en-US}}</ref>

In the last two years, he shifted his focus to establishing [[The Resistance Front]] (TRF) and played a significant role in its formation after leaving Hizbul Mujahideen. According to a police officer, who wished to remain anonymous, Abbas Sheikh was known for his ability to procure weapons. He commanded great respect among militants, who regarded him as a spiritual leader. This reputation contributed to the rapid growth of TRF and attracted several new recruits in a short time. Sheikh was listed among the 'ten most wanted' militants<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-04 |title=J&K Police releases list of 10 most wanted militants |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jk-police-releases-list-of-10-most-wanted-militants-7437108/ |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> shared by the police in July 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manhotra |first=Dinesh |date=2021-08-23 |title=Encountered LeT commander, his close aide responsible for killing J&K cops [criminal history] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/encountered-let-commander-his-close-aide-responsible-killing-jk-cops-criminal-history-840018 |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref>

In the past six years, Sheikh managed to escape several times during gunfights by breaking through the security cordons.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

More than two dozen members of his extended family have been militants. He was the sixteenth militant from the immediate family to have been killed in a gunfight. His sister, Naseema Bano, was booked under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] (UAPA) in June 2020 for allegedly aiding militants. Her son, Touseef Sheikh, was involved in militancy and was killed in a gunfight.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

According to police officials, Sheikh played a crucial role in the insurgency by providing the capability to recruit, motivate, and survive. Police sources also revealed that Sheikh was instrumental in revitalizing militancy in Srinagar, the capital city. Within six months of being declared militancy-free in 2020, Srinagar saw the recruitment of seven new militants, attributed to Sheikh's influence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bazaz |first=Junaid Nabi |title=Most-wanted militant Abbas Sheikh killed alongside aide in Srinagar |url=https://kashmirreader.com/2021/08/24/most-wanted-militant-abbas-sheikh-killed-alongside-aide-in-srinagar/ |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Kashmir Reader |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Family ==
The Sheikh family's involvement in militancy spans generations, with 17 young men lost over the past two decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Suhail A. |title=TRF chief Abbas Sheikh was the 17th militant in his family to have been killed |url=https://kashmirreader.com/2021/08/25/trf-chief-abbas-sheikh-was-the-17th-militant-in-his-family-to-have-been-killed/ |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Kashmir Reader |language=en-US}}</ref> Ibrahim, Abbas Sheikh's elder brother, was among the first to take up arms in the early 1990s and was killed in 1996. Though Abbas remained committed to militancy, enduring arrests in 2004 and 2007. His younger brother, Ashraf, also became a militant, purchasing an [[AK-47]], but was killed within 40 days. 15 more close relatives, including nephews Asiful Islam and Tawseef Sheikh, sons of his sisters, followed a similar path, with Tawseef's mother herself facing arrest for alleged involvement and spending over a year in jail. She was accused of motivating young men to join militancy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Central |date=2020-07-17 |title=Naseema Bano from IoK and Lawless Special Laws of Indian State |url=https://dnd.com.pk/naseema-bano-from-iok-and-lawless-special-laws-of-indian-state/193731 |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Dispatch news Desk |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rafiq |first=Shefali |date=2021-02-11 |title=Memories, dreams, and pain: Mothers of Qaimoh's militants |url=https://thekashmirwalla.com/memories-dreams-and-pain-mothers-of-qaimohs-militants/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210135509/https://thekashmirwalla.com/memories-dreams-and-pain-mothers-of-qaimohs-militants/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=10 December 2021 |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=The Kashmir Walla |language=en-US}}</ref> Shabbir Ahmad Sheikh and Maqbool Ahmad Sheikh, paternal cousins of Sheikh, both lost their lives after joining the militancy. They lived in the same compound as Abbas Sheikh's family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kashmir: Slain Militant's Mother Arrested Under UAPA for 'Recruiting Militants' |url=https://thewire.in/security/kashmir-slain-militants-mother-arrested-under-uapa |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

The chain of militants from the family extended beyond [[Kulgam district|Kulgam]], including relatives from [[Bijbehara]], [[Tral]], and [[Shopian district|Shopian]] districts. Irshad Ahmad Lone, a cousin, was killed in a non-militant-related army shootout.<ref>{{Cite web |last=migrator |date=2018-07-08 |title=Killings won"t deter us from seeking rights: JRL |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/killings-wont-deter-us-from-seeking-rights-jrl/ |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Death ==
In a daylight operation, Abbas Sheikh and his associate Saqib Manzoor Dar were killed<ref>{{Cite web |title=Terrorism Update Details - two-militants-including-trf--chief--killed-in-an-encounter-with-police-in-jammu-and-kashmir |url=https://www.satp.org/terrorism-update/two-militants-including-trf--chief--killed-in-an-encounter-with-police-in-jammu-and-kashmir |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=www.satp.org}}</ref> by [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] in Aloochi Bagh in [[Srinagar]] on 23 August 2021. [[Inspector-general of police|Inspector General]] Vijay Kumar stated that 10 plainclothes<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-23 |title=Plainclothes Policemen Kill TRF Chief, Deputy In Srinagar Raid |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2021/08/23/plainclothes-policemen-kill-trf-chief-deputy-in-srinagar-raid/ |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Kashmir Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> officers warned the militants before exchanging gunfire. Abbas, known for inciting youth to join militants, was buried far from home in Wudder Payeen [[Handwara]], with restricted attendance at the funeral. Eyewitnesses described chaos as police surrounded the scene, emptying the area within moments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bazaz |first=Junaid Nabi |title=Most-wanted militant Abbas Sheikh killed alongside aide in Srinagar|url=https://kashmirreader.com/2021/08/24/most-wanted-militant-abbas-sheikh-killed-alongside-aide-in-srinagar/ |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Kashmir Reader |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-23 |title=2 Lashkar commanders killed in gunbattle with police in Kashmir |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/2-lashkar-commanders-killed-in-gunbattle-with-police-in-kashmir-101629739096391.html |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-23 |title=Two militants killed in shootout with police in Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/two-militants-killed-in-shootout-with-police-in-jammu-and-kashmir/articleshow/85566079.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kulgam district]]
[[Category:Kashmiri militants]]
[[Category:Indian Islamists]]
[[Category:Members of jihadist groups]]
[[Category:Leaders of jihadist groups]]
[[Category:Islamist insurgents]]
[[Category:People of the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Lashkar-e-Taiba members]]

Murbad taluka

2026-05-02T09:55:19Z

Gheethivf: starting initial post v1.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}

'''Murbad taluka''' is a [[taluka]] in [[Thane district]] of Maharashtra in [[Konkan division]].<ref name="Prahar-20141127">{{cite news|url=http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444|title=महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व तालुके - महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व जिल्ह्यांतील तालुके महसुली विभागांनिहाय जाणून घ्या.|date=2014-11-27|work=Prahar|accessdate=2015-08-15|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032645/http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444|archivedate=22 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="ThaneDistrictCollectorate-20150816">{{cite web|url=http://www.thane.nic.in/htmldocs/saja_village.html|title=Circle Saja Revenue Village List - Tahsil Office|publisher=Thane District Collectorate|accessdate=16 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092256/http://www.thane.nic.in/htmldocs/saja_village.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Thane district==
Until 31 July 2014, Thane was the country's most populous district with a population of over 1.2 crore.<ref name="DNA-20140801">{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-maharashtra-gets-its-36th-district-palghar-craved-out-of-india-s-most-populous-thane-district-2007051|title=Maharashtra gets its 36th district - Palghar; carved out of India's most populous Thane district|date=2014-08-01|work=Daily News and Analysis|accessdate=16 August 2015}}</ref> On 1 August 2014, the talukas of [[Mokhada taluka|Mokhada]], [[Jawahar taluka|Jawahar]], [[Talasari taluka|Talasari]], [[Vikramgad taluka|Vikramgad]], [[Wada taluka|Wada]], [[Dahanu taluka|Dahanu]], [[Palghar taluka|Palghar]] and [[Vasai taluka|Vasai]] were separated from the erstwhile Thane district to form a new district [[Palghar district|Palghar]]. The talukas [[Thane taluka|Thane]], [[Bhiwandi taluka|Bhiwandi]], [[Kalyan taluka|Kalyan]], [[Ulhasnagar taluka|Ulhasnagar]], [[Ambernath taluka|Ambernath]], Murbad and [[Shahapur taluka|Shahapur]] were retained in Thane district.<ref name="DNA-20140801" /><ref name="TimesOfIndia-20140614">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/Thane-district-will-finally-be-split-into-2-parts-from-August-15/articleshow/36516533.cms|title=Thane district will finally be split into 2 parts from August 15|last=Tembhekar|first=Chittaranjan |author2=Sanjeev Shivadekar |date=2014-06-14|work=Times of India|accessdate=16 August 2015}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Murbad taluk (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|92.29}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|4.91}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|2.21}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.59}}
}}

Murbad taluka has a population of 190,652 according to the 2011 census. Murbad had a literacy rate of 76.17% and a sex ratio of 961 females per 1000 males. 22,938 (12.03%) are under 7 years of age. 18,725 (9.82%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 5.77% and 24.83% of the population respectively.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Thane |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/834/download/36204/DH_2011_2721_PART_A_DCHB_THANE.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Murbad taluk (2011)<ref name="langs" />
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 95.16 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 3.10 |color2 = orange
|label3 = Others |value3 = 1.74 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 95.16% of the population in the district spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and 3.10% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Thane district topics}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Talukas in Thane district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]

List of ambassadors of India to Denmark

2026-05-02T06:44:43Z

Gheethivf: starting some stub nd citations

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Ambassador of India to the Kingdom of Denmark
| body =
| native_name =
| insignia = Emblem of India.svg
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption =
| flag =
| flagsize =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption =
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| incumbent = Manish Prabhat
| acting =
| incumbentsince = 2 April 2024
| department =
| style =
| type = Ambassador
| status =
| abbreviation =
| member_of = [[Indian Foreign Service]]
| reports_to = [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]
| residence =
| seat = Embassy of India, Copenhagen
| nominator =
| appointer = [[President of India]]
| appointer_qualified =
| termlength = No fixed tenure
| termlength_qualified =
| precursor =
| formation =
| first =
| abolished =
| succession =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website = {{URL|https://www.indianembassycopenhagen.gov.in/page/amb-profile/|Indian Ambassador to the Kingdom of Denmark}}
}}

The '''Ambassador of India to the Kingdom of Denmark''' is the chief diplomatic representative of [[India]] to [[Denmark]]. The embassy is located in Vangehusvej 15, 2100 [[Copenhagen]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of India, Copenhagen, Denmark : Contact Us |url=https://www.indianembassycopenhagen.gov.in/page/contact-us/ |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=www.indianembassycopenhagen.gov.in}}</ref>

The embassy is headed by the [[Ambassador]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India House In Stockholm {{!}} Embassy of India, Stockholm, Sweden |url=https://www.indembassysweden.gov.in/page/india-house-in-stockholm/ |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=www.indembassysweden.gov.in |language=english}}</ref>

== List of Indian Ambassadors ==
The following persons have served as the Ambassador of India to the [[Kingdom of Denmark]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Ambassadors |url=https://www.indianembassycopenhagen.gov.in/docs/1721810212List%20of%20Ambassadors%20at%20Embassy%20of%20India%20,Copenhagen%20(1).pdf |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=Embassy of India, Copenhagen, Denmark}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Name
!Term start
!Term end
|-
| colspan="4" |Before 1962 the Indian [[Legation|Minister]]/[[Ambassador]] in [[Stockholm]] was concurrently accredited to [[Nordic countries]].
|-
|1
|K. M. Kannampilly
|8 October 1962
|6 July 1965
|-
|2
|Avatar Singh
|18 March 1966
|25 April 1967
|-
|3
|[[Abid Hasan|A. H. Safrani]]
|18 May 1967
|11 April 1969
|-
|4
|M. R. Thadani
|14 April 1969
|20 January 1971
|-
|5
|J. C. Kakar
|22 January 1971
|31 January 1973
|-
|6
|K. Rukmani Menon
|17 February 1973
|8 February 1976
|-
|7
|[[Gopal Gurunath Bewoor|G. G. Bewoor]]
|9 February 1976
|28 February 1978
|-
|8
|Prem Shunker
|1 June 1978
|1 October 1982
|-
|9
|Manorama Bhalla
|4 October 1982
|29 June 1986
|-
|10
|R. C. Shukla
|31 July 1986
|23 August 1989
|-
|11
|Roma Majumdar
|25 August 1989
|24 August 1991
|-
|12
|K. M. Lal
|23 March 1992
|29 February 1996
|-
|13
|[[Neelam Deo]]
|18 March 1996
|16 March 1999
|-
|14
|[[Shashank (diplomat)|Shashank]]
|26 March 1999
|3 June 2001
|-
|15
| [[H. K. Dua]]
|10 July 2001
|7 June 2003
|-
|16
|Harsh K. Bhasin
|14 June 2003
|13 June 2005
|-
|17
|Partha Sarathi Ray
|26 October 2005
|29 February 2008
|-
|18
|Yogesh Kumar Gupta
|10 March 2008
|31 August 2010
|-
|19
|Ashok Kumar Attri
|4 October 2010
|30 June 2013
|-
|20
|Nirai Srivastava
|3 August 2013
|31 October 2015
|-
|21
|Rajeev Shahare
|23 January 2016
|31 August 2017
|-
|22
|[[Ajit Gupte]]
|2 September 2017
|10 March 2021
|-
|23
|[[Pooja Kapur]]
|19 March 2021
|31 March 2024
|-
|24
|Manish Prabhat
|2 April 2024
|''[[Incumbent]]''
|}

== See also ==
* [[Denmark–India relations]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{URL|www.indianembassycopenhagen.gov.in|Official website of Indian embassy in Copenhagen}}

{{Ambassadors of India}}

[[Category:Lists of ambassadors of India|Denmark]]
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors to Denmark|India]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Denmark| ]]

Bangla Pokkho

2026-04-25T20:04:47Z

Gheethivf: added a pg

{{Short description|Pro-Bengali advocacy organisation}}
{{more references|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Bangla Pokkho
| image = Bangla Pokkho flag.svg
| logo_size = 100px
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption = Logo
| logo = Bangla Pokkho logo.jpeg
| image_size =
| image_alt = 
| caption = Flag of Bangla Pokkho
| map = 
| map_size = 
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| successor =
| formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|2018|01|07}}
| founding_location =
| founder = Garga Chatterjee
| type =
| tax_id = 
| registration_id = 
| status = Active
| focus = [[Bengali language movements in India|Bengali nationalism]] in India
| professional_title = 
| headquarters = [[Kolkata]], India
| coordinates = 
| origins =
| region_served = [[West Bengal]]
| products = Bangla Pokkho Barta (Monthly newspaper)
| services =
| methods = 
| fields = 
| membership = 200,000–300,000
| num_members_year = 2019
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
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| website = {{URL|www.banglapokkho.com}}
| remarks =
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| footnotes =
}}

'''Bangla Pokkho''' ({{IPA|bn|ˈbaŋla ˈpɔkʰːo|pron}}; literally means '''Side of Bengal''' or '''In support of Bengal''') is a pro-Bengali advocacy organisation that focuses on rights for [[Bengalis]] in the [[Republic of India]].<ref name="auto"/> Based on [[Bengali nationalism]], it works against the enforcing of the [[Hindustani language]] in [[West Bengal]]. It is organised along linguistic lines and is aimed at protecting [[Bengali culture]]. It uses the state slogan "[[Joy Bangla (slogan)|Joy Bangla]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.banglapokkho.com/|title=Bangla Pokkho|website=banglapokkho.com|access-date=2021-02-18|archive-date=2023-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604145809/http://banglapokkho.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Demands and protests==
{{see also|Discrimination against Bengalis in India|Anti-Hindi agitations of West Bengal}}
Bangla Pokkho majorly demands 100% reservation for residents of West Bengal in fields of government jobs<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/Jan/17/bangla-pokkho-seeks-job-education-reservation-ahead-of-bengal-polls-2251382.html|title='Bangla Pokkho' seeks job, education reservation ahead of Bengal polls - The New Indian Express|website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref> and 90% reservation in other job sectors, education, military, and administration works.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/bangla-pokkho-seeks-job-education-reservation-for-bengalis-in-bengal/articleshow/80322882.cms|title='Bangla Pokkho' seeks job, education reservation for Bengalis in Bengal - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=18 January 2021 }}</ref> The group has done numerous meetings, gatherings, and rallies throughout many places of West Bengal and Tripura.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>https://bengali.indianexpress.com/politics/bangla-pokkho-meeting-in-kolkata-for-demand-protection-of-bengal-son-of-the-soil-bhumiputra-277439/lite/&ved=2ahUKEwiL3subw_PuAhWaWX0KHYxwCqUQFjAEegQICBAL&usg=AOvVaw0CeFqxUG6u9rp81YZFz3Sa&ampcf=1 {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

Bangla Pokkho also demanded for Bengali language in various exams i.e. Rail, JEE, NEET<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/bangla-pokkho-the-outfit-fighting-for-the-rights-of-bengalis/cid/1681567|title=Bangla Pokkho: the outfit fighting for the rights of Bengalis|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> etc., and in Banks, offices, and other sectors. The group proposed that the top administrative officials in West Bengal must come from the WBCS/WBPS cadre and not the IAS/IPS.

Bangla Pokkho protested when Bengali workers in WBSEDCL were expelled as they were not fluent in English and Hindi. After protests, the company took them back and enacted them in respective places.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kolkatatimes24.com/kolkata/69666/five-workers-were-sacked-from-the-income-tax-department-for-not-speaking-english/|title=ইংরেজি না বলার অপরাধে আয়কর দফতর থেকে ছাঁটাই পাঁচ কর্মী, প্রতিবাদ বাংলা পক্ষের|first=Ritika|last=Chakraborty|date=October 17, 2020|access-date=February 18, 2021|archive-date=October 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025111722/https://kolkatatimes24.com/kolkata/69666/five-workers-were-sacked-from-the-income-tax-department-for-not-speaking-english/|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kolkatatimes24.com/kolkata/57375/bangla-pokkho-lodged-a-complaint-in-police-station-protesting-that-bengalis-will-not-be-hired/|title='বাঙালিকে চাকরিতে নেবে না', প্রতিবাদ জানিয়ে থানায় অভিযোগ দায়ের বাংলা পক্ষের|first=Ritika|last=Chakraborty|date=June 30, 2020}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Massive controversy broke out when in the second season of the webseries ‘Abhay’, released on OTT platform Zee5, young Bengali freedom fighter [[Khudiram Bose]] was shown as a "criminal" in its second episode. Bangla Pokkho along with many nationalist organisations protested and demanded the show to be banned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/in-abhay-2-freedom-fighter-khudiram-boses-photo-used-on-criminal-board-zee5-issues-apology/articleshow/77596445.cms|title=অপরাধীদের মাঝে ক্ষুদিরামের ছবি! চাপে নিঃশর্ত ক্ষমা Zee5-এর, বিক্ষোভ বাংলা পক্ষের|website=Ei Samay|access-date=2021-02-18|archive-date=2021-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724161232/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/in-abhay-2-freedom-fighter-khudiram-boses-photo-used-on-criminal-board-zee5-issues-apology/articleshow/77596445.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> The group sent a legal notice to remove the scene.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thefederal.com/news/abhay-2-makers-zee5-legal-notice-freedom-fighters-khudiram-bose/|title='Abhay 2' makers get legal notice after row over Khudiram Bose's image|date=August 17, 2020|website=The Federal}}</ref> After that Zee5 edited and re-released the show cutting out the Khudiram image.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medianama.com/2020/08/223-zee5-khudiram-bose-abhay/|title=Zee5 edits freedom fighter out of TV show after appearance on wanted board causes outrage|first=Aroon|last=Deep|date=August 19, 2020}}</ref>

The group opposed the CAA and NRC, planned by the central government to be implemented in Bengal. Bangla Pokkho said that the BJP unlawfully had passed the laws in the parliament to break the unity of Hindus and Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://enewsroom.in/bangla-pokkho-caa-cab-nrc-bjp-bengali/|title=BJP is the most undemocratic party and the Bengalis are ready to fight back|first=Biswajit Roy and Aritra|last=Singha|date=December 15, 2019|website=eNewsroom India}}</ref>

The group also protested against the idea of the formation of Gorkhaland. They fired an idol of Subramaniyam Swami who proposed to make a separate state from West Bengal namely Gorkhaland <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangla.asianetnews.com/kolkata/bangla-pokkho-protest-against-subramaniyam-swamy-on-gorkhaland-remarks-q5u3zw/articleshow-uar1ns|title=সুব্রামানিয়াম স্বামীর কুশপুতুল পুড়িয়ে প্রতিবাদ, বাংলা ভাগের বিরুদ্ধে পথে নামল 'বাংলাপক্ষ' | Bangla pokkho protest against Subramaniyam Swamy on Gorkhaland remarks|website=bangla.asianetnews.com}}</ref>

Bangla Pokkho along with Kanchanpur Nagarik Surakkha Mancha met in a big protest in [[Tripura]], that gathered more than 30,000 Bengalis in Tripura, complaining against social discrimination of Bengalis by the Tripura state BJP Government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aajkaal.in/news/national/bangla-pakkha-in-tripura--more-than-30-thousand-people-gathered-ftqo|title=ত্রিপুরায় আমন্ত্রিত বাংলা পক্ষ, জনসভায় ভিড় ৩০,০০০ বাঙালির|website=www.aajkaal.in/|access-date=2021-02-18|archive-date=2022-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512023303/https://aajkaal.in/news/national/bangla-pakkha-in-tripura--more-than-30-thousand-people-gathered-ftqo|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In August 2025, Bangla Pokkho’s founder, Garga Chattopadhyay, was reportedly assaulted inside the Congress state office in Kolkata. He had visited the premises to offer condolences amid a violent clash that occurred earlier that day, when BJP-affiliated activists allegedly attacked the Congress headquarters. According to Chattopadhyay and eyewitness reports, he was then attacked by a group of individuals identified as Congress-affiliated Leaders.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-30 |title=BJP: বিধান ভবনে হামলা বিজেপির! সমবেদনা জানাতে গিয়ে কংগ্রেসের হাতে আক্রান্ত গর্গ চট্টোপাধ্যায় {{!}} Garga Chatterjee Beaten Up By Congress Leader In Their Party Office {{!}} India Hood {{!}} |url=https://indiahood.in/news/politics/bjp-attacks-congress-head-office-at-kolkata-know-the-details-ppd-30-08/303530/ |access-date=2025-08-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Major successes==

*The West Bengal Public Service Commission, which is the body for tests for administrative posts in the Government of West Bengal marked the Bengali language mandatory with 300 marks in Bengali/Nepali language paper in the examination.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bangla.asianetnews.com/west-bengal/west-bengal-news/bangla-pokkho-celebrates-victory-of-making-bengali-paper-of-300-marks-compulsory-in-wbcs-examination-bengals-psc-building-bsm/articleshow-xw36m1h | title=WBCS-এ বাংলা ভাষা পরীক্ষা বাধ্যতামূলক, ৫ বছরের লড়াইয়ে জয় উদযাপন করল বাংলা পক্ষ }}</ref>
*Hindi and English languages were used in Kolkata Metro Rail smart cards. In this regard, the Bangla Pokkho protested and pointed out the non-use of the Bengali language in Bengali-speaking states and the use of Hindi to the exclusion of the Bengali. [[Bengali language]] was included in [[Kolkata Metro]] Rail smart card after this protest.<ref name=hindustantimes>{{cite web |title=Anti-Hindi movement re-surfaces in Bengal, leader says BJP's rise a threat to regional languages |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/anti-hindi-movement-re-surfaces-in-bengal-leader-says-bjp-s-rise-a-threat-to-regional-languages/story-waqTnAfUTHrNyqKmZyPw8N.html |website=www.hindustantimes.com |date=6 July 2018 |access-date=14 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=12 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112144038/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/anti-hindi-movement-re-surfaces-in-bengal-leader-says-bjp-s-rise-a-threat-to-regional-languages/story-waqTnAfUTHrNyqKmZyPw8N.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*The SET exam, used to recruit college faculties, introduced the Bengali language as a medium.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/education/story/set-2023-most-question-papers-are-bengali-big-update-set-exam-rjk-493904-2023-01-06 | title=Set 2023: বাংলায় প্রশ্নপত্র, রবিবার পরীক্ষায় বসছেন ৮৫ হাজার, Set নিয়ে বড় আপডেট }}</ref>
*Major banks and ATMs started to use the Bengali language in the bank forms, which were previously in Hindi and English only.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://lawbeat.in/news-updates/petition-filed-calcutta-high-court-seeking-bank-services-bengali-language | title=Petition filed in Calcutta High Court seeking bank services in Bengali language }}</ref>

==Support and criticism==
As of January 2019, Bangla Pokkho claims to have 200,000 to 300,000 supporters,<ref name="auto"/> who usually have a stand for the promotion and protection of Bengali culture. Bangla Pokkho is known to promote Hindu-Muslim unity among Bengalis.{{cn|date=February 2025}} Maidul Islam, political analyst and faculty member of Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, terms this as the rise of the organic nationalist left of center, after the decline of Left and its class politics.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/bengali-non-bengali-divide-arising-in-west-bengal-773902.html|title=Bengali-non-Bengali divide arising in West Bengal?|date=November 6, 2019|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

===Criticisms===
A political controversy had erupted over a video in which a group of men are purportedly seen assaulting and abusing two job aspirants from Bihar in Siliguri town of West Bengal.The video, which was on social media, showed two youths from Bihar, said to be appearing for recruitment in the central para military forces, being heckled by a group of people and questioned about their domicile. The accused shouted at them, searched their documents and made them do squats holding their ears.

“A video was in circulation on social media where two persons claiming them as IB officers were seen assaulting and abusing two other persons in Siliguri. Those two persons have been identified, their claim of being the IB officers is fake and they have been arrested,” the Siliguri Police Commissionerate had posted on X on Thursday (September 26, 2024).The two accused, Rajat Bhattacharya and Giridhari Roy, were produced before a court in Siliguri on Friday and remanded to two days of police custody. While being produced in a court, Mr. Bhattacharya remained unfazed and said that people from other states cannot appear in recruitment drives in West Bengal.

According to some reports, the accused are associated with [[Bangla Pokkho]], a group that claims to promote “Bengali nationalism” and “protect Bengali culture”. Over the past few years, the issue of ‘Bahirgata’ (outsiders) has dominated the State politics and was at the centre of discourse during the 2021 Assembly polls. <ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/assault-on-job-aspirants-from-bihar-in-west-bengal-sparks-a-political-row/article68691319.ece/</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.banglapokkho.com/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604145809/http://banglapokkho.com/ |date=2023-06-04 }}

{{West Bengal}}{{Hindi topics}}

[[Category:Language advocacy organizations]]
[[Category:Bengali nationalism]]
[[Category:Advocacy groups in India]]

Qudsia Begum, Begum of Bhopal

2026-04-24T09:47:11Z

Gheethivf:

{{Short description|Nawab of Bhopal from 1819 to 1837}}
{{refimprove|date=December 2022}}

{{Expand Italian|topic=bio|Qudsia Begum di Bhopal|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
[[File:Qudsia Begum regnante di Bhopal.jpg|thumb|Qudsia Begum, Nawab of Bhopal]]

'''Qudsia Begum''' (1801 – 1881) was the [[Nawabs of Bhopal|Nawab of Bhopal]] from 14 November 1819<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jahan |first=Sultan |title=Hayat-i-Qudsi, life of the Nawab Gauhar Begum alias the Nawab Begum Qudsia of Bhopal |date=1918 |publisher=Paul, Trench, Trubner |isbn=9781017226157 |location=London |pages=30 |language=en}}</ref> until her abdication on 29 November 1837.<ref>The Begums of Bhopal: A Dynasty of Women Rulers in Raj India, by Shahraryar M. Khan. Published by I. B.Tauris, 2000. {{ISBN|1-86064-528-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jahan |first=Sultan |title=Hayat-i-Qudsi, life of the Nawab Gauhar Begum alias the Nawab Begum Qudsia of Bhopal |publisher=[[E.P. Dutton & Co.]] |year=1918 |isbn=9781017226157 |location=New York |pages=96 |language=en}}</ref>

She was born to nawab Ghous Mohammad Khan of Bhopal. In 1817, she married Nazar Mohammad Khan, and became the mother of [[Sikandar Begum]].

Her husband succeeded her father as Nawab. In 1819, she succeeded her husband as Nawab of Bhopal.

In 1837, she abdicated in favor of her daughter and son-in-law. She continued to influence the affairs of state in Bhopal during the reigns of her son-in-law, her daughter, and her granddaughter.
[[File:Tomb of Nawab Kudsia Begum & Mohammad Khan , Bada Bagh at Bhopal.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Nawab Kudsia Begum]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Qudsia Begum}}
[[Category:1801 births]]
[[Category:1881 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Muslim monarchs]]
[[Category:Begums of Bhopal]]
[[Category:19th-century women monarchs]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian Muslims]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Gandey Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:17:20Z

Gheethivf: added new data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jharkhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Kalpana Soren 02.jpg
| name = Gandey
| map_image = Gandey constituency map.svg
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency|Kodarma]]
| established = 2000
| district = [[Giridih district|Giridih]]
| party = {{Party index link|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 elections in India#Jharkhand|2024]]
| preceded_by = [[Sarfaraz Ahmad|Dr. Sarfaraz Ahmad]] [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|20px]] {{Party index link|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| mla = [[Kalpana Soren]]
| constituency_no = 31
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
''' Gandey Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
!colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Before 1977: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[Laxman Swarnkar]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[Sarfaraz Ahmad|Dr. Sarfaraz Ahmad]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]|| rowspan="2" | [[Salkhan Soren]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| [[Laxman Swarnkar]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || [[Salkhan Soren]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
!colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || [[Salkhan Soren]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Sarfaraz Ahmad|Dr. Sarfaraz Ahmad]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Jai Prakash Verma]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Sarfaraz Ahmad|Dr. Sarfaraz Ahmad]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2024 elections in India#Jharkhand|2024^]] || rowspan=2|[[Kalpana Soren]]
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}

^by-election

== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Gandey<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kalpana Soren]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=1,19,372 |percentage=50.51% |change={{decrease}}1.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Muniya Devi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,02,230 |percentage=43.26% |change={{increase}}4.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arjun Baitha |party=Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram) |votes=2,760 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rameshwar Dusadh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,539 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,051 |percentage=1.29% |change={{decrease}}0.69 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,142 |percentage=7.25% |change= {{decrease}}5.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,36,339 |percentage=73.88% |change= {{increase}}5.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,19,910 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}1.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly by-election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 elections in India#Jharkhand|2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Gandey<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15621-bye-elections-2024-jan-to-june2024/ |title=Bye Elections 2024 (Jan to June,2024) |access-date=15 January 2024 |archive-date= |archive-url= |publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kalpana Soren]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=1,09,827 |percentage=51.55% |change={{increase}}16.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilip Kumar Verma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=82,678 |percentage=38.80% |change={{increase}}8.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arjun Baitha |party=Independent politician |votes=6,960 |percentage=3.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Intekhab Ansari |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes=4,764 |percentage=2.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Kausar Azad |party=Independent politician |votes=2,054 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Sayeed Alam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,988 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Awadhesh Kumar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,138 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=4,219 |percentage=1.98% |change={{decrease}}0.01 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,149 |percentage=12.74% |change= {{increase}}8.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,13,069 |percentage=68.86% |change= {{decrease}}0.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,16,514 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.51 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{increase}}16.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Gandey<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sarfaraz Ahmad|Dr. Sarfaraz Ahmad]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=65,023 |percentage=34.71% |change={{increase}}11.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jai Prakash Verma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=56,168 |percentage=29.98% |change={{increase}}1.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arjun Baitha |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=15,361 |percentage=8.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Kumar Yadav |party=Independent politician |votes=9,900 |percentage=5.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karmila Tudu |party=Independent politician |votes=9,056 |percentage=4.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilip Kumar Verma |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=8,952 |percentage=4.78% |change={{decrease}}1.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Kumar
|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|votes=7,408
|percentage=3.95%
|change={{decrease}}2.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,734 |percentage=1.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,855 |percentage=4.73% |change= {{decrease}}1.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,87,343 |percentage=69.56% |change= {{decrease}}1.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,69,330 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}5.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Gandey<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jai Prakash Verma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=48,838 |percentage=28.89% |change={{increase}}12.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Salkhan Soren]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=38,559 |percentage=22.81% |change={{decrease}}0.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sarfaraz Ahmad|Dr. Sarfaraz Ahmad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,727 |percentage=21.14% |change={{decrease}}9.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxman Swarnkar |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=11,407 |percentage=6.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Kumar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation |votes=11,202 |percentage=6.63% |change={{decrease}}7.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mumtaz Ansari |party=Independent politician |votes=3,579 |percentage=2.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shhadat Ansari |party=Independent politician |votes=3,388 |percentage=2.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=868 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,279 |percentage=6.08% |change= {{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,69,027 |percentage=70.69% |change= {{increase}}5.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,39,127 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.81 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Gandey<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sarfaraz Ahmad|Dr. Sarfaraz Ahmad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=39,625 |percentage=30.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Salkhan Soren]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=31,170 |percentage=23.78% |change={{decrease}}4.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Punam Prakash |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=21,865 |percentage=16.68% |change={{decrease}}8.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Yadav |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation |votes=18,497 |percentage=14.11% |change={{increase}}9.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hiralal Murmu |party=Independent politician |votes=3,184 |percentage=2.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anima Hansada |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=2,540 |percentage=1.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Meenakshi Devi |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=2,428 |percentage=1.85% |change={{decrease}}25.44 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,455 |percentage=6.45% |change= {{increase}}5.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,31,078 |percentage=65.67% |change= {{increase}}0.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,99,596 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.50 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{increase}}1.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Gandey<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Salkhan Soren]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=36,849 |percentage=28.46% |change={{decrease}}3.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sarfaraz Ahmad|Dr. Sarfaraz Ahmad]] |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=35,337 |percentage=27.29% |change={{increase}}11.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxman Swarnkar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=32,545 |percentage=25.14% |change={{increase}}1.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Kumar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation |votes=6,070 |percentage=4.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Binod Kumar Verma |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,228 |percentage=4.04% |change={{increase}}1.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sidheshwar Haimbram |party=Independent politician |votes=2,372 |percentage=1.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Praveen Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=2,179 |percentage=1.68% |change={{decrease}}3.42 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,512 |percentage=1.17% |change= {{decrease}}6.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,29,474 |percentage=65.19% |change= {{decrease}}1.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,98,602 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.11 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}3.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Gandey<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar|access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Salkhan Soren]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=35,375 |percentage=31.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxman Swarnkar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=26,457 |percentage=23.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sarfaraz Ahmad|Dr. Sarfaraz Ahmad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,693 |percentage=17.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shobha Yadav |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=17,240 |percentage=15.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Kashim Naushad Ali |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=5,696 |percentage=5.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod Kumar Verma |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,235 |percentage=2.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shambhu Nath Mitra |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,392 |percentage=2.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,918 |percentage=7.98% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,11,694 |percentage=67.77% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,66,734 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Vidhan Sabha]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

{{coord|24.186|86.437|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Giridih district]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

Dharmapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:32Z

Gheethivf: added a pg

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dharmapur
| mla = [[Chandra Mohan Patowary]]
| party = {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|'''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[Assam]]
| division = [[Lower Assam division|Lower Assam]]
| district = [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 61
| map_image = Dharmapur Assembly constituency map.svg
| abolished = 2023
}}

'''Dharmapur Assembly constituency''' was one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]. Dharmapur formed part of the [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency]].

This constituency was abolished in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Dharmapur Assembly constituency Details==

Following are details on Dharmapur Assembly constituency<ref name="dh ref4">{{cite news |title=Dharmapur Election 2021: Assembly Elections News, Dharmapur Constituency, Vidhan Sabha Seat |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/assam/dharmapur-election-result-s03a061/ |access-date=23 November 2021 |publisher=News18 |date=2 May 2021}}</ref>-

*Country: India.
* State: Assam.
* District: Nalbari district .
* Lok Sabha Constituency: Barpeta Lok Sabha/Parliamentary constituency.
* Assembly Categorisation: Rural constituency.
* Literacy Level:79.89%.
* Eligible Electors as per 2021 General Elections: 1,41,592 Eligible Electors. Male Electors:73,559. Female Electors:68,033 .
* Geographic Co-Ordinates: 26°25'25.7"N 91°20'45.2"E.
* Total Area Covered: 236 square kilometres.
* Area Includes:Dharmapur, Khetri Dharmapur, Pakowa and Natun Dehar mouzas in Nalbari thana in Nalbari subdivision, of Nalbari district of Assam.
* Inter State Border :Nalbari.
* Number Of Polling Stations: Year 2011-184, Year 2016-184, Year 2021-61.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==

Following is the list of past members representing Dharmapur Assembly constituency in Assam Legislature<ref name="dh ref5">{{cite news |title=Dharmapur Election Result 2021 LIVE: Dharmapur MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/dharmapur-assembly-elections-as-61/ |access-date=23 November 2021 |publisher=oneindia.com |date=2 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>-
* 1967: K. Hazarika, [[Communist Party of India]].
* 1972: Surendra Nath Das, [[Indian National Congress]].
* 1978: Ramani Barman, [[Janata Party]].
* 1983: [[Bhumidhar Barman]], [[Indian National Congress]].
* 1985: [[Chandra Mohan Patowary]], [[Independent (politician)|Independent]].
* 1991: [[Chandra Mohan Patowary]], [[Independent (politician)|Independent]].
* 1996: [[Chandra Mohan Patowary]], [[Asom Gana Parishad]].
* 2001: [[Nilamani Sen Deka]], [[Indian National Congress]].
* 2006: [[Chandra Mohan Patowary]], [[Asom Gana Parishad]].
* 2011: [[Nilamani Sen Deka]], [[Indian National Congress]].
* 2016: [[Chandra Mohan Patowary]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Chandra Mohan Patowary]]<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2016 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharmapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Chandra Mohan Patowary]]
|votes = 70,503
|percentage = 63.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nilamani Sen Deka
|votes = 36,560
|percentage = 32.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dipak Barman
|votes = 2,194
|percentage = 1.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = RJP
|candidate = Sankar Talukdar
|votes = 699
|percentage = 0.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 988
|percentage = 0.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 33,943
|percentage = 30.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,10,944
|percentage = 85.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,29,940
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

==See also==
* [[Golaghat district]]
* [[Dergaon]]
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|26.33|90.15|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Nalbari district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Assam]]

Body Guard (2010 film)

2026-04-10T12:39:49Z

Gheethivf: added a stub.

{{short description|2010 Indian film by Siddique}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Bodyguard (2010 film) poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]
| producer = Johny Sagariga
| writer = Siddique
| starring = [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] [[Nayanthara]] [[Mithra Kurian]]
| music = [[Ouseppachan]]
| cinematography = S. Kumar
| editing = K. R. Gowri Shanker
| studio = Johnny Sagariga Film Company
| distributor = Johnny Sagariga Film Company
| released = {{Film date|2010|1|23|df=yes}}
| runtime = 157 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Body Guard''''' is a 2010 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Action comedy|action comedy film]] written and directed by [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]. It stars [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] with [[Nayanthara]] and [[Mithra Kurian]] in the lead. This film was [[Nayanthara]]'s comeback to [[Malayalam cinema]] after a gap of four years, and it is the first time that Dileep had worked with Siddique. The music was composed by [[Ouseppachan]] with choreographer-director [[Prabhu Deva]] choreographing the song sequences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/jan/25/south-malayalam-review-bodyguard.htm|title=This Bodyguard is no fun|first=Paresh C.|last=Palicha|website=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bodyguard |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/bodyguard-review-malayalam-pclx0sefchcjc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123210658/https://www.sify.com/movies/bodyguard-review-malayalam-pclx0sefchcjc.html |archive-date=23 January 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

The film released on 22 January 2010. It has been remade in four other [[Languages of India|Indian languages]]: in Tamil as ''[[Kaavalan]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2010/Jul/02/bodyguard-remake-gets-into-legal-trouble-166379.html|title=‘Bodyguard’ remake gets into legal trouble|date=1 May 2012|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Hindi]], [[Bodyguard (2011 Kannada film)|Kannada]] and [[Bodyguard (2012 film)|Telugu]]. The Tamil and Hindi versions were directed by Siddique himself.

== Plot ==
The film revolves around young Jayakrishnan, who has a strange habit: he adulates anyone with a trace of heroism. Whenever he develops an admiration towards a person, he prefers to move with that person as a sort of bodyguard. He starts admiring Ashokan, a former Don, Abgari, liquor tycoon and present leading businessman. Jayakrishnan wants to be Ashokan's bodyguard, but Ashokan does not need one. Jayakrishnan understood that through Warrier Sir he could approach Ashokan. Later, Jayakrishnan approaches Ashokan with a recommendation from Warrier sir. This Warrier sir is also the close friend of Jayakrishnan's father Ramankutty master, Jayakrishnan is like a son to Warrier Sir, so he easily gets a letter from Warrier sir to become Ashokan's bodyguard. Ashokan had great respect and a strong sense of obligation to Warrier sir since his old days, so he cannot refuse his words. Jayakrishnan achieves his luck after saving Ashokan from danger. Jayakrishnan thus becomes the bodyguard of Ashokan's daughter Ammu. Jayakrishnan follows Ammu to her college as her bodyguard. Ammu and her friend Sethulakshmi get irritated with him following them all day.

Jayakrishnan takes his role as a bodyguard very seriously and follows the two girls around constantly. In an attempt to get rid of him, the girls make up a "fake lover", hoping to distract Jayakrishnan from his duties as a bodyguard, and their plan works. Jayakrishnan falls in love with a "Private Number" and is constantly looking for this girl, but he has no idea that his lover is Ammu. Ammu, as a joke, calls Jayakrishnan and speaks badly about Ammu. Jayakrishnan gets a little angry and disagrees with her. He believes Ammu is a good-hearted person. That is when the viewer is able to tell that Ammu is really falling in love with Jayakrishnan.

Ammu later tells Jayakrishnan to run away with her and meet her at a railroad station. Jayakrishnan agrees, not knowing that the girl is Ammu herself. Ashokan finds out, and he believes that Jayakrishnan and Ammu are planning to run away together. In order to save Jayakrishnan's life, Ammu lies that it is not her but Jayakrishnan is meeting another girl at the station. Ashokan lets Jayakrishnan go but tells others to kill Jayakrishnan if a girl does not show up. Terrified, Ammu sends Sethulakshmi to the station and tells her to tell Jayakrishnan that Ammu is the lover and she will not be able to make it to the station. Sethulakshmi, seeing Jayakrishnan, falls in love and admits that she is the lover and not Ammu. Ammu calls her twice, but Sethulakshmi throws the cellphone out, trying to erase Ammu out of their love life completely.

Years later, after Jayakrishnan's and Sethulakshmi's marriage, she bears a son, Siddharth, but dies. Before her death, she leaves a diary for her Siddharth telling the whole story between the phone calls and his father and Ammu. Siddharth later goes to Ammu's house with Jayakrishnan to visit Ashokan. Jayakrishnan is shocked that Ammu is not married. Siddharth asks Ammu to become his mother, and Jayakrishnan is shocked and angry at Siddharth for saying something so blunt and rude. Ashokan begs Jayakrishnan to take Ammu as his wife. They go onto the train together, but Siddharth runs and throws the diary into a trash can nearby. Jayakrishnan finds the diary and realizes that his real lover, the girl who has waited for him for so many years faithfully, was Ammu. The film ends with Jayakrishnan, Ammu, and Siddharth hugging each other.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] as Jayakrishnan
* [[Nayanthara]] as Ammu, Ashokan's daughter (voiceover by [[Bhagyalakshmi]])
* [[Mithra Kurian]] as Sethulakshmi, Ammu's best friend and later Jayakrishnan's wife (voiceover by [[Sreeja Ravi]])
* [[Thiagarajan]] as Ashokan, Ammu's father (voiceover by [[Shobi Thilakan]])
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Balakrishna Menon, Sethulakshmi's father
* [[Harisree Asokan]] as Neelambaran
* [[Cochin Haneefa]] as Haridas, College Principal
* [[Zeenath]] as Radhamani, Ashokan's wife and Ammu's mother
* [[Appa Haja ]]as Rajeevan, Ammu's brother and Aashokan's son
* Vyjayanthi as Mallika
* [[Guinness Pakru]] as Kudamaloor Balaji, Ammu's college mate
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Ramankutty Master, Jayakrishnan's father
* [[Seema G. Nair]] as Meenu Teacher, Jayakrishnan's mother
* [[Rony David]] as Chandran, College Student
* [[Sidhartha Siva]] as Baiju, College student
* Pradeesh Nandan as Sandeep, College student
* [[Baiju Ezhupunna]] as Driver Mani
* [[Aneesh Ponnappan]] as Aneesh (College Boy)
* Ranjith as Warrier Sir (Voice only)
* [[Soubin Shahir]] as college student (cameo)
{{colend}}

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bodyguard
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ouseppachan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 10 January 2010
| recorded = 2009–10
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 26.09
| label = Johny Sagariga Music Company
| producer = [[Ouseppachan]]
| prev_title = [[Hailesa]]
| prev_year = 2010
| next_title = [[Aagathan]]
| next_year = 2010
}}

=== Track listing ===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kozhi Chingara
| extra1 = [[Afsal]], [[Anitha Shaiq|Anitha]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kaithapram]]
| length1 = 4:57
| title2 = Arikathayaro
| extra2 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith K Govind]]
| lyrics2 = Anil Panachooran
| length2 = 4:03
| title3 = Enneyano
| extra3 = [[MG Sreekumar]], [[Biju Narayanan]], [[Rimi Tomy]]
| lyrics3 = [[Anil Panachooran]]
| length3 = 4:09
| title4 = Perilla Rajyathe
| extra4 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Elizabeth Raju
| lyrics4 = [[Kaithapram]]
| length4 = 4:55
| title5 = Machilamma
| extra5 = [[Pradeep Palluruthy]], [[Jyotsna Radhakrishnan|Jyotsna]]
| lyrics5 = Kaithapram
| length5 = 4.31
| title6 = Arikathayaro
| extra6 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith K Govind]], Elizabeth Raju
| lyrics6 = Anil Panachooran, Kaithapram
| length6 = 4:02
}}

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award category
! Winner
! Result
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2011 || [[Asianet Film Awards|Asianet Film Awards for Best Actress]] || [[Nayanthara]] || {{won}} ||<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{Cite web |title=Mammootty, Nayantara bag Asianet film awards |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article402653.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617154322/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article402653.ece |archive-date=17 June 2015}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1585558|Bodyguard}}

{{Bodyguard and its remakes}}
{{Siddique (director)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bodyguard}}
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2010 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ouseppachan]]
[[Category:Films about bodyguards]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot at Varikkasseri Mana]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ottapalam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Munnar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kottayam]]
[[Category:Films directed by Siddique]]

Vinay Prasad

2026-03-24T10:15:10Z

Gheethivf: Improved article clarity and structure

{{short description|American hematologist-oncologist}}
{{Distinguish|Vinaya Prasad}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vinay Prasad
| image = Vinay Prasad.jpg
| office = Director of the [[Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research]]
| president = [[Donald Trump]]
| term_start = May 6, 2025
| term_end = 
| predecessor1 = [[Peter Marks (physician)|Peter Marks]]
| successor1 =
| education = [[Michigan State University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[University of Chicago]] ([[Doctor of Medicine|MD]]) [[Johns Hopkins University]] ([[Master of Public Health|MPH]])
}}

'''Vinayak Kashyap "Vinay" Prasad''' is an American [[hematologist]]-[[oncologist]] and health researcher who serves as a senior public health official in the [[United States]]. He was a professor of [[epidemiology]] and [[biostatistics]] at the [[University of California, San Francisco]] (UCSF),<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Vinayak Prasad, MD, MPH|url=https://profiles.ucsf.edu/vinayak.prasad|access-date=17 January 2021|website=University of California San Francisco}}</ref> and is the author of the books ''[[Ending Medical Reversal]]'' (2015) and [[Malignant (book)|''Malignant'']] (2020).

Prasad adopted a contrarian stance in response to the [[COVID-19]] pandemic, using social media to spread disinformation with florid rhetoric.<ref name=extremist/> In 2025, during the [[Second Trump Admin]]istration, he was appointed head of the [[Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research]] at the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA).<ref name=G/>

== Early life and education ==

Prasad was raised in a suburb of [[Cleveland]], Ohio, before moving outside of Chicago in northern Indiana. His parents immigrated from India.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/health/index.ssf/2017/09/dr_vinay_prasad_ohsus_iconocla.html|title=Dr. Vinay Prasad, OHSU's iconoclastic oncologist, calls out shoddy medicine|last=Terry|first=Lynne|date=2017-09-07|work=Oregon Live|access-date=2018-07-11|publisher=The Oregonian|language=en-US}}</ref>

Prasad attended [[Michigan State University]], where he took courses in health care ethics and physiology. In 2005, Prasad graduated ''summa cum laude'' from MSU with a double major in philosophy and physiology.<ref name=":2" /> He gave the commencement speech to the College of Arts and Letters on behalf of the Philosophy Department.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=Spring 2005|title=Commencement|url=https://projects.kora.matrix.msu.edu/files/162-565-1296/S201_2005S.pdf|access-date=17 January 2021|website=MSU}}</ref> He completed his medical degree at [[University of Chicago]] in 2009 and completed a residency in internal medicine at [[Northwestern University]] in 2012. Prasad was certified in internal medicine by the [[American Board of Internal Medicine]] in 2012 and earned a Master's of Public Health from [[Johns Hopkins University]] in 2014. In 2015, Prasad completed a joint fellowship in oncology at the [[National Cancer Institute]] and hematology at the [[National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute]] (i.e., the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Hematology Oncology Fellowship).

== Career ==

From 2015 to 2020, Prasad was assistant and then associate professor at the [[Oregon Health & Science University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vinay Prasad, MD, MPH {{!}} OHSU People |url=https://www.ohsu.edu/people/vinay-prasad/578606FAB6994775B638385C65DCBD5B |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108220726/https://www.ohsu.edu/people/vinay-prasad/578606FAB6994775B638385C65DCBD5B |archive-date=2019-11-08 |access-date=2018-07-11 |website=Oregon Health & Science University |language=en}}</ref> He worked at [[San Francisco General Hospital]]. Prasad was a full professor of hematology-oncology at UCSF before he left to work at the FDA in 2025.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-09 |title=Vinayak Prasad {{!}} FDA |url=https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/fda-organization/vinayak-prasad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515083454/https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/fda-organization/vinayak-prasad |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 15, 2025 |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=www.fda.gov |language=en}}</ref> He is a cancer drug and health policy researcher. He also studies the financial conflicts in drug approvals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Piller |first1=Charles |title=Hidden conflicts? |journal=Science |date=6 July 2018 |volume=361 |issue=6397 |pages=16–20 |doi=10.1126/science.361.6397.16 |pmid=29976808 |bibcode=2018Sci...361...16P |s2cid=206625989 }}</ref> In 2015, Prasad published the book ''[[Ending Medical Reversal]]'' with physician and academic [[Adam Cifu]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Zuger|first=Abigail|date=2015-10-30|title=Book Review: 'Ending Medical Reversal' Laments Flip-Flopping|language=en|work=NYT|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/03/science/book-review-ending-medical-reversal-laments-flip-flopping.html|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref>

Prasad hosts the podcast ''Plenary Session''<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Plenary Session|url=https://soundcloud.com/plenarysession|access-date=17 January 2021|website=SoundCloud}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/06/24/621068147/tweeting-oncologist-draws-ire-and-admiration-for-calling-out-hype|title=Tweeting Oncologist Draws Ire And Admiration For Calling Out Hype|last=Harris|first=Richard|date=2018-06-24|work=NPR|access-date=2018-07-11|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2017/04/05/ohsus-vinay-prasad-on-being-the-medical-fields.html|title=OHSU's Vinay Prasad on being the medical field's willing provocateur|last=Hayes|first=Elizabeth|date=2017-04-05|website=Portland Business Journal|access-date=2018-07-11|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and blogs at [[MedPage Today]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Articles You Will Definitely Read|url=https://www.medpagetoday.com/blogs/vinay-prasad|access-date=17 January 2021|website=Medpage Today}}</ref> Prasad has won several teaching awards, including the 2017 Craig Okada Award for best teacher in the Hematology Oncology Fellowship program, the 2018 faculty mentorship award from the internal medicine residency, the 2019 J. David Bristow award from the graduating medical students, and the 2020 excellence in research and scholarship mentoring as awarded by the internal medicine residents.<ref name="VP">{{Cite web|last=Prasad|first=Vinay|date=|title=Vinay Prasad|url=http://www.vinayakkprasad.com/|access-date=17 January 2021|website=Vinay Prasad}}</ref>

In the spring of 2020, Prasad published the book ''[[Malignant (book)|Malignant: How Bad Policy and Bad Evidence Harm People with Cancer]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Malignant | Johns Hopkins University Press Books|date=2020 |doi=10.1353/book.74312 |url=https://jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/title/malignant |last1=Prasad |first1=Vinayak |isbn=9781421437637 }}</ref>

On July 29, 2025, Prasad left the FDA. A spokesperson for the [[Department of Health and Human Services]] stated, "Dr Prasad did not want to be a distraction to the great work of the FDA in the Trump administration and has decided to return to California and spend more time with his family."<ref name="guard-30jul2025">{{cite news |title=FDA's top vaccine official leaves post after less than four months |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/jul/30/fda-vaccines-vinay-prasad-trump |access-date=July 30, 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=July 30, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Armstrong |first1=Drew |title=Breaking: Vinay Prasad is out at FDA, following Sarepta decision and vaccine controversies |url=https://endpoints.news/vinay-prasad-out-at-fda-after-agency-backtracks-on-sarepta-decision/ |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=Endpoints News}}</ref>

On August 9, it was announced by the U.S. FDA that Prasad would return at the request of the FDA to resume leadership of the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research overseeing vaccine, gene therapy and blood product regulation.<ref name=return>{{Cite web |last=Lawrence |first=Lizzy |date=2025-08-09 |title=Vinay Prasad returns to the FDA, weeks after his ouster |url=https://www.statnews.com/2025/08/09/vinay-prasad-returns-to-the-fda-weeks-after-his-ouster/ |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=STAT |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prasad returns to FDA, resuming head of CBER role |url=https://endpoints.news/vinay-prasad-is-back-at-fda/ |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=Endpoints News |language=en}}</ref>

=== Views and reception ===

In 2011, Prasad and colleagues published a research letter in the ''Archives of Internal Medicine.''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prasad |first1=Vinay |title=The Frequency of Medical Reversal |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |date=10 October 2011 |volume=171 |issue=18 |pages=1675–1676 |doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2011.295 |pmid=21747003 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Charles Bankhead, a senior editor at ''MedPageToday,'' covered the topic, outlining the paper's primary point, which was the high prevalence of research articles demonstrating findings that deviated from the accepted standard of treatment at the time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medpagetoday.com/PublicHealthPolicy/ClinicalTrials/27494|title = New Studies Often Reverse Existing Practices|date = July 11, 2011}}</ref> Separately, "Retraction Watch" reported on Prasad's personal remarks about the paper, saying "For a long time, we were interested by what we believe to be a pervasive problem in modern medicine. Namely, the spread of new technologies and therapies without clear [[Scientific evidence|evidence]] that they work, which are later (and often after considerable delay) followed by contradictions, which, in turn, after yet another delay, is followed by changes in practice and reimbursement."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://retractionwatch.com/2011/07/11/so-how-often-does-medical-consensus-turn-out-to-be-wrong/|title=So how often does medical consensus turn out to be wrong?|first=Ivan|last=Oransky|date=July 11, 2011}}</ref>

Matthew Hoffman, writing in 2012 for ''MedPageToday's KevinMD'' covered a paper by Prasad and colleagues on "When to abandon ship" when it comes to failing medical practices and treatments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2012/03/bias-error-rampant-medical-literature.html|title = Bias and error are rampant in medical literature|date = March 18, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prasad |first1=Vinay |last2=Cifu |first2=Adam |last3=Ioannidis |first3=John P. A. |title=Reversals of Established Medical Practices: Evidence to Abandon Ship |journal=JAMA |date=4 January 2012 |volume=307 |issue=1 |pages=37–38 |doi=10.1001/jama.2011.1960 |pmid=22215160 }}</ref> Hoffman builds on the authors' proposed barriers to market entrance, such as evidence of [[effectiveness]] in large [[randomized controlled studies]] before broad usage, and links them to the insidious aspects of healthcare, such as profit and status. In 2013, Prasad and colleagues addressed the necessity for randomized controlled trials for the [[inferior vena cava filter]] (VCF) despite the intervention's bio-plausibility.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prasad |first1=Vinay |last2=Rho |first2=Jason |last3=Cifu |first3=Adam |title=The Inferior Vena Cava Filter: How Could a Medical Device Be So Well Accepted Without Any Evidence of Efficacy? |journal=JAMA Internal Medicine |date=8 April 2013 |volume=173 |issue=7 |pages=493–495 |doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.2725 |pmid=23552611 }}</ref> The authors suggest that since the intervention has known adverse effects but an uncertain benefit, well-designed studies are necessary to shed light on the intervention's efficacy. The ''JAMA Internal Medicine'' article received widespread media attention, with ''Reuters''{{'}} Genevra Pittman interviewing Prasad about his further views on the intervention.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-filters-clots/filters-often-used-to-stop-clots-without-evidence-idUKBRE92I15S20130319|title=Filters often used to stop clots without evidence|newspaper=Reuters|date=March 19, 2013|last1=Pittman|first1=Genevra}}</ref> According to the interview, Prasad advises against filter placement in all but the most extreme instances owing to a lack of proof and possibility for adverse events.<ref name="auto" />

In 2013, Prasad's paper ''A Decade of Reversal: An Analysis of 146 Contradicted Practices'' was published;<ref name="Prasad et al 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Prasad |first1=Vinay |last2=Vandross |first2=Andrae |last3=Toomey |first3=Caitlin |last4=Cheung |first4=Michael |last5=Rho |first5=Jason |last6=Quinn |first6=Steven |last7=Chacko |first7=Satish Jacob |last8=Borkar |first8=Durga |last9=Gall |first9=Victor |last10=Selvaraj |first10=Senthil |last11=Ho |first11=Nancy |last12=Cifu |first12=Adam |title=A Decade of Reversal: An Analysis of 146 Contradicted Medical Practices |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |date=August 2013 |volume=88 |issue=8 |pages=790–798 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.05.012 |pmid=23871230 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The article was covered in a piece by ''The Huffington Post,'' which highlights a key lesson from the paper: patients should become more involved in their health care decisions rather than assuming a prescribed medication or device is beneficial.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/modern-medicine_b_4682616|title = Changes in Modern Medicine: What Can We Expect?|date = January 30, 2014}}</ref> Patients may do this by asking their physician pertinent questions, such as what patient outcomes the intervention improved. Additionally, the article discusses the concept of healthcare cost. With growing anxiety about the expense of healthcare, utilizing limited resources on questionable medical practices with a weak evidence base threatens to jeopardize both the healthcare economy and patient health. Additionally, the authors of a ''Lancet Oncology'' editorial remark that "almost 10% of practice reversals occurred in oncology," suggesting that certain fields of medicine may be more susceptible to medical reversals than others.<ref name=Burki2020>{{cite journal |last1=Burki |first1=Talha K |title=Shaping cancer policy to work towards the interests of patients |journal=The Lancet Haematology |date=May 2020 |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=e369 |doi=10.1016/S2352-3026(20)30119-8 |pmid=32359451 |s2cid=218490117 }}</ref>

Prasad has criticized other medical skeptics for their choices of topics to tackle, including [[homeopathy]], as being poor use of their time.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.medpagetoday.com/opinion/vinay-prasad/90109 |title=Applying Skepticism to Medical Skepticism — Debunking should focus on areas most in need -- which might not be homeopathy |last=Prasad |first=Vinay |date=December 9, 2020 |website=Medpage Today |access-date=July 27, 2022}}</ref> Skeptics [[David Gorski]] and [[Steven Novella]] published criticisms of and counter-arguments to Prasad's stance, pointing out the perils of not challenging [[alternative medicine]] during a pandemic.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gorski |first1=David |title=Responding to Dr. Vinay Prasad's "dunking on a 7′ hoop" criticism of SBM |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/responding-to-dr-vinay-prasads-dunking-on-a-7-hoop-criticism-of-sbm/ |website=Science Based Medicine |access-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331072312/https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/responding-to-dr-vinay-prasads-dunking-on-a-7-hoop-criticism-of-sbm/ |archive-date=31 March 2021 |date=13 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Novella |first1=Steven |title=Skeptical of Skepticism regarding Medical Skepticism |url=https://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/skeptical-of-skepticism-regarding-medical-skepticism/ |website=Neurologica Blog |publisher=The New England Skeptical Society |access-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219120123/https://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/skeptical-of-skepticism-regarding-medical-skepticism/ |archive-date=19 February 2021 |date=11 December 2020}}</ref>

===COVID response===
In response to the [[COVID-19]] pandemic, Prasad used social media to promulgate misinformation and take a contrarian stance.<ref name=extremist>{{cite web | last=Weiss | first=Laura | title=An Anti-Science MAHA Extremist Is Playing a Major Role at the FDA | website=The New Republic | date=19 May 2025 | url=https://newrepublic.com/article/194979/vinay-prasad-fda-trump-vaccines | access-date=24 Mar 2026}}</ref> He repeatedly attacked public-health leaders and agencies, declaring "These pieces of shit are still lying.… They're still fucking lying.", and asserting "The CDC lied repeatedly, and all the employees at CDC and AAP who told us to cloth mask 2 year olds should be fired for stupidity." Prasad stated that "[We'd] probably be better off as a result of not having the FDA".<ref name=extremist/>

Pradad dismissed [[Long COVID]] calling it "overblown," and alleging that Ed Yong "invent[ed] long Covid." He dismissed people with Long COVID with "Haha double long covid. Just like double IPA!", and dismissed protective masking as "Masking without evidence is an untreated mental illness plaguing public health," urging "Break every home test.… The testing profiteers are killing us," and warning critics that "When you're dead, no one will ever think about you ever again".<ref name=extremist/>

In October 2021, Prasad prompted social media controversy when he published an essay warning that [[quarantine|restrictions on movements]] during future pandemics could lead to a suspension of elections and compared such an outcome to the rise of [[Adolf Hitler]]'s [[Third Reich]].<ref name="Democracy">{{cite web |url=https://www.drvinayprasad.com/p/how-democracy-ends?r=cz87q |title=How Democracy Ends: COVID19 policy shows a (potential) path to the end of America |first=Vinay |last=Prasad |date=2021-10-02}}</ref> Bioethicist [[Arthur L. Caplan]] said that Prasad's arguments were specious and ignorant, and science historian [[Robert N. Proctor]] said that Prasad was "trivializing the genuine harms to liberty posed by 1930s fascism".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Did Vinay Prasad need to mention the Nazis to make a point on the U.S. pandemic response? |date=8 October 2021 |volume=47 |issue=37 |first=Alice|last=Tracey|journal=[[The Cancer Letter]] |url=https://cancerletter.com/the-cancer-letter/20211008_4/ |type=News}}</ref>

In November 2021, Prasad expressed his opinion that pediatricians should warn parents about risks of COVID immunization such as myocarditis.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-04 |title=Doctors must be honest with parents about unknown risks of COVID-19 emergency vaccine |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/doctors-must-honest-parents-unknown-100213768.html |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-US}}</ref> However, physician Jonathan Howard noted that Prasad was selectively omitting that myocarditis from the vaccine was always mild and that COVID disease itself carried much higher risks, including a worse form of myocarditis<ref>{{Cite web |last=Howard |first=Jonathan |date=2021-11-13 |title=Doctors Must be Honest with Parents About Known Risks of COVID-19 |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/informed-consent/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=sciencebasedmedicine.org |language=en-US}}</ref> which would not be consistent with the tenets of medical [[informed consent]].

In January 2022, the conservative periodical ''[[City Journal]]'' published an opinion piece by Prasad in which he attempted to demonstrate that the American public health organizations were not being honest in their response to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=City Journal|date=2022-01-19|title=Public Health's Truth Problem|last=Prasad|first=Vinay|url=https://www.city-journal.org/public-healths-truth-problem}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Science-Based Medicine]]'', epidemiologist Lynn Shaffer criticized Prasad's article for the various "mistruths" it contained about face masks as a COVID-19 mitigation measure, for example the unevidenced claim that mask wearing was stunting children's language development. In Shaffer's view Prasad's writing "lean[s] heavily on pushing people's emotional hot buttons" and amounted to a form of fearmongering.<ref name=masks>{{cite web |publisher=[[Science-Based Medicine]] |date=27 February 2022 |title=Dr. Vinay Prasad: 'Public Health's (Mis)Truth Problem' |vauthors=Shaffer L |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/vinay-prasad-public-healths-mistruth-problem/}}</ref>

Prasad was an early member of the Urgency of Normal, a group that in 2022 campaigned against quarantines and mask mandates in schools during the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Schreiber |first=Melody |date=2022-02-22 |title=Why Is This Group of Doctors So Intent on Unmasking Kids? |magazine=The New Republic |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/165413/mask-mandates-kids-back-to-normal |access-date=2022-03-21 |issn=0028-6583}}</ref> He spoke in support of repealing such mandates in a March 2022 interview.<ref name="How Politics Corrupted Science: Dr. Vinay Prasad on COVID – Reason – Zach Weissmueller">{{cite web |last1=Weissmueller |first1=Zach |title=How Politics Corrupted Science: Dr. Vinay Prasad on COVID |url=https://reason.com/video/2022/03/21/how-politics-corrupted-science-dr-vinay-prasad-on-covid/ |website=reason.com |date=March 21, 2022 |publisher=Reason |access-date=8 April 2022}}</ref>

===Engagement with Robert Kennedy's ideas===
Earlier in 2023, Prasad showed support for the ideas of [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.|Robert Kennedy Jr]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Vinay |title=When should scientists debate? |url=https://www.drvinayprasad.com/p/when-should-scientists-debate |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=www.drvinayprasad.com |language=en}}</ref> However, according to physician David Gorski, Prasad did not show sufficient understanding of bad faith debate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gorski |first=David |date=2023-06-26 |title=RFK Jr. and Joe Rogan: Putting the old denialist technique of bad faith "Debate me, bro!" challenges on steroids |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/rfk-jr-and-joe-rogan-putting-the-old-denialist-technique-of-bad-faith-debate-me-bro-challenges-on-steroids/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=sciencebasedmedicine.org |language=en-US}}</ref> In November 2023, the levels of kindergarten vaccine exemptions rose to the highest level in years.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sun |first=Lena |date=November 9, 2023 |title=CDC data show highest level yet of vaccine exemptions for kindergartners |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2023/11/09/kindergarten-vaccine-exemptions-cdc-data/ |access-date=December 10, 2024 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> Prasad mentioned this outcome<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Vinay |title=Entirely predictable: More parents don't want routine vaccination for their kids |url=https://www.sensible-med.com/p/entirely-predictable-more-parents?utm_source=profile&utm_medium=reader2 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=www.sensible-med.com |language=en}}</ref> but did not acknowledge his role in causing this outcome, per physician Jonathan Howard.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Howard |first=Jonathan |date=2023-11-25 |title=I Agree with Dr. Vinay Prasad: It's Entirely Predictable That More Parents Don't Want Routine Vaccination for Their Kids |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/predictable/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=sciencebasedmedicine.org |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2024, Prasad expressed criticism for the funding decisions of the NIH as well as support for more cluster randomized controlled trials.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Vinay |title=What a Trump presidency can mean for health care |url=https://www.drvinayprasad.com/p/what-a-trump-presidency-can-mean |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=www.drvinayprasad.com |language=en}}</ref> However, according to physician David Gorski, Prasad again demonstrated insufficient understanding of the limitations of these randomized controlled trials as well as how the NIH's funding decisions work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gorski |first=David |date=2024-12-09 |title=Are NIH study sections a waste of time? |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/are-nih-study-sections-a-waste-of-time/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=sciencebasedmedicine.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

===FDA===
Prasad was appointed head of the FDA's [[Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research]], after the previous head was forced to resign by Kennedy.<ref name="G" />

On May 20, 2025, Prasad and FDA Commissioner [[Marty Makary]] published an article in ''[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]'' announcing that the FDA would limit COVID-19 vaccines to people over 65 or at high risk of serious illness and would require manufacturers to conduct additional large studies to evaluate their benefits for children and healthy younger adults.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prasad |first1=V. |last2=Makary |first2=M. A.|date=May 20, 2025 |title=An Evidence-Based Approach to Covid-19 Vaccination |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=392 |issue=24 |pages=2484–2486 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsb2506929 |pmid=40392534 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Branswell |first1=Helen |last2=Herper |first2=Matthew |last3=Lawrence |first3=Lizzy |date=2025-05-20 |title=FDA will limit Covid vaccines to people over 65 or at high risk of serious illness, leaders say |url=https://www.statnews.com/2025/05/20/fda-vaccine-framework-new-covid-shot-recommendations-vinay-prasad-marty-makary/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.statnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

In late July 2025, Prasad quit after political provocateur [[Laura Loomer]] said he was a "progressive leftist saboteur".<ref group="notes">"Loomer had released misleadingly edited audio to suggest that that Prasad had admitted sticking pins in a Trump voodoo doll, when the full audio made it clear that he was talking about the kind of thing an imagined liberal Trump-hater would do." ''The Guardian'' [https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/aug/09/vinay-prasad-returns-fda-laura-loomer Vinay Prasad returns to FDA days after leaving under pressure from Laura Loomer] August 9, 2025.</ref> Journalist Antonia Hitchens reports that Prasad had been attempting to place a hold on a muscular-dystrophy drug for safety reasons, but that it would have cost [[Sarepta Therapeutics]], the drug's manufacturer, millions of dollars.<ref name="Hitchens-NYer-10-11-25"/> Shortly after the hold went into effect, Loomer began attacking Prasad in a series of online posts, declaring that he had "infiltrated" the Administration as a "Marxist Trojan Horse". The following week, Prasad resigned, "under pressure", according to Hitchens. Hitchens states that "to Loomer's critics, the timing and intensity of her campaign against Prasad seemed like a form of lobbying."<ref name="Hitchens-NYer-10-11-25">{{cite magazine |last1=Hitchens |first1=Antonia |title=Laura Loomer's Endless Payback |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=November 10, 2025 |pages=24–35 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2025/11/17/laura-loomers-endless-payback |access-date=November 21, 2025}}</ref><ref name="Sommer-4-8-25">{{cite web |last1=Sommer |first1=Will |title=False Flag MAGA Diehards Say Loomer is on Big Pharma's Payroll |url=https://www.thebulwark.com/p/maga-diehards-say-loomer-is-on-big-pharma-payroll-vinay-prasad-kash-patel-alexis-wilkins |website=The Bulwark |access-date=November 29, 2025 |date=August 4, 2025}}</ref><ref name="Kilander 05 August 2025">{{cite news |last1=Kilander |first1=Gustaf |title=Laura Loomer's MAGA critics accuse her of being funded by Big Pharma |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/laura-loomer-big-pharma-maga-b2802410.html |access-date=November 29, 2025 |work=The Independent |date=August 5, 2025}}</ref> A Trump Administration official told Antonia Hitchens that "the consensus among political leadership" was that the attack on Prasad "was a directed assault by corporate forces."<ref name="Hitchens-NYer-10-11-25"/> Prasad resumed his role in August 2025, after less than two weeks away.<ref name="G2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/aug/09/vinay-prasad-returns-fda-laura-loomer|title=Vinay Prasad returns to FDA days after leaving under pressure from Laura Loomer|date=August 9, 2025|via=The Guardian}}</ref> In explaining the absence, FDA Commissioner Marty Makary stated that "He [Prasad] saw some media headlines and didn't want to be a distraction", and that Prasad was convinced to return.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2025/08/09/vinay-prasad-fda-returns/|title=FDA regulator reinstalled less than two weeks after White House ouster|first1=Lauren|last1=Weber|first2=Rachel|last2=Roubein|access-date=September 3, 2025|date=August 9, 2025|website=thewashingtonpost}}</ref>

On August 29, 2025, Prasad demanded of [[YouTube]] that six of his critic [[Jonathan Howard (virologist)|Jonathan Howard]]'s videos be taken down. Subsequently, Howard's entire channel, a record of the medical positions of various doctors and administrators, was removed.<ref name="G">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/aug/31/fda-official-youtube-videos|title=Top FDA official demands removal of YouTube videos in which he criticized Covid vaccines|first=Stephanie|last=Kirchgaessner|date=August 31, 2025|via=The Guardian}}</ref>

Prasad has been the subject of numerous internal complaints at the FDA, including "[[Workplace retaliation|retaliation against subordinates]] and verbally berating staff."<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Samorodnitsky |first=Dan |date=2026-02-12 |title=FDA's Prasad Weathers Personal Controversy, Internal Strife Amid Moderna Imbroglio |url=https://www.biospace.com/fda/fdas-prasad-weathers-personal-controversy-internal-strife-amid-moderna-imbroglio |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=BioSpace |language=en-US}}</ref> In February 2026, the FDA refused to review [[Moderna]]'s application for an [[MRNA vaccine|mRNA]] [[flu vaccine]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rutschman |first=Ana Santos |date=2026-02-12 |title=FDA rejects Moderna's mRNA flu vaccine application - for reasons with no basis in the law |url=http://theconversation.com/fda-rejects-modernas-mrna-flu-vaccine-application-for-reasons-with-no-basis-in-the-law-275771 |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Stat (website)|''Stat'']] and ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' reported that Prasad had single-handedly made the decision, overruling scientists at the agency.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mole |first=Beth |date=2026-02-12 |title=Trump official overruled FDA scientists to reject Moderna's flu shot |url=https://arstechnica.com/health/2026/02/trump-official-overruled-fda-scientists-to-reject-modernas-flu-shot/ |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=Ars Technica |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2026, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' reported that Prasad would leave his position the following month.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/health/healthcare/fdas-controversial-vaccines-chief-will-leave-the-agency-7fe59aa3 |title=FDA's Controversial Vaccines Chief Will Leave the Agency |last=Whyte |first=Liz |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=March 6, 2026}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
As of February 2026, Prasad lives in the [[San Francisco Bay Area|San Francisco Bay area]].<ref name=":4" />

== Selected works ==

* {{cite book |doi=10.1353/book.49286 |id={{Project MUSE|49286|type=book}} |title=Ending Medical Reversal: Improving Outcomes, Saving Lives |date=2015 |last1=Prasad |first1=Vinayak |isbn=978-1-4214-5108-4 |title-link=Ending Medical Reversal |first2=Adam S. |last2=Cifu }}
* {{cite book |doi=10.1353/book.74312 |id={{Project MUSE|74312|type=book}} |title=Malignant: How Bad Policy and Bad Evidence Harm People with Cancer |date=2020 |last1=Prasad |first1=Vinayak |isbn=978-1-4214-3764-4 |title-link=Malignant (book) }}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group="notes"}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website}}
*{{Scopus}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Vinay}}
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[[Category:American medical academics]]

Madhubala

2026-03-23T06:17:14Z

Gheethivf: General cleanup and content improvements

{{short description|Indian actress (1933–1969)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox actress
| name = Madhubala
| image = Madhubala_on_2008_stamp.jpg
| caption =
| native_name = 
| birth_name = Mumtaz Jehan Begum Dehlavi
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1933|2|14}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1969|2|23|1933|2|14}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_cause = [[Ventricular septal defect]] (hole in the heart)
| resting_place = Juhu Muslim Cemetery, [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santa Cruz]], Mumbai
| relatives = [[Chanchal (actress)|Chanchal]] (sister) [[Ganguly family]] (by marriage)
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Kishore Kumar]]|1960}}
| othername =
| occupation = Actress
| native_name_lang = 
| years_active = 1942–1964
| works = [[Madhubala filmography|Full list]]
}}
'''Mumtaz Jehan Begum Dehlavi''' (14 February 1933 – 23 February 1969), known professionally as '''Madhubala''', was an Indian actress who worked in [[Hindi films]]. She is regarded to have been one of the greatest and finest actresses in the history of [[Indian cinema]]. One of the country's highest-paid stars in the 1950s, Madhubala appeared in [[Madhubala filmography#Films|over 70 films]]{{mdash}}ranging from slapstick comedies to historical dramas{{mdash}}in a two decade-long career.<ref name="theatre arts" /> Long after her death, she remains a [[Bollywood]] icon, particularly noted for her beauty and unconventional screen persona.<ref name="story of india" /> Media outlets often refer to her as "The [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]] of Indian cinema".

Born and raised in [[Delhi]], Madhubala relocated to [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai) with her family when she was 8 years old and shortly after began playing minor roles, starting with ''[[Basant (1942 film)|Basant]]'' (1942). She progressed to leading roles in the late 1940s, and earned success with the dramas ''[[Neel Kamal (1947 film)|Neel Kamal]]'' (1947) and the horror film ''[[Mahal (1949 film)|Mahal]]'' (1949), the romantic films ''[[Baadal (1951 film)|Badal]]'' (1951), ''[[Tarana (1951 film)|Tarana]]'' (1951), and ''[[Amar (1954 film)|Amar]]'' (1954). Following a brief setback, Madhubala found continued success with her roles in the comedies ''[[Mr. & Mrs. '55]]'' (1955), ''[[Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi]]'' (1958) and ''[[Half Ticket (1962 film)|Half Ticket]]'' (1962), the crime films ''[[Howrah Bridge (1958 film)|Howrah Bridge]]'' and ''[[Kala Pani (1958 film)|Kala Pani]]'' (both 1958), and the musical ''[[Barsaat Ki Raat]]'' (1960).

Madhubala's portrayal of [[Anarkali]] in the historical epic drama ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' (1960){{mdash}}the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing film in India]] at the time{{mdash}}earned her widespread critical acclaim and her only nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]]; her performance has since been described by critics as one of the finest in Indian cinematic history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pothukuchi |first=Madhavi |date=16 February 2020 |title=Madhubala and K Asif's grandeur is what makes Mughal-e-Azam an epic |url=https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/madhubala-and-k-asifs-grandeur-is-what-makes-mughal-e-azam-an-epic/365623/ |access-date=29 April 2021 |website=The Print |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":21" /> She worked sporadically in film in the 1960s, making her final appearance in the drama ''[[Sharabi (1964 film)|Sharabi]]'' (1964). Additionally, she produced three films under her production house Madhubala Private Ltd., which was co-founded by her in 1953.

Despite maintaining strong privacy, Madhubala earned significant media coverage for her charity work and personal life. In the early 1950s, she had a highly-publicised relationship with actor [[Dilip Kumar]] that ended amidst the [[Naya Daur (1957 film)#Production|''Naya Daur'' court case]] (1956–57). She married actor-singer [[Kishore Kumar]] in 1960. Throughout her adult life, Madhubala suffered from recurring bouts of [[breathlessness]] and [[hemoptysis]] caused by a [[ventricular septal defect]], ultimately leading to her death at the age of 36, in 1969.

==Early life==
[[File:Old Delhi in 1954 by Rodney Stich (1).jpg|thumb|Madhubala was born and brought up in [[Delhi]]]]
Madhubala was born as Mumtaz Jehan Begum Dehlavi in [[Delhi]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]], on 14 February 1933.{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1p=39|2a1=Booch|2y=1962|2p=75|3a1=Lanba|3a2=Patel|3y=2012|3p=115}} She was the fifth of eleven children of Ataullah Khan and Aayesha Begum.{{sfn|Lanba|Patel|2012|p=115}} The family was a follower of [[Sunni Islam]].{{sfn|Bhattacharjee|Dhar|2022|page=335}} Khan belonged to the [[Yusufzai|Yusufzai tribe]] of [[Pashtuns]] from [[Valley of Peshawar|Peshawar valley]], originating from [[Swabi District]], [[North-West Frontier Province]],<ref name=":14">{{Cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1157403 |title=Madhubala: From Peshawar with love ... |last=Khan |first=Javed |date=18 January 2015 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |access-date=20 April 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=20 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420140131/https://www.dawn.com/news/1157403 |url-status=live}}</ref> and was an employee at the [[Imperial Brands|Imperial Tobacco Company]].<ref name=":14" /> Unknown to her family members, Madhubala was born with a [[ventricular septal defect]], a congenital heart disorder which had no treatment at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2015 |title=The blue baby syndrome |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/living/the-blue-baby-syndrome-483894.html |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="mrandmrs55.com">{{Cite web |url=https://mrandmrs55.com/2013/02/05/what-killed-madhubala-a-close-look-at-the-death-of-a-bollywood-icon/ |title=What Killed Madhubala: A Close Look at the Death of A Bollywood Icon |date=5 February 2013 |website=Mr. & Mrs. 55 – Classic Bollywood Revisited! |access-date=31 August 2019 |archive-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512052653/https://mrandmrs55.com/2013/02/05/what-killed-madhubala-a-close-look-at-the-death-of-a-bollywood-icon/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Five of Madhubala's siblings died in infancy; her sisters who survived to adulthood were Kaneez Fatima, Altaf, Zeb (known professionally as [[Chanchal (actress)|Chanchal]]), Shahida and Zahida.{{sfn|Akbar|1997|page=61}}{{efn|Zahida's post-marital name is Madhur Bhushan.<ref name="Dilip saab" /> As of 2017, four of the sisters were alive, excluding Shahida.<ref name="sick" />}}

Madhubala spent most of her childhood in Delhi and grew up without any kind of health issues.{{sfn|Lanba|Patel|2012|p=115}} Owing to the orthodox ideas of their [[Muslims|Muslim]] father, neither Madhubala nor any of her sisters, except Zahida, attended school.{{sfn|Deep|1996|p=19}}<ref name="sick2" /> Madhubala nevertheless learnt [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], as well as her native language, [[Pashto]], under her father's guidance.<ref name="News182011">{{Cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/top-20-things-you-didnt-know-about-madhubala-414846.html |title=Top 20: Things you didn't know about Madhubala |last=Chatterjee |first=Rituparna |date=1 November 2011 |work=News18 |access-date=31 August 2019 |archive-date=31 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831155228/https://www.news18.com/news/india/top-20-things-you-didnt-know-about-madhubala-414846.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Booch|1962|p=76}} An avid movie viewer from a young age, she often performed her favorite scenes for her mother and spent her time dancing and imitating film characters to entertain herself.{{sfn|Lanba|Patel|2012|p=115}} Despite her conservative upbringing, she aspired to become a film actor—a goal of which her father strictly disapproved.{{sfn|Jhingana|2010|p=24}}

Khan's refusal to let Madhubala work in films changed in 1940 after he was fired from his job for misbehavior toward a senior officer.{{sfn|Lanba|Patel|2012|page=112}} Madhubala's mother feared [[ostracism]] if they allowed their young daughter to work in the entertainment industry, but Khan remained adamant.{{sfn|Deep|1996|p=19}} Soon, Madhubala was employed at the [[All India Radio]] station to sing compositions by [[Khwaja Khurshid Anwar|Khurshid Anwar]]. The seven-year-old worked there for several months<ref name="Dawn">{{Cite web |last=Noorani |first=Asif |author-link=Asif Noorani |date=10 February 2019 |title=Flashback: Fifty Years Without Madhubala |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1462968 |access-date=16 June 2021 |work=Dawn |language=en}}</ref> and became acquainted with Rai Bahadur Chunnilal, the general manager of the [[Bombay Talkies]] studio in [[Mumbai|Bombay]].<ref name="Dawn" /> Chunnilal took an immediate liking to Madhubala and suggested that Khan visit Bombay for better employment opportunities.<ref name=":19">{{Cite book |last=Patel |first=Baburao |title=Stars of The Indian Screen |publisher=Parker & Sons |publication-date=1952 |pages=13 |language=en}}</ref>

==Acting career==
===Early work and switch to adult roles (1942–1947)===
[[File:Mumtaz Shanti, Madhubala et Ullhas dans Basant (1942).jpg|thumb|180px|left|Madhubala ''(mid)'' played a minor role in [[Bombay Talkies]]' ''[[Basant (film)|Basant]]'' (1942), starring [[Mumtaz Shanti]] ''(left)'' and Ulhas ''(right)'']]

In the summer of 1941, Khan, along with Madhubala and other family members, relocated to Bombay and settled in a cowshed in the [[Malad]] suburbs.{{sfn|Akbar|1997|p=40}} Rai Bahadur Chunnilal of Bombay Talkies signed Madhubala for a juvenile role in the production ''[[Basant (film)|Basant]]'', at a salary of {{INR}}150.<ref name=":19" /> The acting role was uncredited, and she also recorded two songs for herself.{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1p=39–40}} Released in July 1942, ''Basant'' became a major commercial success;<ref name="Dawn" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2010 |title=Box Office 1942 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=147&catName=MTk0Mg== |url-status=live |access-date=21 November 2021 |publisher=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205043708/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=147&catName=MTk0Mg== |archive-date=5 February 2010}}</ref> however, the studio terminated her contract as it had no further need for a child actor at the time.{{sfn|Akbar|1997|pp=40–41}} Disappointed, Khan returned his family to Delhi, where he found low-paying temporary jobs,{{sfn|Deep|1996|p=21}} but he continued to struggle financially.<ref name=":20">{{Cite book |last=Bhatia |first=Jagdish |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=VqY5AQAAIAAJ |title=Celebrities: A Comprehensive Biographical Thesaurus of Important Men and Women in India |date=1952 |publisher=Aeon |pages=142 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1944, Bombay Talkies' head [[Devika Rani]] sent for Khan to summon Madhubala for a role in ''[[Jwar Bhata (1944 film)|Jwar Bhata]]'' (1944).{{sfn|Bhatia|1952|p=142}} Although Madhubala did not get the role, Khan decided to settle permanently in Bombay after seeing prospects in the film industry.<ref name=":20" /> The family returned to their temporary residence in Malad and Madhubala and her father began making frequent visits to film studios in search of work.{{sfn|Lanba|Patel|2012|p=115}} In April 1944, their Malad residence was completely destroyed during the [[1944 Bombay explosion|Bombay Dock explosion]]; the family survived because it had left for a local cinema shortly before the blast.{{sfn|Akbar|1997|p=39}} They subsequently had to seek shelter in a friend's residence.<ref name="iep">{{Cite web |date=25 July 1997 |title=The Queen of Hearts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/the-queen-of-hearts-2/ |access-date=27 April 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

The same year, Madhubala was eventually signed to a three-year contract with [[Ranjit Studios]], at a monthly salary of {{INR}}300.{{sfn|Bhattacharjee|Dhar|2022|page=218}} She was given the screen name Baby Mumtaz and child roles in five of Ranjit films, including ''[[Mumtaz Mahal (film)|Mumtaz Mahal]]'' (1944) and ''[[Phoolwari]]'' (1946).<ref name="iep">{{Cite web |date=25 July 1997 |title=The Queen of Hearts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/the-queen-of-hearts-2/ |access-date=27 April 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1pp=44 for "Baby Mumtaz", 203–205 for films|2a1=Booch|2y=1962|2p=75}}{{sfn|Akbar|1997|p=41}} As the contract reached its end in 1946, Madhubala became the [[protégé]] of director [[Kidar Sharma]], who gave the 14-year-old a leading role in Ranjit Studio's ''[[Neel Kamal (1947 film)|Neel Kamal]]'', opposite another debutante [[Raj Kapoor]].<ref name=":4" />{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1p=44|2a1=Lanba|2a2=Patel|2y=2012|2pp=114–115}} Sharma was impressed by her "raw talent" and enthusiasm, but studio executive [[Chandulal Shah]] found Madhubala and Kapoor unsuitable for leading roles and refused to finance the film, thereby forcing Sharma to sell his personal assets and fund the production himself.{{sfn|Akbar|1997|pp=41–43}}{{sfn|Lanba|Patel|2012|pp=114–115}}

''Neel Kamal'' was finished and released by March 1947; it was popular with audiences and allowed Madhubala, then credited as Mumtaz, to transition to leading roles.{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1p=45|2a1=Booch|2y=1962|2p=76}} She then successfully auditioned for [[Sohrab Modi]]'s comedy ''[[Daulat (1949 film)|Daulat]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blast from the past |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/aug/17/blast-from-the-past-2345604.html |access-date=5 October 2021 |website=The New Indian Express|date=17 August 2021 }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h_wpAAAAYAAJ |title=The Women of Punjab |date=1983 |publisher=Chic Publications |pages=54 |language=en}}</ref> and further appeared in two of Mohan Sinha's films that were also released in 1947: ''[[Chittor Vijay]]'' and ''Mere Bhagwaan'', under the new screen name "Madhubala", which was finalised by Sinha.{{sfn|Bhattacharjee|Dhar|2022|page=219}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=N |first=Patcy |date=15 August 2019 |title=I still regret saying no to Raj Kapoor for Satyam Shivam Sundaram |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/i-still-regret-saying-no-to-raj-kapoor-for-satyam-shivam-sundaram/20150113.htm |access-date=30 July 2021 |work=Rediff.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Patel |first1=Baburao |author-link1=Baburao Patel |date=1 November 1946 |title=Pictures In Making |work=[[Filmindia]] |publisher=New York: The Museum of Modern Art Library |url=https://archive.org/details/filmindia194814unse/page/n869/mode/1up |access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref> Among other films she featured in were ''[[Dil Ki Rani]]'' and ''Amar Prem'', both opposite Kapoor.<ref name="iep" /> Madhubala worked prolifically in this period to provide financial stability for her family, and also accepted lower fees to secure more opportunities. However, most of these films went unnoticed and failed to propel her career.{{sfn|Akbar|1997|p=104}}{{sfn|Lanba|Patel|2012|p=115}}

===Rise to prominence (1948–1952)===
Madhubala found her first critical and commercial success in the drama ''[[Lal Dupatta]]'' (1948), which ''[[The Indian Express]]'' mentioned as a breakthrough for her.{{sfn|Booch|1962|p=76}}<ref name="iep" /> [[Baburao Patel]] described the film as "the first milestone of her maturity in screen acting".{{sfn|Akbar|1997|p=47}} She received further positive reviews for her supporting parts in ''Parai Aag'' (1948), ''[[Paras (1949 film)|Paras]]'' and ''[[Singaar]]'' (both 1949).{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1p=47|2a1=Deep|2y=1996|2pp=39,141,146}}

In 1949, Madhubala played a ''[[femme fatale]]'' in [[Kamal Amrohi]]'s ''[[Mahal (1949 film)|Mahal]]''{{mdash}}the first horror film of Indian cinema.<ref name="Mahal" /> Several actresses including [[Suraiya]] were considered for the role but Amrohi insisted on casting Madhubala.{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1p=52–53|2a1=Booch|2y=1962|2p=76}}<ref name="testing">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2013 |title=Testing times for Madhubala |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/testing-times-for-madhubala/articleshow/31369389.cms |access-date=12 July 2021 |website=Pune Mirror |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712043148/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/testing-times-for-madhubala/articleshow/31369389.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her character was that of Kamini, a servant girl in an ancient mansion, whose pretensions of an apparition lead to disastrous consequences.<ref name="testing" /> ''Mahal'' emerged as the third biggest box-office success of the year.<ref name="bo40">{{Cite web |date=16 October 2013 |title=Box Office 1949 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=154&catName=MTk0OQ== |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016234445/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=154&catName=MTk0OQ== |archive-date=16 October 2013 |access-date=27 September 2021 |publisher=Box Office India}} {{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=121&catName=MTk0MC0xOTQ5 |title=Box Office Results (1940–49) |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014094402/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=121&catName=MTk0MC0xOTQ5 |access-date=26 September 2021 |archive-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In ''Beyond the Boundaries of Bollywood'', [[Rachel Dwyer]] noted that Madhubala's ignorance among audience added to the mysterious nature of her character.<ref name="Mahal">{{Cite web |last=Dwyer |first=Rachel |date=3 August 2019 |title=70 Years Ago, 'Mahal' Gave Us an Early Glimpse of Gothic in Bombay Cinema |url=https://thewire.in/books/70-years-ago-mahal-gave-us-an-early-glimpse-of-gothic-in-bombay-cinema |access-date=31 October 2021 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref> The film's success resulted in her signing a string of starring roles opposite the leading actors of the time.{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1p=42, 70|2a1=Booch|2y=1962|2p=76|3a1=Lanba|3a2=Patel|3y=2012|3p=116}} Seeking to evolve from a newcomer into a polished star, in 1950, Madhubala—a native speaker of three Hindustani languages—began learning English from former actress [[Sushila Rani Patel]] and became fluent within three months.{{sfn|Akbar|1997|p=59}}{{sfn|Bhattacharjee|Dhar|2022|page=219}}

Madhubala followed success of ''Mahal'' with further box office hits: the musical ''[[Dulari (film)|Dulari]]'' (1949) and the social drama ''[[Beqasoor]]'' (1950).<ref name="bo40" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2009 |title=Box Office 1950 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=155&catName=MTk1MA==&PHPSESSID=5e4fbdfd7321468766f34a3b11062d4a |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=1 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207075657/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=155&catName=MTk1MA==&PHPSESSID=5e4fbdfd7321468766f34a3b11062d4a |archive-date=7 February 2009}}</ref> She subsequently appeared in the comedy-drama ''[[Hanste Aansoo]]'', which became the first Indian film to be awarded an Adult certification.{{sfn|Akbar|1997|p=101}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Old and truly gold |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/old-and-truly-gold-565222 |access-date=13 October 2020 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Alongside P. N. Arora, Madhubala produced, and also starred in the drama ''[[Pardes (1950 film)|Pardes]]'' (1950).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=oZIcAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA13 |title=Thought |date=1951 |publisher=Siddhartha Publications |language=en}}</ref>

The following year, Madhubala starred in the [[Amiya Chakravarty (director)|Amiya Chakravarty]]-directed action film ''[[Baadal (1951 film)|Badal]]'' (1951), a remake of ''[[The Adventures of Robin Hood]]''. Her performance received mixed reviews;{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1p=115–116|2a1=Lanba|2a2=Patel|2y=2012|2p=116}} a critic praised her looks but advised her to "speak her dialogue slowly, distinctly and effectively instead of rattling through her lines in a monotone."{{sfn|Akbar|1997|p=115}} She subsequently played the titular part in M. Sadiq's romance ''[[Saiyan (film)|Saiyan]]'', which Roger Yue of ''[[The Singapore Free Press]]'' commented was played "to perfection".<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Yue |first=Roger |date=27 October 1951 |title=India's ''Duel in the Sun'' a success |publisher=[[The Singapore Free Press]] |url=http://hindi-movies-songs.com/joomla/index.php/hindi-films/articles/1640-musing-620-roberto-103-saiyan-in-singapore |access-date=26 April 2021}}</ref> Both ''Badal'' and ''Saiyan'' became major box-office successes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Box Office 1951 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=156&catName=MTk1MQ== |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102005532/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=156&catName=MTk1MQ== |url-status=live |archive-date=2 January 2010 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=26 April 2021}}</ref>

Madhubala then collaborated with actor [[Dilip Kumar]] twice in a row, on the 1951 comedy ''[[Tarana (1951 film)|Tarana]]'' and the 1952 drama ''[[Sangdil]]''.{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1p=111|2a1=Khdair|2y=2020|2p=52|3a1=Lanba|3a2=Patel|3y=2012|3p=117}} The former was particularly well-received and popularized the on and offscreen couple among wide audience.{{sfn|Akbar|1997|p=107}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2012 |title=Box Office 1952 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=158&catName=MTk1Mg== |url-status=live |access-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922022116/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=158&catName=MTk1Mg== |archive-date=22 September 2012 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref> Baburao Patel's ''[[filmindia]]'' review of ''Tarana'' read, "Incidentally, Madhubala gives the best performance of her screen career in this picture. She seems to have discovered her soul at last in Dilip Kumar's company."{{sfn|Akbar|1997|pp=108–109}}{{sfn|Lanba|Patel|2012|page=116}}

=== Career fluctuations and comeback (1953–1957) ===
Madhubala faced health setback in early 1950s, due to which she left some films including ''[[Shahenshah (1953 film)|Shahehshah]]'' (1953), ''Meenar'' (1954) and ''[[Uran Khatola (film)|Uran Khatola]]'' (1955).{{sfn|Akbar|1997|page=72}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bali |first=Karan |date=20 June 2019 |title=Kamini Kaushal |url=https://upperstall.com/profile/kamini-kaushal/ |access-date=8 November 2021 |website=Upperstall.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=OYsPAQAAIAAJ |title=Swatantra (Volume 9, Issue 24) |date=1954 |pages=40 |language=en}}</ref> She nevertheless finished the filming of [[S. S. Vasan]]'s ''[[Bahut Din Huwe]]'' (1954), which marked her debut in South Indian cinema.{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1p=72|2a1=Lanba|2a2=Patel|2y=2012|2p=125}} She also had another release in 1954{{mdash}}[[Mehboob Khan]]'s ''[[Amar (1954 film)|Amar]]'', in which she portrayed a social worker involved in a love triangle along with Dilip Kumar and Nimmi. A reviewer for ''Swatantra'' commented that "she fails to rise to the occasion" in emotional scenes.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=OGMPAQAAIAAJ |title=Swatantra |date=1954 |pages=48 |language=en}}</ref> While the film is retrospectively seen as one of her earliest accomplished performances,<ref name="ffare" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raheja |first=Dinesh |title=Madhubala: a sweet seduction |date=18 October 2002 |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/oct/18dinesh.htm |access-date=27 October 2021 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref> it was a flop at the box-office.{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1p=112|2a1=Lanba|2a2=Patel|2y=2012|2p=116}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2013 |title=Box Office 1954 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=160&catName=MTk1NA== |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030025327/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=160&catName=MTk1NA== |archive-date=30 October 2013 |access-date=25 April 2021}}</ref> Madhubala had co-founded a production company called Madhubala Private Ltd. in April 1953;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhubala Private LTD Information |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/ |access-date=25 April 2021 |website=The Economic Times |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20190508200151/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> its first release ''[[Naata (film)|Naata]]'' (1955), also met with a tepid response and lost a lot of money.{{sfn|Akbar|1997|p=61}} The string of flops led the media to label Madhubala as "[[Box Office Poison (magazine article)|box office poison]]".<ref name="deccanh">{{Cite web |last=Rajpal |first=Roktim |date=2021-02-14 |title=Birth Anniversary Special: 5 iconic Madhubala movies too good to miss |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/birth-anniversary-special-5-iconic-madhubala-movies-too-good-to-miss-951062.html |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Madhubala returned to commercial success with [[Guru Dutt]]'s comedy ''[[Mr. & Mrs. '55]]'' (1955), which emerged as one of the year's highest-grossing films in India.<ref name="deccanh" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=161&catName=MTk1NQ== |title=Box Office 1955 |publisher=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030022739/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=161&catName=MTk1NQ== |access-date=26 September 2021 |archive-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The film saw her playing Anita Verma, a naive heiress who is forced by her aunt into a sham marriage with Dutt's character.{{sfn|Akbar|1997|pp=117–118}} Having only played serious, romantic characters till now, Madhubala gained recognition for her [[comic timing]] following ''Mr. & Mrs. 55''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Saran |first1=Sathya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVD7dajMt3YC&pg=PA40 |title=Ten Years with Guru Dutt: Abrar Alvi's Journey |last2=Alvi |first2=Abrar |date=2008 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-670-08221-6 |pages=40 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/19970228-book-review-of-khatija-akbar-madhubala-her-life-her-films-830193-1997-02-28 |title=Trivial tale |date=28 February 1997 |work=[[India Today]] |last=Masud |first=Iqbal |access-date=31 July 2021 |archive-date=28 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728142314/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/19970228-book-review-of-khatija-akbar-madhubala-her-life-her-films-830193-1997-02-28 |url-status=live}}</ref> Reviewing for ''[[The Indian Express]]'', Harneet Singh acknowledged Madhubala's "impish charm and breezy comic timing" as one of its prime assets of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2015 |title=Let Me Make You Mine |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/let-me-make-you-mine/ |access-date=29 June 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In mid-1956, a conflict broke out between Madhubala–Ataullah Khan and director [[B. R. Chopra]] over the location shoot of ''[[Naya Daur (1957 film)|Naya Daur]]'', in which Madhubala was cast to play the female lead. Citing her as uncooperative, Chopra sued Madhubala for {{INR}}30,000 in damages and replaced her with [[Vyjayanthimala]].{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1pp=87–92|2a1=Lanba|2a2=Patel|2y=2012|2p=121|3a1=Pandhye|3y=2020|3pp=155–156|4a1=Wani|4y=2016|4p=158}} The lawsuit continued for about eight months amidst public scrutiny, before Chopra himself withdrew it.{{sfn|Akbar|1997|page=85}}

The lawsuit generated negative publicity for Madhubala and led to her getting replaced in productions like ''[[Sohni Mahiwal (1958 film)|Sohni Mahiwal]]'' and ''[[Savera (1958 film)|Savera]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=AR4ZGZCUfA4C |title=Jana: The Newspaper of Resurgent Asia and Africa |date=1956 |publisher=Associated Newspapers of Ceylon. |pages=40 |language=en}}</ref> Owing to ger health issues, she reduced her workload in 1956–57.{{sfn|Akbar|1997|p=72–73}} She and Nargis declined Guru Dutt's production, ''[[Pyaasa]]'' (1957), unable to choose between the two leading female roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raheja |first=Dinesh |date=23 June 2003 |title=Pyaasa: Guru Dutt's masterpiece |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jun/23dinesh.htm |access-date=8 November 2021 |work=Rediff.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bali |first=Karan |date=11 November 2016 |title=Mala Sinha |url=https://upperstall.com/profile/mala-sinha/ |access-date=8 November 2021 |website=Upperstall.com}}</ref> Madhubala appeared in two period films in 1956, ''[[Raj Hath]]'' and ''[[Shirin Farhad (1956 film)|Shirin Farhad]]'',{{sfn|Lanba|Patel|2012|p=117}} both critical and commercial successes.{{sfn|Deep|1996|p=90}} The following year, she played a runaway heiress in [[Om Prakash]]'s ''[[Gateway of India (1957 film)|Gateway of India]]'' (1957), which critic [[Deepa Gahlot]] regards as one of her finest performances.<ref name="gahlot">{{Cite book |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEqwDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT150 |title=Take-2: 50 Films That Deserve a New Audience |date=1 October 2015 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-84544-85-0 |language=en}}</ref> Her other release of the year was the drama ''[[Ek Saal]]'' (1957).{{sfn|Deep|1996|p=89}}{{sfn|Lanba|Patel|2012|p=117}}

===Continued success and ''Mughal-e-Azam'' (1958–1962)===
The year 1958 saw Madhubala starring in four of its highest-grossing films: the crime thrillers ''[[Kala Pani (1958 film)|Kala Pani]]'' and ''[[Howrah Bridge (1958 film)|Howrah Bridge]]'', the musical ''[[Phagun (1958 film)|Phagun]]'' and the comedy ''[[Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi]]''.<ref name="bo58">{{Cite web |date=22 September 2012 |title=Box Office 1958 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=164&catName=MTk1OA== |url-status=live |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922022104/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=164&catName=MTk1OA== |archive-date=22 September 2012}}</ref>{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1p=179|2a1=Lanba|2a2=Patel|2y=2012|2p=117}} Madhubala waived her entire fees to play the role of an [[Anglo-Indian]] [[cabaret dancer]] in [[Shakti Samanta]]'s ''Howrah Bridge'', marking a departure from previous portrayals of sophisticated characters.<ref>{{Cite book |last=U |first=Saiam Z. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JSVCCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT145 |title=Houseful The Golden Years of Hindi Cinema |date=2012 |publisher=Om Books International |isbn=978-93-80070-25-4 |pages=145 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":22" /><ref name="ffare">{{Cite web |title=Remembering Madhubala's best roles |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/remembering-madhubalas-best-roles-32527.html |access-date=25 April 2021 |publisher=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref> In ''Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi'', which emerged among the biggest money-making films of the 1950s,<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2010 |title=Box Office Results (1950{{mdash}}59) |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=122&catName=MTk1MC0xOTU5 |url-status=live |access-date=29 November 2021 |publisher=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205040745/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=122&catName=MTk1MC0xOTU5 |archive-date=5 February 2010}}</ref> she portrayed Renu, a wealthy city woman involved in a love affair with [[Kishore Kumar]]'s character.{{sfnm|1a1=Lanba|1a2=Patel|1y=2012|1p=117}}<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Raheja |first=Dinesh |title=Classics Revisited: Why Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi is nonstop fun |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/08dinesh.htm |date=8 January 2003 |access-date=18 October 2021 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref> Writing retrospectively for Rediff.com, columnist [[Rinki Bhattacharya]] noted Madhubala's Renu as "a top favourite": "Her breezy performance stands out as that rare example of an independent, urban woman."<ref name=":8" />

Madhubala subsequently featured in ''[[Insan Jaag Utha]]'' and ''[[Kal Hamara Hai (film)|Kal Hamara Hai]]'' (both 1959);<ref name="deccanh" /><ref name="ffare" /> particularly receiving critical praise for her dual roles in the latter.{{sfnm|1a1=Lanba|1a2=Patel|1y=2012|1p=117|2a1=Akbar|2y=1997|2p=103}} ''[[Do Ustad (1959 film)|Do Ustad]]'' (1959) saw her reuniting with Raj Kapoor after a decade; it performed moderately at the box office.{{sfn|Akbar|1997|p=104}} The second film of Madhubala Private Ltd.—the comedy ''[[Mehlon Ke Khwab]]''—released in 1960, to poor financial returns.{{sfn|Deep|1996|p=94}}

Journalist [[Dinesh Raheja]] has described ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' (1960) as the "crowning glory" of Madhubala’s career.<ref name="art">{{Cite web |last=Raheja, Dinesh |date=15 February 2003 |title=''Mughal-e-Azam'': A work of art |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/feb/15dinesh.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017123138/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/feb/15dinesh.htm |archive-date=17 October 2012 |access-date=10 June 2012 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref> Directed by [[K. Asif]], the film co-starred Dilip Kumar and [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] and depicted the romance between the court dancer [[Anarkali]] (Madhubala) and the [[Mughal dynasty|Mughal]] prince [[Jahangir|Salim]] (Kumar). After several actresses had been considered—and rejected—for the role, Madhubala joined the production in 1952.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bali |first=Karan |title=The 'Mughal-e-Azam' that was never made, starring Nargis |url=https://scroll.in/reel/834577/the-mughal-e-azam-that-was-never-made-starring-nargis |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=Scroll.in |date=16 April 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref>{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1p=130|2a1=Pandhye|2y=2020|2p=130}} Filming extended over nearly a decade and coincided with her diagnosis of a ventricular septal defect. Throughout the prolonged schedule, she continued to perform in demanding sequences despite medical restrictions,{{sfnm|1a1=Pandhye|1y=2020|1pp=162–164|2a1=Akbar|2y=1997|2pp=143–151}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kohli |first=Suresh |date=19 March 2011 |title=Timeless appeal |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/147125/timeless-appeal.html |access-date=18 October 2021 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> while her relationship with Dilip Kumar ended during the production.{{sfnm|1a1=Pandhye|1y=2020|1p=157, 159|2a1=Akbar|2y=1997|2pp=154–155|3a1=Lanba|3a2=Patel|3y=2012|3p=123}} Principal photography concluded in May 1959, leaving Madhubala physically and emotionally exhausted, to the point she began considering a retirement.{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1pp=130–136; 138; 143–151; 153–160|2a1=Lanba|2a2=Patel|2y=2012|2p=125|3a1=Pandhye|3y=2020|3p=164}}

Released on 5 August 1960, ''Mughal-e-Azam'' broke several box office records and became the highest-grossing Indian film at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patsy N |date=10 November 2004 |title=The making of ''Mughal-e-Azam'' |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/nov/10seth.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125105208/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/nov/10seth.htm |archive-date=25 January 2012 |access-date=29 November 2021 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref>{{sfnm|1a1=Lanba|1a2=Patel|1y=2012|1p=117}}<ref name="boi60" /> It received 11 nominations at the [[8th Filmfare Awards]], including [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] for Madhubala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Award Winners 1961 – 8th (Eighth) Filmfare Popular Awards |url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/filmfare-awards-1961-163.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730231654/http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/filmfare-awards-1961-163.html |archive-date=30 July 2012 |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=Awardsandshows.com}}</ref>{{sfn|Lanba|Patel|2012|p=118}} A reviewer for ''[[The Indian Express]]'' commented, "Scene after scene bears testimony to the outstanding gifts of Madhubala as a natural actress [...] The way she presents Anarkali's changing moods as she passes through the lightning vicissitudes in her life is superb."<ref name="IEPaper">{{Cite news |date=12 August 1960 |title=Mughal-E-Azam |page=3 |work=The Indian Express |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19600812&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=28 October 2017}}</ref> Madhubala later starred in the musical ''[[Barsaat Ki Raat]]'' (1960),<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 1960 |title=Barsaat Ki Raat |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19601230&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=24 May 2021 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=29 September 2020 |title=Barsaat Ki Raat: Greatest-Ever Musical |url=https://www.siasat.com/barsaat-ki-raat-greatest-ever-musical-1986603/ |access-date=1 December 2020 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-GB|last=Parsa|first=Venkat}}</ref> which became the year's second-highest-grossing film (trailing only ''Mughal-e-Azam'').<ref name="boi60">{{Cite web |title=Box Office 1960 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=166&catName=MTk2MA== |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922021750/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=166&catName=MTk2MA== |archive-date=22 September 2012 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref> The back-to-back blockbuster successes prompted Box Office India to name Madhubala as the most successful leading lady of 1960.<ref name="top">{{Cite web |date=15 January 2013 |title=Top Actress |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115031434/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |archive-date=15 January 2013 |access-date=27 April 2021 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>

While she subsequently received a string of offers in major roles, Madhubala had to refuse them owing to her worsening health.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bali |first=Karan |date=17 October 2017 |title=Incomplete Films: Chalaak |url=https://upperstall.com/features/incomplete-films-chalaak/ |access-date=20 November 2021 |website=Upperstall.com}}</ref> She publicly announced her retirement on 17 October 1960, a day after her marriage to Kishore Kumar,{{sfn|Bhattacharjee|Dhar|2022|page=268}} and withdrew from some productions that were underway, including ''[[Bombai Ka Babu]]'', ''[[Naughty Boy (film)|Naughty Boy]]'', ''[[Jahan Ara (film)|Jahan Ara]]'', ''Yeh Basti Ye Log'', ''Suhana Geet'' and an untitled film with [[Kishore Sahu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bali |first=Karan |date=14 February 2000 |title=Madhubala |url=https://upperstall.com/profile/luminary/madhubala/ |access-date=20 November 2021 |website=Upperstall.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gurunathan |first=S. K. |date=24 August 1963 |title=Not all old is Gold! |work=Sports and Pastime |location=Madras |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12015 |access-date=24 December 2021}}</ref>{{sfn|Bhattacharjee|Dhar|2022|pages=259–260}} She did, however, have a few more releases, which were completed either by body doubles or by Madhubala herself.{{sfn|Akbar|1997|p=105–106}} These included ''[[Jaali Note]]'' (1960), ''[[Jhumroo]]'' (1961), ''[[Boy Friend (1961 film)|Boy Friend]]'' (1961) and ''[[Half Ticket (1962 film)|Half Ticket]]'' (1962).<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Great Gambler |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=9854 |access-date=15 February 2021 |website=Screen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215152817/http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=9854 |archive-date=15 February 2009 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2010 |title=Box Office 1961 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=167&catName=MTk2MQ== |url-status=live |access-date=21 November 2021 |publisher=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205044648/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=167&catName=MTk2MQ== |archive-date=5 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rachit |title=The timeless beauty: Madhubala |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/the-timeless-beauty-madhubala-4626.html |date=11 November 2013 |access-date=21 November 2021 |publisher=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref> The latter, her final collaboration with husband Kishore Kumar,<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2010 |title=Box Office 1962 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=168&catName=MTk2Mg== |url-status=live |access-date=21 November 2021 |publisher=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205044728/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=168&catName=MTk2Mg== |archive-date=5 February 2010}}</ref> got named by ''The Indian Express'' ''as'' one of the best comedies of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |title=Classic revisited: Kishore Kumar's return ticket to childhood |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/kishore-kumars-return-ticket-to-childhood/20190802.htm |access-date=22 November 2021 |work=Rediff.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-20 |title=Seriously Funny: 10 Bollywood comedies to watch in your lifetime |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bollywood-comedy-films-5454737/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Also released in 1962 was Madhubala Private Ltd.'s third and last presentation, ''Pathan''; the film did not star Madhubala and turned out to be a box office flop.{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1p=39|2a1=Deep|2y=1996|2pp=94–95}}

===Sabbaticals and final work (1964–1969)===
Following a two-year sabbatical, Madhubala completed ''Sharabi'' in 1964, which became the final film released during her lifetime.{{sfnm|1a1=Lanba|1a2=Patel|1y=2012|1p=120|2a1=Akbar|2y=1997|2p=107}} Baburao Patel, writing for ''[[Mother India (magazine)|Mother India]]'', praised Madhubala's performance for "reviv[ing] the old heartache".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Patel |first=Baburao |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBMIAQAAMAAJ |title=Mother India |date=1963 |publisher=Sumati |language=en}}</ref> An editor for Rediff.com characterized the film as a "fitting finale to a luminous career, showing the actress at her most beautiful and her most effective, a heroine destined not to age in any of our eyes".<ref>{{Cite web |title=When movie greats made their final film appearance |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-when-movie-greats-made-their-last-film-appearance/20111109.htm |access-date=20 November 2021 |work=Rediff.com |language=en}}</ref>

The swashbuckler film ''[[Jwala (1971 film)|Jwala]]'' was initially launched by [[M. V. Raman]] in 1958, with Kishore Kumar starring opposite Madhubala. However, her sickness led to Kishore getting replaced by [[Sunil Dutt]] and the film was shelved indefinitely for more than a decade. It was eventually finished using body doubles for Madhubala and released in 1971, two years after her death, marking her final appearance on screen.{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1p=121|2a1=Roy|2y=2019|2p=154}}{{sfn|Bhattacharjee|Dhar|page=230}}

==Personal life==
After securing her family's finances in the late 1940s, Madhubala rented a bungalow on [[Peddar Road]] in Bombay named "Arabian Villa," which remained her permanent residence until her death.{{sfn|Akbar|1997|page=78}} She learned to drive at age 12 and by adulthood owned five cars: a [[Buick]], a [[Chevrolet]], a [[Station wagon]], a [[Hillman Avenger|Hillman]], and a [[Chrysler Town & Country (1941–1988)|Chrysler Town & Country]]. The latter was reportedly owned by only one other person in India at the time, the [[Maharaja of Gwalior]].<ref name="valentine">{{Cite web |date=12 February 2010 |title=The Valentine girl |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/the-valentine-girl/articleshow/21927456.cms |access-date=24 July 2021 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref> She also kept eighteen [[German Shepherd|Alsatian dogs]] as pets at Arabian Villa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2020 |title=Madhubala Birth Anniversary: A Look at Some of Lesser Known Facts of the Bollywood Diva's Life |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/madhubala-birth-anniversary-a-look-at-some-of-lesser-known-facts-of-the-bollywood-divas-life-2500697.html |access-date=16 October 2021 |website=News 18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reuben |first=Bunny |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=YrwaAQAAIAAJ |title=Follywood Flashback: A Collection of Movie Memories |date=1993 |publisher=Indus |isbn=978-81-7223-106-4 |pages=178 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1949, while filming for ''[[Singaar]]'', Madhubala was diagnosed with an incurable [[ventricular septal defect]] (a "hole in the heart"); the diagnosis was kept private to avoid jeopardizing her career.{{sfn|Akbar|1997|page=42}}

===Philanthropy===
Madhubala was active in charitable work, leading editor Baburao Patel to refer to her as the "queen of charity."{{sfn|Akbar|1997|p=167}}<ref name="donation">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7UcUAAAAIAAJ |title=Films in Review |date=1951 |publisher=National Board of Review of Motion Pictures |pages=32 |language=en}}</ref> In 1950, she donated {{INR}}5,000 each to children suffering from [[Polio|poliomyelitis]] and to the [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] relief fund, as well as {{INR}}50,000 for refugees from [[East Bengal]].{{sfn|Akbar|1997|p=70, 83}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hARFAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5 |title=Rs. 50,000 for relief of refugees |publisher=The Indian Express |location=Bombay |publication-date=19 August 1950 |pages=5 |language=en}}</ref> Her donations triggered significant controversy at the time and received extensive media coverage.<ref name="donation" />{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1pp=70, 83|2a1=Deep|2y=1996|2pp=46–47}} Consequently, she began conducting her charitable activities more privately and often donated anonymously.<ref name="donation" /> In 1954, it was revealed that she had been providing monthly bonuses to the lower-level staff at her studios.{{sfn|Akbar|1997|p=167}} Additionally, she gifted a camera crane to the [[Film and Television Institute of India]] in 1962, which remains operational today.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kher video tweets Madhubala's gift to FTII |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/kher-video-tweets-madhubalas-gift-to-ftii/articleshow/61503151.cms |access-date=24 July 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |last1=Phadnis |first1=Mayuri }}</ref>

===Relationships and marriage===
Madhubala's first relationship was with her ''Badal'' co-star [[Prem Nath]] in early 1951.{{sfn|Akbar|1997|pp=115–116}} They dated for six months before differences arose over religion, as Nath was a [[Hindu]].<ref name="sick2" /> Although the relationship ended, Nath remained close to Madhubala and her father, Ataullah Khan, for the rest of their lives.{{sfn|Akbar|1997|page=115}} Also in 1951, Madhubala began a high-profile romance with actor [[Dilip Kumar]].<ref name="sick2" /> The relationship was complicated by the involvement of her father, Ataullah Khan.{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1p=108|2a1=Pandhye|2y=2020|2p=141}}{{sfn|Lanba|Patel|2012|p=122}} While family accounts suggest the engagement ended because Kumar demanded Madhubala sever ties with her family,{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1p=108, 115|2a1=Lanba|2a2=Patel|2y=2012|2p=121–122, 124|3a1=Wani|3y=2016|3pp=144–150, 156, 158}} Kumar attributes the impasse to Khan's attempts to manage their professional careers and a fundamental misalignment of personal priorities.{{sfn|Kumar|2014|pages=133–136}}

The relationship collapsed in 1956 during a legal dispute over the production of ''Naya Daur''.{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1pp=61, 91–92|2a1=Lanba|2a2=Patel|2y=2012|2p=121|3a1=Wani|3y=2016|3p=150|4a1=Pandhye|4y=2020|4pp=155–156}} After Khan withdrew Madhubala from the film's outdoor shoot—citing her health condition as the cause—producer [[B. R. Chopra]] initiated a lawsuit for [[breach of contract]]. Kumar's decision to testify in favor of the producer followed his own failed attempts to mediate a private compromise.{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1pp=63, 87–92|2a1=Lanba|2a2=Patel|2y=2012|2p=121|3a1=Pandhye|3y=2020|3pp=155–156|4a1=Wani|4y=2016|4p=158}} He later characterized the fallout as an inevitable consequence of Madhubala's deference to her father's authority, which he believed ultimately compromised both her professional reputation and her health.{{sfn|Kumar|2014|pages=133–136}}{{efn|News regarding the civil affair reported Kumar's behavior toward Madhubala and her father;<ref>{{cite news |title=Film Stars Tyranny: Letter to F. F. I. chief cited in Madhubala case |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9WFlAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA9 |access-date=28 November 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=5 May 1957 |language=en }}</ref> the actor denied these reports in court and stated he had never proposed marriage to her.<ref>{{cite news |title=Case against Madhubala; more evidence by Dilip Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZFlAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA2 |access-date=28 November 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=28 April 1957 |language=en }}</ref> However, actor [[Om Prakash]] recalled a 1957 incident in which Kumar pressured Madhubala to marry him and break ties with her family.{{sfn|Lanba|Patel|2012|p=124}}}}

Following break up with Dilip Kumar, Madhubala Madhubala rekindled her friendship with co-star and childhood acquaintance Kishore Kumar, on the set of ''Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi'' (1958).<ref name=":5" />{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1p=189|2a1=Lanba|2a2=Patel|2y=2012|2p=125}} They dated for two years and had a court marriage on 16 October 1960. Media articles falsely reported that Kishore, a Hindu, converted to Islam for the marriage, although Madhubala, in a 1959 interview with ''Rangbhumi'' had asserted that she would not require her husband to change his religion for the sake of marriage.{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1p=189|2a1=Deep|2y=1996|2p=102|3a1=Bhattacharjee|3a2=Dhar|3y=2022|3p=266–268 for wedding, 276 for conversion rumors; "Madhu was once quizzed by a journalist on her thoughts on converting him to her religion. Setting aside all rumours, here was Madhu's reply: "I
admire you for your courage in raising this question but am I that cheap to
even think of changing our religion for the sake of love? We are not married
yet, and when it happens, we shall inform you first." " Kishore Kumar in an interview, published in ''Madhuri'' (film magazine) on 10 July 1981: "It is absolutely wrong to think that I had converted for the marriage.
I am not against Islam or any other religion but I am equally proud
of my Hindu Brahmin roots."}}{{efn|While there have been persistent rumors of Kishore converting to Islam for the marriage, [[Leena Chandavarkar]] (Kishore's fourth wife) and Madhur Bhushan have denied these claims in separate accounts.{{sfn|Akbar|1997|p=189}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-04 |title=Kishore Kumar was a Hindu, didn’t change religion to marry Madhubala: Her sister |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kishore-kumar-was-a-hindu-didn-t-change-religion-to-marry-madhubala-101656905036450.html |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>}} [[Anirudha Bhattacharjee]] described the marriage as "the unglamorous alliance of two of the most glamorous
stars of Bombay"; contemporaries similarly viewed the couple as a mismatch due to their contrasting temperaments.{{sfn|Bhattacharjee|Dhar|2022|pages=268–269}}{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1p=185}} The interfaith marriage was disapproved of by Kishore's parents, particularly his mother, who made the couple marry again in a [[Vedic marriage|Vedic ceremony]].{{sfn|Bhattacharjee|Dhar|2022|pages=268–269}}

=== Health deterioration and final years (1960–1969) ===
{{quote box
| quote = "[I] brought her home as my wife, even though I knew she was dying from a congenital heart problem. For 9 long years, I nursed her. I watched her die before my own eyes. You can never understand what this means until you live through this yourself. She was such a beautiful woman and she died so painfully. She would rave and rant and scream in frustration. How can such an active person spend 9 long years bed-ridden? And I had to humour her all the time. That's what the doctor asked me to. That's what I did till her very last breath. I would laugh with her. I would cry with her."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandy |first=Pritish |author-link=Pritish Nandy |date=2018-08-04 |title=When Kishore Kumar spoke to Pritish Nandy about Bombay, Hitchcock and his many wives |url=https://theprint.in/features/when-kishore-kumar-spoke-to-pritish-nandy-about-bombay-hitchcock-and-his-many-wives/93307/ |access-date=2021-10-11 |website=The Print |language=en}}</ref>
| source = {{mdash}} Kishore Kumar on his relationship with Madhubala
| bgcolor = #CCDDFF
| align = right
| salign = left
| width = 20em
}}
Soon after their marriage in 1960, Madhubala and Kishore Kumar traveled to [[London]] with physician S. V. Golwala.{{sfn|Bhattacharjee|Dhar|2022|page=274}} The trip combined their honeymoon with specialized treatment for Madhubala's heart disease, which was rapidly worsening. Doctors in London declined to operate due to the risk of complications and instead advised her to avoid stress and anxiety. She was also discouraged from having children and given a life expectancy of two years.{{sfn|Lamba|Patel|2012|page=125}}{{sfn|Akbar|1997|p=182–185}}

Following their return from London, Madhubala and Kishore Kumar moved into a newly purchased flat in Bandra.<ref name="sick">{{Cite web |title=Madhubala's sister, Madhur Bhushan, reveals the most shocking details about the late actor's life |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/madhubalas-sister-madhur-bhushan-reveals-the-most-shocking-details-about-the-late-actors-life-25267.html |access-date=12 July 2021 |publisher=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Deep|1996|pp=100–101}}{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1p=185}} He stayed with her briefly before leaving her in the care of a nurse and a driver;<ref name="sick" /> Madhubala subsequently moved back to her family home within two months. Kishore later attributed this to her extreme sensitivity to noise, noting that the flat’s proximity to an airport and the sound of low-flying aircraft exacerbated her distress.{{sfn|Bhattacharjee|Dhar|2022|pages=274–278}} Conversely, her sister Madhur Bhushan stated that Madhubala felt isolated because Kishore did not visit regularly, prompting her return. Madhur further suggested that Kishore attempted to emotionally detach himself in anticipation of her death.<ref name="sick" /> Despite the physical separation, he bore all of Madhubala's medical expenses.{{sfn|Bhattacharjee|Dhar|2022|pages=274–275}}

In late June 1966,{{sfn|Deep|1996|p=16}} Madhubala's health appeared to improve slightly, and she decided to resume work on J. K. Nanda's ''Chalaak''. The film, co-starring Raj Kapoor, had been left unfinished since her departure from the industry.{{sfn|Akbar|1997|p=104}} While the media welcomed her comeback, she fainted as soon as filming commenced; consequently, the film was never completed.{{sfn|Akbar|1997|p=92, 104}} During a subsequent stay at [[Breach Candy Hospital]], she was visited by her former partner, Dilip Kumar.<ref name="sick2">{{Cite web |title=Madhubala was sad when Dilip Kumar got married |url=https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/madhubala-was-sad-when-dilip-kumar-got-married--madhur-bhushan-3309.html |access-date=12 July 2021|publisher=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref>

As her health continued to decline, her relationship with Kumar became strained.{{sfn|Bhattacharjee|Dhar|2022|p=319}} Ashok Kumar (her brother-in-law) later recalled that her prolonged illness affected her temperament and that she spent a significant amount of time at her father's house.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Arpita |date=4 August 2018 |title=Kishore Kumar's 89th birth anniversary: Few unknown facts about the legendary singer |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities-kishore-kumars-89th-birth-anniversary-few-unknown-facts-about-the-legendary-singer-456349 |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref> During her final years, Madhubala was largely bedridden and experienced significant weight loss. She developed a deep interest in Urdu poetry and frequently watched her own films, particularly ''Mughal-e-Azam'', on a [[Projector|home projector]].<ref name="sick2" /> She became increasingly reclusive, maintaining contact with only a few industry peers, such as [[Geeta Dutt]] and [[Waheeda Rehman]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-03-03 |title=Madhur Bhushan: I won’t give up on my dream of making a biopic on Madhubala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/madhur-bhushan-i-wont-give-up-on-my-dream-of-making-a-biopic-on-madhubala/articleshow/74441663.cms |access-date=2026-02-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Her medical condition required [[exchange transfusion]]s almost weekly.{{sfn|Deep|1996|p=106}} Her body began producing an excess of red blood cells (polycythemia), leading to bleeding from the nose and mouth; her physician [[Rustom Jal Vakil]] performed regular phlebotomies to manage the condition, and she required a constant supply of oxygen to treat frequent [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]].<ref name="sick" /><ref name="sick2" /> Following the failed attempt to finish ''Chalaak'', Madhubala shifted her focus to film direction and revived her directorial debut ''Farz aur Ishq'' (first announced in 1952)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=fLTXZUO2SYsC |title=Filmindia |date=1952 |publisher=Filmindia Publications |pages=20 |language=en}}</ref> in February 1969.<ref name="mrandmrs55.com"/>

==Death==
By early 1969, Madhubala's health had declined significantly; she had contracted [[jaundice]], and a [[urinalysis]] led to a diagnosis of [[hematuria]].<ref name="Recollections 2016">{{cite web |title=Her Sister's Recollections |website=Cineplot |date=16 April 2016 |url=http://cineplot.com/legends-madhubala/madhubala-memories/ |access-date=19 August 2016 |archive-date=17 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917034953/http://cineplot.com/legends-madhubala/madhubala-memories/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{sfn|Bhattacharjee|Dhar|2022|pages=334–335}} Madhubala suffered a [[heart attack]] at midnight on 22 February.{{sfn|Bhattacharjee|Dhar|2022|pages=334–335}} After struggling for several hours in the company of her family and Kishore Kumar, she died at 9:30 a.m. on 23 February,<ref name="Dilip saab">{{Cite web |title=She could never forget Dilip saab |url=https://www.filmfare.com/magazine/june-2020/she-could-never-forget-dilip-saab-madhur-bhushan-on-sister-madhubala-41757.html |access-date=21 September 2021 |publisher=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref> at the age of 36. Madhubala was buried as per Sunni rites{{sfn|Bhattacharjee|Dhar|2022|page=335}} at the [[Juhu]] Muslim Cemetery in [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]], Bombay, along with her personal diary.{{sfn|Akbar|1997|p=191}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganguli |first=Aakriti |date=14 February 2018 |title=Madhubala's 85th birth anniversary: Ethereal beauty of yesteryear actress captured in 15 pictures |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/photos/entertainment-madhubala-s-85th-birth-anniversary-ethereal-beauty-of-yesteryear-actress-captured-in-15-pictures-427779 |access-date=21 September 2021 |publisher=India TV |language=en}}</ref> Her tomb was constructed of marble and featured inscriptions of [[Āyah|aayats]] from the [[Quran]] and various verse dedications.{{sfn|Akbar|1997|p=191}}

Because Madhubala had been absent from the social scene for nearly a decade, her death was perceived as unexpected and received extensive coverage in the Indian press.{{sfn|Akbar|1997|pp=191–196}} ''The Indian Express'' described her as "the most sought-after Hindi film actress" of her era,<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 February 1969 |title=Madhubala dead |page=1 |work=The Indian Express |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19690224&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=7 August 2021}}</ref> while ''Filmfare'' likened her to "a [[Cinderella]] whose clock had struck twelve too soon."{{sfn|Akbar|1997|p=196}} Several colleagues, including Premnath (who wrote a commemorative poem),{{sfn|Akbar|1997|p=195}} B. K. Karanjia and Shakti Samanta expressed their grief. Gossip columnist [[Gulshan Ewing]] published a personal tribute titled "The Passing of Anarkali," writing: "She loved life, she loved the world and she was often shocked to find that the world did not always love her back. [...] To her, all life was love, all love was life. That was Madhubala—loveliest of the shining stars."{{sfn|Akbar|1997|p=196}}

In 2010, Madhubala's tomb—along with those of other industry figures such as [[Mohammed Rafi]] and [[Sahir Ludhianvi]]—was demolished to make room for new interments. Her remains were moved to an undisclosed location.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2020 |first=Bella |last=Jaisinghani |title=Rafi, Madhubala don't rest in peace here |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/rafi-madhubala-dont-rest-in-peace-here/articleshow/5558345.cms |access-date=17 June 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Public image and reception ==
In the [[British Raj|pre-independence era]], Indian cinema typically polarized female roles between the "chaste" heroine and the Westernized ''[[femme fatale]]''. Film historian [[Bhagwan Das Garga]] observed that as social values evolved in the 1950s, these archetypes began to merge, with Madhubala emerging as a prominent embodiment of this hybrid screen persona.<ref name=":18">{{Cite book |last=Garga |first=Bhagwan Das |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITAnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT207 |title=Art Of Cinema |date=1 December 2005 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-431-5 |language=en|year=2005|pages=207}}</ref> Dina Khdair characterised her demeanor as a "balance of innocence [and] sensuality", noting that she often used a breathy voice and "expressive, often knowing glances" in her performances.{{sfn|Khdair|2020|page=52}} Madhubala further modernized her image through a Westernized wardrobe—including trousers, strapless dresses, deep-cut blouses and [[capri pants]]—paired with a short, wavy hairstyle.<ref name="six fashion" /><ref name="hair" /> American journalist [[David Cort]] identified Madhubala as a representation of an "ideal of the free Indian woman" in post-independence India, noting a "confiding and questioning" stare in her romantic scenes that seemed to "challenge the hero to be ''all'' she is supposed to think he is".<ref name="theatre arts">{{cite news |last1=Cort |first1=David |author-link1=David Cort |date=4 August 1952 |title=The Biggest Star in the World{{mdash}}and she's not in the Beverley Hills |language=en-US |pages=23–26 |work=[[Theatre Arts Magazine]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40FNAAAAYAAJ |access-date=29 September 2021}}</ref>

Public discourse during Madhubala's peak focused primarily on her physical appearance; editor [[Baburao Patel]] dubbed her "The [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]] of the Indian screen",<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhubala Birth Anniversary: A Look at Some of Lesser Known Facts of the Bollywood Diva's Life |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/madhubala-birth-anniversary-a-look-at-some-of-lesser-known-facts-of-the-bollywood-divas-life-2500697.html |access-date=21 October 2021 |website=News 18 |date=14 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="story of india">{{Cite web |last=Sirur |first=Simrin |date=23 February 2019 |title=Remembering Madhubala, film screen legend who was 'story of India' and wanted 'to live' |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/remembering-madhubala-film-screen-legend-who-was-story-of-india-and-wanted-to-live/195495/ |access-date=12 July 2021 |website=[[The Print]] |language=en-US}}</ref> while actor [[Shashi Kapoor]] described her as possessing a "porcelain beauty" characterized by a "gorgeous infectious smile and very expressive eyes". Cinematographer J. H. Thakker identified this visual appeal as a professional asset, labeling her a "cameraman's delight" capable of being photographed from any angle without artifice.{{sfn|Akbar|1997|p=29–31}} She became the brand ambassador of beauty products by [[Lux (soap)|Lux]] and [[Godrej Group|Godrej]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Salam |first=Ziya Us |date=1 February 2015 |title=The soap opera continues |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-soap-opera-continues/article6845302.ece |access-date=1 October 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2021 |title=Beauty x Bollywood: How Indian stars are supporting and promoting beauty brands |url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/beauty-grooming/makeup/bollywood-stars-indian-beauty-brands-collaborations-bhumi-pednekar-taapsee-pannu/ |access-date=1 October 2021 |website=Lifestyle Asia India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandna |first=Himani |date=28 April 2019 |title=Godrej Vatni was India's foremost Swadeshi soap, and it didn't remind you of Partition |url=https://theprint.in/features/brandma/godrej-vatni-was-indias-foremost-swadeshi-soap-and-it-didnt-remind-you-of-partition/228216/ |access-date=1 December 2021 |website=The Print |language=en-US}}</ref> However, this glamorous image frequently acted as an impediment to her being recognized as a dramatic performer.{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1p=135, 159|2a1=Lanba|2a2=Patel|2y=2012|2p=118}}<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Haasan |first=Mehndi |date=5 June 2011 |title=The legend of Madhubala |url=https://www.dawn.com/2011/06/05/non-fiction-on-screen-off-the-legend-of-madhubala/ |access-date=17 December 2021 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Subhash |first=K. Jha |date=14 February 2018 |title=Madhubala was so beautiful they ignored her versatility |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/madhubala-beautiful-ignored-versatility/ |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=6 January 2010 |title=Capturing Madhubala's pain |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/capturing-madhubalarsquos-pain/article16836222.ece1 |access-date=13 December 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Co-star [[Shammi Kapoor]], who named her the most beautiful woman of the era, also described her as a "highly underrated actress" whose work was overshadowed by her beauty.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 February 2016 |title=The rock 'n' roll Romeo |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/The-rock-%E2%80%99n%E2%80%99-roll-Romeo/article15616929.ece |access-date=24 July 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rauf |first=Ahmed |date=3 February 2016 |title=When Shammi Kapoor fell for Madhubala |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/special/when-shammi-kapoor-fell-for-madhubala/20160203.htm |access-date=6 July 2021 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref>

Unlike her contemporaries Nargis and [[Meena Kumari]], Madhubala never received a competitive acting award, earning only a single [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] nomination for ''Mughal-e-Azam'' (1960)—which she lost to [[Bina Rai]]. Dilip Kumar argued that audiences "missed out" on her technical attributes due to their preoccupation with her beauty,{{sfn|Akbar|1997|p=114}} describing her as an "instantaneous" actor capable of meeting any level of emotional involvement demanded by a script.{{sfn|Kumar|2014|page=123}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2021 |title=When Dilip Kumar revealed his feelings for Madhubala in his autobiography: 'Must admit I was attracted to her' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/when-dilip-kumar-revealed-his-feelings-for-madhubala-in-his-autobiography-must-admit-i-was-attracted-to-her-101625724981161.html |access-date=18 October 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Ashok Kumar called her his favourite actress alongside [[Geeta Bali]], noting that "the director did not have to teach them and even their rehearsals were like 'takes'."{{sfn|Akbar|1997|p=100}} Scholar Corey K. Creekmur noted that Madhubala was often framed in her films as a "glamorized object to be looked at", but she subverted this passive role by "looking back" at both her co-actors and the audience with a self-awareness that acknowledged her screen presence.<ref name=":21">{{Cite book |last=Creekmur |first=Corey K. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctv2f4vpmp |title=Close-Up: Great Cinematic Performances Volume 2: International [Chapter 14: Madhubala in ''Mughal-e-Azam''] |date=2018 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |pages=161–170 |doi=10.3366/j.ctv2f4vpmp}}</ref>

Madhubala's screen accessibility was sharply contrasted by a profound off-screen reclusivity.{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1pp=30, 64, 69–76|2a1=Booch|2y=1962|2p=78}}<ref name="valentine"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khatija Akbar on Madhubala's tragic affair with Dilip Kumar |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/apr/04madhu1.htm |access-date=10 August 2021 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref> Unlike other stars, she avoided parties, film premieres and public fundraisers and maintained a strictly professional routine, arriving and departing the studio at fixed timings.{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1p=18, 44, 79, 102}} She deliberately separated her private identity from her public brand, once stating: "Once I have finished work at the studio, I do not want to be Madhubala, the star."{{sfn|Akbar|1997|page=71}} As her father strictly limited media access, contemporary in-depth interviews or articles were rare, making it, in the words of biographer Khatija Akbar, "next to impossible [...] to get to know something of Madhubala, the person."{{sfn|Akbar|1997|pp=81–82, 84}}<ref name="outlook">{{Cite web |title=Madhubala's Younger Sister Madhur Brij Bhushan: She Was A Courageous Girl Who Never Gave Up On Life |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-madhubalas-younger-sister-madhur-brij-bhushan-she-was-a-courageous-girl-who-never-gave-up-on-life/347274 |access-date=5 June 2021 |website=Outlook|date=14 February 2020 }}</ref> Contemporary media frequently likened her to [[Greta Garbo]], with ''[[Filmfare]]'' noting that her "shunning the limelight"—far from diminishing her fame—only enhanced her "undiminished hold" over the audience.{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1p=76|2a1=Deep|2y=1996|2p=12}}

Within a male-dominated industry, Madhubala's celebrity status rivaled that of top leading men;<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=5 January 1959 |title=MOVIES ABROAD: The New Maharajahs |language=en-US |magazine=Time |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,810822,00.html |access-date=20 November 2021 |issn=0040-781X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Govil |first=Nitin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvzPBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |title=Orienting Hollywood: A Century of Film Culture Between Los Angeles and Bombay |date=27 March 2015 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-8934-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":16" /> Dilip Kumar recalled her as the "only star for whom people thronged outside the gates."{{sfn|Akbar|1997|page=78}} She became one of the highest-paid Indian actors of the 1950s, reportedly receiving an unprecedented sum of ₹3 lakh for ''Mughal-e-Azam''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gooptu |first=Sharmistha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWEuEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT166 |title=Bengali Cinema: An Other Nation |date=31 May 2018 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=978-81-937049-5-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9" />{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1p=70|2a1=Booch|2y=1962|2p=76}}{{sfn|Deep|1996|pp=65–67}} Her commercial viability attracted international attention; she was featured in ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' in 1951, which drew interest of filmmaker [[Frank Capra]], who sought to cast her in a Hollywood production—but the offer was declined by her father.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Madhubala: Google paid tribute to Madhubala on 86th birth anniversary with doodle |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/google-pays-tribute-to-madhubala-on-86th-birth-anniversary-with-doodle/articleshow/67986137.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="OutlookCapra">{{cite news |title=The biggest star in the world – and she's not in Beverly Hills |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/india-news-sands-of-time-part-6-the-biggest-star-in-the-world-who-turned-down-frank-capra-news-407772 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] |date=16 January 2024}}</ref>

Summarizing her cultural impact, David Cort remarked in 1952: "The story of India for the past ten years may be condensed as: [[World War II|the war]], the [[History of Bollywood|movie boom]], [[Indian independence movement|independence]], and Madhubala." Noting her massive fan base across [[South Asia]], [[Southeast Asia]] and [[East Africa]], Cort defined her as "the biggest star in the world."{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997|1p=75|2a1=Lanba|2a2=Patel|2y=2012|2p=119}}<ref name="story of india" /><ref name="theatre arts" /> Madhubala, along with Nargis, also gained a unique resonance in post-war [[Greece]], where her performances appealed to working-class women who saw their own lives—marked by "difficult choices" and "betrayals"—reflected in her screen characters.<ref name="greece">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2018 |title=When Greece fell in love with Madhubala |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/madhubala-5063241/ |access-date=24 July 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Works and accolades==
{{Main|Madhubala filmography}}
Madhubala appeared in 72 films between 1942 and 1964, including ''[[Basant (film)|Basant]]'' (1942), ''[[Neel Kamal (1947 film)|Neel Kamal]]'' (1947), ''[[Mahal (1949 film)|Mahal]]'' (1949), ''[[Baadal (1951 film)|Badal]]'' (1951), ''[[Tarana (1951 film)|Tarana]]'' (1951), ''[[Amar (1954 film)|Amar]]'' (1954), ''[[Mr. & Mrs. '55]]'' (1955), ''[[Kala Pani (1958 film)|Kala Pani]]'' (1958), ''[[Howrah Bridge (1958 film)|Howrah Bridge]]'' (1958), ''[[Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi]]'' (1958), ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' (1960), ''[[Barsaat Ki Raat]]'' (1960), ''[[Half Ticket (1962 film)|Half Ticket]]'' (1962) and ''[[Sharabi (1964 film)|Sharabi]]'' (1964). Her seventy-third and last film was the posthumously released ''[[Jwala (1971 film)|Jwala]]'' (1971). She was credited as a producer in ''[[Naata (film)|Naata]]'' (1955), ''[[Mehlon Ke Khwab]]'' (1960) and ''Pathan'' (1962).{{sfn|Deep|1996|p=15}} For her work in ''Mughal-e-Azam'', Madhubala was nominated for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]]; it was the only nomination she ever received.{{sfn|Lanba|Patel|2012|p=118}}

== Legacy ==
=== Influence ===
In recent years, Madhubala's legacy has maintained fans of all different ages, both younger and older. She is recognized even by those who are unfamiliar with vintage cinema and has dozens of [[Fansite|fan sites]] dedicated to her on the [[social media]].<ref name="mill" /> Modern magazines continue to publish stories on her personal life and career, often promoting her name heavily on the covers to attract sales.<ref name="mill" /> Beyond her performances, Madhubala is credited with introducing modern fashion elements to [[Bollywood]], including trousers and strapless dresses.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2019 |last=Jha |first=Srishti |title=Madhubala and the eternity of style and beauty |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/madhubala-and-the-eternity-of-style-and-beauty/story-kc6pk9rxwUKu1Yxx7UOm7K.html |access-date=25 July 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="six fashion">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/celeb-style/6-iconic-fashion-statements-we-owe-to-madhubala/articleshow/67992822.cms |title=6 Iconic fashion statements we owe to Madhubala! |website=The Times of India |date=14 February 2019 |access-date=15 February 2019 |archive-date=15 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215012316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/celeb-style/6-iconic-fashion-statements-we-owe-to-madhubala/articleshow/67992822.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Her distinctive wavy hairstyle, often termed "the out-of-the-bed look," further contributed to a screen persona that embodied independence.<ref name="hair">{{Cite web |title=PIX: Bollywood's ICONIC hairstyles, over the years |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-pix-changing-hairstyles-in-bollywood-over-the-years/20130319.htm |access-date=18 October 2021 |work=Rediff.com |language=en}}</ref>

Over a 22-year career, Madhubala appeared in nearly every major film genre, including romantic musicals, slapstick comedies, crime thrillers, and historical dramas.{{sfn|Khdair|2020|p=52}}{{sfn|Akbar|1997|p=25}} While she had the shortest career among her contemporaries, by the time she quit acting, she had already successfully featured in [[Madhubala filmography|over 70 films]].<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |date=21 May 2011 |title=Indian cinema's greatest beauty Madhubala{{mdash}}victim of a despotic father |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20110523-chandan-mitra-reviews-khatija-akbar-book-i-want-to-live-the-story-of-madhubala-746072-2011-05-13 |access-date=13 December 2021 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Madhubala's acting talents began to receive wider acknowledgement following ''Mughal-e-Azam'' (1960).<ref name="mint">{{Cite web |last=Ramani |first=Priya |date=30 April 2011 |title=Madhubala and that almost-forgotten age |url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/tZ2yrJWnpcuzymTYWJdVGO/Madhubala-and-that-almostforgotten-age.html |access-date=13 December 2021 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en}}</ref> Her critical standing improved significantly in the 21st century, as scholars and biographers re-evaluated her body of work.{{sfn|Lanba|Patel|2012|pp=118–123}}<ref name=":13" /> Khatija Akbar noted that Madhubala's "brand of acting had an underplayed and spontaneous quality," suggesting that viewers accustomed to "heavy histrionics" often failed to recognize her technical subtlety.{{sfn|Akbar|1997|page=159}} Journalist Rauf Ahmed included her in his list of the industry's most significant stars, noting that while her "ultimate beauty" initially overshadowed her technical merit, her work in films such as ''Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi'' and ''Mughal-e-Azam'' demonstrated a "unique blend of sizzle and impishness."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The editor on the biggest stars in Hindi filmdom |work=Rediff.com |url=https://m.rediff.com/millenni/rauf.htm |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://m.rediff.com/millenni/rauf.htm |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> M. L. Dhawan of ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' stated that her acting was characterized by an economy of expression, stating that she "could communicate more with her delicately raised eyebrows than most performers could with a raised voice."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhawan |first=M. L. |date=25 July 1999 |title=The Immortal Magic of Madhubala |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99aug01/sunday/head8.htm |access-date=17 June 2021 |website=[[The Tribune]]}}</ref>

Writing retrospectively for ''[[The New York Times]]'', Aisha Khan characterized Madhubala's acting style as "natural" and "understated," noting that she frequently portrayed "modern young women testing the limits of traditions."<ref name=":1" /> Film critic [[Sukanya Verma]] similarly observed that Madhubala's performances often went beyond conventional expectations of "looking good and crying buckets."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=2 December 2004 |title=What do Sridevi, Kajol and Preity have in common? |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/02corner.htm |access-date=16 November 2021 |work=Rediff.com |language=en}}</ref> Her filmography includes several roles noted for being unconventional in the context of the era,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=14 February 2019 |title=Madhubala, the enigmatic icon who shone as a rebel in her films |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/madhubala-the-enigmatic-icon-who-shone-as-a-rebel-in-her-films/story-SYbKAa0Fc4de6wVxLkdgpN.html |last=Kaushal |first=Sweta |access-date=11 May 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> such as the flirtatious cabaret dancer in ''Howrah Bridge'' (1958) and the rebellious, independent lead in ''Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi'' (1958).<ref name="ffare" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Rinki |date=17 September 2012 |title=Give the Bollywood woman some respect! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/give-the-bollywood-woman-some-respect/20120917.htm |access-date=28 April 2021 |work=Rediff.com |language=en}}</ref> Her performances in ''Amar'' (1954), ''Gateway of India'' (1957) and ''Barsaat Ki Raat'' (1960) have also been identified by modern critics as departures from the period's standard female archetypes.<ref name="gahlot" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Bhaskar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=wghFNlpM3PIC&redir_esc=y |title=Mourning the Nation: Indian Cinema in the Wake of Partition |date=2009-05-20 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-9221-7 |pages=77 |language=en}}</ref>

In accordance with her enduring popularity, [[Network18 Group|News 18]] wrote, "the cult of Madhubala is a difficult thing to match up to."<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2013 |title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The ethereal Madhubala |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/100-years-of-indian-cinema-the-ethereal-madhubala-594790.html |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=News 18 |language=en}}</ref> Several modern-day celebrities, including [[Aamir Khan]], [[Hrithik Roshan]],<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Bhagat |first=Rasheeda |date=31 May 2011 |title=Madhubala's timeless beauty |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/rasheeda-bhagat/madhubalas-timeless-beauty/article22993218.ece |access-date=17 December 2021 |website=[[Business Line]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Madhuri Dixit]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2019 |title=Madhuri Dixit remembers Madhubala on her birth anniversary. See pic |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/madhuri-dixit-re-creates-one-of-madhubala-s-iconic-looks-on-her-birth-anniversary-see-pic/story-UKDkAOJ5SC1oN6huwxO2qJ.html |access-date=13 December 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> [[Rishi Kapoor]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arora |first=Rumani |date=14 June 2016 |title=Rishi Kapoor reveals his FANTASY about Madhubala! |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-rishi-kapoor-fantasy-madhubala-romance-song-334453 |access-date=13 December 2021 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref> and [[Naseeruddin Shah]] rank Madhubala among their favorite artistes of Indian cinema. Research analyst Rohit Sharma has studied narratives about Madhubala and surmised the reason behind her continued relevancy among new generation:
{{blockquote|Today, teenagers identify with the insecurities she lived with in her youth, like acne and hair issues. Others relate to her for being the poster-girl of an era when curvy bodies were considered normal and even sensuous. Some, simply, love her for being an excellent actress{{mdash}}one who will never be matched by the here-today-gone-tomorrow Bollywood heroines.<ref name="mill" /> |source=}}
On the occasion of her eighty-fifth birthday, Nivedita Mishra of ''Hindustan Times'' described Madhubala as "by far, the most iconic silver screen goddess India has produced."<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Nivedita |date=14 February 2018 |title=Madhubala's 85th birth anniversary: Beyond her arresting beauty, a look at her life's tragedies |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/happy-birthday-madhubala-beyond-her-arresting-beauty-a-look-at-her-life-s-tragedies/story-LFF77gysIELbj7GNLrVBiK.html |access-date=13 December 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In the decades following her death, she has emerged as one of the most celebrated personalities in the Indian cinematic field,<ref name="story of india" /><ref name="m3">{{Cite news |title=Remembering Madhubala, the 'Marilyn Monroe of Bollywood' |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/madhubala-310060-2016-02-23 |url-status=live |access-date=31 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426100644/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/madhubala-310060-2016-02-23 |archive-date=26 April 2019}}</ref> and her reputation has endured.<ref name="mill">{{Cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Khalid |date=16 December 2017 |title=Here's Why Madhubala Has a Huge Millennial Fan Following |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/flashback/madhubala-fan-following-among-millennials |access-date=27 July 2021 |website=[[The Quint]] |language=en}}</ref> Madhubala's life and career have been the subject of several prominent biographies, including works by [[Mohan Deep]] (1996), Khatija Akbar (1997) and Sushila Kumari (2010).<ref>{{Cite web |date=1996-07-01 |title=Indiscreet Liaisons |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/books/indiscreet-liaisons-news-201688 |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>{{sfnm|1a1=Akbar|1y=1997}}<ref name=":11" />

Madhubala's life has been a subject of recurring interest within the film industry,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kangana Ranaut wants to play Madhubala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kangana-ranaut-wants-to-play-madhubala/articleshow/74890408.cms |access-date=13 December 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> though several proposed biographical projects—including one by filmmaker [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]—were historically abandoned due to familial opposition and legal complexities.<ref name="Biopic">{{cite web |title=Madhubala's Sister To Make A Biopic on Actress. Details Here |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=8 July 2018 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/madhubalas-sister-to-make-a-biopic-on-actress-details-here-1880148 |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709083727/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/madhubalas-sister-to-make-a-biopic-on-actress-details-here-1880148 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2017 |title=Madhubala's sister Madhur Brij says she wants Kareena Kapoor Khan to play the late actor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/madhubala-sister-madhur-brij-kareena-late-actor-in-biopic-4792172/ |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2020 |title=''Love Aaj Kal'' director Imtiaz Ali is no longer making the much-awaited Madhubala biopic? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/love-aaj-kal-director-imtiaz-ali-is-no-longer-making-the-much-awaited-madhubala-biopic/articleshow/74129452.cms |access-date=27 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> In March 2024, Sony Pictures International formally announced a sanctioned biopic to be directed by Jasmeet Reen, produced in collaboration with the actress's sister, Madhur Bhushan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 15, 2024 |title=A Biopic Chronicling the Legacy of Iconic Actress Madhubala |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/sony-pictures-unveils-a-momentous-project-madhubala-biopic-885339 |access-date=March 24, 2024 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

Madhubala's Anarkali look has inspired Madhuri Dixit in ''[[Lajja (film)|Lajja]]'' (2001) and [[Mallika Sherawat]] in ''[[Maan Gaye Mughal-e-Azam]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Nandana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DpiMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 |title=Madhuri Dixit |date=4 April 2019 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-911239-16-1 |pages=90 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupshup |first=Gullu |title=Mallika to do a Mughal-e-Azam |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/look/20080102.htm |access-date=14 November 2021 |work=Rediff.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Priyanka Chopra]] parodied her along with [[Meena Kumari]] and Nargis in ''[[Salaam-e-Ishq]]'' (2007).<ref>{{cite web |title=Salaam-E-Ishq: Stars shine in mediocre film |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jan/26salaam.htm |author=Verma, Sukanya |work=Rediff.com |date=26 January 2007 |access-date=28 November 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005091022/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jan/26salaam.htm |archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref> Madhubala's life has served as the inspiration behind the characters of actresses [[Soha Ali Khan]], [[Kangana Ranaut]] and [[Deepika Padukone]] in ''[[Khoya Khoya Chand]]'' (2007),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Madhubala the Marilyn Monroe of Indian cinema? |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/is-madhubala-the-marilyn-monroe-of-indian-cinema-625810.html |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]] |date=14 February 2013}}</ref> ''[[Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai]]'' (2010),<ref>{{cite news |title='My character is a mix of Madhubala and Haji Mastan's wife' |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archived-stories/my-character-is-a-mix-of-madhubala-and-haji-mastan-s-wife/article1-560917.aspx |access-date=7 September 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=21 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320113034/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archived-stories/my-character-is-a-mix-of-madhubala-and-haji-mastan-s-wife/article1-560917.aspx |archive-date=20 March 2014}}</ref> and ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'' (2015),<ref name="Deepika">{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=1 October 2015 |title=Deepika Padukone, modern-day Madhubala? |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/deepika-padukone-modern-day-madhubala/20151001.htm |access-date=7 September 2021 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref> respectively. In the 2011 film ''[[Mere Brother Ki Dulhan]]'', the song "[[Mere Brother Ki Dulhan (soundtrack)|Madhubala]]", written by [[Irshad Kamil]] and picturized on [[Katrina Kaif]], pays tribute to Madhubala.<ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=2012-04-14 |title=Ali Zafar mesmerises fans in true Bollywood style |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ali-zafar-mesmerises-fans-in-true-bollywood-style/story-sL6lZxqhOhIOJbpzbfqAHO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927160341/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ali-zafar-mesmerises-fans-in-true-bollywood-style/story-sL6lZxqhOhIOJbpzbfqAHO.html |archive-date=27 September 2016 |access-date=2025-01-15 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-05-06 |title=Katrina's tribute to Madhubala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/katrinas-tribute-to-madhubala/articleshow/8166462.cms|access-date=2025-02-21 |work=Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Polls and accolades ===
Madhubala received the highest number of votes (15.97% of the total) in a 2008 online poll conducted by ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'', which asked readers to name their favorite female star of all time.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XDEEAAAAMBAJ |title=Outlook |date=13 May 2008 |publisher=Outlook Publishing |language=en|pages=31}}</ref> In a 2007 [[International Women's Day]] special, [[Rediff.com]] ranked her second on its list of "Bollywood's best actresses."<ref name=":16">{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/women07/2007/mar/06wslid10.htm |title=Bollywood's best actresses. Ever. (Wet, wild and on the run, honey) |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=2 June 2012 |archive-date=24 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524033323/http://specials.rediff.com/women07/2007/mar/06wslid10.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> In a 2013 poll conducted by ''[[Eastern Eye]]'', she was ranked sixth among the greatest Indian actresses of all time.<ref name="eastern">{{Cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=Amitabh Bachchan crowned greatest Bollywood star in UK poll |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/amitabh-bachchan-crowned-greatest-bollywood-star-in-uk-poll-171783-2013-07-27 |access-date=9 July 2021 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
She has also consistently appeared in retrospective rankings by ''[[India Today]]'' (2012),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top heroines of Bollywood |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/top-actresses-of-bollywood-ever-367543-2012-05-01 |access-date=9 July 2021 |website=India Today |date=May 2012 |language=en}}</ref> [[Yahoo.com]] (2012),<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2012 |title=Most popular actresses of all time Photos {{!}} Pictures – Yahoo! Movies India |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/photos/most-popular-actresses-of-all-time-slideshow/most-popular-actresses-of-all-time-photo-1339488686.html |access-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616023801/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/photos/most-popular-actresses-of-all-time-slideshow/most-popular-actresses-of-all-time-photo-1339488686.html |archive-date=16 June 2012}}</ref> [[Rediff.com]] (2013),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Readers' Pick: Top 10 Bollywood Actresses OF ALL TIME! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-reader-s-pick-top-ten-actresses-in-bollywood-of-all-time-100-years/20130503.htm |access-date=9 July 2021 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> [[News18]] (2013) and ''[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The ten best Bollywood actresses |url=https://www.timeout.com/london/film/the-ten-best-bollywood-actresses |access-date=9 July 2021 |website=Time Out London |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2013 |title=IBNLive Poll: Sridevi voted the greatest Indian actress in 100 years |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/ibnlive-poll-sridevi-voted-the-greatest-indian-actress-in-100-years-595098.html |access-date=9 July 2021 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 2010, [[Filmfare]] ranked her performance as Anarkali eleventh in its list of "80 Iconic Performances of Bollywood."<ref name="iconic">{{cite journal |url=https://tanqeed.com/filmfare-top-80-iconic-performances-old-article-2010/ |title=80 Iconic Performances |journal=Filmfare Via Tanqeed.com |date=4 June 2010 |access-date=12 January 2012}}</ref> The same year, ''[[The Economic Times]]'' featured her in its list of "33 women who made India proud."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshowpics/5661380.cms |website=The Times of India |title=Day in Pics |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' and Rediff.com cited her among the premier sex symbols of Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sexiest Bollywood stars of all times |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-sexiest-bollywood-stars-of-all-times/20100511.htm |access-date=27 November 2021 |work=Rediff.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2011 |title=Thinking man's sex symbol |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/thinking-man-s-sex-symbol/photo-ktBtYJCdPomR11VoG7UCFO.html |access-date=27 November 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Readers Choice: The Sexiest Actresses of All Time |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-readers-choice-the-sexiest-actresses-of-all-time/20110711.htm |access-date=27 November 2021 |work=Rediff.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Commemorations ===
[[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157958 - Madhubala Miniature Sheet.jpeg|thumb|A commemorative postage stamp featuring Madhubala, issued by the [[India Post]] in 2008.]]
As a tribute to Madhubala, ''Mandoubala'', a Greek song dedicated to her by [[Stelios Kazantzidis]], was performed at the closing ceremony of the 2004 Athens Olympics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nag |first=Uthathya |date=11 March 2022 |title=Madhubala at Athens 2004: Greece's love letter to India's Marilyn Monroe |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/madhubala-song-greece-athens-2004-olympics-closing-ceremony-india-bollywood |access-date=3 May 2022 |website=Olympics.com}}</ref> Digitally-colorized versions of two of Madhubala's films{{mdash}}''Mughal-e-Azam'' (in 2004) and ''Half Ticket'' (in 2012){{mdash}}have been released theatrically.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2004 |first=Sandeep |last=Unnithan |title=Epic movie Mughale-Azam returns in colour cinemascope, digital sound |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20040719-epic-movie-mughale-azam-returns-in-colour-digital-sound-789831-2004-07-19 |access-date=16 June 2021 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 May 2013 |title='Chori Chori', 'Half Ticket' – black and white classics now in colour |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/chori-chori-half-ticket-black-and-white-classics-now-in-colour-113052900880_1.html |access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref> In March 2008, [[India Post|Indian Post]] issued a commemorative postage stamp featuring Madhubala, that was launched by her surviving family members and co-stars; the only other Indian actress that was honoured in this manner was Nargis, at that point of time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/postal-dept-stamps-yesteryear-star-madhubala/61526-8.html |title=Postal Dept. stamps yesteryear star Madhubala |date=19 March 2008 |author=Mihir, Trivedi |publisher=[[IBN Live]] |access-date=2 June 2012 |archive-date=17 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517151706/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/postal-dept-stamps-yesteryear-star-madhubala/61526-8.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhawan |first=M. L. |date=6 April 2008 |title=Mark of Madhubala |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080406/spectrum/main6.htm |access-date=22 March 2026 |website=Tribune India}}</ref>

In August 2017, the [[Madame Tussauds Delhi|New Delhi center of Madame Tussauds]] unveiled a statue of Madhubala inspired by her look in the film as a tribute to her.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/madhubala-as-anarkali-unveiled-in-madame-tussauds-delhi-1736150 |title=Madhubala, As Anarkali, Unveiled in Madame Tussauds Delhi |work=NDTV |access-date=31 August 2019 |archive-date=31 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831155231/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/madhubala-as-anarkali-unveiled-in-madame-tussauds-delhi-1736150 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, ''[[The New York Times]]'' published a belated obituary for Madhubala, comparing her life to that of [[Marilyn Monroe]].<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Aisha |date=8 March 2018 |title=Madhubala, a Bollywood Legend Whose Tragic Life Mirrored Marilyn Monroe's |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/obituaries/overlooked-madhubala.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308215255/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/obituaries/overlooked-madhubala.html |archive-date=8 March 2018}}</ref> On 14 February 2019, her 86th birth anniversary, search engine [[Google]] commemorated her with a [[Doodle4Google|doodle]];<ref name="Madhubala on Google Doodle">{{cite web |title=Google doodle pays a beautiful tribute to Madhubala on her 86th birth anniversary |website=[[Times Now]] |date=14 February 2019 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/google-doodle-pays-a-beautiful-tribute-to-madhubala-on-her-86th-birth-anniversary/365552 |access-date=14 February 2019 |archive-date=14 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214024204/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/google-doodle-pays-a-beautiful-tribute-to-madhubala-on-her-86th-birth-anniversary/365552 |url-status=live}}</ref> Google commented: "While her breathtaking appearance earned comparisons to Venus, Madhubala was a gifted actor with an understated style well suited for comedies, dramas, and romantic roles alike. [...] Appearing in over 70 films over the course of a tragically brief career, Madhubala{{mdash}}who would have turned 86 today{{mdash}}was called "The Biggest Star in the World" in 1952 by ''Theatre Arts Magazine''."<ref name="Madhubala's Google Doodle">{{cite web |title=Madhubala's 86th Birthday |date=14 February 2019 |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/madhubalas-86th-birthday/ |access-date=14 February 2019 |archive-date=14 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214014038/https://www.google.com/doodles/madhubalas-86th-birthday |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=Akbar |first=Khatija |title=Madhubala: Her Life, Her Films |title-link=Madhubala: Her Life, Her Films |date=1997 |publisher=[[Hay House]] |isbn=978-93-80480-81-7}}
* {{cite book | last1=Bhattacharjee | first1=Anirudha | last2=Dhar | first2=Parthiv | title=[[Kishore Kumar: The Ultimate Biography]] |year=2022 | publisher=Harper Collins India | isbn=978-9356291713 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Booch |first1=Harish S. | last2=Doyle| first2=Karing| title=Star Portrait |publisher=Jai Gujerat Press |year=1962 |isbn=978-0670001040 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PEpAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{Cite book |last=Deep |first=Mohan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCVlAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mystery and Mystique of Madhubala |publisher=Magna Books |year=1996 |isbn=1906574219 |location=[[New Delhi]] |language=en |author-link=Mohan Deep}}
* {{cite book |last=Khdair |first=Dina |title=Crossover Stars in the Hindi Film Industry: Globalizing Pakistani Identity |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2020 |isbn=9781000069600 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UbfjDwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Kumar |first=Dilip |title=Dilip Kumar: The Substance and the Shadow |publisher=Hay House, Inc |year=2014 |isbn=978-9381398968 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J2UZBAAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lanba |first1=Urmila |last2=Patel |first2=Bhaichand |title=Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2012 |isbn=9780670085729 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6yQYcxZ8wmsC}}
* {{cite book |last=Pandhye |first=Anitaa |title=Ten Classics |publisher=Manjul Publishing |year=2020 |isbn=978-9389647822 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VM0DEAAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Wani |first=Aarti |title=Fantasy of Modernity |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2016 |isbn=9781107117211 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6kwCwAAQBAJ}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite news |last=Bajaj |first=Rajiv K. |author-link=Rajiv Bajaj |date=26 May 1996 |title='The Mystery and Mystique of Madhubala'{{mdash}}Review |work=The Daily}}
* {{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=M. V. |author-link=M. V. Kamath |title=Madhubala |date=1 June 1996 |work=The Daily}}
* {{Cite news |last=Clifford |first=Sawhney |title=Madhubala |date=1 June 1996 |work=[[Debonair (magazine)|Debonair]]}}
* {{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |author-link=Khushwant Singh |title=Madhubala |date=23 June 1996 |work=[[The Observer|Sunday Observer]]}}
* {{Cite news |last=Akbar |first=M. J. |author-link=M. J. Akbar |date=5 August 1996 |title=Madhubala and ''Mughal-e-Azam'' |work=The Sunday Magazine}}
* {{Cite news |last=Karanjia |first=B. K. |author-link=B. K. Karanjia |date=17 December 2006 |title=Dates with Diva |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}
* {{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Meera |author-link=Meera Joshi |date=14 May 2008 |title=Madhubala: Tears in Heaven |publisher=[[Filmfare]]}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0534870}}

{{Subject bar
|commons =
|d = yes
|q =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = Bollywood
|portal3 = India
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Delhi]]
[[Category:Pashtun actresses]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:People with congenital heart defects]]
[[Category:Kishore Kumar]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]

Bandana Kumari

2026-03-13T19:51:01Z

Gheethivf: updated page

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Bandana Kumari
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency_AM =
| assembly =
| term_start = 8 December 2013
| term_end = 8 February 2025
| predecessor = Ravinder Nath Bansal
| successor = [[Rekha Gupta]]
| constituency2 =
| office2 = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker of Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 23 February 2015
| term_end2 = 4 June 2016
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 = [[Rakhi Birla]]
| constituency3 =
| office3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1974|03|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Samastipur]], [[Bihar]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| birthname =
| parents =
| citizenship =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| otherparty =
| spouse =
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| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank1 = Religion
| data1 =
| constituency = [[Shalimar Bagh (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Shalimar Bagh]]
| office = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| education = [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]], ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]])
| succeeded1 =
| termend1 =
| termstart1 =
}}
'''Bandana Kumari''' is an Indian politician who served as [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]] for [[Shalimar Bagh (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Shalimar Bagh constituency]] from 2013 to 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-08 |title=Shalimar Bagh election results 2025 highlights: BJP's Rekha Gupta breaks AAP's winning streak |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/mangolpuri-election-results-2025-highlight-saap-bandana-kumari-bjp-rekha-gupta-and-congress-parveen-kumar/articleshow/118049276.cms |access-date=2025-02-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

She has served as [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker of Delhi Legislative Assembly]] and former president of women's wing of the party, [[Aam Aadmi Party]] Mahila Shakti.<ref name="DNA">{{cite news | url=https://www.iamin.in/en/north-east-delhi/news/bandana-kumari-flags-22-gramin-sewa-vehicles-women-47463 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219170952/https://www.iamin.in/en/north-east-delhi/news/bandana-kumari-flags-22-gramin-sewa-vehicles-women-47463 | url-status=unfit | archive-date=19 February 2015 | title=Bandana Kumari flags off 22 Gramin Sewa vehicles for women | work=I am in DNAOf North East Delhi | date=1 December 2014 | accessdate=19 February 2015}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Bandana was born on 11 March 1974 in [[Samastipur]], [[Bihar]]. Her father's name is Braj Kishore Sharma.<ref name="NIC">{{cite web | url=http://delhiassembly.nic.in/aspfile/whos_who/VthAssembly/BandanaKumari.htm | title=Profile | publisher=Delhi Assembly official site | accessdate=19 February 2015}}</ref> She completed her 12th standard from Ram Briksh Benipuri School, [[Muzaffarpur]] in 1991 under the BSE (state) board. Bandana further got the [[Bachelor of Arts]] (BA Hons) from [[B. R. Ambedkar Bihar University]], [[Muzaffarpur]] in 1994. Her husband's name is Sajjan Kumar. Both of them were self-employed as per 2013 affidavit.<ref name="2013aff">{{cite web | url=http://docs2.myneta.info/affidavits/ews3delhi2013/85/BANDANA%20KUMARI.pdf | title=2013 election affidavit | publisher=docs2.myneta.info | accessdate=19 February 2015 | archive-date=19 February 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219161516/http://docs2.myneta.info/affidavits/ews3delhi2013/85/BANDANA%20KUMARI.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> She is presently a housewife <ref name="PTI">{{cite web | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aap-names-8-more-nominees-completes-list-for-delhi-assembly-elections/521012-37-64.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105162645/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aap-names-8-more-nominees-completes-list-for-delhi-assembly-elections/521012-37-64.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=5 January 2015 | title=AAP names 8 more nominees, completes list for Delhi Assembly elections | publisher=CNN IBN | accessdate=19 February 2015 | author=PTI|date = 3 January 2015}}</ref> and a social worker. She is a resident of [[Shalimar Bagh, Delhi]] with her husband and son.<ref name="NIC"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/delhi/shalimar-bagh-mla-results | title=Shalimar Bagh: Results | publisher=NDTV | accessdate=19 February 2015}}</ref>

==Politics==
In the [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|assembly elections of December 2013]], Bandana Kumari was elected as an MLA from the [[Shalimar Bagh (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Shalimar Bagh constituency]] in Delhi, defeated three-time sitting MLA, Ravinder Nath Bansal of [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] (BJP) by a margin of 10,651 votes; she secured 47,235 votes. She was instantly hailed as a "giant killer". Bandana's victory was considered a shocking defeat for the BJP as the constituency was traditionally considered to be a stronghold of the party. The constituency was with the BJP since 1993. Shalimar Bagh was also the constituency of BJP's chief minister [[Sahib Singh Verma]] in 1993 and Bansal had held the seat for 15 years.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-12-09/news/44989415_1_aap-bjp-bigwigs-harsh-vardhan | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212041329/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-12-09/news/44989415_1_aap-bjp-bigwigs-harsh-vardhan | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 December 2013 | title=Assembly polls 2013: No Modi magic in few of the Delhi seats; BJP blame infighting, casual attitude | work=The Economic Times | date=9 December 2013 | accessdate=19 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="huff">{{cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/02/10/delhi-assembly-elections_n_6651324.html | title=6 Women Candidates Who Won Delhi Elections | work=The Huffington Post India | date=2015-02-10 | accessdate=19 February 2015 | author=Indrani Basu}}</ref><ref name="deccan"/>

Bandana became President of Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) Mahila Shakti, the AAP's women's wing. She raised issues of women's safety in the city. The AAP's women's wing and Youth wing started 22 Gramin Sewa vehicles for females and senior citizens from [[Delhi metro]] stations in December 2014 to address Women's safety and woo women voters.<ref name="DNA"/> Bandana was renominated for Shalimar Bagh in the [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]]s. She fought the election on issues of women's safety and corruption.<ref name="deccan">{{cite news | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/456605/there-no-modi-wave-city.html | title=There is no Modi wave in the city | work=Deccan herald | date=30 January 2015 | accessdate=19 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="Only six women make it to Delhi assembly">{{cite news |date=10 February 2015 |title=Only six women make it to Delhi assembly |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2015/delhi/story/delhi-elections-results-2015-aap-woman-candidate-winners-239704-2015-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250131161350/https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2015/delhi/story/delhi-elections-results-2015-aap-woman-candidate-winners-239704-2015-02-10 |archive-date=31 January 2025 |access-date=31 January 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Meet the six women MLAs of Delhi">{{cite news |date=12 February 2015 |title=Meet the six women MLAs of Delhi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/meet-the-six-women-mlas-of-delhi/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226130534/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/meet-the-six-women-mlas-of-delhi/ |archivedate=26 February 2025 |accessdate=26 February 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Bandana won over BJP's [[Rekha Gupta]], the Standing Committee Deputy Chairman [[New Delhi Municipal Council]] (NDMC), by a victory margin of 10,978 votes. She also got higher votes (62,656) than 2013 elections.<ref name="ec">{{cite web | url=http://eciresults.nic.in/StatewiseU054.htm | title=Election Result | publisher=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA | accessdate=16 February 2015 | archive-date=15 February 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215154246/http://eciresults.nic.in/StatewiseU054.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=1 Assembly Elections 2015 Results, Election Commission of India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210143352/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=1 |date=2015-02-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-02-10/news/59005489_1_aap-bandana-kumari-bjp-councillors | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219164112/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-02-10/news/59005489_1_aap-bandana-kumari-bjp-councillors | url-status=dead | archive-date=19 February 2015 | title=Delhi polls: AAP's broom sweeps away BJP mayors, councillors | work=The Economic Times | date=10 February 2015 | accessdate=19 February 2015}}</ref>

The AAP won 67 of the 70 seats in Delhi. It announced on 12 February 2015 that Bandana Kumari would be its nominee for the deputy Speaker of the [[Sixth Legislative Assembly of Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/delhi-elections-2015/top-stories/Manish-Sisodia-to-be-deputy-CM-of-Delhi/articleshow/46207998.cms | title=Manish Sisodia to be deputy CM of Delhi | work=Times of India | date=12 February 2015 | accessdate=19 February 2015 | author=Neha Lalchandani}}</ref> On 23 February, she was formally elected as deputy Speaker; while [[Ram Niwas Goel]] became the speaker.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.asianage.com/delhi/ram-niwas-goel-new-speaker-bandana-kumari-his-deputy-470 | title=Ram Niwas Goel is new Speaker, Bandana Kumari his deputy | newspaper=[[The Asian Age]] | date=23 February 2015 | accessdate=26 February 2015}}</ref> She lost in 2025 to [[Rekha Gupta]].

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Shalimar Bagh Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Shalimar Bagh Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2025}}
{{#section:Shalimar Bagh Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2020}}
{{#section:Shalimar Bagh Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2015}}
{{#section:Shalimar Bagh Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2013}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Aam Aadmi Party}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN Assembly succession box
| state= Delhi
| constituency= Shalimar Bagh
| before= ?
| after= [[Rekha Gupta]]
| years= [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]– 2025}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumari, Bandana}}
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2013–2015]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Women members of the Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Deputy speakers of the Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:People from Samastipur]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party MLAs from Delhi]]
[[Category:Women legislative deputy speakers]]

State Highway 58 (Tamil Nadu)

2026-03-13T19:37:41Z

Gheethivf: minor cleaned up details to improve readability and corrected details

{{Short description|Road in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox road
|country=IND
|type = SH
|route = 58
|map=
|map_notes=Road map of India with State Highway 58 highlighted
|state = Tamil Nadu
|maint = [[Highways of Tamil Nadu|Highways and Minor Ports Department]]
|length_km = 107.4
|direction_a =
|terminus_a = [[Sadras]]
|junction =
|direction_b =
|terminus_b = [[Tiruttani]]
|districts=[[Kanchipuram District|Kanchipuram]], [[Vellore District|Vellore]], [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]]
}}
'''State Highway 58''' is a two lane highway in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].This road links [[Sadras]] - [[Thirukazhukundram]] - [[Chengalpattu]] - [[Kanchipuram]] - [[Arakkonam]] - [[Tiruthani]] Road.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shivakumar |first=C. |date=2026-02-22 |title=TN identifies two priority road corridors to link Parandur Greenfield Airport with Chennai, industrial belts |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2026/Feb/22/tn-identifies-two-priority-road-corridors-to-link-parandur-greenfield-airport-with-chennai-industrial-belts |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In some stretches between Kanchipuram and Arakkonam, great numbers of cormorants were seen on a wetland along this highway in December 2025. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, documented the nest and breeding patterns of these birds.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-20 |title=Great cormorants nest on transmission pylons |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/great-cormorants-nest-on-transmission-pylons/articleshow/126081899.cms |access-date=2026-03-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The 39 km long Kerala State Highway 58 links Vadakkancherry to Pollachi and passes through Elavanchery gram panchayat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=N |first=Rahul |last2=PM |first2=Ranjith |date=24 April 2020 |title=COVID-19 in Rural India-XXIII: Timely Disbursal of Pensions, Foodgrains Come to Rescue of Farmers, Agri Labourers in Kerala |url=https://www.newsclick.in/Kerala-Govt-COVID-19-Agricultural-Labour-Farmers-Pensions-Foodgrains |access-date=13 March 2026 |website=News Click}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tamil Nadu Highway Network}}

[[Category:State highways in Tamil Nadu]]

{{India-road-stub}}

Anger Tales

2026-03-12T08:02:12Z

Gheethivf:

{{Short description|Indian drama series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{AI-generated|date=March 2026|reason=since early 2024 versions; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in superficial analyses, vocab distro typical of 2023-24 LLM output etc}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Anger Tales.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| developer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| writer = {{plain list|
*Karthikeya Karedla
*Prabhala Tilak }}
| director = Prabhala Tilak<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/director-prabhala-tilak-on-anger-tales-i-liked-the-idea-of-interpreting-the-same-emotion-in-different-stories-exclusive/ffc9e1a9dd656 | title=Director Prabhala Tilak on Anger Tales: I liked the idea of interpreting the same emotion in different stories | Exclusive | website=ottplay.com | access-date=14 January 2024 | archive-date=14 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114113129/https://www.ottplay.com/interview/director-prabhala-tilak-on-anger-tales-i-liked-the-idea-of-interpreting-the-same-emotion-in-different-stories-exclusive/ffc9e1a9dd656 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| starring = {{plain list |
* [[Bindu Madhavi]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ragalahari.com/movies/info/96812/anger-tales-venkatesh-maha-suhas-bindhu-madhavi-prabhala-tilak.aspx | title=Anger Tales (2023) | Cast & Crew | News | Galleries | Movie Posters | website=ragalahari.com | access-date=12 January 2024 | archive-date=12 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112154822/https://www.ragalahari.com/movies/info/96812/anger-tales-venkatesh-maha-suhas-bindhu-madhavi-prabhala-tilak.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Tharun Bhascker]]

* [[Phani Acharya]]

* [[Venkatesh Maha]]
* [[Suhas Pagolu|Suhas]]
* [[Madonna Sebastian]]
* [[Ravindra Vijay]]
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| composer = Smaran
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 4
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Uday Chauhan
| producer = {{ubl|Sridhar Reddy |Suhas}}
| cinematography = {{ubl|Apoorva Gharpure |AJ Aaron |Vinod Bangari |Venkat R Shakhamuri |Amardeep}}
| editor = Kodati Pavan Kalyan
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime =
| company =
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|03|09|df=yes}}
| last_aired =
| related =
}}

'''''Anger Tales''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language drama television series written by Prabhala Tilak and Karthikeya Karedla. It is directed by Prabhala Tilak. The series was produced by [[Suhas Pagolu|Suhas]] and Sreedar Reddy under [[Disney+ Hotstar]] Productions. It stars [[Bindu Madhavi]], Phani Acharya, Suhas, [[Tharun Bhascker]], [[Venkatesh Maha]],<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ahead-of-telugu-anthology-anger-tales-venkatesh-maha-opens-up-on-his-acting-tryst/article66552179.ece | title=Venkatesh Maha opens up on his acting tryst, ahead of Disney+ Hotstar Telugu anthology 'Anger Tales' | newspaper=The Hindu | date=27 February 2023 | last1=Dundoo | first1=Sangeetha Devi | access-date=12 January 2024 | archive-date=12 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112154822/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ahead-of-telugu-anthology-anger-tales-venkatesh-maha-opens-up-on-his-acting-tryst/article66552179.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Madonna Sebastian]] and [[Ravindra Vijay]]. It premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/anger-tales-in-disney-plus-hotstar-as-teaser-released-today-that-is-on-january-9th-121673274804158.html | title=Anger Tales in Disney Plus Hotstar: డిస్నీ హాట్‌స్టార్‌లో మరో కొత్త తెలుగు వెబ్‌సిరీస్‌.. టీజర్ రిలీజ్‌ | language=Telugu | trans-title=Anger Tales in Disney plus Hotstar | work=Hindustan Times | access-date=12 January 2024 | archive-date=12 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112154822/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/anger-tales-in-disney-plus-hotstar-as-teaser-released-today-that-is-on-january-9th-121673274804158.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> on 9 March 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/anger-tales-trailer-four-tracks-four-rebels-telugu-news-333407 | title='Anger Tales' Trailer: Four tracks, four rebels! - Telugu News | date=26 February 2023 | website=indiaglitz.com | access-date=12 January 2024 | archive-date=12 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112154822/https://www.indiaglitz.com/anger-tales-trailer-four-tracks-four-rebels-telugu-news-333407 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==

''Anger Tales'' presents four stories about individuals grappling with intense anger in various life scenarios.

In the first story, "Benefit Show", Ranga (played by Venkatesh Maha) passionately organises a special movie screening of his favourite actor. However, chaos ensues when a local leader named Sreenu takes advantage of the situation, causing complications with ticket sales and jeopardising Ranga's reputation.

In "Food Festival", Pooja Reddy navigates the challenges of adhering to her in-laws' vegan lifestyle amidst dietary conflicts within her community. The situation intensifies when her doctor prescribes a diet conflicting with her newfound choices, highlighting the struggles one faces in reconciling personal preferences with societal expectations.

"Afternoon Nap" follows Radha as she deals with the monotony of life, migraines, and an irritating landlady. Her unchecked anger leads to an unexpected act of revenge, unraveling the consequences of uncontrolled emotions.

Lastly, "Helmet Head" focuses on Giridhar, who faces a series of setbacks, including unemployment and baldness. His quest for a solution disrupts his inner peace, triggering a rebellion and revealing the unexpected consequences of seeking resolution.

''Anger Tales'' weaves these stories to offer viewers a mosaic of human emotions, shedding light on the intricate fallout of unrestrained anger. The series invites audiences to reflect on the labyrinth of emotions and the unpredictable paths they carve through our lives.

==Cast==

* [[Venkatesh Maha]] as Ranga
* [[Madonna Sebastian]] as Pooja Reddy
* [[Bindu Madhavi]] as Radha
* [[Ravindra Vijay]] as Radha's Husband
* Phani Acharya as Giridhar
* [[Tharun Bhascker]] as Rajeev
* [[Suhas Pagolu|Suhas]] as Sreenu

==Episodes==
=== Series overview ===
{{Series overview

| color1 = #3C5792
| link1 = #Season 1 (2023)
| episodes1 = 4
| released1 = {{Start date|2023|03|09|df=yes}}
}}

===Season 1 (2023)===
{{Episode table |background=#3C5792 |overall= |season=|title= |director= |writer= |airdate=
|airdateR= <ref>https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/anger-tales/1260128386?filters=content_type%3Dshow_clips</ref>
|episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Benefit Show
| DirectedBy = Prabhala Tilak
| WrittenBy = {{plain list|
*Karthikeya Karedla
*Prabhala Tilak}}
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|09|df=yes}}
| LineColor = 3CB371
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Food Festival
| DirectedBy = Prabhala Tilak
| WrittenBy = {{Plain list|
*Karthikeya Karedla
*Prabhala Tilak}}
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|09|df=yes}}
| lineColor = 3CB371
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = An Afternoon Nap
| DirectedBy = Prabhala Tilak
| WrittenBy = {{Plain list|
*Karthikeya Karedla
*Prabhala Tilak}}
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|09|df=yes}}
| lineColor = 3CB371
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Helmet Head
| DirectedBy = Prabhala Tilak
| WrittenBy = {{Plain list|
*Karthikeya Karedla
*Prabhala Tilak}}
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|09|df=yes}}
| lineColor = 3CB371
}}
}}

==Reception==

A critic from ''[[123telugu]]'' gave the series 2.25/5 stars in their review and wrote that "Anger Tales is a compilation series that operates in segments.",<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/anger-tales-telugu-movie-review.html | title=Anger Tales Telugu Movie Review | date=10 March 2023 | website=123telugu.com | access-date=12 January 2024 | archive-date=12 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112154822/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/anger-tales-telugu-movie-review.html | url-status=live }}</ref> and a critic from [[eenadu.net]] wrote that the "Anger Tales series could have been better if it reduced the stretch and reduced the length of all the episodes".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/anger-tales-review-starring-venkatesh-maha-bindu-madhavi-suhas/0203/123041502 | title=Anger Tales Review: రివ్యూ: యాంగర్‌ టేల్స్‌ (వెబ్‌సిరీస్) | language=Telugu | trans-title=Anger Tales webseries review | website=eenadu.net | access-date=12 January 2024 | archive-date=12 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112163715/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/anger-tales-review-starring-venkatesh-maha-bindu-madhavi-suhas/0203/123041502 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Sangeetha Devi Dundo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' remarked, "Anger Tales adeptly situates each narrative and character within authentic settings, enhanced by actors proficient in effectively conveying emotional upheavals".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anger-tales-telugu-anthology-review-potpourri-of-hits-and-misses/article66599088.ece | title='Anger Tales' Telugu anthology review: Hits and misses in stories that explore anger through effective performances | newspaper=The Hindu | date=9 March 2023 | last1=Dundoo | first1=Sangeetha Devi | access-date=12 January 2024 | archive-date=10 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810061616/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anger-tales-telugu-anthology-review-potpourri-of-hits-and-misses/article66599088.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>

Naziria on Gulte.com stated that "Anger Tales is described as a weird yet watchable concept-driven drama. The reviewer highlights that all the stories within the film are skillfully set up, featuring conflict points that viewers can immediately relate to. Additionally, the characters portrayed elicit sympathy from the audience, adding depth to the overall narrative".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gulte.com/ott/231968/ott-review-anger-tales | title=OTT Review – Anger Tales | date=9 March 2023 | website=gulte.com | access-date=12 January 2024 | archive-date=12 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112154822/https://www.gulte.com/ott/231968/ott-review-anger-tales | url-status=live }}</ref>

G. Gowtham from ''India Herald'' stated that "Anger Tales, describing it as an anthology program that, on the whole, has its standout moments. Notably, the performances of the key actors, especially in the first episode featuring Venkatesh Maha and Suhas, significantly contribute to the show's appeal".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Breaking/Read/994578921/Anger-Tales-Review-Keep-Low-Expectations | title=Anger Tales Review - Keep Low Expectations | work=India Herald | access-date=12 January 2024 | archive-date=12 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112160325/https://www.indiaherald.com/Breaking/Read/994578921/Anger-Tales-Review-Keep-Low-Expectations | url-status=live }}</ref>

Kiran from ''[[Telangana Today]]'' mentioned that "Anger Tales could be a worthwhile viewing experience for audiences, given its relatable incidents and commendable performances. What stands out is the film's ability to meet expectations, especially when approached with modest anticipations".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telanganatoday.com/anger-tales-review-an-anthology-of-relatable-stories | title=Anger Tales Review: An anthology of relatable stories | date=9 March 2023 | work=Telangana Today | access-date=12 January 2024 | archive-date=12 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112154822/https://telanganatoday.com/anger-tales-review-an-anthology-of-relatable-stories | url-status=live }}</ref>

Srivathsan Nadadhur, a reviewer from ''[[OTTPlay]]'', awarded the series a rating of 3 out of 5 stars. He described "Anger Tales as a fresh perspective on the consequences of anger, emphasizing its intriguing portrayal of how four ordinary individuals navigate conflicting situations by channeling their anger. The anthology makes a genuine effort to delve into the emotional aspects of anger and its far-reaching repercussions across the four segments".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/anger-tales-review-a-refreshing-take-on-the-repercussions-of-anger/3997d9475f610 | title=Anger Tales review: A refreshing take on the repercussions of anger | website=ottplay.com | access-date=12 January 2024 | archive-date=12 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112154822/https://www.ottplay.com/review/anger-tales-review-a-refreshing-take-on-the-repercussions-of-anger/3997d9475f610 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Abhilasha Cherukuri from ''[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]'' gave the series 4/5 stars and stated that "Anger Tales shifts its focus inward, portraying anger as a crucial force for self-preservation within its protagonists, rather than a display of larger-than-life bravado. The film seamlessly blends craftsmanship and emotion, constructing narratives that serve as a poignant dissection of emotionally repressed individuals."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2023/mar/09/anger-tales-review-edgy-atmospheric-and-deeply-moving-40859.html | title=Anger Tales review: Edgy, atmospheric, and deeply moving | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=9 March 2023 | access-date=13 January 2024 | archive-date=13 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113043238/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2023/mar/09/anger-tales-review-edgy-atmospheric-and-deeply-moving-40859.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/anger-tales/1260128386?filters=content_type%3Dshow_clips ''Anger Tales''] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
*{{IMDb title|25836892}}

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:Telugu-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Films scored by Smaran]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:2023 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]

Nava-sahasanka-charita

2026-03-11T17:12:33Z

Gheethivf: starting some data first draft

{{short description|Sanskrit-language epic poem}}
:Not to be confused with ''Nava-sahasanka-charita'' by [[Shriharsha]]
{{italic title}}
'''''Nava-sahasanka-charita''''' ([[IAST]]: ''Nava-sāhasānka-carita'', "the biography of the New [[Vikramaditya|Sahasanka]]") is a [[Sanskrit]]-language epic poem written by the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] court poet Padmagupta, who lived in 10th-11th century. It is fantasy re-telling of the exploits of the Paramara king [[Sindhuraja]], who bore the title ''Nava-sahasanka'', and ruled the [[Malwa]] region in central India.

In the epic, Sindhuraja shoots a deer with a golden arrow during a hunting expedition in the [[Vindhyas]]. The deer escapes to its owner, the [[Nāga|Naga]] princess Shashiprabha, who sees the hero's title "Nava-Sahasanka" written on the arrow. Meanwhile, in pursuit of the deer, the king comes across a necklace bearing Shashiprabha's name. Sindhuraja and Shashiprabha subsequently meet, and fall in love with each other. Shashiprabha's father has decided to marry her to the man who brings him a golden lotus in the possession of the demon king Vajrankusha. Sindhuraja goes on a campaign against Vajrankusha, guided by the river goddess [[Narmada River|Narmada]] and sage Vanku, and supported by the Naga warrior Ratnachuda and the [[vidyadhara]] leader Shashikhanda. He defeats the demon king, brings the lotus, and marries Sahshiprabha.

== Authorship ==

The epic was written by Padmgaupta, who was also known as Parimala Kalidasa, and was the son of Mriganka-gupta. He was a Paramara court-poet in the late 10th century and the early 11th century.{{sfn|M. Srinivasachariar|1989|p=163}} Padmagupta was a courtier of the epic's subject, the Paramara king [[Sindhuraja]] (r. c. 990s), who ruled the [[Malwa]] region in central India.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1972|p=42}} In the epic, Padmagupta states that he composed the text at the command of Sindhuraja.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1972|p=20}} Padmagupta's literary career may have spanned the reigns of the Sindhuraja's successors [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]] and [[Bhoja]].{{sfn|M. Srinivasachariar|1989|p=163}}

The ''Nava-sahasanka-charita'' is Padmagupta's only extant work, although he wrote at least one other poem.{{sfn|M. Srinivasachariar|1989|pp=163-164}} This can be inferred from the fact that some verses attributed to Padmagupta in the later works are not found in the ''Nava-sahasanka-charita''. These later works include [[Bhoja]]'s ''Sarasvati-kantha-bharana'', Kshemendra's ''Auchitya-vichara-charcha'', Mammata's ''Kavya-prakasha'', and Vardhamana's ''Gana-ratna-mahodadhi''. The quoted verses suggest that Padmagupta's other poem was about an expedition of King [[Tailapa II|Tailapa]]'s general Basapa against the king [[Mularaja]].{{sfn|M. Srinivasachariar|1989|p=164}}

Written in the [[Vidarbha|Vaidarbhi]] style, ''Nava-sahasanka-charita'' does not feature long compounds or heavy alliteration, except in the description of the battle in Canto 12.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=12}} Padmagupta was an admirer of the ancient poet [[Kalidasa]], and wrote in a highly-embellished language. He often appears to imitate Kalidasa although his expression is original. Some legends associate Bhoja with Kalidasa: this may actually be a reference to Padmagupta alias Parimala Kalidasa.{{sfn|M. Srinivasachariar|1989|p=164}}

== Plot ==

''Nava-sahasanka-charita'' is divided into 18 cantos, and centers around Sindhuraja's marriage to princess Shashiprabha.{{sfn|M. Srinivasachariar|1989|p=163}} The title of the poem literally means the biography (''charita'') of the new (''nava'') Sahasanka. [[Vikramaditya]], a famous legendary king, was also known as Sahasanka ("having the mark of boldness"). His capital [[Ujjain]] happened to be located in what had become the Paramara kingdom by Padmgaupta's time.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=2}}

=== The deer hunt ===

One day, king Sindhuraja (alias Nava-Sahasanka) and his companions go on a hunting expedition in the [[Vindhya Range]]. In Canto 2, after shooting various animals with arrows, he tries to hunt a deer. During the chase, he dismounts from his horse, and follows the deer into the forest. He hits the deer with an arrow marked with his own name (''Nava-Sahasanka''), but the arrow does not cause any serious injury to the deer. The king notices a gold chain around the deer's neck, and suspects that there is something supernatural about it. After the animal disappears into the forest, Sindhuraja's minister Ramangada (alias Yahsobhata) advises the king to avoid the hot sun at the noon, and get some rest. Sindhuraja then bathes in a nearby lake, and takes a short nap.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=2}} After waking up, he wanders around searching for the deer, but is unable to find the animal. At night, he sleeps on a bed of [[Shoot (botany)|shoot]]s made by Ramangada.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=3}}

In Canto 3, the next morning, Sindhuraja goes into the forest searching for the deer, accompanied by Ramangada. The men follow a track marked by blood drops, and see goose flying with a pearl necklace in its beak. Ramangada remarks that the necklace probably belonged to one of the daughters of demons, gods, and [[Nāga|Nagas]], who amused themselves in the Vindhyas. On Ramangada's advice, Sindhuraja readies to shoot the bird with an arrow, but just then the bird drops the necklace on the shore of a lake, in order to pick up a lotus stalk. Ramangada brings the necklace to the king, who notes the female name "Shashi-prabha" written on it, and wears it.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=3}}

=== Meeting with Shashiprabha ===

In Canto 4, Sindhuraja feels that he has fallen in love with the unknown woman Shashiprabha. Sometime later, he sees a beautiful woman, who turns out to be Patala, a daughter of the Naga Hema and a companion of Shashi-prabha. In Canto 5, Patala tells him that Shashiprabha is a Nāga princess, who is more beautiful than goddesses and [[apsara|nymphs]], and her father Shankha-pala rules from the kingdom's capital Bhogavati.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=3}} Patala also tells Sindhuraja that the deer shot by him belonged to Shashiprabha, and the princess had fallen in love with him after seeing the name "Nava-Sahasanka" on the arrow. Furthermore, the necklace found by Sindhuraja was taken from the princess by a wild goose. Patala takes the necklace and departs to bring Sindhuraja's golden arrow to him.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=4}}

In Canto 6, Shashiprabha's companion Malayavati tells her that Nava-Sahasanka is a handsome and skilled king of Avanti, and would make an ideal husband for her.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=4}} In Canto 7, Shashiprabha and Sindhuraja meet at the banks of the [[Narmada River]], and are evidently in love with each other. Suddenly, a severe thunderstorm emerges, and Shashiprabha clings to Sindhuraja out of fear.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=5}}

=== Sindhuraja enters the underworld ===

In Canto 8, Sindhuraja's meeting with Shashiprabha ends abruptly, when a voice instructs the princess to return to her home in the underworld ([[patala]]). As she departs, Sindhuraja follows her by jumping into the river, looking for an entrance to the underworld, and Ramangada follows him. On the way to the underworld, he overcomes several obstacles: these include a lion and an elephant who vanish when he draws his bow; and a river that turns anyone who touches it into a stone - Sindhuraja jumps over it using a bamboo.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=5}}

Sindhuraja ultimately reaches a golden palace city, where a caged parrot informs him that the river goddess Naramada will welcome him as a guest. In Canto 9, the goddess informs Sindhuraja that when Shashiprabha was born, the deities told her father - the Naga king - that she would marry the best of men (''purushottama''), and that she would bring ruin to the Naga enemy Vajrankusha. Consequently, the Naga king had declared that he would marry Shashiprabha to the person who brought him the golden lotus that grew in the pool of the demon (''asura'') king Vajrankusha. The goddess urges Sindhuraja to do this, telling him that he was a partial incarnation of the god [[Vishnu]], and that the sage Vanku would guide him to Vajrankusha's capital Ratnavati.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=6}}

In Canto 10, Ramangada urges Sindhuraja to invade Vajrankusha's kingdom, assuring him that the Naga army would support him, just like the [[Vanara]] army had supported [[Rama]]. As Sindhuraja agrees, the parrot introduces himself as Ratnachuda, a Naga boy who had been transformed into a parrot because of a curse by a pupil of sage [[Kanva]]. The sage had told him that the curse will be over when he takes a message from Nava-Sahasanka to Shashiprabha.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=6}} Accordingly, Sindhuraja told the parrot to inform the queen that he had followed her into the Naga world, and would enter her city after getting the golden lotus.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=7}}

=== Hermitage of sage Vanku ===

In Canto 11, following Narmada's directions, Sindhuraja comes to the hermitage of sage Vanku. Based on the king's appearance, the sage infers that he was a [[chakravartin]] (universal emperor), and welcomes him. When Vanku asks about the king's dynasty, Ramangada narrates the [[Agnikula]] legend, according to which the progenitor of the Paramara dynasty originated from a sacrificial fire set up by the sage [[Vasishtha]]. Ramangada then names Sindhuraja's predecessors, including Upendra, Vakpati-raja I, Vairisimha, Sindhuraja's father [[Siyaka]], and Sindhuraja's elder brother [[Vakpati Munja|Vakpati-raja II]]. The minister then introduces Sindhuraja alias Nava-Sahasanka as the king of [[Ujjayini]], the city of [[Shiva]]. He describes the king as a friend of poets, and as someone in whom [[Sarasvati]] (the goddess of learning) resided after the legendary kings [[Vikramaditya]] and [[Shalivahana|Satavahana]] had died.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=7}}

Ramangada then tells Vanku about Sindhuraja's expedition, gifts him a jeweled bracelet, and asks him for guidance. The sage praises the king, predicts success for him in the expedition, and invites him to rest at the hermitage. In Canto 12, Sindhuraja rests at the hermitage, dreaming of Shashiprabha in his sleep. After waking up, as he talks to the sage, a monkey comes to him, and gives him a pomegranate made of jewels. As soon as the king accepts the gift, the monkey turns into a man.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=7}} The man introduces himself as Shashikhanda, a son of the [[vidyadhara]] (wizard) king Sikhandaketu. Shashikhanda explains that a thousand years ago, he tried to abduct a girl from a sage's hermitage, because of which the sage cursed him to become a monkey.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|pp=7-8}} The sage had told him that his curse will end when the son of king Siyaka took an ornament from him. Shashikhanda then summons his vidyadhara army to help Sindhuraja.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=8}}

=== Campaign against Vajrankusha ===

In Canto 13, with the blessings of sage Vanku, Sindhuraja's forces begin the march to Vajrankusha's capital. In Canto 14, with the help of the vidyadhara magical spell, Sindhuraja's chariot flies in air. The vidyadharas [[vimana]]s (flying chariots) accompanying him have women who pick up flowers from the trees during the low flight. The army encamps at near the river [[Ganges|Ganga]] to allow the women to take rest. Canto 15 is dedicated to describing the women's bathing in the river, liquor-drinking, and love-making.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=8}}

{{Quote box |width=25em |align=right |salign = right
|quote=<poem>
On the one hand this large eyed girl,
her body softer than the ''[[Albizia lebbeck|śirīṣa]]'' (flower),
And on the other this fever of love,
rough as a fire of chaff!
</poem>
|source = ''Nava-sahasanka-charita'' 16.28, Malayavati describes Shashiprabha's state in a letter to Sindhuraja{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=18}}
}}
In Canto 16, Patala arrives with a message from Malayavati, stating that Shashi-prabha loves the king, and wants him to come back soon. Sindhuraja resumes his march, and is joined by Ratnachuda. The brilliant jewel on Ratnachuda's head lights up the army's way in the darkness. As Ratnavati approaches, Sindhuraja attempts to get the golden lotus using peaceful means.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=8}} He sends Ramangada as an envoy to Vajrankusha, asking the demon king to hand over the golden lotus to enable Sindhuraja to marry Shashiprabha, and offering his friendship in return.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|pp=8-9}} Vajrankusha derisively rejects the offer, stating that a beautiful woman like Shashiprabha was not suitable for mere humans. Ramangada then explains that Sindhuraja was not merely a human: he was an incarnation of Vishnu, and will end up taking Vajrankusha's head along with the lotus.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=9}}

Canto 17 describes Sindhuraja's siege of Ratnavati. Ramangada beheads Vajrankusha's son with a discus (''[[Sudarshana Chakra|chakra]]''), and Sindhuraja beheads Vajrankusha with an arrow. Sindhuraja is supported by Shashikhanda who fights beside him, and Ratnachuda who lights up the dark underworld with his jewel. After emerging victorious, Sindhuraja grants protection to the residents of Ratnavati, and appoints Ratnachuda as the ruler of Vajrankusha's former kingdom.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=9}}

=== Wedding of Sindhuraja and Shashiprabha ===

In Canto 18, Sindhuraja enters Bhogavati, as the local women admire him, while Ramangada carries the golden lotus taken from Ratnavati. On the way to Shankhapala's palace, he stops at a temple of the god Hatakeshvara (an aspect of Shiva) to sing a hymn. As he enters the palace, he sees Shashiprabha ready for the wedding ceremony. When he puts the golden lotus on Shashiprabha's ear at Malayavati's request, the deer turns into a man.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=9}} The man explains that he used to be a commander of the guard (''pratihara-pala'') of Sindhuraja's father Siyaka alias Harsha, and had turned into a deer because of a curse by the sage Kanva.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=10}}

Sindhraja and Shashiprabha get married. Shankhapala gives Sindhuraja a crystal [[lingam|linga]] created by the artisan god [[Tvastar]], and featuring Shiva as [[Ardhanarishvara]]. Sindhuraja then visits the [[Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga|Shiva temple]] at Ujjayini, accompanied by Shashiprabha and Ramangada. He then goes to [[Dhar]]a, which is described as his "family capital", and installs the linga there. He sends Shashikhanda and Ratnachuda to their respective countries, and himself sits on the imperial throne with Shashiprabha by his side.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=10}}

== Historicity ==

The epic is a fusion of history with mythology,{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=1}} and narrates historical events transformed into a fanciful romantic legend.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1972|p=42}}

Historian [[V. S. Pathak]] theorizes that Shashikhanda represents the [[Shilahara#North Konkan (Thane branch)|Northern Shilahara]] king [[Aparajita]], while Vajrankusa represents the [[Shilahara#South Konkan|Southern Shilahara]] king Rattaraja.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|pp=10-11}} Ratnavati may be identified with modern [[Ratnagiri]], which may have been the Southern Shilahara capital. Shashikhanda's "curse" may be a metaphor for his previous defeat and exile.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=11}}

Pathak also believes that the Nagas of the story represent the Sinda dynasty of Karahata (modern [[Karad]]).{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=11}} The Naga princess Shashiprabha thus represents Sindhuraja's consort, whose Sinda family claimed descent from the [[Nāga|mythical Nagas]].{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1972|pp=42-43}} The "underworld" represents the area to the south of the [[Narmada River]].{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=11}}

== Legacy ==

The 11th canto of ''Nava-sahasanka-charita'' contains the story of the [[Agnikula]] origin of the Paramara family. According to this story, in the [[Vedic period]], [[Vasishtha]] - the royal priest of the [[solar dynasty|solar]] king [[Ikshvaku]] - had a [[kamadhenu|wish-granting cow]]. When the warrior-turned-sage [[Vishvamitra]] stole this cow, Vasishtha made a ritual sacrifice on [[Mount Abu|Mount Arbuda]], and an armed warrior wearing a royal crown sprang from the sacrificial fire (''agni''). This warrior recaptured the cow, and was named Paramara ("slayer of the enemies") by Vasishtha. The Paramara kings were his descendants.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1972|p=43}}

The epic is thus the oldest source to mention the Agnikula legend, which subsequently became popular among other dynasties. Padmagupta probably invented the legend to fabricate a mythical genealogy for the Paramara dynasty, as all other neighbouring dynasties claimed origins from mythical heroes or gods by this time: the Pratiharas from [[Lakshmana]], the Chahamanas (Chauhans) from [[Surya]] (Sun), the Chaulukyas from [[Brahma]]'s water pot (''chaluka''), and the [[Chandela]]s from [[Chandra]] (Moon).{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=10-13}}

The Paramaras were later recognized as "[[Rajputs]]", and the myth of their origin from fire was adopted by other Rajput families.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1972|p=43}} The medieval text ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'' states that apart from Paramara, progenitors of three other dynasties - [[Gurjara-Pratihara|Pratihara]], [[Chaulukya]], and [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] - were created from fire by Vasishtha. The earlier records of these other dynasties do not mention this myth of origin.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1972|pp=43-44}}

R.K. Gupta and S.R. Bakshi opine that Paramara legend is based on an earlier legend narrated in the [[Ramayana]]. According to it, Vasishtha, in a dispute over Kamadhenu, created the ancient non-Aryan tribes of the Sakas, Pahlavas, and Kambojas to fight Visvamitra.<ref>{{cite book|series=Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages|title=The Heritage Of Rajputs|volume=1|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=2008|first1=R.K.|last1=Gupta|first2=S.R.|last2= Bakshi|publication-place=New Delhi|isbn=9788176258418|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHNoU2zcDnIC|chapter=Origin of Rajputs|page=9}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=A. K. Warder |author-link=A. K. Warder |title=Indian Kāvya Literature |volume=6: The Art of Storytelling |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fl0l5ZTkNxIC&pg=PA42 |year=1992 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0615-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=A. K. Warder |author-link=A. K. Warder |title=An Introduction to Indian Historiography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCluAAAAMAAJ |year=1972 |publisher=Popular Prakashan }}
* {{cite book |author=Krishna Narain Seth |title=The Growth of the Paramara Power in Malwa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q4dAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Progress |year=1978 |oclc=8931757 }}
* {{cite book |author=M. Srinivasachariar |title=History of Classical Sanskrit Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dVRvVyHaiQC&pg=PA163 |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0284-1 }}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Epic poems in Sanskrit]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Works about monarchs]]
[[Category:Paramara dynasty]]
[[Category:10th-century Sanskrit literature]]

Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception Church, Goa

2026-03-10T21:30:57Z

Gheethivf: adding initial pg v1

{{Short description|Cathedral in Goa, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Historic building
| image = Panaji, nostra signora dell'immacolata concezione, esterno 04.jpg
| caption =
| name = Church of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception
| native_name = {{native name|pt|Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Imaculada Conceição}}
| location_town = [[Panaji]], [[Goa]]
| location_country = India
| architect =
| client =
| engineer =
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date = Chapel in 1541, Church in {{start date and age|1609}}
| demolished_date =
| cost =
| structural_system =
| architectural_style = Baroque
| size =
}}

The '''Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception Church''' ({{langx|pt|Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Imaculada Conceição}}) is located in [[Panaji|Panjim]], [[Goa]], India. The Church conducts Mass every day in English, [[Konkani language|Konkani]], and Portuguese.{{Sfn|Harding|2003|p=116}}

The colonial Portuguese [[Baroque architecture|Baroque style]] church was first built in 1541 as a [[chapel]] on a hill side overlooking the city of Panaji .It was eventually replaced by a larger church in the 1600s as part of [[Portuguese Goa State|Portuguese Goa's]] religious expansion.{{Sfn|Thomas|2012|p=246}}{{Sfn|Abram|2003|p=74}} This church houses the ancient bell that was removed from the Augustinian ruins of the Church of Our Lady of Grace ({{langx|pt|Nossa Senhora da Graça}}) in the once famed city of [[Old Goa]]. This bell is considered to be the second largest of its kind in Goa, surpassed only by the Golden Bell which resides in the Sé Cathedral in Old Goa.

==History==
A chapel was first built in Panaji in 1541, to serve the religious needs of Portuguese sailors at their first port of call in colonial [[Portuguese India]]. At that time the settlement was a small fishing village.{{Sfn|Abram|2003|p=74}} It became a [[Parish]] in 1600, and in 1609 the small chapel was replaced by the present day large church to minister to the residents and sailors.<ref name="Department">{{Cite web|url=http://www.goatourism.gov.in/destinations/churches/138-our-lady-of-the-immaculate-conception-church-Panjim|title=Our Lady Of The Immaculate Conception Church, Panjim|publisher=Government of Goa, Department of Tourism|access-date=11 September 2016|archive-date=16 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816170321/http://www.goatourism.gov.in/destinations/churches/138-our-lady-of-the-immaculate-conception-church-panjim|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 18th century the stairways, in a symmetrical [[zigzag]] form, were added to the church. The second largest church bell in Goa was installed in a bell tower in 1871. It was formerly at the [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] Monastery on Holy Hill, and was retrieved after the monastery was damaged.{{Sfn|Thomas|2012|p=246}}{{Sfn|Fodor's|2013|p=427}}<ref>The largest church bell in Goa is at the [[Se Cathedral]] {{harv|Harding|2003|p=116}}.</ref>

==Location==
The church is located in Panjim and sits atop a hill facing the square below. The city's municipal garden (Garcia da orta) lies to its southeast and can be seen from atop the hill. The site was once the location of a colonial port landing where ships sailing from [[Lisbon]] made first call, and where sailors disembarked before proceeding further inland to Ela (now Old Goa) – the capital of Goa until the 19th century.{{Sfn|Thomas|2012|p=246}} A laterite stone walkway with zigzag stairs ascend the church while lines of thin and tall palm trees form part of the scene.{{Sfn|Abram|2003|p=74}} The church is considered an iconic location, not least because of its appearance in several [[Bollywood]] films; in turn, this has resulted in many tourists gathering in the area, which often causes traffic snarls and a nuisance to local residents.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-29 |title=Iconic Bollywood film locations in Goa that attract Instagrammers – 29 May 2024 {{!}} O Heraldo |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/cafe/iconic-bollywood-film-locations-in-goa-that-attract-instagrammers/24329/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Architecture==

=== Exterior ===
The exterior [[facade]] of the church, rich with Portuguese [[Baroque architecture|Baroque style]] architectural elements is painted a bright white to signify the Immaculate virgin, [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]]. The tall [[Bell tower|belfry]] centered atop the facade houses the bell from the Augustinian Monastery.{{Sfn|Thomas|2012|p=246}} The imposing facade is distinctive with its two towers and centrally placed taller belfry. It can be seen from a great distance and is often known as the ‘crown’ of Panjim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goa-tourism.com/GTDC-holidays//places-to-see-goa/church-of-our-lady-of-immaculate-conception.htm|title=Goa Tourism - Church of Our Lady of Immaculate Conception Panjim|last=GTDC|website=www.goa-tourism.com|language=en|access-date=2017-03-13|archive-date=14 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314062525/http://www.goa-tourism.com/GTDC-holidays//places-to-see-goa/church-of-our-lady-of-immaculate-conception.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The church is laid out in the orthodox cruciform fashion with a nave and a transept. The steps are possibly remodeled after the [[:pt:Santuário de Nossa Senhora da Peneda|Nossa Senhora da Peneda Sanctuary in Penada]] and the [[Bom Jesus do Monte]] church in [[Braga]], Portugal.
[[File:Closeup shot of Immaculate Conception Church, Panaji.jpg|right|300x300px]]

===Interior===
The interior of the church is not extravagant, but is colorful. The main altar, which has an elegant decor, is dedicated to [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mother Mary]]. There are two other intricately carved, gold plated and decorated altars on either side of the main altar. The one to the left is of Jesus's Crucifixion and the one to the right is of the [[Our Lady of the Rosary]]. These two altars are flanked by marble statues of [[St Peter]] and [[St Paul]].

On festive occasions, the wooden structural elements, which form part of the [[vaulted ceiling]] above the altars, are [[festooned]] with [[twines]] of blue and white flowers, an indication of the external color scheme of the church.{{Sfn|Abram|2003|p=74}}

There is also a chapel of [[St. Francis Xavier]], located in the south [[transept]] to the right side of the main altar; the statues in this chapel are enclosed in a glass case.<ref name=Department/>{{Sfn|Abram|2003|p=74}}

==Festival==
During the Festival of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, held every year on 8 December, the church is colourfully illuminated. A fair is also part of this festival.<ref name=Department/>
<gallery>
File:Church Panjim.jpg|Statue of [[Virgin Mary]]
File:GoaChurch3.jpg|The square below
File:Church of the Immaculate Conception, Panjim Goa.JPG|The church at night
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|last= Abram |first=David |title=Goa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GGZRtj4OnccC&pg=PA74|year=2003|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-84353-081-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Fodor's|first=India|title=Fodor's Essential India: with Delhi, Rajasthan, Mumbai, and Kerala|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780891419433|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780891419433/page/427 427]|date=7 May 2013|publisher=Fodor's Travel Publications|isbn=978-0-89141-944-0}}
* {{cite book|last= Harding |first=Paul |title=Goa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cmO6M63ISKYC&pg=PA134|year=2003|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74059-139-3}}
* {{cite book|last1= Thomas |first=Amelia |title=Lonely Planet Goa & Mumbai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0eQGtZbt4oC&pg=PT246|date=1 June 2012|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74321-315-5}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception Church, Goa| Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception Church, Goa|position=right}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|15|29|54|N|73|49|46|E|region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Goa]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in the 1600s]]
[[Category:16th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in India]]
[[Category:1541 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1609 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1540s establishments in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Portuguese colonial architecture in India]]
[[Category:1541 establishments in the Portuguese Empire]]
[[Category:Churches in North Goa district]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Panaji]]
[[Category:Neoclassical church buildings in India]]

Dulari Qureshi

2026-03-09T15:10:37Z

Gheethivf: added a stub

{{short description|Indian art historian}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dulari Qureshi
| image = Dulari Qureshi.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|09|24|df=y}}
| occupation = Art historian, academic, author
}}
'''Dulari Qureshi''' (born 24 September 1950) is an Indian academic, art historian and author. She has written more than 1,000 articles on art, culture and tourism development and its impacts on monuments. She is a retired professor and Director in the Department of Tourism Administration, [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]], [[Aurangabad]]. She is also the Cultural chairperson of the [[Ellora]]-[[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] Aurangabad Festival.<ref>{{cite news|last=Syed|first=Rizwanullah|date=3 October 2009|title=Ellora-Ajanta festival cancelled. Reason swine flu|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-03/pune/28081053_1_swine-flu-festival-revenue-officials|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113050140/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-03/pune/28081053_1_swine-flu-festival-revenue-officials|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 November 2013|accessdate=17 November 2013}}</ref> One of her significant contributions is the discovery of inscriptions at [[Pitalkhora]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Unhale |first=Sanjeev |date=4 December 1991 |title=Cave inscriptions discovered |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=Mumbai, India }}</ref> near Aurangabad. Qureshi is the President of Indian Tourist Congress (Western Zone).<ref>[http://www.indiaclub.com/Shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=17637 About the author] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223070954/http://www.indiaclub.com/Shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=17637 |date=23 February 2012 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Sitikanth Mishra appointed ITC Chairman|url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20090118/1155603.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-23|website=WebIndia123.com|publisher=Suni Systems|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307132348/http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20090118/1155603.html |archive-date=7 March 2012 }}</ref> She is from [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra]].<ref name=":0" />
[[Image:Dr Dulari receving award.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Dr Dulari Qureshi receiving Life Time Achievement Award for promotion of Tourism in Maharashtra, by Maharashtra State, Chamber of Commerce, Industries and Agriculture]]

==Biography==

Dulari Qureshi is the daughter of Professor Ramesh Shankar Gupte, an art historian, author and the former head of Department of History and a senior professor in [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]] in Aurangabad. Her mother Nalini Gupte was a physician.

She holds a Doctorate in Art History;{{Where|date=July 2021}} the topic of her thesis being, 'Art and Vision of [[Aurangabad Caves]]'.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} She also has a degree in Journalism and a post graduate diploma in Tourism.{{Where|date=July 2021}}{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

==Work==
[[File:Williamdalrymplewithdulariqureshi.jpg|thumb|right|Historian [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]] seen with Dr Dulari Qureshi at her residence in Aurangabad, Maharashtra]]
Dulari Qureshi has made contributions in the fields of art, history and journalism. She has written more than 20 research articles which were published on national level in books and journals.<ref name="inscription">[[#inscriptions|Times of India]]</ref> Apart from her research work, she also contributes articles, feature stories, conducts interviews of famous personalities and has more than 500 articles and other stories to her credit. She started a series of articles and feature stories on the [[Gates in Aurangabad, Maharashtra|gates of Auranagabad]], their present condition which received attention on national level. More so, to promote the local culture and tourism, Dr Dulari along with Dr Morwanchikar took efforts to start the Ellora-Aurangabad festival, of which she is the cultural chairperson, which is held annually.<ref name =MLBD.com>{{cite web |url=http://www.mlbd.com/AuthorDecription.aspx?id=2652 |title=Dulari Qureshi |author= |date= |publisher=MLBD.com |accessdate=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714104243/http://www.mlbd.com/AuthorDecription.aspx?id=2652 |archive-date=14 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== History ===

Apart from being a historian, Qureshi is also a History activist. She played a major role in coercing the [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]] to plan and to carry out some rock-buttressing and [[waterproofing]] works in the [[Ajanta Caves]] along with the chemical conservation of a few of its [[frescoes]]. Qureshi along with Morwonchikar, and [[Walter Spink]] also pointed out the blunders made at Ajanta by conservators in the past. They opined that only those frescoes in immediate danger of crumbling should be attended to by the ASI or any other national or International body working for the conservation of Ajanta caves.<ref>{{cite news |title=ASI plans to shore up boulders at Ajanta
|author=TOI |date= 19 December 2002 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-12-19/mumbai/27294488_1_asi-plans-ajanta-caves-frescoes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811050115/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-12-19/mumbai/27294488_1_asi-plans-ajanta-caves-frescoes|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]
|archive-date=11 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030119/spectrum/main2.htm |title=Ajanta frescoes get a facelift|author=Das Zoya |date=19 January 2003 |work=The Sunday Tribune |accessdate=21 March 2010}}</ref>

==Associations==
[[File:Dr Dulari Quresi.jpg|thumb|right|Dr Dulari Qureshi addressing a heritage walk rally organised by [[Divya Marathi]], a pullout of [[Dainik Bhaskar]], a leading newspaper of India]]
She is closely associated with a number of organisations which are as follows:

* The Tourism Advisory Board; [[Maharashtra]]
* Executive Member; Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage
* Expert Committee on [[Antiquities]] ASI
* Cultural Chairperson; Ellora Ajanta Aurangabad Festival Committee
* She was also Joint Secretary of the World Management [[Meeting|Conference]] held in Aurangabad in October 1999
* Member of the Heritage Committee formed by the Aurangabad Municipal Corporation

== Books written ==

*''Art and Vision of Aurangabad Caves''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bkpbooks.com/Bookdesc.aspx?id=1840|title=Book details|author=|date=|publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan|accessdate=6 March 2010}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*''Tourism Potential in Aurangabad''<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.flipkart.com/tourism-potential-aurangabad-dulari-gupte/8186050442-cw23f8tyvd|archive-url= https://archive.today/20120527151806/http://www.flipkart.com/tourism-potential-aurangabad-dulari-gupte/8186050442-cw23f8tyvd|url-status= dead|archive-date= 27 May 2012|title= Tourism Potential in Aurangabad: With Ajanta, Ellora and Daultabad|author= Flipkart|date= |publisher= |accessdate= 6 March 2010}}</ref>
*''Fort of Daulatabad''
*''Rock Cut Temples of Western India''
*''Sculptures of Marathwada''
*''Ajanta, Sculpture, Architecture and Painting''
*''Encyclopedia of Hindu Temples'' (co-writer)
*''Encyclopedia of Buddhist Temples'' (co-writer)
*''Encyclopedia of Jain Temples'' (co-writer)
*''Encyclopedia of Muslim Monuments'' (co-writer)

== Books edited ==

* Encyclopedia on Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Islam (IV Volumes)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
*[http://www.vedicbooks.net/fort-of-daulatabad-p-2998.html Vedic Books]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090208182227/http://aurangabadfestival.in/organiser.html Ellora-Aurangabad Festival Committee]
*[http://www.bagchee.com/books.php?id=8853 Bagchee.com]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110605231540/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030119/spectrum/main2.htm Tribune India]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qureshi, Dulari}}
[[Category:Educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Aurangabad]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:People from Dhar]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Indian art historians]]
[[Category:Historians of South Asia]]
[[Category:Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]]
[[Category:People from Marathwada]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Historians of Indian art]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Maharashtra]]

List of Tamil films of 1992

2026-03-07T05:28:51Z

Gheethivf: minor cleanup

{{Short description|none}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
Post-amendment to the Tamil Nadu Entertainments Tax Act 1939 on 1 April 1958, Gross jumped to 140 per cent of Nett <ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20171120150153/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/tamil_nadu/1939/1939TN10.pdf Government raised entertainment tax to 40% (from 33%) in 1958]}}</ref> Commercial Taxes Department disclosed {{INR}}76 crore in entertainment tax revenue for the year.<ref>[https://ctd.tn.gov.in/documents/10184/20741/STATISTICAL+COMPENDIUM+2012-2013/9fb9d066-c862-412b-bc88-f29d4091164e?version=1.1 CTD reports {{INR}}76 crore ET collection in 1992-93]</ref>

{{Tamil films}}

A list of films produced in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film industry in India in [[1992 in film|1992]] by release date:

== Movies ==
===January — March===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0e0e6; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Opening
! style="width:13%;"| Title
! Director !! Cast !! Production !! Ref
|- January!
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"| '''J A N'''
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center;"| '''15'''
| ''[[Amaran (1992 film)|Amaran]]'' || [[K. Rajeshwar]] || [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Bhanupriya]] || Annalakshmi Films ||
|-
| ''Aval Oru Vasantham'' || Jayadevan || Prabhuraj, [[Vichithra|Jayanthi]] || Sharmila Creations ||
|-
| ''[[Brahmachari (1992 film)|Brahmachari]]'' || [[Muktha Srinivasan]] || [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], [[Gautami]] || Muktha Films ||
|-
| ''[[Chinna Gounder]]'' || [[R. V. Udayakumar]] || [[Vijayakanth]], [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]], [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]]|| Ananthi Films ||
|-
| ''[[Ilavarasan]]'' || [[Senthilnathan]] || [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] || Sathya Movies ||
|-
| ''[[Mannan (film)|Mannan]]'' || [[P. Vasu]] || [[Rajinikanth]], [[Vijayashanti]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Goundamani]]|| [[Sivaji Productions]] ||
|-
| ''[[Pandithurai]]'' || [[Manoj Kumar (Tamil director)|Manoj Kumar]] || [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]] || K. B. Films || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920207&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title = The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rickshaw Mama]]'' || [[P. Vasu]] || [[Sathyaraj]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Gautami]], [[Sridevi Vijayakumar|'Baby' Sridevi]] || Shri Mishri Productions ||
|-
| ''[[Sundara Kandam]]'' || [[K. Bhagyaraj]] || [[K. Bhagyaraj]], [[Bhanupriya]], Sindhuja || Saranya Cine Combines ||
|-
| ''[[Vanna Vanna Pookkal]]'' || [[Balu Mahendra]] || [[Prashanth]], [[Mounika (actress)|Mounika]], [[Vinodhini]] || Subramaniya Films ||
|- February!
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center; background:thistle; textcolor:#000;"| '''F E B'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''1'''
| ''[[Chinna Thayee]]'' || S. Ganesaraj || [[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]], Padmasri, [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]] || M. S. R. Films || <ref name="14 feb">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920214&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title = The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''7'''
| ''[[Agni Paarvai]]'' || [[P. Madhavan]] || [[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], [[Saranya Ponvannan]], [[Ramkumar]], [[Anju (actress)|Anju]] || Ponmanam Films ||
|-
| ''[[Rendu Pondatti Kaavalkaaran]]'' || [[Relangi Narasimha Rao]] || [[Anand Babu]], [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]], Vaidehi, [[Senthil]] || Sree Productions ||
|-
| ''[[Thambi Pondatti]]'' || [[Panchu Arunachalam]] || [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]], [[Ramya Krishnan]] || Geetha Chithra Combines ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''14'''
| ''[[Kaaval Geetham]]'' || [[S. P. Muthuraman]] || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] || Vaasan Brothers ||
|-
| ''Moondrampadi'' || [[Karvannan]] || Raghul, Latha || Easwari Productions || <ref name="14 feb"/>
|-
| ''[[Unnai Vaazhthi Paadugiren]]'' || Sridev || [[R. Parthiepan|Parthiban]], [[Suman Ranganathan]], [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]] || Motherland Pictures || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920221&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title = The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''21'''
| ''[[Sugamana Sumaigal]]'' || [[R. Parthiepan|Parthiban]] || [[R. Parthiepan|Parthiban]], [[Sudha Rani|Shali]], [[Sridevi Vijayakumar|'Baby' Sridevi]] || Isswariyan Pictures || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920228&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title = The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''27'''
| ''[[Naane Varuven (1992 film)|Naane Varuven]]'' || [[Sripriya]] || [[Sripriya]], [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] || Sree Samundeshwari Productions || <ref name="6mar">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920313&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title = The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''28'''
| ''Jodi Sendhachu'' || [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] || [[Sivachandran]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], Sriram, Sowmiya || Savitha Chithra Films || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920306&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title = The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Periya Gounder Ponnu]]'' || [[Manivasagam]] || [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Gautami]], [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]] || Raaja Pushpa Pictures ||
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98; textcolor:#000;"| '''M A R'''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| '''6'''
| ''[[Government Mappillai]]'' || [[Manivannan]] || [[Anandaraj]], [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]], [[Ramkumar]], [[Saradha Preetha]] || Madhu Films International ||
|-
| ''Kasu Thangakasu'' || Mohamed Raj || Yogaraj, Madhu || R. R. Circuit ||
|-
| ''[[Marupakkam]]'' || [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]] || [[Sivakumar]] || [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]] || <ref name="6mar"/>
|-
| ''[[Sivantha Malar]]'' || Sasi Mohan || [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Gautami]], [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]] || K. R. G. Movie International || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920320&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title = The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''13'''
| ''[[Naangal]]'' || Haasan || [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Deepika Chikhalia|Deepika]], [[Srividya]] || Haariya Productions || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920327&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title = The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''20'''
| ''Kasthuri Manjal'' || J. B. Rajaravi || Jagadeesh, [[Rupini]] || Amar Jyothi Pictures ||
|-
| ''[[Thanga Manasukkaran]]'' || Rajavarman || [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], [[Sivaranjani (actress)|Sivaranjani]], [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]] || Yathava Productions ||
|}

===April — June===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0e0e6; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Opening
! style="width:13%;"| Title
! Director !! Cast !! Production !! Ref
|- April!
| rowspan="12" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead;"| '''A P R'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''10'''
| ''[[Enga Veetu Velan]]'' || [[T. Rajendar]] || [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]], Selvaraj, [[Silambarasan Rajendar|Silambarasan]] || Chimbu Cine Arts ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''11'''
| ''Thangarasu'' || K. Alexander || [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], Anusha || Arulmigu Chelliamman Cine Arts || <ref name="19 Jun">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920619&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title = The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''12'''
| ''[[Innisai Mazhai]]'' || [[Shoba Chandrasekhar]] || Neeraj, Parveen || [[V. V. Creations]] ||
|-
| ''[[Unna Nenachen Pattu Padichen]]'' || [[Guru Dhanapal]] || [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Rajani (actress)|Sasikala]], [[Monisha]] || Sree Padmavathy Movie Makers ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''13'''
| ''[[Singaravelan]]'' || [[R. V. Udayakumar]] || [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Goundamani]] || Pavalar Creations || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920417&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title = The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Therku Theru Machan]]'' || [[Manivannan]] || [[Sathyaraj]], [[Bhanupriya]], [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]] || Anbalaya Films || <ref name="1 May">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920501&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title = The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''16'''
| ''[[Bharathan (1992 film)|Bharathan]]'' || [[Sabapathy Dekshinamurthy|S. D. Sabha]] || [[Vijayakanth]], [[Bhanupriya]] || Rowther Films || <ref name="24 apr">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920424&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title = The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''17'''
| ''[[Chembaruthi]]'' || [[R. K. Selvamani]] || [[Prashanth]], [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]], [[P. Bhanumathi|Bhanumathi]] || Motherland Pictures || <ref name="1 May"/>
|-
| ''[[Senbaga Thottam]]'' || [[Manobala]] || [[Selva (actor)|Selva]], [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] || Leo International ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''18'''
| ''[[Nadodi Thendral]]'' || [[Bharathiraja]] || [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Ranjitha]] || Manoj Creations || <ref name="24 apr"/>
|-
| ''Tamil Ponnu'' || K. Muthu Vijayan || [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Ravi Rahul]], Vandhana || Arunothaya Film Circuit ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''24'''
| ''[[Chinnavar]]'' || [[Gangai Amaran]] || [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]], [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]] || Indrani Movies || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920515&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title = The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref>
|- May!
| rowspan="13" style="text-align:center; background:#edafaf;"| '''M A Y'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''1'''
| ''[[Chinna Pasanga Naanga]]'' || [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)|Raj Kapoor]] || [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], [[Revathi]], [[Saradha Preetha]], [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]] || A. G. S. Movies ||
|-
| ''[[Oor Mariyadhai]]'' || [[K. S. Ravikumar]] || [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Rajani (actress)|Sasikala]], [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]], [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]] || [[R. B. Choudary|Super Good Films]] ||
|-
| ''Sivashankari'' || [[Rama Narayanan]] || [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], Yamuna, [[Shamili|'Baby' Shamili]] || Sri Thenaandal Pictures ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''15'''
| ''[[Nadodi Pattukkaran]]'' || [[N. K. Viswanathan]] || [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]] || Murugan Cine Arts || <ref name="21 may">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920522&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title = The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Unakkaga Piranthen]]'' || [[Balu Anand]] || [[Prashanth]], [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]] || Vivekananda Film Circuit || <ref name="may28">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920529&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title = The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''22'''
| ''[[Pokkiri Thambi]]'' || [[Senthilnathan]] || [[Anandaraj]], [[Kaveri (Tamil actress)|Kaveri]] || Kavi Bharathi Creations ||
|-
| ''[[Vaaname Ellai]]'' || [[K. Balachander]] || [[Anand Babu]], [[Ramya Krishnan]], [[Madhoo]] || [[Kavithalayaa Productions]] || <ref name="21 may"/>
|-
| ''Yermunai'' || Arun Mozhi || [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], Subhala || Udumalai Cine Arts ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''23'''
| ''[[Chinna Marumagal]]'' || Prasanthkumar || [[Sivaji Ganesan]], Siva, [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]] || K. R. Enterprises || <ref name="may28"/>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| '''29'''
| ''[[Idhuthanda Sattam]]'' || [[Senthilnathan]] || [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]], [[Aamani]], [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]] || G. R. P. Films || <ref name="jun5">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920605&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title = The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Oor Panchayathu]]'' || [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]] || [[Pandiarajan]], [[Mahalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Mahalakshmi]] || Muththamizh Movie Creations || <ref name="jun5"/>
|-
| ''Pudhusa Padikkiren Paattu'' || Vetri Selvam || Gowtham, Maadhusri || Paranachi Amman Films || <ref name="jun5"/>
|-
| ''Thilakam'' || R. Raghuvasan || [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], [[Gautami]] || Jayalakshmi Movie Combines || <ref name="may28"/>
|- June!
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#d9c1b0;"| '''J U N'''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| '''5'''
| ''[[Aavarampoo]]'' || [[Bharathan]] || [[Vineeth]], Nandhini || K. R. Enterprises ||
|-
| ''[[Idhu Namma Bhoomi]]'' || [[P. Vasu]] || [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] || Uzhaikkum Karangal Art Productions || <ref name="12jun">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920612&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title = The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref>
|-
| ''Kizhakku Velathachu'' || Thalapathy || [[Anandaraj]], [[Raja (Tamil actor)|Raja]], [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] || Shiva Shree Pictures ||
|-
| ''[[Sevagan]]'' || [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] || [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] || Sreeram Films International || <ref name="12jun"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''12'''
| ''Gowri Manohari'' || T. S. Krishna Kumar || Mano Chander, Chandrika || Arun Kesavalaya Productions
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''19'''
|''Nenja Thotta Sollu''|| T. N. Kanna ||Pari, [[Sunitha (actress)|Vidhyasree]] || Kalaikadal Films || <ref name="19 Jun"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''26'''
| ''[[Amma Vandhachu]]'' || [[P. Vasu]] || [[K. Bhagyaraj]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Sridevi Vijaykumar|Baby Sridevi]] || Saranya Cine Combines || <ref name="amma">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920626&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title = The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''27'''
| ''[[Annaamalai]]'' || [[Suresh Krishna (director)|Suresh Krishna]] || [[Rajinikanth]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Sarath Babu]] || [[Kavithalayaa Productions]] || <ref name="anna">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920703&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title = The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ponnuketha Purushan]]'' || [[Gangai Amaran]] || [[Ramarajan]], [[Gautami]], [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]] || Mars International || <ref name="amma"/>
|}

===July — September===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0e0e6; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Opening
! style="width:13%;"| Title
! Director !! Cast !! Production !! Ref
|- July!
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background: #d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;"| '''J U L'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''3'''
| ''Chinna Poovai Killathey'' || [[Senthilnathan]] || Rajaprabhu, Nandhini || Ganesh Cine Arts ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''4'''
| ''Vasantha Malargal'' || A. R. Ramesh || [[Hariraj]], [[Sudha Rani|Shali]] || Kumudavalli Pictures || <ref name="anna"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''10'''
| ''Vaa Vaa Vasanthame'' || [[Pala. Karuppiah]] || Elango, Selvi || Kamalachithram || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920710&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title = The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''16'''
| ''[[Thaali Kattiya Raasa]]'' || Vijaya Kanna || [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]], [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]] || Poomagal Pictures Circuit ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''17'''
| ''[[Kalikaalam (1992 film)|Kalikaalam]]'' || [[Panchu Arunachalam]] || [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] || Seetha Chithra Combines ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''24'''
| ''[[Magudam]]'' || [[Prathap K. Pothan]] || [[Sathyaraj]], [[Gautami]], [[Bhanupriya]], [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]] || K. B. Films || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920731&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title = The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Suyamariyadhai]]'' || R. Vijay Ganesh || [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Pallavi (entertainer)|Pallavi]] || Sri Vadivudai Amman Creations || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920807&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title = The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref>
|-
| ''Uyiril Oru Raagam'' || A. Siva Prasad || Sanjeev Prakash, Kavya || Umar Art Creations ||
|- August!
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:#c2b280;"| '''A U G'''
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| '''14'''
| ''[[Endrum Anbudan]]'' || Bhagyanathan || [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]], [[Heera Rajagopal|Heera]] || Sathya Jyothi Films || <ref name="21aug">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920821&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title = The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mudhal Kural]]'' || [[V. C. Guhanathan]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]] || Ananth and Ananth Films ||
|-
| ''[[Muthal Seethanam]]'' || Erode Sounder || Siva, Devi Meenakshi, [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]] || [[R. B. Choudary|Super Good Films]] || <ref name="14aug">{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fYBlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mp4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=453,1027795|title=The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com|accessdate=2 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Naalaya Seidhi]]'' || G. B. Vijay || [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]] || Shiva Sree Pictures || <ref name="14aug"/>
|-
| ''[[Pattathu Raani]]'' || [[Manivasagam]] || [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Gautami]], [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]] || Rajapushpa Pictures || <ref name="14aug"/>
|-
| ''[[Surieyan]]'' || [[Pavithran (Tamil film director)|Pavithran]] || [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]], [[Goundamani]] || [[K. T. Kunjumon|A. R. S. Film International]] || <ref name="14aug"/>
|-
| ''[[Urimai Oonjaladugiradhu]]'' || [[Visu]] || [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]] || Lakshmi Productions || <ref name="14aug"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''15'''
| ''[[Kottai Vaasal]]'' || Selva Vinayagam || [[Arun Pandian]], [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]], [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]] || Sree Rajakaliamman Enterprises || <ref name="14aug"/>
|-
| ''[[Pondatti Rajyam]]'' || [[K. S. Ravikumar]] || [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]], [[Ranjitha]] || Anbalaya Films || <ref name="21aug"/>
|-
| ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]'' || [[Mani Ratnam]] || [[Arvind Swamy]], [[Madhoo|Madhubala]] || [[Kavithalayaa Productions]] || <ref name="21aug"/>
|- September!
| rowspan="15" style="text-align:center; background:wheat; textcolor:#000;"| '''S E P'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''3'''
| ''[[Mouna Mozhi]]'' || [[Kasthuri Raja]] || [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Sudha Rani|Shali]] || Eknaath Films || <ref name="2sep">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920904&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title = The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thai Mozhi]]'' || R. R. Ilavarasan || [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Vijayakanth]], [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]] || Thamizh Annai Creations || <ref name="news.google.com">{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QJBlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=u54NAAAAIBAJ&pg=947,2847338|title=The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com|accessdate=2 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thalaivaasal]]'' || [[Selva (director)|Selva]] || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Anand (actor)|Anand]], [[Sivaranjani (actress)|Sivaranjani]], Bhanu Prakash || Chozha Creations || <ref name="2sep"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''5'''
| ''Mappillai Vanthachu'' || Sasi Mohan || [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Gautami]] || Theivaanai Movies || <ref name="2sep"/>
|-
| ''Palaivana Raagangal'' || [[Senthilnathan]] || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] || Irusaar Amman Films ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''11'''
| ''[[Deiva Vaakku]]'' || M. S. Madhu || [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Revathi]] || [[T. Siva|Amma Creations]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920911&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title = The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ellaichami]]'' || [[K. Rangaraj]] || [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Rupini]] || Nachiyar Movies ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''12'''
| ''[[Pangali]]'' || [[K. Subash]] || [[Sathyaraj]], [[Bhanupriya]], [[Goundamani]] || Sivanthi Films || <ref name="18sep">{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=82hlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GpQNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1516,1130115|title=The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com|accessdate=2 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''18'''
| ''Kizhakku Veedhi'' || M. R. Boopathi || [[Selva (actor)|Selva]], [[Ranjitha]] || Kumar Movies ||
|-
| ''Madha Komadha'' || [[Rama Narayanan]] || [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] || Sidhartha Productions || <ref name="18sep"/>
|-
| ''[[Samundi]]'' || [[Manoj Kumar (Tamil director)|Manoj Kumar]] || [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]] || Sree Rajakaliamman Enterprises || <ref name="25sep">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920925&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title = The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| '''25'''
| ''[[Annai Vayal]]'' || [[Ponvannan]] || [[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]], Raj Murali, [[Vinodhini]], Rayalsri || Sree Raja Rajeshwari Film Corporation || <ref name="oct2">{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19921002&printsec=frontpage&hl=en#:~:text=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LJBlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=u54NAAAAIBAJ&pg=687%252C826407|title=The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com|accessdate=2 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Annan Ennada Thambi Ennada]]'' || [[Vijay Krishnaraj]] || [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Nirosha]], [[Sivakumar]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] || Sree Athanoor Amman Pictures ||
|-
| ''Chinna Chittu'' || Manivarma || [[Hariraj]], Maria || Maammu Creations ||
|-
| ''[[David Uncle]]'' || Guna || [[Anandaraj]], Siva, [[Sivaranjani (actress)|Sivaranjani]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]], [[Sridevi Vijaykumar]]|| Aarthi International || <ref name="25sep"/>
|}

===October — December===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0e0e6; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Opening
! style="width:13%;"| Title
! Director !! Cast !! Production !! Ref
|- October!
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:#ffb7c5;"| '''O C T'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''2'''
| ''Annayin Madiyil'' || S. Rajaguru || Vijay Shankar, Suma || Saraswathi Cine Arts || <ref name="oct2"/>
|-
| ''Sagalakala Vaandugal'' || Senthil Kumar || Manoj, Kalaiselvi || Vijay Productions
|-
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;"| '''25'''
| ''[[Kaviya Thalaivan (1992 film)|Kaviya Thalaivan]]'' || [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]] || [[Vijayakanth]], [[Bhanupriya]] || Thamizh Ponnie Art || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8n5lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=eZ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1377,2497260|title=The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com|accessdate=2 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''Mangala Nayagan'' || K. Raghunath || Ganesh, [[Ilavarasi]] || Chellam Kumaran Investment Finance Corporation || <ref name="news.google.com"/>
|-
| ''[[Pandian (film)|Pandian]]'' || [[S. P. Muthuraman]] || [[Rajinikanth]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Jayasudha]] || Visaalam Productions || <ref name="30oct">{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RpBlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=u54NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1621,3435798|title=The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com|accessdate=2 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rasukutty]]'' || [[K. Bhagyaraj]] || [[K. Bhagyaraj]], [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] || P. A. Art Productions || <ref name="30oct"/>
|-
| ''Sathiyam Adhu Nichayam'' || T. Durairaj || [[Sivakumar]], [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] || Sree Ramalinga Saudasheshwari Films ||
|-
| ''[[Senthamizh Paattu]]'' || [[P. Vasu]] || [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]], [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]] || Janaki Films ||
|-
| ''[[Thevar Magan]]'' || [[Bharathan]] || [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Revathi]], [[Gautami]] || [[Raaj Kamal Films International]] ||
|-
| ''[[Thirumathi Palanisamy]]'' || [[R. Sundarrajan]] || [[Sathyaraj]], [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]], [[Goundamani]] || Raj Films International || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QJBlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=u54NAAAAIBAJ&pg=2024,2848203|title=The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com|accessdate=2 September 2023}}</ref>
|- November!
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#ace1af;"| '''N O V'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''20'''
| ''[[Onna Irukka Kathukanum]]'' || [[V. Sekhar]] || [[Sivakumar]], [[Sivakumar]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Vinu Chakravarthy]], [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]] || Thiruvalluvar Kalaikoodam || <ref name="nov 27">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19921127&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title = The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''27'''
| ''[[Abhirami (1992 film)|Abhirami]]'' || Dilip Kumar || [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]], [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]], [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] || [[R. B. Choudary|Super Good Films]] || <ref name="11dec">{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B39lAAAAIBAJ&pg=999,755114|title=The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com|accessdate=2 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Neenga Nalla Irukkanum]]'' || [[Visu]] || [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], [[Bhanupriya]] || [[GV Films]] || <ref name="nov 27"/>
|-
| ''[[Villu Pattukaran]]'' || [[Gangai Amaran]] || [[Ramarajan]], [[Rani (Tamil actress)|Rani]], [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]] || Vijaya Movies || <ref name="4dec">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19921204&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title = The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''28'''
| ''Deiva Kuzhanthai'' || [[Senthilnathan]] || [[Sridevi Vijayakumar|'Baby' Sridevi]], [[Vaishnavi (Malayali actress)|Vaishnavi]], G. S. Madhu || M. B. S. Film Combines || <ref name="nov 27"/>
|- December!
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center; background:#b8860b;"| '''D E C'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''4'''
| ''Harihara Puthiran'' || M. N. Balu || Ravi, [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] || Sree Ganesh Pictures ||
|-
| ''[[Naalaiya Theerpu]]'' || [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]] || [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Keerthana (Tamil actress)|Keerthana]] || [[V. V. Creations]] || <ref name="11dec"/>
|-
| ''[[Natchathira Nayagan]]'' || [[Senthilnathan]] || [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]], [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]] || Angalamman Creations || <ref name="4dec"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''11'''
| ''Pudhu Varusham'' || Rajkamal || Sri Jagan, [[Yuvarani]] || Best Friends Creations ||
|-
| ''[[Purushan Enakku Arasan]]'' || [[Rama Narayanan]] || [[Pandiarajan]], [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]] || Chinni Cine Circuits || <ref name="11dec"/>
|-
| ''[[Solaiyamma]]'' || [[Kasthuri Raja]] || Rahul, [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] || Karpaga Jothi Films || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19921225&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title = The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''18'''
| ''Kaavalukku Kannillai'' || Ashwin Kumar || [[Anand Babu]], Nandhini || V. I. P. Film Productions || <ref name="18dec">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19921218&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title = The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Meera (1992 film)|Meera]]'' || [[P. C. Sreeram]] || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] || V. M. C. Cine Creations ||
|-
| ''Thoorathu Sontham'' || [[K. S. Adhiyaman]] || Raj Boopathy, Rudra || Omshakti Matha Arts || <ref name="18dec"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''25'''
| ''Devar Veettu Ponnu'' || [[Rama Narayanan]] || [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]], [[Shamili|'Baby' Shamili]], Sunil || Sri Thenaandal Films ||
|-
| ''Mr. Prasad'' || P. S. Dharan || [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] || Lakshmi and Lakshmi Creations ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tamil cinema}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{1992 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil Films Of 1992}}
[[Category:Lists of Tamil films by year|1992]]
[[Category:1992 in Indian cinema|Films, Tamil]]
[[Category:Lists of 1992 films by language]]
[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films| ]]

Government College Muzaffargarh

2026-02-26T00:10:38Z

Gheethivf: added new pg

{{Ref improve|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Muzaffargarh District
| name = {{Nastaliq|ضِلع مُظفّرگڑھ}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Pakistan|District]]
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Pakistan - Punjab - Muzaffargarh.svg
| mapsize = 160px
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Map of [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] with Muzaffargarh District highlighted }}

The '''Government College Muzaffargarh''' is located on [[Multan]] road at a distance of 2 km from the city center. Muzaffargarh is affiliated with the [[Bahauddin Zakariya University]], Multan. The current principal is Prof. Khaleel-ur-Rehman Farooqi.

==History==
The Institution is one of the oldest seats of learning in southern [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite web | title=College Department Muzaffargarh | website=punjab.gov.pk | url=https://muzaffargarh.punjab.gov.pk/college_deptt | access-date=20 February 2024 | archive-date=20 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620004254/https://muzaffargarh.punjab.gov.pk/college_deptt | url-status=dead }}</ref> The College started functioning in 1954 as a higher secondary school. The foundation of the college was laid by Sardar [[Abdul Hamid Khan Dasti]]<nowiki/>i in 1953. In 1959 the institution was given the name of Government Degree College Muzaffargarh and Degree classes were started. The main objective of the College is to provide facilities of Higher education to the population of the [[Muzaffargarh District]] and neighboring areas. The college is affiliated with [[Bahauddin Zakariya University]], Multan.

==Centre in Computer Excellence==
Centre in Computer Excellence, GC Muzaffargarh, since its establishment on September 26, 2000 has been working as Computer Training Centre in collaboration between [[Education Department, Punjab]] and [[Punjab Information Technology Board]], [[Lahore]] Under ICS/ACS Project.
The College offer various short and long computer courses under the supervision of Prof. durr-e-Subhani Hashmi like;
* Post Graduate Diploma in Software PGD (1 year)
* Diploma in Information Technology DIT (1 year)
* Diploma in Computer Application DCA (6 months)
* Diploma in Office Management DOM (3 months)<

==Postgraduate classes==
In 2003, the Punjab government upgraded the college, and postgraduate classes were started in 2004. Currently [[postgraduate education]] is provided in four subjects English, Urdu, Maths and Economics.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Muzaffargarh}}

{{morecat|date=August 2025}}
[[Category:Muzaffargarh]]
[[Category:Muzaffargarh District]]

Shreyansh Trivedi

2026-02-20T01:03:41Z

Gheethivf: created stub!

{{short description|Indian Paralympian track and field athlete (born 2005)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{infobox sportsperson
| name = Shreyansh Trivedi
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|2005|12|08}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]],[[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| country = India
| sport = [[Para-athletics]]
| disability_class = [[T37 (classification)|T37]]
| club =
| coach = Amit Khanna
| paralympics =
| pb =
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Para Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[2022 Asian Para Games – Men's 100m #T37|100m - T37]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[2022 Asian Para Games – Men's 200m #T37|200m - T37]]}}
}}

'''Shreyansh Trivedi''' (born 8 December 2005) is an Indian [[Paralympic Games|Paralympian]], [[Track and field|Track]] Athlete. He primarily competes in [[100m]] and [[200m]] in the T37 category. He won two Bronze at the [[2022 Asian Para Games]] in [[Hangzhou]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-celebrates-bronze-medal-by-shreyansh-trivedi-in-mens-100m-t37-event-in-asian-para-games-2022/ | title=PM celebrates Bronze Medal by Shreyansh Trivedi in Men’s 100m-T37 event in Asian Para Games 2022 | date=2023-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-celebrates-bronze-medal-by-shreyansh-trivedi-in-mens-200m-t37-event-in-asian-para-games-2022/ | title=PM celebrates Bronze Medal by Shreyansh Trivedi in Men’s 200m T37 event in Asian Para Games 2022 | date=2023-10-25}}</ref>

Trivedi hails from [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He started his athletics journey in 2019 by winning Gold at his debut National.

He won two Bronze medals at the [[2022 Asian Para Games]] at [[Hangzhou]], [[China]] in October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/sports/shreyansh-trivedi-wins-bronze-medal-in-mens-100m-t37-event-at-asian-para-games-2023-5514827.html|title=Shreyansh Trivedi Wins Bronze Medal in Men's 100m T37 Event at Asian Para Games 2023 |date=26 October 2023|website=LatestLY}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/sports/shreyansh-trivedi-wins-bronze-medal-in-mens-200m-t37-event-at-asian-para-games-2023-5512305.html|title=Shreyansh Trivedi Wins Bronze Medal in Men's 200m T37 Event at Asian Para Games 2023|date=25 October 2023|website=LatestLY}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Athletics in India]]
* [[India at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IPC athlete|shreyansh-trivedi}}
* {{Instagram|officialshreyanshtrivedi}}
*[https://www.paralympic.org/shreyansh-trivedi Shreyansh Trivedi - Athletics | Paralympic Athlete Profile]
*[https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1971229 PM celebrates Bronze Medal by Shreyansh Trivedi in Men's 100m-T37 event in Asian Para Games 2022]
*[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/india-asian-games/asian-para-games-narayan-thakur-wins-bronze-in-mens-200m-t35/articleshow/104687081.cms Asian Para Games: Narayan Thakur wins bronze in men's 200m-T35]
*[https://olympics.com/en/news/asian-para-games-2023-hangzhou-india-medal-winners-tally-table Asian Para Games 2023 medal tally: Indian winners - full list]
*{{Cite web | url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/asian-para-games-india-script-history-outperform-previous-best-with-73-medals20231026120858/ | title=Asian Para Games: India script history, outperform previous best with 73 medals | date=2023-10-26}}
* [https://www.narendramodi.in/pm-celebrates-bronze-medal-by-shreyansh-trivedi-in-mens-100m-t37-event-in-asian-para-games-575392 PM celebrates Bronze Medal by Shreyansh Trivedi in Men's 100m-T37 event in Asian Para Games]
*[https://cmsalum.org/f/rdso-claims-bronze-in-asian-para-games-25397?source=view City Montessori School Alumni Portal]
*[https://www.alertstarnews.com/post/cms-news-30382.html CMS student Shreyansh Trivedi wins two bronze medals at Asian Para Games at Hangzhou]
*[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/india-asian-games/asian-para-games-india-script-history-achieve-historic-medal-haul-with-73-medals/articleshow/104719778.cms Asian Para Games: India script history, achieve historic medal haul with 73 medals]
*[https://www.awazthevoice.in/sports-news/asian-para-games-india-script-history-outperform-previous-best-with-medals-24793.html Asian Para Games: India script history, outperform previous best with 73 medals]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trivedi, Shreyansh}}
[[Category:2005 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Paralympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Athletes from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Track and field athletes with disabilities]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]

List of Indian states and union territories by poverty rate

2026-02-13T22:20:26Z

Gheethivf: basic adjust section for clarity and updated info based on references

{{Short description|Statistics of Indian states in terms of Poverty}}
{{India divisions by}}

This is a list of [[states and union territories of India]] ranked according to poverty as of 2022 (2021–22) as hosted by [[NITI Aayog]]'s [[Sustainable Development Goals]] dashboard; and [[Reserve Bank of India]]'s 'Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy'.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last=SDG India Index 2021-22|date=3 June 2022|title=SDGs India Index|url=https://sdgindiaindex.niti.gov.in/#/ranking|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613021943/https://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/SDG_3.0_Final_04.03.2021_Web_Spreads.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy. Table 154 : Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line. (2011-12)|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=19887|access-date=2021-09-13|website=Reserve Bank of India}}</ref> The rank is calculated according to the percentage of people below poverty -line which is computed as per '''Tendulkar method''' on '''Mixed Reference Period (MRP)'''.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Balchand|first1=K.|last2=Sunderarajan|first2=P.|date=2011-05-21|title=You will be on BPL list if your annual income is Rs.27,000|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/you-will-be-on-bpl-list-if-your-annual-income-is-rs27000/article2035893.ece|access-date=2021-09-13|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Vikram|first=Kumar|date=9 July 2016|title=Rural India spends most on mobiles: NSSO|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/rural-india-technonology-mobile-phones-national-survey-328188-2016-07-09|access-date=2021-09-13|website=India Today}}</ref>
[[File:Multidimensional_Poverty_Index_in_2022_23_NITI_Aayog_2023.png|thumb|Percentage of population who are multidimensionally poor by [[State and union territory|State and Union Territory]], data from the [[NITI Aayog]] (2023)]]

== List ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!
! rowspan="2" |State/UT
! colspan="2" |% of population
State/UT specific poverty line (2019-21)
! rowspan="2" |% of population
living below the

[[Multidimensional Poverty Index]] in 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2024 |title=MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY IN INDIA SINCE 2005-06 |url=https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/MPI-22_NITI-Aayog20254.pdf |website=[[Niti Aayog]]}}</ref>
|-
!
!Rural
!Urban
|- bgcolor="#CEE0F2"
|
| colspan="4" |'''<big>States</big>'''
|-
|1
| [[Goa]]
|1.90
|0.12
|0.37
|-
|2
|[[Kerala]]
|0.76
|0.32
|0.48
|-
|3
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
|2.90
|1.41
|1.43
|-
|4
|[[Sikkim]]
|3.75
|0.51
|2.10
|-
|5
| [[Telangana]]
|7.51
|2.73
|3.76
|-
|6
| [[Mizoram]]
|10.77
|0.58
|3.77
|-
|7
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|5.23
|2.96
|3.88
|-
|8
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|7.71
|2.20
|4.19
|-
|9
| [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|4.74
|4.76
|4.35
|-
|10
| [[Haryana]]
|8.41
|4.26
|5.30
|-
|11
| [[Manipur]]
|10.95
|3.43
|5.37
|-
|12
| [[Maharashtra]]
|11.49
|3.07
|5.48
|-
|13
| [[Karnataka]]
|10.33
|3.22
|5.67
|-
|14
| [[Uttarakhand]]
|10.84
|7.00
|6.92
|-
|15
| [[West Bengal]]
|32.15
|18.04
|8.60
|-
|16
| [[Gujarat]]
|17.15
|3.81
|9.03
|-
|17
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|15.14
|5.90
|10.05
|-
|18
| [[Rajasthan]]
|23.62
|10.54
|10.77
|-
|19
| [[Odisha]]
|17.72
|5.42
|11.07
|-bgcolor="#ffdead"
|
|<big>All India</big>
|<big>19.28</big>
|<big>5.27</big>
|<big>11.28</big>
|-
|20
| [[Tripura]]
|16.47
|4.69
|11.49
|-
|21
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
|19.71
|4.59
|11.71
|-
|22
| [[Nagaland]]
|19.88
|6.14
|11.76
|-
|23
| [[Assam]]
|21.41
|6.88
|14.47
|-
|24
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|25.32
|7.10
|15.01
|-
|25
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|15.35
|6.57
|17.40
|-
|26
| [[Jharkhand]]
|34.93
|8.67
|23.34
|-
|27
| [[Meghalaya]]
|32.43
|8.14
|25.46
|-
|28
| [[Bihar]]
|56.95
|29.67
|26.59
|-bgcolor="#CEE0F2"
|
| colspan="4" |'''<big>Union Territories</big>'''
|-
|1
| ''[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]''
|0.71
|0.91
|0.58
|-
|2
| ''[[Lakshadweep]]''
|0.36
|1.32
|0.84
|-
|3
| ''[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]''
|2.71
|1.60
|1.63
|-
|4
|''[[Ladakh]]''
| -
| -
|1.73
|-
|5
| ''[[Chandigarh]]''
|3.88
|3.51
|2.62
|-
|6
| ''[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]''
|6.10
|1.09
|2.81
|-
|7
| ''[[Delhi]]''
|2.57
|3.45
|2.97
|-
|8
| ''[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]''
|12.27
|5.67
|6.06
|}

== Supporting content ==
[[File:Poverty_headcount_ratio_at_1.90_a_day.png|alt=|thumb|500x500px|[[List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty|Poverty headcount ratio]] at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population). Based on [[World Bank]] data ranging from 1998 to 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population) {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?view=map|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119063653/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?view=map|archive-date=19 January 2021|access-date=23 July 2020|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref>]]
[[File:Total-population-living-in-extreme-poverty-by-world-region.png|thumb|500x500px|World population living in extreme poverty]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+Various poverty lines and resulting percentage of [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] population
!Method
!Line
!Figure
!% of poor population
!Poor population
!
|-
! rowspan="3" |World Bank (2021)
|poverty line
|1.90 (PPP $ day)
|6
|84m
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2 November 2017|title=Infographic: New lines, but India still home to biggest chunk of global poor|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/new-lines-but-india-still-home-to-biggest-chunk-of-global-poor/articleshow/61444408.cms|access-date=2021-09-13|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|lower middle-income line
|3.20 (PPP $ day)
|26.2
|365m
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|upper middle-income line
|5.50 (PPP $ day)
|60.1
|838m
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
!Asian Development Bank (2014)
|poverty line
|$ 1.51 per person per day
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/43030/ki2014.pdf|title=Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2014. Special Chapter: Poverty in Asia. A Deeper Look.|publisher=Asian Development Bank.|year=2014|isbn=978-92-9254-595-6|edition=45|location=Philippines}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |Tendulkar Expert Group (2009)
|urban poverty line
|Rs 32 per person per day consumption
|
|
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last1=Gaur|first1=Seema|last2=Rao|first2=Srinivasa|date=September 2020|title=Poverty Measurement in India: A Status Update|url=https://rural.nic.in/sites/default/files/WorkingPaper_Poverty_DoRD_Sept_2020.pdf|access-date=13 September 2021|website=Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India|quote=Authors are Principal Economic Adviser and Economic Adviser respectively in the Department of Rural Development.}}</ref>
|-
|rural poverty line
|Rs 26 per person per day consumption
|
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
! rowspan="2" |Rangrajan Committee (2014)
|urban poverty line
|Rs 47 daily per capita expenditure
|
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|rural poverty line
|Rs 32 daily per capita expenditure
|
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book|url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/28930/understanding-poverty-india.pdf|title=Understanding Poverty in India|publisher=Asian Development Bank|year=2011|isbn=978-92-9092-318-3}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian states and union territories by poverty rate}}
[[Category:States and union territories of India-related lists|Poverty rate]]
[[Category:Poverty in India|States and union territories]]
[[Category:Economy of India by state or union territory|Poverty rate]]
[[Category:Lists of subdivisions of India|Poverty rate]]
[[Category:Ranked lists of country subdivisions|India, poverty rate]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian states and union territories by poverty rate}}

St Mary's Church, Gulmarg

2026-02-10T15:54:01Z

Gheethivf: created new entry!

{{unreliable sources|date=January 2024}}

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox church
| image = St. Mary's Church, Gulmarg.jpg
| osgraw = 
| osgridref = 
| location = [[Baramulla district]]
| country = [[India]]
| denomination = [[Church of North India]]
| website = 
| dedication =
| dedicated date =
| functional status = Inactive
| designated date =
| capacity = 95-100
| diameter = 
| floor area = 
| dome height outer = 
| dome height inner = 
| dome dia outer = 
| dome dia inner = 
| spire height = 
| bells hung =
| bell weight =
| diocese = [[Diocese of Amritsar]]
| district = [[Srinagar]]
| priestincharge = [[Rev.]] Eric Tarsem
| minister =
| deacon =
| seniorpastor =
| youthmin =
| logo = CNI-Seal-Trans.jpg
| bishop =
| attendance =
}}
'''St Mary's Church''' is located in the Valley of Shepherds in [[Gulmarg]] and is one of the oldest churches<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-26 |title=Christmas celebrations: Special prayers held for peace in Kashmir |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-the-valley-5509432/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.buzzntravel.com/st-marys-church_2|title=St. Mary's Church Gulmarg India Travel Guide {{!}} Location {{!}} History {{!}} about & facts of St. Mary's Church {{!}} Gulmarg {{!}} Buzzntravel.com|work=Buzzntravel|access-date=2017-05-16|language=en}}</ref>
It was built in 1902, during the period of British rule, and was constructed in a British style. The church is counted among the top attractions of Gulmarg.<ref>{{Cite web |title=St Mary's Church {{!}} Incredible India |url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/gulmarg/st-marya_s-church.html |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=www.incredibleindia.org}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
Made of grey brick with a green roof and decorated wooden interior walls, it has been described as a "Victorian architectural wonder".<ref>{{cite web|title=St Mary Church - Gulmarg|url=https://www.kashmirhills.com/destinations/gulmarg/st-marys-church-gulmarg/|website=www.kashmirhills.com|access-date=18 May 2017}}</ref>

== Renovated and reconstructed ==
St Mary's was closed for years but was renovated and reopened in 2003, holding its first Christmas service for 14 years.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashiq |first=Peerzada |date=2017-12-25 |title=Church in Gulmarg lit up by Muslims |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/valley-church-lit-up-by-christians-and-muslims/article22277223.ece |access-date=2024-01-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=hike-to-st-marys-church |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/things-to-do/hike-to-st-marys-church/articleshow/50450746.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |last1=Kapur |first1=Saurabh}}</ref> The church belongs to the [[Church of North India|Diocese of Amritsar, Church Of North India]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Marys Church Gulmarg}}
[[Category:Church of North India church buildings]]
[[Category:Churches in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Churches in Srinagar]]
[[Category:19th-century Anglican church buildings in India]]

{{India-church-stub}}

Muthusamy Lakshmanan

2026-02-08T17:57:06Z

Gheethivf: starting new data needs work.

{{short description|Indian theoretical physicist (born 1946)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Muthusamy Lakshmanan
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1946|3|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pollachi]], [[Coimbatore district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Theoretical physics]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[University of Madras]] | [[Bharathidasan University]] | [[S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences]] | [[University of Manchester]] | [[Kyoto University]] | [[Uppsala University]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | NGM College, Pollachi | [[Madras Christian College]] | [[University of Madras]] | [[University of Tübingen]] | [[Eindhoven University of Technology]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist | P. M. Mathews }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on theory of [[nonlinear dynamics]] and ''Murali—Lakshmanan-Chua (MLC) Circuit''
| awards = {{ublist| 1980 [[University Grants Commission of India|UGC]] Young Scientists Award | 1980 [[University of Madras|UoM]] Raman Research Prize | 1984 [[Government of Tamil Nadu|GoTN]] Best University Teacher Award | 1989 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 1990 [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] Hari Om Trust Meghnad Saha Award | 1994 Tamil Nadu Scientists Award | 2004 [[Indian Science Congress]] Distinguished Scientist Award | 2005 Goyal Prize | 2014 R. D. Birla Award |2024, 'Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar – Vigyan Shri' in Physics Government of India}}
}}
'''Muthusamy Lakshmanan''' (born 25 March 1946) is an Indian [[theoretical physicist]] currently working as Professor of Eminence at the Department of Nonlinear Dynamics of [[Bharathidasan University]]. Presently he is the DST-SERB National Science Chair awarded by the Science and Engineering Research Board, [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]]. He has held several research fellowships which included Raja Ramanna fellowship of the [[Department of Atomic Energy]], [[Alexander von Humboldt Fellow|Alexander von Humboldt fellowship]], [[Japan Society for the Promotion of Science]] fellowship, [[Royal Society]] [[Nuffield Foundation]] fellowship, and [[National Academy of Sciences, India|NASI]]-Senior Scientist Platinum Jubilee Fellowship. On 15 August 2021, he was conferred with the Dr. A. P. J Abdul Kalam Award by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

Known for his research on [[nonlinear dynamics]] and for the development of ''Murali-Lakshmanan-Chua (MLC) Circuit'', Lakshmanan is an elected fellow of all three major Indian science academies – [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], [[Indian National Science Academy]] and [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] – as well as of [[The World Academy of Sciences]]. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to physical sciences in 1989.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link – please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
Muthusamy Lakshmanan was born on 25 March 1946 in [[Pollachi]], in the [[Coimbatore district]] of the south Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He graduated in science from NGM College in Pollachi in 1966 and earned his master's degree in physics (MSc) at [[Madras Christian College]] of the [[University of Madras]] in 1969.<ref name="Bio-Bibliometrics Analysis of Literature Output of Prof. M. Lakshmanan in the Subject of Nonlinear Dynamics">{{Cite web |url=https://apjlis.msu.ac.th/index.php/APJLIS/article/viewFile/85/91 |title=Bio-Bibliometrics Analysis of Literature Output of Prof. M. Lakshmanan in the Subject of Nonlinear Dynamics |date=2012 |publisher=Asia Pacific Journal of Library and Information Science}}</ref> His post-MSc studies in theoretical physics were also at the University of Madras, completed with a first rank in 1970. He joined the university as a research assistant the same year.<ref name="Curriculum Vitae on Bharathidasan University">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bdu.ac.in/centers/non_linear_dynamics/docs/dr_ml.pdf |title=Curriculum Vitae on Bharatidhasan University |date=2017 |publisher=Bharatidasan University}}</ref> Simultaneously, he pursued his doctoral studies, supervised by P. M. Mathews,<ref name="About the Physics Department">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mcc.edu.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=857&Itemid=429 |title=About the Physics Department |date=2017 |publisher=Madras Christian College |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322180956/http://mcc.edu.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=857&Itemid=429 |archive-date=2015-03-22 }}</ref> to secure a PhD in nonlinear dynamics in 1974.<ref name="About the Physics Department"/>

Taking a sabbatical from university service, he did his post-doctoral studies first at the [[University of Tübingen]] as an [[Alexander von Humboldt Fellow|Alexander von Humboldt fellow]] during 1976–77, and then at the [[Eindhoven University of Technology]] from 1977 to 1978.<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N92-1094 |title=Indian fellow |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> On his return to India, he rejoined University of Madras at their Post-Graduate Centre at [[Tiruchirapalli]] as a reader of physics, and held this post until 1982 when he moved to the physics department of [[Bharathidasan University]] as a reader. He was promoted as a professor<ref name="M. Lakshmanan">{{Cite web |url=https://globalprofessorrank.com/professors/m-lakshmanan |title=M. Lakshmanan |date=2017 |publisher=Global Professor Rank}}</ref> in 1984, after which he headed the department of physics (1994–2006) as well as the Centre for Nonlinear Dynamics (CNLD) (1992–2006).<ref name="Author profile">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEASRPDGXzsC&pg=PA330 |title=Author profile |last1=Muthusamy Lakshmanan |last2=K. Murali |publisher=World Scientific |year=1996 |isbn=978-981-02-2143-0 |pages=330–}}</ref> In between, he served as an honorary professor at [[S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences]] from 1989 to 1994.<ref name="Faculty Profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bdu.ac.in/schools/physics/physics/dr_m_lakshmanan.php |title=Faculty profile |date=2017 |publisher=Bharathidasan University}}</ref>

During his university service, Lakshmanan had several stints abroad: at the Institute of Science and Technology of the [[University of Manchester]] during 1979–80 as Royal Society Nuffield Foundation fellow, as a guest scientist at [[Uppsala University]] in 1981, and as a [[Japan Society for the Promotion of Science]] fellow at [[Kyoto University]] from 1984 to 1985.<ref name="Scientometric Portrait of Professor M. Lakshmanan">{{Cite web |url=http://14.139.186.108/jspui/bitstream/123456789/29160/1/2016%20Lakshmanan.pdf |title=Scientometric Portrait of Professor M. Lakshmanan |last=M. Surulinathi, R. Balasubramani |year=2016 |publisher=International Journal of Information Security Science}}</ref> He also filled short-term assignments at
institutions such as the [[International Centre for Theoretical Physics]] (1975 and 1986), [[Utrecht University]] (1975), [[Indian Institute of Science]] (1976), NATO Advanced Study Institute (1980), [[University of Melbourne]] (1980), [[University of Adelaide]] (1980), [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]] (1982), [[Pondicherry University]] (1988), Centro di cultura scientifica Alessandro Volta (1988), [[Fudan University]] (1989), [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] (1990), [[Polish Academy of Sciences]] (as an [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] exchange fellow – 1991), [[Royal Society]] (as an [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] exchange visitor – 1996), [[University of Turku]] (1997), and [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]] (as an [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] exchange visitor – 1996).<ref name="Curriculum Vitae on Bharathidasan University" /> He superannuated from service in 2006. Post-retirement, he was nominated as a professor of eminence by Bharathidasan University and continued his association with the university as a [[Raja Ramanna]] fellow of the Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences (BRNS) of the [[Department of Atomic Energy]] (DAE) during 2006–07. After the expiry of the tenure of the fellowship, the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] selected him as a Ramanna fellow in 2007. In 2011, DAE offered him the Raja Ramanna fellowship for a second term and he continued his research at the university.<ref name="Faculty Profile" />

== Legacy ==
{{Resume-like|section|date=June 2017}}
[[File:Soliton hydro.jpg|thumb|right|[[Soliton]]]]
[[File:Double-compound-pendulum.gif|thumb|right|A [[double pendulum|double rod pendulum]] animation showing [[Chaos theory|chaotic behavior]]]]
Lakshmanan has done extensive research in the field of nonlinear dynamics, especially on [[soliton]]s and [[chaos theory]].<ref name="Scientometric Portrait of Professor M. Lakshmanan" /> One of the first Indian theoretical physicists to use [[differential geometry|differential geometrical methods]] such as [[Painlevé transcendents]] and [[Lie theory]] for studying the [[Integrable system|integrability]] of chaotic systems, he demonstrated ''unsuspected transformations'' and proposed variables for exposing hidden nonlinear structures.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=170 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> Collaborating with K. Murali and [[Leon O. Chua]], he developed a non-autonomous chaotic circuit, ''Murali—Lakshmanan-Chua (MLC) Circuit''<ref name="An eigenvalue study of the MLC circuit">{{Cite book |chapter=An eigenvalue study of the MLC circuit |date=2002 |publisher=IEEE xplore|doi=10.1109/ICECS.1998.814935 |isbn=0-7803-5008-1 |title=1998 IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems. Surfing the Waves of Science and Technology (Cat. No.98EX196) |last1=Lindberg |first1=E. |last2=Murali |first2=K. |volume=2 |pages=521–524 |s2cid=54013004 |chapter-url=https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/files/4364436/Lindberg.pdf }}</ref><ref name="Murali—Lakshmanan-Chua (MLC) Circuit">{{cite book|author1=Muthusamy Lakshmanan|author2=Shanmuganathan Rajaseekar|title=Nonlinear Dynamics: Integrability, Chaos and Patterns|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOPtCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA171|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-55688-3|pages=171–}}</ref> which they detailed in an article, ''Controlling and Synchronization of Chaos in the Simplest Dissipative Non-autonomous Circuit'', published in [[International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos]] in 1995.<ref name="Controlling ans Synchronization of Chaos in the Simplest Dissipative Non-autonomous Circuit">{{Cite journal |last=K. Murali M. Lakshmanan, L.O. Chua |title=Controlling and Synchronization of Chaos in the Simplest Dissipative Non-autonomous Circuit |journal=International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos|volume=05 |issue=2 |pages=563–571 |doi=10.1142/S0218127495000466 |bibcode=1995IJBC....5..563M |year=1995 }}</ref> He studied [[Heisenberg model (quantum)|Heisenberg spin chains]] with respect to its [[solitons]]<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=15 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> and elucidated the collision of optical solitons in [[Multi-mode optical fiber|multimode fibres]] and demonstrated the energy sharing between them.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> The body of his work has assisted in the development of applications based on [[ferromagnetism]] and [[nonlinear optics]].<ref name="TWAS Elects Fifty New Members">{{Cite web |url=https://twas.org/article/twas-elects-fifty-new-members |title=TWAS Elects Fifty New Members |date=2009 |publisher=The World Academy of Sciences}}</ref> His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=OP7lpFkAAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |date=2017 |publisher=Google Scholar}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}}<ref name="Scientometric Portrait of Professor M. Lakshmanan" /> and the online article repository of Indian Academy of Sciences has listed 256 of them.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Lakshmanan=3AMuthusamy=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> Besides, he has published nine books<ref name="Faculty Profile" /> which include "Nonlinear Dynamics: Integrability, Chaos and Patterns",<ref name="LakshmananRajaseekar2012">{{cite book|author1=Muthusamy Lakshmanan|author2=Shanmuganathan Rajaseekar|title=Nonlinear Dynamics: Integrability, Chaos and Patterns|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOPtCAAAQBAJ|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-55688-3}}</ref> "Chaos in Nonlinear Oscillators: Controlling and Synchronization",<ref name="Lakshmanan1996">{{cite book|author=Muthusamy Lakshmanan|title=Chaos in Nonlinear Oscillators: Controlling and Synchronization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9rg2nwEACAAJ|year=1996|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-02-2143-0}}</ref> "Symmetries and singularity structures",<ref name="LakshmananDaniel1990">{{cite book|author1=Muthusamy Lakshmanan|author2=Muthiah Daniel|title=Symmetries and singularity structures: integrability and chaos in nonlinear dynamical systems: proceedings of the workshop, Bharatidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, India, November 29 – December 2, 1989|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpHvAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-0-387-53092-5}}</ref> "Dynamics of Nonlinear Time-Delay Systems" <ref name="LakshmananSenthilkumar2011">{{cite book|author1=Muthusamy Lakshmanan|author2=Dharmapuri Vijayan Senthilkumar|title=Dynamics onlinear Time-Delay Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lMj4sgEACAAJ|date=23 July 2011|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-14939-9}}</ref> and "Nonlinear Evolution Equations: Integrability and Spectral Methods".<ref name="DegasperisFordy1990">{{cite book|author1=A. Degasperis|author2=Allan P. Fordy|author3=Muthusamy Lakshmanan|title=Nonlinear Evolution Equations: Integrability and Spectral Methods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbPSAAAAIAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-3273-8}}</ref> His work has drawn citations from other scientists<ref name="Mitra2009">{{cite book|author=Asoke Nath Mitra|title=India in the World of Physics: Then and Now|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRLPM6s7hWAC&pg=PA127|year=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1579-6|pages=127–}}</ref><ref name="CauchyRassias1989">{{cite book|author1=Augustin Louis Baron Cauchy|author2=Themistocles M. Rassias|title=Topics in Mathematical Analysis: A Volume Dedicated to the Memory of A.L. Cauchy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIsPrSiDlZIC&pg=PA861|year=1989|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-9971-5-0666-7|pages=861–}}</ref><ref name="FeudelKuznetsov2006">{{cite book|author1=Ulrike Feudel|author2=Sergey Kuznetsov|author3=Arkady Pikovsky|title=Strange Nonchaotic Attractors: Dynamics Between Order and Chaos in Quasiperiodically Forced Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20phDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA209|year=2006|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-277-440-8|pages=209–}}</ref><ref name="Mitra2009-2">{{cite book|author=Asoke Nath Mitra|title=India in the World of Physics: Then and Now|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRLPM6s7hWAC&pg=PA126|year=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1579-6|pages=126–}}</ref><ref name="Adamatzky2013">{{cite book|author=Andrew Adamatzky|title=Chaos, CNN, Memristors and Beyond: A Festschrift for Leon Chua|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qo66CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA426|year=2013|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4434-80-5|pages=426–}}</ref> and he has mentored over 25 doctoral and many master's scholars,<ref name="Suresh Ramachandran">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sastra.edu/staffprofiles/schools/seee.php?staff_id=C1956 |title=Suresh Ramachandran |date=2017 |publisher=Sastra University}}</ref> which has helped develop a school of research on nonlinear dynamics.<ref name="Indian fellow" /><ref name="TWO Senior Research Fellowships">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/may102004/1334.pdf |title=TWO Senior Research Fellowships |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science}}</ref>

Lakshmanan founded the ''Centre for Nonlinear Dynamics'' of Bharathidasan University and served as the head of the centre for almost a decade and half from 1992 to 2006.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He is a member of the editorial board of [[International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos]]<ref name="International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos">{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldscientific.com/page/ijbc/editorial-board |title=International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos |date=2017 |publisher=World Scientific}}</ref> and has been associated with many other journals such as ''[[Advances in Mathematical Physics]]'', ''Physics News'', [[Journal of Nonlinear Mathematical Physics]], [[Indian Journal of Physics]] and [[Proceedings of the Royal Society|Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A]]. He also served as the guest editor-in-chief of [[Chaos, Solitons and Fractals]] when they published a special issue on solitons in 1995. He has been involved in the organization of the international conferences, workshops and winter schools and is a member of the organizing committee of the 3rd ''International Conference on Symmetries, Differential Equations and Applications'' (SDEA-III) scheduled to be held at [[Istanbul Technical University]] in August 2017.<ref name="SDEA-III">{{Cite web |url=http://sdea3.org/en/COMMITTEES.html |title=SDEA-III |date=2017 |publisher=International Conference on Symmetries, Differential Equations and Applications}}</ref> He delivered the keynote address as the chief guest at the workshop on ''Nonlinear Dynamics and its Applications'' organized by Indian Academy of Sciences and Bharathidasan University in 2003<ref name="Nonlinear Dynamics and its Applications">{{Cite web |url=http://web-japps.ias.ac.in:8080/SEP/Reports/report_lw/21_2005_10.pdf |title=Nonlinear Dynamics and its Applications |date=2003 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> and was the session chair of the ''Physics and Applied Mathematics Researchers' Meet'' (PAAMRM-2015) held at [[Indian Statistical Institute]] in March 2015.<ref name="Programme Schedule">{{Cite web |url=http://www.isical.ac.in/~pamrm2015/Program.pdf |title=Programme Schedule |date=2015 |publisher=Indian Statistical Institute}}</ref> He was also an invited speaker at the [[Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics]] conference on ''Nonlinear Waves and Coherent Structures (NW08)'' in July 2008, at the international conference on ''Nonlinear Evolution Equations and Dynamical Systems-2009'' in Italy in May 2009, at the Robin Bullough Memorial Meeting of the University of Manchester in June 2009, at the ''Symmetry plus Integrability'' conference in Texas in June 2011, at ''Physcon-2011'' in Spain in September 2011 and at the international conference on ''Frontiers in Mathematics'' at [[Guwahati University]] in March, 2015.<ref name="Proceedings of the International Conference on Frontiers in Mathematics">{{Cite web |url=http://www.gauhati.ac.in/ICFM2015.pdf |title=Proceedings of the International Conference on Frontiers in Mathematics |date=2015 |publisher=Guwahati University |work=About the speaker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709002617/http://www.gauhati.ac.in/ICFM2015.pdf |archive-date=2017-07-09 }}</ref> When the National Academy of Sciences, India organized a national symposium on "New Materials" in 1987, he was among the organizers of the event and he served in the councils of the other two major Indian science academies, at Indian National Science Academy during 2005–07<ref name="Indian fellow" /> and at Indian Academy of Sciences from 2010 to 2012;<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Lakshmanan,_Prof._Muthusamy |title=Fellow profile |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> He also was on the [[National Board for Higher Mathematics]] from 1989 to 1992.<ref name="Curriculum Vitae on Bharathidasan University" />

== Awards and honors ==
Lakshmanan received two early career awards in 1980, viz. the Young Scientists Award of the [[University Grants Commission of India]] and the Raman Research Prize of the [[University of Madras]].<ref name="Author profile" /> Four years later, he received the Best University Teacher Award of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Faculty Profile" /> The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 1989.<ref name="CSIR list of Awardees">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/careeraward/prize-winner-indexdiscipline-wise |title=CSIR list of Awardees |date=2017 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research}}</ref> The UGC honored him again in 1990 with the Hari Om Trust [[Meghnad Saha]] Award and he received the Tamil Nadu Scientists Award in 1994,<ref name="Proceedings of the International Conference on Frontiers in Mathematics" /> followed by Hari Om Ashram Prerit Shri Hari Vallabhdas Chunilal Shah Research Endowment Prize in 1996.<ref name="Faculty Profile" /> He was selected as a Distinguished Scientist by the [[Indian Science Congress Association]] in 2004 and [[Kurukshetra University]] awarded him the Goyal Prize in Physics the next year.<ref name="Goyal Prize">{{Cite web |url=http://kuk.ac.in/userfiles/file/news/goyal%20prize%202008.pdf |title=Goyal Prize |date=2017 |publisher=Kurukshetra University}}</ref> He received the [[Rameshwar Das Birla|R. D. Birla]] Award Award of the Indian Physics Association in 2014.<ref name="R. D. Birla Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ipa1970.org.in/images/Results_Awards.pdf |title=R. D. Birla Award |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Physics Association}}</ref>

Lakshmanan has received seven major research or academic fellowships and five elected fellowships during his career.<ref name="Bio-Bibliometrics Analysis of Literature Output of Prof. M. Lakshmanan in the Subject of Nonlinear Dynamics" /><ref name="Curriculum Vitae on Bharathidasan University" /><ref name="Scientometric Portrait of Professor M. Lakshmanan" /> He has received two research fellowships in the name of [[Raja Ramanna]], from the [[Department of Atomic Energy]] and the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] respectively. The other research fellowships were [[Alexander von Humboldt Fellow|Alexander von Humboldt fellowship]] (1976–77), [[Royal Society]] [[Nuffield Foundation]] fellowship (1979–80), [[Japan Society for the Promotion of Science]] fellowship (1984–85), [[International Centre for Theoretical Physics]] Senior Associate Fellowship (2002–8) and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India|NASI]]-Senior Scientist Platinum Jubilee Fellowship (2016–).<ref name="NASI-Senior Scientist Platinum Jubilee Fellowship">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/NASI-Senior%20Scientist%20Platinum%20Jubilee%20Fellowship%20(2016).htm |title=NASI-Senior Scientist Platinum Jubilee Fellowship |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India}}</ref> The [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] elected him as a fellow in 1989<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India}}</ref> and he became a fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences<ref name="Fellow profile" /> and the Indian National Science Academy in 1991 and 1992 respectively.<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=15 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001952/http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2016 }}</ref> In 2009, The World Academy of Sciences elected him as a fellow.<ref name="TWAS Elects Fifty New Members" /><ref name="TWAS fellow">{{Cite web |url=https://twas.org/member/lakshmanan-muthusamy |title=TWAS fellow |date=2017 |publisher=The World Academy of Sciences}}</ref> The year 2009 brought him another honor by way of [[honoris causa]] degree of Doctor of Science from [[University of Burdwan]].<ref name="Curriculum Vitae on Bharathidasan University" /> The award orations delivered by him include Prof. G. Sankaranarayanan Endowment lecture (1991) and Dr. V. Shanmuga Sundaram Endowment lecture (2005) of [[Annamalai University]], Dr. Biren Roy Memorial lecture (1998)<ref name="Dr. Biren Roy Memorial lecture">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#biren |title=Dr. Biren Roy Memorial lecture |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref>
and Professor [[Vishnu Vasudev Narlikar|Vishnu Vasudeva Narlikar]] Memorial lecture (2006)<ref name="Professor Vishnu Vasudeva Narlikar Memorial Lecture">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#vishnu |title=Professor Vishnu Vasudeva Narlikar Memorial Lecture |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> of Indian National Science Academy, Professor M. M. Thomas Endowment Lectures of [[Bishop Moore College]] (2001) and Prof. A. C. Banerji Memorial lecture of National Academy of Sciences, India (2007).<ref name="Prof. A. C. Banerji Memorial lecture">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.nic.in/leca.htm |title=Prof. A. C. Banerji Memorial lecture |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India}}</ref> An article was published in [[Chaos Solitons and Fractals]] in 1998 in honor of Lakshmanan on the occasion of his 50th birthday,<ref name="Nonlinear Schrödinger Family on Moving Space Curves: Lax Pairs, Soliton Solution and Equivalent Spin Chain fn1 fn1 Dedicated to Professor M. Lakshmanan on the eve of his 50th Birthday">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251627240 |title=Nonlinear Schrödinger Family on Moving Space Curves: Lax Pairs, Soliton Solution and Equivalent Spin Chain fn1 fn1 Dedicated to Professor M. Lakshmanan on the eve of his 50th Birthday|website=Researchgate.net |date=1998 }}</ref> written by K. Porsezian, one of his co-authors.<ref name="K.Porsezian">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=jijqKM0AAAAJ&hl=en |title=K.Porsezian |date=2017 |publisher=Google Scholar}}</ref> Lakshmanan has been selected for the prestigious fellowship of the National Science Chairs instituted by Department of Science and Technology-Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) for 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/bhatnagar-awardee-gets-prestigious-dst-fellowship/article34358153.ece|title=Bhatnagar awardee gets prestigious DST fellowship|date=19 April 2021|access-date=18 November 2021|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>
* '[[Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar]] – Vigyan Shri' in Physics, Government of India for the year 2024<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/prof-lakshmanan-gets-vigyan-shri-award/article68497458.ece | title=Prof. Lakshmanan gets 'Vigyan Shri' award | work=The Hindu | date=7 August 2024 | access-date=8 August 2024}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Books ===
* {{cite book|author1=A. Degasperis|author2=Allan P. Fordy|author3=Muthusamy Lakshmanan|title=Nonlinear Evolution Equations: Integrability and Spectral Methods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbPSAAAAIAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-3273-8}}
* {{cite book|author1=Muthusamy Lakshmanan|author2=Muthiah Daniel|title=Symmetries and singularity structures: integrability and chaos in nonlinear dynamical systems: proceedings of the workshop, Bharatidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, India, November 29 – December 2, 1989|year=1990|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-0-387-53092-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Muthusamy Lakshmanan|title=Chaos in Nonlinear Oscillators: Controlling and Synchronization|year=1996|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-02-2143-0}}
* {{cite book|author1=Muthusamy Lakshmanan|author2=Shanmuganathan Rajaseekar|title=Nonlinear Dynamics: Integrability, Chaos and Patterns|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-55688-3}}

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |last=K. Murali M. Lakshmanan, L.O. Chua |title=Controlling and Synchronization of Chaos in the Simplest Dissipative Non-autonomous Circuit |doi=10.1142/S0218127495000466 |journal=International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos |publication-date=1995 |volume=5 |issue=2|pages=563–571 |bibcode=1995IJBC....5..563M }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Gopal Muniraja, M. Lakshmanan |title=Motion of space curves in three dimensional Minkowski space R31, SO(2,1) spin equation and defocusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation |journal=International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics |publication-date=2009 |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=10431–049 |doi=10.1142/S0219887810004701|arxiv=1004.3856 |bibcode=2010IJGMM..07.1043M |s2cid=117045341 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=R. Radhakrishnan, M. Lakshmanan, J. Hietarinta |title=Inelastic Collision and Switching of Coupled Bright Solitons in Optical Fibers |journal=Physical Review E |publication-date=1997 |volume=56 |issue=2 |page= 2213 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevE.56.2213|arxiv=solv-int/9703008 |bibcode=1997PhRvE..56.2213R |s2cid=14240733 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=T. Kanna, M. Lakshmanan |title=Exact soliton solutions, shape changing collisions, and partially coherent solitons in coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations |journal=Physical Review Letters |publication-date=2001 |volume=86 |issue=22 |pages=5043–5046 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.5043|pmid=11384416 |arxiv=nlin/0103008 |bibcode=2001PhRvL..86.5043K |s2cid=37042024 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=T. Kanna, M. Vijayajayanthi, M. Lakshmanan |title=Coherently coupled bright optical solitons and their collisions |journal=Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical |publication-date=2010 |volume=43 |issue=43 |doi=10.1088/1751-8113/43/43/434018|arxiv=1006.3395 |bibcode=2010JPhA...43Q4018K |s2cid=53655038 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=S. Stalin, R. Ramakrishnan, M. Senthilvelan, M. Lakshmanan |title=Nondegenerate solitons in Manakov system |journal=Physical Review Letters |publication-date=2019 |volume=xxx |issue=x |article-number= 043901|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.043901 |pmid=30768290 |arxiv=1810.01331 |bibcode=2019PhRvL.122d3901S |s2cid=73455130 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=A. Ishaq Ahamed, K. Srinivasan, K. Murali, M. Lakshmanan |title=Observation of chaotic beats in a driven memristive Chua's circuit |journal=International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos in Applied Sciences and Engineering |publication-date=2011 |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=737–757 |doi=10.1142/S0218127411028763|arxiv=1008.4681 |bibcode=2011IJBC...21..737I |s2cid=16517008 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=K. Srinivasan, I. Raja Mohamed, K. Murali, M. Lakshmanan, Sudeshna Sinha |title=Design of time delayed chaotic circuit with threshold controller |journal=International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos in Applied Sciences and Engineering |publication-date=2011 |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=725–735 |doi=10.1142/S0218127411028751|arxiv=1008.4011 |bibcode=2011IJBC...21..725S |s2cid=14365363 }}

== See also ==
* [[Schrödinger equation]]
* [[Minkowski space]]
* [[Soliton (optics)]]
* [[Lyapunov stability]]

{{portal|India|Physics}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://download.fusionsbook.com/lp/freeaccess.php?q=Solitons%3A+Introduction+and+Applications+by+Muthusamy+Lakshmanan&i=aHR0cDovL2kuaW1ndXIuY29tL2hFa2ROcmwuanBn |title=Solitons: Introduction and Applications by Muthusamy Lakshmanan |date=2017 |publisher=ePub |work=eBook}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/NASI-Senior%20Scientist.htm |title=NASI-Senior Scientist Platinum Jubilee Fellows |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |work=List of Fellows}}
* {{Cite journal |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783540439080 |title=Nonlinear Dynamics Integrability, Chaos and Patterns |last=Lakshmanan, Muthusamy, Rajaseekar, Shanmuganathan |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |journal=Book Details}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Physical Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Tamil Nadu}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lakshmanan, Muthusamy}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:People from Coimbatore district]]
[[Category:Indian theoretical physicists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian technology writers]]
[[Category:Madras Christian College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:University of Tübingen alumni]]
[[Category:Eindhoven University of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Madras]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Manchester]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Kyoto University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Uppsala University]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Physical Science]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of The World Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Under the Lilac Sky

2026-01-24T04:54:57Z

Gheethivf: created new entry!

{{Infobox album
| name = Under the Lilac Sky
| type = studio album
| artist = Arushi Jain
| cover = Under the lilac sky cover.jpg
| alt =
| released = July 9, 2021
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]]
* [[Electronic music|electronic]]
* [[modular synthesizer]]
}}
| length =
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title = With & Without
| prev_year = 2019
| next_title = Delight
| next_year = 2024
}}

'''''Under the Lilac Sky''''' is the second studio album by Indian composer Arushi Jain. It was released on July 9, 2021, via Leaving Records.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Kalia |first=Ammar |date=2021-06-25 |title=Arushi Jain: Under the Lilac Sky review – ragas for beautiful sunsets |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/jun/25/arushi-jain-under-the-lilac-sky-review-leaving-records |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kappal |first=Bhanuj |title=Arushi Jain: Under the Lilac Sky |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/arushi-jain-under-the-lilac-sky/ |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Background ==
'''Arushi Jain''' is an Indian composer who grew up in [[New Delhi]] and lived there for 18 years.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite magazine |last=Male |first=Andrew |date=November 2021 |title=Under the Lilac Sky |url=https://archive.org/details/mojo-november-2021/page/86/mode/1up |magazine=[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]] |page=86}}</ref> She began singing with her family at age eight and began vocal training.<ref name=":3">{{Cite magazine |last=Dale |first=Jon |date=October 2021 |title=Under the Lilac Sky |url=https://archive.org/details/uncut-october-2021/page/34/mode/2up |magazine=[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]] |page=34}}</ref> She studied at the [[Center for computer research in music and acoustics|Center for Computer Research in Music]] at [[Stanford University]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> She was based in [[Brooklyn]] as of 2021.<ref name=":2" /> Jain finished writing ''Under the Lilac Sky'' during COVID-19 lockdowns in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mackintosh |first=Hamish |date=2024-05-09 |title="I'm speaking a musical language with the modular synthesizer as my pen": Meet Arushi Jain, the "modular princess" using synths to reimagine Indian classical music |url=https://www.musicradar.com/news/arushi-jain-interview |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=MusicRadar |language=en}}</ref> Most of the pieces were composed for a performance at Alsisar Mahal in [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=":1" />

== Music ==
''Under the Lilac Sky'' blends [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] music [[raga]]s with [[modular synthesizer]]s.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> As well, elements of [[Drone music|drone]] and [[New Age|new age]] are used.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Each of the six tracks represents a specific time in the transition from day to night.<ref name=":0" />

== Critical reception ==
{{Music ratings
| rev1 = Ammar Kalia (''[[The Guardian]]'')
| rev1score = {{stars|4|5}}
| rev2 = Bhanuj Kappal (''[[Pitchfork (magazine)|Pitchfork]]'')
| rev2score = 7.6 / 10
| rev3 = Andrew Male (''[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]]'')
| rev3score = {{stars|4|5}}
| rev4 = Jon Dale (''[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]'')
| rev4score = 8 / 10
}}
''Under the Lilac Sky'' received positive reviews from ''[[The Guardian]]'', [[Mojo (magazine)|''Mojo'']], [[Uncut (magazine)|''Uncut'']], and [[Pitchfork (website)|''Pitchfork'']] writers.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2021 albums]]
[[Category:Classical albums by Indian artists]]
[[Category:Electronic albums by Indian artists]]
[[Category:Hindustani classical music albums]]

Agastya Lake

2026-01-22T17:54:20Z

Gheethivf: added a pg

{{Short description|Sacred lake in Badami, India}}
{{Coord|15|55|11.3|N|75|41|11.5|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Agasthya lake
| other_name = Agastya lake or Vatapi lake
| image = Agastya Lake - Badami, views from caves - hamvrvb102k22 (35).jpg
| location = [[Badami]]
| type = [[Artificial lake]]
| etymology = [[Agastya]]
| date-built = 5th-7th century
}}

'''Agastya lake''', also sometimes written as '''Agasthya lake''' or referred to as '''Vatapi lake,''' is an [[artificial lake]] built {{Circa|5th-7th century}} in [[Badami]], [[Karnataka]], South India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sc |first1=Subhash C. Biswas D. |title=India the Land of Gods |date=29 September 2014 |publisher=PartridgeIndia |isbn=978-1-4828-3655-4 |page=226 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hKQOBQAAQBAJ |access-date=10 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref> It is a popular [[tourist spot]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Lure of an overnight stay at NK |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/lure-of-an-overnight-stay-at-nk/article6810085.ece |access-date=10 November 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=21 January 2015 |language=en-IN}}</ref> as it is overlooked by the [[Badami cave temples]].<ref name="YATRIKA1">{{cite web |title=Badami: Agatsya Lake – A view from the Badami caves |url=https://yatrikaone.com/india-badami-agatsya-lake-view-from-badami-caves/ |website=YatrikaOne |access-date=21 November 2025 |date=18 August 2019}}</ref>

The name Vatapi lake comes from the fact that Badami was previously called [[Vatapi]].
== Holiness ==
According to [[Hinduism]], the sage Agastya was the one that created the lake, thus giving the name.<ref name="AVATHI">{{cite web |title=Agasthya lake |url=https://www.avathi.com/place/agastya-lake/2627 |website=www.avathi.com |access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref> He was a revered sage of the religion.<ref name="Doniger1981p167">{{cite book |author=Wendy Doniger |title=The Rig Veda: An Anthology : One Hundred and Eight Hymns, Selected, Translated and Annotated |url= https://archive.org/details/rigvedapenguincl00anon|url-access=registration | year=1981| publisher=Penguin Books| isbn=978-0-14-044402-5| pages=[https://archive.org/details/rigvedapenguincl00anon/page/167 167]–168}}</ref>

[[The Mahabharata]], a book that frequently talks about Agastya, mentions the lake:

{{blockquote|When he reaches Agastya's lake, a man, devoted to the worship of Gods and ancestors, who stays there for three nights, obtains the fruit of the Laud of the Fire.
|[[Vyasa]], [[Mahabharata]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Buitenen |first1=Johannes Adrianus Bernardus |last2=Fitzgerald |first2=James L. |title=The Mahābhārata |date=1973 |publisher=[[University of Chicago]] Press |isbn=978-0-226-84664-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2QG_ZgsM13IC&dq=agastya+lake&pg=PA375 |language=en}}</ref>}}

The meaning of "the fruit of the Laud of Fire" is unknown.

The water of the lake is considered to be holy due to the origins of the lake. As such, it is frequently used to [[laundry|wash clothes]].<ref name="SVUDA POD">{{cite web |title=India 2007, part 9 (Badami, Pattadakal) |url=https://www.svudapodji.com/en/india-9/ |website=Svuda podji |access-date=21 November 2025 |date=10 January 2020}}</ref>
== Structure ==
[[File:AGASTHYA LAKE- a view from cave temples.jpg|thumb|View of the lake from the cave temples.]]
[[File:Badami - Bhutanatha Group of Temples.jpg|thumb|[[Bhutanatha group of temples, Badami|Bhutanatha group of temples]], surrounded by the lake.]]
The lake is fully surrounded by the [[Badami cave temples]]. On its east coast, the [[Bhutanatha group of temples, Badami|Bhutanatha group of temples]] is located.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chugh |first1=Lalit |title=Karnataka's Rich Heritage – Temple Sculptures & Dancing Apsaras: An Amalgam of Hindu Mythology, Natyasastra and Silpasastra |date=23 May 2017 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-947137-36-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fdEkDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Prakash |title=Incredible Temples and Sanatan Sanskriti |date=6 May 2023 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |page=115 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cmC9EAAAQBAJ&dq=agastya+lake&pg=PA115 |access-date=10 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Badami cave temple {{!}} Bhutanatha Temple {{!}} Agastya theertha lake |url=https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/badami/ |website=Karnataka Tourism |access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref> Most of Badami's temples are located nearby or surrounding the lake.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abram |first1=David |last2=Guides (Firm) |first2=Rough |title=South India |date=2003 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-84353-103-6 |page=337 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC&dq=agastya+lake&pg=PA282 |access-date=10 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chugh |first1=Lalit |title=Karnataka's Rich Heritage - Art and Architecture: From Prehistoric Times to the Hoysala Period |date=8 April 2016 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-93-5206-825-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JpnoCwAAQBAJ&dq=agastya+lake&pg=PT373 |access-date=10 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

The lake is a tourist spot precisely because it is overlooked by the cave temples, providing a view.<ref name="TTOI" /><ref name="YATRIKA1" />

=== Method of construction ===
It is not exactly known how was the lake built, due to there not being any records of its construction, even though it is well established that it was [[Man-made lake|man-made]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Aloka Parasher |title=Handbook on Urban History of Early India |date=23 October 2024 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-97-6230-9 |page=158 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOIrEQAAQBAJ&dq=agastya+lake&pg=PA158 |access-date=10 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="T.E">{{cite web |last1=Thammaya |first1=Chaitanya |title=Badami Caves: Exploring The Cave Temples Of Badami |url=https://travel.earth/badami-caves-temples/ |website=Travel.Earth |access-date=20 November 2025 |date=14 October 2020}}</ref>

One source says that a [[dam]] was built in to the east of Badami between the bases of the [[hill]]s forming a large [[water tank|tank]] to supply of water to the town.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fergusson |first1=James |title=The Caves Temples of India |date=1880 |publisher=W. H. Allen |page=405 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5YqEFKdU8FEC&q=agasthya&pg=PA405 |language=en}}</ref>

According to religion, as mentioned earlier, it is said that the vedic sage Agastya created the lake.<ref name="AVATHI" />

[[Incredible India]], a [[Government of India|government]] funded tourism website, says that the lake was built as a strategic water deposit to source water to Badami.<ref name="INCREDIBLE">{{cite web |title=Explore Badami The Ancient City of Karnataka |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/karnataka/badami |website=[[Incredible India]] |publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date=11 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Date of construction ===
It is widely debated when was the lake built. Many sources place the date in the 5th century, but others place it around the 6th or 7th century.<ref name="TTOI">{{cite news |title=10 caves in India that carry valuable secrets of their historical past |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/travel/10-caves-in-india-that-carry-valuable-secrets-of-their-historical-past/photostory/125244736.cms?picid=125244760 |access-date=21 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 November 2025}}</ref>

Incredible India, claims that the lake was built in the 7th century.<ref name="INCREDIBLE" />

== Flood ==
In September 2022, after [[Heavy rain (meteorology)|heavy rain]], along with other rivers and lakes, Agasthya lake flooded, damaging the Badami cave temples.<ref>{{cite news | agency = Times News Network (TNN) |title=Dharwad: 50,000 hectares flooded, 1,172 buildings damaged |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/50k-hectares-flooded-1172-buildings-damaged/articleshow/94040107.cms |access-date=10 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 September 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Artificial lakes of India]]

Hill Women

2026-01-12T03:01:52Z

Gheethivf: put up new article

{{Short description|1935 painting by Amrita Sher-Gil}}
{{Infobox artwork
| title = Hill Women
| other_language_1 =
| other_title_1 =
| other_language_2 =
| other_title_2 =
| wikidata =
| image = Women-Painting of Amrita Sher Girl (cropped).jpeg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = ''Hill Women''
| artist = [[Amrita Sher-Gil]]
| year = 1935
| completion_date = 
| catalogue =
| medium = [[Oil on canvas]]
| movement =
| subject =
| height_metric = 147.3
| width_metric = 87
| length_metric =
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| metric_unit = cm 
| imperial_unit = in 
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| preceded_by = ''Hill Men''
| followed_by = 
| module =
| website = 
}}
'''''Hill Women''''' is an [[oil on canvas]] painting by Hungarian-Indian artist [[Amrita Sher-Gil]], completed after she painted ''Hill Men'' in the winter of 1935 at Simla. Depicting a girl among three young women, it was influenced by the poor surrounding Sher-Gil's home in [[Simla, India]].

The painting was exhibited at the [[Salon (Paris)|Paris Salon]] in 1936, and later at [[Hyderabad]] that year. Sher-Gil picked it for display at [[Amrita Sher-Gil's paintings at Lahore (1937)|her One Man Show in Lahore]] in 1937. In 1978, it appeared on an Indian [[postage stamp]].

==Composition==
''Hill Women'' is an [[oil on canvas]] painting measuring 89 cm by 147.3 cm, depicting a girl among three young women.<ref name=Haupt2016>{{cite book |last1=Haupt |first1=Christina |title=Amrita Sher-Gil and the representations of non-western female bodies |date=2016 |publisher=Grin |location=Norderstedt |isbn=978-3-6684-887-7-9 |pages=5–7}}</ref><ref name=Sundaram2010.418>Sundaram, p. 418</ref> The work accompanied Sher-Gil's painting titled ''[[Hill Men]]'', originally called ''Villagers in Winter''.<ref name=Tillotson1997>{{cite journal |last1=Tillotson |first1=G.H.R. |title=A Painter of Concern: Critical Writings on Amrita Sher-Gil |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |date=1997 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=57–72 |jstor=23002294 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23002294 |issn=0376-9771}}</ref> Both were completed in the winter of 1935, and influenced by the poor surrounding Sher-Gil's home in Simla.<ref name=Dalmia2013.73/>

According to Sher-Gil, generally she was not attempting to narrate any story in such paintings, but wished them to be "purely pictorial", claiming that she did not like "cheap emotional appeal".<ref name=Dalmia2014/> The sad open-eyed faced figures appear in black-green, each looking inwards.<ref name=Dalmia2013.73/> Their bodies are elongated and appear thin.<ref name=Dalmia2014>{{cite book |last1=Dalmia|first1=Yashodhara |editor1-last=Dalmia |editor1-first=Yashodhara |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: Art & Life : a reader |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-809886-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7W4oAEACAAJ |language=en |chapter=7. Transformation of the pre-modern to the modern in early twentieth-century Indian art|page=56}}</ref> The lips in one figure are seen to be pouting.<ref name=Dalmia2013.57>Dalmia, pp. 57-58</ref> Near the centre is a dark-faced child wrapped in a light shawl, and placed on a dark background.<ref name=Tillotson1997/> Three dark faces appear on a light background.<ref name=Tillotson1997/> The woman in the centre has one hand placed on the child's shoulder.<ref name=Tillotson1997/> Another is holding a terracotta pot.<ref name=Tillotson1997/> Draperies in the picture flow in curves at the top of the painting and in vertical drops to the ground.<ref name=Tillotson1997/>

==Exhibits==
''Hill Women'' was exhibited, along with ''Hill Men'', at the Paris Salon in 1936 when it received a mention in French newspapers.<ref name=Sundaram2010.242>Sundaram, pp. 242-243</ref> Later that year, it was shown at Hyderabad with a sale price of ₹2,500.<ref name=Sundaram2010.278>Sundaram, p. 278</ref> There, it was admired by [[Sarojini Naidu]], who tried to persuade the Museum of Hyderabad to acquire the painting.<ref name=Sundaram2010.278/> According to Sher-Gil's note to her mother, Akbar Hydari of the museum "got frightened by the prices" of her work and changed his mind about purchasing any of them.<ref name=Sundaram2010.278/> In 1937, it was number four of her paintings [[Amrita Sher-Gil's paintings at Lahore (1937)|displayed at her One Man Show in Lahore]], at a reduced price at ₹1,500, but did not sell.<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/>

==Interpretation and response==
''Hill Women'' is generally considered one of Sher-Gil's well-liked paintings.<ref name=Singh1975>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=N Iqbal |title=Amrita Sher-Gil |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |date=1975 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=209–217 |jstor=23001838 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23001838 |issn=0376-9771|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The historians Yashodhara Dalmia and [[Giles Tillotson]] call it one of her most important pieces and a [[masterpiece]].<ref name=Tillotson1997/><ref name=Dalmia2013.73>Dalmia, pp. 73-75</ref> Dalmia points out that the subjects of the painting may appear poor, thin and sad, but they have "grace and dignity".<ref name=Dalmia2014/> She puts the pouting lips down to reflecting Sher-Gil's own sensuous reflection of herself.<ref name=Dalmia2013.57/> What strikes Tillotson is "their doleful expressions", appearing as "tombstones" and "detached from each other", yet "bound in a group".<ref name=Tillotson1997/><ref name=Tillotson>{{cite book |last1=Tillotson|first1=Giles|editor1-last=Dalmia |editor1-first=Yashodhara |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: Art & Life : a reader |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-809886-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7W4oAEACAAJ |language=en |chapter=9. A painter of concern: critical writings on Amrita Sher-Gill|page=138}}</ref> He calls the resting hand on the shoulder a "gesture of protection", while there is a "carefully contrived play of light and dark masses".<ref name=Tillotson1997/> The art critic and friend of Sher-Gil, [[Charles Fabri]], describes the rounded figures as created by shadows, with Sher-Gil showing "complete lack of concern with the source or direction of light".<ref name=Fabri>{{cite book |last1=Fabri |first1=Charles |editor1-last=Dalmia |editor1-first=Yashodhara |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: Art & Life : a reader |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-809886-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7W4oAEACAAJ&pg=PA16 |language=en |chapter=2. Notes towards a biography of Amrita Sher-Gil|page=16}}</ref>

[[Katalin Keserü]], who curated several Sher-Gil exhibitions, notes that along with ''Hill Men'', ''Boy with Lemon'', and ''Women'', ''Hill Women'' is "static", and features lonely "figures looking far out of the picture".<ref name=Keserü>{{cite book |last1=Keserü |first1=Katalin |editor1-last=Dalmia |editor1-first=Yashodhara |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: Art & Life : a reader |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-809886-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7W4oAEACAAJ |language=en |chapter=8. Amrita Sher-Gil: the Indian painter and her French and Hungarian connections|page=109}}</ref> Her interpretation has been that these "were the representatives of India Amrita needed".<ref name=Keserü/> The painter [[K. G. Subramanyan]] classes ''Hill Women'' with ''Hill Men'' and ''[[Three Girls (painting)|Three Girls]]'', where the figures are grouped "in sharp silhouette against plain backgrounds".<ref name=Subramanyan>{{cite book |last1=Subramanyan|first1=K. G. |editor1-last=Dalmia |editor1-first=Yashodhara |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: Art & Life : a reader |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-809886-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7W4oAEACAAJ |language=en |chapter=5. Amrita Sher-Gil and the east-west dilemma|page=39}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Stamp of India - 1978 - Colnect 326687 - Amrita Sher Girl.jpeg|right|thumb|1978 postage stamp with ''Hill Women'']]
In 1978, ''Hill Women'' appeared on an Indian [[postage stamp]].<ref name=Postage>{{cite web |title=Indian Postage Stamps - Stamps released in 1978 |url=https://www.indianpostagestamps.com/gallery/1978.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122220414/https://www.indianpostagestamps.com/gallery/1978.html |archive-date=22 January 2024 |access-date=21 January 2024 |website=www.indianpostagestamps.com}}</ref> The painting belongs to the private collection of [[Vivan Sundaram]] and Navina Sundaram, [[Delhi]].<ref name=Sundaram2010.804>Sundaram, p. 804</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last1=Ananth |first1=Deepak |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: An Indian Artist Family of the Twentieth Century |date=2007 |publisher=Schirmer/Mosel |isbn=978-3-8295-0270-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vd7qAAAAMAAJ |language=en }}
*{{Cite book |last=Dalmia|first=Yashodhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj3mlgEACAAJ |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Life |date=2013 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=Gurugram |isbn=978-0-14-342026-2 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=1|pages=1–417|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=2|pages=418–821|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}

{{Amrita Sher-Gil}}

[[Category:Paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil]]
[[Category:1935 paintings]]
[[Category:Oil paintings on canvas]]
[[Category:Paintings of women]]
[[Category:Paintings in India]]
[[Category:Paintings of children]]

Panihati Mahavidyalaya

2026-01-02T21:26:38Z

Gheethivf: typo fix

{{Short description|College in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Panihati Mahavidyalaya
| image =
| established = {{start date and age|1976}}
| type = Undergraduate college
| principal = Dr. Mukti Ganguly
| city = [[Sodepur, North 24 Parganas]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = India]
| postcode = 700131
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.6961|N|88.3960|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| campus = Urban
| website = {{URL|www.pmv.ac.in}}
| academic_affiliations = [[West Bengal State University]]
| logo =
| logo_size = 100px
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Panihati Mahavidyalaya''', established in 1976,<ref name=UGC/> is a general degree college in [[Sodepur, West Bengal]], India, near [[Kolkata]]. It offers undergraduate courses in arts, commerce and Sciences. It is affiliated to [[West Bengal State University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated College of West Bengal State University |url=http://www.wbsubcollegeinfo.org/list_colleges.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029065002/http://www.wbsubcollegeinfo.org/list_colleges.php |archive-date=2012-10-29 }}</ref>

==Departments==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2012}}

===Science===
*Chemistry (honours & general)
*Physics (honours & general)
*Mathematics (honours & general)
*Zoology (honours & general)
*Computer science (honours & general)
*Botany (general)

===Arts and commerce===
*Bengali (honours & general)
*Education (honours & general)
*English (honours & general)
*History (honours & general)
*Geography (honours & general)
*Political science (honours & general)
*Philosophy (honours & general)
*Sanskrit (honours & general)
*Economics (general)
*Journalism and mass communication (General)
*Sociology (general)
*Psychology (general)
*Commerce (honours & general)

==Accreditation==
Panihati Mahavidyalaya is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).<ref name=UGC>[http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal Colleges in West Bengal, University Grants Commission]</ref> It is affiliated to [[West Bengal State University]].

==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[List of colleges in West Bengal]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.pmv.ac.in/ Panihati Mahavidyalaya]

{{West Bengal State University}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1976]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to West Bengal State University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:1976 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{Kolkata-university-stub}}

Parmeshwari Lal Varma

2025-12-30T12:33:01Z

Gheethivf: adding initial pg nd citations

{{Short description|Indian civil engineer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Parmeshwari Lal Varma
| image = P.L. Varma, Le Corbusier, Pierre Jeanneret.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Varma (left) with Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret in 1955
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1920|12|6}}
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| death_date = pre–2001
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Civil engineer
| yearsactive =
| known_for = [[Chandigarh|Chandigarh city]]
| awards = {{ublist|1971 [[Padma Bhushan]] }}
}}

'''Parmeshwari Lal Varma''' (born 6 December 1920, date of death unknown), often shortened to '''P. L. Varma''', is an Indian civil engineer and a former chief engineer of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name="Chandigarh History">{{Cite web |url=https://phantomhands.in/pages/the-chandigarh-story |title=Chandigarh History |date=2018-05-28 |website=Phantom Hands |language=en |access-date=2018-05-28 |archive-date=28 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528215541/https://phantomhands.in/pages/the-chandigarh-story |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Life ==
He served as an associate of [[Le Corbusier]], the [[Swiss people|Swiss]]-[[French people|French]] architect, who designed the city of [[Chandigarh]].<ref name="Photographs of Pierre Jeanneret and others at Chandigarh, India">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/search/details/collection/object/445419 |title=Photographs of Pierre Jeanneret and others at Chandigarh, India |date=2018-05-28 |website=www.cca.qc.ca |language=en |access-date=2018-05-28}}</ref><ref name="P.L. Varma, Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/search/details/collection/object/434419 |title=P.L. Varma, Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret |date=2018-05-28 |website=www.cca.qc.ca |language=en |access-date=2018-05-28}}</ref> There have been reports that Le Corbusier wanted Verma to assist him even past his retirement from service for which [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the then prime minister of India, unsuccessfully requested the [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]] for the extension of Verma's service.<ref name="How Modi Can Win Friends and Influence People">{{Cite news |url=https://thewire.in/politics/how-modi-can-win-friends-and-influence-people |title=How Modi Can Win Friends and Influence People |date=4 December 2015 |work=The Wire |access-date=2018-05-28}}</ref> His involvement in the making of Chandigarh has been documented in a book, ''Le Corbusier Rediscovered: Chandigarh and Beyond'', in which he has written a special article.<ref name="Architects of change">{{Cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/architects-of-change/509155.html |title=Architects of change |date=7 December 2017 |work=The Tribune |access-date=28 May 2018}}</ref>

== Awards ==
The [[Government of India]] awarded him [[Padma Bhushan]], the third highest Indian civilian award, in 1971.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/ |title=Padma Awards |date=2018-05-17 |website=Padma Awards |publisher=Government of India |access-date=2018-05-17 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015000149/http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In June 2001, ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' noted that Verma was deceased.<ref>{{cite web |title=PGI’s regional role |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010618/mailbag.htm |website=The Tribune |access-date=25 November 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Maxwell Fry]]
* [[Jane Drew]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |title=Le Corbusier Rediscovered : Chandigarh and beyond. |last=Rajnish Wattas, Deepika Gandhi |date=2018 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-9385285851 |location=India |oclc=1014063541}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/search/details/collection/object/439374 |title=P. Jeanneret with Dr Randhawa, P.L. Varma and other Architects |date=2018-05-28 |website=Canadian Centre for Architecture |language=en |access-date=2018-05-28}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Parmeshwari Lal}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Engineers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian civil engineers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:Scientists from Chandigarh]]

{{India-engineer-stub}}
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Pushpindar Singh Chopra

2025-12-28T09:11:25Z

Gheethivf: adding some bio nd citations

{{Short description|Aviator and military historian (1943–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Pushpindar Singh Chopra
| honorific_suffix =
| image = [[File:Pushpindar Singh Chopra.jpg|250px]]
| image_size =
| caption = Pushpindar Singh Chopra, Founder Vayu Aerospace, the "Guru of Indian Aviation"
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1943|09|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Murree]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|05|03|1943|09|30|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Gurgaon]], India
| resting_place =
| education = [[The Doon School]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Historian, editor, author
| employer =
| organization = Rallis Dornier Flugzeugwerke Vayu Aerospace and Defence Review Daimler Benz Jullundur Brigade Association Nishaan Nagaara The Sikh Forum
| notable_works = The Himalayan Eagles Trilogy The Indian Air Force and its Aircraft Fiza'Ya: Psyche of the Pakistan Air Force 1947: A Soldier's Story
| relatives = [[Mohindar Singh Chopra]] (father)
}}

'''Pushpindar Singh Chopra''' (30 September 1943 – 3 May 2021) was an aviation journalist, historian, businessman and the author of several books, chiefly on military aviation history of India.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=12 June 2017 |title=Introduction : Behind the Book – Bharat Rakshak:Indian Air Force |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965-Air-War/1116-Making.html |access-date=2020-05-19 |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522120747/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965-Air-War/1116-Making.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="businesstoday1223">{{cite web |date= 7 April 2019|title=Falcon down: Why Pakistan is desperate to fake the F-16 dogfight |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/opinion/columns/falcon-down-why-pakistan-desperate-fake-f-16-dogfight/story/334901.html |access-date=2020-05-19 |website=Businesstoday.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date= 12 October 2017|title=70th anniversary of Attari border: Brigadier who drew the line remembered at Partition museum – punjab top |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/70th-anniversary-of-attari-border-brigadier-who-drew-the-line-remembered-at-partition-museum/story-xLrTDJwrvXSIGRhkM2EPJM.html |access-date=2020-05-19 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> His work and developments on Indian Aviation lead to the [[Dornier 228|Fairchild-Dornier 288]] production in India. He is known as the 'Chronicler of Aviation History' and 'Guru of Indian Aviation'.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mku6DQAAQBAJ&dq=the+fighting+fourteen+pushpinder+chopra&pg=PT118 |title=Defence from the Skies: 80 Years of the Indian Air Force: 80 Years of the Indian Air Force |date=2013-08-15 |publisher=KW Publishers Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-85714-72-6 |language=en}}</ref>

He was known as the only defence analyst and aviator who was respected equally in [[India]] as [[Pakistan]], along with being a well known aviation specialist in countries like [[United Kingdom]], [[Germany]] and the rest of [[Europe]] as well.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-15 |title=Aerial combat comes alive in 'Fiza'ya: Psyche of The Pakistan Air Force' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/books/story/19920531-aerial-combat-comes-alive-in-fizaya-psyche-of-the-pakistan-air-force-766335-2013-06-15 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> His magazine Vayu Aerospace and Defence Review was India's most read aerospace defence magazine.<ref name="Vayu Aerospace and Defence Review">{{Cite web |title=Vayu Aerospace and Defence Review |url=https://www.vayuaerospace.in/ |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Vayu Aerospace and Defence Review |language=English}}</ref>

== Early life and family ==
Pushpindar Singh was born in [[Murree]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now part of [[Pakistan]]) and spent his youth in old [[Lahore]]. He was educated at [[The Doon School]], [[Dehra Dun]] in a military background. Pushpindar Singh Chopra was born to Jagjit Kaur Kapur and [[Mohindar Singh Chopra|Major General Mohindar Singh Chopra]], a famed general in the [[Indian Army]] who was responsible for stopping the riots during the [[Partition of India|Partition of Punjab]] and helping refugees going to Pakistan and coming to India.<ref name=":22224">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-06 |title=He left his Nishaan – The Sikh Foundation International |url=https://www.sikhfoundation.org/he-left-his-nishaan/ |access-date=2023-12-11 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

He had graduated from Government College, [[Chandigarh]].<ref name=":22224"/> Pushpindar Singh originally worked at the Engineering Division of Gillanders Arbuthnot & Co Ltd in [[Calcutta]], and later with Rallis in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], where he quickly made a name for himself in marketing and sales.<ref name=":22224"/>

== Aerospace journalism career ==
After being heavily involved with the occurrences during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|1965 Indo-Pakistan War]], he became invested in writing articles for different magazines and journals, making his own aviation magazine in 1974.<ref name="Vayu Aerospace and Defence Review"/> He became the founder-editor of the Vayu Aerospace and Defence Review, and was Indian editor for the Air International, World Air Power Journal, Asian Defence Journal, Jane's Defence Weekly, Aeromag, Royal Aeronautical Society and Aviation Week & Space Technology.<ref name=":32222">{{Cite web |title=https://www.vayuaerospace.in/issue/tribute-min.pdf |url=https://www.vayuaerospace.in/issue/tribute-min.pdf}}</ref> Pushpindar Singh's writings on the Indian aviation and defence matters, impacting too on the international stage for over five decades, have inspired and encouraged generations of those who later joined the industry and are continuing to serve the profession with honour. He wrote extensively about the history of the [[Indian Air Force]], from its inception in 1933 till present day in his publications and articles.<ref name="businesstoday1223"/>

During an earlier [[Farnborough Air Show]], he was given a special award for his breaking news story on the Indian LCA programme from the Royal Aeronautical Society of the UK.<ref name=":32222" /> In 2015, at the Aerospace Media Awards held at the [[Paris Air Show]], he was awarded 'Lifetime Achievement Award' for Outstanding Contribution to Aviation Journalism'.<ref name=":32222" /> During an earlier Farnborough Air Show, he was given a special award for his breaking news story on the Indian LCA programme from the Royal Aeronautical Society of the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name=":32222" />

=== Vayu Aerospace and Defence Review ===
The Vayu Aerospace and Defence Review is the most well known and most read Indian aviation magazine, launched in 1974 it slowly grew to become an authority on the Indian Air Force.<ref name=":32222" /> It is also India's oldest trade publication, and regularly publish Show Directories and Show Dailies (and officially have done so multiple times in India).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vayu Aerospace and Defence Review |url=https://www.vayuaerospace.in/ |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=Vayu Aerospace and Defence Review |language=English}}</ref> Vayu's claim to fame came from articles debunking conspiracies by the [[Pakistan Air Force]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965 Indo-Pakistan War]] where he interviewed IAF and PAF pilots.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/iaf/history/1965war/koshy/ |date=13 February 2014 |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/iaf/history/1965war/koshy/}}</ref> His article, 'Laying the [[Sargodha]] Ghost to Rest', in Vayu Aerospace Review in November 1985 was a trailblazer amongst others, which led to debunking the myth of Pakistan Air Force's claim of shooting down five Indian Air Force Hunters on 7 September 1965.<ref>{{Cite web |title=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/musings/encyclopaedia-of-indian-aviation-258447 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/musings/encyclopaedia-of-indian-aviation-258447}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Other famous articles (featured in various magazines) include, "The Decade of the Shamsher", "Home is the Hunter", "Journal of an Air War", "Harnessing the Storm Spirit (Marut)", "The Thunderbolts", "Guarding India’s Coastline" and many others.<ref name="bharat-rakshak.com">{{Cite web |title=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/iaf/units/squadrons/5-squadron-tuskers/ |date=17 June 2017 |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/iaf/units/squadrons/5-squadron-tuskers/}}</ref>

== Aerospace history career ==
Pushpindar Singh Chopra wrote books about the Indian Air Force starting from 1971, and slowly virtually became the historian-emeritus of India's air arm.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-02-13 |title=Acquired from scrap, restored Dakota to join IAF fleet in March |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/acquired-from-scrap-restored-dakota-to-join-iaf-fleet-in-march/articleshow/62900872.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-31 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The definitive three-volume magnum opus spanning more than seven hundred pages titled Himalayan Eagles: History of the Indian Air Force, written for the Platinum Jubilee in 2007, occupies pride of place in every Air Force library and squadron crew room.<ref name=":022">{{Cite web |title=https://www.vayuaerospace.in/issue/tribute-min.pdf |url=https://www.vayuaerospace.in/issue/tribute-min.pdf}}</ref> He was also responsible for the immense respect and recognition that [[Arjan Singh]] received before he became an Air Marshal in the [[Indian Army]], and [[Hardit Malik|Hardit Singh Malik]]'s story being mainstream in Indian Air Force circles.<ref name=":22224"/> It would not be an understatement to say that the work of Pushpindar Singh has been regularly used as official reference material by officers and airmen of all generations, looking to learn about the IAF's past and its journey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Indian aviation - ProQuest |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/2fe86b3b26c0ad643d0bd6f0d54f2cb7/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2028820 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=www.proquest.com |language=en}}</ref> To his distinction, he published books on the occasions of IAF's Golden Jubilee, Diamond Jubilee and Platinum Jubilee.<ref name=":022" /> Pushpindar Singh Chopra also founded the publishing group and think-tank known as the Society for Aerospace Studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=https://vayuaerospace.in/article/282/dffss-amp-society-for-aerospace-studies-seminar-on-defending-india-urgent-modernisation-imperatives |date=8 August 2019 |url=https://vayuaerospace.in/article/282/dffss-amp-society-for-aerospace-studies-seminar-on-defending-india-urgent-modernisation-imperatives}}</ref>

=== Aircraft histories ===
The book, "A Whale of a Fighter" is the most extensive history of the production, manufacture and military use of the [[Sukhoi Su-7]], its most well-known chapter was one which debunked [[Chuck Yeager|Chuck Yeager's]] allegations during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|1971 Indo-Pakistan War]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simha |first=Rakesh Krishnan |date=2016-09-20 |title=Chuck Yeager: Supersonic Man's dogfight with India |url=https://www.rbth.com/blogs/stranger_than_fiction/2016/09/20/chuck-yeager-supersonic-mans-dogfight-with-india_631493 |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=Russia Beyond |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-17 |title=How India brought down the US' supersonic man |url=https://defenceforumindia.com/threads/how-india-brought-down-the-us-supersonic-man.30296/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=Indian Defence Forum |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[HAL HF-24 Marut]] is possibly one of the most well-developed fighter aircraft developed in India competing with the [[HAL Tejas]], it has an elaborate history along with an extensive service that it had seen, hence Pushpindar Singh wrote the 'Spirits of the Wind' to document its history and use in the Indian Air Force.<ref>{{Cite web |title=https://tarmak007.blogspot.com/2011/07/spirits-of-wind-grab-gripping-marut.html |date=20 July 2011 |url=https://tarmak007.blogspot.com/2011/07/spirits-of-wind-grab-gripping-marut.html}}</ref> 'First to the Last: 50 years of MiG-21s with the IAF', compiled by Pushpindar Singh and Air Marshal Philip Rajkumar, a former was a pilot of the plane, it includes well-researched and anecdotes from pilots such as [[Norman Anil Kumar Browne|Air Marshal Norman Anil Kumar Browne]], [[Anil Yashwant Tipnis|Air Marshal Anil Yashwant Tipnis]], Air Marshal Satish Inamdar and Air Commodore Suren Tyagi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/iaf/books/reviews/first-to-the-last/ |date=30 November 2013 |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/iaf/books/reviews/first-to-the-last/}}</ref> Pushpindar Singh's book the 'Sabre Slayers' details the [[Folland Gnat]], a lightweight fighter, served the Indian Air Force effectively in the 1960s, known for its agility and speed, it played a crucial role in aerial combat training.<ref>{{Cite web |title=https://www.pressreader.com/india/vayu-aerospace-and-defence/20150901/283884457124348?srsltid=AfmBOoomUQyYVuxscgJpeGEewuiJANMhwp5Up82WlcEnaFDVzxbn4_jP |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/vayu-aerospace-and-defence/20150901/283884457124348?srsltid=AfmBOoomUQyYVuxscgJpeGEewuiJANMhwp5Up82WlcEnaFDVzxbn4_jP}}</ref>

=== Squadron histories ===
Pushpindar Singh Chopra spent a great amount of time documenting the histories of various squadrons of the Indian Air Force and has written articles on the same in his magazine as well, along with books on few famous squadrons.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/books/bibliography/squadron-histories/ |date=30 November 1999 |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/books/bibliography/squadron-histories/}}</ref> 'The Battle Axes' provides a detailed history of the [[No. 7 Squadron IAF|No.7 Squadron]] of the Indian Air Force which has formed the basis for this history in popular aviation circles.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=https://www.aviationmegastore.com/en/books/the-battle-axes--no7-squadron-indian-air-force-1942-1992-society-for-aerospace-studies-battle-axes-181682.html |url=https://www.aviationmegastore.com/en/books/the-battle-axes--no7-squadron-indian-air-force-1942-1992-society-for-aerospace-studies-battle-axes-181682.html}}</ref> The publication is based on the Squadron diaries maintained by the squadron till date, which was inaccessible and in their station in [[Gwalior]] till the publication- where the activities of the illustrious squadron was uncovered and brought to light.<ref name=":1" /> 'The 'Black Archers' is an illustrated history of the [[No. 47 Squadron IAF|No.47 Squadron]] of the Indian Air Force MiG-29UPGs (based in [[Adampur]]) and its history along with its military use.<ref>{{Cite web |title=https://www.aviation-bookshop.com/shop/the-black-archers-illustrated-history-of-no-47-squadron-indian-air-force-1959-2009/ |url=https://www.aviation-bookshop.com/shop/the-black-archers-illustrated-history-of-no-47-squadron-indian-air-force-1959-2009/}}</ref>

Pushpindar Singh's book 'Dragon Fire' provides details of the [[No. 6 Squadron IAF|No.6 Squadron]], which is one of the more well known squadrons due to its roles in the 1965 and [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|1971 Indo-Pakistan Wars]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=https://www.aviationmegastore.com/en/books/dragon-fire-illustrated-history-of-no-6-squadron-indian-air-force-1942-2012-society-for-aerospace-studies-dragon-fire-181687.html |url=https://www.aviationmegastore.com/en/books/dragon-fire-illustrated-history-of-no-6-squadron-indian-air-force-1942-2012-society-for-aerospace-studies-dragon-fire-181687.html}}</ref> The title of the book 'The First Supersonics' is the nickname of the [[No. 28 Squadron IAF|No.28 Squadron]], because it was the first squadron in the IAF to be equipped with [[Supersonic aircraft|supersonic]] [[Mikoyan MiG-21]]s in 1963.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/28+Sqn#google_vignette |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/28+Sqn#google_vignette}}</ref> The book provides an analysis of the use of the squadron, from the 1971 to the [[Kargil War]].<ref name=":2" /> 'Tigers in the Sky' was written after [[No. 1 Squadron IAF|No.1 Squadron]] nicknamed the 'Tigers' is the oldest and first squadron of the Indian Air Force, the book is a reference book for the squadron's history and use, which is very extensive considering the amount of action the squadron has seen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=https://www.vayuaerospace.in/Issue/202406071206061673.pdf |url=https://www.vayuaerospace.in/Issue/202406071206061673.pdf}}</ref> His book 'Valiant to the Last' is about the [[No. 221 Squadron IAF|No.221 Squadron]] known as the 'Valiants'.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> 'The Tuskers' or [[No. 5 Squadron IAF|No. 5 Squadron]] of the Indian Air Force are another well-known squadron, he wrote extensively of its role in the [[Congo Crisis]] as part of the [[United Nations]] peacekeeping forces.<ref name="bharat-rakshak.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/iaf/history/congo/pete-wilson-with-the-tuskers/ |date=20 July 2009 |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/iaf/history/congo/pete-wilson-with-the-tuskers/}}</ref> 'The Fighting Fourteen' ([[No. 14 Squadron IAF|No. 14]]) was published on the 60th anniversary, it mentions their role in the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War and 1971 Indo-Pakistan War.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Fighting Fourteen – Illustrated History of No. 14 Squadron Indian Air Force, 1951-2011 – The Aviation Bookshop |url=https://www.aviation-bookshop.com/shop/the-fighting-fourteen-illustrated-history-of-no-14-squadron-indian-air-force-1951-2011/ |access-date=2024-10-31 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Touching the Sky: The Indian Air Force Today ===
Touching the Sky is one of the more well-read books on the state of the Indian Air Force in the 1990s and how the expansion of the Indian Air Force had been taken up by the [[Indian Government]] through the 1970s till the 1990s and the future of the aircraft in use.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pushpindar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tVmAAAACAAJ |title=Touching the Sky: The Indian Air Force Today |date=1991 |publisher=Narosa Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85198-53-8 |language=en}}</ref> It was used as a road to expansion in the coming years and provides a detailed analysis of the capabilities of the force.<ref name=":3" />

=== Fiza'Ya: Psyche of the Pakistan Air Force ===

His book, [[Fiza'Ya|Fiza'Ya: Psyche of the Pakistan Air Force]] with author Ravi Rikhye and photographer Peter Steinmann was a groundbreaking reference book on the history on the [[Pakistan Air Force]], and was written to document the history of the Pakistan Air Force's investments and their military history, it is the primary resource for the Pakistan Air Force, their aviators, military historians and researchers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thirty Seconds over Sargodha – Bharat Rakshak |date=13 February 2014 |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/history/1965war/koshy/ |access-date=2024-05-07 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-15 |title=Aerial combat comes alive in 'Fiza'ya: Psyche of The Pakistan Air Force' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/books/story/19920531-aerial-combat-comes-alive-in-fizaya-psyche-of-the-pakistan-air-force-766335-2013-06-15 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The book showcases how Pakistan, despite all the political turmoil it has gone through, could still produce a first-class air force.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Owen |first1=Robert C. |url=https://academic.oup.com/kentucky-scholarship-online/book/46193?redirectedFrom=PDF |title=Restraining Air Power: Escalation Management between Peer Air Forces |last2=Berman |first2=Lazar |last3=Lambeth |first3=Benjamin S. |last4=Morgan |first4=Forrest E. |last5=Paget |first5=Steven |date=2022-11-29 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |isbn=978-0-8131-9604-6 |language=en}}</ref> It was and is heavily appreciated by Pakistani politicians and aviators alike, including [[Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif]], [[Nur Khan|Air Marshal Malik Nur Khan]], [[Sajad Haider|Air Commodore Sayed Sajad Haider]], [[Zaheer Ahmad Babar|Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmad Babar Sidhu]] and many more- and is used as one of the primary reference books of the Pakistan Air Force.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haider |first=Air Commodore (Retd) S. Sajad |date=2015-09-06 |title=Straight shooting on the 1965 war |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1204925 |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> Pushpindar Singh Chopra promoted Indo-Pakistan friendship, was a great admirer of the Pakistan Air Force despite the rocky relationship with his home country.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subramaniam |first=Arjun |title=DEFENDING INDIA'S SKIES BY AIR CMDE JASJIT SINGH |url=https://www.academia.edu/5557905 |journal=Air and Space Power Journal, Maxwell Afb}}</ref>{{blockquote|The Pakistan Fiza’Ya (Pakistan Air Force) plays a role in the psyche of its nation unmatched by any Air Force in the world except that by the Israeli Air Force. The PAF’s motto, loosely translated from Persian is ‘Lord of All I Survey’. It calls itself ‘The Pride of the Nation’, and is exactly that.|author=Pushpindar Singh Chopra|title=Fiza’Ya: Psyche of the Pakistan Air Force}}

=== Fly Navy ===
The book 'Fly Navy' remains the primary book on Indian Naval aviation, and the [[Indian Naval Air Arm]] to be specific.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fly Navy, Fly – A History Of Indian Naval Aviation – The Aviation Bookshop |url=https://www.aviation-bookshop.com/shop/fly-navy-fly-a-history-of-indian-naval-aviation-2/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |language=en-GB}}</ref> It is an illustrated work detailing the growth of the Indian Navy's air capabilities though its years at work, from the [[Annexation of Goa|Liberation of Goa]] onwards.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pushpindar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYASPwAACAAJ |title='Fly Navy': An Illustrated History of Indian Naval Aviation |date=2006 |publisher=Society for Aerospace Studies |isbn=978-81-901915-1-7 |language=en}}</ref> An updated version named, "Fly Navy, Fly" was released posthumously, and inaugurated by Navy Chief [[Karambir Singh|Admiral Karambir Singh]] and President [[Ram Nath Kovind]] on the Naval Air Arm's 68th foundation anniversary.<ref name=":4" />

=== Himalayan Eagles ===
The Himalayan Eagles was a three-volume magnum opus spanning over 700 pages in total on the Indian Air Force's history, it includes detailed descriptions of the development of the Indian Air Force's power and past history.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-23 |title=Big Picture: 1965, fifty years later |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/big-picture-1965-fifty-years-later/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The Indian Air Force considers the series as the best histography on itself.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pushpindar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNjPPgAACAAJ |title=Foundations |date=2007 |publisher=Society for Aerospace Studies |isbn=978-81-901915-3-1 |language=en}}</ref> It was written for the Platinum Jubilee in 2007, and occupies pride of place in every Air Force library and squadron crew room.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Airpower at 18,000': The Indian Air Force in the Kargil War |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2012/09/airpower-at-18000-the-indian-air-force-in-the-kargil-war?lang=en |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |language=en}}</ref> The first volume released in 2007 was titled, 'Foundations', second volume was titled 'Consolidation and Expansion' and lastly the third volume is named 'World Air Power'.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian aviation |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/musings/encyclopaedia-of-indian-aviation-258447/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> The three books deal with different aspects, times and scenarios that the Indian Air Force had gone through and is valued and cherished by the Indian Air Force.<ref name=":5" />

== Dornier Flugzeugwerke ==

=== Fairchild-Dornier 228 ===
One of his largest breakthroughs was the launching of the [[Fairchild-Dornier 228]], he was a representative of [[Dornier Flugzeugwerke]] (heading it in 1978) in India at the time, which has been one of India's greatest aeronautical accomplishments till date and allowed for the main production of the plane to be in India, the fuselage, wings and tail unit are manufactured by HAL in [[Kanpur]], India.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=https://www.vayuaerospace.in/Issue/vayu-issue-Vayu-Issue-II-Mar-Apr-2015.pdf |url=https://www.vayuaerospace.in/Issue/vayu-issue-Vayu-Issue-II-Mar-Apr-2015.pdf}}</ref> He was the representative of the company in India for many years.<ref name=":6" /> This project was the first in the list of many successful Indian Air Force plane development projects with international collaboration, specifically from Germany in this case.<ref name=":6" /> He also worked on the HAL Tejas and the HAL HF-24 Marut with [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] before.<ref name=":22224" /> Dornier Flugzeugwerke also wished to co-produce the [[HAL Tejas]], though the Indian Government rejected it due to lack of foresight.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karnad |first=Bharat |date=2014-11-13 |title=Parrikar's Priority |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2014/Nov/14/parrikars-priority-682192.html |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He followed indigenous designs such as the [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]], National Aerospace Laboratories and Aeronautical Development Agencies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=https://www.orfonline.org/public/uploads/posts/pdf/20240630064017.pdf |url=https://www.orfonline.org/public/uploads/posts/pdf/20240630064017.pdf}}</ref> After part of the company was bought by Dornier, Pushpindar Singh Chopra headed Daimler Benz ([[Mercedes-Benz India|Mercedes Benz's Indian branch]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/2006-10/idwg542_32_0.pdf |url=https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/2006-10/idwg542_32_0.pdf}}</ref>

== Military History career ==
Along with being an authority on aerospace, he also had a keen interest in military history, and was the founder of the 'Military Studies Convention' based in New Delhi and co-founder of the 'Delhi Forum for Strategic Studies'.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/vayu-aerospace-and-defence/20180201/281883003805818?srsltid=AfmBOorNEVZJyh4BEKNKqKJnjb9d-7iEvdFh-efN_4xLcMNosHj2LNNA |access-date=2024-10-19 |via=PressReader}}</ref>

=== Neuve Chapelle: The Jullundur Brigade in France & Flanders ===
He also published Neuve Chapelle: The Jullundur Brigade in France & Flanders, 1914-1915 commemorating the Jullundur Brigade's role in the [[Battles of Ypres]] and Neuve Chapelle during the [[First World War]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chopra |first=Pushpindar Singh |url=https://lordslibrary.koha-ptfs.co.uk/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=70833 |title=Neuve Chapelle: the Jullundur Brigade in France & Flanders 1914-1915 |date=2014 |publisher=Military Studies Convention |isbn=978-93-82811-06-0 |edition=Second |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> It was published for the Jullundur Brigade Association (of which Pushpindar Singh was the vice-president), the book documents the role of the [[3rd (Lahore) Division|Jullundur Brigade]] in the [[World War I|First World War]]. The (8th) Jullundur Brigade of the (3rd) Lahore Division was perhaps unique in the fact that from 1912 to 1918, three of its constituent battalions were banded together, being the 1st [[Manchester Regiment]], the [[47th Duke of Connaught's Own Sikhs|47th Sikhs]] and the 59th Scinde Rifles FF, which were to remain continuously in action from October 1914 till end of the Great War.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jullundur Brigade |url=http://www.the-south-asian.com/jan2002/Jullundur_Brigade.htm |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.the-south-asian.com}}</ref> The Indian Corps were amongst the earliest troops on the Western Front.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chopra |first=Pushpindar Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OlrVsgEACAAJ |title=Neuve Chapelle: The Jullundur Brigade in France & Flanders, 1914-1915 |date=2014 |publisher=Military Studies Convention |isbn=978-93-82811-06-0 |language=en}}</ref> The Jullundur Brigade went to war on 23 October 1914 and fought at the [[First Battle of Ypres]], [[Battle of Neuve Chapelle|Neuve Chapelle]], [[Winter operations 1914–1915|Givenchy]], capture of Neuve Chapelle, [[Second Battle of Ypres|the second Ypres]], [[Battle of Festubert|Festubert]] and the [[Battle of Loos|Loos offensive]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neuve Chapelle: The Jullundur Brigade in France & Flanders 1914-1915 - Om Publications |url=https://www.ompublications.in/product/books/OM38096 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.ompublications.in}}</ref>

=== 1947: a Soldiers' Story ===
His book 1947: a Soldiers' Story was written from the notes of Pushpindar Singh Chopra's father- Maj. Gen. Mohindar Singh Chopra, it details the military aspect of containing riots that shook India and an exodus in proportions that had never been seen before throughout history.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Studies |first=Partition |title=1947- A Soldier's Story From the Records of Maj. Gen. Mohinder Singh Chopra |url=https://partitionstudiesquarterly.org/article/1947-a-soldiers-story-from-the-records-of-maj-gen-mohinder-singh-chopra/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Partition Studies |language=en-US}}</ref> His father had contained riots in [[Bengal]] and [[Punjab]], the two most violence-prone regions.<ref name=":7" /> Most accounts and books relating to the [[Partition of India]] detail the communal aspect and do not take notice of the Indian and Pakistan armies' role in stopping riots on both sides of the border along with providing relief and rehabilitation to the victims of such riots.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Valmay |date=2012-02-29 |title=A Soldier 's Story – From the Khyber Pass to the Jungles of Burma |url=https://www.fibis.org/a-soldiers-story-from-the-khyber-pass-to-the-jungles-of-burma/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Families in British India Society |language=en-GB}}</ref> It is laced with personal accounts from his fathers diaries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: 1947, A Soldier's Story |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/oct/28waga.htm#:~:text=The%20year%20was%201947,%20the,same%20on%20the%20other%20side. |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref> It provides details of the relatively unknown military conflicts that had escalated before the [[Kashmir]] problem arose and the establishment of the famous [[Attari–Wagah border ceremony|Wagah-Attari Border]] dividing the twin cities of [[Lahore]] and [[Amritsar]] and creating a crevice in the centre of [[Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1997-11-24 |title=Book review of '1947: A Soldier's Story' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/books/story/19971124-book-review-of-1947-a-soldier-story-830962-1997-11-23 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> It also contains descriptions of the immense effort that the [[Indian Army]] put into controlling the riots, which within two months of the army entering the scene under Brig. Chopra went from 125,000 deaths per month to no deaths in late December, a military accomplishment of unimaginable proportions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: 1947, A Soldier's Story |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/oct/28waga.htm#:~:text=The%20year%20was%201947,%20the,same%20on%20the%20other%20side. |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>

=== Portrait of Courage ===
He also published Portrait of Courage: Century of the 5th Battalion, The Sikh Regiment on the [[Sikh Regiment|Sikh Regiment's]] centenary event, co-authored by Maj. Gen. Prem Khanna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portrait of courage century of the 5th Battalion The Sikh Regiment XLVII (D.C.O.) Sikhs |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1500020192 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=Imperial War Museums |language=en}}</ref> It details the history of the Sikh Regiment from its foundation in the [[First Anglo-Sikh war|Anglo-Sikh Wars]] through its involvement in [[Sudan]], [[China]], [[Afghanistan]], the World Wars, Indo-Pakistan Wars and other major military and historical events.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portrait of courage century of the 5th Battalion The Sikh Regiment XLVII (D.C.O.) Sikhs |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1500020192 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Imperial War Museums |language=en}}</ref>

== Sikh History career ==
He had a close affiliation to [[Sikhism]] and in July 2014 he was invited to be part of the centre for [[Guru Granth Sahib]] Studies at [[Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib|Rakab Ganj]] in [[New Delhi]] and a member of the International Institute of Sikh Studies.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2014-04-07 |title=Guru is the Shabad, the Word – S. Pushpindar Singh |url=https://www.chardikalaa.com/?p=1222 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Chardi Kalaa Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> He was also made President of The Sikh Forum and was founder-editor of the Nishaan Nagaara magazine, an ‘Illustrated Journal of the Sikhs’.<ref name=":8" />

=== Nishaan Nagaara ===
Pushpindar Singh founded the 'Nishaan Nagaara', a non-political journal, to highlight Sikh issues, culture, history and heritage in April 1999. The first issue was formally launched at New Delhi on 22 April 1999 and was inaugurated by [[Manmohan Singh|Prime Minister Manmohan Singh]], [[Jaswant Singh Neki|Dr. Jaswant Singh Neki]] and [[Karan Singh|Chief Minister Dr. Karan Singh]].<ref name=":22224" /> The magazine collaborates which magazines like [[SikhNet]], and scholars such as Inder Jit Singh of [[New York (state)|New York]] and Bhayee Sikander Singh of Bagrian and one can find it in many a Sikh home.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-19 |title=Delhi of the Sikhs |url=http://www.sikhnet.com/news/delhi-sikhs |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=SikhNet |language=en}}</ref>

=== The Sikh Forum ===
He was made the President of the Sikh Forum and protested for justice for the [[1984 Anti-Sikh Riots]], a resolution seeking declaration of the violence as "Sikh Genocide Day" was also passed by him along with other leaders such as [[H. S. Phoolka]], [[Tarlochan Singh]] and others- he multiple times condemned, wrote letters to the Prime Minister and staged protests demanding justice for the Anti-Sikh riots.<ref>{{Cite web |title=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/news-detail-677538 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/news-detail-677538}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-02 |title=34th anniversary of 1984 anti-Sikh riots: Victims remembered |url=https://www.ptcnews.tv/34th-anniversary-1984-anti-sikh-riots-victims-remembered |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=PTC News |language=en}}</ref> As a response to a letter from The Sikh Forum written by him on the anniversary of Operation Blue Star- the Home Minister had given back 53 historical books to the Golden Temple which had been looted from the Sikh Reference Library.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KM7SdCacp-A |title=34th Anniversary of the assault on Harmandar Sahib & 37 other Gurudwaras - Symposium - Pt 4 |date=2022-08-17 |last=THE SIKH FORUM |access-date=2024-10-29 |via=YouTube}}</ref> He pushed for a Truth and Reconciliation Commission for the events that happened in 1984. He spoke against the Sikh community being termed as Khalistani and believed it was wrong for every member of the Sikh diaspora to be painted with the "extremist brush."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-11 |title=Sikh forum seeks audience with PM before his visit to UK to share issues of Sikh diaspora |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sikh-forum-seeks-audience-with-pm-before-his-visit-to-uk-to-share-issues-of-sikh-diaspora/articleshow/63717953.cms |access-date=2024-05-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Letter to Modi, Sikh Forum Denounces 'Deliberate' Khalistan Spin to Trudeau's Visit |url=https://thewire.in/politics/modi-sikh-forum-khalistan-trudeau-visit |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
Pushpindar Singh Chopra died due to [[COVID-19]] in [[Gurgaon]] on 3 May 2021.

== Publications ==
=== Books ===

* A Guide to Air Power in Asia and the Pacific (1971)
* Aircraft of the Indian Air Force (1974)
* A Directory of Combat Aircraft in Asia (1980)
* The Indian Air Force and its Aircraft (1982)
* A Whale of a Fighter (1983)
* Touching the Sky (1991)
* Fiza'Ya (1991)
* Sabre Slayers (1991)
* The Battle Axes (1993)
* 1947: a Soldier's Story (1997)
* Diamonds in the Sky (2000)
* Portrait of Courage (2001)
* History of Aviation of India (2003)
* Fly Navy (2006)
* When Lightnings Strike (2006)
* Himalayan Eagles – Consolidation and Expansion (2007)
* Himalayan Eagles – World Air Power (2007)
* Himalayan Eagles – Foundations (2007)
* Tigers in the Sky (2008)
* Valiant to the Last (2009)
* The Black Archers (2009)
* The Fighting Fourteen (2011)
* On the Wings of Gold (2011)
* Spirits of the Wind (2011)
* Dragon Fire (2012)
* First to the Last (2013)
* The First Supersonics (2013)
* Neuve Chapelle (2014)
* Tusker Charge (2014)
* Harlow to Hawk (2017)
* Fly Navy, Fly (2022)

=== Magazines ===

* Vayu Aerospace and Defence Review (1973 – present)
* Nishaan Nagaara Magazine (1999 – present)

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh Chopra, Pushpinder}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Indian military historians]]
[[Category:Writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:The Doon School alumni]]

Sani Monastery

2025-11-07T03:41:38Z

Gheethivf: added references additionally and fixed typos

{{Short description|Tibetan Buddhist monastery in Zanskar, Ladakh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Tibetan Buddhist monastery
|name = Sani Monastery
|image = Front Sani Kani Khar Zanskar Jun24 A7CR 00792.jpg
|image size =
|alt =
|caption = Front facade of the main building
|map_type =
|coordinates =
|map_caption = Location within India

|location_country =
|location= [[Zanskar]], [[Ladakh]], [[India]]
|founded_by = [[Kanishka]]?
|founded = 2nd century CE?
|sect = [[Kagyu]]
|dedicated_to = [[Padmasambhava]]
|head_lama =
|architecture =
|festivals= Nungnes; Sani Nasjal
|footnotes =
}}
{{Tibetan Buddhism}}

'''Sani Monastery''' (also written '''Sanee'''), '''Sa-ni-'''['''tshog'''], is located next to the village of Sani where the Stod Valley broadens into the central plain of [[Zanskar]] in [[Ladakh]], northern India. It is about 6 km to the northwest of the regional centre of [[Padum]]. Like [[Dzongkhul Monastery]], it belongs to the [[Drukpa Kargyu]] school of [[Tibetan Buddhism]], and is the only one of this order in Zanskar which has nuns.<ref>Gutschow(2004), p. 99.</ref> It is thought to be the oldest religious site in [[Ladakh]] and Zanskar.<ref>Rizvi (1998), p. 254.</ref>

==History==
[[File:Kanika Chorten Sani Zanskar Ladakh Jun24 A7CR 00773.jpg|thumb|left|Kanika chorten ca. 2nd century AD]]
[[File:Padmasambhava Sani Lake Zanskar Jun24 A7CR 00793.jpg|thumb|Padmasambhava statue in nearby Sani lake]]
The [[gompa]] is built to accommodate an ancient [[chorten]] 6 m (20 ft) high<ref>Osada, Allwright and Kanamaru (2000), p. 302.</ref> and of unusual shape, known as the '''Kanika Chorten''', is presumed to date back to the time of the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] emperor, [[Kanishka]].<ref>Rizvi (1998), p. 254.</ref> Kanishka's era is now thought to have begun in 127 CE. 'Kanika' is a commonly used form of Emperor Kanishka's name. He is notable in Buddhist literature as a promoter of Buddhism and he is said to have sponsored an important Buddhist conference in nearby Kashmir. This seems to be the only monastery in the region other than [[Gandhola Monastery]] in [[Lahaul]] which has a history which purportedly goes back to Kushan times.

The 17th century ''Chronicle of Zaṅs-dkar'' (Zanskar) says that the (semi?) mythical,
<blockquote>". . . high King Ge-sar [[Gesar]] of Gliṅ came to this blessed Zaṅs-dkar, where the religion of heaven and earth arose, and he broke the whole earth with his feet. 'U-rgyan-pa-dma [[Padmasambhava]] came, and exorcised the demons; he kept down the bad Sa-bkra [= Sa-dgra, 'enemy of the earth'?]. The female ogre was as if she had fallen on her back. The Sa-ni and Ka-ni-ka monasteries were erected at the head of the region, the Gña-nam-gu-ru monastery of Pi-pi-tiṅ on the heart, and the Gña-nam-gu-ru [monastery] of Byams-gliṅ on the feet."<ref>Francke (1926), p. 156.</ref>
</blockquote>

It is of interest to note that, although they are dated here to the time of [[Padmasambhava]] (late 8th to early 9th centuries), the Sani and Kanika monasteries are the first ones mentioned.

Padmasambhava, or [[Guru Rinpoche]], is said to have dwelt for five years in the small 'Gamshot Lhakang' squeezed between the main building and the corridor, to the right of the Kanika chorten. Inside may be seen a figure of Guru Rinpoche and historical scenes in half relief on both sides of the statue.<ref>Schettler (1981), p. 153.</ref> Apparently, one can just see the white opening to a cave in a cliff across the river from the monastery where Padmasambhava is also said to have meditated for several years and it is still used as a meditation cell.<ref>Loram (2004), p. 196.</ref>

The monastery is also claimed to be connected with the Indian [[Yogi]] [[Naropa]] (956-1041 CE). There is now small room next to the Kanika chorten where it is thought that Naropa meditated in which there is a veiled bronze statue of the yogi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.buddhist-temples.com/buddhist-monastery/ladakh/sani.html|title=Sani Monastery - Sani Monastery Ladakh - Sani Gompa of Leh Ladakh - Sani Monastery India}}</ref>

A group of [[Kargyu]] nuns established a small retreat centre at "Starkhugnza" in the 1990s. It is a site above Sani which was founded by Ngawang Tsering (1657-1732), a Zanskar meditator. All of the nunneries in Zanskar are under the spiritual authority of the monks and few have much in the way of endowments.<ref>Gutschow(2004), p. 101.</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Crematory Rock Carvings Sani Zanskar Jun24 A7CR 00746.jpg|thumb|Holy crematory grounds of Sani monastery]]
[[File:Rock Carving Crematory Sani Jun24 A7CR 00755.jpg|thumb|Maitreya at Sani Gompha holy cremation ground]]
Unusually, the gompa is not built on a hill or mountain but on flat land. It is in the form of a castle and the Kanika chorten is in the backyard of the enclosing stone walls with chortens mounted at intervals. Next to the Kanika chorten are ten standing stones with engravings of deities in a pre-Tibetan style.<ref>Rizvi (1998), p. 254.</ref><ref>Schettler (1981), p. 152.</ref>

One enters the rectangular compound of the gompa through a gate chorten with prayer wheels. As well as the usual depictions of protective deities there is a goat's head filled jewels and prayer cards with "[[Om mani padme hum]]" written on them.<ref>Schettler (1981), p. 152.</ref>

The Assembly Hall or Dukhang has 16 columns and houses images of Chamba, Chenren and Padmasambhava as well as others. Behind the altar is the Gongkhang, a small room containing an ancient figure of Cho Rinpoche and a bookshelf holding the sacred volumes of the [[Kangyur]].<ref>Schettler (1981), p. 153.</ref>

The smaller temple dedicated to Naropa is decorated with unique [[bas-relief]]s in [[stucco]] painted in bright colours and with niches for the images. There is also "a magnificent plantation of huge old poplars" adjoining the gompa - a rare treat in the mostly treeless Zanskar.<ref>Rizvi (1998), p. 254.</ref>

One of the eight most important cremation grounds of Tibetan Buddhists is outside the monastery complex and the cemetery is ringed with ancient rock-carvings which show Indian influences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.buddhist-temples.com/buddhist-monastery/ladakh/sani.html|title=Sani Monastery - Sani Monastery Ladakh - Sani Gompa of Leh Ladakh - Sani Monastery India}}</ref> In the cremation ground is a two-metre-high boulder with a painting of Maitrya on it which shines from the sacrificial oil poured over it by pilgrims. There is also a nearby mast with prayer flags on it.<ref>Schettler (1981), p. 154.</ref>

==Festivals==
[[File:Monk Dancing Sani Zanskar Jun24 A7CR 00710.jpg|left|thumb|Bardan lama in masked dance at Sani, June 2024]]
Nungnes has no fixed date but usually takes place in July. Sani Naro-Nasjal is usually in the first week of August, between the 15th and the 20th of the sixth Tibetan month. It takes place during the blooming of the 'Guru Neropa Flower'.<ref>Schettler (1981), p. 145.</ref> Every year the statue of Naropa is unveiled in late July or early August on the eve of the Naro-Nasjal Festival. Lamas from [[Bardan Monastery]] perform masked dances as ritual offering.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.buddhist-temples.com/buddhist-monastery/ladakh/sani.html|title=Sani Monastery - Sani Monastery Ladakh - Sani Gompa of Leh Ladakh - Sani Monastery India}}</ref>

There is an annual ritual reading of the Tibetan canon, the 'Great Prayer Festival', held at the monastery during winter with the firewood provided by villagers in the region<ref>Gutschow (2004), p. 118.</ref>

From time to time the monks boil up goats' heads in a long ceremony in which symbols of fortune and other garnishings are added according to the wealth of the person sponsoring this activity. These goats' heads hang outside the houses of almost every house in Leh and are thought to bring good fortune. Normally, these symbols are changed annually.<ref>Schettler (1981), p. 152.</ref>

==See also==
* [[All Ladakh Gonpa Association#List|List of buddhist monasteries in Ladakh]]
* [[Geography of Ladakh]]
* [[Tourism in Ladakh]]
* [[World Monuments Fund]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Bhasin, Sanjeev Kumar. (2008). ''Amazing land Ladakh: places, people, and culture''. Indus Publishing Company. {{ISBN|978-81-7387-186-3}}.
* Francke, A. H. (1914, 1926). ''Antiquities of Indian Tibet''. Two Volumes. Calcutta. 1972 reprint: S. Chand, New Delhi.
* Gutschow, Kim (2004). ''Being a Buddhist Nun: The Struggle for Enlightenment in the Himalayas''. Harvard University Press. ISBN
978-0674012875.
* Loram, Charlie (2004). ''Trekking in Ladakh, 3rd: India Trekking Guide''. First edition 1996. Third edition. Trailblazer Publications. {{ISBN|978-1-873756-75-1}}.
* Rizvi, Janet. 1998. ''Ladakh, Crossroads of High Asia''. Oxford University Press. 1st edition 1963. 2nd revised edition 1996. 3rd impression 2001. {{ISBN|0-19-564546-4}}.
* Osada, Yukiyasu, Gavin Allwright and Atushi Kanamaru. (2000). ''Mapping the Tibetan World''. Reprint 2004. Kotan Publishing. Tokyo, Japan. {{ISBN|0-9701716-0-9}}.
* Schettler, Margaret & Rolf (1981). ''Kashmir, Ladakh & Zanskar''. Lonely Planet Publications. South Yarra, Victoria, Australia. {{ISBN|0-908086-21-0}}.

==External links==
* [http://www.buddhist-temples.com/buddhist-monastery/ladakh/sani.html Description of Sani Monastery.]

{{Buddhism topics}}

{{coord|33|30|19|N|76|48|37|E||display=title}}

[[Category:Drukpa Kagyu monasteries and temples in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in Ladakh]]
[[Category:2nd-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Kargil district]]
[[Category:Tourism in Ladakh]]

List of awards and nominations received by Kumar Sanu

2025-11-02T07:07:09Z

Gheethivf: rework details per standard format and fixed typos to improve readability

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox awards list
|name=Kumar Sanu
|image=Kumar sanu colors indian telly awards.jpg
|caption=Sanu in 2012
|wins=38
|nominations=14
}}

[[Kumar Sanu]] (born 20 October 1957) is an Indian [[playback singer]]. He is known as the King of Melody in [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]]. He is famous for singing thousands of Bollywood [[Hindi]] super hit songs. Also as one of the most successful playback singers of 90s era of [[Bollywood]]. Apart from Hindi, he has also sung in other languages including [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Languages of Nepal|Nepali]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Odia language|Odia]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kumar Sanu Odia Songs|url=https://gaana.com/artist/kumar-sanu/odia-songs}}</ref> [[Chhattisgarhi]], [[Urdu]], [[Pali]], [[English language|English]] and his native language [[Bengali language|Bengali]], both in [[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]]. He holds the record for winning five consecutive [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] from 1991 to 1995. He holds the Guinness Book of world records since 1993 for recording the maximum number of songs in a single day.

For his contribution to Indian [[Cinema of India|cinema]] and music, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2009 by the [[Government of India]]. Many of his tracks feature in [[BBC|BBC's]] "Top 40 Bollywood Soundtracks of all time".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/asiannetwork/features/top40_soundtracks_10_01.shtml|title=BBC – Asian Network – Top 40 Soundtracks of All Time|last=BBC|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=14 August 2020}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
=== Civil honours ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
!No. !! Award !! Honouring body
|-
| 2001
|1
| 31 March – Kumar Sanu Day: first Indian singer to achieve such honour in America
| Michael R. Turner, Mayor, Dayton, Ohio, U.S.<ref name="Times">{{cite web |title=Day tripper: Kumar Sanu goes global |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/july2001/tunen1.html |access-date=5 March 2016 |date=July 2001 |work=Filmfare |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040830051537/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/july2001/tunen1.html |archive-date=30 August 2004}}</ref>
|-
| 2001
|2
| [[Doctorate]] (honorary)
| University of America
|-
| 2009
|3
| [[Padma Shri]]: India's 4th highest civilian honour
| [[Government of India]]
|-
| 2012
|4
| Dr. Ambedkar Awards<ref name="Ambedkar">{{Cite news |url=http://m.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/international-human-rights-council-honours-veteran-actor-dharmendra-presents-him-with-dr-babasaheb-ambedkar-nobel-award-275610.html |title=International Human Rights Council Honours Dharmendra With Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Nobel Award |work=indiatimes.com |access-date=20 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
| People Education Society
|-
| 2014
|5
| Maharashtraratna Awards
| [[Government of Maharashtra]]
|-
| 2014
|6
| Mahanayak Samman Lifetime Achievement: as Bengali Playback Singer
| [[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
| 2015
|7
| Sangeet Samman Lifetime Achievement Award
| [[Government of West Bengal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/bappi-lahiri-kumar-sanu-given-lifetime-achievement-awards/|title=Bappi Lahiri, Kumar Sanu given Lifetime Achievement awards|date=14 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
|8
| Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Nobel Award<ref name="Ambedkar" />
| International Human Rights Council
|-
| 2018
|9
| Felicitation at the UK Houses of Parliament, along with Anuradha Paudwal for contribution in Indian Music and also social services.
| Indo-British All Party Parliamentary Group<ref name="UK Parliament Felicitation">{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kumar-sanu-anuradha-paudwal-uk-houses-of-parliament-5251042/ |title=Kumar Sanu and Anuradha Paudwal honoured at UK Houses of Parliament |date=8 July 2018 |access-date=26 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|10
|Bishesh Sangeet Mahasanman
|[[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
|2021
|11
| Honoured with a Doctorate for his contribution to music. He has also been recognized with the Maharashtra Samman Award. Talking about the same, Sanu told IANS: "American University of USA has honoured me with the Nelson Mandela Nobel Peace Award. It is a Doctorate and the certificate came from the United States. The Governors of 120 countries have approved this. The award was given in Pune."
| The American University of USA
|-
|2021
|12
|[[Lata Mangeshkar Award]]
|[[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]<ref name="Lata Mangeshkar Award">{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kumar-sanu-shailendra-singh-anand-milind-to-get-lata-mangeshkar-award/article65943732.ece/ |title=Kumar Sanu, Shailendra Singh, Anand-Milind to get Lata Mangeshkar Award |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 September 2022 |access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|13
|[[Banga Bibhushan]], Highest Civilian Award of West Bengal
|[[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
|2023
|14
|[https://rajbhavan-maharashtra.gov.in/en/12-01-2023-governor-presents-dr-babasaheb-ambedkar-national-awards-to-udit-narayan-kumar-sanu-ranvir-shorey/ Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar National Contribution Award], [National Award At Rajbhavan Mumbai]
|[[Bhagat Singh Koshyari|Shri Bhagat Singh Koshiyari]] Honourable Governor Of Maharastra And Organiser [https://rajbhavan-maharashtra.gov.in/en/12-01-2023-governor-presents-dr-babasaheb-ambedkar-national-awards-to-udit-narayan-kumar-sanu-ranvir-shorey/ Shri Gurubhai Sureshbhai Thakkar]
|}

=== Filmfare Awards ===
;'''Won'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! '''Year'''
!No.
! '''Song'''
! '''Film'''
! '''Music director(s)'''
! '''Lyricist'''
|-
|'''1991'''
|1
|'''"Ab Tere Bin"'''
|'''''[[Aashiqui]]'''''
|rowspan="3"|'''[[Nadeem-Shravan]]'''
|rowspan="3"|[[Sameer (lyricist)|'''Sameer''']]
|-
|'''1992'''
|2
|'''"Mera Dil Bhi Kitna Pagal Hai"'''
|'''''[[Saajan]]'''''
|-
|'''1993'''
|3
|'''"Sochenge Tumhe Pyaar"'''
|''[[Deewana (1992 film)|'''Deewana''']]''
|-
|'''1994'''
|4
|'''"Yeh Kaali Kaali Aankhen"'''
|'''''[[Baazigar]]'''''
|'''[[Anu Malik]]'''
| '''[[Dev Kohli]]'''
|-
|'''1995'''
|5
|'''"Ek Ladki Ko Dekha"'''
|'''''[[1942: A Love Story]]'''''
|'''[[R.D. Burman]]'''
|'''[[Javed Akhtar]]'''
|}

;Nominated
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
!No.
! Song
! Film
|-
| 1994
|1
| "Baazigar O Baazigar"
| ''[[Baazigar]]''
|-
|-
| 1995
|2
| "Kuch Na Kaho"
| ''[[1942: A Love Story]]''
|-
| 1996
|3
| "Tujhe Dekha To"
| ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]''
|-
|-
| 1996
|4
| "Tu Mile Dil Khile"
| ''[[Criminal (1995 film)#Hindi Version|Criminal]]''
|-
| 1998
|5
| "Do Dil Mil Rahe Hain"
| ''[[Pardes (1997 film)|Pardes]]''
|-
| 1999
|6
| "Ladki Badi Anjaani Hai"
| ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]''
|-
| 2000
|7
| "Aankhon Ki Gusthakiyaan"
| ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''
|-
| 2003
|8
| "Sanam Mere Humraaz"
| ''[[Humraaz]]''
|-
| 2004
|9
| "Kisise Tum Pyar Karo"
| ''[[Andaaz]]''
|}

=== Other awards ===
* 2025: #RukhRukhHotaHai<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=#rukhrukhhotahai poll |url=https://x.com/OyyeHoyyeBasket/status/1948632172623266177}}</ref> Poll Winner - SRK x Kumar Sanu
* 2024 : ITA Music Legend Award at the 24th [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=hW332GgnB9-rE8uP&v=ip6ssPvOREY&feature=youtu.be | title=Kumar Sanu ka jalwa ..! | website=[[YouTube]] | date=29 January 2025 }}</ref>
*
* 2024 : Lifetime Achievement Award at the Zee Real Heroes Awards 2024 <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/kumar-sanu-conferred-lifetime-achievement-by-cm-devendra-fadnavis-at-zee-real-heroes-awards-2024-2843956.html |title=Kumar Sanu Conferred 'Lifetime Achievement' by CM Devendra Fadnavis at Zee Real Heroes Awards 2024 }}</ref>
*
* 2016 : Featured in "Most searched and popular Indian singers on Google in the last 10 years"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-sunny-leone-google-most-searched-actors-2915875/ |title=Salman Khan, Sunny Leone are Google's most searched Indian actors of last 10 years |date=15 July 2016 |access-date=29 July 2016}}</ref>
*
* 2003 : Bollywood Music Award For "Best Artist of the Decade"
* 2001: Channel V Award For Best Male Playback for "Chand Sitare" – ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]''
* 2000 : Hero Honda Award For Best Playback Singer (Male) for "Aankhon Ki Gustakhiyan" – ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''
* 2000 : Kalashree Award For Best Male Playback for "Chaand Sitare" – ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]''
* 2000 : Nomination: [[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback]] for "Aankhon Ki Gustakhiyaan" – ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''
*
* 2000 : Nomination: [[MTV Award]] for "Dil ne yeh" with [[Udit Narayan]] and [[Alka Yagnik]]
*
* 1999 : [[Mohammed Rafi]] Memorial Award for Best Playback Singer For "Aankhon Ki Gustakhiyaan" – ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''
* 1999 : Nomination: [[MTV Award]] for "Aankhon Ki Gustakhiyaan" With [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]] – ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''
* 1999 : [[Zee Gold Awards]] for "Aankhon Ki Gustakhiyaan" – ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''
* 1999 : Kalakar Awards for "Aankhon Ki Gustakhiyaan" – ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''
* 1999 : [[Stardust Award]] for Best Playback Singer For "Aankhon Ki Gustakhiyaan" – ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''
* 1999 : [[Anandalok Awards]] for Best Playback Singer (Male) Kumar Sanu for ''Ami Sei Meye''
* 1998 : Lions' Club Gold Award For Best Playback Singer "Ladki Badi Anjaani Hai" – ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]''
* 1998: Nomination: [[Zee Cine Awards]] Best Playback Singer – Male for "Do Dil Mil Rahe Hain" – ''[[Pardes (1997 film)|Pardes]]''
* 1998: Nomination: [[Screen Awards]] Best Male Playback Singer for "Do Dil Mil Rahe Hain" – ''[[Pardes (1997 film)|Pardes]]''
* 1998 : [[Anandalok Awards]] For Best Playback Singer (Male) Kumar Sanu for ''Gane Bhuban Bhoriye Debo''
* 1997 : [[BFJA Award]] for film ''Lathi''
* 1996 : [[BFJA Award]] for film ''Kencho Khurte Keote''
* 1995 : Channel V Award For Best Male Playback "Tujhe Dekha To Yeh Jaana Sanam" – ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]''
* 1995 : Ashirwad Award For Best Male Playback "Ek Ladki Ko Dekha" – ''[[1942: A Love Story]]''
* 1995 : [[Screen Award for Best Male Playback]] for "Ek Ladki Ko Dekha" – ''[[1942: A Love Story]]''
* 1993 : [[Guinness World Records]] Award For "Most number of songs recorded in a day"

==See also==
* [[Kumar Sanu discography and filmography]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm0764384/awards?ref_=m_nm_awd Kumar Sanu awards] at [[IMDb]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanu, Kumar}}
[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian musician]]
[[Category:Kumar Sanu]]

Pethia pookodensis

2025-10-05T00:48:09Z

Gheethivf: expanded layout per standard format based on references

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = CR
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref =<ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Ali, A. |author2=Raghavan, R. |year=2015 |title=''Pethia pookodensis'' |volume=2015 |article-number=e.T172333A70366431 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-1.RLTS.T172333A70366431.en |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref>
| taxon = Pethia pookodensis
| display_parents = 3
| authority = ([[T. V. Anna Mercy|Mercy]] & [[Jacob Eapen|Eapen]], 2007)
| synonyms = *''Puntius pookodensis'' Mercy & Eapen, 2007
}}

'''''Pethia pookodensis''''', the '''Pookode Lake barb''', is a species of [[cyprinid]] fish found in [[Kerala]], [[India]] where it is only known to occur in [[Pookode Lake]] in the [[Western Ghats]]. This species can reach a length of {{convert|4.3|cm|in}} [[fish measurement|SL]].<ref>{{FishBase |genus= Pethia|species= pookodensis| month = April | year = 2013}}</ref> The high level of tourism around the lake poses serious threats to its ecosystem.<ref name=IUCN/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q6418969}}

[[Category:Pethia|poodookensis]]
[[Category:Taxa named by T. V. Anna Mercy]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Jacob Eapen]]
[[Category:Fish described in 2007]]
[[Category:Barbs (fish)]]

{{Barbinae-stub}}

Radha Raman (politician)

2025-08-30T08:28:47Z

Gheethivf:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
'''Radha Raman''' was an [[Indian politician]] and [[freedom fighter]] of [[Indian National Congress]] who served as Member of the 1st Lok Sabha (1952-57) from Delhi (Walled) City and the [[2nd Lok Sabha 1957-62]] from [[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of Lok Sabha |url=https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=NCT+of+Delhi&lsno=2 |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Lok Sabha}}</ref> and President of [[Delhi Pradesh Congress Committee]] before independence as well as after independence<ref>{{Cite news |last= |last2= |last3= |first3= |title=Dada Radha Raman Ji |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/dada-radha-raman-ji/articleshow/52638886.cms |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=The Times of India |date= 8 June 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TN4NAQAAIAAJ&q=President+of+Delhi+Pradesh+Congress+Committee+Radha+Raman |title=The Indian Political Science Review |date=1972 |publisher=University of California |language=en}}</ref> on 24 March 1970.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rpVAAAAYAAJ&dq=President+of+Delhi+Pradesh+Congress+Committee+Radha+Raman&pg=PA372 |title=The Story of Congress Pilgrimage: 1964-1970 |date=1990 |publisher=Indian Institute of Applied Political Research |isbn=978-81-85355-46-7 |language=en}}</ref> He also served as [[Chief Executive Councillor|Chief Executive Councillor of Delhi (now known as Chief Minister of Delhi) from 1972 to 1977]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Grover |first1=Verinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgduAAAAMAAJ&q=list+of+president+of+delhi+pradesh+congress+committee+Radha+Raman |title=Development of Politics and Government in India |last2=Arora |first2=Ranjana |date=1994 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7100-548-2 |language=en}}</ref> He was the first politician to represent [[Chandni Chowk]] in the [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rana |first=Mahendra Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yInZdHn-pKoC&dq=Radha+Raman+lok+sabha&pg=PA490 |title=India Votes: Lok Sabha & Vidhan Sabha Elections 2001-2005 |date=2006 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-647-6 |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was born at Delhi on 4th August 1904.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Member Bioprofile |url=https://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/933.htm |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Lok Sabha}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raman, Radha}}
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Presidents of Delhi Pradesh Congress Committee]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Delhi]]

{{Delhi-INC-politician-stub}}

Zindabaad (film)

2025-08-22T19:22:45Z

Gheethivf: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Ranbir Kapoor]]
{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from upcoming film}}
{{R printworthy}}
}}

Vijaybhai Patel

2025-08-11T00:04:12Z

Gheethivf: created a pg!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Vijaybhai Rameshbhai Patel''' (born 1974)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vijaybhai Rameshbhai Patel(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- DANGS (ST)(DANGS) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=5159 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Dangs Assembly constituency, which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[Dang district, India|Dang district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Dangs Election Result 2022 LIVE: BJP's Vijaybhai Rameshbhai Patel wins by 19,674 votes - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/dangs-election-result-2022-live-how-to-check-election-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-15349741.htm |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-08 |title=Gujarat assembly election results 2022: Full list of AAP winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/gujarat-assembly-election-results-2022-gujarat-polls-latest-news-gujarat-elections-results-full-list-of-aap-winners-aap-candidates-details-101670478194379.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408045026/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/gujarat-assembly-election-results-2022-gujarat-polls-latest-news-gujarat-elections-results-full-list-of-aap-winners-aap-candidates-details-101670478194379.html |archive-date=8 April 2024 |access-date=2025-01-21 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Gujarat Assembly Election Results 2022: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-elections-2022-winning-candidates-constituency-8312674/ |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Patel is from Dang district, Gujarat. He is the son of Rameshbhai Dangyabhai. He studied Class 10 at Shramjivi Secondary School, Valsad and passed the SSC examinations in 1989. He later did his Diploma in mechanical engineering in 1998 at Sarkari Polytechnic, [[Bhuj]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Patel won from [[Dangs Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 62,533 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Mukesh Patel]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 19,674 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Dangs Gujarat Election Result 2022 LIVE: BJP's Vijaybhai Patel wins against INC’s Mukeshbhai Patel |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/dang-gujarat-election-result-live-2022-bjp-congress-aap-vote-counting-updates-winner-loser-candidate-news-article-96070431 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Gujarat Election 2022: Winning candidates from BJP, Congress, AAP |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/gujarat-assembly-polls-2022/story/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winning-candidates-parties-across-182-seats-2306611-2022-12-08 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06173.htm?ac=173 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131170102/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06173.htm?ac=173 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=results.eci.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]. Later, he lost the next two elections in [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]] and [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]] to Mangalbhai Gavit of the [[Indian National Congress]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Vijaybhai}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Dang district, India]]

Ramnagar II

2025-08-02T04:36:26Z

Gheethivf: basic refine intro to improve readability

{{other uses|Ramnagar (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ramnagar II
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community Development Block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Ramnagar-II in Purba Medinipur (West Bengal).svg
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.7338|N|87.5501|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Community development block in India|Community development block]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 163.27
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 4
| population_total = 156,054
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 721423 (Balisai) 721453 (Depal) 721461 (Kalindi)
| area_code = 03229
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-29, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-30, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-31, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-32, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-33
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 89.38%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kanthi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanthi]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Ramnagar, Purba Medinipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ramnagar]]
| website = [http://purbamedinipur.gov.in Ramnagar, West Bengal, India]
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =

}}

'''Ramnagar II''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Contai subdivision]] of [[Purba Medinipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
Purba Medinipur district is part of the lower [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] and [[Eastern coastal plains]]. Topographically, the district can be divided into two parts – (a) almost entirely flat plains on the west, east and north, (b) the coastal plains on the south. The vast expanse of land is formed of [[alluvium]] and is composed of younger and coastal alluvial. The elevation of the district is within 10 metres above mean sea level. The district has a long coastline of 65.5 km along its southern and south eastern boundary. Five coastal CD Blocks, namely, Khejuri II, Contai II (Deshapran), Contai I, Ramnagar I and II, are occasionally affected by cyclones and tornadoes. Tidal floods are quite regular in these five CD Blocks. Normally floods occur in 21 of the 25 CD Blocks in the district. The major rivers are Haldi, Rupnarayan, Rasulpur, Bagui and Keleghai, flowing in north to south or south-east direction. River water is an important source of irrigation. The district has a low 899 hectare forest cover, which is 0.02% of its geographical area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.dcmsme.gov.in/dips/PURBA%20MIDNAPORE-wb.pdf |title = Brief Industrial Profile of Purba Midnapur District |publisher= Ministry of Micro Small and Medium Industries, Government of India | access-date = 29 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262525164 |title = Mapping Dynamics of land utilization and its changing Patterns of Purba Medinipure District - W.B | access-date = 29 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Purba%20Medinipur.pdf| title = District Human Development Report: Purba Medinipur| work = Chapter I Introduction| publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011| access-date = 29 June 2016| archive-date = 23 September 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160923122628/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Purba%20Medinipur.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Depal, a constituent panchayat of Ramnagar II block, is located at {{coord|21.7338|N|87.5501|E|format=dms|}}.

Ramnagar II CD Block is bounded by [[Egra II]] and [[Contai I]] CD Blocks in the north, [[Contai I]] CD Block in the east, [[Bay of Bengal]] in the south and [[Ramnagar I]] CD Block in the west.

It is located 89 km from [[Tamluk]], the district headquarters.

Ramnagar II CD Block has an area of 163.27 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 8 [[gram panchayat]]s, 119 gram sansads (village councils), 137 [[mouza]]s and 134 inhabited villages. [[Ramnagar, Purba Medinipur#Police station|Ramnagar]] (part) police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purba Medinipur | work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 29 March 2019 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at [[Bara Bankuya]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1919_PART_A_DCHB_PURBA%20MEDINIPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Purba Medinipur | work= Map of Purba Medinipur with CD Block HQs and Police Stations |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 9 November 2016 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Ramnagar II block/ panchayat samiti are: Badalpur, Balisai, [[Depal]], Kadua, Kalindi, Maithana, Paldhui and Satilapur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Purba Medinipur - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 22 June 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Ramnagar II CD Block had a total population of 156,054, all of which were rural. There were 80,370 (52%) males and 75,681 (48%) females. Population below 6 years was 16,314. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 21,787 (13.96%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 299 (0.19%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 1 July 2016}}</ref>

As per 2001 census, Ramnagar II block had a total population of 137,358, out of which 70,072 were males and 67,286 were females. Ramnagar II block registered a population growth of 11.29 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the combined Midnapore district was 14.87 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web |url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_15.htm |title = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, (erstwhile) Medinipur District |access-date=2016-06-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205819/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_15.htm |archive-date=2011-09-28 }}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 17 July 2016 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Ramnagar II CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): Kanpur (4,523), Satilapur (4,570), Karonji (4,329), Bara Bankuya (6,169) and Kalindi (4,893).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Ramnagar II CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): Paldhui (3,813), Kadua (2,615), Depal (3,359), Badalpur (1,096).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per 2011 census the total number of literates in Ramnagar II CD Block was 124,901 (89.38% of the population over 6 years) out of which 65,543 (55%) were males and 56,358 (45%) were females.<ref name=census2011/>

As per 2011 census, literacy in Purba Medinipur district was 87.02%.<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/19-purba-medinipur.html |title = Purba Medinipur (East Midnapore) District: Census 2011 data | work= 2016 Digital Trends |publisher= Census Population 2015 Data | access-date = 27 June 2016}}</ref> Purba Medinipur had the highest literacy amongst all the districts of West Bengal in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/districtlist/west+bengal.html |title = Districts of West Bengal | work= High Literacy |publisher= Census Population 2015 Data | access-date = 27 June 2016}}</ref>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Purba Medinipur district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Ramnagar II CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|91.86}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|8.04}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.10}}
}}

In 2011 census Hindus numbered 143,362 and formed 91.86% of the population in Ramnagar II CD Block. Muslims numbered 12,542 and formed 8.04% of the population. Others numbered 150 and formed 0.10% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> In 2001, Hindus made up 92.42% and Muslims 7.53% of the population respectively.<ref name=censusreligion2001>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21481/download/24613/PC01_C01_19.xls|title = Table C01 Population by Religious Community: West Bengal |publisher = [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |date=2001}}</ref>

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the predominant language, spoken by 99.05% of the population.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
The District Human Development Report for Purba Medinipur has provided a CD Block-wise data table for [[Human Poverty Index|Modified Human Poverty Index]] of the district. Ramnagar II CD Block registered 22.80 on the MHPI scale. The CD Block-wise mean MHPI was estimated at 24.78. Eleven out of twentyfive CD Blocks were found to be severely deprived in respect of grand CD Block average value of MHPI (CD Blocks with lower amount of poverty are better): All the CD Blocks of Haldia and Contai subdivisions appeared backward, except Ramnagar I & II, of all the blocks of Egra subdivision only Bhagabanpur I appeared backward and in Tamluk subdivision none appeared backward.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Purba%20Medinipur.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Purba Medinipur | work = May 2011. Pages: 2214-215 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 28 March 2017 | archive-date = 23 September 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160923122628/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Purba%20Medinipur.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==

===Livelihood===
In Ramnagar II CD Block in 2011, total workers formed 36.37% of the total population and amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 20.04%, agricultural labourers 45.44%, household industry workers 2.05% and other workers 32.47.%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purba Medinipur | work = Tables 2.7, 2.1, 8.2, 16.1, 17.2, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 29 March 2019 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 134 inhabited villages in Ramnagar II CD block. All 134 villages (100%) have power supply. All 127 villages (94.78%) have drinking water supply. 27 villages (20.15%) have post offices. 106 villages (79.1%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 33 villages (24.63%) have a pucca (paved) approach road and 18 villages (13.43%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 25 villages (18.66%) have [[Primary Agricultural Credit Society|agricultural credit societies]]. 9 villages (6.72%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1919_PART_A_DCHB_PURBA%20MEDINIPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Purba Medinipur, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 93 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 30 March 2019}}</ref>

In 2007-08, around 40% of rural households in the district had electricity.<ref name=humandev2>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Purba%20Medinipur.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Purba Medinipur | work = May 2011. Pages: 26, 30-33, 37, 61-63, 89-94 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 28 March 2017 | archive-date = 23 September 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160923122628/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Purba%20Medinipur.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013-14, there were 90 fertiliser depots, 5 seed stores and 32 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Agriculture===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Persons engaged in agriculture in Ramnagar II CD Block'''
|value1= 5.78
|label1 = Bargadars
|value2 = 11.43
|label2 = Patta holders
|value3 = 2.87
|label3 = Small farmers
|value4 = 35.15
|label4 = Marginal farmers
|value5 = 44.76
|label5= Agricultural labourers}}

According to the District [[Human Development Report]] of Purba Medinipur: The agricultural sector is the lifeline of a predominantly rural economy. It is largely dependent on the Low Capacity Deep Tubewells (around 50%) or High Capacity Deep Tubewells (around 27%) for irrigation, as the district does not have a good network of canals, compared to some of the neighbouring districts. In many cases the canals are drainage canals which get the backflow of river water at times of high tide or the rainy season. The average size of land holding in Purba Medinipur, in 2005-06, was 0.73 hectares against 1.01 hectares in West Bengal.<ref name=humandev2/>

In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Ramnagar II CD Block was 4,635 hectares, out of which 150 hectares were irrigated by tank water, 40 hectares by deep tube well and 4,445 hectares by shallow tube well.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of [[bargadar]]s to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 29 March 2017 | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture in Ramnagar II CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 5.78%, patta (document) holders 11.43%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 2.87%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 35.15% and agricultural labourers 44.76%.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, Ramnagar II CD Block produced 11,648 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 9,622 hectares and 29,171 tonnes of Boro paddy, the spring crop, from 7,919 hectares.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[Betel]]vine is a major source of livelihood in Purba Medinipur district, particularly in Tamluk and Contai subdivisions. Betelvine production in 2008-09 was the highest amongst all the districts and was around a third of the total state production. In 2008-09, Purba Mednipur produced 2,789 tonnes of [[Cashew|cashew nuts]] from 3,340 hectares of land.<ref name=humandev2/>

{| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#ffffcc; color:black; width:20em; max-width: 25%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
! style="background-color:#cccccc;" | Concentration of Handicraft Activities in CD Blocks
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |
* '''Horn Craft''' - Kolaghat
* '''Pata Chitra''' - Chandipur, Nandakumar
* '''Sea Shell''' – Ramnagar I & II
* '''Mat & Mat Diversified Products''' – Ramnagar I, Egra I & II, Patashpur I
* '''Brass & Bell Metal''' – Ramnagar I, Mahisadal, Patashpur II, Egra I
* '''Diversified Jute Products''' – Ramnagar II, Nandakumar, Kolaghat, Shahid Matangini
* '''Cane & Bamboo Products''' - Chandipur, Nandakumar, Kolaghat, Shahid Matangini
* '''Sola Craft''' - Tamluk, Kolaghat
* '''Pottery/Terracotta''' - Panskura, Tamluk, Sahid Matangini, Nandakumar
* '''Wood Craft''' - Tamluk
* '''Zari work'''- Sutahta, Mahisadal, Haldia, Nandakumar
Source: District Human Development Report, Purba Medinipur, Page 97
|}

===Pisciculture===
Purba Medinipur's net district domestic product derives one fifth of its earnings from fisheries, the highest amongst all the districts of West Bengal.<ref name=humandev2/> The nett area available for effective pisciculture in Ramnagar II CD Block in 2013-14 was 735.56 hectares. 3,300 persons were engaged in the profession and approximate annual production was 28,025 quintals.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, Ramnagar II CD Block had offices of 5 commercial banks and 2 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Medinipur East district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Howrah–Kharagpur line |collapse=y}}
Ramnagar II CD Block has 7 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 8 km from the CD Block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Ashapurna Devi and Badalpur are stations on the [[Howrah-Kharagpur line|Tamluk-Digha line]], constructed in 2003-04.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/santragachi-digha-emu-68689/7751/1725/1728 | title = 68689 Santragachi-Digha EMU | work= Time Table | publisher = indiarailinfo |access-date = 30 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1427346652869-BNR%20history.pdf |title = Year of construction of important BG lines |work= History | publisher= South Eastern Railway | access-date = 1 July 2016}}</ref>

[[State Highway 4 (West Bengal)|SH 4]] connecting Jhalda (in Purulia district) and Digha (in Purba Medinipur district) passes through this block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 10 November 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013-14, Ramnagar II CD Block had 100 primary schools with 5,266 students, 17 middle schools with 1,309 students, 11 high schools with 5,151 students and 10 higher secondary schools with 12,272 students. Ramnagar II CD Block had 1 general college with 2,544 students and 258 institutions for special and non-formal education with 8,461 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

As per the 2011 census, in Ramnagar II CD block, amongst the 134 inhabited villages, 20 villages did not have a school, 36 villages had two or more primary schools, 39 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 20 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1919_PART_A_DCHB_PURBA%20MEDINIPUR.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Purba Mednipur, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 1091-92, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 30 March 2019}}</ref>

[[Ramnagar College]] at [[Depal]] was established in 1972. In addition to courses in arts, science and commerce, it offers courses in hospitality and tourism, and fishery and farm management.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ramnagarcollege.org/ | title = Ramnagar College | publisher = Ramnagar College | access-date = 10 November 2016 | archive-date = 14 November 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161114172146/http://www.ramnagarcollege.org/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/RamnagarCollege/Ramnagar_College.shtml | title = Ramnagar College | publisher = College Admission | access-date = 10 November 2016 | archive-date = 18 November 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161118170042/http://www.collegeadmission.in/RamnagarCollege/Ramnagar_College.shtml | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Ramnagar B.Ed College at Depal offers B.Ed. course.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://ramnagarbedcollege.com/# |title = Ramnagar B.Ed. College | publisher= Ramnagore B.Ed. College | access-date = 10 November 2016}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Ramnagar II CD Block had 1 block primary health centre and 3 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] with total 30 beds and 11 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 25 family welfare sub centres. 2,692 patients were treated indoor and 117,826 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Bararankura Rural Hospital, at Bararankura, PO Balisai (with 30 beds) is the main medical facility in Ramnagar II CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Nijmaithula, PO Batatala (with 10 seats) and Hamirpur, PO Depal (with 2 seats).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 March 2019 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Purba Medinipur topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Purba Medinipur district]]

Narsapur, Vikarabad district, Marpalle mandal

2025-07-29T21:56:59Z

Gheethivf: starting basic place w/ infobox.

{{refimprove|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Narsapur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.565836|N|77.834331|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Vikarabad
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Telangana|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Marpalle]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 591
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 501202
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08416
| registration_plate = TS-34
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Sangareddy
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 1:.948 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency|Chevella]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Vikarabad Assembly constituency|Vikarabad]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Normal]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Narsapur''' is a village ([[Narsapur, Vikarabad district, Marpalle mandal|Narsapur]], [[Gram panchayat]]) in [[Marpalle]] [[Mandal (disambiguation)|mandal]], [[Vikarabad district|Vikarabad]] [[district]], [[Telangana]] [[States and union territories of India|state]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=District Level Mandal wise list of villages in Vikarabad district|url=https://mines.telangana.gov.in/MinesAndGeology/Documents/GO%27s/New%20District%20Gos/Vikarabad.pdf|website=Special Chief Secretary of Revenue Department|publisher=mines.telangana.gov.in|accessdate=12 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626072308/https://mines.telangana.gov.in/MinesAndGeology/Documents/GO%27s/New%20District%20Gos/Vikarabad.pdf|archivedate=26 June 2022|format=PDF|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

==Geography==
Narsapur is located at {{Coord|17.565836|N|77.834331|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Narsapur6.html Narsapur6 at Fallingrain.com]</ref> It has an average elevation of 591 metres (1942 ft).

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vikarabad district}}
[[Category:Villages in Vikarabad district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Vikarabad district]]

{{Vikarabad-geo-stub}}

B. Prabhudass

2025-07-17T16:50:22Z

Gheethivf: added a data

{{EngvarB|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{short description|Anglican bishop in India}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type =
| honorific-prefix = [[Bishop]]
| name = Bishop Babbili Prabhudass
| honorific-suffix = [[Church of South India|CSI]]
| title = [[Bishop]]
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| church = [[Church of South India]]
| archdiocese =
| province =
| metropolis =
| diocese = [[Diocese of Karimnagar|Karimnagar]]
| see = [[Church of South India|CSI]]-Wesley Cathedral, [[Karimnagar]]
| elected = 1978
| term = 1978-1982
| quashed =
| predecessor = ''Position created''<ref name="George"/>
| successor = [[G. Benjamin Devasahayam]]<ref name="George"/>
| opposed =
| other_post =

| ordination = 1945
| ordained_by = [[Bishop]] [[Anthony Blacker Elliott]]
| consecration = 1978, [[Church of South India|CSI]]-Wesley Cathedral, [[Karimnagar]]
| consecrated_by = [[The Most Reverend]] [[N. D. Ananda Rao Samuel]] (Principal Consecrator) and [[The Right Reverend]] [[Solomon Doraiswamy]] (Co-consecrator)<ref name="George">K. M. George, ''Church of South India: life in union, 1947–1997'', Jointly published by Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge and Christava Sahitya Samithi, Tiruvalla, 1999, pp.23, 34, 61, 106-108. [https://books.google.com/books?um=1&q=]</ref>
| cardinal =
| created_cardinal_by =
| rank = [[Bishop]]

| birth_name = Babbili (Bobbili<ref>Anantha Sudhaker Babbili, ''The Road from Poodur in Biographical Passages: Essays in Victorian and Modernist Biography : Honouring Mary M. Lago'', University of Missouri, North America, 2000, p.128. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7Ug8hRbPoBEC&q=bobbili&pg=PA128]</ref>) Prabhudass
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = 
| death_date = 1996<ref name="Driver">David S. T. Driver, ''Deans father's foundation, Indian student group directly fund relief for tsunami victims in India'' in ''Middle Tennessee State University'', Volume 80, Number 62, March 2, 2005. [http://jewlscholar.mtsu.edu/bitstream/handle/mtsu/2981/4759.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y]</ref>
| death_place = 
| buried = [[Christian Cemetery, Narayanguda]],<ref>[http://www.hopewallah.org/drandy.html Hopewallaw Incorporated]</ref> [[Hyderabad]]
| resting_place_coordinates = 17.4000° N, 78.0167° E
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| religion = [[Christianity]]
| residence =
| parents =
| occupation = [[Priesthood]]
| previous_post = [[Priest]], [[Diocese of Dornakal]], [[Church of South India]] {{small|(1945-1974)}} [[Lecturer]], [[United Theological College, Bangalore]]{{small|(1974-1977<ref name="Hiwale"/>)}}
| education =[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]),<ref name="Hiwale"/> [[M. Th.]] (Serampore),<ref name="Hiwale"/>
| alma_mater = [[United Theological College, Bangalore]]<ref name="Hiwale"/>
| motto =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_alt =

| feast_day =
| venerated =
| saint_title =
| beatified_date =
| beatified_place =
| beatified_by =
| canonized_date =
| canonized_place =
| canonized_by =
| attributes =
| patronage =
| shrine =
| suppressed_date =

| module =
| other =
}}
{{Portal|Christianity}}
'''[[Bishop]] Babbili Prabhudass'''<ref>The [[Church of England]] Year Book, Volume 97, 1981, p.249. [https://books.google.com/books?id=eiwsAQAAMAAJ&q=b.prabhudas+karimnagar]</ref> ''(died 1996<ref name="Driver"/>)'' was the first<ref name="George"/> elected Bishop - in - [[Karimnagar Diocese of the Church of South India]] which was [[ecclesiastical]]ly bifurcated from the [[Diocese of Dornakal]] of the [[Church of South India]] in early 1978. Prabhudass led the bishopric for a period of five years from 1978 through 1982.<ref name="George"/>

Prior to assuming the [[ecclesiastical]] office of the [[Bishop]], Prabhudass was a seminary teacher<ref name="Hiwale"/> from 1974 to 1977 during the principalship of the [[Systematic theology|Systematic Theologian]] [[Joshua Russell Chandran]] at a fully [[ecumenical]]<ref>fully ecumenical that is [[Catholics]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] included.</ref><ref name="Shared"/> [[United Theological College, Bangalore]], a Theologiate in [[Bangalore]] which had co-faculty drawn from the [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate]]-[[Dharmaram College]] in [[Bangalore]].

==Writings==
* ''Personal [[Evangelism]]'',<ref name="Shared"/>
* ''Guide to [[Evangelism]]''<ref name="Shared"/>
* ''Sister Carol and the [[Church of South India]]''<ref>[[P. Solomon]], B. Prabhudass, Sally, ''Sister Carol and the [[Church of South India]]'' in P. Dharmagnani (Edited), ''Sister Carol Graham, the Beloved "Amma"'', Christian Literature Society, Madras, 1989, p.32.[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty0xAAAAMAAJ&q=b.prabhudass]</ref>
[[File:Ephiphany Cathedral Dornakal Diocese, Dornakal.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Church of South India|CSI]]-Epiphany Cathedral, [[Dornakal]]. During 1974, Prabhudass served as Cathedral Presbyter for a few months.<ref name="Edwin"/>]]

==Studies==

===Graduate===
After Prabhudass discerned his avocation to become a [[Priest]], the [[Diocese of Dornakal]] led by [[V. S. Azariah]] sent him for ministerial formation to the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]],<ref>In the ''UTC Yearbook 1975'' (p.32), it has been written that B. Prabhudass studied for a [[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]] during 1941-1945. However, K. M. Hiwale's compilation titled the ''UTC Directory'' fails to attest to this fact though there are two references to Prabhudass, one as having taught at the College during 1974-1977 and the other as having studied a postgraduate course during 1951-1952.</ref> one of the affiliated seminaries of the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]]<ref name="Shared"/> where he pursued a spiritual course leading to [[Bachelor of Divinity]]<ref name="Shared">''Shared Search - Souvenir of the inauguration of the academic collaboration between the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] and the [[Dharmaram College]], [[Bangalore]]'', 1975, Bangalore, available at the Archives in the library of [[Karnataka Theological College]], [[Mangalore]].[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/702131970]</ref> between 1941 and 1945<ref>''The [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] Yearbook'', 1975, p.32, Change of addresses of past students, p.32, available at the Archives in the library of [[Karnataka Theological College]], [[Mangalore]].</ref> during the Principalship of [[Max Hunter Harrison]]. Other companions of Prabhudass during that period who were studying at varying intervals included [[A. E. Inbanathan]], [[C. Arangaden]], [[J. R. Chandran]], [[S. J. Samartha]], [[B. G. Prasada Rao]] and others.<ref name="Hiwale"/> Prabhudass was awarded the degree of [[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]] during ensuing convocation of the University during the Registrarship of [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] C. E. Abraham.

===Post-graduate===
In 1951, during the bishopric of [[A. B. Eliott]], Prabhudass was resent to the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] for upgrading his academics where he enrolled for a postgraduate course leading to [[Master of Theology]] during 1951-1952,<ref>''The United Theological College Year Book 1976'', Change of addresses of past students, p.41, available at the Archives in the library of [[Karnataka Theological College]], [[Mangalore]].</ref> during the Principalship of [[M. H. Harrison]] becoming the fifth<ref name="Hiwale"/> postgraduate student in the history of the College. The University awarded an [[M.Th.]] during its convocation the following year during the Registrarship of [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] W. W. Winfield.

Prabhudass also went for research exposure to [[England]],<ref name="Ancestry">[http://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?gl=IMG_PASSLISTS&rank=1&new=1&MSAV=0&msT=1&gss=angs-c&gsln=Prabhudas&uidh=000&so=2 ''Ancestry''. UK, Outward Passenger Lists, 1890-1960 Passenger Lists]</ref> during the Bishopric of [[P. Solomon]] and returned to [[India]] in 1958.<ref name="Ancestry"/>

==Ecclesiastical ministry==
Soon after Prabhudass completed his [[seminary]] studies, he was assigned pastoral roles in the [[Diocese of Dornakal]] from 1945 onwards. Prabhudass was a Seminary Teacher at the Andhra Union Theological College (AUTC), [[Dornakal]], teaching along with [[Eric J. Lott]]. By 1959,<ref name="Edinburgh">''Quarterly Paper - Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society'', Volume 22, Issues 13-30, 1959, p.327.[https://books.google.com/books?id=YcvjAAAAMAAJ&q=b.prabhudass]</ref> much before the integration of the AUTC into the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], [[Rajahmundry]], Prabhudass had moved out to medical ministry as a [[Chaplain]] at the [[Church of South India|CSI]]-Mission Hospital,<ref>''District Census Handbook, Andhra Pradesh, Census 1961: Nalgonda'', Superintendent of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, 1967, p.94.[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6kWAQAAMAAJ&q=phanigiri+hospital]</ref> [[Phanigiri]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=v8vjAAAAMAAJ&q=b.prabhudass ''The National Christian Council Review'', Volume 85, 1965, p.365]</ref>

During 1974 he was assigned the role of a Cathedral Presbyter of the [[Church of South India|CSI]]-Epiphany Cathedral, [[Dornakal]]<ref name="Edwin"/> for a short period until he was sent to teach at the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] the same year.

===Seminary Teacher===
Prabhudass was a Faculty Member from 1974 to 1977<ref name="Hiwale"/> at the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] affiliated to India's first<ref>Sankar Ray, The Hindu (Business Line), 11 April 2008 ''Almost a century later, the charter was endorsed officially under the Bengal Govt Act IV of 1918. '' Internet, accessed 30 November 2008. [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2008/04/11/stories/2008041150100400.htm]</ref> University, the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]]'' {a University under Section 2 (f) of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] Act, 1956}''<ref>The [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] is a University within the meaning of Section 2 (f) of the UGC Act, 1956 under which a University means a University established or incorporated by or under a Central Act, a Provincial Act or a State Act, and includes any such institution as may, in consultation with the University concerned, be recognised by the Commission in accordance with the regulations made in this behalf under this Act. The UGC took the opinion that the Senate fell under the purview of Section 2 (f) of the said Act since ''The Serampore College Act, 1918'' was passed by the Government of West Bengal.</ref> with degree-granting authority validated by a Danish Charter and ratified by the [[Government of West Bengal]].<ref name="Hiwale">K. M. Hiwale (Compiled), ''Directory of the United Theological College 1910-1997'', Bangalore, 1997. Former member of staff, p.4; Past students of the post-graduate course, p.103.</ref> Prabhudass was Lecturer of Pastoralia and Dean of Practical Work.<ref name="Annual Report 1975">''The United Theological College Annual Report 1974-1975'', 1975, p.8, available at the Archives in the library of [[Karnataka Theological College]], [[Mangalore]].</ref> and taught both graduate and post-graduate students.<ref name="Shared"/> Prabhudass was also part of the literary circles of the college and was made a member of the editorial committee of the ''[[United Theological College, Bangalore|UTC]]-[[Gurukul Lutheran Theological College|Gurukul]] Alumni Journal''.<ref>''[[United Theological College, Bangalore|UTC]]-[[Gurukul Lutheran Theological College|Gurukul]] Alumni Journal'', October 1974, available at the Archives in the library of [[Karnataka Theological College]], [[Mangalore]].</ref>

In 1975<ref name="Shared"/> when the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] embarked on a fully [[ecumenical]] initiative with co-faculty made available from the [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate]]-[[Dharmaram College]], [[Bangalore]], Prabhudass was also featured in the souvenir marking the inauguration of the educational partnership.<ref name="Shared"/> During the teaching period of Prabhudass from 1974 to 1977 the candidates studying at that period comprised [[Christopher Asir]], [[P. Surya Prakash]], S. W. Meshack, [[Mani Chacko]], [[D. N. Premnath]] and others from the graduate section while [[J. W. Gladstone]], [[D. Dhanaraj]] and others hailed from the post-graduate section.<ref name="Hiwale"/> Prabhudass' stint at the College coincided with the Registrarship of [[D. S. Satyaranjan]]<ref name="Shared"/> who was the College Registrar and [[Lecturer]] - in - [[New Testament]].

In 1977, while Prabhudass was teaching at the Theologiate in Bangalore, he was recalled to the [[Diocese of Dornakal]] led by [[P. Solomon]]<ref name="George"/> as there were plans for a greater role for Prabhudass in the Diocese. Based on the communication from the Bishop, [[Joshua Russell Chandran]]<ref name="Chandran"/> Principal<ref name="Hiwale"/> relieved Prabhudass in 1977<ref name="Hiwale"/> enabling him to return to the [[Diocese of Dornakal]] in September 1977.<ref name="Chandran">[[Joshua Russell Chandran]], ''Principal's Annual Report adopted by the College Council at their meeting on 2.4.1977'' in the ''United Theological College Annual Report 1976-1977'', pp.11-33, available at the Archives in the library of [[Karnataka Theological College]], [[Mangalore]].</ref>

===Bishopric===

====The Diocese====
The [[Diocese of Dornakal]] which was [[ecclesiastical]]ly erected in 1912<ref>''The Silver Jubilee Diocese of Dornakal - 1912-1937'', Mysore City, no date. Cited in Susan Billington Harper, ''In the Shadow of the Mahatma: Bishop V.S. Azariah and the Travails of Christianity in British India'', William B. Eerdmans Publishing, Michigan, 2000, p.407. [https://books.google.com/books?id=gvUqv6-pH4UC&dq=diocese+of+dornakal+1912&pg=PA407]</ref> was led by Bishop [[V. S. Azariah]] right from the time of its inception until his sudden death in 1945<ref name="Edwin">M. Edwin Rao (Compiled), ''Prophet Azariah and the Blessed Dornakal: A centenary revisit 1912-2012'', Dornakal Diocese, Dornakal, 2012, pp. 73, 127.</ref> In the [[postcolonialism]] scenario, the geographical area of the diocese was considerably reduced during the bishopric of [[A. B. Eliott]] with the formation of new dioceses<ref name="George"/> in 1947 resulting in the [[Diocese of Krishna-Godavari]],<ref name="Edwin"/> [[Diocese of Rayalaseema]]<ref name="George"/><ref name="Edwin"/><ref>Originally formed as Diocese of Anantapur-Kurnool and Diocese of Cuddapah until their merger into Diocese of Rayalaseema in 1950</ref> and [[Diocese of Nandyal]].<ref name="Edwin"/> As a result of the conversations that took place in the [[Church of South India Synod]] to further reduce the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the [[Diocese of Dornakal]], the Moderator, [[N. D. Ananda Rao Samuel]] announced the bifurcation of the [[Diocese of Dornakal]] as a result of which the [[Diocese of Karimnagar]] was erected on March 12, 1978<ref name="George"/> Subsequently, the CSI-Wesley Church in [[Karimnagar]] was consecrated as a [[Cathedral]]. Prabhudass was reassigned to the [[Diocese of Karimnagar]] upon bifurcation.

====Consecration and ministry====
With the erection of the Diocese of Karimnagar in 1978,<ref name="George"/> the [[Church of South India Synod]] announced the appointment of Prabhudass to lead the newly erected diocese. [[N. D. Ananda Rao Samuel]] then Moderator of the [[Church of South India Synod]] principally consecrated Prabhudass at the CSI-Wesley Cathedral, [[Karimnagar]] as the first Bishop - in - Karimnagar in the presence of the co-consecrator, [[Solomon Doraiswamy]], the Deputy Moderator at the CSI-Wesley Cathedral in [[Karimnagar]] and [[P. Solomon]], the Bishop-in-Dornakal. During the bishopric of Prabhudass from 1978 to 1982,<ref name="Surya">[https://oimts.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/2013-2-prakash.pdf P. Surya Prakash, ''Karimnagar Diocese 133 years and beyond'']</ref> he was entitled to use the ecclesiastical prefix ''[[The Right Reverend]]'' and attended two conclaves of the [[Church of South India Synod]],
* the seventeenth Synod held at the [[Madras Christian College]], [[Tambaram]] from 10–14 January 1980 which elected [[Solomon Doraiswamy]] as its Moderator and [[I. Jesudasan]] as its Deputy Moderator,<ref name="George"/>
* the eighteenth Synod held at [[Vellore]] from 11–15 January 1982 which elected [[I. Jesudasan]] as its Moderator and Sundar Clarke as its Deputy Moderator.<ref name="George"/>

Prabhudass was part of the Synod in 1982 which voted with 2/3rds majority for the [[Ordination of women]] as [[Priests]] in the [[Church of South India]] leading to the subsequent ordination of [[Elizabeth Paul]] in 1987 as the first ordained woman [[Priest]] of the [[Church of South India]]. Incidentally, [[J. R. Chandran]], a companion of Prabhudass, co-founded the [[Association of Theologically Trained Women in India]] which took up the issue of [[Ordination of women]] not only with the [[Protestant]] Churches in India but also with the [[Catholic]] Church heads.

After ministering for nearly 5 years in the bishopric, Prabhudass vacated the [[Cathedra]] in [[Karimnagar]] in 1982<ref name="George"/> on attaining superannuation resulting in [[sede vacante]] following which the [[Church of South India Synod]] led by [[I. Jesudasan]], then Moderator of the [[Church of South India Synod]] appointed [[G. B. Devasahayam]]<ref name="George"/> in 1982 to succeed Prabhudass.

====Lambeth Conference====
As Bishop - in - [[Diocese of Karimnagar|Karimnagar]], Prabhudass attended the eleventh [[Lambeth Conference]] held at the [[University of Kent at Canterbury]] in 1978 presided by the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], [[Donald Coggan]].

===Administrator===
Ever since Prabhudass was consecrated as a Bishop in 1978, he became an ''ex-officio'' member of the Board of Governors at the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], a vernacular medium Protestant Regional Theologiate in Hyderabad with near-ecumenical<ref>Near-ecumenical, that is Catholics excluded.</ref> composition consisting of,
* the [[Baptists]] ([[Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]] and [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches]]),
* the [[Anglicans]], the [[Congregationalists]] and the [[Wesleyans]] through the [[Church of South India]] (Dioceses of [[Diocese of Dornakal|Dornakal]], [[Diocese of Karimnagar|Karimnagar]], [[Diocese of Krishna-Godavari|Krishna-Godavari]], [[Diocese of Madras of the Church of South India|Madras]],<ref>The Diocese of Madras, although situated in [[Tamil Nadu]] includes [[Chittoor]] which falls under [[Andhra Pradesh]].</ref> [[Diocese of Medak|Medak]], [[Diocese of Nandyal|Nandyal]], [[Diocese of Rayalaseema|Rayalaseema]])
* the [[Lutherans]] ([[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church]], [[Good Samaritan Evangelical Lutheran Church]] and [[South Andhra Lutheran Church]]),
* the [[Methodists]] ([[Methodist Church in India]])


The theologiate in which Prabhudass was a Board Member was notable for its [[Old Testament]] scholarship throughout India as two [[Old Testament]] Scholars [[Victor Premasagar]]<ref name="Wilson"/> and G. Babu Rao<ref name="Wilson">[[H. S. Wilson]] (Edited), ''The Church on the Move, Essays in honour of [[Victor Premasagar]]'', Christian Literature Society, Madras, 1988, p.vi. [https://books.google.com/books?id=S-wrAAAAMAAJ&q=babu+rao]</ref> were teaching at the regional theologiate at that time. Prabhudass provided the required management especially at a time when the Principalship rotated<ref>Principalship at the Protestant regional theologiate is on the basis of rotation every four years by the participating Church societies. Refer list of Principalships in article on [[Andhra Christian Theological College]].</ref> from the [[Church of South India]] to the [[Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]] due to the election of [[Victor Premasagar]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], [[Ph.D.]] ([[University of St Andrews|St. Andrews]]) as General Secretary of the [[Church of South India Synod]] in 1980<ref name="George"/> resulting in the appointment of Komaravalli David,<ref>K. David, ''Divine operation and human response : A comparison between [[Rudolf Bultmann]]'s understanding of the Pauline perspectives and certain elements in recent Indian thought'', [[University of Edinburgh]], [[Edinburgh]], 1973.[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/780664394]</ref> [[CBCNC]], [[Ph.D.]] ([[University of Edinburgh|Edinburgh]]) by the Board of Governors.

==Honours==
In 1959, the [[Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society]] reported,<ref name="Edinburgh"/>
{{quote| (Adapted) ''Prabhudass has a tremendous concern for evangelism and the building up of the Church''}}

In 2007,<ref name="Surya"/> the [[Diocese of Karimnagar]] has named its Evangelistic Training School in memory<ref name="Surya"/> of B. Prabhudass. In 2010, a mission focusing on the [[leprosy]]-afflicted living in the suburbs<ref name="races"/> of the twin cities of [[Hyderabad]] and [[Secunderabad]] in [[India]] was instituted to the memory of Prabhudass jointly by Christ the King and the [[Episcopal Diocese of Fort Worth (Episcopal Church)]]<ref name="races">[[Episcopal Diocese of Fort Worth (Episcopal Church)]], ''A nite at the races'', 2012. [http://archive.edfw.org/gallerypages/ctkhyderabadphotos-092912.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129002011/http://archive.edfw.org/gallerypages/ctkhyderabadphotos-092912.htm|date=29 January 2016}}</ref> where annual charity events<ref>[[Episcopal Diocese of Fort Worth (Episcopal Church)]], ''Benefit for medical mission work in India successful, 2015''.[http://episcopaldiocesefortworth.org/benefit-for-medical-mission-work-in-india-successful/]</ref> are taken up for creating awareness and mobilizing resources for the mission.

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel}}
{{succession box | before=''Position created''| title=Bishop - in - [[Diocese of Karimnagar|Karimnagar]], [[Church of South India]] |after=[[G. Benjamin Devasahayam]] 1982 - 1987
| years=1978-1982}}
{{succession box | before=R. John G. Samuel<ref name="Edwin50"/> July 1971 - August 1974| title=[[Cathedral]] [[Presbyter]],<ref name="Edwin50">M. Edwin Rao (Compiled), ''The Glorious Fifty Years of The Epiphany Cathedral'', CSI Epiphany Cathedral, Dornakal, 1988, p.103.[https://books.google.com/books?id=VmJVQwAACAAJ]</ref> [[Church of South India|CSI]]-Epiphany [[Cathedral]], [[Dornakal]] |after=R. John G. Samuel<ref name="Edwin50"/> November 1974 - June 1977
| years=August 1974 - October 1974}}
{{s-hon}}
{{succession box | before=''Position created''
| title=Member, Board of Governors, [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], [[Hyderabad]]
|after=[[G. Benjamin Devasahayam]] 
1982 - 1987
| years=1978 - 1982}}
{{s-aca}}
{{succession box | before=Christopher Doraisingh<ref name="Annual Report 1975"/>
| title=[[Lecturer]]<ref name="Annual Report 1975" /> - in - Pastoralia, [[United Theological College, Bangalore]]
|after=D. D. Pitamber<ref name="Annual Report 1975"/>
| years=1974 - 1977}}
{{s-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal
| author=CSI UK Telugu Christians Souvenir commemorating the 70th year of the formation of the [[Church of South India]]
| title=70 years of God's Faithfulness
| year=2016
| url=http://www.revcvr.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/CSI-UK-Souvenir-1.pdf.
| access-date=13 May 2017
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827000405/http://www.revcvr.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/CSI-UK-Souvenir-1.pdf
| archive-date=27 August 2017
| url-status=dead |ref=none
}}

* {{cite journal
| author=M. Edwin Rao (Compiled)
| title=Prophet [[V. S. Azariah|Azariah]] and the Blessed Dornakal: A centenary revisit 1912-2012
| year=2012
|ref=none
}}
* {{cite book
| author=Anantha Sudhaker Babbili
| title=The Road from Poodur in Biographical Passages: Essays in Victorian and Modernist Biography : Honouring Mary M. Lago, University of Missouri, North America
| year=2000
|ref=none
| isbn=978-0-8262-1256-6| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=qfXSKIo4fDoC&dq=diocese+of+karimnagar&pg=PA133
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=M. Edwin Rao (Compiled)
| title=The Glorious Fifty Years of The Epiphany Cathedral
| year=1988
|ref=none
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=VmJVQwAACAAJ
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=[[United Theological College, Bangalore]]
| title=Shared Search - Souvenir of the inauguration of the academic collaboration between the United Theological College, Bangalore and the Dharmaram College, Bangalore
| year=1975
| oclc=702131970
|ref=none
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhudass, Babbili}}
[[Category:20th-century Anglican bishops in India]]
[[Category:Anglican bishops of Karimnagar]]
[[Category:Indian Christian theologians]]
[[Category:Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Senate of Serampore College (University)]]

2022–2023 mpox outbreak in India

2025-07-15T05:49:36Z

Gheethivf: added a stub

{{Short description|Ongoing outbreak of mpox in India}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{infobox pandemic
| name = 2022–2023 mpox outbreak in India
| image = Monkeypox Outbreak in India.png
| image_upright = 1.5
| caption =
| disease = [[Mpox]]
| virus_strain = [[Monkeypox virus]] (West African clade)
| location = [[India]]
| first_case = [[Kollam district|Kollam]], [[Kerala]] {{small|(First landed and hospitalized in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], infected in the [[United Arab Emirates]])}}
| date = 14 July 2022 – ongoing {{Small|({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=07|day1=14|year1=2022|month2=|day2=|year2=}} ago)}}
| confirmed_cases = 23
| suspected_cases = 0
| deaths = 1 <ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indias-first-monkeypox-death-kerala-youth-had-tested-positive-in-uae-probe-ordered-8062463/ | title=Kerala youth who died Saturday had tested positive for monkeypox | date=August 2022 }}</ref>
| territories = [[States of India|4 states and 1 union territory]]
}}

The '''2022–2023 mpox outbreak in India''' is a part of the [[2022–2023 mpox outbreak|ongoing outbreak]] of [[Mpox|human mpox]] caused by the West African clade of the [[monkeypox virus]]. The outbreak was first reported in [[India]] on 14 July 2022 when [[Kerala]]'s State Health Minister [[Veena George]] announced a suspected imported case which was confirmed hours later by the [[National Institute of Virology|NIV]]. India was the tenth country to report a mpox case in [[2022–2023 mpox outbreak in Asia|Asia]] and the first in [[South Asia]]. Currently, India has reported more than 30 cases of mpox.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-09 |title=Mpox in India: Centre issues advisory; 1 case confirmed but not new strain |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mpox-in-india-centre-issues-advisory-following-first-suspected-case/articleshow/113188240.cms |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 24 July, the first locally transmitted case was reported in [[Delhi]]. The individual, a middle-aged male who had no recent history of travelling abroad, was isolated in the [[Lok Nayak Hospital]], [[New Delhi]].

==Background==

{{Hatnote|These paragraphs are an excerpt from [[Mpox]] and [[2022–2023 mpox outbreak]].}}

{{Excerpt|Mpox|only=paragraphs|paragraphs=1-3|hat=no}}

{{Excerpt|2022–2023 mpox outbreak|only=paragraphs|paragraphs=1-2|hat=no}}

== Transmission ==
[[File:Stages of monkeypox lesion development.jpg|thumb|Stages of lesion development.]]
A large portion of those infected were believed to have not recently traveled to areas of Africa where mpox is normally found, such as [[Nigeria]], the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] as well as [[Central Africa|central]] and [[West Africa|western Africa]]. It is believed to be transmitted by close contact with sick people, with extra caution for those individuals with [[lesion]]s on their skin or genitals, along with their bedding and clothing. The CDC has also stated that individuals should avoid contact and consumption of dead animals such as rats, squirrels, monkeys and apes along with wild game or lotions derived from animals in Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vargas |first=Ramon Antonio |date=2022-06-07 |title=US raises monkeypox alert level but says risk to public remains low |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/07/monkeypox-cases-cdc-alert-level-us |access-date=2022-06-09 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=September 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928155129/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/07/monkeypox-cases-cdc-alert-level-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

In addition to more common symptoms, such as fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, and rashes or lesions, some patients have also experienced [[proctitis]], an inflammation of the rectum lining. CDC has also warned clinicians to not rule out mpox in patients with sexually transmitted infections since there have been reports of co-infections with [[syphilis]], [[gonorrhea]], [[chlamydia]], and [[herpes]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.advisory.com/daily-briefing/2022/06/14/monkeypox-update | title=Monkeypox update: Where the outbreak stands now | access-date=July 17, 2022 | archive-date=October 2, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002202053/https://www.advisory.com/daily-briefing/2022/06/14/monkeypox-update | url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==

=== Arrival ===
On 14 July, a suspected mpox case was reported in the South-Indian state of [[Kerala]] by the State health minister [[Veena George]]. The patient was reportedly in close contact with a person who tested positive for mpox abroad in the [[United Arab Emirates]], and arrived in [[India]] from UAE four days prior to the announcement.<ref name="suspectfirstnews18">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2022 |title=Suspected Monkeypox Case Found in Kerala, Samples Sent for Testing |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/suspected-monkeypox-case-found-in-kerala-samples-sent-for-testing-5551519.html |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=[[News18]] |language=en |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718150829/https://www.news18.com/news/india/suspected-monkeypox-case-found-in-kerala-samples-sent-for-testing-5551519.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="suspectfirstndtv">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2022 |title=Suspected Monkeypox Case In Kerala, Traveller From UAE Being Tested |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/suspected-monkeypox-case-in-kerala-traveller-from-uae-being-tested-3156085 |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=November 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112155238/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/suspected-monkeypox-case-in-kerala-traveller-from-uae-being-tested-3156085 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="suspectfirsttoi">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2022 |title=Monkeypox Virus: Suspected monkeypox case found in Kerala, samples sent for testing {{!}} Thiruvananthapuram News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/suspected-monkeypox-case-found-in-kerala-samples-sent-for-testing/articleshow/92866925.cms |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=[[Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=September 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912225737/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/suspected-monkeypox-case-found-in-kerala-samples-sent-for-testing/articleshow/92866925.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Hours later, minister [[Veena George]] announced that the patient was confirmed to be infected with the mpox disease by the [[National Institute of Virology|NIV]] of [[Pune]].<ref name="x791">{{cite web | title=First monkeypox case found in Kerala | website=CNBCTV18 | date=2022-07-14 | url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/healthcare/suspected-monkeypox-case-found-in-kerala-samples-sent-for-testing-14129402.htm | access-date=2024-07-01 | archive-date=July 17, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717231730/https://www.cnbctv18.com/healthcare/suspected-monkeypox-case-found-in-kerala-samples-sent-for-testing-14129402.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Spread ===
No community transmission or locally transmitted cases were detected in India until on 24 July, Delhi reported their first case, and the patient had no history of travel from abroad. He recently attended a party in [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Although community transmission of the disease in India wasn't confirmed by the government health officials.

== Timeline ==
{{Medical cases chart
|numwidth=mwmw
|barwidth=thin
|disease=Mpox
|location=India
|outbreak=2022–2023 mpox outbreak
|recoveries=n
|altlbl1=Confirmed cases
|right1=Cases (rise)
|right1data=3
|right2=Deaths (rise)
|right2data=1
|changetype1=a 
|changetype2=a
|collapsible=y
|data=2022-07-14;;;1;firstright1=y
2022-07-15;;;1;
2022-07-16;;;1;
2022-07-17;;;1;
2022-07-18;;;2;
2022-07-19;;;2;
2022-07-20;;;2;
2022-07-21;;;2;
2022-07-22;;;3;
2022-07-23;;;3;
2022-07-24;;;4;
}}

=== July 2022 ===
'''14 July:''' A suspected mpox case was reported in [[Kerala]]. State health minister [[Veena George]] said that the patient was in close contact with a person who tested positive for mpox. The patient arrived in [[India]] from the [[United Arab Emirates]] four days earlier, according to the health minister, and was admitted to a hospital in the state after the patient showed symptoms, and samples were sent to the [[National Institute of Virology|National Institute of Virology (NIV)]]. It was also reported that tests in local hospitals confirmed that the individual was affected with disease, but still samples were sent to the NIV for confirmation, as per the guideline given by the central government.<ref name="suspectfirstnews18"/><ref name="suspectfirstndtv"/><ref name="suspectfirsttoi"/>

'''31 July:''' A 22-year-old man who had been in the [[United Arab Emirates]] came back to India. During his stay in the UAE, he had been in contact with another man who also tested positive for the virus. He then tested positive for [[mpox]] in the UAE but left the country following the test, he then arrived in his home-district in [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]] on 22 July. At first, he didn't have much symptoms with others in contact with him saying he was actively playing 'football' and other daily activities. On 26 July, he was admitted to a hospital with a fever and the authorities announced a suspected case. On 31 July, he died in the hospital of an unknown cause. It was then reported he died of mpox.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-01 |title=Youth who died in Kerala's Thrissur succumbed to monkeypox, says health dept after NIV confirms |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-thrissur-monkeypox-death-8063699/ |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=September 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902160233/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-thrissur-monkeypox-death-8063699/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Responses ==
=== Central government ===
After the outbreak was highlighted on mid-May, Union Health Minister [[Mansukh Mandaviya]] directed the [[National Centre for Disease Control|National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC)]] and the [[Indian Council of Medical Research|Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)]] to keep a close watch and monitor the situation. The [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Union Health Ministry]] has also directed airport and other port health officers to be vigilant and have been instructed to isolate and send samples to the [[National Institute of Virology|National Institute of Virology (NIV)]] in [[Pune]] of any sick passenger with a travel history to infected countries.<ref name="Indiavigil">{{Cite news |date= 21 May 2022 |title= Monkeypox outbreak: India to screen arrival for virus signs, isolate sick patients; details here |language= en |work= [[Zee News]] |url= https://zeenews.india.com/india/monkeypox-outbreak-india-to-screen-arrival-for-virus-signs-isolate-sick-patients-details-here-2465745.html |access-date= 17 July 2022 |archive-date= May 24, 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220524192722/https://zeenews.india.com/india/monkeypox-outbreak-india-to-screen-arrival-for-virus-signs-isolate-sick-patients-details-here-2465745.html |url-status= live }}</ref>

=== State and Union territory governments ===
*{{flagicon image|..Karnataka Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Karnataka]]: Following the directions of the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Union Health Ministry]], [[Government of Karnataka|Karnataka state government]] directed officials to set up mpox surveilience and set up a two-bed isolation ward in every [[List of districts of Karnataka|district]] hospital to isolate suspected or confirmed cases.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 June 2022 |title=Monkeypox: Karnataka asks districts to step up surveillance |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/monkeypox-karnataka-asks-districts-to-step-up-surveillance/article65501115.ece |access-date=17 July 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=July 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716144702/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/monkeypox-karnataka-asks-districts-to-step-up-surveillance/article65501115.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Madhya Pradesh.svg}} [[Madhya Pradesh]]: The state health department issued an advisory about pox-related diseases (especially Smallpox and Mpox) on early June. Health Commissioner-and-Secretary Sudam Khade directed all district Chief Medical and Health Officers (CMHOs) to take necessary steps as per the advisory when needed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2022 |title=Bhopal: It is necessary to isolate in chicken pox, monkeypox diseases, health department advisory to CMHOs |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/bhopal-it-is-necessary-to-isolate-in-chicken-pox-monkeypox-diseases-health-department-advisory-to-cmhos |access-date=17 July 2022 |website=[[Free Press Journal]] |language=en |archive-date=July 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717092302/https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/bhopal-it-is-necessary-to-isolate-in-chicken-pox-monkeypox-diseases-health-department-advisory-to-cmhos |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon image|}} [[West Bengal]]: The [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal state government]] issued an advisory on June. In the advisory, the State Health Department asked hospitals in the state to set up separate facilities to accommodate patients coming from abroad with symptoms and collect and sent samples of suspected patients to the [[National Institute of Virology|NIV]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2022 |title=Monkeypox outbreak: West Bengal government on alert, issues advisory |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/monkeypox-virus-outbreak-west-bengal-govt-on-alert-issues-advisory-read-here-2468003.html |access-date=17 July 2022 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=en |archive-date=July 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716143903/https://zeenews.india.com/india/monkeypox-virus-outbreak-west-bengal-govt-on-alert-issues-advisory-read-here-2468003.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Uttar Pradesh.svg}} [[Uttar Pradesh]]: On June, Uttar Pradesh Chief Medical Officer issued an advisory for and District Magistrates and other higher health officials of the state to remain alert. The advisory directed that information on patients with fever and rashes to be shared with the office of the CMO.

=== Others ===

== Cases and statistics==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!State/Union Territory
!District
!Confirmed Cases
!Suspected Cases
!Total Cases
!References
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}}[[Bihar]]
|[[Patna district|Patna]]
|{{Mdash}}
|1
|1
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2022 |title=Bihar: After Patna Suspected Case of Monkeypox Detected in Nalanda, Sample Sent to Pune |url=https://www.india.com/bihar/monkeypox-in-bihar-27th-july-2022-after-patna-suspected-case-of-monkeypox-detected-in-nalanda-5538163/ |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=India.com |language=en-IN |archive-date=July 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727141059/https://www.india.com/bihar/monkeypox-in-bihar-27th-july-2022-after-patna-suspected-case-of-monkeypox-detected-in-nalanda-5538163/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
|{{Mdash}}
|1
|1
|-
|'''State Total'''
|'''{{Mdash}}'''
|'''2'''
|'''2'''
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Delhi Capital Territory.svg}}[[Delhi]]
|[[New Delhi district|New Delhi]]
|{{Mdash}}
|1
|1
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2022 |title=Monkeypox suspect with foreign travel history admitted to Delhi's LNJP Hospital |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/monkeypox-suspect-with-foreign-travel-history-admitted-to-delhis-lnjp-hospital-sources/articleshow/93145243.cms |access-date=27 July 2022 |archive-date=July 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727141728/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/monkeypox-suspect-with-foreign-travel-history-admitted-to-delhis-lnjp-hospital-sources/articleshow/93145243.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[West Delhi]]
|1
|{{Mdash}}
|1
|-
|'''UT Total'''
|'''1'''
|'''1'''
|'''2'''
|-
| rowspan="4" |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Kerala.png}}[[Kerala]]
|[[Kannur district|Kannur]]
|1
|{{Mdash}}
|1
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=22 July 2022 |title=India reports third case of monkeypox in Kerala |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-reports-third-case-of-monkeypox/article65670106.ece |access-date=27 July 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=July 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727165055/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-reports-third-case-of-monkeypox/article65670106.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Kollam district|Kollam]]
|1
|{{Mdash}}
|1
|-
|[[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
|2
|{{Mdash}}
|1
|-
|'''State Total'''
|'''4'''
|'''{{Mdash}}'''
|'''3'''
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Telangana]]
|[[Khammam district|Khammam]]
|{{Mdash}}
|1
|1
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=26 July 2022 |title=One more suspected case of monkeypox in Telangana |url=https://telanganatoday.com/one-more-suspected-case-of-monkeypox-in-telangana |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en-US |archive-date=July 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726172830/https://telanganatoday.com/one-more-suspected-case-of-monkeypox-in-telangana |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|'''State Total'''
|'''{{Mdash}}'''
|'''1'''
|'''10'''
|-
| rowspan="4" |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Uttar Pradesh.svg}}[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Auraiya district|Auraiya]]
|{{Mdash}}
|1
|1
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2022 |title=Suspected monkeypox case reported in Noida; patient in home isolation |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/noida-news/suspected-monkeypox-case-reported-in-noida-patient-in-home-isolation-101658925032450.html |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en-IN |archive-date=July 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727142432/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/noida-news/suspected-monkeypox-case-reported-in-noida-patient-in-home-isolation-101658925032450.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=27 July 2022 |title=Ghaziabad On Alert After Suspected Case of Monkeypox |url=https://www.india.com/uttar-pradesh/monkeypox-in-uttar-pradesh-latest-news-today-27th-july-2022-ghaziabad-on-alert-after-suspected-case-of-monkeypox-deets-inside-5537533/ |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=India.com |language=en-IN |archive-date=July 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727083405/https://www.india.com/uttar-pradesh/monkeypox-in-uttar-pradesh-latest-news-today-27th-july-2022-ghaziabad-on-alert-after-suspected-case-of-monkeypox-deets-inside-5537533/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]]
|{{Mdash}}
|2
|2
|-
|[[Gautam Buddha Nagar district|Gautam Buddha Nagar]]
|{{Mdash}}
|1
|1
|-
|'''State Total'''
|'''{{Mdash}}'''
|'''4'''
|'''4'''
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="2" |'''{{IND}}'''
|'''4'''
|'''8'''
|'''12'''
|{{Mdash}}
|}

=== Total Cases Graph ===
{{Graph:Chart
|type=line
|colors=#FF4500,#A50026,#87CEEB
|width=750
|legend=Legend
|yAxisMax= 15
|xAxisTitle=Date
|xAxisAngle = -90
|x= 2 June 2022, 3 June 2022, 4 June 2022, 5 June 2022, 6 June 2022, 7 June 2022, 8 June 2022, 9 June 2022, 10 June 2022, 11 June 2022, 12 June 2022, 13 June 2022, 14 June 2022, 15 June 2022, 16 June 2022, 17 June 2022, 18 June 2022, 19 June 2022, 20 June 2022, 21 June 2022, 22 June 2022, 23 June 2022, 24 June 2022, 25 June 2022, 26 June 2022, 27 June 2022, 28 June 2022, 29 June 2022, 30 June 2022, 1 July 2022, 2 July 2022, 3 July 2022, 4 July 2022, 5 July 2022, 6 July 2022, 7 July 2022, 8 July 2022, 9 July 2022, 10 July 2022, 11 July 2022, 12 July 2022, 13 July 2022, 14 July 2022, 15 July 2022, 16 July 2022, 17 July 2022, 18 July 2022, 19 July 2022, 20 July 2022, 21 July 2022, 22 July 2022, 23 July 2022, 24 July 2022, 25 July 2022, 26 July 2022, 27 July 2022
|yAxisTitle=Number of total cases
|y1=0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,3,3,5,6,9,12
|y1Title=Total cumulative cases
|y2=0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,3,3,4,4,4,4
|y2Title=Total confirmed cases
|y3=0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,5,8
|y3Title=Total suspected cases
|yGrid= |xGrid=
}}

==See also==
*[[2022–2023 mpox outbreak]]
*[[Timeline of the 2022–2023 mpox outbreak]]
*[[2022–2023 mpox outbreak in Asia]]
** [[2022–2023 mpox outbreak in Israel]]
** [[2022–2023 mpox outbreak in Japan]]
*[[2022–2023 mpox outbreak in Europe]]
** [[2022–2023 mpox outbreak in France]]
** [[2022–2023 mpox outbreak in Germany]]
** [[2022–2023 mpox outbreak in the Netherlands]]
** [[2022–2023 mpox outbreak in Portugal]]
** [[2022–2023 mpox outbreak in Spain]]
** [[2022–2023 mpox outbreak in the United Kingdom]]
*[[2022–2023 mpox outbreak in Canada]]
*[[2022–2023 mpox outbreak in Brazil]]
*[[2022–2023 mpox outbreak in Peru]]
*[[2022–2023 mpox outbreak in South Africa]]
*[[2022–2023 mpox outbreak in the United States]]
* [[Mpox in Nigeria]]
* [[Mpox in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
*[[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{2022–2023 mpox outbreak}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2022-2023 mpox outbreak in India}}
[[Category:2022–2023 mpox outbreak|India]]
[[Category:2022 disasters in India|Mpox]]
[[Category:Disease outbreaks in India|Mpox]]

Supreme Council of Bengal

2025-05-26T16:40:35Z

Gheethivf: updated page

{{Infobox organization
|name = Supreme Council of Bengal
|native_name =
|logo =
|logo_size =
|logo_caption =
|map=
|msize =
|abbreviation =
|formation = 1773
|type =
|location = [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
|headquarters = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[British India]]
|membership =
|languages = English
|sec_gen =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title2 =
|leader_name2 =
|leader_title3 =
|leader_name3 =
|leader_title4 =
|leader_name4 =
|website =
}}

The '''Supreme Council of Bengal''',<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hooIAAAAQAAJ&q=supreme+council+of+bengal|title=A letter ... to P. Francis ... late member of the Supreme council at Bengal [vindicating J. Price's character and conduct from the charges made against him by P. Francis in the minutes of the East India company].|last1=(capt.)|first1=Joseph Price|last2=Francis|first2=sir Philip|date=1783|language=en|access-date=2020-11-03|archive-date=2024-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117175809/https://books.google.com/books?id=hooIAAAAQAAJ&q=supreme+council+of+bengal#v=snippet&q=supreme%20council%20of%20bengal&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oHpPAAAAYAAJ&q=supreme+council+of+bengal&pg=PA382|title=The Monthly Review|date=1781|publisher=R. Griffiths.|language=en|access-date=2020-11-03|archive-date=2024-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117175700/https://books.google.com/books?id=oHpPAAAAYAAJ&q=supreme+council+of+bengal&pg=PA382#v=snippet&q=supreme%20council%20of%20bengal&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> also known as '''Council of Four''', was the highest level of executive government in [[British India]] from 1774 to 1833: the period in which the [[East India Company]], a private company, [[company rule in India|exercised political control]] of British colonies in India. It was formally subordinate to both the East India Company's Court of Directors and to the [[British Crown]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Webster |first=Anthony |year=2007 |title=The Richest East India Merchant: The Life and Business of John Palmer of Calcutta, 1767-1836 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pqySRWanQusC&pg=PA8 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |pages=8– |isbn=978-1-84383-303-1 |access-date=2017-12-11 |archive-date=2024-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117175804/https://books.google.com/books?id=pqySRWanQusC&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Council was established by the British government, under [[Regulating Act 1773]]. It consisted of four members. The [[Governor General]] was given a [[casting vote]] but no [[veto]].<ref name = "brittanica">{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Regulating-Act|title=Regulating Act {{!}} Great Britain [1773]|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2017-12-11|language=en|archive-date=2017-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008032052/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Regulating-Act|url-status=live}}</ref> It was appointed by the [[Court of Directors]] (board) of the East India Company. At times it also included the British military Commander-in-Chief of India (although this post was usually held concurrently by the Governor General). Hence the council was also known as '''Governor-General in Council'''.

The [[Government of India Act 1833]] formally separated the East India Company from political control, and the governor-general of Bengal became the governor general of India. Since the [[Government of India Act 1858]], the council was known as the [[Viceroy's Executive Council]].

==History==

The [[Regulating Act 1773]] created the post of [[Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William]] in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] and the presidencies of Bombay and Madras were made subordinate to the Bengal Presidency.<ref name="brittanica" /> Prior to this all the three presidencies were independent of each other and was headed by Governor General and his Council or Governor-in-council. The act designated Governor of Bengal as the Governor of the Presidency of Fort William to serve as Governor General of all British Territories in India. It also added provision that Governor General was to be assisted by an executive council of four members and was given a casting vote but no veto.<ref name="brittanica" /> This changed the structure of Governor in-council where Governor General was the sole authority to a council of 5 members. The members could only be removed by the [[British Monarch]] on representation from Court of Directors.

In 1774, [[Warren Hastings]] became the first Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William, hence, the first head of the Supreme Council of Bengal. Other members of the council included [[John Clavering (British Army officer)|Lt. General John Clavering]], George Monson, [[Richard Barwell]] and [[Philip Francis (politician)|Philip Francis]].

Philip Francis along with Monson and Clavering reached Calcutta in October 1774, and a conflict with Warren Hastings started almost immediately. These three members of the council opposed Hasting's policies as Governor General and accused him of corruption. The situation climaxed with the Maharaja [[Nuncomar|Nanda Kumar]] affair - in which Nanda Kumar accused Hastings of [[fraud]] and high [[political corruption|corruption]]. This attempt to impeach Hastings was unsuccessful and Nanda Kumar was hanged in 1775 after being found guilty of [[forgery]] by [[Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William|Supreme Court of Bengal]] in [[Calcutta]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ezhfAAAAcAAJ&q=supreme+council+of+bengal&pg=PA10|title=A Narrative of Facts Leading to the Trials of Maha Rajah Nundocomar and Thomas [or Rather Joseph] Fowke for Conspiracies Against Governor Hastings, and R. Barwell, Members of the Supreme Council at Bengal; and to the Trial of Maha Rajah Nundocomar, for Forgery: with Some ... Anecdotes Pending, and Subsequent to Those Prosecutions. In which are Introduced the ... Addresses of the Grand Jury, European and Armenian Inhabitants of Calcutta to Sir E. Impey, Chief Justice ...|last1=Gentleman|first1=resident in Calcutta|last2=Barwell|first2=Richard|last3=Hastings|first3=Warren|date=1776|language=en|access-date=2020-11-03|archive-date=2024-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117175811/https://books.google.com/books?id=ezhfAAAAcAAJ&q=supreme+council+of+bengal&pg=PA10#v=snippet&q=supreme%20council%20of%20bengal&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> The trial was held under childhood friend of Hastings [[Sir Elijah Impey]] - India's first Chief Justice. The majority - Francis, Clavering and Monson - within the council ended with Monson's death in 1776. Clavering died a year later and Francis was left powerless, but he remained in India and strove to undermine Hastings' governance. The bitter rivalry between the two men culminated in a duel in 1780, where Hastings shot Francis in the back.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/empire/india/74.html|title=The enigmatic Warren Hastings and his Calcutta properties|website=www.victorianweb.org|access-date=2017-12-11|archive-date=2017-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215225359/http://www.victorianweb.org/history/empire/india/74.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Francis left India in the hope of impeaching Hastings in 1780. Hastings resigned in 1785 and was later accused of committing a judicial murder of Nanda Kumar. Impeachment proceedings against him along with Elijah Impey were initiated by the parliament.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkFLAAAAMAAJ&q=judicial+murder|title=The Story of Nuncomar and the Impeachment of Sir Elijah Impey|last=Stephen|first=James Fitzjames|date=1885|publisher=Macmillan and Company|language=en|access-date=2020-11-03|archive-date=2024-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117175807/https://books.google.com/books?id=JkFLAAAAMAAJ&q=judicial+murder#v=snippet&q=judicial%20murder&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> A lengthy [[Impeachment of Warren Hastings|attempted impeachment]] by Parliament lasted from 1788 to 1795 eventually ending with Hastings being acquitted.<ref name="eb-hastings">{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Warren-Hastings|title=Warren Hastings {{!}} British colonial administrator|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2017-12-11|language=en|archive-date=2017-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212085401/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Warren-Hastings|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Conflict with Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William==

From 1774 (when the Supreme Court of Judicature at [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] was founded) till 1782 (when Bengal Judicature Act 1781 was passed), the court claimed jurisdiction over any person residing in Bengal, Bihar or Orissa. This resulted in conflict of jurisdiction with Supreme Council of Bengal. The conflict came to an end with Parliament's passing of the Bengal Judicature Act 1781. The act restricted the Supreme Court's jurisdiction to either those who lived in Calcutta, or to any British Subject in Bengal, Bihar and Odisha. This removed the Court's jurisdiction over any person residing in Bengal, Bihar and Odisha.

==Role==

The Regulating Act 1773 made presidencies of Bombay and Madras subordinate to Bengal.<ref name="brittanica" /> Governor-in-Council of Bombay and Madras presidencies were required to obey the orders of Governor General of Bengal. Governor-General-in-Council was given the power to make rules, ordinances and regulations. These rules and regulations were required to be registered with the Supreme court and could only be dissolved by the [[Privy Council of England|King-in-Council]] within 2 years.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/indianconstituti00mukeuoft|title=Indian constitutional documents, 1773-1915, comp. and edited with an introduction|last=Mukerji|first=Panchanandas|date=1915|publisher=Calcutta, Spink|others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref>

==Notable members==
* [[Warren Hastings]]<ref name="eb-hastings" /> from October 20, 1774, to his resignation on February 8, 1785.
* [[Colonel George Monson|George Monson]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F64028|title=The Discovery Service|last=Archives|first=The National|website=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-12-10|archive-date=2017-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211054700/http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F64028|url-status=live}}</ref> from October 20, 1774, to his death on September 25, 1776.
* [[John Clavering (British Army officer)|John Clavering]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZFIAQAAMAAJ&q=john+clavering+supreme+council+of+bengal&pg=PA95|title=Reports from Committees of the House of Commons: Which Have Been Printed by Order of the House, and are Not Inserted in the Journals|last=Commons|first=Great Britain Parliament House of|date=1806|language=en|access-date=2020-11-03|archive-date=2024-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117175733/https://books.google.com/books?id=cZFIAQAAMAAJ&q=john+clavering+supreme+council+of+bengal&pg=PA95#v=snippet&q=john%20clavering%20supreme%20council%20of%20bengal&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3_YRAAAAYAAJ&q=john+clavering+supreme+council+of+bengal&pg=PA327|title=The Gentleman's Magazine|date=1788|language=en|access-date=2020-11-03|archive-date=2024-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117175734/https://books.google.com/books?id=3_YRAAAAYAAJ&q=john+clavering+supreme+council+of+bengal&pg=PA327#v=onepage&q=john%20clavering%20supreme%20council%20of%20bengal&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> from October 20, 1774, to his death on August 30, 1777.
* [[Richard Barwell]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/barwell-richard-1741-1804|title=BARWELL, Richard (1741-1804), of Stansted Park, Suss. {{!}} History of Parliament Online|website=www.historyofparliamentonline.org|access-date=2017-12-10|archive-date=2017-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211053631/http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/barwell-richard-1741-1804|url-status=live}}</ref> from October 20, 1774, to his departure on March 2, 1780. Officially resigned on October 1, 1781.
* [[Philip Francis (politician)|Philip Francis]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bowyer |first=T. H. |date=1995 |title=The appointment of Philip Francis to the Bengal Supreme Council |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/appointment-of-philip-francis-to-the-bengal-supreme-council/C9A5944244B93D5216B21AD04D48FEB2 |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=145–149 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X00016320 |s2cid=159940759 |issn=1469-5103 |access-date=2017-12-10 |archive-date=2017-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211053600/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/appointment-of-philip-francis-to-the-bengal-supreme-council/C9A5944244B93D5216B21AD04D48FEB2 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> from October 20, 1774, to his departure on December 3, 1780. Officially resigned on December 12, 1781.
* [[Edward Wheler (1733-1784)|Edward Wheler]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F59714|title=The Discovery Service|last=Archives|first=The National|website=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-12-10|archive-date=2017-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211054722/http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F59714|url-status=live}}</ref> from December 11, 1777, to his death on October 10, 1784.
* [[Eyre Coote (East India Company officer)|Eyre Coote]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zaVfAAAAcAAJ&q=Eyre+Coote+supreme+council+of+bengal&pg=PA57|title=Authentic Abstracts of Minutes in the Supreme Council of Bengal, on the Late Contracts for Draught and Carriage Bullocks, for Victualling the European Troops, and for Victualling Fort William; the Augmentation of General Sir Eyre Coote's Appointment, and Continuation of Brigadier-General Stibbert's Emoluments, Though Superseded in the Chief Command; and a Remarkable Treaty, Offensive and Defensive, with the Ranah of Gohud, a Marratta|last=Council|first=Bengal (India) Supreme|date=1780|publisher=J. Almon|language=en|access-date=2020-11-03|archive-date=2024-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117175707/https://books.google.com/books?id=zaVfAAAAcAAJ&q=Eyre+Coote+supreme+council+of+bengal&pg=PA57#v=snippet&q=Eyre%20Coote%20supreme%20council%20of%20bengal&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> from March 25, 1779, to his death on April 26, 1783.
* [[Sir John Macpherson, 1st Baronet|John Macpherson]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/macpherson-sir-john-1744-1821|title=MACPHERSON, Sir John, 1st Bt. (1744-1821), of Brompton Grove, Mdx. {{!}} History of Parliament Online|website=www.historyofparliamentonline.org|access-date=2017-12-10|archive-date=2017-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212031445/http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/macpherson-sir-john-1744-1821|url-status=live}}</ref> from October 1, 1781, to his departure on September 11, 1786.
* [[John Stables]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZFIAQAAMAAJ&q=John+Stables+supreme+council+of+bengal&pg=PA96|title=Reports from Committees of the House of Commons: Which Have Been Printed by Order of the House, and are Not Inserted in the Journals|last=Commons|first=Great Britain Parliament House of|date=1806|language=en|access-date=2020-11-03|archive-date=2024-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117180745/https://books.google.com/books?id=cZFIAQAAMAAJ&q=John+Stables+supreme+council+of+bengal&pg=PA96#v=snippet&q=John%20Stables%20supreme%20council%20of%20bengal&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> from November 11, 1782, to his resignation on January 19, 1787.
* [[Charles Stuart (fl. 1761-1793)|Charles Stuart]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZFIAQAAMAAJ&q=Charles+Stuart+supreme+council+of+bengal&pg=PA96|title=Reports from Committees of the House of Commons: Which Have Been Printed by Order of the House, and are Not Inserted in the Journals|last=Commons|first=Great Britain Parliament House of|date=1806|language=en|access-date=2020-11-03|archive-date=2024-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117180723/https://books.google.com/books?id=cZFIAQAAMAAJ&q=Charles+Stuart+supreme+council+of+bengal&pg=PA96#v=snippet&q=Charles%20Stuart%20supreme%20council%20of%20bengal&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> from February 28, 1785, to his resignation on January 21, 1793.
* [[Archibald Seton]]<ref>The Gentleman's Magazine, August 1818, Published by F. Jefferies, 1818; Item notes: v.88 pt.2 1818; p. 184</ref> from 1812 to 1818.
* [[John Fendall Jr.|John Fendall]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JSMJAAAAQAAJ&q=john+fendall+jr+supreme+council+of+bengal&pg=PR175|title=The Quarterly Oriental magazine, review and register|date=1825|language=en|access-date=2020-11-03|archive-date=2024-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117180724/https://books.google.com/books?id=JSMJAAAAQAAJ&q=john+fendall+jr+supreme+council+of+bengal&pg=PR175#v=snippet&q=john%20fendall%20jr%20supreme%20council%20of%20bengal&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> from May 20, 1820, to his death on November 10, 1825.

==See also==
* [[East India Company]]
* [[Council of India]]
* [[Privy Council of England]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:1773 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Politics of British India]]
[[Category:Government of British India]]
[[Category:British East India Company]]

Uddhava

2025-04-25T02:54:01Z

Gheethivf:

{{Infobox deity
| image = Uddhava the messenger of Krishna.jpg
| image_upright = 0.9
| caption = Painting of Uddhava the messenger of Krishna
| type = Hindu
| name = Uddhava
| dynasty = [[Yadu dynasty|Yaduvamsha]]
| affiliation = [[Vrishni]]
| other_names = Pavanayadhi
| texts = [[Puranas]], [[Mahabharata]]
}}{{Short description|Friend of Hindu deity Krishna}}
'''Uddhava''' ({{Langx|sa|उद्धव|translit=Uddhava}}) is a character from the [[Puranic]] texts of [[Hinduism]], described to be the friend and counsellor of [[Krishna]]. He plays a significant role in the [[Bhagavata Purana]], being taught the processes of [[yoga]] and [[bhakti]] directly by [[Krishna]]. The principle of these discussions is often referred to as the ''[[Uddhava Gita]]'',<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Saraswati|first=Swami Ambikananda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gipfAwAAQBAJ|title=The Uddhava Gita: The Final Teaching of Krishna|date=2002-09-28|publisher=Ulysses Press|isbn=978-1-56975-320-0|language=en}}</ref> similarly to the [[Bhagavad Gita]] wherein Krishna instructs [[Arjuna]].

According to some texts Uddhava was also Krishna's cousin, being the son of Devabhaga, who was the brother of [[Vasudeva]], Krishna's father. His physical appearance was so like that of Krishna's that in some instances, he is mistaken for the latter. The [[Mahabharata]] mentions that Uddhava was a minister of the [[Vrishni|Vrishnis]], whom they all regarded and respected.<ref>Mahbharata Sabha Parva by PC Roy Dyuta Parva page 111, Dhritarashtra's speech</ref> The Bhagavata Purana mentions that Uddhava was a disciple of [[Brihaspati]].<ref>Bhagavata Purana Skandha XI Chapter 23 Verses 2, Bhiksu Gita, Motilal Bansaridass Publishers Book 5 pages 2061 Link: https://archive.org/details/BhagavataPuranaMotilalEnglish</ref>

==Legend==

=== Messenger to Vrindavana ===
In the Bhagavata Purana and [[Brahmavaivarta Purana]], after Krishna had defeated [[Kamsa]], Uddhava came to see him, much to Krishna's pleasure. Krishna requested Uddhava to visit [[Vrindavan|Vrindavana]] with a message on his behalf to the [[gopis]] and other residents of the village, who were missing his company. Krishna asks Uddhava to tell the people of Vrindavana to forget about him because he needed to be forgotten by his devotees to complete his duties on earth. Uddhava was so mesmerised with the devotion of [[Radha]] and [[gopi]]s towards Krishna that he stayed in Vrindavana for the next six months, where he also asked the gopis to be his teachers. The gopis told him that when [[Akrura]] came to Vrindavana, he took their Krishna with him, and rhetorically asked him if he was there to take away their memories of him from them as well, to which Uddhava was rendered speechless. The content of the message and the feelings aroused by it when heard by the residents of Vrindavana constitute the highest understanding of the love of God in the tradition of [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Desai|first=Kunal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEI4DwAAQBAJ&q=Uddhava|title=My Affair with Rãdhã|date=2017-10-03|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-947851-91-7|language=en}}</ref>

=== Uddhava Gita ===
{{Main|Uddhava Gita}}
Krishna delivered the ''Uddhava Gita'' (also referred to as ''Hamsa Gita'') to Uddhava shortly before he left the world in order to help console Uddhava after his forthcoming departure. It commences with Uddhava's perplexity after he saw the impending destruction of the [[Yadu dynasty|Yaduvamsha]] community, in which Krishna was also brought up, born as a [[Kshatriya]].

Uddhava was famous as a devotee and a dear friend of Krishna, but even he could not fathom why he had not prevented the destruction from happening. [[Brahma]], the creator and the celestials implored Krishna to return to his divine abode after the purpose of his descent was over. Krishna then explained why the Yadavas had to perish, stating that due to the insolence caused by their prowess, heroism, and fortune, the Yadavas wished to conquer the entirety of the earth. He informed him that the earth would suffer if he did not take his clan with him before his demise. Greatly saddened by this, Uddhava approached Krishna and besought him to take him as well. In reply, Krishna expounded the Uddhava Gita.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
* [[Akrura]]
* [[Bhakti yoga]]
* [[Narada]]
* [[Four Kumaras]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://vedabase.com/en/sb/11/7 Krishna instructs Uddhava] (vedabase.com)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060825192251/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/26/stories/2006072606020900.htm The Uddhava Gita] (Hindu.com)
* [http://srimadbhagavatam.com/11/14/en1 Krishna Explains the Yoga System to Sri Uddhava] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235110/http://srimadbhagavatam.com/11/14/en1 |date=2007-09-26 }} (srimadbhagavatam.com)
* [http://poornalayam.org/Uddava Gita/Swami Guruparanada ]{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[https://oiipdf.com/uddhava-gita-krishna-path Udhhava-Gita with Commentary by Viśvanātha Cakravartī and Bhaktisidhhānta Sarasvatī]
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Characters in the Bhagavata Purana]]
[[Category:People related to Krishna]]

National Highway 146 (India)

2025-02-28T19:38:34Z

Gheethivf: slightly reworked lead for clarity per sources

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox road
|country=IND
|type = NH
|route = 146
|map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|id=Q16886612|stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 27}}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes = Map of the National Highway in red
|length_km = 167.6
|direction_a =
|terminus_a = [[National Highway 46 (India)|NH-46]] near [[Bhopal]]
|junction =
|direction_b =
|terminus_b = [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH-44]] near [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]
|destinations=
|states = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
}}

'''National Highway 146''' ('''NH 146''') is a [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] in [[India]]. This highway is in the state of Madhya Pradesh, running from Bhopal to Sagar.<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=3 April 2012|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331002823/http://www.morth.nic.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=31 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> This national highway is {{convert|167.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} long.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03.pdf|title=The List of National Highways in India|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref> Before renumbering of national highways, NH-146 was numbered as old [[National Highways 86A (India)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref>

== Route ==
[[File:Renumbered National Highways map of India (Schematic).jpg|thumb|Schematic map of National Highways in India]]
NH146 connects [[Bhopal]], [[Raisen]], [[Sanchi]], [[Vidisha]], [[Gyaraspur]], [[Rahatgarh]] and terminates at [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]] in the state of Madhya Pradesh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.11.2018|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604032801/https://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|archive-date=4 June 2019|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref>

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
: {{jct|NH|46|country=IND}} Terminal near Bhopal
: {{jct|NH|44|country=IND}} Terminal near Sagar

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH46 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Madhya Pradesh]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Justine Hardy

2025-01-31T21:32:05Z

Gheethivf: put up a post

{{short description|British journalist and author (born 1966)}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Justine Hardy
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|4|1|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation =
| education =
| nationality =
| movement =
| parents = [[Robert Hardy]] and Sally Pearson
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Justine Hardy''' (born April 1966) is a British journalist, author, and integrated trauma therapist who has spent most of her adult life in [[India]]. She has been a journalist in South Asia, including [[Kashmir]], where she established Healing Kashmir to help people overcome the trauma of the [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]] that began in 1989.

==Early life and education==

She was born in [[London]], raised in [[Oxfordshire]], and educated in [[England]]. Hardy is the daughter of [[Robert Hardy]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/tudorhallschool/docs/tudor_rose_25__spring_2016_ | title=Nanette Godfrey Memorial Lectures|website=Tudor Hall School|date=Spring 2016|access-date=22 December 2016}}</ref> a noted actor, and actress Sally Pearson,<ref name="Humane Being">{{cite journal |url=http://www.justinehardy.com/assets_cm/files/pdf/n074.pdf |title=A Humane Being |first=Geeta Alvares |last=Meneses |journal=Libas International |year=2009 |via=Justine Hardy website |page=74 |access-date=2016-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223134739/http://www.justinehardy.com/assets_cm/files/pdf/n074.pdf |archive-date=2016-12-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=NPG /> whose parents were actress Dame [[Gladys Cooper]]<ref name=NPG>{{cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw19025/Dame-Gladys-Cooper-with-her-daughter-Sally-Pearson-ne-Cooper | title=Dame Gladys Cooper with her daughter Sally Pearson (née Cooper)|website=National Portrait Gallery|access-date=22 December 2016}}</ref> and Sir [[Neville Pearson]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/166832107/|title=Gladys Cooper dies at 82 - Stage, film star |newspaper=The Los Angeles Times |date=18 Nov 1971 | page=23| via=newspapers.com|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1978, she won the Partridge Essay Contest at her school in [[Banbury]], Oxfordshire.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/community/memorylane/10368683.The_changing_face_of_Banbury/ |title=The Changing Face of Banbury|first=John|last=Chipperfield|date=22 April 2013 | website=Oxford Mail|access-date=22 December 2016 }}</ref> She attended [[Tudor Hall School, Banbury]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tudorhallschool.com/media/news/article/123/Justine-Hardy-Old-Tudorian-Nanette-Godfrey-Memorial-Lecture|title=Justine Hardy, Old Tudorian – Nanette Godfrey Memorial Lecture|date=10 March 2016|access-date=22 December 2016|archive-date=23 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223133254/http://www.tudorhallschool.com/media/news/article/123/Justine-Hardy-Old-Tudorian-Nanette-Godfrey-Memorial-Lecture|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Hardy has been a residential INSPIRE fellow at [[Tufts University]]’s Institute of Global Leadership.<ref name="Tufts">{{cite web|url=http://www.tuftsgloballeadership.org/current-inspire-fellows|title=Current Inspire Fellows|publisher=Tufts Global Leadership|access-date=22 December 2016}}</ref> In 2011, she received an internship to the Oslo Scholars Program.<ref name=Oslo>{{cite web|url=https://osloscholars.com/about/the-internships/|title=The Internships|website=Oslo Scholars|access-date=22 December 2016|archive-date=23 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223133954/https://osloscholars.com/about/the-internships/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
===Journalist and presenter===
Hardy has reported on South Asia for over 25 years since about 1990.<ref name="TI isolated" /> She has written much about her experiences in Kashmir, which has been the site of conflict since the 1947 partition between India and Pakistan, which resulted in the first [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|First Kashmir War]]. Since 1989, there has been conflict in the region, with fighters backed by China, Iran, and the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.winstonchurchill.org/images/chartwellbulletins/%20cb24.pdf|title=New England - Boston, April 8th|website=Chartwell Bulletin|publisher=The Churchill Centre & Museum at the Cabinet War Rooms|date=June 2010|number=24|access-date=22 December 2016|archive-date=16 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716034419/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/images/chartwellbulletins/%20cb24.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

She has written for an Indian newspaper and contributed to ''[[Financial Times]]'', ''[[The Times]]'', ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', ''Traveler'',<ref name=Oslo /> and ''[[National Review]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nationalreview.com/author/justine-hardy|title=Justine Hardy|website=National Review|access-date=22 December 2016}}</ref> She became a regular contributor to ''Traveller'' magazine in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://d19lgisewk9l6l.cloudfront.net/pdf/traveller_46.pdf |title=All Kinds of Magic |volume=46|number=2|year=2015|access-date=22 December 2016}}</ref> She has written about female activists within Islam, peace, and the mental health crisis in Kashmir.<ref name=Oslo /> Other subjects include social topics, book reviews, and travel.<ref name=Oslo />

In 1996, she began working as a documentary presenter for Channel 4 on the series ''Urban Jungle''. She was a presenter on Travel TV for four years. She has also been involved in several [[BBC]] programs about India, and was also a co-presenter on a BBC series about Eastern philosophy in the West.

She is on the advisory board of [[Women's Voices Now]], which advocates women's rights through film.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.womensvoicesnow.org/advisory-board|title=Advisory Board|website=Women's Voices Now|access-date=22 December 2016}}</ref>

===Author===
Hardy wrote ''The Ochre Border: A Journey through the Tibetan Frontierlands'' in 1995, which is an account of Hardy's journey to a remote valley on the Indo-Tibetan border in the Himalayas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.justinehardy.com/pages/books/the-ochre-border/intro.htm|title=The Ochre Border - A Journey through the Tibetan Frontierlands|publisher=Justine Hardy website|access-date=2016-12-17|archive-date=2016-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504182221/http://www.justinehardy.com/pages/books/the-ochre-border/intro.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Four years later, ''Scoop-Wallah'' (1999) recounts Hardy's stint as a reporter for a Delhi newspaper.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/justine-hardy/scoop-wallah/|title=Scoop-Wallah|date=1 December 1999|website=Kirkus Reviews|access-date=19 December 2016}}</ref>{{efn|''Scoop-Wallah'' was short-listed for the [[Thomas Cook Travel Book Award]] in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/afghanistan/722753/Bringing-the-Afghans-to-book.html|title=Bringing the Afghans to book|date=25 September 2000|website=Telegraph|access-date=20 December 2016}}</ref>}} ''Goat: A Story of Kashmir and Notting Hill'' (2000)<ref name="justinehardy.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.justinehardy.com/about.htm|title=About Justine Hardy|publisher=Justine Hardy|access-date=2016-12-17|archive-date=2011-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325120837/http://www.justinehardy.com/about.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> contemplates the route taken by the goat hair gathered in Tibet to fashionable London, where it is sold in the form of shawls. She wrote ''Bollywood Boy'' in 2002, which is a study of the Indian film business, [[Bollywood]]. ''Geographical'' says, "In this, her best book yet, she captures the glitz of Bollywood while laying bare the more sinister side of a business enmeshed with the underworld, using as her central ploy the year-long tracking down of [[Hrithik Roshan]], Bollywood's brightest new star, for an interview."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-85879872.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120000707/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-85879872.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-11-20|title=Lights! camera! action! (Pick of the month). (Bollywood Boy book and video Rough Guide to Bollywood)|last=Liesenfeld|first=Winnie|date=2002|work=Geographica |access-date=19 December 2016}}</ref>

''The Wonder House'' (2005), Hardy's first novel, is a family chronicle set against the background of the Kashmir conflict.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-993437501.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111165139/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-993437501.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2018|title=Inspired by the Vale|date=24 February 2006|work=Hindustan Times |access-date=19 December 2016}}</ref> It takes place in October 1999 and the protagonist is a secular, older woman, Gracie Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/justine-hardy/the-wonder-house/|title=The Wonder House|date=1 February 2006|website=Kirkus Reviews|access-date=19 December 2016}}</ref> While ''[[Library Journal]]'' praised the plot twist, they felt that the characters were "bland" and the pacing of the story was slow.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gillespie|first=Kellie|year=2006|title=The Wonder House|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lfh&AN=19532977&site=ehost-live|journal=Library Journal|volume=131|issue=2|pages=71|url-access=subscription |via=EBSCOhost}}</ref>{{efn|''The Wonder House'' was short-listed for the Author’s Club prize for best first novel in 2006.<ref name="justinehardy.com"/> ''The Guardian'' described it as “partly an elegy to Nehruvian secularism in India and to Kashmir...always poised, often engrossing, and sometimes perceptive and moving.”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/oct/22/featuresreviews.guardianreview16|title=Bleak house|last=Khair|first=Tabish|date=21 October 2005|website=The Guardian|access-date=20 December 2016}}</ref>}}

''The Valley of Mist'' (2009) tells the story of the conflict in Kashmir through the story of the people in Kashmir, where she has lived for several years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=|title=Books|date=9 April 2010|work=Daily Post|access-date=}}</ref>{{efn|''The Valley of Mist'' was a runner-up for the [[Dayton Literary Peace Prize]] in 2010.<ref name="auto2"/>}} She spent time with the Dars in 1997 and much of her experience with the Muslim family over two decades in the city is part of the book.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/justine-hardy/in-the-valley-of-mist/|title=In the Valley of Mist|date=15 April 2008|website=Kirkus|access-date=19 December 2016}}</ref> Kenneth McClane, a Cornell professor and judge for the Dayton prize, called the book “magnificent” and compared it to the works of [[Anton Chekhov]] and [[James Baldwin]].<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=http://daytonliterarypeaceprize.org/2010-nonfiction_runner-up.htm|title=Dayton Literary Peace Prize - Justine Hardy, 2010 Nonfiction Runner-Up|first=D. Verne Morland, Digital Stationery International|last=LLC|access-date=2016-12-17|archive-date=2016-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221004515/http://daytonliterarypeaceprize.org/2010-nonfiction_runner-up.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Booklist]]'' wrote that the book's "intimate and dramatic chronicle clarifies and humanizes Kashmir's torments, which are of grave global consequence."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Seaman|first=Donna|year=2009|title=In the Valley of the Mist|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lfh&AN=40525672&site=ehost-live|journal=Booklist|volume=105|issue=18|pages=16|url-access=subscription |via=EBSCOhost}}</ref> ''[[Library Journal]]'' wrote that "Hardy's account contributes to our understanding of the tragedy of cross-cultural conflicts, if not its solutions."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Otness|first=Harold M.|year=2009|title=In the Valley of the Mist|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lfh&AN=38594903&site=ehost-live|journal=Library Journal|volume=134|issue=7|pages=100|url-access=subscription |via=EBSCOhost}}</ref>

Hardy's books have been translated into nine languages.

===Aid projects===
Following the October [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], she worked to rebuild schools, a medical center, and homes with a local non-governmental organization (NGO).<ref name="Tufts" /> Hardy has been involved in several aid projects, including the Kashmir Welfare Trust. She also directs the Development Research and Action Group, which establishes schools in the [[Delhi]] slums. She has worked for over two decades with The New Bridge Foundation, which seeks to rehabilitate criminal offenders.

===Healing Kashmir===
In 2010, Hardy founded Healing Kashmir, a mental health program to provide a comprehensive treatment plan to help patients overcome "the debilitating mental health situation in the region."<ref name="Tufts" /><ref name="TI isolated" /> [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] (MSF), along with the Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (IMHANS) and [[Kashmir University]]'s Department of Psychology conducted a mental health survey of Kashmir, the first comprehensive study of the country. Performed in 399 villages between October and December 2015, it found that a majority of people have experienced or witnessed conflict-related trauma and nearly 1.8 million adults or 45% of adults in Kashmir suffer from mental distress. In the Kashmir Valley, about 7.7 million people, or one in five adults, have significant PTSD symptoms and about 2.48 million meet the diagnostic criteria for PTSD.<ref name="GK Ray of hope" />

The country's health system is overwhelmed by the increasing number of patients.<ref name="TI isolated" /> There are not enough government mental health resources<ref name="GK Ray of hope" /> and clinicians might have just a couple of minutes to spend with each person.<ref name="TI isolated" /> The traditional mental health approach in the country is to medicate patients—with high doses of sedatives, tranquilizers, or antidepressants—that do not address the underlying issues that bring relief over the long term.<ref name="TI isolated" /><ref name="TI Where the mind" /> In many cases, the medicine caused side effects that were worse than the diagnosed disorder.<ref name="TI Where the mind" /> Many people commit suicide.<ref name="GK Ray of hope" /> Further, the culture there does not support openly discussing mental health issues.<ref name=Oslo />

Hardy brought in therapists and implemented treatment plans that include use of alternative and conventional treatments, including counseling, homeopathic medicine, and several forms of hands-on healing therapies.<ref name="TI isolated" /><ref name="TI Where the mind">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Where-the-mind-is-with-fear/articleshow/6094580.cms|title=Where the mind is with fear|last=Arshadi|first=Sameer|date=26 June 2010|work=The Times of India|access-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> Healing Kashmir, sees patients in the clinical environment—in its main office in Burzalla, [[Srinagar district|Srinagar]] or in hospitals in six areas—and in villages.<ref name="TI isolated">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/edit-page/Kashmiris-have-felt-isolated-during-conflict/articleshow/5502439.cms?|title=Kashmiris have felt isolated during conflict|date=27 January 2010|website=The Times of India|access-date=20 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="GK Ray of hope" /> The charity also conducts awareness and training programs in universities and colleges and for child development workers. Hardy said, "the gradual breakdown of the stigma associated with mental illness is one of our biggest accomplishments."<ref name="GK Ray of hope" /> It was registered as a nongovernmental organization in the United Kingdom and India in 2009, and it is headquartered in Baghat Burzalla, Srinagar.<ref name="GK Ray of hope">{{cite news | url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/story/231209.html | title=Healing Kashmir: A Ray of Hope for Mental Health|first=Sama Ashraf |last=Bég|date=16 October 2016 |access-date=23 December 2016}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8SaBdQ6Pe2E Healing Kashmir - Youtube]
* [http://healingkashmir.org Healing Kashmir Official Website]{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://www.penguin.co.uk/authors/justine-hardy/1062256/ Penguin Books - List of books by Justine Hardy]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hardy, Justine}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People educated at Tudor Hall School, Banbury]]
[[Category:British women journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century British psychologists]]
[[Category:British expatriates in India]]

Guru Amar Das Public School

2024-12-28T03:05:21Z

Gheethivf: added a entry

{{Orphan|date=December 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
'''Guru Amar Dass Public School''', Jalandhar established in 1983<ref name="test">{{Cite web |url=http://gadpublicschool.com/history.php |title=History |access-date=12 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816230708/http://gadpublicschool.com/history.php |archive-date=16 August 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a co-educational English Medium School affiliated to C.B.S.E., New Delhi. The name of the educational institution has been drawn from the third Guru of the Sikhs Shri Guru Amar Dass Ji, who has an embodiment of humility and Service. The [[motto]] of the school is "Enlightenment with Education". Presently, the [[school]] has an enrolment of more than 2500 students.

The school has two wings, the secondary wing of the school is situated at Model Town, [[Jalandhar]] and the primary wing is situated at Guru Teg Bahadur Nagar, Jalandhar.

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
*http://gadpublicschool.com
*http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080514/jplus.htm
*http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070425/jplus1.htm#6
*http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070615/jplus1.htm#5

{{coord|31.3895|75.2401|type:edu_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Schools in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Education in Jalandhar]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1983]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Punjab, India]]

Khursheed Ahmed Sheikh

2024-12-11T19:21:43Z

Gheethivf:

#REDIRECT [[Khursheed Ahmad Shiekh]]

Kilkulam

2024-12-07T07:05:20Z

Gheethivf:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Keezhkulam
| native_name = Keezhkulam
| native_name_lang = Tamil and Malayalam
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8|19|23|N|77|12|03|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kanniyakumari district|Kanniyakumari]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 17352
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 629193
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Keezhkulam''' is a [[panchayat town]] in [[Kanniyakumari district]] in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kilkulam Village {{!}} Map of Kilkulam Village in Vilavancode Tehsil, Kanniyakumari of Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/tamil-nadu/kanniyakumari/vilavancode/kilkulam.html |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=www.mapsofindia.com}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of the 2001 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Keezhkulam is shown to have a population of 17,352 with 51% of the population male and 49% female.

According to the information gathered in 2001, Keezhkulam had an average literacy rate of 79%, which is higher than the Indian national average of 59.5%. Male literacy was at 79% and female literacy was at 72%. Also according to the census, 11% of the population was under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kanyakumari district]]

Lokiverse (song)

2024-06-29T08:12:14Z

Gheethivf: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Lokesh_Cinematic_Universe#Theme_music]]

Haripur, Raebareli

2023-12-23T23:05:02Z

Gheethivf: put up data...

{{Other uses|Haripur (disambiguation){{!}}Haripur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Haripur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Lalganj block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Haripur (#809) in Lalganj CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.173174|N|80.935477|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here |title=Geographic Names Search WebApp }}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.273
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1527
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Haripur''' is a village in [[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh|Lalganj]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=288–306 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=19 October 2021}}</ref> It is located 3 km from Lalganj, the block and [[tehsil]] headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981"/> As of 2011, it has a population of 1,527 people, in 270 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has 1 primary school and no healthcare facilities, and it does not host a permanent market or a weekly [[haat]].<ref name="Census 2011"/> It belongs to the [[nyaya panchayat]] of [[Mubarakpur, Lalganj|Mubarakpur]].<ref name="Census 1991"/>

The [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]] recorded Haripur as comprising 4 hamlets, with a total population of 450 people (219 male and 231 female), in 81 households and 63 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1951">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1951: District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh (42 - Rae Bareli District) |date=1955 |location=Allahabad |pages=110–1 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/933/1/23644_1951_RAE.pdf |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 300 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1951"/> 57 residents were literate, 55 male and 2 female.<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village was listed as belonging to the [[pargana]] of [[Khiron]] and the [[thana]] of [[Sareni, Uttar Pradesh|Sareni]].<ref name="Census 1951"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Haripur as comprising 4 hamlets, with a total population of 574 people (290 male and 284 female), in 82 households and 71 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=lxxviii-lxxix of section "Dalmau Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 300 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Haripur as having a population of 896 people, in 127 households, and having an area of 127.08 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=150–1 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Haripur as having a total population of 1,044 people (515 male and 529 female), in 159 households and 159 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1991">{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Raebareli |date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 188–9 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1443/1/36846_1991_RAE.pdf |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was listed as 127 hectares.<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 219, or 21% of the total; this group was 59% male (129) and 41% female (90).<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of [[scheduled castes]] made up 24% of the village's population, while no members of [[scheduled tribes]] were recorded.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 52% (330 men and 213 women).<ref name="Census 1991"/> 226 people were classified as main workers (218 men and 8 women), while 2 people were classified as marginal workers (both women); the remaining 816 residents were non-workers.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 94 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 53 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 0 workers in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 0 household industry workers; 13 workers employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; 1 [[construction worker]]; 12 employed in trade and commerce; 10 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 43 in other services.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

Pearl sago

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#REDIRECT [[Sago]]

Aascar Films

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#REDIRECT [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)]]

1971 Bangladesh genocide

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#REDIRECT [[Bangladesh genocide]]