Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Archaeology of India

2026-05-08T01:28:25Z

Ghazal Builders: New A Entry

{{Short description|none}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}

{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
[[File:Mahabodhitemple.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Mahabodhi Temple]] in [[Bodhgaya]], India, which is the alleged place of [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|enlightenment]] of the [[Buddha]]. It remains one of India's most important archaeological sites.]]

'''Archaeology in India''' is mainly done under the supervision of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].

==History==
12th century Indian scholar [[Kalhana]]'s writings involved recording of local traditions, examining manuscripts, inscriptions, coins and architectures, which is described as one of the earliest traces of archaeology. One of his notable work is called ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' which was completed in c.1150 and is described as one of the first history books of India.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvauDwAAQBAJ|page=13|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century (PB)|author=Upinder Singh|publisher=Pearson Education|year=2009|isbn=978-93-325-6996-6 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite book | last=Ucko | first=P.J. | title=Theory in Archaeology: A World Perspective | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2005 | isbn=978-1-134-84346-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_hKIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT192 | access-date=2022-05-10 | page=192}}</ref><ref name="renfrew">{{cite book | last1=Cunliffe | first1=B.W. | last2=Colin Renfrew | first2=B.W.C. | last3=Cunliffe | first3=P.E.A.I.A.O.F.B. | last4=Davies | first4=W. | last5=Renfrew | first5=C. | last6=Davies | first6=P.H.P.P.U.C.L.F.W. | author7=British Academy | last8=Renfrew | first8=D.P.A.C.U.F.C. | last9=Davies | first9=P.P.E.A.P.H.W. | title=Archaeology: The Widening Debate | publisher=British Academy | series=British Academy centenary monographs | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-19-726255-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jkhgPgH330YC&pg=PA309 | page=309}}</ref>

===Origin of modern archaeology===

One of the earliest non-Indian scholars to take an interest in the archaeology of the Indian subcontinent were Western European travelers in the 16th, 17th and early 18th centuries. The earliest European written accounts of India's ancient monuments and [[Hindu temple]]s were produced by sailors and travelers in the 16th, 17th and early 18th centuries CE. Some of these accounts included ground plans and drawings of the buildings, however they lacked any historical discussion of their origins, with the exception of several references to [[Alexander the Great]], the Macedonian emperor, who tried and failed to conquer India in the fourth century BCE.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Development of Archaeology in the Indian Subcontinent |last=Chakrabarti |first=Dilip K. |year=1982|journal=[[World Archaeology]] |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages= 326–344 |ref=Cha82}}</ref>

Some notable archaeological sites in India include Rakhigarhi, an archaeological site located in the state of Haryana, India. [[Mohenjo-daro|Mohenjo-Daro]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohenjo-daro {{!}} archaeological site, Pakistan|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mohenjo-daro|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> and [[Harappa]] are also ancient archaeological sites that were once a part of India, but now lie within the borders of Pakistan. The Harappan civilization was also called the [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus River Valley Civilization]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Harappa {{!}} Pakistan|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Harappa|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>

=== Alexander Cunningham and Archaeological Survey of India ===

Scholarly investigation into Indian archaeology was largely influenced by [[Alexander Cunningham]], who became the first director of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], which was established in 1861. Cunningham along with various assistants visited many sites and monuments of archaeological importance in India. Their trips ranged from simply visiting sites to study and report on to excavations as well.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=A.|date=May 9, 1964|title=Expedition Magazine - Penn Museum|url=https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/archaeology-in-india/|access-date=2020-07-12|website=www.penn.museum}}</ref> [[Thomas R. Trautmann]] and Carla M. Sinopoli notes that the archaeological survey was first established by colonial [[British Raj|British]] government.<ref>[[#Tru02|Trautmann and Sinopoli 2002]]. p. 516.</ref>
[[File:DHOLAVIRA SITE (24).jpg|thumb|Archeological site of [[Dholavira]] in Gujarat, India]]
[[File:Skeleton harappa.JPG|thumb|Burial from Rahigarhi/Rakhigarhi site in Harayana, India. It is now preserved in National Museum.]]

== Paleolithic archaeological sites (2,500,000–250,000 BC) ==

[[Palaeolithic]] sites in India are characterised by the [[Madrasian culture]] and [[Soanian|Soanian culture]]. [[Bhimbetka rock shelters]] is also a Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) and Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) site.

== Mesolithic sites (250,000 BC–10,000 BC) ==
{{ see also |Cave paintings in India }}

[[Anangpur#Cave|Anangpur Caves]] ([[Faridabad]]) and [[Mangar Bani#Cave|Mangar Bani Caves]] ([[Gurugram]]) in [[Delhi NCR]], [[Bhimbetka rock shelters]] ([[Bhopal]]) and [[Pahargarh Caves]] ([[Morena, Madhya Pradesh|Morena]]) IN [[Madhya Pradesh]] have continuity of Paleolithic to [[Mesolithic]] phase.

== Neolithic sites (10,800–3300 BC) ==

[[Neolithic]] sites in India are characterised by the [[Bhirrana|Bhirrana culture]] (7570–6200 BC), [[Mehrgarh|Mehrgarh culture]] (7000–3300 BC) and [[Edakkal Caves|Edakkal culture]] (5000–3000 BC).

[[Marine archaeology in the Gulf of Khambat]],

[[Sanganakallu]], [[Kupgal petroglyphs]], [[Sodhe|Sonda]] rock art, dwellings of [[Anegundi]] are neolithic sites. [[Brahmagiri archaeological site]] has neolithic and mesolithic phases.

== Chalcolithic (Copper age) archaeological sites (3500–1500 BC) ==

=== [[Daimabad|Chalcolithic]] cultures ===

[[Chalcolithic]] sites in India are characterised by the following cultures.

* [[Anarta tradition]] (c. 3950–1900 BC)
* [[Ahar–Banas culture|Ahar-Banas culture]] (3000–1500 BC)
* [[Pandu Rajar Dhibi|Pandu culture]] (1600–1500 BC)
* [[Malwa culture]] (1600–1300 BC)
*[[Daimabad]] site
* [[Jorwe culture]] (1400–700 BC)

=== Megalithic archaeological sites of India ===
[[File:MarayoorDolmen.JPG|thumb|Megalithic dolem in Marayoor, Kerala]]
{{anchor | Megalithic }}

[[Megalith#South Asia|Megaliths in India]] date back to 5000 BC in southern India, before 3000 BC in upper Indus valley in northern India,<ref>{{cite news|last1=P|first1=Pavan|title=Megalith from 5000 BC found in Telangana|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/megalith-from-5000-bc-found-in-telangana/articleshow/55026234.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=24 October 2016 }}</ref> and megaliths in eastern India are of much later date.<ref name="maybe1" /><ref>{{Cite journal| last =Anuja
| first =Geetali
| title =Living Megalithic practices amongst the Madia gonds of Bhamragad, District Gadchiroli, Maharashtra
| journal =Purātattva
| volume =32
| issue =1
| page =244
| year =2002
| url =http://www.indarchaeology.org/puratattva/puratattva_32.htm
| access-date =2009-06-18
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130510070325/http://www.indarchaeology.org/puratattva/puratattva_32.htm
| archive-date =2013-05-10
}}</ref>

==== Types of megaliths ====

''Megaliths'', made of large stones, are man-made structures.

Based on the ''"structural design"'' megaliths are classified as either monolith or polylithic.:<ref name="Megalithic8"/>

* ''Monolithic structures'': are single large stones standing vertically, which have following 2 sub-types.
** ''[[Menhir]]'': are vertically standing stone, usually found across all continents.
** [[Stone circles]]: are vertically standing several stones, standing separate from each other with no physical contact with each other, to form circle, semi circle or ellipse.
* ''Polylithic structures'' are made of several large stones in physical contact with each other, these are of following 3 sub-types:
** ''[[Dolmen]]'': megalith which is made in single chamber tomb, usually consisting of three or more upright stones supporting a large flat horizontal capstone.
** ''[[Cairn]]'': a man-made pile of stones, often in conical form, raised either as sepulchral monuments or for astronomical use, these range from simple small piles of loose stones to architecturally complex arrangements.
** ''[[Cist]]'': encasements for dead bodies, in which presence of ornaments shows the wealth or importance of the dead, usually found in groups or close to cairns.

Based on the ''"usage type"'' megaliths are classified as

* ''Non-sepulchral'': not-used for burial, but have ceremonial usage such as worship.
* ''Sepulchral'': used for burial. Many of these sites are associated with burial or post burial rituals which may have been connected with ancestor worship, including memorials for those whose remains may or may not be available.<ref name=maybe1/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Upinder|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India|date=2008|publisher=Pearson Education|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|page=252}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Rao|first1=K.P|title=Megalithic Anthropomorphic Statues: Meaning and Significance|url=http://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/BIPPA/article/viewFile/11729/10358|website=ResearchWorks Journal Hosting}}</ref> There is another distinct class of megaliths that are not associated with burials.<ref name=maybe1>{{cite web |author=Mayank N. Vahia |author2=Srikumar M. Menon |author3=Riza Abbas |author4=Nisha Yadav |title=Megaliths in Ancient India and their possible association to astronomy|url=http://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/papers/Prehistoric%20astronomy/Megaliths%20in%20Ancient%20India.pdf |website=Tata Institute of Fundamental Research}}</ref>

==== List of megalithic sites in India ====

In India, megaliths of all kinds are noted; these vary from chamber tomb, stone alignment and anthropomorphic figures as well as the following:<ref name=maybe1/>

* [[List of Dolmens#India|Dolmens in India]]
* [[List of Menhirs#India|Menhirs in India]],
* [[Indian rock-cut architecture]] burial sites.

==== Megalithic monuments by states ====
{{anchor | Mega | Megalith |Megalithic }}

Megaliths are found across whole of India, but there are found in higher numbers in central, southern and eastern India.

Man-made [[megalith]]ic monuments in India include [[Anegundi]], [[Byse, Shimoga|Byse]] rock art, [[Chovvanur burial cave]], [[Hirapur dolmen]], [[Hire Benakal]], [[Kudakkallu Parambu]], [[Sidlaphadi]].

===== Maharashtra =====

In Maharashtra, megaliths are found in Vidharba and south Maharashtra. The megaliths found in south Maharashtra are of varied types, such as head stones alone, or rock chambers and even dolmen. Megaliths in [[Vidarbha]] regions are burial sites marked by stone circles.<ref name="Megalithic3">[https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sati-may-have-existed-among-megalithic-people-2707595 Sati may have existed among megalithic people], DNA India, accessed 10 July 2021.</ref> Important megalithic sites of Vidarbha are Hirapur dolmens, [[Stone circles of Junapani]] sepulchral megaliths of basalt rocks with remains of the dead {{cvt|10|km}} northwest of Nagpur, Mahurjhari Stone Circles with are 200 megalithic stone circles {{cvt|15|km}} northwest of Nagpur, Naikund with evidence of iron smelting {{cvt|35|km}} north of Nagpur, and Takalghat Khapa {{cvt|34|km}} south of Nagpur.<ref name="Megalithic3"/> In Vidharba, the Naikund, Mahurjhari, Borgaon {{cvt|40|km}} southwest of Nagpur and Khairwada {{cvt|80|km}} west of Nagpur megalithic sites have been excavated.<ref name="Megalithic4">Oishi Roy, 2019, [https://asc.iitgn.ac.in/assets/publications/research_papers/Steel_Making_at_Naikund_in_relation_with_Mahurjhari_Borgaon_and_Khairwada_Maharashtra_O_Roy_2019.PDF Man and Environment], Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quatemary Studies, vol XLIV, pp. 12-20.</ref>

[[Gorewada Lake|Gorewada]] Stone Circles in Nagpur, connected to both Junapani and Mahurzari civilisation, are India's largest stone circle and it has the highest number of circular stones in India. Kherwadi in Wardha district has 1500 cairns burials, which are connected to Gorewada burial ground.

Pottery found at these sites belongs to [[Black and red ware]] (BRW) (10,800–3300 BC).<ref name="Megalithic8">[http://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/41363/1/Unit-4.pdf MEGALITHIC CULTURE], accessed 10 July 2021.</ref> In the Western [[Ganges]] plain (western [[Uttar Pradesh]]) it is dated to c. 1450–1200 BCE, and is succeeded by the [[Painted Grey Ware culture]]; whereas in the Central and Eastern Ganges plain (eastern Uttar Pradesh, [[Bihar]], and [[Bengal]]) and Central India ([[Madhya Pradesh]]) the BRW appears during the same period but continues for longer, until c. 700–500 BCE, when it is succeeded by the [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] culture.<ref>Franklin Southworth, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hTwuFUW5aEgC ''Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia''] (Routledge, 2005), p. 177</ref>

===== Mizoram=====
{{main|Archaeology of Mizoram}}
{{see also|List of State Protected Monuments in Mizoram
}}
[[File:Mangkhaia Lung.jpg|thumb|Mangkhaia Lung|alt=Mangkhaia's tomb]]

Mizoram has [[Mizo_people#Archaeology|numerous dolmen and menhir megaliths]].<ref>*{{cite book |last=Sangkima|date=2004 |title=Essays on the History of the Mizos |location=Guwahati |publisher=Spectrum Publications|isbn=81-87502-77-0}}, page=6.</ref>

== Bronze Age archaeological sites (3300–1300 BC) ==

[[Bronze Age India]] in the Indian subcontinent begins around 3000 BCE, and it was succeeded by the [[Iron Age in India]] beginning in around 1400 BCE. Bronze Age sites include [[Hire Benakal]].

===Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) ===
{{Main|Indus Valley Civilisation}}

In the [[prehistory of the Indian subcontinent]], the Iron Age in India cultures are the [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] (1300 to 300 BCE)<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/37419677/An_Overview_on_the_Iron_Age_in_South_Asia Uesugi, Akinori, (2018). "An Overview on the Iron Age in South Asia", in (ed.) Akinori Uesugi, Iron Age in South Asia, Kansai University], Fig. 6, pp. 9-12.</ref><ref>The archaeological term "Iron Age" began to be commonly applied to Indian prehistory in the 1960s (N. R. Banerjee, ''The Iron Age in India'', 1965). Note that the use of "Iron Age" for the [[Kali Yuga]] is earlier but unrelated, referencing references the mythological "[[Ages of Man]]" of [[Hesiod]].</ref> and the [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] (700 to 200 BCE), the later corresponds to the transition of the [[Vedic period]] [[Janapada]] principalities to the sixteen [[Mahajanapadas]] region-states of the early historic period, culminating in the emergence of the [[Maurya Empire]] towards the end of the period.

==== Phases of IVC ====
Phases of IVC
* [[Indus valley civilisation|Early Harappan culture]] (3300–2600 BC)
* [[Indus valley civilisation|Mature Harappan culture]] (2600–1900 BC)
* [[Cemetery H culture|Late Harappan culture]] (1900–1300 BC)

==== IVC burial sites ====
More than 50 IVC burial sites have been found, among those main sites in India are [[Rakhigarhi]] (first site with genetic testing) and [[Farmana]] in Haryana, [[Sanauli]] in Uttar Pradesh, [[Kalibangan]] in Rajasthan, [[Lothal]] and [[Dholavira]] in Gujarat. Other IVC burial sites outside India have been found in Pakistan in [[Mehrgarh]], [[Harappa]], and [[Mohenjo-daro]].<ref name="korj1">Astha Dibyopama, Yong Jun Kim, Chang Seok Oh, Dong Hoon Shin, Vasant Shinde, 2015,[https://e-aba.org/Synapse/Data/PDFData/0107KJPA/kjpa-28-1.pdf], Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 1-9.</ref>

==== Main IVC sites ====
{{see also | List of Indus Valley Civilisation sites}}

=====Rakhigarhi=====

{{Main|Rakhigarhi}}

In 1963, the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) began excavations at this site, and, though little has been published about the excavations.<ref name="Wright2009">{{citation|last=Wright|first=Rita P.|title=The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAgFPQAACAAJ&pg=PA107|year=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-57219-4|page=107}} Quote: "Rakhigarhi will be discussed briefly in view of the limited published material" (p 107)</ref><ref name="Yoffee2015">{{citation|last=Sinopoli|first=Carla M.|editor=Norman Yoffee|title=The Cambridge World History|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKawBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA325|year=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-19008-4|page=325|chapter=Ancient South Asian cities in their regions}} Quote: "Excavations have also occurred at Rakhigarhi, but only brief notes have been published, and little information is currently available on its form and organization. (page 325)"</ref> Further excavations were conducted the ASI headed by the archaeologist, [https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99sep18/saturday/head14.htm Amarendra Nath], between 1997 and 2000.<ref name="nath">{{cite web | first1=Amarendra | last1=Nath | url=http://asi.nic.in/pdf_data/rakhigarhi_excavation_report_new.pdf | title=Excavations at Rakhigarhi [1997-98 to 1999-2000] | access-date=22 February 2016 | website=Archaeological Survey of India | page=306 | date=31 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319114204/http://asi.nic.in/pdf_data/rakhigarhi_excavation_report_new.pdf | archive-date=19 March 2015 }}</ref><ref group=note>Amarendra Nath was later [http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/former-archaeological-survey-director-sentenced-to-jail-for-fraud/story-PY4UDmliPR8nP174sVa4kK.html found guilty] for forging bills during the excavation at Rakhigarhi.</ref> The more recent excavations have been performed by Vasant Shinde, an archaeologist from the [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute|Deccan College]].<ref name="shinde">{{cite journal|last1=Shinde|first1=Vasant|last2=Green|first2=Adam|last3=Parmar|first3=Narender|last4=Sable|first4=P. D.|title=Rakhigarhi and the Harappan Civilization: Recent Work and New Challenges|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|date=2012–2013|volume=72/73|page=48|jstor=43610687}}</ref>

Analysis and mapping of this site has shown it to be even larger than Mohenjo Daro.<ref name="shinde" /> Radiocarbon dating was used at this site to analyze soil samples. The results showed that the soil samples were dated back to the millennium of 2000 years BC.<ref>Vahia, Mayank N., Pankaj Kumar, Abhijeet Bhogale, D. C. Kothari, Sundeep Chopra, Vasant Shinde, Nilesh Jadhav, and Ranvir Shastri. "Radiocarbon Dating of Charcoal Samples from Rakhigarhi, Haryana, India Using Accelerator Mass Spectrometer." ''Current Science'' 111, no. 1 (2016): 27-28. Accessed August 2, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24910004.</ref>

=== Bronze Age: Vedic Civilisation (2000–1500 BC)===

Early [[Vedic Civilisation]], which falls in the Bronze Age, is characterised to the following cultures:
* [[Copper Hoard culture]] (2500–1600 BC)
* [[Swat culture]] (1600–500 BC)

== Iron Age archaeological sites (1500–200 BC) ==

=== Iron Age north India: Vedic Civilisation (1500–500 BC) ===

[[Vedic Civilisation]] which originated in Bronze Age, evolved through the following stages in the Iron Age:

* [[Janapadas]] (1500–600 BC)
* [[Black and Red ware culture]] (1300–1000 BC)
* [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] (1200–600 BC)
* [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] (700–200 BC)
* [[Pradyota dynasty|Pradyota Dynasty]] (799–684 BC)
* [[Haryanka dynasty|Haryanka Dynasty]] (684–424 BC)
* [[Three Crowned Kings|Three Crowned Kingdoms]] (c. 600 BC – AD 1600)
* [[Maha Janapadas]] (c. 600–300 BC)

=== [[Keezhadi excavation site|Iron]] Age south India ===

Iron Age sites in south India are [[Adichanallur]] in Tamil Nadu, [[Hallur]] in Haveri district of Karnataka, [[Keezhadi excavation site]]

=== Early to mid Middle Ages archaeological sites (500 BC – 1,000) ===

* [[Achaemenid Empire]] (550–330 BC)
* [[Nanda Empire]] (380–321 BC)
* [[Macedonian Empire]] (330–323 BC)
* [[Maurya Empire]] (321–184 BC)

== Middle Kingdoms archaeological sites (230 BC – AD 1206) ==

Following were either largest in area and/or longest reigning or had watershed moment impact:

* [[Satavahana Empire]] (230 BC – AD 220)
* [[Shunga Empire]] (185–73 BC)
* [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]] (180 BC – AD 10)
* [[Indo-Scythian|Indo-Scythian Kingdom]] (50 BC – AD 400)
* [[Indo-Parthian Kingdom]] (AD 21 – c. 130)
* [[Kushan Empire]] (AD 60–240)
* [[Vakataka Empire]] (c. 250 – c. 500)
* [[Kalabhra dynasty|Kalabhras Empire]] (c. 250 – c. 600)
* [[Gupta Empire]] (280–550)
* [[Western Ganga Kingdom]] (350–1000)
* [[Kamarupa Kingdom]] (350–1100)
* [[Maitraka dynasty|Maitraka Empire]] (475–767)
* [[Kabul Shahi (disambiguation)|Kabul Shahi Empire]] (c. 500 – 1026)
* [[Harsha Empire]] (606–647)
* [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chalukya Empire]] (543–753, 942–1244)
* [[Western Chalukya Empire]] (973–1189)
* [[Eastern Chalukya Kingdom]] (624–1075)
* [[Gurjara-Pratihara Empire]] (550–1036)
* [[Guhila]] dynasty (551-1947)
* [[Pala Empire]] (750–1174)
* [[Rashtrakuta Empire]] (753–982)
* [[Paramara Kingdom]] (800–1327)
* [[Yadava Empire]] (850–1334)
* [[Kachhwaha]] dynasty (947-1947)
* [[Lohara dynasty|Lohara Kingdom]] (1003–1320)
* [[Eastern Ganga Empire]] (1078–1434)
* [[Zamorin of Calicut|Zamorin Kingdom]] (1102–1766)
* [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]] (675-1210)
* [[Chutiya Kingdom]] (1187–1673)

== Late medieval archaeological sites (1206–1526)==

The sites related to the following:
* [[Delhi Sultanate]] (1206–1526)
* [[Ahom kingdom]] (1228–1826)
* [[Chitradurga Kingdom]] (1300–1779)
* [[Reddi Kingdom|Reddy Kingdom]] (1325–1448)
* [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (1336–1646)

== Early modern archaeological sites (1526–1858)==

Some of the main sites are related to the

* [[Mughal Empire]] (1526–1858)
* [[Madurai Nayakas|Madurai Kingdom]] (1559–1736)
* [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur Kingdom]] (1532–1673)
* [[Kingdom of Sikkim|Sikkim Kingdom]] (1642–1975)
* [[Maratha Empire]] (1674–1818)
* [[Misl]] (1707–1799)
* [[Sikh Empire]] (1799–1849)
* [[Travancore Kingdom]] (1729–1947)

== Colonial archaeological sites (1510–1961) ==

The sites are related to the following colonial rulers:

* [[Portuguese India]] (1510–1961)
* [[Dutch India]] (1605–1825)
* [[Danish India]] (1620–1869)
* [[French India]] (1759–1954)
* [[Company Raj]] (1757–1858)
* [[British Raj]] (1858–1947)

==See also==
{{Portal|History|India}}
* [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
* [[Timeline of Indian history]]
* [[List of Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
* [[List of archaeological sites by country#India]]
* [[World Heritage Sites by country#India]]
* [[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*D.P. Agrawal. The Archaeology of India. London : Curzon Press, 1981.
* {{cite news |title=The Development of Archaeology in the Indian Subcontinent |last=Chakrabarti |first=Dilip K. |year=1982
|journal=[[World Archaeology]] |volume=13 |issue=3
|pages= 326–344 |ref=Cha82}}
*Chakrabarti D.K. 2009. India, an archaeological history : palaeolithic beginnings to early historic foundations
*Chakrabarti D.K. 2003. Archaeology in the Third World by Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti
*Chakrabarti D.K. 1988 A history of Indian archeology from the beginning to 1947
*Chakrabarti D.K. 2006. The Oxford companion to Indian archaeology : the archaeological foundations of ancient India, Stone Age to AD 13th century
*{{cite book|author=Braj Basi Lal|title=Piecing Together - Memoirs of an Archaeologist|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jp3uAAACAAJ|year=2011|publisher=Aryan Books International|isbn=978-81-7305-417-4}}
* Aryas, Aryens et Iraniens en Asie Centrale Fussman, G.; Kellens, J.; Francfort, H.-P.; Tremblay, X.. (2005) Institut Civilisation Indienne {{ISBN|2-86803-072-6}}
* Dimensions in Indian History and Archaeology (S. P. Gupta and K. S. Ramachandran, eds.) New Delhi: Indian History and Culture Society, 1993.
*Rao, S. R. (2008). Reminiscences of an archaeologist. New Delhi: Aryan Books International.
* New Trends in Indian Art and Archaeology: S.R. Rao's 70th Birthday Felicitation Volumes, edited by B.U. Nayak and N.C. Ghosh, 2 vols. (1992)
* Marine Archaeology in India, Delhi: Publications Division, {{ISBN|81-230-0785-X}} (2001)
*S.R. Rao, ''Marine Archaeology in India,'' Delhi: Publications Division, {{ISBN|81-230-0785-X}} (2001)
*{{cite news |title=In the Beginning was the Word: Excavating the Relations between History and Archaeology in South Asia |last1=Trautmann|first1=Thomas R. |author-link1= Thomas Trautmann|last2=Sinopoli|first2=Carla M. |year=2002 |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=492–523 |ref=Tra02}}

{{Asia topic|Archaeology of}}

[[Category:Archaeology of India]]
[[Category:Iron Age Asia]]
[[Category:Prehistoric India]]
[[Category:Megalithic monuments in India]]
[[Category:Stone circles in India]]

Gangavathi Pranesh

2026-04-30T00:26:31Z

Ghazal Builders: new - done

{{Short description|Indian comedian and writer (born 1960)}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gangavathi Pranesh
| image = Gangavathi Pranesh.jpg
| caption = Gangavathi Pranesh
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|8 September 1960}}
| birth_place = [[Gangavathi]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Stand-up comedian, motivational speaker and writer
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| children =
| website = {{url| gangavathipranesh.com}}
}}
'''Gangavathi Pranesh''' (born 8 September 1960), also known as '''Gangavathi Beechi''' and '''Junior Beechi''', is an Indian humorist and orator who performs in the [[Kannada language]], often sharing his life experiences through his humorous speeches.

==Career==
He has appeared on the Kannada-language talk show ''Harate'', (ಹರಟೆ) which airs on [[Udaya TV]], and also in various Kannada-language television reality shows, including ''Guest Speaker''.

Pranesh has won around thirty awards and been honoured by hundreds of organizations.

His speeches are mainly based on humour and contains social awareness. Pranesh has been praised by audiences and critics alike for his unique style and content, inspired by the Kannada-language humorist [[Beechi]].

He has appeared in several Kannada-language television programs as a guest speaker.<ref name="comedian1">{{cite news|title=Indian medicine systems need to be popularised|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/indian-medicine-systems-need-to-be-popularised/article5148672.ece|accessdate=5 October 2013|date=20 September 2013|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Pranesh appeared on the talk show ''Weekend with Ramesh'', season 3. He has been a judge on television reality shows, including ''Comedy Kiladigalu'' and ''Kannadada Kanmani''.

Pranesh is very popular among Kannadigas and has traveled to over eleven countries, including the United States, Australia, Dubai, Singapore, and England to entertain abroad. He has also given around 3,500 programs in 400 places in the State of Karnataka.

===Acting===
Pranesh made his acting debut in the 2008 Kannada-language film ''[[Mussanjemaatu]]'', starring [[Sudeep]] and [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]].

===Humour festivals===
Pranesh, along with other comedians including Basvaraj Mahamani, Narshimha Joshi, started giving stand-up comedy performances, which came to be known as ''Hasya Utsava, Hasya Sanje'' or Humour Festival in Karnataka.<ref name=humour1>{{cite news|title=Some laughter, some drama|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/some-laughter-some-drama/article4096601.ece|accessdate=5 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 November 2012|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

===Writing===
He has written over five books, including ''Nagisuvavana Novugalu'', ''Vaghbanagalu'', ''Pranesh Payana'', ''Pranesh Punch'' and ''Nakkava Geddava''. Pranesh writes for a column in the Kannada-language newspaper ''[[Vishwavani]]'' every Wednesday.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

* [https://www.hubli.net/raghu-dixit-pranesh-hubli-sapno-ki-udaan/ ''Gangavathi Pranesh’s “Sapno Ki Udaan” Charity Event in Hubli, Karnataka'']

==External links==
* {{IMDb name |nm5674792}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pranesh, Gangavathi}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian comedians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:Indian humorists]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian motivational speakers]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper journalists]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:Journalists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kannada-language journalists]]
[[Category:Kannada-language television]]
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:People from Koppal district]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]

Sadhana Sanjay Jadhav

2026-04-24T20:57:17Z

Ghazal Builders: Created New Stub First Draft

{{Short description|Indian judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sadhana Sanjay Jadhav
| death_place =
| image_size =
| term_start =
| office2 = Retired judge of [[Bombay High Court]]
| term_end2 = 13 June 2022
| term_start2 = 23 January 2012
| successor2 =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| birth_date = 14 June 1960
}}

'''Sadhana Sanjay Jadhav''' (born 14 June 1960) is a retired judge of the [[Bombay High Court]], in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. Jadhav has sat on the bench in a number of notable cases concerning criminal offences, including the [[Sheena Bora murder case|death of Sheena Bora]], the [[Adarsh Housing Society scandal|Adarsh Housing Society scam]], the trial of [[Bollywood]] actor [[Sanjay Dutt]] in relation to the [[1993 Bombay bombings]], the case concerning the suicide of [[Suicide of Payal Tadvi|medical resident Payal Tadvi]], and the case concerning the murder of writer [[Govind Pansare]]. Jadhav is also responsible for several legally significant interpretations of criminal law and procedure, concerning the right to appeal, and regarding penalties under the [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989]].

== Life ==
Jadhav was born in [[Solapur]] and was educated in [[Pune]], attending [[Fergusson College]] and [[Pune University]] to obtain a bachelor's degree and master's degree in political science. She studied law at [[Symbiosis Law School]] in [[Pune]], and initially practiced law at the [[Aurangabad]] bench of the [[Bombay High Court]], before practicing in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Justice S. S. Jadhav|url=https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/processjshowReq.php?bhcpar=bmlkPTE1|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=High Court of Bombay}}</ref>

== Judicial career ==
Jadhav was appointed an additional judge of the Bombay High Court on 23 January 2012.<ref name=":0" /> He retired on 13 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-14 |title=Bombay HC justice Sadhana Jadhav retires; over 18,000 cases disposed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/bombay-hc-justice-sadhana-jadhav-retires-over-18000-cases-disposed/articleshow/92189609.cms |access-date=2025-07-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2012, Jadhav along with [[Bombay High Court]] Judge Abhay Oka established the principle that accused persons did not have an inherent right to appeal against judicial orders, but could only do so when such right was granted by a statute. They also held that a legislature could take away the right to appeal in any set of cases.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-11-12|title=Accused has no inherent right to appeal against conviction: Bombay HC|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/maharashtra/accused-has-no-inherent-right-to-appeal-against-conviction-bombay-hc_810801.html|access-date=2020-10-03|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref>

In 2013, Jadhav, along with Justice [[Vijaya Tahilramani]], were directed by the Bombay High Court to constitute a female-led bench to hear all appeals against acquittals for the offence of rape. This was following a decision from the Bombay High Court that all such acquittals would from 2013 onward, be heard by benches of female judges.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-01-12|title=Landmark HC order puts two women judges in charge of rape acquittals|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/landmark-hc-order-puts-two-women-judges-in-charge-of-rape-acquittals/196254|access-date=2020-10-03|website=mid-day|language=en}}</ref>

In 2016, Jadhav heard the case concerning the widely reported [[Sheena Bora murder case|murder of Sheena Bora]], and passed orders criticising the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) as well as the CBI Special Court that was trying the case, for procedural improprieties and delays.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nandy|first=Chandan|date=2016-06-30|title=Sheena Bora Case: Bombay HC Hauls CBI, Special Judge Over Coals|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/sheena-bora-case-bombay-hc-haulscbispecial-judge-over-coals-sanjeev-khanna-shyamwar-rai-peter-mukherjea-rakesh-maria|access-date=2020-10-03|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> The case is still ongoing.{{update inline|date=June 2022}}

In 2016, Jadhav heard appeals filed by several members of the [[Sanatan Sanstha]], a Hindu extremist group, in connection with the widely reported murder of writer [[Govind Pansare]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pansare case: Trial against Sameer Gaikwad stayed till further orders|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pansare-case-trial-against-sameer-gaikwad-stayed-till-further-orders/articleshow/52714280.cms|access-date=2020-10-03}}</ref> Jadhav allowed the proceedings to be stayed, in order to allow the Maharashtra government's Criminal Investigation Department to investigate possible links to the murder of writers [[Narendra Dabholkar]] and [[M. M. Kalburgi]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-24|title=Pansare murder case: Bombay HC extends stay on framing of charges against accused|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/govind-pansare-murder-case-bombay-hc-extends-stay-on-framing-of-charges-against-accused-2873332/|access-date=2020-10-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The case is still ongoing but has been transferred to a different judge.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HC raps CBI, CID over trial delay in Narendra Dabholkar, Govind Pansare murder cases|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/feb/13/hc-raps-cbi-cid-over-trial-delay-in-narendra-dabholkar-govind-pansare-murder-cases-2102937.html|access-date=2020-10-03|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

In 2017, Jadhav criticised the Maharashtra Government for ordering the early release of [[Bollywood]] actor [[Sanjay Dutt]] from jail, following his conviction for possession of arms, in relation to the [[1993 Bombay bombings]], and asked the government to justify it through court filings.<ref>{{Cite news|title=HC gives Maharashtra govt two weeks to justify Sanjay Dutt's early release|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/hc-gives-maharashtra-govt-two-weeks-to-justify-sanjay-dutts-early-release/articleshow/59423841.cms|access-date=2020-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Send Sanjay Dutt back to jail if you think rules were flouted: Maharashtra govt to HC|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/send-sanjay-dutt-back-to-jail-if-you-think-rules-were-flouted-maharashtra-govt-to-hc/articleshow/59791069.cms|access-date=2020-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=PTI|date=3 July 2017|title=Justify Sanjay Dutt's early release, Bombay High Court tells Maharashtra government|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/crime/justify-sanjay-dutts-early-release-bombay-high-court-tells-maharashtra-government/articleshow/59424580.cms|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-10-03|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref> The case was later transferred to a different judge of the Bombay High Court, who found no illegalities in his release.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-01|title=No violation by govt in allowing early release to Sanjay Dutt: Bombay HC|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/no-violation-by-govt-in-allowing-early-release-to-sanjay-dutt-bombay-hc/story-mw5LuXoaMDoBdJVb02uZ6J.html|access-date=2020-10-03|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, Jadhav and another judge, Ranjit More, quashed an order of the Governor of Maharashtra, [[C. Vidyasagar Rao|Vidyasagar Rao]] granting sanction to prosecute former Maharashtra Chief Minister [[Ashok Chavan]] in connection with the politically significant [[Adarsh Housing Society scam]]. The order prevents Chavan from being tried in relation to the scam.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mumbai Mirror|date=23 December 201|title=Adarsh scam: HC quashes guv's nod to prosecute Ashok Chavan|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/adarsh-scam-hc-quashes-guvs-nod-to-prosecute-ashok-chavan/articleshow/62215833.cms|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-10-03|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-23|title=Ashok Chavan: Adarsh scam allegations were politically motivated|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/ashok-chavan-adarsh-scam-allegations-were-politically-motivated/18850162|access-date=2020-10-03|website=mid-day|language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, Jadhav faced criticism following her remarks in a case concerning sexual abuse of a minor by the minor's adoptive father. Jadhav remarked, while granting bail to the accused, that minor victim was "inherently abnormal", "had a sexual instinct since childhood" and "was used to doing dirty things." The remarks were reported on and publicly criticized, and Jadhav later passed a second order, expunging her own remarks from the record, stating that they had been drawn from some documents submitted in evidence.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-05|title=Bombay HC blames girl, gives bail to father in sexual assault charge|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bombay-hc-blames-girl-gives-bail-to-father-in-sexual-assault-charge-4508373/|access-date=2020-10-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Agnes|first=Flavia|title=A Bombay High Court judge expunges her comments on a minor rape victim, but the damage is done|url=https://scroll.in/article/829443/a-bombay-high-court-judge-expunges-her-comments-on-a-minor-rape-victim-but-the-damage-is-done|access-date=2020-10-03|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bombay HC's remark that rape victim 'used to do all dirty things' is depressing|url=https://www.dailyo.in/variety/bombay-hcs-remark-that-rape-victim-used-to-all-dirty-things-is-depressing/story/1/15521.html|access-date=2020-10-03|website=www.dailyo.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Saba|date=2017-02-20|title=Bombay HC Judge clarifies on her controversial comment referring to victim of sexual assault by her adoptive father|url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2017/02/20/bombay-hc-judge-clarifies-on-her-controversial-comment-referring-to-victim-of-sexual-assault-by-her-adoptive-father/|access-date=2020-10-03|website=SCC Blog|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Baghel|first=Sunil|date=4 February 2017|title=Rape accused father gets bail as 'girl was used to doing dirty things'|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/crime/rape-accused-father-gets-bail-as-girl-was-used-to-doing-dirty-things/articleshow/56962819.cms|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-10-03|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, Jadhav was also one of two judges to withdraw their membership from a housing project for official judges' residences, proposed by an association of judges, and approved by the [[Devendra Fadnavis]]-led [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] government in Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-10|title=Second Bombay HC judge gives up claim to flat in highrise for judges|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/second-bombay-hc-judge-gives-up-claim-to-flat-in-highrise-for-judges-4836344/|access-date=2020-10-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The project had attracted controversy because it was proposed to be built on land that had been allocated for affordable public housing, and regulatory requirements of public notice had been waived in order to have the project approved by the [[Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority|Maharashtra Housing and Development Authority]]. The Bombay High Court is currently hearing a petition challenging the approval to this project.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-27|title=High-rise for judges: Bombay HC judge recuses himself from hearing PIL|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/high-rise-for-judges-bombay-hc-judge-recuses-himself-from-hearing-pil-4862840/|access-date=2020-10-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-22|title=High-rise for HC judges on affordable housing plot|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/high-rise-for-hc-judges-on-affordable-housing-plot-4716138/|access-date=2020-10-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-21|title=Prime Mumbai plot to get a high-rise for HC judges|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/prime-mumbai-plot-to-get-a-high-rise-for-bombay-hc-judges-4714320/|access-date=2020-10-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, Jadhav rebuked prosecutors for delays in the case concerning the abetment of [[Suicide of Payal Tadvi|suicide of medical resident Payal Tadvi]], following alleged harassment by colleagues, and directed them to investigate hospital authorities for failing to act to prevent harm.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Payal Tadvi suicide case: Bombay HC pulls up investigators for gaps in probe|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/aug/06/payal-tadvi-suicide-case-bombay-hc-pulls-up-investigators-for-gaps-in-probe-2015032.html|access-date=2020-10-03|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The case is still ongoing.

In 2019, Jadhav also established a new form of criminal procedure and penalty for offences committed under the [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989]]. Although the act only contemplates arrest, trial, and compensation for offences, Jadhav, in two separate orders, prohibited the arrest of persons accused under the Act, and directed them to engage in a series of 'reformative deeds' including the planting of 50 trees, instead.<ref>{{Cite web|title=To 'Reform' Man Accused in Caste Atrocity, Bombay High Court Orders Him to Plant Saplings|url=https://thewire.in/law/bombay-high-court-sc-st-atrocities-act-reformation|access-date=2020-10-03|website=The Wire}}</ref>

In 2022, Jadhav retired.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bombay HC justice Sadhana Jadhav retires; over 18,000 cases disposed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/bombay-hc-justice-sadhana-jadhav-retires-over-18000-cases-disposed/articleshow/92189609.cms |website=The Times of India |date=14 June 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jadhav, Sadhana Sanjay}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Solapur]]
[[Category:Judges of the Bombay High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women judges]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]

Harka Bahadur Chhetri

2026-04-19T10:58:49Z

Ghazal Builders: started a stub!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Harka Bahadur Chhetri
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2011
| term_end = 2016
| constituency = [[Kalimpong Assembly constituency|Kalimpong]]
| predecessor = Gaulan Lepcha
| successor = [[Sarita Rai]]
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha]]
| alma_mater = [[University of North Bengal]] (Ph.D)
| profession = Politician, Teacher
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Harka Bahadur Chhetri''' is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] from Kalimpong, as a member of the [[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=DR. HARKA BAHADUR CHETTRI (Winner) KALIMPONG (DARJEELING)|url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2011/candidate.php?candidate_id=120|access-date=2025-10-17|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal Assembly Election Results in 2011|url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/2011-election-results.html|access-date=2025-10-17|website=Elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kalimpong Assembly Constituency Election Result|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/kalimpong-west-bengal-assembly-constituency|access-date=2025-10-17|website=Result University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Kalimpong MLA Harka Bahadur Chhetri calls for Sikkim's merger with Darjeeling|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/former-kalimpong-mla-harka-bahadur-chhetri-calls-for-sikkims-merger-with-darjeeling-prnt/cid/2100162|date=2025-05-16|access-date=2025-10-17|publisher=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Gorkha Janmukti Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:University of North Bengal alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Jawad Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:40:44Z

Ghazal Builders: started a page!

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jawad
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| type = SLA
| map_image = 230-Jawad.svg
| district = [[Neemuch district|Neemuch]]
| constituency_no = 230
| loksabha_cons = [[Mandsaur Lok Sabha constituency|Mandsaur]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Om Prakash Sakhlecha]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Ghanshyam Patidar]]
}}

'''Jawad''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=28 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1951 as one of the 79 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile [[Madhya Bharat]] state.<ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Bharat|page=5|publisher=Election Commission of India website|access-date=2011-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155640/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-21|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Overview==
Jawad (constituency number 230) is one of the 3 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Neemuch district]]. This constituency covers the entire Jawad [[tehsil]] of the district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=249, 251}}</ref>

Jawad is part of [[Mandsaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandsaur Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Manasa Assembly constituency|Manasa]] and [[Neemuch Assembly constituency|Neemuch]] in this district, [[Jaora Assembly constituency|Jaora]] in [[Ratlam district]] and [[Mandsaur Assembly constituency|Mandsaur]], [[Malhargarh Assembly constituency|Malhargarh]], [[Suwasra Assembly constituency|Suwasra]] and [[Garoth Assembly constituency|Garoth]] in [[Mandsaur district]].<ref name="ceo"/>

==Members of Vidhan Sabha==
=== Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1952 Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Badri Datt<ref name="eci2" />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Virendra Kumar Sakhlecha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Kanhiyalal Nagauri
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Virendra Kumar Sakhlecha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Chunnilal Dhakad
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Duli Chand
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ghanshyam Patidar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Om Prakash Sakhlecha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
|[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jawad<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Om Prakash Sakhlecha]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:60458}}
|percentage = 38.0
|change = +0.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Samandar Patel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:58094}}
|percentage = 36.51
|change = +2.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Puranmal Ahir
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:36151}}
|percentage = 22.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1315}}
|percentage = 0.83
|change = -0.56
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2364}}
|percentage = 1.49
|change = -1.56
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:159111}}
|percentage = 87.58
|change = +3.12
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jawad<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Om Prakash Sakhlecha]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:52316}}
|percentage = 37.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rajkumar Rameshchandra Ahir
|votes = {{formatnum:48045}}
|percentage = 34.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Samandar Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:33712}}
|percentage = 24.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1941}}
|percentage = 1.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4271}}
|percentage = 3.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:139889}}
|percentage = 84.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998===
* Ghanshyam Patidar (INC) : 55,502 votes <ref name="election1998">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1998-election-results.html|title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1998|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
* Virendra Kumar Sakhlecha (IND) : 46,609

===1967===
* Virendrakumar (Jana Sangh) : 21,882 votes <ref name="election1967">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html|title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1967|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
* Jagjeewan (INC) : 18,632

==See also==
* [[Jawad, India|Jawad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|24.59|74.86|display=title}}

[[Category:Neemuch district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in India]]

Balak Ram Kashyap

2026-04-18T23:04:57Z

Ghazal Builders: New New Article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Balak Ram Kashyap
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| image = Balak Ram Kashyap.webp
| caption = Balak Ram Kashyap in 1977 during elections
| country = {{flag|India}}
| predecessor = [[Pratap Singh (Shimla)|Pratap Singh Kashyap]]
| president = [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
| prime_minister = [[Morarji Desai]]
| successor = [[Krishan Dutt Sultanpuri]]
| term_start = 24 March 1977
| term_end = 14 January 1980
| vice_president = [[B. D. Jatti]]
| source = https://datais.info/loksabha/members/Balak+Ram+%2C+Shri/ed18442ea2cf74176bb868a59e84dc64/
| party = [[Janata Party]]
| birth_name = Balak Ram Kashyap
| birth_date = {{start date and age|df=yes|1918|03|08}}
| birth_place = Kashyap Niwas, [[Kaithu, Shimla|Kaithu]], [[Annadale, Shimla|Annadale]], [[Shimla]], [[Shimla district]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Himachal Pradesh]]), [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2003|02|18|1918|03|08}}
| death_place = [[Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital|IGMC]], Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| citizenship = {{flag|India}}
| spouse = Janki Devi (married: 1946)
| children = 4 sons, 5 daughters
| parents = Kesroo Ram Kashyap (father)
| occupation = *Army person
*Politician
| allegiance = *[[British Raj|British India]] (1941–1947)
*[[India]] (1947–1976)
| branch = *[[British Indian Army]] (1941–1947)
*[[Indian Army]] (1947–1976)
| service_years = *6 years in British Indian Army
*29 years in Indian Army
| rank = Civilian Staff Officer (1st Class)
| commands = [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Integrated Defence Headquarters]], [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], [[New Delhi]]
| honorific_prefix = Sir
| title =
| office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 19 May 1982
| term_end2 = 15 May 1985
| preceded2 = [[Roop Dass Kashyap]]
| successor2 = Shonkia Ram Kashyap
| constituency = [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency|Shimla]]
| constituency_AM2 = [[Kasumpti Assembly constituency|Kasumpti]]
| country1 =
}}

'''Balak Ram Kashyap'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himachal power base set for electrifying show with sitting lawmakers in fray |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2024/05/20/elx2-elections-hp-shimla-constituency.html |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> (8 March 1918 – 18 February 2003) was an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]], [[social work]]er, former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency]] and former [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kasumpti Assembly constituency|Kasumpti Vidhan Sabha Constituency]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2012 |title="Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh" |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf |url-status=live |access-date= |work=Election Commission of India |pages=[[Kasumpti Assembly constituency]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 }}</ref> as a member of [[Janata Party]] and an was army official in [[British Indian Army]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-04 |title=Shimla (SC) election results 2024 live updates: BJP's Suresh Kumar Kashyap wins with 5,19,748 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/shimla-sc-election-results-2024-himachal-pradesh-shimla-sc-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-suresh-kumar-kashyap-bjp-vinod-sultanpuri-cong/articleshow/110673019.cms |access-date=2024-06-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and retired Civilian Staff Officer (Class I) from [[Indian Army]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Loksabha members : Balak Ram, Shri - Data is Info: Data is more useful if it is made available in a better format. |url=https://datais.info/loksabha/members/Balak+Ram+,+Shri/ed18442ea2cf74176bb868a59e84dc64/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Data is Info |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Balak Ram Kashyap was born in a Agriculturist [[Koli people|Koli]] family to Kesroo Ram Kashyap on 8 March 1918 while India was colony of [[British Raj]]. He was born in Kashyap Niwas at [[Annadale, Shimla|Annadale]] locality in [[Shimla]] city. They were four brothers and two sisters, he was eldest of all. At the age of 23 he got recruited in Civilian Staff in Indian Army in 1941 and he served in [[Army Headquarters, India|Army Headquarters]] in [[New Delhi]] for 35 years.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bisht |first=Gaurav |date=2014 |title=BJP aims to upset Congress' applecart in HP |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/bjp-aims-to-upset-congress-applecart-in-hp/story-EnyR1mvkCscpIrL1joWKgP.html}}</ref>

== Political career ==
He got elected in [[1977 Indian general election|1977 Lok Sabha Elections]]. He was one of the first and major leaders in the initial making of Janta Party which has now become the mainstream Indian political party i.e. [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janata Party]]. He has worked for the party with senior leaders like [[Jayaprakash Narayan|Jayprakash Narayan]] and [[L. K. Advani|L.K. Advani]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-03-11 |title=BJP aims to upset Congress' applecart in HP |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/bjp-aims-to-upset-congress-applecart-in-hp/story-EnyR1mvkCscpIrL1joWKgP.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622093150/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/bjp-aims-to-upset-congress-applecart-in-hp/story-EnyR1mvkCscpIrL1joWKgP.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |access-date=2024-12-20 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>
*1977 - 1980: [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency]]
*1982 - 1985: [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kasumpti Assembly constituency|Kasumpti Assembly Constituency]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashyap, Balak Ram}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Shimla]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 1982–1985]]

Mangaluru

2026-04-17T13:44:24Z

Ghazal Builders: created article...

{{About|the city in Karnataka, India|other uses|Mangalore (disambiguation)}}
{{Good article}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mangaluru
| other_name = Mangalore
| native_name = {{Native name list
|tag1=tcy |name1=Kudla
|tag2=kn |name2=Mangaluru
|tag3=ml |name3=Mangalapuram
|tag4=knn |name4=Kodial
|tag5=mis |name5=Maikala
|paren5=omit
|postfix5= ([[Byari dialect|Beary]])
}}
| settlement_type = City
| total_type =
| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_type = Mangaluru City Corporation
| blank_emblem_size = 100px
| image_skyline = {{Multiple image
|border = infobox
|perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
|total_width = 300
|caption_align = center
| image1= Growing skylines of the Mangalore CBD region.jpg
| caption1 = Mangaluru CBD Skyline
| image2=Bendoorwell-Kankanady Road beside Colaco Hospital and Shalimar Liverpool in Mangalore.jpg
| caption2 = [[Kankanadi]]
| image3=Ivory Towers apartments at Falnir in Mangalore.jpg
| caption3 = [[Falnir]]
| image4=View from our Balcony - Industrial Mangalore.jpg
| caption4 = [[Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers]]
| image5=Mangalore infosys.jpg
| caption5 = [[Infosys|Infosys campus]]
| image6=MRPL Refinery.jpg
| caption6 = [[MRPL]] Refinery
| image7=Iron_Ore_factory.jpg
| caption7 = [[Kudremukh Iron Ore Company|KIOCL]] Pellet plant
| image8=New_Mangalore_Port.jpg
| caption8 = [[New Mangalore Port]]
}}
| image_seal =
| nickname =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| mapframe-marker = Park
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|region:IN_type:city|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dakshina Kannada]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Mangaluru taluk|Mangaluru]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = [[Mangaladevi]]
| government_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Manoj Kumar<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2024 |title=BJP’s Manoj Kumar and P.S. Bhanumathi elected new Mayor and Deputy Mayor of Mangaluru |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/bjps-manoj-kumar-and-ps-bhanumathi-elected-new-mayor-and-deputy-mayor-of-mangaluru/article68659015.ece |access-date=25 October 2024 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = Deputy Mayor
| leader_name1 = P.S. Bhanumathi (BJP)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="area-info">{{Cite web |title=Mangaluru City Corporation |url=https://www.mangalurusmartcity.net/mangaluru-city-corporation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709003814/https://www.mangalurusmartcity.net/mangaluru-city-corporation |archive-date=9 July 2020 |access-date=7 July 2020 |publisher=Mangaluru Smart City}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 170
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 22
| population_total = 724159<ref name="pop2021">{{Cite web |title=Population of cities in India 2021 |url=https://statisticstimes.com/demographics/country/india-cities-population.php |access-date=30 January 2023 |website=Statistics Times}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 4250
| population_demonym = [[Mangalorean]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Administrative
| demographics1_info1 =  [[Kannada]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_info2 =  [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Malayalam]],<ref name="Language">{{Cite web |title=Census of India - Language |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> [[Beary language|Beary]], [[Koraga language|Koraga]], [[Havyaka Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 575001 to 575030
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-(0824)]]
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = KA-19, KA-62<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shenoy |first=Jaideep |date=16 February 2017 |title=Surathkal all set to get a new RTO in next 20 days |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/surathkal-all-set-to-get-a-new-rto-in-next-20-days/articleshow/57189024.cms |access-date=13 March 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>
| blank_name_sec1 = [[human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank_info_sec1 = 1.016<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=T K Anil |title=Primary census abstract data highlights |url=http://censuskarnataka.gov.in/presentation-PCA-2011-Press%20Release.pdf |access-date=5 March 2020 |publisher=censuskarnataka.gov.in |page=69}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{Increase}} 0.83 ({{As of|alt=as of 2015|2015}})<ref name="hdi">{{Cite news |last=Sastry |first=Anil Kumar |date=2 January 2016 |title=Human Development Index: DC exhorts officials to aim high |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/human-development-index-dc-exhorts-officials-to-aim-high/article8056883.ece |access-date=18 February 2016 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> {{Color|darkgreen|very high}}
| blank1_name_sec2 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec2 = 94.03%<ref>{{cite web |title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |access-date=4 October 2015 |publisher=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|www.mangalurucity.mrc.gov.in}}
| governing_body = [[Mangaluru City Corporation]]
}}

'''Mangaluru''' ({{IPA|kn|mɐŋɡɐɭuːru|lang}}),<ref>See [[#Etymology]] section to view the city's name in other languages.</ref> [[Renaming of cities in India|formerly called]] '''Mangalore''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|æ|ŋ|ɡ|ə|l|ɔːr|,_|ˌ|m|æ|ŋ|ɡ|ə|ˈ|l|ɔː|r}} {{Respell|MANG|gə|lor|,_-|LOR}}), is a major industrial port city in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Karnataka]] and on the west coast of [[India]]. It is located between the [[Arabian Sea]] and the [[Western Ghats]] about {{Cvt|352|km|mi|0}} west of [[Bengaluru]], the [[Capital city|state capital]], {{Convert|14|km|mi|frac=2|abbr=on}} north of the [[Karnataka]]–[[Kerala]] border and {{Convert|297|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of [[Goa]]. Mangaluru is the state's only city to have all four modes of transport—air, road, rail and sea.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TheIndianTrip |title=Tour in Mangalore, India 2020-2021 |url=https://theindiantrip.com/mangalore-city |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425225009/https://theindiantrip.com/mangalore-city |archive-date=25 April 2025 |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=TheIndianTrip |language=English}}</ref> The population of the [[urban agglomeration]] was 619,664 {{As of|alt=according to the 2011|2011}} national census of India. It is known for being one of the locations of the [[Strategic Petroleum Reserve (India)|Indian strategic petroleum reserves]].

The city developed as a port in the Laccadive Sea during ancient times, and after Independence a new [[New Mangalore Port|port]] was constructed in 1968 and has since become a major [[Ports in India|port of India]] that handles 75 percent of India's coffee and cashew exports. It is also the country's seventh largest [[container port]]. Mangaluru has been ruled by several major powers, including the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan empire]], [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadambas]], [[Alupas]], [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagara Empire]], and [[Nayakas of Keladi|Keladi Nayaks]]. In 1568 Jain Tuluva Queen [[Abbakka Chowta]] killed Portuguese officers General Jao Peixoto and Admiral Mascarenhas in Battle in [[Ullal]]. The city was a source of contention between the [[British Raj|British]] and the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] rulers [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]], and was eventually annexed by the British in 1799. Mangaluru remained part of the [[Madras Presidency]] until [[Partition of India|India's independence]] in 1947 and was unified with [[Mysore State]] (now called Karnataka) in 1956.

Mangaluru is one of the fastest developing cities in [[India]]. The [[Dakshina Kannada]] district, with its administrative headquarters at Mangaluru, has the highest [[per capita income]] and [[gross state domestic product]] in Karnataka after Bengaluru. It is a commercial, industrial, business, educational, healthcare, and startup hub. [[Mangaluru City Corporation]] is responsible for the civic administration which manages the 60 wards of the city. Its landscape is characterised by rolling hills, coconut palms, rivers, and hard laterite soil.

Mangaluru is included as one of the cities in the [[Smart Cities Mission]] list and is among the 100 smart cities to be developed in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart City Vision for Mangaluru through People's Participation {{!}} MyGov.in |url=https://www.mygov.in/group-issue/smart-city-vision-mangaluru-through-peoples-participation/?field_hashtags_tid=&sort_by=created&sort_order=DESC&page=0,52#:~:text=Smart%20City%20...-,The%20City%20%E2%80%9CMangaluru%E2%80%9D%20in%20Karnataka%20has%20been%20selected%20as%20one,latest%20by%205th%20October%202015. |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=www.mygov.in}}</ref> It has an average elevation of {{cvt|22|m|foot|0}} above [[mean sea level]]. It has a tropical monsoon climate and is under the influence of the southwest monsoon. It has its own [[Mangalore International Airport|international airport]] which is around {{convert|15|km|abbr=on}} from the city centre.

[[File:Narendra Modi at Brahmashree Narayana Guru Circle, Mangalore.png|thumb|[[Narendra Modi]] at Brahmashree [[Narayana Guru]] Circle, Mangalore]]

==Etymology==
[[File:1652 Sanson Map of India - Geographicus - India-sanson-1652.jpg|thumb|left|1652 Sanson Map of India]]
Mangaluru was named after the Hindu deity Mangaladevi, the presiding deity of the [[Mangaladevi Temple]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Kameshwar |first=G. |title=Tulu tales: a soota chronicle |publisher=Rupa & Co. |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-291-0427-4 |page=8}}</ref>, ano the name of the goddess [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]] of the [[Vajrayana]] [[Buddhist]] sect.<ref name="Sadasivan">{{cite book |last=Sadasivan |first=S.N. |title=A social history of India |publisher=APH Pub. Corp. |year=2000 |isbn=81-7648-170-X |pages=207–208}}</ref> According to local legend, a princess named Parimala or Premaladevi from [[Malabar District|Malabar]]<ref name="Swami2013">{{cite book |last=Atmashraddhananda |first=Swami |title=A Pilgrimage To Western Ghats Temples in Karnataka |publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math, Chennai |year=2013 |isbn=978-8178836157}}</ref> renounced her title and became a disciple of [[Matsyendranath]], the founder of the [[Nath]] tradition.<ref name="namespast">{{cite news |date=19 October 2014 |title=New names invoke a hoary past |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/New-names-invoke-a-hoary-past/articleshow/44873377.cms |access-date=23 February 2015 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> Having converted Premaladevi to the Nath sect, Matsyendranath renamed her ''Mangaladevi''.<ref name="Swami2013"/><ref name="matsyendranath">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1971 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General (Government of India) |year=1973 |volume=Part 6, Issue 1 |pages=268}}</ref> She arrived in the area with Matsyendranath, but had to settle near [[Bolar, Mangalore|Bolar]] in Mangaluru because she fell ill on the way.<ref name='matsyendranath'/> When she died, the people consecrated the Mangaladevi temple at Bolar in her honour.<ref name="Kudva1972">{{cite book |last=Kudva |first=Venkataraya Narayan |title=History of the Dakshinatya Saraswats |publisher=Samyukta Gowda Saraswata Sabha |year=1972 |page=260 |asin=B0000CQ1JW}}</ref><ref name="Swami2013"/> The city was named for the temple.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 October 2018 |title=A travel guide to coastal Karnataka |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sunday-herald/silence-shores-698661.html |access-date=15 February 2020 |newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

One of the earliest references to the city's name was in 715 CE when [[Pandyan Kingdom|Pandyan]] King Chettian called the city ''Mangalapuram''.<ref name='namespast'/> The city and the coastal region were part of the Pandyan Kingdom.<ref name='namespast'/> According to [[K.V. Ramesh]], president of the Place Names Society of India, ''Mangaluru'' was first used in 1345 CE during [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] rule.<ref name="can">{{cite news |last=Raghuram |first=M. |date=18 July 2007 |title=Mangaluru: it has come a long way |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/18/stories/2007071855190700.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108062642/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/18/stories/2007071855190700.htm |archive-date=8 November 2012 |access-date=27 July 2008 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Many ''shilashasanas'' (stones) of the Vijayanagara period refer the city as ''Mangalapura''.<ref name="can"/> During the Alupa dynasty period, it was referred to as ''Mangalapura'' (''Mangala'' means 'auspicious').<ref name="can"/> In the Kannada language, the city is known as ''Mangaluru'', a reference to Mangaladevi (the suffix ''uru'' means town or city).<ref name="can"/> Mangaluru was historically an important centre of [[Indian Ocean trade]] on the [[Malabar coast]].<ref name="Manjalūr">{{cite book |author=S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar |url=https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage |title=Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language |publisher=University of Madras |year=1942}}</ref> Hence, it was also known by the name ''Manjalūr'' in [[Arabic language|Arabic]].<ref name="Manjalūr"/> During British rule from 1799, the [[Anglicization|anglicised]] version ''Mangalore'' became the official appellation.<ref name="can"/> According to historian [[George M. Moraes]], however, the word ''Mangalore'' is the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] corruption of ''Mangaluru''.<ref name="far">{{cite book |last=Farias |first=Kranti K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qNHYAAAAMAAJ |title=The Christian Impact on South Kanara |publisher=Church History Association of India |year=1999 |isbn=8175251255}}</ref>{{rp|2}} The city's name appears on maps as far back as the 1652 [[Nicolas Sanson|Sanson]] Map of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=1652 Sanson Map of India |url=http://www.geographicus.com/P/AntiqueMap/India-sanson-1652 |access-date=19 March 2012 |publisher=Geographicus}}</ref>

Mangaluru's diverse communities have different names for the city in their languages.<ref name="manynames">{{cite news |last=Sheth |first=Anisha |date=6 November 2014 |title=This city has six names in six languages, and the official one Mangaluru, is the least popular |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/city-has-six-names-six-languages-and-official-one-mangaluru-least-popular-16480 |access-date=17 September 2023 |newspaper=The News Minute}}</ref> In [[Tulu language|Tulu]], which is the region's primary spoken language, the city is called ''Kudla'' ({{IPA|tcy|kuɖɭɐ|lang}}), meaning ''junction'' because it is situated at the confluence of the [[Netravati River|Netravati]] and [[Gurupura River|Gurupura]] rivers.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 October 2014 |title=ALL IN A NAME |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/ALL-IN-A-NAME/articleshow/44871514.cms |access-date=23 February 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> In Konkani, Mangaluru is referred to as ''Kodiyal'' ({{IPA|kok|koɖijəl|lang}}), the Byari name for the city is ''Maikala'' ({{IPA|ml|mɐi̯kɐlɐ|ipa}}),<ref>{{cite news |date=9 June 2008 |title=Filled with lore |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/filled-with-lore/article1418239.ece |access-date=23 February 2015 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> and in [[Malayalam]], the city is called "Mangalapuram" ({{IPA|ml|mɐŋɡɐlaːpuɾɐm|lang}}), meaning auspicious city (the same ''mangala'' as in the Kannada term).<ref name="manynames"/> Mangalore was officially renamed "Mangaluru" by the Karnataka government on 1 November 2014.<ref name="officialname">{{cite news |last=Variyar |first=Mugdha |date=18 October 2014 |title=Bangalore, Mysore, Other Karnataka Cities to be Renamed on 1 November |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/bangalore-mysore-other-karnataka-cities-be-renamed-1-november-611683 |access-date=26 February 2020 |newspaper=International Business Times}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Mangaluru}}

===Early and medieval history===
Mangaluru's historical importance is highlighted by the many references to the city by foreign travellers.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 July 2011 |title=Unearthing a rich past |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/175417/unearthing-rich-past.html |access-date=17 July 2019 |newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref> During the first century CE, the Roman historian [[Pliny the Elder]] referred to a place called "Nitrias" and said it was an undesirable place for disembarkation because of the pirates who frequented its vicinity,<ref>{{cite book |last=Bostock |first=John |title=Pliny the Elder, The Natural History |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=1855 |isbn=1173878041 |chapter=26 (Voyages to India) |chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D6%3Achapter%3D26#note-link33}}</ref> while Greek second-century historian [[Ptolemy]] referenced a place named "Nitra".<ref name="decayrevival">{{cite book |last=Prasad |first=Om P. |title=Decay and Revival of Urban Centres in Medieval South India: (c. A.D. 600–1200) |publisher=Commonwealth Publishers |year=1989 |isbn=9788171690060 |pages=163}}</ref> These references were probably about an area with the [[Netravati River]] which flows through Mangalore.<ref name='decayrevival'/> In his sixth-century work ''[[Christian Topography]]'', [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]] (a Greek monk) mentions Malabar as being the chief seat of the pepper trade and ''Mangarouth'' (port of Mangaluru) as one of the five pepper markets which exported pepper.<ref>{{cite book |last=Indicopleustes |first=Cosmas |author-link=Cosmas Indicopleustes |title=Christian Topography |publisher=The Tertullian Project |year=1897 |isbn=1108012957 |series=11 |pages=[https://web.archive.org/web/20040104185449/http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/cosmas_11_book11.htm 358–373]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Das |first=Santosh Kumar |title=The Economic History of Ancient India |publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd |year=2006 |isbn=9788130704234 |pages=301}}</ref>

According to [[Malabar Muslims|Kerala Muslim]] tradition, the [[Masjid Zeenath Baksh]] in Mangalore is one of the [[Islam in India|oldest mosques]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2 December 2017 |title=Zeenath Baksh Masjid {{!}} Zeenath Baksh Masjid Mangalore {{!}} Zeenath Baksh Masjid History |url=https://www.karnataka.com/mangalore/zeenath-baksh-masjid/ |access-date=30 June 2018 |work=Karnataka.com |language=en-US}}</ref> According to the [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals]], the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD in [[Kodungallur]] with the mandate of the last ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of [[Chera dynasty]], who left from [[Dharmadom]] to [[Mecca]] and converted to [[Islam]] during the lifetime of [[Muhammad]] (c. 570–632).<ref name="Jonathan Goldstein 1999 123">{{cite book |author=Jonathan Goldstein |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Z6DlzyT2vwC |title=The Jews of China |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |year=1999 |isbn=9780765601049 |page=123}}</ref><ref name="SimpsonKresse2008">{{cite book |author1=Edward Simpson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qHKA7zEaEC&pg=PA333 |title=Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean |author2=Kai Kresse |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-231-70024-5 |pages=333 |access-date=24 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Kupferschmidt1987">{{cite book |author=Uri M. Kupferschmidt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA458 |title=The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine |publisher=Brill |year=1987 |isbn=978-90-04-07929-8 |pages=458–459 |access-date=25 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Raṇṭattāṇi2007">{{cite book |author=Husain Raṇṭattāṇi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlb5BrabQd8C&pg=PA179 |title=Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles |publisher=Other Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-903887-8-8 |pages=179– |access-date=25 July 2012}}</ref> According to ''[[Qissat Shakarwati Farmad]]'', the [[Mosque|''Masjids'']] at [[Kodungallur]], [[Kollam]], [[Madayi]], [[Barkur]], Mangaluru, [[Kasaragod]], [[Kannur]], [[Dharmadam]], Panthalayani ([[Koyilandy]]), and [[Chaliyam]], were built during the era of [[Malik Dinar]]; they are among the oldest ''Masjid''s in the Subcontinent.<ref name="Prange, Sebastian R. 2018">Prange, Sebastian R. ''Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.'' Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98.</ref> It is believed that Malik Dinar died at [[Thalangara]] in [[Kasaragod]] town.<ref name="ch">Pg 58, Cultural heritage of [[Kerala]]: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978</ref> Three of the cities, Mangaluru, [[Barkur]], and [[Kasaragod]], are in [[Tulu Nadu]].<ref name="ch"/>

Mangaluru is considered the heart of a distinct multi-linguistic cultural region, the homeland of the Tulu-speaking people.<ref name="Shatkin2013">{{cite book |last=Shatkin |first=Gavin |title=Contesting the Indian City: Global Visions and the Politics of the Local |date=14 August 2013 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-29584-7 |chapter=Chapter 10 : Planning Mangalore: Garbage Collection in a Small Indian City}}</ref> In the third century BCE, the town formed part of the [[Maurya]] Empire, which was ruled by the Buddhist emperor [[Ashoka]] of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]].<ref name="Swami2013"/> From the third to the sixth century CE, the Kadamba dynasty, whose capital was based in [[Banavasi]] in [[North Canara]], ruled over the entire [[Kanara|Canara]] region as independent rulers.<ref name="Puttaswamaiah19802">{{cite book |last=Puttaswamaiah |first=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tEAeAAAAIAAJ&q=puttaswamaiah+economic+development |title=Economic Development of Karnataka: A Treatise in Continuity and Change |publisher=Oxford & IBH |year=1980 |page=33}}</ref> From the middle of the seventh century to the end of the 14th century, the South Canara region was ruled by its native Alupa rulers,<ref name="sk">{{cite book |last=Bhat |first=N. Shyam |title=South Kanara, 1799–1860: a study in colonial administration and regional response |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-7099-586-9}}</ref>{{rp|17}}<ref>{{cite news |date=22 February 2019 |title=Tulu stone inscription in Veeranarayana temple belongs to 1159 A.D.: Historian |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/tulu-stone-inscription-in-veeranarayana-temple-belongs-to-1159-ad-historian/article26344575.ece |access-date=18 July 2019 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="tuluacademy">{{cite news |date=24 March 2016 |title=Tulu academy to publish book on history of Barakuru |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/tulu-academy-to-publish-book-on-history-of-barakuru/article8039303.ece |access-date=18 July 2019 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> who ruled over the region as feudatories of major regional dynasties like the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas of Badami]], [[Rashtrakutas]] of [[Malkheda|Manyakheta]], [[Western Chalukyas|Chalukyas of Kalyani]], and [[Hoysalas]] of [[Halebidu (town)|Dwarasamudra]].<ref name="sk"/> An [[Old Malayalam]] inscription (part of the [[Ramanthali inscriptions]] which date to 1075 CE), mentions king Kunda Alupa, the ruler of [[Alupa dynasty]] of Mangalore. It can be found at [[Ezhimala]] (the former headquarters of [[Mushika dynasty]]) near [[Kannur|Cannanore]], in the [[North Malabar]] region of [[Kerala]].<ref>Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 483.</ref>

During the 1130s and 1140s, during the reign of the Alupa king Kavi Alupendra (1110–1160), the city was home to the [[Tunisian people|Tunisian]] [[Jew]]ish merchant [[Abraham Ben Yiju]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ghosh|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QQHp9wsWaZcC&pg=PA189 189]|Ref=9}}</ref> The [[Moroccan people|Moroccan]] traveller [[Ibn Battuta]], who visited Mangaluru in 1342, referred to it as ''Manjarur'' and stated the town was situated on a large estuary called the ''Estuary of the wolf'', which was the greatest estuary in the country of Malabar.<ref>{{harvnb|Lee|1829|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081007092612/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/ibnbatuta/07china2.html#malabar Perils and detours in Malabar]|Ref=17}}</ref><ref name="Doddamane1993">{{cite book |last=Doddamane |first=A. Wahab |title=Muslims in Dakshina Kannada: A Historical Study up to 1947 and Survey of Recent Developments |publisher=Green Words Publication |year=1993}}</ref>{{rp|30}} By 1345 the Vijayanagara rulers brought the region under their control.<ref name="sk" />{{rp|17}}

During the Vijayanagara period (1345–1550), South Canara was divided into Mangaluru and Barkur ''rajyas'' (provinces), and two governors were appointed to look after each of them from Mangalore and [[Barkur]].<ref name="sk" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Nambiar |first=K Mohanachandran |date=27 August 2010 |title=Rare inscription of Vijayanagar discovered |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Rare-inscription-of-Vijayanarar-discovered/articleshow/6447579.cms |access-date=18 July 2019 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> Often a single governor ruled over both Mangaluru and Barkur rajyas; when the authority passed to the Keladi rulers (1550–1763), they only had a governor at Barkur.<ref name="sk" />{{rp|19}} In 1448, [[Abd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī|Abdur Razzaq]] who was the [[Persia]]n ambassador of [[Shahrukh Mirza|Sultan Shah Rukh]] of [[Samarkand]], visited Mangaluru ''en route'' to the Vijayanagara court.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sewell |first=Robert |date=July 2002 |title=The Project Gutenberg E-text of A Forgotten Empire: Vijayanagar; A Contribution to the History of India |url=https://my.eng.utah.edu/~banerjee/Ebooks/Vijayanagar.pdf |access-date=18 July 2019 |publisher=[[Project Gutenberg]] |page=46}}</ref><ref name="Doddamane1993" />{{rp|31}} The Italian traveller [[Ludovico di Varthema]], who visited India in 1506, said he saw nearly sixty ships laden with rice ready to sail from the port of Mangalore.<ref name="sk" />{{rp|20}}

===Foundation and early modern history===
[[File:Lopo Vaz de Sampaio (Archaeological Survey of India, Goa).png|thumb|left|[[Lopo Vaz de Sampaio]], Viceroy of [[Portuguese India]], established Portuguese factories in Mangalore in 1526,<ref name="Wenger2017">{{cite book |last=Wenger |first=Estefania |title=Tipu Sultan: A Biography |publisher=Alpha Editions |year=2017 |isbn=9789386367440}}</ref> which lasted until 1695.<ref name="Muthanna 1977">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bFq-bwAACAAJ |last=Muthanna |first=I. M. |title=Karnataka, History, Administration & Culture |year=1977 |publisher=Lotus Printers |page=235}}</ref>|309x309px]]
[[File:Mangalorefort1783.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A fort with two-tiered ramparts and many bastions rises above the far bank of a river. Some human settlements are visible nearby. |A pen and ink drawing of Mangalore Fort made in 1783, after it had been taken over by the British East India Company]]
[[File:Light House at Tagore park.jpg|thumb|right|The tower at [[Light House Hill]], [[Hampankatta]], served as a lookout for the [[British Empire|British]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/06/18/stories/2005061800910200.htm |title=Feeling on top of the world |access-date=22 August 2008 |first=M. |last=Raghuram |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 June 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108062950/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/06/18/stories/2005061800910200.htm |archive-date=8 November 2012 }}</ref>|alt=]]
In 1498, European influence in Mangaluru began when the Portuguese explorer [[Vasco da Gama]] landed at the nearby [[St Mary's Island, Karnataka|St Mary's Islands]], just after his arrival at [[Koyilandy]], [[Kozhikode]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/life/2002/09/16/stories/2002091600170300.htm |title=Where rocks tell a tale |first=J. |last=Kamath |date=16 September 2002 |access-date=8 July 2008 |newspaper=Business Line |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922134826/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/life/2002/09/16/stories/2002091600170300.htm |archive-date=22 September 2013 }}</ref> The Portuguese acquired many commercial interests in Canara in the 16th century.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/abbakka-utsav-2019-to-be-held-under-supervision-of-dc/articleshow/68203620.cms |title=Abbakka Utsav 2019 to be held under supervision of DC |date=28 February 2019 |access-date=18 July 2019 |newspaper=The Times of India |last=K T |first=Vinobha}}</ref> [[Krishnadevaraya]] (1509–1529), the ruler of the Vijaynagara empire maintained a friendly relationship with the Portuguese,<ref name="Jayapalan2001">{{cite book |last=Jayapalan |first=N. |title=History of India From 1206 to 1773 |year=2001 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-8171569151 |page=84}}</ref> whose trade slowly grew and they strove to destroy the coastal Arab and [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]] trade.<ref name="sk" /> In 1524, [[Vasco da Gama]] ordered the blockading of rivers after he heard the Muslim merchants of [[Kozhikode]] had agents at Mangaluru and [[Basrur]].<ref name="sk" /> In 1526, the Portuguese under the viceroyship of Lopo Vaz de Sampaio took possession of Mangaluru.<ref name="Wenger2017"/> The coastal trade passed into Portuguese hands.<ref name="sk" />{{rp|20}}

In 1550, the Vijayanagara ruler [[Sadashiva Raya]] entrusted to Sadashiv Nayaka of Keladi with administering the coastal region of Canara.<ref name="sk" /> By 1554, he established political authority over South Canara.<ref name="Shastry2000">{{cite book |last=Shastry |first=Bhagamandala Seetharama |title=Goa-Kanara Portuguese relations 1498-1763 |year=2000 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=9788170228486 |page=8}}</ref> The 16th century work ''[[Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen]]'' written by [[Zainuddin Makhdoom II]] appears to be the first historical work written in detail about the contemporary history of Mangaluru. It is written in [[Arabic]] and contains pieces of information about the resistance put up by the navy of [[Kunjali Marakkar]] alongside the [[Zamorin]] of [[Calicut]] from 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to colonize [[Tulu Nadu]] and [[Malabar coast]].<ref name="A. Sreedhara Menon 2011">A. Sreedhara Menon. ''Kerala History and its Makers''. D C Books (2011)</ref><ref name="frontline.in">A G Noorani. Islam in Kerala.
Books [http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2704/stories/20100226270407900.htm]</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Roland E. Miller.
''Mappila Muslim Culture'' SUNY Press, 2015</ref>

After the disintegration of the Vijaynagara Empire in 1565, the rulers of Keladi attained greater power in dealing with the coastal Canara region.<ref name="sk" />{{rp|27}} They continued the Vijayanagara administrative system<ref name="sk" /> and the provinces of Mangalore and Barkur continued to exist.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/336375/remains-another-day.html |title=Remains of another day |access-date=18 July 2019 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=3 June 2013 |last=Achari |first=Soumya Narayan}}</ref><ref name="tuluacademy" /> The governor of Mangaluru also acted as the governor of the Keladi army in his province.<ref name="sk" />{{rp|30}} The Italian traveller [[Pietro Della Valle]] visited here in 1623–1624.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=QhLwrzK4Hq8C Viaggi di Pietro Della Valle il pellegrino], Parte terza, by Pietro Della Valle and Mario Schipano, Rome (1663), pages 222-224.</ref> In 1695, Arabs burnt the town in retaliation to Portuguese restrictions on Arab trade.<ref name="Muthanna 1977"/>

In 1763, [[Hyder Ali]], the ''de facto'' ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, conquered Mangaluru,<ref name="sch64">
{{harvnb|South Kanara District Gazetteer|1973|p=62|Ref=sch}}</ref> which was brought under his administration until 1767. Mangaluru was ruled by the [[Honourable East India Company|British East India Company]] from 1767 to 1783,<ref name="autogenerated1">{{harvnb|Thornton|1859|p=[https://archive.org/details/historybritishe04thorgoog 114]|Ref=27}}</ref> but Hyder Ali's son Tipu Sultan took it from their control in 1783 and renamed it "Jalalabad".<ref>{{harvnb|Thornton|1859|p=[https://archive.org/details/historybritishe04thorgoog 170]|Ref=27}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lal|2002|p=22}}</ref> The [[Second Anglo-Mysore War|Second Anglo–Mysore War]] ended with the signing of the [[Treaty of Mangalore]] by Tipu Sultan and the British East India Company on 11 March 1784.<ref>{{harvnb|Forrest|1887|pp=314–316|Ref=8}}</ref> After the defeat of Tipu at the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War|Fourth Anglo–Mysore War]], the city remained under British control. South Canara district was the headquarters under the Madras Presidency.<ref name="can" /><ref name="Thornton">{{harvnb|Townsend|1867|p=[https://archive.org/details/manualofdatesdic00townrich/page/628 628]|Ref=271}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Riddick|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=V2nGnWXV7coC&pg=PA28 28]|Ref=23}}</ref>

[[Francis Buchanan]], a Scottish physician who visited Mangalore in 1801, said the city was a prosperous port with plentiful trade.<ref name="jp0687">{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=152}}</ref> The main commodity of export was rice; it went to [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]], [[Bombay]], [[Goa]], and [[Malabar district|Malabar]].<ref name="sk" /> ''Supari'' ([[Areca nut|Betel-nut]]) was exported to Bombay, [[Surat]], and [[Kutch]].<ref name="sk" /> [[Sandalwood]] and [[black pepper]] were exported to Bombay.<ref name="sk" />

Local capital was mainly invested in land and money lending, leading to the regional development of banking because the British colonial government did not support industrialisation there.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/dakshina-kannada-to-lose-banking-jewel/article26690322.ece |title=Dakshina Kannada to lose banking jewel |access-date=17 July 2019 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=31 March 2019}}</ref> After European missionaries arrived in the early 19th century, educational institutions and modern industries modelled on European ones were developed in the region.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/175-glorious-years-for-Basel-Mission-Press/article16762961.ece |title=175 glorious years for Basel Mission Press |access-date=16 February 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 December 2016}}</ref> The opening of the [[Lutheran]] Swiss [[Basel Mission]] in 1834 was an important step towards industrialisation.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/32972/175th-anniversary-basel-mission-mangalore.html |title=175th anniversary of Basel Mission in Mangalore, Udupi |access-date=16 February 2017 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=28 October 2009}}</ref> Missionaries set up printing presses, textile mills and factories that made [[Mangaluru tiles]].<ref name="Shatkin2013" /> When Canara (part of the Madras Presidency until this time) was split into North Canara and South Canara in 1859, Mangalore became the headquarters of South Canara,<ref name="Bhat2001"/>{{rp|5}} which remained under Madras Presidency while in 1862, North Canara was transferred to the [[Bombay Presidency]].<ref name="Bhat2001">{{cite book |last=Bhat |first=N. Shyam |title=Judiciary and Police in Early Colonial South Kanara, 1799–1862 |year=2001 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-820-4}}</ref>{{rp|6}}

===Later modern and contemporary history===
On 23 May 1866, a municipal council for Mangaluru with responsibility for civic amenities and urban planning was mandated by the Madras Town Improvement Act (1865).<ref name="far"/>{{rp|178}} The Italian [[Jesuits]] who arrived in the city in 1878, played an important role in the city's education, economy, health, and social welfare.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=211432 |title=Last of Italian Jesuits in Mangalore dies in his homeland |last=Monteiro |first=John B |date=8 January 2014 |newspaper=Daijiworld |access-date=1 March 2015}}</ref> Mangaluru was linked to the [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]] in 1907 and the subsequent proliferation of motor vehicles in India further increased trade and communication between the city and the rest of the country.<ref name="so">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/29/stories/2007102958510300.htm |title=Mangalore was once the starting point of India's longest rail route |date=29 October 2007 |access-date=19 March 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914103324/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/29/stories/2007102958510300.htm |archive-date=14 September 2011 |last=Mondal |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |first=Sudipto}}</ref> Mangaluru was a major source of educated workers to [[Bombay]], Bengaluru, and the Middle East by the early 20th century.<ref name="Shatkin2013" />

The [[States Reorganisation Act]] (1956) led to Mangaluru being incorporated into the newly created Mysore State, which was later renamed Karnataka.<ref name="sorg1956">{{cite web |url=http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/num_act/sra1956250/ |title=States Reorganisation Act 1956 |access-date=1 July 2008 |publisher=Commonwealth Legal Information Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516123014/http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/num_act/sra1956250/ |archive-date=16 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="skdg">{{cite book |year=1973 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-6j8tgAACAAJ |title=South Kanara District Gazetteer |series=Karnataka State Gazetteer |volume=12 |publisher=Gazetteer Department ([[Government of Karnataka]])}}</ref>{{rp|415}} Mangaluru is the seventh-largest port of India, giving the state access to the Laccadive Sea coastline.<ref name="Shatkin2013" /><ref name='container-port'>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=539779 |title=Container tracking operations launched at New Mangalore Port |date=22 November 2018 |access-date=2 March 2020 |newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref> Between 1970 and 1980, Mangalore experienced significant growth with the opening of [[New Mangalore Port]] in 1974 and commissioning of Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited in 1976.<ref name="Panda1991">{{cite book |last=Panda |first=Damodar |title=Cargo Handling in the Major Ports of India |year=1991 |publisher=Minerva Associates (Publications) |isbn=978-81-85195-33-9 |page=30}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2419/stories/20071005507310600.htm |title=Industrial leap |last=Sharma |first=Ravi |journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |access-date=1 March 2015 |issue=19 ( 22 Sep – 5 October 2007) |volume=24 |via=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The late 20th and early 21st centuries saw Mangaluru develop as a commercial and petrochemical hub.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/cbi-books-mrpl-engineer-713765.html |title=CBI books MRPL engineer |date=18 January 2019 |access-date=23 February 2020 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |last=Bhat |first=Ambarish}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-states/Strategic-oil-reserves-to-come-directly-under-Govt/article20203878.ece |title=Strategic oil reserves to come directly under Govt |date=2 April 2006 |access-date=23 February 2020 |newspaper=Business Line |last=Mishra |first=Richa}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Ullal Bridge Mangalore.JPG|thumb|left|Sunset at [[Netravati Bridge]]]]

Mangaluru is located on the western coast of India at {{Coord|12.87|N|74.88|E}} in Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka state.<ref name="Mangalore, India Page">{{cite web |publisher=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/19/Mangalore.html |title=Mangalore, India Page |access-date=19 March 2008}}</ref> It has an average elevation of {{cvt|22|m|foot|0}} above mean sea level.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology]] ([[Pune]]) |url=http://envis.tropmet.res.in/rainfall_stations.htm |title=Rainfall Stations in India |access-date=27 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116190118/http://envis.tropmet.res.in/rainfall_stations.htm |archive-date=16 January 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city is the administrative headquarters of Dakshina Kannada district and is the state's largest coastal urban centre.<ref name="urb">{{cite book |last1=Rao |first1=P. S. N. |title=Urban governance and management: Indian initiatives |date=January 2006 |publisher=Indian Institute of Public Administration in association with Kanishka Publishers, Distributors |page=402 |isbn=978-81-7391-801-8}}</ref>

[[File:Mangalore Tourist Map.png|thumb|A schematic map showing tourist attractions in Mangaluru city|left]]
Mangaluru is bounded by the Laccadive Sea to its west and by the Western Ghats to its east.<ref name="Mangalore, India Page"/> As a municipal entity the city spans {{cvt|170|km2|sqmi|2}}.<ref name="area-info"/> The Netravati and Gurupura rivers encircle the city; the Gurupura flows around the north and the Netravati flows around the south of the city.<ref name="vegetation-info">{{cite web |url=http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/karnataka/DAKSHINA_KANNADA.pdf |title=Ground water information booklet – Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka |access-date=19 February 2017}}</ref> The rivers form an estuary in the south-western region of the city, from where they flow into the Laccadive Sea.<ref name="MCCwater">{{harvnb|Mangalore City Corporation|p=38|Ref=7}}</ref> Coconut, [[Arecaceae|palm]], and [[Saraca indica|ashoka]] trees comprise the primary vegetation of the city.<ref name="vegetation-info"/>

The city's [[topography]] consists of a [[plain]] that stretches up to {{cvt|30|km|mi|2}} from the coast and undulating, hilly terrain towards the east near the Western Ghats.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mausam: quarterly journal of meteorology, hydrology & geophysics, Volume 56, Issue 1 |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |year=2005 |page=76}}</ref> The local geology is characterised by hard [[laterite]] in hilly tracts and sandy soil along the seashore.<ref name="urb"/> The [[Geological Survey of India]] has identified Mangalore as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorised the city in the Seismic III Zone.<ref>{{cite map |publisher=[[Geological Survey of India]] |url=http://gcmd.nasa.gov/records/GCMD_GSI_BHUJ_SEISMIC_ZONES_MAP.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040904091404/http://gcmd.nasa.gov/records/GCMD_GSI_BHUJ_SEISMIC_ZONES_MAP.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 September 2004 |title=Seismic zoning map of India |access-date=20 July 2008}}</ref>

===Climate===
Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], Mangaluru has a [[tropical monsoon climate]] and is under the direct influence of the Laccadive Sea branch of the [[southwest monsoon]].<ref name="climatetype">{{cite journal |last=Subrahmanyam |first=V. P. |title=Some aspects of water balance in the tropical monsoon climates of India |journal=Hydrology of Humid Tropical Regions with Particular Reference to the Hydrological Effects of Agriculture and Forestry Practice (Proceedings of the Hamburg Symposium, August 1983) |volume=140 |publisher=[[International Association of Hydrological Sciences]] (IAHS) |url=http://www.cig.ensmp.fr/~iahs/redbooks/a140/iahs_140_0325.pdf |pages=327–328 |access-date=8 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003062744/http://www.cig.ensmp.fr/~iahs/redbooks/a140/iahs_140_0325.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2008}}</ref> It receives about 95 percent of its total annual rainfall between May and September but remains extremely dry from December to March.<ref name="climatetype"/> Humidity is approximately 75 percent on average and peaks during June, July and August.<ref name="shri">{{harvnb|Shrihari|2007|pp=5–6}}</ref> The maximum average humidity is 93 percent in July and average minimum humidity is 56 percent in January.<ref name="shri"/> Mangaluru experiences moderate to gusty winds during day time and gentle winds at night.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Balakrishna |first1=K. M. |last2=Narayana |first2=Y |last3=Kumari |first3=Anitha |title=Meteorological Measurements of Mangalore Region for ARMEX Programme (Observations and Data Analysis) |url=http://www.nio.org/past_events/ARMEX/presentations/P2.pdf |journal=Department of Physics (Mangalore University) |page=26 |access-date=25 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410145013/http://www.nio.org/past_events/ARMEX/presentations/P2.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2008}}</ref> The driest and least humid months are from December to February.<ref name="Wbase">{{cite web |publisher=Weatherbase |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=48234&refer=&units=metric |title=Mangalore, India |access-date=19 March 2008}}</ref> Anytime temperatures during the day usually stay below about 35 °C, (95 °F) and drop to about 21 °C (69.8 °F) at night.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Average Weather in Mangalore
|url=YOUR_WEATHERSPARK_URL_HERE
|website=WeatherSpark
|access-date=4 December 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,Mangalore,India |title=Average minimum and maximum temperature over the year for Mangalore, India |access-date=10 July 2017 |publisher=Weather and Climate}}</ref> The lowest temperature recorded at [[Panambur]] is {{cvt|15.6|°C|°F|0}} on 8 January 1992 and at Bajpe it is {{cvt|15.9|°C|°F|0}} on 19 November 1974.<ref name="imd-weather">{{cite web |publisher=IMD, Inc |url=http://www.imdbangalore.gov.in/mchistory.pdf#15 |title=Weather services to Karnataka state delivered by IMD |access-date=17 March 2016 |archive-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517002528/http://www.imdbangalore.gov.in/mchistory.pdf#15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD), the temperature in Mangaluru has never reached {{cvt|40|°C|°F|0}}.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Daijiworld |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=224013 |title=Mangalore: Temperature in coast never touched 40 °C – IMD |access-date=27 September 2015 |date=20 March 2014 |last=Shreyas |first=H S}}</ref> The summer gives way to the monsoon season, when the city experiences the highest precipitation of all urban centres in India due to the influence of the Western Ghats.<ref name="UNESCO World Heritage Centre">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/2103/ |title=Western Ghats (sub cluster nomination) |access-date=27 July 2008 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] World Heritage Centre}}</ref> The rains subside in September but there is occasional rainfall in October.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=A. K. |last2=Gnanaseelan |first2=C. |last3=Seetaramayya |first3=P. |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/aug252004/475.pdf |date=25 August 2004 |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=87 |title=A study of rainfall along the west coast of India in relation to low level jet and air–sea interactions over the Arabian Sea |issue=4 |page=483 |publisher=Current Science Association |access-date=21 March 2008 |archive-date=10 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410145013/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/aug252004/475.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> The highest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is {{cvt|330.8|mm|in|0}} on 22 June 2003.<ref name="imd-weather"/> In 1994, Mangaluru recorded its highest annual rainfall at {{cvt|5018.52|mm|in|0}}.<ref name= tutiempo >{{cite web |url=http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/Mangalore_Bajpe/432840.htm |title=TuTiempo – Mangalore climate from 1973 to 2014 |access-date=27 December 2014 |publisher=Tutiempo}}</ref>
{{Weather box
| location = Mangaluru (1961–1990, extremes 1901–1981)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 36.3
| Feb record high C = 37.8
| Mar record high C = 37.4
| Apr record high C = 36.6
| May record high C = 36.7
| Jun record high C = 34.4
| Jul record high C = 35.6
| Aug record high C = 32.2
| Sep record high C = 34.6
| Oct record high C = 35.0
| Nov record high C = 35.6
| Dec record high C = 35.6
| year record high C = 37.8
| Jan high C = 31.7
| Feb high C = 31.7
| Mar high C = 31.9
| Apr high C = 32.8
| May high C = 32.3
| Jun high C = 29.9
| Jul high C = 28.6
| Aug high C = 28.5
| Sep high C = 29.2
| Oct high C = 30.4
| Nov high C = 31.7
| Dec high C = 32.0
| year high C = 30.9
| Jan low C = 21.7
| Feb low C = 22.7
| Mar low C = 24.4
| Apr low C = 25.7
| May low C = 25.4
| Jun low C = 23.7
| Jul low C = 23.1
| Aug low C = 23.1
| Sep low C = 23.1
| Oct low C = 23.4
| Nov low C = 23.0
| Dec low C = 22.4
| year low C = 23.5
| Jan record low C = 16.7
| Feb record low C = 16.7
| Mar record low C = 18.3
| Apr record low C = 20.0
| May record low C = 18.9
| Jun record low C = 18.4
| Jul record low C = 18.0
| Aug record low C = 19.8
| Sep record low C = 19.0
| Oct record low C = 18.8
| Nov record low C = 17.6
| Dec record low C = 16.7
| year record low C = 16.7
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 0.2
| Feb rain mm = 3.6
| Mar rain mm = 2.5
| Apr rain mm = 35.0
| May rain mm = 199.5
| Jun rain mm = 955.8
| Jul rain mm = 1160.3
| Aug rain mm = 792.6
| Sep rain mm = 331.5
| Oct rain mm = 184.0
| Nov rain mm = 75.2
| Dec rain mm = 33.9
| year rain mm = 3774.1
| Jan rain days = 0.0
| Feb rain days = 0.0
| Mar rain days = 0.1
| Apr rain days = 2.0
| May rain days = 7.2
| Jun rain days = 24.5
| Jul rain days = 29.4
| Aug rain days = 25.4
| Sep rain days = 15.3
| Oct rain days = 10.1
| Nov rain days = 4.4
| Dec rain days = 1.3
| year rain days = 119.7
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 65
| Feb humidity = 68
| Mar humidity = 70
| Apr humidity = 71
| May humidity = 73
| Jun humidity = 82
| Jul humidity = 86
| Aug humidity = 85
| Sep humidity = 83
| Oct humidity = 80
| Nov humidity = 71
| Dec humidity = 67
| year humidity = 75
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDextremes/><ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216160549/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Normals%20%281961-1990%29.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Normals%20%281961-1990%29.pdf |title=Climatological Normals 1961–1990 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=July 2010 |pages=531–532 |access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref>
| source =
}}
{{Weather box
| location = Mangaluru, India ([[Panambur]]) 1991–2020, extremes 1968–present
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| collapsed = yes
| Jan record high C = 36.9
| Feb record high C = 38.8
| Mar record high C = 38.1
| Apr record high C = 35.9
| May record high C = 36.8
| Jun record high C = 34.9
| Jul record high C = 32.5
| Aug record high C = 31.8
| Sep record high C = 33.8
| Oct record high C = 35.9
| Nov record high C = 36.8
| Dec record high C = 36.9
| year record high C = 38.8
| Jan high C = 33.2
| Feb high C = 33.2
| Mar high C = 33.5
| Apr high C = 34.1
| May high C = 33.5
| Jun high C = 30.2
| Jul high C = 29.0
| Aug high C = 29.0
| Sep high C = 29.9
| Oct high C = 31.2
| Nov high C = 33.0
| Dec high C = 33.4
| year high C = 31.9
| Jan low C = 21.3
| Feb low C = 22.3
| Mar low C = 24.3
| Apr low C = 25.6
| May low C = 25.5
| Jun low C = 24.1
| Jul low C = 23.6
| Aug low C = 23.7
| Sep low C = 23.8
| Oct low C = 23.8
| Nov low C = 23.3
| Dec low C = 21.7
| year low C = 23.6
| Jan record low C = 15.6
| Feb record low C = 17.5
| Mar record low C = 18.7
| Apr record low C = 19.2
| May record low C = 20.3
| Jun record low C = 19.8
| Jul record low C = 19.6
| Aug record low C = 20.1
| Sep record low C = 20.1
| Oct record low C = 19.1
| Nov record low C = 16.6
| Dec record low C = 15.6
| year record low C = 15.6
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 2.5
| Feb rain mm = 0.1
| Mar rain mm = 4.2
| Apr rain mm = 33.2
| May rain mm = 189.2
| Jun rain mm = 999.4
| Jul rain mm = 1015.8
| Aug rain mm = 687.3
| Sep rain mm = 344.5
| Oct rain mm = 234.2
| Nov rain mm = 76.7
| Dec rain mm = 14.4
| year rain mm = 3601.4
| Jan rain days = 0.2
| Feb rain days = 0.0
| Mar rain days = 0.2
| Apr rain days = 2.2
| May rain days = 7.2
| Jun rain days = 23.4
| Jul rain days = 27.5
| Aug rain days = 24.6
| Sep rain days = 15.1
| Oct rain days = 9.9
| Nov rain days = 4.0
| Dec rain days = 0.8
| year rain days = 115.1
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 61
| Feb humidity = 62
| Mar humidity = 65
| Apr humidity = 66
| May humidity = 70
| Jun humidity = 84
| Jul humidity = 87
| Aug humidity = 87
| Sep humidity = 83
| Oct humidity = 79
| Nov humidity = 71
| Dec humidity = 62
| year humidity = 73
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf |title=Climatological Normals 1981–2010 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=January 2015 |pages=475–478 |access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |title=Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page=M100–M101 |access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref>
| source =
}}
{{Weather box
| location = Mangaluru, India ([[Mangalore International Airport]]) 1991–2020, extremes 1956–2020
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| collapsed = yes
| Jan record high C = 36.8
| Feb record high C = 38.2
| Mar record high C = 39.8
| Apr record high C = 37.8
| May record high C = 38.0
| Jun record high C = 36.4
| Jul record high C = 33.3
| Aug record high C = 33.3
| Sep record high C = 35.4
| Oct record high C = 35.2
| Nov record high C = 36.6
| Dec record high C = 36.0
| year record high C = 39.8
| Jan high C = 33.2
| Feb high C = 33.6
| Mar high C = 34.0
| Apr high C = 34.3
| May high C = 33.5
| Jun high C = 30.0
| Jul high C = 28.7
| Aug high C = 28.8
| Sep high C = 30.0
| Oct high C = 31.2
| Nov high C = 32.8
| Dec high C = 33.1
| year high C = 31.9
| Jan low C = 21.0
| Feb low C = 22.0
| Mar low C = 23.8
| Apr low C = 25.0
| May low C = 25.0
| Jun low C = 23.6
| Jul low C = 23.0
| Aug low C = 23.1
| Sep low C = 23.2
| Oct low C = 23.3
| Nov low C = 22.8
| Dec low C = 21.6
| year low C = 23.1
| Jan record low C = 16.1
| Feb record low C = 17.3
| Mar record low C = 18.8
| Apr record low C = 19.7
| May record low C = 20.4
| Jun record low C = 20.5
| Jul record low C = 19.8
| Aug record low C = 19.4
| Sep record low C = 20.2
| Oct record low C = 19.1
| Nov record low C = 15.9
| Dec record low C = 16.1
| year record low C = 15.9
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 0.6
| Feb rain mm = 0.0
| Mar rain mm = 4.7
| Apr rain mm = 34.3
| May rain mm = 169.8
| Jun rain mm = 1033.8
| Jul rain mm = 1095.8
| Aug rain mm = 743.5
| Sep rain mm = 341.1
| Oct rain mm = 230.5
| Nov rain mm = 80.7
| Dec rain mm = 12.8
| year rain mm = 3747.6
| Jan rain days = 0.1
| Feb rain days = 0.0
| Mar rain days = 0.3
| Apr rain days = 2.1
| May rain days = 6.3
| Jun rain days = 23.5
| Jul rain days = 28.1
| Aug rain days = 25.4
| Sep rain days = 15.0
| Oct rain days = 9.9
| Nov rain days = 4.0
| Dec rain days = 0.8
| year rain days = 115.5
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 55
| Feb humidity = 58
| Mar humidity = 62
| Apr humidity = 64
| May humidity = 67
| Jun humidity = 83
| Jul humidity = 86
| Aug humidity = 85
| Sep humidity = 80
| Oct humidity = 78
| Nov humidity = 69
| Dec humidity = 57
| year humidity = 70
| Jan sun = 303.8
| Feb sun = 257.1
| Mar sun = 269.7
| Apr sun = 258.0
| May sun = 220.1
| Jun sun = 99.0
| Jul sun = 55.8
| Aug sun = 89.9
| Sep sun = 156.0
| Oct sun = 186.0
| Nov sun = 213.0
| Dec sun = 269.7
| year sun =
| Jand sun = 9.8
| Febd sun = 9.1
| Mard sun = 8.7
| Aprd sun = 8.6
| Mayd sun = 7.1
| Jund sun = 3.3
| Juld sun = 1.8
| Augd sun = 2.9
| Sepd sun = 5.2
| Octd sun = 6.0
| Novd sun = 7.1
| Decd sun = 8.7
| yeard sun = 6.5
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]] (sun 1971–2000)<ref name=IMDnormals/><ref name=IMDextremes/><ref name=IMDsun>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042602/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Daily%20Normals%20of%20Global%20%26%20Diffused%20Radiations%20%201971_2000.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Daily%20Normals%20of%20Global%20&%20Diffused%20Radiations%20%201971_2000.pdf |title=Table 3 Monthly mean duration of Sun Shine (hours) at different locations in India |work=Daily Normals of Global & Diffuse Radiation (1971–2000) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page=M-3 |access-date=10 April 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| source =
}}

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Mangaluru}}

Industrial, commercial, agricultural processing, and port-related activities comprise this city's economy.<ref name="scan">{{cite web |url=http://www.crn.in/SouthScanNov152007.aspx |title=South Scan (Mangalore, Karnataka) |access-date=20 March 2008 |publisher=CMP Media LLC |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309042030/http://www.crn.in/SouthScanNov152007.aspx |archive-date=9 March 2012}}</ref> The [[Dakshina Kannada]] district, with its administrative headquarters at Mangaluru, has the highest [[per capita income]] and [[gross state domestic product]] in Karnataka after Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/bengaluru-tops-in-per-capita-income-survey-in-karnataka-101646651197744.html |title=Bengaluru tops in per capita income survey in Karnataka |date=7 March 2022 |access-date=31 May 2023 |newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The New Mangalore Port is India's seventh-largest container port.<ref name="container-port" /> It handles 75 percent of India's coffee exports and the bulk of its cashew nuts.<ref name="ind" /> The Mangalore Customs Commissionerate collected a revenue of {{INRConvert|4.47|b|2}} during 2012–13<ref name="customs201213">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/education/mangalore-customs-collects-rs-447-cr-revenue/article23093776.ece |title=Mangalore Customs collects Rs 447 cr revenue |date=4 February 2013 |access-date=19 January 2020 |newspaper=Business Line}}</ref> and {{INRConvert|27.91|b|2}} {{As of|alt=during December 2018|2018}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/mangaluru-customs-commissionerate-surpasses-revenue-target/article26107046.ece |title=Mangaluru Customs Commissionerate surpasses revenue target |date=28 January 2019 |access-date=19 January 2020 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> During 2012–13, [[Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited|MRPL]] and [[Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers|MCF]] contributed {{INRConvert|501|m|2}} and {{INRConvert|373|m|2}}, respectively, to the state's revenue.<ref name="customs201213" /> Dakshina Kannada district has the highest percentage of workers employed in industry and the second-highest industry-to-district GDP ratio in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/from-india-today-magazine/story/20171009-karnataka-bengaluru-it-start-ups-agriculture-growth-engine-1053993-2017-10-05 |title=Karnataka calling: IT done, the state should now transform its agriculture |date=9 October 2017 |access-date=19 January 2020 |newspaper=India Today |last=Jha |first=Ajit Kumar}}</ref> Imports through New Mangalore port include crude oil, edible oil, [[liquefied petroleum gas]], and timber.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://customsmangalore.gov.in/organization/about-us.htm |title=Commissionerate of Customs – Mangaluru |access-date=23 July 2008 |publisher=Mangalore Customs}}</ref>

[[File:Cognizant (CTS) campus at Bendoor in Mangalore city.jpg|thumb|left|[[Cognizant]] campus in Mangaluru<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/cognizant-opens-new-facility-in-mangaluru/article30759590.ece |title=Cognizant opens new facility in Mangaluru |date=7 February 2020 |access-date=16 March 2020 |newspaper=Business Line}}</ref>|alt=]]

The city's major chemical industries include [[BASF]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/basf-india-inaugurates-new-innovation-campus-in-navi-mumbai/1000102 |title=BASF India inaugurates new innovation campus in Navi Mumbai |date=3 March 2017 |access-date=12 January 2020 |newspaper=Outlook India}}</ref> Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Ltd. (MRPL), Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilizers (MCF), [[Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd.]] (KIOCL),<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/kiocl-to-modernise-pellet-plant-in-mangaluru-726412.html |title=KIOCL to modernise pellet plant in Mangaluru |date=1 April 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |last=Kulkarni |first=Mahesh}}</ref> [[Hindustan Petroleum|Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (HPCL)]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/iocl-to-commission-two-import-facilities-next-year/article19208498.ece |title=IOCL to commission two import facilities next year |date=4 July 2017 |access-date=12 January 2020 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Bharat Petroleum|Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (BPCL)]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/445682/mock-drill-bpcl-lpg-bottling.html |title=Mock drill at BPCL LPG bottling plant marks chemical disaster prevention day |date=5 December 2014 |access-date=12 January 2020 |newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref> [[Indian Oil Corporation|Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. (IOCL)]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/iocl-distributes-wheeler-dustbins-to-schools/article29297099.ece |title=Indian Oil Corporation Limited, distributes wheeler dustbins to Mangaluru schools |date=30 August 2019 |access-date=30 December 2019 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Total S.A.|Total Oil India Ltd.]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/total-oil-opens-second-lpg-facility-at-new-mangalore/article976459.ece |title=Total Oil opens second LPG facility at New Mangalore |access-date=18 February 2017 |newspaper=Business Line}}</ref> and [[Hindustan Unilever]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/hind-unilever-255/information/company-location |title=Hindustan Unilever Locations |access-date=26 June 2020 |newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref> The Indian government has built 5.33 million tons of strategic crude oil storage at Mangaluru and Padur to ensure energy security.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/india-receives-1st-parcel-of-iranian-oil-for-strategic-storage/articleshow/54816784.cms |title=India receives 1st parcel of Iranian oil for strategic storage |date=12 October 201 |access-date=16 October 2016 |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/strategic-storage-of-crude-begins-at-mangaluru-cavern-116101200895_1.html |title=Strategic storage of crude begins at Mangaluru cavern |date=12 October 2016 |access-date=16 October 2016 |newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref> Out of the 5 million metric [[tonne]]s (MMT) storage, 1.5 MMT is stored at Mangaluru.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/City-gets-1-5-MMT-crude-oil-storage-facility/articleshow/4585860.cms |title=City gets 1.5 MMT crude oil storage facility |date=27 May 2009 |access-date=19 January 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Bharati Defence And Infrastructure Limited|Bharati Shipyard Ltd. (BSL)]] (now known as Bharati Defence and Infrastructure Ltd.) has established a shipbuilding site near [[Tannirbavi]] in Mangaluru.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://profit.ndtv.com/stock/bharati-defence-%26-infrastructure-ltd_bhartiship/reports |title=Bharati Defence & Infrastructure Ltd. – Reports |access-date=19 February 2017 |newspaper=NDTV Profit |archive-date=20 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220092552/http://profit.ndtv.com/stock/bharati-defence-%26-infrastructure-ltd_bhartiship/reports |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/bharti-defence-delivers-c-162-to-coast-guard/article22899290.ece |title=Bharti Defence delivers C-162 to Coast Guard |date=2 March 2018 |access-date=1 January 2020 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Global inspection, testing, verification and certification companies such as [[SGS S.A.|SGS]] and [[Bureau Veritas]] have their offices in Mangaluru.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bureauveritas.co.in/sites/g/files/zypfnx556/files/media/document/BV%20SAR%20-%20Offices%20%26%20Laboratories%202022.pdf |title=Offices and Laboratories - Bureau Veritas - South Asia region |access-date=26 September 2023 |publisher=Bureau Veritas}}</ref>

[[File:Syndicate Bank at Lighthouse Hill Road in Mangalore.jpg|thumb|right|Syndicate Bank at Hampankatta|upright=1.1|alt=]]

Major information technology (IT) and outsourcing companies like [[Infosys]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Infosys-Mangaluru-celebrates-20th-anniversary/articleshow/48888682.cms |title=Infosys Mangaluru celebrates 20th anniversary |date=9 September 2015 |access-date=31 December 2019 |newspaper=The Times of India |last=Pinto |first=Stanley}}</ref> [[Cognizant]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/cognizant-opens-new-facility-in-mangaluru-120020700941_1.html |title=Cognizant opens new 100,000 sq-ft facility for 1,100 employees in Mangaluru |date=7 February 2020 |access-date=8 February 2020 |newspaper=Business Standard |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> and [[Thomson Reuters]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/thomson-reuters-financial-and-risk-business-becomes-refinitiv-in-india-119060700446_1.html |title=Thomson Reuters Financial and Risk Business becomes Refinitiv in India |date=7 June 2019 |access-date=19 May 2020 |newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref> have their offices at Mangaluru.<ref name="ind">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Features/The_Sunday_ET/Property/Mangalore_takes_over_as_the_new_SEZ_destination/articleshow/2788712.cms |title=Mangalore takes over as the new SEZ destination |date=17 February 2008 |access-date=20 March 2008 |newspaper=The Economic Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306033000/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Features/The_Sunday_ET/Property/Mangalore_takes_over_as_the_new_SEZ_destination/articleshow/2788712.cms |archive-date=6 March 2012 |last=Rochan |first=M}}</ref> [[Mphasis]]' Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) has a branch in this city.<ref name="mphasis">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/hinduja-global-to-acquire-stake-in-mphasis-bpo-business-for-rs-17-crore/articleshow/47884907.cms |title=Hinduja Global to acquire stake in Mphasis' BPO business for Rs 17 crore |date=2 July 2015 |access-date=12 February 2017 |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> IT parks Export Promotion Investment Park (EPIP) at [[Ganjimutt]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/improve-connectivity-to-new-m-lore-port-exporters-732054.html |title=Improve connectivity to New M'lore port: Exporters |date=3 May 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |last=J A |first=Naina}}</ref> and [[Special Economic Zone]] (SEZ) near [[Mangalore University]] have been constructed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/forms/sez/MSEZ%20Draft%20EIA/Mangalore%20SEZ,%20Oct.%202007/Chapter%203/Fig.%203.5.1.doc |title=Study Area around SEZ, Mangalore |format=DOC |access-date=2 July 2008 |publisher=Mangalore City Corporation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003062813/http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/forms/sez/MSEZ%20Draft%20EIA/Mangalore%20SEZ%2C%20Oct.%202007/Chapter%203/Fig.%203.5.1.doc |archive-date=3 October 2008}}</ref> An IT park called Soorya Infratech park is situated in Mudipu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mangalorevisit.in/companies/perform-group/ |title=Perform Group {{!}} Mangalore Visit |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118072804/http://www.mangalorevisit.in/companies/perform-group/ |archive-date=18 January 2017}}</ref> [[Tata Consultancy Services|Tata Consultancy Services (TCS)]] has planned to invest {{INRConvert|500|c|2}} and set up its office at Karnad near Mangalore.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=738302 |title=Mangaluru: TCS to invest Rs 500 crores in Dakshina Kannada, create 4,000 jobs |date=6 August 2020 |access-date=7 August 2020 |newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/tcs-gets-nod-to-set-up-ites-in-dakshina-kannada/articleshow/77400970.cms |title=Karnataka: TCS gets nod to set up ITeS in Dakshina Kannada |date=7 August 2020 |access-date=7 August 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India |last=Pinto |first=Stanley}}</ref> KEONICS has planned to build an IT park at [[Derebail]] in Mangaluru, similar to [[Electronic City]], spanning an area of 100 acres.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/keonics-proposes-setting-up-electronics-city-in-mangaluru/article33440648.ece |title=KEONICS proposes setting up electronics city in Mangaluru |date=29 December 2020 |access-date=1 February 2021 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/karnataka-state-electronics-development-corporation-limited-moots-rk-baliga-electronics-city-in-mangaluru/articleshow/79992131.cms |title=Karnataka State Electronics Development Corporation Limited moots RK Baliga Electronics City in Mangaluru |date=28 December 2020 |access-date=1 February 2021 |newspaper=The Times of India |last=K T |first=Vinobha}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/keonics-to-urge-cm-to-set-up-baliga-hi-tech-city-in-mangaluru-932675.html |title=Keonics to urge CM to set up Baliga Hi-Tech City in Mangaluru |date=29 December 2020 |access-date=1 February 2021 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |last=J A |first=Naina}}</ref>

[[Centre for Entrepreneurship Opportunities and Learning|Centre for Entrepreneurship Opportunities and Learning (CEOL)]] is a startup incubation centre situated in the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/ceol-will-lead-to-creation-of-silicon-valley-in-west-coast/article22328879.ece |title=CEOL will lead to creation of Silicon Valley in west coast |date=30 December 2017 |access-date=28 December 2019 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Corporation Bank]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.corpbank.com/asp/0100text.asp?presentID=84&headID=84 |title=History |access-date=18 April 2008 |publisher=[[Corporation Bank]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016191856/http://www.corpbank.com/asp/0100text.asp?presentID=84&headID=84 |archive-date=16 October 2006}}</ref> [[Canara Bank]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/20/stories/2005112015560300.htm |title=Cheque truncation process from April, says Leeladhar |access-date=18 April 2008 |date=20 November 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108063646/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/20/stories/2005112015560300.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=8 November 2012}}</ref> and [[Vijaya Bank]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vijayabank.com/vijaya/vijaya/internet-en/menus/we-at-vijaya-bank/inception.html |title=Inception |access-date=9 July 2008 |publisher=Vijaya Bank |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227010829/http://vijayabank.com/vijaya/vijaya/internet-en/menus/we-at-vijaya-bank/inception.html |archive-date=27 February 2012}}</ref> were the three nationalised banks established in Mangaluru during the first half of the 20th century. Mangaluru is the headquarters of Corporation Bank and [[Karnataka Bank]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.karnatakabank.com/ktk/History.jsp |title=History of Karnataka Bank |access-date=18 April 2008 |publisher=[[Karnataka Bank]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317115018/http://www.karnatakabank.com/ktk/History.jsp |archive-date=17 March 2012 }}</ref> The Mangalore Catholic Co-operative Bank (MCC Bank),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=44631&n_tit=Mangalore: |title=Mangalore: Countdown for MCC Bank Election Begins Amid Blame Games |date=15 March 2008 |access-date=22 July 2008 |newspaper=Daijiworld |last=Miyar |first=Melka |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121233934/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=44631&n_tit=Mangalore%3A%20Countdown%20for%20MCC%20Bank%20Election%20Begins%20Amid%20Blame%20Games |archive-date=21 January 2012}}</ref> Mangalore Cooperative Town Bank,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/mangalore-coop-bank-installs-rooftop-solar-plant/article9821798.ece |title=Mangalore Co-op Bank installs rooftop solar plant |access-date=18 August 2017 |date=17 August 2017 |newspaper=Business Line}}</ref> and SCDCC Bank<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scdccbank.com/history.html |title=History of SCDCC Bank |access-date=24 June 2008 |publisher=SCDCC Bank |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314055653/http://www.scdccbank.com/history.html |archive-date=14 March 2012 }}</ref> were the scheduled banks established in Mangaluru.

Syngene International which is a contract research arm of [[Biocon]], has set up its manufacturing plant at Mangaluru.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/syngene-international-gains-after-mangalore-facility-starts-operations-120032000431_1.html |title=Syngene International gains after Mangalore facility starts operations |date=20 March 2020 |access-date=6 July 2021 |newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/b2b-connect/syngene-plans-100-mn-manufacturing-facility-in-mangalore-115090100290_1.html |title=Syngene plans $100 mn manufacturing facility in Mangalore |date=1 September 2015 |access-date=27 June 2021 |newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref> Old Mangalore Port is a fishing port located at Bunder, Mangaluru, where a large number of mechanised boats anchor.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/work-on-kulai-fishing-habour-expected-to-comence-soon/articleshow/67965978.cms |title=Work on Kulai fishing harbour expected to commence soon |date=13 February 2019 |access-date=15 March 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> The traffic at this port was 122,000 tonnes during 2003–04, which increased to 74,390 tonnes by 2019-20.<ref name = "KMB - Old Mangalore Port">{{cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Old Mangalore Port |url=https://karnatakamaritime.in/old-mangalore-port/ |website=karnatakamaritime.in |location= |publisher=Karnataka Maritime Board |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Government of Karnataka)|2004|p=233|Ref=5}}</ref> New Mangalore Port handled over 100,000 [[twenty-foot equivalent unit]]s of containers during the years 2017–18.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/new-mangalore-port-records-handling-of-1-lakh-teu-of-container-traffic/article22899068.ece |title=New Mangalore Port records handling of 1 lakh TEU of container traffic |date=2 March 2018 |access-date=19 January 2020 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Fishing is a traditional occupation and the products are sold in the surrounding regions.<ref name="fishing-occup">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/8-rise-in-fish-catch-in-udupi-dakshina-kannada/article4791726.ece |title=8% rise in fish catch in Udupi, Dakshina Kannada |access-date=19 February 2017 |date=7 June 2013 |newspaper=Business Line |last=Vinayak |first=A J}}</ref> Mangalorean firms have a major presence in the tile, [[beedi]], coffee and cashew nut industries although the tile industry has declined because concrete is preferred in modern construction.<ref name="ind"/><ref name="scan"/> The [[Albuquerque tile factory]] in Mangalore is one of India's oldest red-roof-tile manufacturing factories.<ref>{{harvnb|Somerset|Bond|Wright|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8WNEcgMr11kC&pg=PA509 510]|Ref=24}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Somerset|Bond|Wright|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8WNEcgMr11kC 511]|Ref=24}}</ref> The city's suburb Ullal produces [[hosiery]] and [[coir]] yarns while beedi rolling is an important source of revenue to many of the city's residents.<ref name="scan"/>

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations 
| align=left
| title= Population Growth
| state= none
| 1921| 66400
| 1931| 73600
| 1941| 85500
| 1951| 110750
| 1961| 145300
| 1971| 210400
| 1981| 305200
| 1991| 425600
| 2001| 512100
| 2011| 619600
| 2021| 724159
| footnote= Source: [[Census of India]]<ref name="pop2021"/><ref name="Census 2001 details">
{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258658922 |title=Land use/land cover change and urban expansion during 1983-2008 in the coastal area of Dakshina Kannada district, South India |page=5 |date=September 2012 |access-date=18 May 2020 |last1=Surathkal |first1=Shrihari |last2=Kawal |first2=Babita |last3=Gowdagere S. |first3=Dwarakish |last4=Bhagyanagar |first4=Rajagopal |journal=Journal of Applied Remote Sensing |volume=6 |doi=10.1117/1.JRS.6.063576 |bibcode=2012JARS....6.3576B |s2cid=122061740| issn = 1931-3195}}
</ref><ref name="table 3">{{cite web |title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |publisher=Census of India |access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Bar box
|float=right
|title=Religions in Mangalore (2011 census)
|titlebar=#Fcd666
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|68.99}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|#008000|17.40}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|dodgerblue|13.15}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|brown|0.21}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.12}}|caption=Distribution of religions 
†Includes [[Sikhism]] (0.08%), [[Buddhism]] (0.05%).}}

{{Pie chart
| caption = Distribution of languages in Mangaluru<ref name='languages2011'>{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Tulu language|Tulu]]
| color1 = deepskyblue
| value1 = 39.24
| label2 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| color2 = salmon
| value2 = 16.42
| label3 = [[Kannada]]
| color3 = darkslateblue
| value3 = 15.11
| label4 = [[Byari dialect|Beary]]
| color4 = limegreen
| value4 = 13.13
| label5 = [[Malayalam]]
| color5 = cornflowerblue
| value5 = 6.39
| label6 = [[Urdu]]
| color6 = green
| value6 = 2.52
| label7 = [[Hindi]]
| color7 = orange
| value7 = 2.10
| label8 = [[Tamil Language|Tamil]]
| color8 = royalblue
| value8 = 1.91
| label9 = [[Telugu Language|Telugu]]
| color9 = brown
| value9 = 0.96
| label10 = Others
| color10 = grey
| value10 = 2.23
}}

In 2021 the population of Mangaluru city was 724,159.<ref name="pop2021" /> According to the [[2011 Indian census]], the male literacy rate was 96.49 percent and the female literacy rate was 91.63 percent.<ref name="table 3" /> About 8.5 percent of the population was under the age of six years.<ref name="table 3" /> The [[Mortality rate|death rate]] and [[Infant mortality]] rate were at 3.7 percent and 1.2 percent respectively.<ref name="MCCSocio">{{harvnb|Mangalore City Corporation|p=131|Ref=16}}</ref> About 7726 people lived in slums in Mangaluru city which was 1.55 percent of the total population.<ref name="census-mlr-2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/451-mangalore.html#slums |title=Mangalore City Census 2011 data – Mangalore Slums 2011 |access-date=16 February 2017 |publisher=Census 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Slums-increasing-in-Bangalore/articleshow/21962048.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |title=Slums increasing in Bangalore |access-date=16 February 2017 |date=21 August 2013 |last=Kumar |first=ND Shiva}}</ref> The Human Development Index (HDI) of Mangaluru city was 0.83 {{As of|alt=in 2015|2015}}.<ref name="hdi" />

=== Religions ===
[[Hinduism]] is the largest religion in Mangaluru, and [[Devadiga]], [[Mogaveera]], [[Billava]]s, [[Ganiga]]s, [[Bunt (community)|Bunts]], [[Vishwakarma (caste)|Vishwakarma]], [[Padmashali]], [[Brahmin]]s, and [[Daivadnya]]s are the major communities among Hindus.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kumaran |first=Tamarapu Sampath |title=Pilgrimage to temples in Dakshina Kannada |url=http://cincinnatitemple.com/articles/Dakshina-Kannada-Pilgrimage.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809165934/http://cincinnatitemple.com/articles/Dakshina-Kannada-Pilgrimage.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2017 |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 April 2015 |title=Name us Shettigar, say Padmashalis |newspaper=Deccan Herald |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/470121/name-us-shettigar-say-padmashalis.html |access-date=9 March 2021}}</ref> Christians form a sizeable section of Mangalurean society; [[Mangalorean Catholics]] comprise the city's largest Christian community.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 January 2017 |title=Mangalore hosts tenth national meeting of young Catholics |newspaper=The Herald (Malaysian Catholic Weekly) |url=http://www.heraldmalaysia.com/news/mangalore-hosts-tenth-national-meeting-of-young-catholics/34287/2 |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> [[Mangalorean Protestants|Protestants in Mangalore]] typically speak Tulu and Kannada.<ref name="sch93">{{harvnb|South Kanara District Gazetteer|1973|p=93|Ref=sc}}</ref> [[Anglo-Indian]]s were also part of the Mangalurean Christian Community.<ref>{{cite news |last=Patrao |first=Michael |date=4 May 2012 |title=An Anglo-Indian with Mangalorean links |newspaper=Deccan Herald |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/246986/an-anglo-indian-mangalorean-links.html |access-date=13 March 2017}}</ref> Mangaluru has one of the highest percentage of Muslims in Karnataka cities.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 February 2010 |title=World Beary Convention in Dubai on April 1, 2 |newspaper=Daijiworld |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=72458 |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> Most Muslims in Mangalore are [[Beary]]s who speak the Beary language.<ref>{{cite news |last=J A |first=Naina |date=18 December 2016 |title=First Beary-Kannada-English dictionary to be released soon |newspaper=Deccan Herald |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/587198/first-beary-kannada-english-dictionary.html |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> Most of them follow the [[Shafi'i]] school of ''[[Fiqh]]'' (Islamic Jurisprudence).<ref name="beary-language">{{cite news |last=Shenoy |first=Jaideep |date=31 July 2016 |title=Mangaluru city police undertakes Beary local language learning skills |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Mangaluru-city-police-undertakes-Beary-local-language-learning-skills/articleshow/53475696.cms |access-date=15 October 2016}}</ref> Mangaluru also has a small group of [[Urdu]]-speaking [[Dakhini Muslims]].<ref name="urdu">{{cite book |last=Patil |first=Shankaragouda |title=Community Dominance and Political Modernisation: The Lingayats |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2002 |pages=2}}</ref> The [[Masjid Zeenath Baksh]] at Mangaluru is one of the [[Islam in India|oldest mosques]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="Prange, Sebastian R. 2018"/><ref name="Jonathan Goldstein 1999 123"/><ref name="SimpsonKresse2008"/><ref name="Kupferschmidt1987"/><ref name="Raṇṭattāṇi2007"/> Mangaluru contains a [[Gurdwara]] and [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]] prayer centre established in 1972.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/archives/a-centre-religious-unity-2461391 |title=A centre for religious unity |date=9 December 2011 |access-date=29 October 2023 |newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

=== Languages ===
Mangaluru is a multi-lingual city where several prominent regional languages such as Tulu, Konkani, Kannada, and Beary are spoken.<ref name="manynames" /> The city is known as ''Kudla'' in Tulu, ''Kodial'' in Konkani, ''Maikāla'' in Beary, ''Mangalapuram'' in Malayalam, and ''Mangaluru'' in Kannada.<ref name="manynames" /> Among most of the residents of the city, ''Kudla'' is the most commonly used name to refer to it.<ref name="manynames" /> There are also smaller communities of [[Jain Bunt|Tuluva Jains]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Land-reforms-moved-Jains-away-comfort-zone-/articleshow/45943527.cms |title=Land reforms moved Jains away comfort zone |date=19 January 2015 |access-date=19 January 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India |last=Pinto |first=Stanley}}</ref> [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]],<ref name="Shatkin2013" /> [[Tamils]],<ref name="manylanguages">{{cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/many-languages-one-people-linguistic-diversity-mangaluru-119054 |title=Many languages, one people: The linguistic diversity of Mangaluru |newspaper=The News Minute |access-date=28 February 2020 |date=27 February 2020 |last=Malli |first=Karthik}}</ref> and [[Marathi people|Marathis]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/DK-Marathi-community-meet-today/articleshow/1097566.cms |title=DK Marathi community meet today |date=15 February 2002 |access-date=28 August 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Tulu language|Tulu]] is a predominant language in Mangaluru and [[Kannada]] is the administrative language of Mangaluru, but the city is multi-cultural. According to the 2011 census, [[Tulu language|Tulu]] is spoken as a first language by 39.24% of the population, [[Konkani language|Konkani]] by 16.42%, [[Kannada]] by 15.11%, [[Byari dialect|Beary]] by 13.13%, [[Malayalam]] by 6.39%, [[Urdu language|Urdu]] by 2.52%, [[Hindi language|Hindi]] by 2.10%, [[Tamil language|Tamil]] by 1.91%, [[Telugu language|Telugu]] by 0.96%, and other languages are spoken by 2.23%.<ref name='languages2011'/> Unlike other cities in [[Karnataka]] where Kannada is a primary language, Kannada is the third most spoken language, Tulu is the predominant language in Mangaluru, and [[Konkani language|Konkani]] is the second most spoken language in Mangaluru.<ref name='languages2011'/>

==Government and public services==
===Civic administration===
{{Main|Mangaluru City Corporation}}

[[File:Mcc.JPG|thumb|Mangaluru City Corporation at Lalbagh|alt=|right]]

Mangaluru has a city area of {{cvt|170|km2|sqmi|2}}.<ref name="area-info" /> Municipal limits begin at Surathkal in the north, Netravati River bridge in the south, the western coast, and Vamanjoor in the east.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/three-flyovers-in-mangalore-will-be-ready-by-yearend-moily/article2447040.ece |date=12 September 2011 |title=Three flyovers in Mangalore will be ready by year-end: Moily |access-date=18 February 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Mangaluru City Corporation (MCC) came into existence in 1980; it is the [[municipal corporation]] in charge of the city's civic and infrastructural assets.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/smart-city-project-to-restore-century-old-mangaluru-municipality-building/articleshow/62800344.cms |date=6 February 2018 |title=Smart City project to restore Century-old Mangaluru municipality building |access-date=2 August 2019 |newspaper=The Times of India |last=K T |first=Vinobha}}</ref> The MCC council consists of 60 elected representatives called corporators, one from each of the city's 60 [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|wards]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=438794 |date=18 February 2017 |title=Mangaluru: Candidates for mayoral election – Congress facing problem of plenty |access-date=20 February 2017 |newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/corporation-council-polls-on-november-12/article29753748.ece |title=Corporation council polls on November 12 |date=21 October 2019 |access-date=11 January 2020 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> A corporator from the ruling majority party is selected to be the mayor.<ref>{{harvnb |Integrated Solid Waste Management Operation & Maintenance report |p=7 |Ref=18}}</ref> MCC's headquarters are at [[Lalbagh, Mangalore|Lalbagh]].<ref name="The Hindu" /> [[Mangaluru Urban Development Authority]] (MUDA) manages the planning, urban growth, and expansion of the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/A-first-Muda-to-build-apartments-on-PPP-mode/articleshow/37561055.cms |title=A first, Muda to build apartments on PPP mode |date=1 July 2014 |access-date=11 January 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/nine-water-bodies-in-mangaluu-to-get-facelift/article30300918.ece |title=Nine waterbodies in Mangaluru to get facelift |date=13 December 2019 |access-date=11 January 2020 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/mangalore-urban-development-authority-eyes-largest-planned-layout/article5773192.ece |title=Mangalore Urban Development Authority eyes largest planned layout |date=11 March 2014 |access-date=11 January 2020 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> The District Commissioner is the chairperson of MUDA.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/house-plan-on-single-site-may-not-need-muda-nod/article5572918.ece |title=House plan on 'single site' may not need MUDA nod |date=13 January 2014 |access-date=11 January 2020 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> The 44 projects which are listed as part of the Smart Cities Mission programme are managed by Mangaluru Smart City Limited (MSCL).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/smart-city-limited-to-take-up-44-works-worth-958-crore/article28139473.ece |title=Smart City Limited to take up 44 works worth ₹ 958 crore |date=26 June 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

Until the [[Delimitation commission]]'s revised the [[Lok Sabha]] and the legislative constituencies, Mangaluru contributed two members to the Lok Sabha; one for the southern part of the city that fell under the [[Mangalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency]] and another for the northern part of the city that fell under the [[Udupi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udupi Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/article2973530.ece |title=Congress bags Mayor's post as BJP goofs up |date=8 March 2012 |access-date=20 February 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> After the [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies in 2008, Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency was replaced with [[Dakshina Kannada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency]], resulting in Mangalore being represented by one [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] (MP).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=35701&n_tit=M'lore: |date=14 July 2007 |title=New Assembly constituencies |access-date=22 September 2007 |newspaper=Daijiworld |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112180006/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=35701&n_tit=M%27lore%3A+Assembly+Constituencies+Revised+%2D+Bye+Bye+Ullal%2C+Suratkal+++ |archive-date=12 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/05/stories/2006050522990400.htm |date=5 May 2006 |title=Assembly constituencies proposed by Delimitation Commission |access-date=22 September 2007 |last=Ranganna |first=T S |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108064811/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/05/stories/2006050522990400.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=8 November 2012}}</ref> Additionally, Mangaluru sends three members to the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Mangalore City South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mangalore City South]], [[Mangalore City North (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mangalore City North]], and [[Mangalore (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mangalore]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Mangalore-to-have-three-Assembly-segments/article14802322.ece |title=Mangalore to have three Assembly segments |access-date=21 July 2019 |date=29 September 2016 |newspaper=The Hindu |last=Raghuram |first=M}}</ref> The Mangaluru City Police Department is headed by a Commissioner of Police.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/Every-Friday-have-phone-in-with-Police-Commissioner/article14551574.ece |title=Every Friday, have phone-in with Police Commissioner |access-date=20 February 2017 |date=5 August 2016 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Mangaluru is also the headquarters of the Western Range Police, which covers the western [[Districts of Karnataka#Divisions and Districts|districts of Karnataka]] and is headed by an [[Inspector General of Police]] (IGP).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://persmin.nic.in/ais/Ips_fcsreg.htm |title=The Indian Police Service (Fixation of Cadre Strength) Regulations, 1955 |access-date=15 April 2007 |publisher=Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061216151054/http://persmin.nic.in/ais/Ips_fcsreg.htm |archive-date=16 December 2006}}</ref>

=== Healthcare ===
[[File:KMC Hospital near Jyothi circle in Mangalore - 1.jpg|thumb|[[KMC Hospital, Mangalore|KMC Hospital]] in Mangaluru<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/mangalurus-kmc-hospital-performs-first-liver-transplant/articleshow/57796172.cms |title=Mangaluru's KMC Hospital performs first liver transplant |date=23 March 2017 |access-date=25 December 2019 |newspaper=The Times of India |last=Pinto |first=Stanley}}</ref>|alt=|right]]
The city is served by various hospitals such as the [[KMC Hospital, Mangalore|KMC Hospitals]], Father Muller Charitable Institutions (FMCI),<ref name='fmci'>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=673453 |title=Mangaluru: Healing, comfort - Tryst with Father Muller Charitable Institutions |date=12 February 2020 |access-date=24 February 2020 |newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref> AJ Hospital, and [[Wenlock District Hospital|Wenlock Hospital]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/private-doctors-hospitals-suspend-opd-services/article19980143.ece |title=Private doctors, hospitals suspend OPD services |date=4 November 2017 |access-date=24 February 2020 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Wenlock Hospital, a teaching hospital of [[Kasturba Medical College|KMC Mangaluru]] has around 1000 beds and caters to the healthcare needs of the neighboring districts.<ref name="wenlock">{{cite news |last=Noronha |first=Sushil |date=6 September 2019 |title=Mangaluru: Mother Mary Sodality donates wheelchairs to Wenlock Hospital |newspaper=Daijiworld |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=621969 |access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref> Mangalore is a hub for medical tourism and receives patients from foreign countries.<ref name='medical'>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/city-opens-up-to-medical-tourism/articleshow/67933044.cms |title=Mangaluru opens up to medical tourism |date=11 February 2019 |access-date=25 February 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> From 2017 to 2019, around 240 foreign nationals were treated in three hospitals across the city.<ref name='medical' /> Approximately 50 per cent of the patients (the foreign nationals) arrived in 2018 and 2019. KMC, AJ, and Yenepoya Hospitals have received the highest number of foreign patients, including those from the [[United States]].<ref name='medical' /> At Yenepoya Hospital, 68 foreign nationals have availed treatment during 2017–19.<ref name='medical' /> The largest inflow of foreign patients into Mangalore is from the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf countries]]. [[Deralakatte]] is a main healthcare hub of Mangaluru.<ref name='medical' />

=== Utility services ===
In Mangalore, electricity is regulated by the [[Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited]] (KPTCL) and distributed through [[Mangalore Electricity Supply Company]] (MESCOM).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kptcl.com/kptclaboutus.htm |title=About Us |publisher=[[Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited]] (KPTCL) |access-date=3 July 2008 |archive-date=19 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619235520/http://www.kptcl.com/kptclaboutus.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mesco.in/aboutus/index.asp |title=About Us |publisher=[[Mangalore Electricity Supply Company]] (MESCOM) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423021111/http://www.mesco.in/aboutus/index.asp |archive-date=23 April 2008 |access-date=3 April 2008}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Government of Karnataka)|2004|p=227|Ref=5}}</ref> Major state-owned enterprises such as Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL) and Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers (MCF) operate their own [[captive power plant]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2025 |title=Mangalore Refinery power plant |url=https://www.gem.wiki/Mangalore_Refinery_power_plant |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907050339/https://www.gem.wiki/Mangalore_Refinery_power_plant |archive-date=2025-09-07 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=GEM.Wiki |publisher=Global Energy Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aggarwal |first=Harshraj |date=March 13, 2024 |title=Mangalore Refinery & Petrochemicals Ltd: En route continuous growth and innovation |url=https://images.assettype.com/bloombergquint/2024-03/96dd9dc0-7518-41ed-9f62-b49601b35b9a/Yes_Securities_MRPL_Update.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907050817/https://images.assettype.com/bloombergquint/2024-03/96dd9dc0-7518-41ed-9f62-b49601b35b9a/Yes_Securities_MRPL_Update.pdf |archive-date=2025-09-07 |access-date=2025-09-07 |publisher=YES Securities (India) Ltd. (YSL)  |page=3 |type=Company Update {{!}} Sector: Energy |quote=MRPL prioritizes self-reliance and sustainability through robust infrastructure: [...] Power Plant: A 240 MW power plant fueled by gas and steam generates 160-170 MW to power the refinery's operations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://admin.mrpl.co.in/img/UploadedFiles/AnnualReport/Files/e48fd029cb5849df9136c87a8ff639d1.pdf  |title=34th Annual Report |last= |date=2021–2022 |publisher=Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited |page=84 (under heading 9.2 "Weaknesses") |quote=Captive Power Generation was considered for reliable operations previously. With a changing energy landscape and falling costs, your company intends to offset the use captive power with cheaper grid power through capacity augmentation. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511105508/https://admin.mrpl.co.in/img/UploadedFiles/AnnualReport/Files/e48fd029cb5849df9136c87a8ff639d1.pdf |archive-date=2024-05-11 |type=none}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mangalorechemicals.com/operations_Infrastructure.asp |title=Infrastructure |publisher=Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers (MCF) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011021914/http://www.mangalorechemicals.com/operations_Infrastructure.asp |archive-date=11 October 2007 |access-date=3 July 2008}}</ref>

Potable water is supplied to the city from a vented dam that was constructed across the Netravati River at [[Thumbe]], {{cvt|14|km|mi|0}} from Mangaluru.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2005/04/21/stories/2005042101271900.htm |title=No funds crunch to tackle water scarcity in Dakshina Kannada |date=21 April 2005 |access-date=5 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005164642/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2005/04/21/stories/2005042101271900.htm |archive-date=5 October 2012 |newspaper=Business Line}}</ref><ref name="kh">{{cite journal |last=Budhya |first=Gururaja |title='Social relevance of decision making' – A case study of water supply and waste water management in Mangalore, Coastal Karnataka, India. |url=http://www.ihdp.uni-bonn.de/ihdw02/summaries/pdf/Guru%20text1.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Asian Educational Services |pages=1–2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227170946/http://www.ihdp.uni-bonn.de/ihdw02/summaries/pdf/Guru%20text1.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2008 |access-date=18 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Karnataka Coastal Project |url=http://www.duraline.in/newsletter/Q4%202004%20Newsletter.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Duraline Pipes |issue=October–December 2004 |page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060112065425/http://www.duraline.in/newsletter/Q4%202004%20Newsletter.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2006 |access-date=27 July 2008}}</ref> The Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environment Management Project (KUDCEMP) was established to improve essential urban infrastructure and municipal services in 10 cities along Karnataka's west coast, including Mangaluru.<ref name = "ADB - Evaluation Document">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=25 November 2014 |title=Evaluation Document - India: Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environmental Management Project |url=https://www.adb.org/documents/india-karnataka-urban-development-and-coastal-environmental-management-project |website=adb.org |location= |publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]] |access-date=15 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="kh" /> The distribution and rehabilitation of the drinking water in the city are handled by the French company [[Suez Environnement]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/karnataka-french-firm-suez-to-rehabilitate-mangalurus-drinking-water-at-rs-565-79-cr/articleshow/72477853.cms |title=Karnataka: French firm Suez to rehabilitate Mangaluru's drinking water at Rs 565.79 cr |date=11 December 2019 |access-date=13 December 2019 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/nine-water-bodies-in-mangaluu-to-get-facelift/article30300918.ece |title=Nine waterbodies in Mangaluru to get facelift |date=13 December 2019 |access-date=14 December 2019 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Mangaluru's official refuse disposal site is in Vamanjoor.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Vamanjoor-dumpyard-turns-killer/articleshow/30602735.cms |title=Vamanjoor dumpyard turns killer |date=8 December 2002 |access-date=16 April 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103185433/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-12-08/bangalore/27318143_1_bio-medical-waste-dumpyard-disposal |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref> The city generates an average of 175 tonnes per day of waste, which is handled by the MCC's health department.<ref>{{harvnb|Mangalore City Corporation|p=10|Ref=18}}</ref>

Mangaluru is the headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada Telecom District, the second largest telecom district in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.karnataka.bsnl.co.in/mangalore/ |title=South Kannada Telecom District |publisher=[[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]] (Karnataka Telecom Circle) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715060137/http://www.karnataka.bsnl.co.in/mangalore/ |archive-date=15 July 2007 |access-date=15 March 2008}}</ref> Fixed-line telecom services are provided alongside [[GSM]] and [[Code division multiple access]] (CDMA) mobile services.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/tata-docomo-expands-3g-network-in-karnataka/article6130487.ece |title=Tata Docomo expands 3G network in Karnataka |date=19 June 2014 |access-date=21 February 2017 |newspaper=Business Line}}</ref> Prominent [[Broadband Internet access|broadband internet]] service providers in the city include [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]] and [[BSNL Broadband|DataOne]] by [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://hindu.com/2005/06/17/stories/2005061714690300.htm |title=BSNL launches broadband service |date=17 June 2005 |access-date=22 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013141839/http://hindu.com/2005/06/17/stories/2005061714690300.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=13 October 2012}}</ref>

==Education==
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Mangaluru}}

[[File:NITK mangalore.jpg|thumb|[[National Institute of Technology Karnataka|National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK)]] in Surathkal is among the premier institutes of India|alt=]]

The districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi are considered to be a major education corridor in India. [[Deralakatte]] is a university and medical town in Mangaluru where universities like [[Mangalore University]], [[NITTE|Nitte University including NMAM Institute of Technology]], [[Yenepoya University|Yenepoya]], [[Father Muller Charitable Institutions|Father Mullers]], and Kanachur are situated.<ref name="educationcorridor">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/coastal-karnataka-emerges-a-prominent-education-corridor/article30360453.ece |title=Coastal Karnataka emerges a prominent education corridor |date=20 December 2019 |access-date=19 January 2020 |newspaper=Business Line |last=Vinayak |first=A J}}</ref> In schools and colleges which are below university-level, the [[medium of instruction|media of instruction]] are mostly English and Kannada, and English is used for teaching in universities.<ref name="progress-sk">{{cite web |url=http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005af6_260.pdf |title=A brief history of scientific technology, research and educational progress of South Kanara |access-date=10 December 2016 |publisher=Indian Journal of History of Science |last1=Madhyastha |first1=M N |last2=Rahman |first2=M Abdul |last3=Kaveriappa |first3=K M |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525103046/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005af6_260.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2015}}</ref> Schools and colleges in Mangaluru are either government-run or are operated by private trusts and individuals.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/meritorious-students-to-be-felicitated-khader/article27402526.ece |title=Meritorious students to be felicitated: Khader |date=2 June 2019 |access-date=2 August 2019 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/13-govt-schools-to-get-e-smart-school-units-under-smart-city/articleshow/68260840.cms |title=13 government schools to get e-smart school units under Smart City |date=5 March 2019 |access-date=2 August 2019 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> Schools are affiliated with either the Karnataka State Board, [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE),<ref name="icsetheresa">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/Mangalore-based-St-Theresas-School-has-secured-cent-percent-results-in-class-10-examination-of-Indian-Certificate-of-Secondary-Education-ICSE-The-results-were-announced-on-Saturday-and-this-is-the-only-ICSE-School-in-Dakshina-Kannada-district-/articleshow/20106194.cms? |title=Mangalore-based St Theresa's School has secured cent percent results in class 10 examination of Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE). The results were announced on Saturday and this is the only ICSE School in Dakshina Kannada district. |date=17 May 2013 |access-date=10 December 2016 |newspaper=The Times of India |last=M V |first=Pavan}}</ref> the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/many-cbse-schools-record-100-pc-results/article8662466.ece |title=Many CBSE schools record 100 p.c. results |date=29 May 2016 |access-date=10 December 2016 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> or the [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS) boards.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/This-rank-holder-took-the-open-schooling-route/article14420274.ece |title=This rank holder took the open schooling route |date=13 June 2016 |access-date=19 January 2020 |newspaper=The Hindu |last=M |first=Raghava}}</ref>

Here are some of the earliest schools and colleges established in Mangaluru, and their years of establishment{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Basel Evangelical School, Mangalore|Basel Evangelical School]] (1838)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/bem-clocks-175-years/article5100364.ece |title=B.E.M. clocks 175 years |date=2 June 2016 |access-date=23 February 2020 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
*[[Milagres School, Mangalore|Milagres School]] (1848)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=371207 |title=Mangaluru: Milagres Avishkar scheduled at Milagres college |date=5 December 2015 |access-date=2 September 2018 |newspaper=Daijiworld |last=Ullal |first=Spoorthi}}</ref>
*[[Rosario High School, Pandeshwar|Rosario High School]] (1858)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mangaloretoday.com/opinion/MISSION-EDUCATION.html |title=Mission Education |date=29 July 2011 |access-date=28 August 2018 |last=Saldanha Shet |first=IJ |newspaper=Mangalore Today}}</ref>
*[[University College, Mangalore|University College]] (1868)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/487689/mangaluru-college-gets-heritage-tag.html |title=Mangaluru college gets heritage tag |date=6 July 2015 |access-date=19 January 2020 |newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
*[[St. Ann's High School, Mangalore|St. Ann's High School]] (1870)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/carmelites-celebrate-150-years-of-educating-girls/articleshow/64023075.cms |title=Carmelites celebrate 150 years of educating girls |date=4 May 2018 |access-date=28 August 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |last=Rao R |first=Sunitha}}</ref>
*[[St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)|St. Aloysius College]] (1879)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/landslips-in-dakshina-kannada/article28695625.ece |title=Landslips in Dakshina Kannada |date=24 July 2019 |access-date=28 December 2019 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
*[[Canara High School]] (1891)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Aravind-Adiga-donates-Rs-1-cr-to-alma-mater/articleshow/47889025.cms |title=Aravind Adiga donates Rs 1 cr to alma mater |date=3 July 2015 |access-date=2 September 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |last=Shenoy |first=Jaideep}}</ref>
*[[St. Agnes PU College, Mangalore|St. Agnes PU College]] (1921)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/st-agnes-college-to-launch-centennial-year-celebrations-on-january-12/articleshow/62433805.cms |title=St Agnes College to launch centennial year celebrations on January 12 |access-date=28 August 2018 |date=9 January 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |last=Shenoy |first=Jaideep}}</ref>
*[[St. Agnes College, Mangaluru|St. Agnes College (Autonomous)]] (1921)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/st-agnes-college-gets-a-grade-from-naac-in-fourth-cycle/articleshow/57915305.cms |title=Mangaluru: St Agnes College gets A+ grade from NAAC in fourth cycle |access-date=2 February 2021 |date=30 March 2017 |newspaper=The Times of India |last=Shenoy |first=Jaideep}}</ref>
*[[Sacred Hearts' School, Mangalore|Sacred Hearts' School]] (1943)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/rain-makes-it-more-exciting-for-children/article2251354.ece |title=Rain makes it more exciting for children |date=19 July 2011 |access-date=19 January 2020 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
*[[Jeppu#Educational institutions|Cascia High School]] (1946)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/1250-students-getting-the-hindu-school-edition/article6598664.ece |title=1,250 students getting The Hindu school edition |date=14 November 2014 |access-date=19 January 2020 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
*[[Carmel School, Mangalore|Carmel School]] (1951)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=585698 |title=Carmel School Mangaluru shines again |date=7 May 2019 |access-date=19 January 2020 |newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

[[Kasturba Medical College]] which was established in 1953, was India's first private [[Medical school|medical college]] and [[Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore|Manipal College Of Dental Sciences (MCODS)]] was established in the city in 1987.<ref name="deccanmlr">{{cite news |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/content/Aug152007/district2007081519172.asp |title=Sixty and still enterprising ... |last1=Fernandes |first1=Ronald Anil |date=15 August 2007 |access-date=1 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406020534/http://archive.deccanherald.com/content/Aug152007/district2007081519172.asp |archive-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=dead |newspaper=Deccan Herald |last2=J. A. |first2=Naina |last3=Hegde |first3=Bhakti V. |last4=Raveendran |first4=Aabha |last5=Padmanabha K. V. |first5=Sibanthi |last6=Mayya |first6=Sushma P.}}</ref> A public library run by the Corporation Bank is located at [[Mannagudda]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/04/01/stories/2006040100730100.htm |title=It's a treasure of books |date=1 April 2006 |access-date=31 January 2008 |first=Raviprasad |last=Kamila |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102025050/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/04/01/stories/2006040100730100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=2 November 2012}}</ref> Mangalore University was established on 10 September 1980<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/08/stories/2004090811840300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221100644/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/08/stories/2004090811840300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 December 2016 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |title=Mangalore University all set to celebrate jubilee |date=8 September 2004 |access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref> to fulfil the higher-education needs of Dakshina Kannada, [[Udupi District|Udupi]] and [[Kodagu]] districts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mangaloreuniversity.ac.in/ |title=Details of Mangalore University |publisher=[[Mangalore University]] |access-date=21 March 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207032239/http://www.mangaloreuniversity.ac.in/ |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> It is a [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC)-accredited, four-star-level institution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.educationobserver.com/resources/universsities/karnataka.htm |title=UGC recognised Universities in Karnataka with NAAC accreditation status |access-date=15 February 2014 |work=Education Observer}}</ref> NITK houses South India's first Regional Academy Centre for Space (RAC-S) which was launched by [[Indian Space Research Organization|ISRO]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-launches-south-indias-first-student-centric-rac-s-centre-at-nitk/articleshow/73088609.cms |title=ISRO launches South India's first student-centric RAC-S centre at NITK |date=3 January 2020 |access-date=19 May 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India |last=Mendonsa |first=Kevin}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Main|Transport in Mangaluru}}

Mangaluru is the only city in Karnataka to have all modes of transport—air, road, rail and sea.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mangaloreuniversity.ac.in/iccm2019/Broucher_ICCM_2019.pdf |title=Advances in Chemical and Material Science |access-date=1 March 2020 |publisher=Mangalore University}}</ref>

[[File:Mangalore Airport jet bridge.jpg|thumb|right|[[Jet bridge]] at the Mangalore International Airport]]
[[Mangalore International Airport]] ([[IATA]]: IXE, [[ICAO airport code|ICAO]]: VOML) is located near [[Bajpe]]-Kenjar and about {{cvt|13|km|mi|0}} north-east of Mangalore city centre.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Mangaluru-international-airport-stands-third-in-customer-satisfaction-survey/articleshow/54857060.cms |title=Mangaluru international airport stands third in customer satisfaction survey |date=14 October 2016 |access-date=20 February 2017 |newspaper=The Times of India |last=Shenoy |first=Jaideep}}</ref> It operates regular scheduled flights to major cities in India and the Middle East.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/MIA-handles-record-passengers-during-2013-14-at-a-growth-of-21-71-/articleshow/34162590.cms? |title=MIA handles record passengers during 2013–14 at a growth of 21.71%. |date=24 April 2014 |access-date=20 February 2017 |newspaper=The Times of India |last=Shenoy |first=Jaideep}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/air-india-reintroduces-mangalorekuwait-service/article6540868.ece |title=Air India reintroduces Mangalore-Kuwait service |date=28 October 2014 |access-date=20 February 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |last=Kamila |first=Raviprasad}}</ref> It is the second-largest and second-busiest airport in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/centre-okays-leasing-out-702121.html |title=Centre okays leasing out Mangalore airport |date=8 November 2018 |access-date=14 December 2019 |last=Kulkarni |first=Sagar |newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/mangalore-airport-handles-1242-lakh-passengers/article8151464.ece |title=Mangalore Airport records growth in passenger traffic |date=25 January 2016 |access-date=20 February 2017 |newspaper=Business Line |last=Vinayak |first=A J}}</ref> New terminals and runways at the airport accommodate both cargo and passenger requirements.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/mangalore-airport-to-start-domestic-cargo-handling-from-june-26/article7333074.ece |title=Mangalore airport to start domestic cargo handling from June 26 |date=19 June 2015 |access-date=20 February 2017 |newspaper=Business Line}}</ref> This airport is accredited by the [[Airports Council International|Airports Council International (ACI)]] under the Airport Health Accreditation (AHA) programme.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/adani-airports-in-ahmedabad-lucknow-and-mangaluru-get-aci-accreditation-121011800287_1.html |title=Adani airports in Ahmedabad, Lucknow and Mangaluru get ACI accreditation |date=18 January 2021 |access-date=18 January 2021 |newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref> State-government-run buses connect the city with the airport.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2006/10/04/stories/2006100403880900.htm |title=Intl services begin at Mangalore airport |date=4 October 2006 |access-date=21 February 2008 |newspaper=Business Line |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005164634/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2006/10/04/stories/2006100403880900.htm |archive-date=5 October 2012}}</ref>

Five [[National highways of India|National Highways]] pass through Mangaluru.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/NHAI-invites-bids-to-prepare-DPR-for-bypass/article15006907.ece |title=NHAI invites bids to prepare DPR for bypass |date=30 September 2016 |access-date=21 February 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |last=Sastry |first=Anil Kumar}}</ref> [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH-66]] (previously known as [[National Highway 17 (India)|NH-17]]<ref>{{cite news |title=NH 66 expansion hit more lives, ecology than estimated: Study |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/nh-66-expansion-hit-more-lives-ecology-than-estimated-study/article30832589.ece |access-date=23 February 2020 |date=16 February 2020 |newspaper=The Hindu |last=Deepika |first=K C}}</ref>), which runs from [[Panvel]], [[Maharashtra]], to [[Kanyakumari]], [[Tamil Nadu]], passes through Mangaluru in a north–south direction.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/muda-adopts-action-plan-to-construct-safety-wall-along-nethravathi-bridge/articleshow/73358991.cms |title=MUDA adopts action plan to construct safety wall along Nethravathi Bridge |date=18 January 2020 |access-date=20 January 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India |last=Shenoy |first=Jaideep}}</ref> [[National Highway 75 (India)|NH-75]] (previously known as NH-48) runs eastward to [[Bengaluru]] and [[Vellore]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/govt-to-develop-economic-corridors-logistics-parks/articleshow/57063058.cms |title=Govt to develop economic corridors, logistics parks |date=9 February 2017 |access-date=21 February 2017 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> [[National Highway 169 (India)|NH-169]] (previously known as NH-13) runs north-east from Mangaluru to [[Shimoga]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf |title=NH wise Details of NH in respect of Stretches entrusted to NHAI |access-date=4 July 2008 |publisher=[[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225142615/http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009}}</ref> [[National Highway 73 (India)|NH-73]], a {{cvt|315|km|mi|0|adj=on}}-long National Highway connects Mangalore to [[Tumkur]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangalore/DKs-new-NH-to-connect-three-states-/articleshow/5857031.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811065507/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-26/mangalore/28138714_1_nh-48-nhdp-nh-13 |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=DK's new NH to connect three states |date=26 April 2010 |access-date=15 December 2011 |last=Shenoy |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |first=Jaideep}}</ref> [[National Highway 275 (India)|NH-275]] also connects Mangaluru with Bengaluru via Mysuru.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/bangaloremysore-highway-to-be-upgraded-to-sixlane-on-ppp-basis/article6043414.ece |title=Bangalore-Mysore highway to be upgraded to six-lane on PPP basis |access-date=8 April 2017 |date=24 May 2014 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) is upgrading the national highways connecting New Mangalore Port to Surathkal on [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH-66]] and BC Road junction on [[National Highway 75 (India)|NH-75]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/416172/nhai-approves-overpass-nanthoor-junction.html |title=NHAI approves overpass at Nanthoor junction |date=26 June 2014 |access-date=21 February 2017 |newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref> Under the port connectivity programme of the [[National Highways Development Project]] (NHDP), a {{cvt|37.5|km|mi|0|adj=on}} stretch of these highways will be widened from two lanes to four.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2005/10/07/stories/2005100700631900.htm |date=7 October 2005 |title=4-lane road project in Mangalore likely to be completed in 30 months |access-date=13 October 2006 |newspaper=Business Line |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709021428/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2005/10/07/stories/2005100700631900.htm |archive-date=9 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Mangaluru's city bus service is dominated by private operators, which operate routes that extend beyond the city's boundary. Bus services from Mangaluru are operated by the [[Dakshina Kannada Bus Operators' Association]] (DKBOA) and Canara Bus Operators Association (CBOA).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/06/stories/2006030616460300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629051245/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/06/stories/2006030616460300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2011 |title=Transport operators in district vie for routes |date=6 March 2006 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=16 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/now-a-helpline-for-bus-commuters-in-city-to-pour-out-their-woes/article25315331.ece |title=Now, a helpline for bus commuters in city to pour out their woes |date=25 October 2018 |access-date=20 December 2019 |newspaper=The Hindu |last=Sastry |first=Anil Kumar}}</ref> [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]] (KSRTC) also runs bus services in the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/ksrtc-city-bus-services-to-start-running-by-monthend/article7840350.ece |title=KSRTC city bus services to start running by month-end |last=Sastry |first=Anil Kumar |date=4 November 2015 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |access-date=8 October 2016}}</ref> Two distinct sets of routes for the buses exist; [[Mangaluru City Bus routes|city routes]] are covered by city buses while intercity routes are covered by service and express buses.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/Bus-service-sought-between-Kateel-and-Dharmasthala/article14992352.ece |title=Bus service sought between Kateel and Dharmasthala |date=22 September 2016 |access-date=21 February 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> KSRTC also operates long-distance bus services that connect [[Bejai bus stand|Mangaluru]] with other parts of the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ksrtc.in/ksrtc-fecility.htm |title=Profile of KSRTC |access-date=4 July 2008 |publisher=[[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]] (KSRTC) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703125154/http://ksrtc.in/ksrtc-fecility.htm |archive-date=3 July 2008}}</ref> KSRTC [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission|JnNurm]] green city buses operate within the city limits.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/3-yr-demand-materialises-city-gets-JnNURM-depot-35-buses/articleshow/55259143.cms |title=3-yr demand materialises; city gets JnNURM depot, 35 buses |date=5 November 2016 |access-date=21 February 2017 |newspaper=The Times of India |last=K T |first=Vinobha}}</ref>

[[File:Clock Tower to Nehru Maidan Road in Mangalore - 2.jpg|thumb|right|Clock Tower to Nehru Maidan Road]]

Indian rail connectivity in Mangaluru was established in 1907;<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Railways-cross-a-milestone/article16019155.ece |title=Railways cross a milestone |date=12 April 2010 |access-date=21 February 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |last=Radhakrishnan |first=S. Anil}}</ref> the city was the starting point of India's longest rail route.<ref name="so" /> The city has three railway stations; [[Mangalore Central]] at Hampankatta, [[Mangalore Junction]] at Padil, and [[Surathkal railway station]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/08/stories/2007110854800400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110225303/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/08/stories/2007110854800400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 November 2007 |title=Name changed |date=8 November 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=5 July 2008}}</ref> A railway track built through the Western Ghats connects Mangalore with [[Sakleshpur]] and [[Hassan, India|Hassan]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/finally-on-track-new-hassan-rail-line-to-bring-closer-bengaluru-mangaluru/articleshow/57488957.cms |title=Finally on track: New Hassan Rail Line to bring closer Bengaluru, Mangaluru |date=6 March 2017 |access-date=3 December 2019 |newspaper=The Economic Times |last=Menezes |first=Naveen}}</ref> The [[broad gauge]] track connecting Mangalore to Bangalore via Hassan was opened to freight traffic in May 2006<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/mangalorehassan-rail-line-open-for-freight-traffic/article1732937.ece |date=6 May 2006 |title=Mangalore-Hassan rail line open for freight traffic |access-date=13 October 2006 |newspaper=Business Line |last=Vinayak |first=A J}}</ref> and passenger traffic in December 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/24/stories/2007112461660400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205201333/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/24/stories/2007112461660400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 December 2007 |date=24 November 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |title=Bangalore-Mangalore train service from December 8 |access-date=2 October 2008}}</ref> Mangalore is also connected to [[Chennai]], [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], Bhatkal, [[Karwar]], Surat, [[Ajmer]], and [[Margao]] through the [[Konkan Railway]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.konkanrailway.com/node/39 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127150157/http://www.konkanrailway.com/node/39 |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 January 2013 |title=The Beginning |access-date=16 April 2008 |publisher=Konkan Railway Corporation Limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2387166.ece |title=Southern Railway to operate special trains |date=23 August 2011 |access-date=15 December 2011 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

Mangaluru Harbour has shipping, storage, and logistical services; [[New Mangalore Port]] handles dry, bulk and fluid cargoes,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/new-mangalore-port-traffic-goes-up-64/article5756999.ece |title=New Mangalore Port traffic goes up 6.4% |access-date=20 February 2017 |date=6 March 2014 |newspaper=Business Line |last=Vinayak |first=A J}}</ref> and is equipped to handle petroleum oil lubricants, [[Petroleum|crude products]] and [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] containers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/economy/india-signs-oil-storage-pact-with-united-arab-emirates/522572/ |title=India signs oil storage pact with United Arab Emirates |access-date=20 February 2017 |date=26 January 2017 |newspaper=The Financial Express}}</ref> The [[Indian Coast Guard]] has a station at New Mangalore Port.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Coast-Guard-to-get-dedicated-jetty-at-New-Mangalore-Port/articleshow/43515619.cms |title=Coast Guard to get dedicated jetty at New Mangalore Port |access-date=20 February 2017 |date=26 September 2014 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> The artificial harbour is India's seventh largest container port and the only major port in Karnataka.<ref name="mcc4">{{harvnb|Integrated Solid Waste Management Operation & Maintenance report|p=4|Ref=18}}</ref><ref name='container-port' /> [[Travel visa#571886 571886/6886 571886=571886 571886/6886 571886=571886 571886/6886 571886=Electronic visas=571886 571886/6886 571886=571886 571886/6886 571886=571886 571886/6886 571886|Electronic visa]] (e-visa) facilities are available for travellers arriving in India at New Mangalore Port.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Foreigners-can-enter-India-through-five-ports-on-e-visa/article16738695.ece |title=Foreigners can enter India through five ports on e-visa |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2 December 2016 |access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Mangaluru}}

[[File:World Konkani Centre.jpg|thumb|upright|[[World Konkani Centre]] in Mangalore|alt=]]

===Music and dance===
Many classical dance forms and folk art are practised in Mangaluru. ''[[Yakshagana]]'' is a night-long dance and drama performance<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/06/10/stories/2004061000340300.htm |title=Enduring art |last=Prabhu |first=Ganesh |date=10 January 2004 |access-date=20 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103015415/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/06/10/stories/2004061000340300.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref> while ''[[Hulivesha|Pilivesha]]'' (tiger dance), a [[folk dance]] unique to the city, is performed during ''[[Navaratri|Dasara]]'' and ''[[Krishna Janmashtami]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/354160109.cms |title=Human 'tigers' face threat to health |last1=Pinto |first1=Stanley G. |date=26 October 2001 |access-date=7 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113160219/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/354160109.cms |archive-date=13 January 2009 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> ''Karadi Vesha'' (bear dance) is another well-known dance that is performed during ''Dasara''.<ref name="DAJ">{{cite news |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=726 |title=Poem: What's in a Name? |last=D'Souza |first=Stephen |access-date=4 March 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208022637/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=726 |archive-date=8 February 2012 |newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref>

''[[Paddanas]]'', ballad-like epics passed on verbally through generations, are sung by a community of impersonators in Tulu and are usually accompanied by the rhythmic drum beats.<ref name="DAJ"/> The Bearys' unique traditions are reflected in folk songs such as ''Kolkai'' (sung during ''[[Kolata]]'', a valour folk-dance during which sticks are used as props), ''Unjal Pat'' (traditional lullaby), ''Moilanji Pat'' and ''Oppune Pat'' (sung at weddings).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/13/stories/2007101361130300.htm |title=Beary Sahitya Academy set up |date=13 October 2007 |access-date=15 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102025141/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/13/stories/2007101361130300.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=2 November 2012}}</ref> The ''Evkaristik Purshanv'' (Konkani: [[Eucharist]]ic procession) is an annual Catholic religious procession that is held on the first Sunday of each year.<ref name="DAJ"/>

===Festivals===
Most of the popular Indian festivals are celebrated, the most important are Dasara, [[Diwali]], [[Christmas]], [[Easter]], [[Eid ul-Fitr|Eid]] and [[Ganesh Chaturthi]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=546475 |title=Mangaluru: Christmas celebrations promote interfaith harmony at St Aloysius College |date=17 December 2018 |access-date=16 March 2020 |newspaper=Daijiworld |last=Kolpe |first=Abhijith N}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/why-moode-may-soon-fall-off-festival-menus/articleshow/70815164.cms |title=Why moode may soon fall off Mangalurean festival menus |date=24 August 2019 |access-date=16 March 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India |last=Mendonsa |first=Kevin}}</ref> Kodial Theru, also known as ''Mangaluru [[Ratha Yatra|Rathotsava]]'' (chariot festival) is unique to the [[Goud Saraswat Brahmin]] community and is celebrated at the city's [[Padutirupathi|Sri Venkatramana Temple]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/5-day-Car-Festival-begins-in-Mangaluru/articleshow/50936199.cms |title=5-day Car Festival begins in Mangaluru |date=10 February 2016 |access-date=16 February 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India |last=Shenoy |first=Jaideep}}</ref>

The Mangaluru Catholic community's unique festivals include ''[[Monti Fest]]'' (Mother Mary's feast), which celebrates the [[Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary|Nativity feast]] and the blessing of new harvests.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=129 |title=Monti Fest Originated at Farangipet – 240 Years Ago! |last=Monteiro |first=John B. |access-date=11 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208022642/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=129 |archive-date=8 February 2012 |newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref> The ''Jain Milan'', a committee that consists of [[Jain community|Jain]] families, organises the annual Jain food festival,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/11/24/stories/2007112450980400.htm |title=Food for thought |last=Nayak |first=Amrita |date=24 November 2007 |access-date=18 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928071329/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/11/24/stories/2007112450980400.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=28 September 2011}}</ref> while ''Mosaru Kudike'' (curd pots feast), which is part of ''Krishna Janmashtami'' festival is celebrated by the whole community.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/mosaru-kudike-celebrations-add-a-dash-of-colour/article7624128.ece |title=Mosaru Kudike celebrations add a dash of colour |date=7 September 2015 |access-date=18 October 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |last=Manjunath |first=H S}}</ref> Special night prayers called [[Tarawih|Taraveeh]] (rest and relaxation) are offered in mosques during the month of [[Ramadan]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=700225 |title=Mangaluru: Crescent moon sighted - Ramadan to begin from April 24 |date=23 April 2020 |access-date=2 May 2020 |newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref>

''Aati'', a festival worshiping ''[[Aati kalenja|Kalenja]]'', a patron spirit of the city, is during the ''[[Aashaadha]]'' month of [[Hindu calendar]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/make-the-best-of-aati-at-pilikula-on-aug-2/article7459307.ece |title=Make the best of Aati at Pilikula on Aug. 2 |date=24 July 2015 |access-date=20 February 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |last=M |first=Raghava}}</ref> Festivals such as ''Karavali Utsav'' (coastal festival) and ''Kudlotsava'' (Tulu: festival of Mangalore) are celebrated with national and state-level performances in dance, drama and music.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.karavaliutsav.com/display.php?content_option=SECTION&ref_id=140 |title=Objectives of Karavali Utsav |publisher=Karavali Utsav, Mangalore |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204155958/http://www.karavaliutsav.com/display.php?content_option=SECTION&ref_id=140 |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=9 July 2008}}</ref> ''[[Bhuta Kola]]'' (spirit worship) is usually performed by the [[Tuluva]] community at night.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/70064/connecting-nature.html |title=Connecting with nature |date=17 May 2010 |access-date=20 February 2017 |newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref> [[Bhuta Kola]] is similar to [[Theyyam]] in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/videos/news/news-in-videos/devakoothu-the-lone-woman-theyyam-in-north-malabar-1.3468731 |title='Devakoothu'; the lone woman Theyyam in North Malabar |website=Mathrubhumi |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606105354/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/videos/news/news-in-videos/devakoothu-the-lone-woman-theyyam-in-north-malabar-1.3468731 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/This-year-Devakoothu-gets-a-new-face/articleshow/17735370.cms |title=Devakoothu: This year, Devakoothu gets a new face |website=The Times of India|date=23 December 2012 }}</ref> ''[[Nagaradhane]]'' (snake worship) is performed in praise of ''[[Nāga|Naga Devatha]]'' (the serpent king), who is said to be the protector of all snakes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=50662 |title=Nagarapanchami Naadige Doddadu |date=18 August 2007 |publisher=Mangalorean.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209025322/http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=50662 |archive-date=9 February 2012 |access-date=28 January 2008}}</ref> ''Kori Katta'', an ancient ritual associated with the Hindu temples in rural areas,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article1175873.ece |title=Police move against cockfight faces opposition |date=10 January 2008 |access-date=23 February 2020 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>[http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=100385 'Kori Katta' draws maximum crowd] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225092243/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=100385 |date=25 December 2013}} ''Mangalorean.com'' 14 November 2008</ref> a religious and spiritual [[Cockfight (Sacred)|cockfight]], is held at the temples when permission is given by police.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article2434611.ece |title=Cockfight held at school |date=8 September 2011 |access-date=23 February 2020 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{main|Mangaloreans#Cuisine}}
[[File:Neer Dosa.jpg|thumb|''Neer dosa'', a variant of ''[[Dosa (food)|dosa]]'' and ''[[pundi]]'' (rice ball), are native to Mangalore|alt=]]

Mangalorean cuisine is largely influenced by [[South Indian cuisine]]; several local cuisines are unique to the diverse communities of the region.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/exploring-mangalorean-cuisine-for-christmas/articleshow/56137891.cms |title=Exploring Mangalorean cuisine for Christmas |date=24 December 2016 |access-date=21 February 2017 |newspaper=The Times of India |last=C R |first=Sharanya}}</ref> Coconut, [[curry leaves]], ginger, garlic, and chili are common ingredients in Mangalurean curries.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/culmination-of-cuisines/article7333334.ece |title=Culmination of cuisines |date=19 June 2015 |access-date=21 February 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |last=Lazarus |first=Susanna Myrtle}}</ref> Well-known Mangalorean dishes include [[kori rotti]], [[neer dosa]], pundi (rice ball), [[patrode]], [[Mangalore bajji|golibaje]] and [[Mangalore buns]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=486171 |title=Oman: Mangaluru Balaga Sohar organises 'Food Festival and Musical Night' |date=14 December 2017 |access-date=15 February 2020 |newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref> Mangalorean cuisine is also known for fish and chicken dishes like ''[[Mackerel as food|bangude]] pulimunchi'' (spicy sour silver-grey mackerels), ''[[Sardines as food|boothai]] gasi'' (sardine semi-gravy), ''[[Spanish mackerel|anjal]]'' fry, [[Mangalorean Chicken Sukka]], and [[Chicken Ghee Roast]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/this-weekend-make-an-iconic-dish-manglorean-chicken-ghee-roast/ |title=This weekend, make an iconic dish: Mangalorean Chicken Ghee Roast |date=2 April 2016 |access-date=21 February 2017 |newspaper=The Indian Express |last=Pereira |first=Carol}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/flavours-from-the-coast-of-mangalore/article17743964.ece |title=Flavours from the coast |date=30 March 2017 |access-date=17 June 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |last=Narayanan |first=Lavanya}}</ref> Due to Mangalore being a coastal city, fish is a staple of most people's diet.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/oh-fish-rainy-days-are-here/articleshow/59172887.cms |title=Oh fish! Rainy days are here |date=16 June 2017 |access-date=17 June 2017 |newspaper=The Times of India |last=Daithota |first=Madhu}}</ref> The [[Konkani people|Konkani Hindu]] community's specialties include ''daali thoy'' (lentil curry), ''bibbe-upkari'' (tender cashew-nut curry), ''val val'' (coconut-milk-based curry), ''ambat'' (vegetable-based coconut curry),<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/spectrum-top-stories/aromas-coast-671031.html |title=Spectrum: Aromas of the coast |date=21 May 2018 |access-date=16 July 2019 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |last=G R |first=Prajna}}</ref> ''avnas ambe sasam'' (pineapple-mango fruit salad), ''kadgi chakko'' (raw [[jackfruit]]-coconut curry), ''paagila podi'' ([[Momordica dioica|spine gourd]] fries), and ''chane gashi'' (chickpea curry).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sunday-chronicle/epicuriosity/200817/a-taste-of-the-coast.html |title=A taste of the coast |date=20 August 2017 |access-date=16 July 2019 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |last=Poojari |first=Narayan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle-gallery/seven-iconic-mangalore-dishes-2759297-foodie/5/ |title=Have you had these seven iconic Mangalore dishes? |date=18 April 2016 |access-date=1 November 2016 |newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref> Mangalorean Catholics' dishes like ''[[sanna (dish)|sanna]]'', [[Pork Bafat]], ''[[sorpotel]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/why-mangalore-is-one-of-the-best-offbeat-destinations-in-india/as65245863.cms |title=Why Mangalore is one of the best offbeat destinations in India |date=2 August 2018 |access-date=16 July 2019 |newspaper=The Times of India |last=Chowdhury |first=Arka Roy}}</ref> and mutton ''[[biryani]]'' of the Beary Muslims are well-known dishes.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/This-Ramzan-biryani-variety-is-the-spice-of-life-in-Mangalore/articleshow/47927811.cms |title=This Ramzan, biryani variety is the spice of life in Mangalore |date=3 July 2015 |access-date=21 February 2017 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> Pickles such as ''[[Papadum|happala]]'', ''[[sandige]]'', and ''puli munchi'' are unique to Mangalore.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/explore-exotic-fruits-delicacies-at-fruits-mela-739056.html |title=Explore exotic fruits, delicacies at fruits mela |date=10 June 2019 |access-date=16 July 2019 |newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-2018-latest/constituency/article/mangalore-city-north-mohiuddin-bava-dr-bharath-shetty-bjp-congress-jds/224442 |title=Mangalore City North Election Result 2018 live updates: Dr. Bharath Shetty of BJP wins |date=15 May 2018 |access-date=16 July 2019 |newspaper=Times Now}}</ref> ''Shendi'' (toddy) which is a country liquor prepared from coconut flower sap, is popular.<ref name="DAJ" /> Vegetarian cuisine, also known as [[Udupi cuisine]], is known throughout the state and region.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/Karnataka-food-on-the-platter/article17067672.ece |title=Karnataka food on the platter |date=20 January 2017 |access-date=21 February 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |last=K |first=Bhumika}}</ref>

==Media==
[[File:AIR FM Tower Mangalore 0203.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[All India Radio]]'s FM tower at Kadri]]
''[[Mangaluru Samachara]]'', the first ever newspaper in Kannada, was published in 1843 by [[Hermann Mögling]] of the Basel Mission.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/first-kannada-newspaper-was-brought-out-by-a-german/article7727593.ece |title=First Kannada newspaper was brought out by a German |last=S |first=Bageshree |date=6 October 2015 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jan182004/artic6.asp |title=Herr Kannada |date=18 January 2004 |access-date=18 January 2008 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224153631/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jan182004/artic6.asp |archive-date=24 February 2012}}</ref> The first Kannada-to-English dictionary was published in Mangalore by [[Ferdinand Kittel]] in 1894.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://archive.org/details/grammarofkannada00kittuoft |title=A grammar of the Kannada language in English : comprising the three dialects of the language |access-date=22 November 2016 |publisher=Mangalore : Basel Mission Book and Tract Depository}}</ref> Major national English-language newspapers such as ''[[Times of India]]'', ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' and ''[[Daijiworld Media|Daijiworld]]''<ref>{{cite news |last= |date=28 March 2004 |title=Keeping track of events back home made easy |url= |access-date= |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |department=CITY/REGIONAL |publisher=Kasturi & Sons Ltd |publication-place=Chennai, India |id={{Factiva|THINDU0020040327e03s0006o}}. {{NewsBank text|1019FD01797EA265}}.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |date=26 May 2005 |title=Mangalore-based portal among popular websites |url= |access-date= |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |department=CITY/REGIONAL |page=03 |id={{Factiva|THINDU0020050525e15q00060}}. {{NewsBank text|10A5705BE78540AB}}.}}</ref> publish localised Mangaluru editions.<ref name="newspapers-mlore">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiacom.com/yellow-pages/newspapers-and-magazine-publishers/mangalore/ |title=Newspapers and Magazine Publishers in Mangalore |access-date=19 February 2017 |publisher=Indiacom |archive-date=20 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220011549/http://www.indiacom.com/yellow-pages/newspapers-and-magazine-publishers/mangalore/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/mangalore/media/newspaper.html |title=Mangalore Newspapers |access-date=20 March 2020 |publisher=Maps of India}}</ref> ''Madipu'' (Esteem), ''Mogaveera'', ''Samparka'' (Contact) and ''Saphala'' (Success) are the well-known Tulu periodicals in Mangaluru.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Jul192007/district2007071913749.asp |title='Madipu' literary competitions |date=19 July 2007 |access-date=18 January 2008 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406020545/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Jul192007/district2007071913749.asp |archive-date=6 April 2012}}</ref>

Popular Konkani language periodicals published in the city are ''[[Raknno]]'' (Guardian), [[Mangalorean Catholic literature|''Konknni Dirvem'' (Konkani Treasure)]] and ''Kannik'' (Offering).<ref name="newspapers-mlore" /> Beary periodicals published in Mangaluru include ''Jyothi'' (Light) and ''Swatantra Bharata'' (Independent India).<ref name="newspapers-mlore" /> [[Media in Karnataka#Newspapers|Kannada-language newspapers]] are ''[[Udayavani]]'' (Morning Voice) by [[Manipal]] Press Ltd, ''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]'' (Victory of Karnataka) and ''[[Vijayavani]]'' (Voice of Victory)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.w3newspapers.com/india/kannada/ |title=Kannada newspapers and news sites |access-date=14 July 2019 |publisher=W3 Newspapers}}</ref> by [[VRL Group]], ''[[Prajavani]]'' (Voice of the People), ''[[Kannada Prabha]]'' (Kannada Radiance), ''[[Varthabharathi]]'' (Indian News), ''[[Samyukta Karnataka]]'' (United Karnataka), and ''[[Hosa Digantha]]'' (New Horizon).<ref name="newspapers-mlore" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epapermathrubhumi.com/mathrubhumi-epaper-by-language-kannada.html |title=Kannada Newspapers and Kannada News Sites |access-date=9 July 2017 |publisher=E-paper Mathrubhumi}}</ref> The city's evening newspapers include ''[[Karavali Ale]]'' (Waves from the Coast), ''Mangaluru Mitra'' (Friend of Mangalore), ''[[Sanjevani]]'' (Evening Voice), and ''Jayakirana'' (Rays of Victory) are also published in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epapersland.com/india/jaya-kirana.html |title=Jaya Kirana Epaper |access-date=20 February 2017 |publisher=Epapers hub}}</ref> The Konkani-language newspaper ''Kodial Khabar'' (Mangaluru News) is published fortnightly.<ref name="newspapers-mlore" /> Malayalam newspapers such as ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' (Beautiful Malayalam) and ''[[Madhyamam Daily|Madhyamam]]'' (Medium) publish localised Mangalore editions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epapermathrubhumi.com/malayalam-newspaper-mangalore-edition.html |title=Malayalam Newspaper Mangalore Edition |access-date=18 February 2017 |publisher=E-paper Mathrubhumi}}</ref> ''Mangalore Today'' is an English-language monthly magazine that was launched in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=V U George conferred Karnataka Media Academy Award |url=http://www.coastaldigest.com/v-u-george-conferred-karnataka-media-academy-award |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=coastaldigest.com - The Trusted News Portal of India |language=en}}</ref>

The state-run, nationally broadcast television channel [[Doordarshan]] provides national and local television coverage.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/mangalore-remained-a-transmission-centre/article6237004.ece |title=Mangalore remained a transmission centre |access-date=20 February 2017 |date=22 July 2014 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Cable television also provides channels from independently owned private networks.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/DK-to-go-completely-digital-with-cable-TV-transmission-by-Dec-31/articleshow/53958303.cms |title=DK to go completely digital with cable TV transmission by Dec 31 |access-date=20 February 2017 |date=1 September 2016 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Canara TV and V4 Digital infotech network, local Multi System Operators, transmits daily video news channels, live events and cultural programmes to the city through local channels.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://canaratv.com/ |title=Daily Video News Channels from Mangalore |access-date=16 January 2008 |publisher=Canara TV}}</ref> Multiple local television channels broadcast programmes and news in Tulu, Konkani, Beary and Kannada;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://v4news.com/ |title=V4 News 24x7 |access-date=20 February 2017 |publisher=V4 News Mangalore}}</ref> these include Namma TV, V4 News and Spandana.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://namma.tv/ |title=Namma TV – The pulse of Coastal Karnataka |access-date=20 February 2017 |publisher=Namma TV}}</ref> Tulu channels are Namma Kudla<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nammakudlanews.com/ |title=Nammakudla News |website=nammakudlanews.com |access-date=6 October 2016}}</ref> and Posa Kural.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toireporter/Posa-Kural-decennial/speednewsbytopic/keyid-1836081.cms |title=Posa Kural decennial: Real Time News and Latest Updates |date=27 August 2013 |website=Posa Kural decennial: Real Time News and Latest Updates}}</ref> All India Radio (AIR) has a studio at [[Kadri, Mangalore|Kadri]] and broadcasts to Mangalore on 100.3 [[MHz]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar N K R |first=Ashwani |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/388286/wave-change-hit-air-mangalore.html |title=Wave of change to hit AIR Mangalore |date=24 February 2014 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |access-date=20 February 2017}}</ref> Mangalore's private FM stations include [[Radio Mirchi]] 98.3 FM, [[Big FM (Indian radio station)|Big 92.7 FM]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.medianewsline.com/news/119/ARTICLE/1796/2007-12-05.html |title=BIG FM Launches Station in Mangalore |date=5 December 2007 |access-date=5 July 2008 |publisher=Media Newsline |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305203200/http://www.medianewsline.com/news/119/ARTICLE/1796/2007-12-05.html |archive-date=5 March 2012}}</ref> and [[Red FM (India)|Red 93.5 FM]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/23/stories/2007112350640200.htm |title=It's time to swing to hits from FM channels |first=Govind D. |last=Belgaumkar |date=23 November 2007 |access-date=5 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629051238/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/23/stories/2007112350640200.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=29 June 2011}}</ref> [[Community Radio Sarang|Radio SARANG 107.8]] is a community radio station that is run by St. Aloysius College.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=153451 |title=Mangalore: SAC Community Radio Sarang 107.8 Celebrates Third Anniversary |access-date=18 February 2017 |date=24 October 2012 |newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref>

Mangaluru is home to the [[Tulu cinema|Tulu film industry]] which releases one film per month on average.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/Tulu-Sahitya-Academy-announces-annual-awards/article17123395.ece |title=Tulu Sahitya Academy announces annual awards |date=31 January 2017 |access-date=20 February 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Popular Tulu films include ''[[Kadala Mage]]'' (Son of the Sea) and ''[[Suddha (film)|Suddha]]'' (The Cleansing Rites).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=314298 |title=Mangaluru: Audio CD of Tulu movie 'Super Marmaye' released |date=24 April 2015 |access-date=20 February 2017 |newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref> Tulu dramas which are mostly played in the [[Town Hall, Mangalore|Town Hall]] at Hampankatta, are very popular.<ref name="deccanmlr" /> Mangaluru hosted the Tulu film festivals in 2006 and 2015.<ref name="FF">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/23/stories/2006022315050300.htm |title=Tulu film festival |access-date=19 January 2008 |date=23 February 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828100518/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/23/stories/2006022315050300.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=28 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.konkanworld.com/recent-events/243/tulu-cinemotsava-2015 |title=Konkanworld {{!}} Tulu Cinemotsava 2015 |website=www.konkanworld.com |access-date=12 November 2016 |publisher=Konkan World |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113032550/http://www.konkanworld.com/recent-events/243/tulu-cinemotsava-2015 |archive-date=13 November 2016}}</ref>

==Sports and pastimes==
{{Main|Sports in Mangalore}}

[[File:Pilikula Nisargadhama golf course, Mangalore.jpg|thumb|Mangalore Golf Course at Pilikula|alt=Mangalore Golf Course at Pilikula]]
[[Cricket]] is a popular sport in Mangaluru.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/kpl-2016-know-your-team-mangalore-united |title=Karbonn KPL 2016: Know your team – Mangalore United |date=11 September 2016 |website=Sportskeeda |access-date=5 December 2019}}</ref> Local cricket stadia include [[Mangala Stadium]] and B.R. Ambedkar Cricket Stadium (near NMPT).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/07/stories/2006080716740300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928131927/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/07/stories/2006080716740300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 September 2009 |title=Minister keen on improving sports infrastructure |date=7 August 2006 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=18 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bellevision.com/belle/index.php?action=topnews&type=15876 |title=Mangaluru: MPL Cricket scheduled in Dec 2016 with added attractions |date=9 August 2016 |access-date=10 December 2016 |publisher=bellevision.com}}</ref> The [[Sports Authority of India]] (SAI) has a sports training centre at Mangala Stadium.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/17/stories/2006071717730300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903181728/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/17/stories/2006071717730300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 September 2007 |title=Approval granted for sports training centre at Mangala Stadium |date=17 July 2006 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=25 July 2008}}</ref> [[Mangalore United]] is a [[Karnataka Premier League]] (KPL) franchise owned by Fiza Developers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/top-stories/Mangalore-United-team-owner-confident-of-successful-KPL-4-0/articleshow/48725465.cms |title=Mangalore United team owner confident of successful KPL 4.0 |date=29 August 2015 |access-date=20 February 2017 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Mangalore Premier League]] (MPL) is a cricket tournament organised by Karnataka Regional Cricket Academy.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/Mangalore-Premier-League-in-December/article14560560.ece |title=Mangalore Premier League in December |date=10 August 2016 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref> [[Nehru Maidan]] is an important local venue that hosts domestic, inter-school and intercollegiate tournaments.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58296.html |title=Central Maidan (Mangalore, India) |access-date=25 July 2008 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=20 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130120043910/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58296.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mangalore Sports Club (MSC) has been elected as the institutional member for the Mangaluru Zone of the [[Karnataka State Cricket Association]] (KSCA).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/310173.html |title=Wadiyar defeats Viswanath in Karnataka elections |last=Vasu |first=Anand |date=9 September 2007 |access-date=25 July 2008 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=25 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725144723/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/310173.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep102007/scroll2007091024510.asp?section=frontpagenews |title=Mixed verdict in KSCA polls |date=10 September 2007 |access-date=25 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406020538/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep102007/scroll2007091024510.asp?section=frontpagenews |archive-date=6 April 2012 |newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref> [[Lokesh Rahul]], commonly known as KL Rahul and [[Budhi Kunderan]], a former Indian wicket-keeper are from Mangalore.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/30178.html |title=Budhi Kunderan (India) |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=26 July 2008}}</ref> [[Ravi Shastri]], who represented India for several years in international cricket as an [[all-rounder]] and captained the team, is of [[Mangaloreans|Mangalorean]] descent.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/310173.html |title=Repaying the faith |last=Vasu |first=Anand |date=11 March 2007 |access-date=25 July 2008 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=25 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725144723/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/310173.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Association football|Football]] is also a popular sport in the city and is usually played in the ''maidans'' (grounds); the Nehru Maidan is the most popular venue for domestic tournaments.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shenoy |first=Jaideep |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Mangalore-premier-league-3-0-trophy-launch-today/articleshow/55646068.cms |title=Mangalore premier league 3.0 trophy launch today |date=27 November 2016 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=20 February 2017}}</ref> Dakshina Kannada District Football Association (DKDFA) annually organises the ''Independence Day Cup'', which is played on [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] at district football grounds adjacent to Nehru Maidan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=405267 |title=Mangaluru: Independence Cup football tourney kicks off, Nehru Maidan to be sports ground |date=21 July 2016 |access-date=20 February 2017 |newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref> Schools and colleges from across Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Kodagu districts participate and the matches are conducted under seven categories for children and young adults in education.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.coastaldigest.com/index.php/news/67410-independence-day-cup-football-tourney-concludes-on-a-high-note |title=Independence Day Cup football tourney concludes on a high note |last=Network |first=CD |date=15 August 2014 |access-date=16 October 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018212401/http://www.coastaldigest.com/index.php/news/67410-independence-day-cup-football-tourney-concludes-on-a-high-note |archive-date=18 October 2016 |newspaper=Coastaldigest.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Chess]] is a popular indoor pastime in the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/mangalore-children-excel-in-chess-tournament/article2452146.ece |title=Mangalore children excel in chess tournament |date=14 September 2011 |access-date=20 February 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Mangaluru is the headquarters of [[South Kanara District Chess Association|South Kanara District Chess Association (SKDCA)]], which has hosted two All India Open Chess tournaments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.karnatakachess.com/recent.shtml |title=Recent Tournaments |publisher=United Karnataka Chess Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508200356/http://www.karnatakachess.com/recent.shtml  |archive-date=8 May 2008 |access-date=22 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newsid=47176&newstype=local |title=Mangalore: All India Fide Rated Open Chess Tournament takes off |date=3 July 2006 |publisher=Mangalorean.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224141912/http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=47176 |archive-date=24 December 2007 |access-date=25 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newsid=81429&newstype=local |title=All India chess tourney in Mangalore from July 19 |date=17 June 2008 |publisher=Mangalorean.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714030754/http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newsid=81429&newstype=local |archive-date=14 July 2011 |access-date=25 July 2008}}</ref> Other sports such as tennis, squash, billiards, badminton, table tennis and golf are played in clubs and [[gymkhana]]s in Mangaluru.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/proposed-indoor-stadium-for-badminton-only-jain/article7047433.ece |title=Proposed indoor stadium for badminton only: Jain |date=30 March 2015 |access-date=20 February 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Pilikula Nisargadhama, an integrated [[theme park]], has an 18-hole golf course<ref name="golf-course">{{cite news |last=Pinto |first=Stanley |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Mangalore-to-get-beachside-golf-course/articleshow/34111959.cms |title=Mangalore to get beachside golf course |date=23 April 2014 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> at Vamanjoor.<ref name="lostinpilikula">{{cite news |last=V P |first=Vathsala |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sunday-herald/lost-pilikula-692583.html |title=Lost in Pilikula |date=15 September 2018 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref> [[U S Mallya Indoor Stadium]] offers sporting facilities for badminton and basketball players.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/proposed-indoor-stadium-for-badminton-only-jain/article7047433.ece |title=Proposed indoor stadium for badminton only: Jain |date=30 March 2015 |access-date=4 December 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
{{Main|Tourist attractions in Mangaluru}}

[[File:Panambur Beach Mangalore.jpg|thumb|left|Panambur Beach|alt=]]
[[File:St Aloysius College Admin block.jpg|thumb|St Aloysius College]]

Mangaluru lies between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats.<ref name="bliss">{{cite news |last=Kola |first=Maryam Aftab |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/supplements/travel/a-feeling-of-bliss-at-mangaluru-s-beaches-793549.html |title=A feeling of bliss at Mangaluru's beaches |date=14 January 2020 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |access-date=15 February 2020}}</ref> The city's temples and buildings include the Mangaladevi Temple, [[Kadri Manjunath Temple]], [[St. Aloysius Chapel|St Aloysius Chapel]], the [[Our Lady of Rosary Cathedral, Mangalore|Rosario Cathedral]], [[Milagres Church (Mangalore)|Milagres Church]], Dargah of Hazrat Shareef ul Madni at Ullal, and the Zeenath Baksh Jumma Masjid in [[Bunder]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/051117/sunday-story-the-buddha-towers-in-karnatakas-coast-too.html |title=Sunday story: The Buddha towers in Karnataka's coast too |date=5 November 2017 |access-date=16 November 2017 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/etched-in-wood-masjid-is-an-oasis-of-peace/article5939844.ece |title=Etched in wood, Masjid is an oasis of peace |date=23 April 2014 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=16 November 2017}}</ref>

The city is known for beaches such as Panambur, [[Tannirbhavi Beach|Tannirbhavi]], [[NITK Beach]], [[Sasihithlu beach]], [[Someshwar Beach|Someshwara beach]], [[Ullal beach]], Kotekar beach and Batapady beach.<ref name='bliss'/><ref>{{cite news |last=Sastry |first=Anil Kumar |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/virgin-sasihithlu-beach-beckons-tourists/article7882770.ece |title=Virgin Sasihithlu beach beckons tourists |date=16 November 2015 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=3 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar N K R |first=Ashwani |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/sveep-organises-human-chain-to-promote-voting-727485.html |title=SVEEP organises human chain to promote voting |date=8 April 2019 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |access-date=14 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sastry |first=Anil Kumar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/construction-of-groyens-in-full-swing-at-batapady/article27267746.ece |title=Construction of groyens in full swing at Batapady |date=28 May 2019 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=14 July 2019}}</ref> Panambur and Thannirbhavi beaches attract tourists from across the country.<ref>{{cite news |last=D'Souza |first=Sandhya C |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/306882/tannirbhavi-beach-gets-look.html |title=Tannirbhavi beach gets a new look |date=22 January 2013 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |access-date=3 December 2016}}</ref> Panambur beach has facilities including food stalls, [[jet ski]] rides, boating and dolphin viewing;<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=99860 |title=Mangalore: Dolphin Sighting Turns Panambur Beach More Adventurous |date=20 April 2011 |access-date=3 December 2016 |newspaper=Daijiworld |archive-date=8 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408184916/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp%3Fn_id%3D99860 |url-status=dead}}</ref> trained beach lifeguards and patrol vehicles ensure the safety of visitors.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pinto |first=Stanley |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Adventure-sports-hotting-up-along-Mangalore-coast/articleshow/18282534.cms |title=Adventure sports hotting up along Mangalore coast |date=1 February 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=3 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/you-can-get-sports-gear-on-rent-at-panambur-beach/articleshow/57582553.cms |title=You can get sports gear on rent at Panambur beach |date=11 March 2017 |access-date=14 July 2019 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Garodi |first=Brijesh |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=142498 |title=Panambur Beach Lifeguards - The Unsung Heroes of Mangalore |date=5 July 2012 |newspaper=Daijiworld |access-date=14 July 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Dome of the Panetarium behind the Pilikula Regional Science Centre in Mangalore - 2.jpg|thumb|Dome of the [[Swami Vivekananda Planetarium|Swami Vivekananda 3D Planetarium]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/countrys-first-3d-planetarium-inaugurated-at-pilikula/article22899334.ece |title=Country's first 3D planetarium inaugurated at Pilikula in city |date=2 March 2018 |access-date=19 March 2020 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>|alt=]]
[[Saavira Kambada Basadi]] is situated in [[Moodabidri]], {{cvt|34|km|mi}} north-east of Mangaluru.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=R. Krishna |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/tracking-the-lesser-known-bahubalis-of-karnataka/article21386607.ece |title=Tracking the lesser-known Bahubalis of Karnataka |date=10 December 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=15 February 2020}}</ref> The Sultan Battery watch tower built by Tipu Sultan is situated in [[Boloor, Mangalore|Boloor]] on the banks of Gurupura River;<ref>{{cite news |last=Sastry |first=Anil Kumar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/metal-barricade-comes-up-around-sulthan-bathery/article30428411.ece |title=Metal barricade comes up around Sulthan Bathery |date=30 December 2019 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=15 February 2020}}</ref> visitors can take the ferry across the river to Tannirbhavi Beach.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=552818 |title=Mangaluru: 2-day River Festival inaugurated in grand style |date=12 January 2019 |access-date=15 February 2020 |newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref> [[Adyar, Karnataka|Adyar]] waterfalls is on the city's outskirts about {{cvt|12|km|mi}} from Mangaluru city centre.<ref>{{cite news |last=Roche |first=Florine |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=264116 |title=Weekend getaway: Plan a day's outing to Adyar waterfalls |date=17 September 2014 |newspaper=Daijiworld |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref> The city has developed and maintains public parks such as Pilikula Nisargadhama,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pilikula.com/index.php?slno=90&pg=1 |title=About Place |access-date=3 July 2008 |publisher=Pilikula Nisargadhama |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613164732/http://www.pilikula.com/index.php?slno=90&pg=1 |archive-date=13 June 2008}}</ref> [[Kadri Park]], [[Tagore Park]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Patrao |first=Michael |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/supplements/travel/beam-and-shine-730777.html |title=Beam and shine! |date=27 April 2019 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |access-date=16 July 2019}}</ref> at Light House Hill, Mahatma Gandhi Park<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/saree-walk-draws-huge-crowd-in-mangaluru-765053.html |title=Saree walk draws huge crowd in Mangaluru |date=29 September 2019 |access-date=25 December 2019 |newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref> at Gandhinagar in Mannagudda,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Gandhi-Nagar-park-gets-a-new-lease-of-life-/articleshow/170491.cms |title=Gandhi Nagar park gets a new lease of life |date=7 September 2003 |access-date=26 March 2008 |first1=Stanly |last1=Pinto |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811134009/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-09-07/bangalore/27205913_1_corpus-fund-cascade-place |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=11 August 2011}}</ref> [[Tannirbavi Tree Park]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Sastry |first=Anil Kumar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/Tree-Park-on-Tannirbavi-beachfront-set-to-charm-all/article14172959.ece |title=Tree Park on Tannirbavi beachfront set to charm all |date=24 March 2016 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=18 December 2018}}</ref> [[Arise Awake Park]] at Karangalpady,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/pradhan-to-dedicate-arise-awake-park-to-namma-kudla-today/articleshow/63447199.cms |title=Dharmendra Pradhan to dedicate Arise Awake Park to Namma Kudla today |date=25 March 2018 |access-date=27 August 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> and Corporation Bank Park at Nehru Maidan. Pilikula, which occupies {{Convert|370|acres|ha|abbr=out}},<ref name='lostinpilikula'/><ref>{{cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Arka Roy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/why-mangalore-is-one-of-the-best-offbeat-destinations-in-india/as65245863.cms |title=Why Mangalore is one of the best offbeat destinations in India |date=2 August 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref> has a zoo, [[botanical garden]], lake, water park (''manasa''),<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=446915 |title=Mangaluru: River Roost Resorts - A perfect weekend getaway for all |newspaper=Daijiworld |date=12 April 2017 |access-date=21 July 2019}}</ref> Swami Vivekananda Planetarium,<ref name="planetarium3d8k">{{cite news |last=Shenoy |first=Jaideep |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/indias-first-3d-planetarium-to-start-regular-shows-from-march-4/articleshow/63138795.cms |title=India's first 3D planetarium to start regular shows from March 4 |date=2 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=21 July 2019}}</ref> science centre,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/At-Pilikula-a-total-tourist-experience/articleshow/51052291.cms |title=At Pilikula, a total tourist experience |date=19 February 2016 |access-date=27 December 2019 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> and a {{Convert|50|acres|ha|adj=on}} 18-hole golf course.<ref name='golf-course'/><ref>{{cite news |last=Bela |first=Stany |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=501036 |title=Mangaluru: Pilikula golf course set for major facelift on par with international standards |date=22 March 2018 |newspaper=Daijiworld |access-date=21 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sanjiv |first=Deepthi |url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/state/mangaluru-sentosa-like-island-in-pilikula-plan-on/articleshow/58916770.cms |title=Mangaluru: Sentosa-like island in Pilikula – Plan on |date=30 May 2017 |newspaper=Bangalore Mirror |access-date=17 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/85547/reviving-local-traditions.html |title=Reviving local traditions |date=2 August 2010 |access-date=17 June 2017 |newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Posavanike |first=Ravi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Pilikula-provides-perfect-weekend-getaway/articleshow/51057247.cms |title=Pilikula provides perfect weekend getaway |date=19 February 2016 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref> Swami Vivekananda Planetarium is the first 3D planetarium in India with an 8K resolution display.<ref name='planetarium3d8k'/>

''[[Mangaluru Dasara]]'', a ten-day festival held at [[Gokarnanatheshwara Temple|Sri Gokarnatheswara temple]], attracts devotees from across India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/City-spruced-up-for-Mangaluru-Dasara/article15420943.ece |title=City spruced up for Mangaluru Dasara |date=1 November 2016 |access-date=3 December 2016 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Mangaladevi temple attracts devotees from all over the country during ''[[Navratri|Navaratri]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=268231 |title=Mangalore Dasara culminates in grand cultural cavalcade |newspaper=Daijiworld |date=4 October 2014 |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>

==Sister cities==
Mangalore is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with two Canadian cities:
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]], [[Canada]], since 1968<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mundialization.ca/hamiltons-twin-cities/ |title=Hamilton's Twin Cities |access-date=19 January 2015 |publisher=The Hamilton Mundialization Committee |archive-date=29 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829041826/http://www.mundialization.ca/hamiltons-twin-cities/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Delta, British Columbia|Delta]], Canada, since 2010<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-mangalore-delta-in-sisterly-embrace-1451843 |title=Mangalore, Delta in sisterly embrace |date=13 October 2010 |access-date=19 January 2015 |last=Raghuram |first=M |newspaper=DNA India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=Chopra |first=P. N. |title=History of South India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4eRx-d821rYC |publisher=[[S.Chand]] & Company |year=2003 |access-date=2 July 2008 |isbn=81-219-0153-7 |ref=3}}
*{{cite book |last=(Government of Karnataka) |first=Directorate of Economics and Statistics |publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]] ([[Karnataka]] State) |chapter=Economic Infrastructure |title=Economic Survey of Karnataka 2003–04 |pages=216–235 |chapter-url=http://des.kar.nic.in/ecosurvey/03-04/Chapter-4-Eng.pdf |year=2004 |access-date=25 July 2008 |ref=5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003062813/http://des.kar.nic.in/ecosurvey/03-04/Chapter-4-Eng.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2008}}
*{{cite book |last=(Government of Karnataka) |first=Directorate of Economics and Statistics |publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]] ([[Karnataka]] State) |title=Area, Population, Membership, Revenue, Expenditure & Employment by Municipalities, Karnataka, 2000–2001. |url=http://des.kar.nic.in/cnl/lbs2000.pdf |year=2005 |access-date=26 July 2008 |ref=6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003062754/http://des.kar.nic.in/cnl/lbs2000.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2008}}
*{{cite book |title=The Cambridge History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KIM8AAAAIAAJ |last=Dodwell |first=H.H. |publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive |access-date=16 January 2009 |ref=cam |year=1922}}
*{{cite book |last1=Fisher |first1=William Bayne |last2=Jackson |first2=Peter |last3=Lockhart |first3=Laurence |publisher=Cambridge University Press |title=The Cambridge history of Iran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EF_4AQeOltUC |year=1986 |access-date=6 June 2009 |ref=manj |isbn=978-0-521-20094-3}}
*{{cite book |last=Forrest |first=George W. |authorlink=George William Forrest |title=Selections from the Letters, Despatches, and Other State Papers Preserved in the Bombay Secretariat |volume=2 |year=1887 |isbn=3337278663 |publisher=Government Central Press |ref=8}}
*{{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Amitav |title=The Imam and the Indian: Prose Pieces |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQHp9wsWaZcC |year=2002 |access-date=2 July 2008 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=81-7530-047-7 |ref=9}}
*{{cite book |last=Heitzman |first=James |edition=illustrated |title=City in South Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit |url-access=registration |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |access-date=6 June 2009 |isbn=978-0-415-34355-8}}
*{{cite book |year=1973 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-6j8tgAACAAJ |title=South Kanara District Gazetteer |series=Karnataka State Gazetteer |volume=12 |pages=33–85 |chapter=History |publisher=Gazetteer Department ([[Government of Karnataka]]) |ref=sch}}
*{{cite book |title=Bulletin of the International Committee of Historical Sciences |last=International Committee of Historical Sciences |publisher=Les presses universitaires de France |volume=7 |year=1935 |ref=his}}
*{{cite book |last=Kerr |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Kerr (writer) |title=General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels |chapter-url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/kerr/ |chapter=Discoveries, Navigations, and Conquests of the Portuguese in India, from 1505 to 1539 |volume=6 |year=1812 |access-date=21 July 2008 |isbn=0364244844 |publisher=George Ramsay and Company |ref=14}}
*{{cite book |last=Mangalore City Corporation |chapter-url=http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/forms/sez/MSEZ%20Draft%20EIA/Mangalore%20SEZ,%20Oct.%202007/Chapter%203/Chap_3Water.doc |chapter-format=DOC |title=Mangalore SEZ Draft (October 2007) |chapter=Description of Environment |pages=31–48 |access-date=21 March 2008 |ref=7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410145321/http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/forms/sez/MSEZ%20Draft%20EIA/Mangalore%20SEZ%2C%20Oct.%202007/Chapter%203/Chap_3Water.doc |archive-date=10 April 2008}}
*{{cite book |last=Mangalore City Corporation |title=Mangalore SEZ Draft (October 2007) |chapter-url=http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/forms/sez/MSEZ%20Draft%20EIA/Mangalore%20SEZ,%20Oct.%202007/Chapter%203/Chap_Socio.doc |chapter=Description of Environment |pages=111–134 |chapter-format=DOC |access-date=9 April 2008 |ref=16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410145109/http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/forms/sez/MSEZ%20Draft%20EIA/Mangalore%20SEZ%2C%20Oct.%202007/Chapter%203/Chap_Socio.doc |archive-date=10 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book |last=Lal |first=K. S. |author-link=K. S. Lal |year=2002 |title=Return to roots: emancipation of Indian Muslims |publisher=Radha Publications |isbn=978-81-7487-245-6}}.
*{{cite book |last=Lee |first=Samuel |title=Quoted in "Selections from the Travels of Ibn Batuta" |chapter-url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/ibnbatuta/ |chapter=On the Malabar Coast |year=1829 |access-date=29 July 2008 |isbn=1605206210 |publisher=Oriental Translation Committee |ref=17}}
*{{cite book |last=Mangalore City Corporation |title=Integrated Solid Waste Management Operation & Maintenance report |url=http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/forms/SWM%20Details%20for%20Website.doc |format=DOC |access-date=20 June 2008 |ref=18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410145020/http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/forms/SWM%20Details%20for%20Website.doc  |archive-date=10 April 2008}}
*{{cite book |last=National Council of Applied Economic Research |title=Traffic Survey of Mangalore and Malpe Ports: Report |publisher=Public Works Department, Government of Mysore |year=1961 |ref=22}}
*{{cite journal |last=Pinto |first=Pius Fidelis |author-link=Pius Fidelis Pinto |year=1999 |title=History of Christians in coastal Karnataka, 1500–1763 A.D. |asin=B0000CPGW4 |journal=Samanvaya Prakashan}}.
*{{cite book |last=Prabhu |first=Alan Machado |year=1999 |title=Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians |publisher=I.J.A. Publications |isbn=978-81-86778-25-8}}.
*{{cite book |year=1973 |title=South Kanara District Gazetteer |series=Karnataka State Gazetteer |volume=12 |pages=86–125 |chapter=People |publisher=Gazetteer Department ([[Government of Karnataka]]) |ref=sc}}
*{{cite book |last=Riddick |first=John F. |title=The History of British India: A Chronology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V2nGnWXV7coC |year=2006 |access-date=2 July 2008 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=0-313-32280-5 |ref=23}}
*{{cite book |last=Shrihari |first=S. |title=Environmental Concerns for a Typical Fast Developing Indian City: Mangalore |year=2007 |publisher=Faculty of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal}}
*{{cite book |last1=Somerset |first1=Playne |last2=Bond |first2=E. W. |last3=Wright |first3=Arnold |last4=Wright |first4=Playne |year=2004 |title=Southern India: Its History, People, Commerce, and Industrial Resources |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8WNEcgMr11kC |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=81-206-1344-9 |access-date=18 June 2008 |ref=24}}
*{{cite book |last=Thornton |first=Edward |title=The History of the British Empire in India |publisher=Cox and Wyman Printers |year=1859 |url=https://archive.org/details/historybritishe04thorgoog |access-date=5 July 2008 |isbn=1331267595 |ref=27}}
*{{cite book |last=Townsend |first=George Henry |title=A Manual of Dates: A Dictionary of Reference to the Most Important Events in the History of Mankind to be Found in Authentic Records |publisher=Warne |year=1867 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LtBCAAAAIAAJ |access-date=19 August 2008 |isbn=0266609635 |ref=271}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Bhat |first=P. Gururaja |author-link=P. Gururaja Bhat |title=Antiquities of South Kanara |publisher=Prabhakara Press |year=1969}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hoiberg |first1=Dale |last2=Ramchandani |first2=Indu |title=Students' Britannica India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kEj-2a7pmVMC |access-date=16 June 2008 |year=2000 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=0-85229-760-2 |chapter=Mangalore |ref=10}}
*{{cite book |last=Venn |first=T. W. |title=Mangalore |year=1945 |publisher=Wesley Press}}
*{{Citation |author=S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar |year=1942 |title=Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language |publisher=University of Madras |url=https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage |isbn=9789839154801}}
*{{Citation |author=J. Sturrock |year=1894 |title=Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-I) |publisher=Madras Government Press |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3200/page/n1/mode/2up}}
*{{Citation |author=Harold A. Stuart |year=1895 |title=Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-II) |publisher=Madras Government Press |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281736/mode/2up}}
*{{Citation |author=Government of Madras |year=1905 |title=Madras District Gazetteers: Statistical Appendix for South Canara District |publisher=Madras Government Press |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.177471/page/n1/mode/2up}}
*{{Citation |author=Government of Madras |year=1915 |title=Madras District Gazetteers South Canara (Volume-II) |publisher=Madras Government Press |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16591/page/n5/mode/2up}}
*{{Citation |author=Government of Madras |year=1953 |title=1951 Census Handbook- South Canara District |publisher=Madras Government Press |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6023/1/7746_1951.pdf}}
*{{Citation |author=J. I. Arputhanathan |year=1955 |title=South Kanara, The Nilgiris, Malabar and Coimbatore Districts (Village-wise Mother-tongue Data for Bilingual or Multilingual Taluks) |publisher=Madras Government Press |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6447/1/50056_1951_SOU.pdf}}
*{{Citation |title=Statistical Atlas of the Madras State (1951) |last=Rajabhushanam |first=D. S. |publisher=Director of Statistics, Government of Madras |year=1963 |location=Madras (Chennai) |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6454/1/9111_1951_STA.pdf}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Mangalore}}
{{Sister project links |b=no |commons=Mangalore |d=no |m=no |mw=no |n=no |q=no |s=no |v=no |voy=Mangalore |wikt=Mangalore}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190315220959/http://www.dk.nic.in/ DC OFFICE, MANGALORE]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120423032035/http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/ Mangalore City Corporation Website]
*[https://www.mangalorecity.com/ Mangalore City Website]

{{Localities in Mangalore}}
{{Communities in Mangalore}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mangalore| ]]
[[Category:Former Portuguese colonies]]
[[Category:Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in India]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:Cities in Karnataka]]

Rajouri Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:25:38Z

Ghazal Builders: added first info w/ sources...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = [[Rajouri]]
| mla = [[Iftkar Ahmed]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Rajouri district|Rajouri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Anantnag-Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency|Anantnag-Rajouri]]
| established = 1962
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 85
|reservation = ST
}}

'''Rajouri Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], a northern [[Union Territory]] of [[India]]. Rajouri is also part of [[Anantnag-Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12211-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-assamarunachal-pradesh-manipur-and-nagaland-notification-dated-06032020/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir, Assam,Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland - Notification dated 06.03.2020 - Delimitation - Election Commission of India |newspaper=eci.gov.in |accessdate=2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13193-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-notification-dated-03032021/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir - Notification dated 03.03.2021 - Presidential Orders/ Delimitation Commission Orders |website=Election Commission of India |date= 3 March 2021 |accessdate= 2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Rajouri Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/rajouri.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Elections.in}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Abdul Aziz Shawal
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=8}}
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Abdul Rashid (politician)|Abdul Rashid
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan=3|Chowdhary Talib Hussain
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| Mirza Abdul Rashid
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| Mohammad Sharief Tariq<ref name=election1996>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3794-jammu-kashmir-1996/ |title=Jammu & Kashmir 1996 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| Mohammad Aslam (Jammu and Kashmir politician)|Mohammad Aslam<ref name=election2002>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3795-jammu-kashmir-2002/ |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2002 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| Shabbir Ahmed Khan<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3796-jammu-kashmir-2008/ |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Qamar Hussain]]<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Iftkar Ahmed]]
| {{Full party name with color |Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Rajouri<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Iftkar Ahmed]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,923 |percentage=45.04% |change={{increase}}17.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vibod Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,519 |percentage=42.85% |change={{increase}}15.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mian Mohammed Mehfooz |party=Independent politician |votes=4,052 |percentage=6.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manzoor Hussain Shah |party=Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party |votes=1,766 |percentage=2.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tasadiq Hussain |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=727 |percentage=1.13% |change={{decrease}}29.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=538 |percentage=0.84% |change={{decrease}}0.14 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,404 |percentage=2.19% |change= {{decrease}}0.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,220 |percentage=56.88% |change= {{decrease}}19.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,12,904 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}2.37 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}14.41 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Rajouri<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Qamar Hussain]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=26,954 |percentage=30.63% |change={{increase}}17.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chowdhary Talib Hussain |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,464 |percentage=27.80% |change={{increase}}15.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shabir Ahmed Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,296 |percentage=27.61% |change={{increase}}13.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mirza Abdul Rashid |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=4,888 |percentage=5.56% |change={{decrease}}4.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yog Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,744 |percentage=1.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Farooq |party=Independent politician |votes=1,733 |percentage=1.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mustafa |party=Independent politician |votes=587 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=864 |percentage=0.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,490 |percentage=2.83% |change= {{increase}}2.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=87,992 |percentage=76.09% |change= {{increase}}5.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,15,647 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.37 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}17.00 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Rajouri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shabir Ahmed Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,013 |percentage=13.63% |change={{decrease}}17.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tasadiq Hussain |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=9,680 |percentage=13.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chowdhary Talib Hussain |party=Independent politician |votes=8,763 |percentage=11.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vibodh Gupta |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,712 |percentage=11.86% |change={{decrease}}8.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Aslam Khan |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=7,706 |percentage=10.49% |change={{decrease}}29.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Qamar Hussain]] |party=Independent politician |votes=7,035 |percentage=9.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sharief Tariq |party=Independent politician |votes=5,299 |percentage=7.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=333 |percentage=0.45% |change= {{decrease}}8.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,469 |percentage=70.12% |change= {{increase}}43.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,04,783 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}5.14 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}26.37 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Rajouri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Aslam |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=11,933 |percentage=40.00% |change={{decrease}}10.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Qamar Hussain]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,255 |percentage=31.02% |change={{decrease}}4.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yog Raj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,120 |percentage=20.51% |change={{increase}}8.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Qamer Robbani |party=Independent politician |votes=656 |percentage=2.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Maroof Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=419 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shafaqat Wani |party=Independent politician |votes=280 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babu Ram Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=240 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,678 |percentage=8.98% |change= {{decrease}}6.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,836 |percentage=27.05% |change= {{decrease}}37.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,10,458 |ref = |change= {{increase}}39.69 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}10.74 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Rajouri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sharief Tariq |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=25,934 |percentage=50.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chowdhary Talib Hussain |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,048 |percentage=35.31% |change={{decrease}}36.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vibod Kumar Gupta |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,103 |percentage=11.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Qamer Robbani |party=Janata Dal |votes=580 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Natter Singh |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=380 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,886 |percentage=15.43% |change= {{decrease}}33.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,120 |percentage=65.45% |change= {{decrease}}16.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,073 |ref = |change= {{increase}}38.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}21.28 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Rajouri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mirsa Abdul Rashid |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,443 |percentage=72.02% |change={{increase}}28.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chowdhary Talib Hussain |party=Independent politician |votes=10,648 |percentage=22.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=1,348 |percentage=2.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khadam Hussain |party=Independent politician |votes=349 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saire Begum |party=Independent politician |votes=285 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,795 |percentage=49.09% |change= {{increase}}42.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,438 |percentage=82.74% |change= {{increase}}11.93 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,187 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.89 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}22.07 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Rajouri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Talib Hussain |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=17,683 |percentage=49.95% |change={{increase}}18.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mirza Abdul Rashid |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,488 |percentage=43.75% |change={{increase}}3.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazir Ahmed Mir |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=1,145 |percentage=3.23% |change={{decrease}}28.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roop Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=883 |percentage=2.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,195 |percentage=6.20% |change= {{decrease}}2.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,403 |percentage=70.64% |change= {{increase}}10.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,109 |ref = |change= {{increase}}26.85 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}9.97 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Rajouri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Talib Hussain |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,390 |percentage=39.98% |change={{decrease}}45.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sharif |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=7,365 |percentage=31.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Aslam |party=Independent politician |votes=4,969 |percentage=21.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Qadir Mir |party=Janata Party |votes=1,638 |percentage=6.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,025 |percentage=8.62% |change= {{decrease}}65.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,489 |percentage=59.62% |change= {{increase}}5.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 40,291 |ref = |change= {{increase}}26.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}45.02 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Rajouri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Talid Hussain |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,159 |percentage=84.99% |change={{increase}}28.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roop Lal |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=1,835 |percentage=11.02% |change={{decrease}}9.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gulzar Ahmed |party=Independent politician |votes=457 |percentage=2.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sharif |party=Independent politician |votes=208 |percentage=1.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,324 |percentage=73.98% |change= {{increase}}38.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,659 |percentage=53.88% |change= {{decrease}}12.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,759 |ref = |change= {{increase}}51.78 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}28.45 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Rajouri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Rashid |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,653 |percentage=56.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Ram |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=2,823 |percentage=20.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Hussain |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=2,193 |percentage=16.20% |change={{decrease}}60.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dev Raj |party=Democratic National Conference |votes=867 |percentage=6.41% |change={{decrease}}16.84 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,830 |percentage=35.68% |change= {{decrease}}17.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,536 |percentage=67.38% |change= {{decrease}}1.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,925 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}24.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}20.22 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Rajouri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Aziz Shawal |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=14,192 |percentage=76.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dev Raj |party=Democratic National Conference |votes=4,297 |percentage=23.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,895 |percentage=53.52% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,489 |percentage=81.60% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,795 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Rajouri]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|33.38|74.32|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Rajouri district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

List of landmark court decisions in India

2026-04-10T01:16:43Z

Ghazal Builders: created a data

[[File:Supreme Court of India (emblem).png|alt=<nowiki>Emblem of the [[Supreme Court of India]], India's highest judiciary body.</nowiki>|thumb|260x260px|Emblem of the [[Supreme Court of India]], India's highest judiciary authority.]]
{{Short description|none}}'''Landmark court decisions in India''' substantially change the interpretation of existing [[law]]. Such a [[Lists of landmark court decisions|landmark decision]] may settle the law in more than one way. In present-day [[common law]] legal systems it may do so by:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/leading-case |title=Meaning of ''leading case'' in the English Dictionary |access-date=2021-11-22 |archive-date=2022-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504033900/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/leading-case |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>A. W. B. Simpson, ''Leading Cases in the Common Law'', Clarendon Press,
1996 [http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198262992.001.0001/acprof-9780198262992] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603032129/http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198262992.001.0001/acprof-9780198262992|date=2018-06-03}}</ref>
* Establishing a significant new [[Legal doctrine|legal principle]] or concept;
* Overturning prior precedent based on its negative effects or flaws in its reasoning;
* [[Distinguishing]] a new principle that refines a prior principle, thus departing from prior practice without violating the rule of ''[[stare decisis]]'';
* Establishing a "test" (that is, a measurable standard that can be applied by courts in future decisions).

In India, landmark court decisions come most frequently from the [[Supreme Court of India]], which is the highest judicial body in India. [[High courts of India]] may also make such decisions, particularly if the Supreme Court chooses not to review the case or if it adopts the holding of the lower court.

== Individual rights ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name of the case
!Year
!Judgement
|-
|rowspan = 2 |''Romesh Thappar vs State of Madras''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=Romesh Thappar vs State of Madras |court=INSC |year=1950 |num=16 |date=1950-05-26 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
|rowspan = 2 |1950
|Ban on dissenting media under the Section 9 (1-A) of the Madras Maintenance of Public Order Act, 1949 struck down as unconstitutional.
|-
|style="background-color:#9EFF9E" |This in-turn led to formulation of the [[First Amendment of the Constitution of India|1st amendment of the Constitution]] of India which clarified ''public order'' can form grounds for reasonable restrictions of free speech.
|-
|''[[Stanislaus v. State of Madhya Pradesh]]''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=Stanislaus v. State of Madhya Pradesh |link=Stanislaus v. State of Madhya Pradesh |court=INSC |year=1977 |num=13 |date=1977-01-17 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
|1977
|Right to propagate religion does not include the right to convert by force, fraud or allurement.
|-
|rowspan = 2 |''[[Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum]]''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum |link=Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum |court=INSC |year=1985 |num=99 |date=1985-04-23 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
|rowspan = 2 |1985
|Upheld the payment of maintenance and [[alimony]] to [[Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum|Shah Bano]] and hence to Muslim women by Muslim Husbands.
|-
|style="background-color:#FFE3E3" | The [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv Gandhi ministry]] passed the [[Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986]] which diluted this judgement and restricted the right to maintenance and alimony which was heavily criticized as a move to appease Muslims opposing the judgement.<ref name="IE-UA">{{cite web |last=Anand |first=Utkarsh |title=From Shah Bano to Salma |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/from-shah-bano-to-salma/520890/0 |date=Mar 26, 2010 |access-date=3 May 2014 |work=The Indian Express |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140503184410/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/from-shah-bano-to-salma/520890/0 |archive-date= 3 May 2014 }}</ref><ref name="ghost">{{cite web |last=Rashid Faisal |first=Malik |title=The ghost of Shah Bano |url=http://www.businessandeconomy.org/14052009/storyd.asp?sid=4364&pageno=1 |access-date=3 May 2014 |publisher=Business & Economy |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140503184828/http://www.businessandeconomy.org/14052009/storyd.asp?sid=4364&pageno=1 |archive-date= 3 May 2014 }}</ref><ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web |last=Ali |first=Subhashini |title=1985: Shah Bano case |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20051226-shah-bano-judgement-was-a-landmark-in-our-social-and-political-history-786361-2005-12-25 |date=Dec 26, 2005 |access-date=3 May 2014 |work=[[India Today]] |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140503185051/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/shah-bano-judgement-was-a-landmark-in-our-social-and-political-history/1/192383.html |archive-date= May 3, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="sundayguardian">{{cite web |date=29 April 2012 |title=Cementing of dynastic democracy |url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/analysis/cementing-of-dynastic-democracy |first1=Ram |last1=Jethmalani |access-date=1 May 2014 |work=The Sunday Guardian |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140502221300/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/analysis/cementing-of-dynastic-democracy |archive-date= May 2, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="outlookindia">{{cite web |date=23 August 2004 |title=What If Rajiv Hadn't Caved In To The Zealots? |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?224880 |first1= Sundeep |last1=Dougal |access-date=1 May 2014 |publisher=Outlook India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503162328/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?224880 |archive-date= May 3, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Makarand R Paranjape |title=Altered Destinations: Self, Society, and Nation in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gslfcdHp0soC&pg=PA50 |year=2009 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-797-5 |page=50}}</ref> The Supreme court later through ''Danial Latifi v. Union of India'' case and ''Shamima Farooqui v. Shahid Khan'' upheld the Shah Bano judgement effectively nullifying the Muslim Women Act 1986.
|-
|''[[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India]]''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India |link=National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India |court=INSC |year=2014 |num=282 |date=2014-04-15 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
|2014
|Recognised transgender as '[[third gender]]' in law and affirmed that the [[fundamental rights]] granted under the [[Constitution of India]] will be equally applicable to them.
|-
|''[[ABC v. The State (NCT of Delhi)]]''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=ABC v. The State (NCT of Delhi) |link=ABC v. The State (NCT of Delhi) |court=INSC |year=2015 |num=476 |date=2015-07-06 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
|2015
|Unwed woman belonging to the [[Christian faith]] can become a legal [[Legal guardian|guardian]] of her child without the father's consent.
|-
|''[[Shreya Singhal v. Union of India]]''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=Shreya Singhal v. Union of India |link=Shreya Singhal v. Union of India |court=INSC |year=2015 |num=251 |date=2015-03-24 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
|2015
|Struck down restrictions on online speech introduced in Section 66A of the [[Information Technology Act, 2000]].
|-
|rowspan = 2 | [[Right to Privacy verdict|''Justice K. S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India'']]<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=Justice K. S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India |link=Right to Privacy verdict |court=INSC |year=2017 |num=689 |date=2017-08-24 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
or ''The Right to Privacy verdict''
|rowspan = 2 |2017
|[[Right to privacy]] is protected as a [[Fundamental rights in India|fundamental right]] under Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the [[Constitution of India]] thus overruling ADM Jabalpur vs Shivkant Shukla.<ref name="Firstpost rightful place">{{cite news |date=29 August 2017 |title=Supreme Court rights old judicial wrongs in landmark Right to Privacy verdict, shows State its rightful place |language=en |work=Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/supreme-court-rights-old-judicial-wrongs-in-landmark-right-to-privacy-verdict-shows-state-its-rightful-place-3984011.html |access-date=31 December 2021 |archive-date=6 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206222233/https://www.firstpost.com/india/supreme-court-rights-old-judicial-wrongs-in-landmark-right-to-privacy-verdict-shows-state-its-rightful-place-3984011.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|style="background-color:#FFE3E3" |This judgement thus overruled the ''[[ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla]]'' '''(1976)''':<ref>''[[ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla]]'' [https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1735815/ {{bracket|1976}} AIR 1207] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314165002/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1735815/ |date=2023-03-14 }} (28 April 1976), S.C. (India)</ref> A person's right to not be unlawfully detained (i.e. [[habeas corpus]]) can be suspended during [[State of emergency|emergency]].
|-
|rowspan = 3 |''[[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India]]''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India |link=Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India |court=INSC |year=2018 |num=746 |date=2018-06-06 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
|rowspan = 3 |2018
|Decriminalisation of acts of [[Oral sex]] and [[Anal sex]] which effectively decriminalised Homosexual sex.
|-
|style="background-color:#FFE3E3" |This judgement thus overruled [[Suresh Kumar Koushal v. Naz Foundation]] '''(2013)''':<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=Suresh Kumar Koushal v. Naz Foundation |link=Suresh Kumar Koushal v. Naz Foundation |court=INSC |year=2013 |num=1096 |date=2013-12-11 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref> Upheld and reinstated the [[Section 377]] of the [[Indian Penal Code]] criminalising [[Anal sex]]
|-
|style="background-color:#FFE3E3" |This judgement thus overruled [[Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi]] '''(2009):'''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi |link=Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi |court=INSC |year=2009 |num=2450 |date=2009-07-02 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref> Decriminalization of homosexual acts involving consenting adults throughout India.
|-
|[[Arun Kumar v. Inspector General of Registration|''Arun Kumar v. Inspector General of Registration'']]
|2019
|The Madras High Court (Madurai Bench) directed the Tamil Nadu state to ban [[Intersex medical interventions|forced sex-selective surgeries on intersex infants]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/features/lgbtq-india-asia-tamil-nadu-ban-sex-selective-surgeries-for-infants/284982/|title=1st in India & Asia, and 2nd globally, Tamil Nadu bans sex-selective surgeries for infants|website=The Print|date=31 August 2019 |access-date=15 May 2020|archive-date=7 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607025339/https://theprint.in/features/lgbtq-india-asia-tamil-nadu-ban-sex-selective-surgeries-for-infants/284982/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theswaddle.com/tn-first-state-to-ban-sex-reassignment-surgery-on-intersex-babies/|title=Tamil Nadu Becomes First State to Ban So‑Called Corrective Surgery on Intersex Babies|website=The Swaddle|date=30 August 2019 |access-date=15 May 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803061033/https://theswaddle.com/tn-first-state-to-ban-sex-reassignment-surgery-on-intersex-babies/|url-status=live}}</ref>.the high court of [[Tamil Nadu]], ruled that the term "bride" under the ''[[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955]]'' includes trans women. Specifically, it directed the authorities to register a marriage between a man and a transgender woman.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-29|title=INTERSEX LEGAL MAPPING REPORT (2023)|url=https://ilga.org/resources/intersex-legal-mapping-report-2023/|access-date=2023-12-11|website=www.ilga.org Geneva|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-29|title=Indian Court Decides In Favor of Informed Consent Rights for Intersex People|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/04/29/indian-court-decides-favor-informed-consent-rights-intersex-people|access-date=2023-12-11|website=The Human Rights Watch, The United States|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Deepika Singh v. Central Administrative Tribunal]]''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=Deepika Singh v. Central Administrative Tribunal |link=Deepika Singh v. Central Administrative Tribunal |court=INSC |year=2022 |num=802 |date=2022-08-16 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
|2022
|Atypical families and same-sex couples are deserving of equal protection under law and benefits available under social welfare legislation.
|-
|''[[Janhit Abhiyan v. Union of India]] or EWS Reservation Case.''
|2022
|The legality of the 103rd Amendment of the Constitution, which provides reservation in educational institutes as well as in jobs for the economically weaker sections, was upheld.
|-
|[[Supriyo v. Union of India|''Supriyo v. Union of India'']]
|2023
|The right to marry is a statutory right, not a constitutional right. Therefore, only Parliament can recognize the marriage between non-heterosexual couples.
|}

== Criminal law ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name of the case
!Year
!Judgement
|-
| rowspan = 2 |''[[Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India]]''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India |link=Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India |court=INSC |year=1978 |num=16 |date=1978-01-25 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
| rowspan = 2 |1978
|A 'procedure' under Article 21 of the Constitution cannot be arbitrary, unfair, oppressive, or unreasonable.
A law depriving a person of 'personal liberty' must not violate any of the Articles 14, 19, and 21 of the Constitution.
|-
|style="background-color:#FFE3E3" |This judgement thus overruled [[A. K. Gopalan v. State of Madras]] '''(1950)'''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=A. K. Gopalan v. State of Madras |link=A. K. Gopalan v. State of Madras |court=INSC |year=1950 |num=14 |date=1950-05-19 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref> Court upheld the validity of the Preventive Detention Act, 1950, with the exception of Section 14, which restricted disclosure of the grounds of detention, which was deemed unconstitutional.
|-
| rowspan = 2 |[[Vishakha and others v State of Rajasthan|''Vishakha v. State of Rajasthan'']]<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=Vishakha v. State of Rajasthan |link=Vishakha and others v State of Rajasthan |court=INSC |year=1997 |num=665 |date=1997-08-13 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
| rowspan = 2 |1997
|Establishment of the ''Vishakha Guidelines'' to handle sexual harassments of women at workplace until sufficient legislation is implemented for the purpose.
|-
|style="background-color:#9EFF9E" |This ruling was superseded by the [[Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013|Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013]]
|-
|''[[Om Prakash v. State of Uttar Pradesh]]''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=Om Prakash v. State of Uttar Pradesh |link=Om Prakash v. State of Uttar Pradesh |court=INSC |year=2006 |num=297 |date=2006-05-11 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
|2006
| A person is not convictable under Section 376 2e (Raping a pregnant women) if he had certain knowledge of the fact that the victim is pregnant. The knowledge of the fact must be proven to certainty and not possibility. Consequently, in this case, the accused was sentenced under Section 376 (1), and was sentenced to milder punishment.
|-
|''[[Arnesh Kumar Guidelines|Arnesh Kumar vs State of Bihar]]''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=Arnesh Kumar vs State of Bihar |link=Arnesh Kumar Guidelines |court=INSC |year=2014 |num=495 |date=2014-07-02 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
or ''The'' ''Arnesh Kumar Guidelines''
|2014
|Arrests should be an exception, in cases where the punishment is less than seven years of imprisonment.<ref name="JamesSebin">{{cite news |last1=James |first1=Sebin |date=21 November 2021 |title=Police Officials To Face Action If Arrest Procedure Under Sec 41A CrPC & 'Arnesh Kumar' Guidelines Are Violated : Telangana High Court |language=en |work=www.livelaw.in |url=https://livelaw.in/news-updates/telangana-high-court-arnesh-kumar-guidelines-proceedings-against-erring-police-officials-41a-crpc-185990 |access-date=21 November 2021 |archive-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121055506/https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/telangana-high-court-arnesh-kumar-guidelines-proceedings-against-erring-police-officials-41a-crpc-185990 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==Constitutional jurisprudence==
The [[Supreme Court of India]], which is the highest judicial body in India, has decided many leading cases of Constitutional jurisprudence, establishing [[Constitution bench (India)|Constitution Benches]] for hearing the same. Given below are a list of some leading cases.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name of case
!Year
!Judgement
|-
| rowspan = 2 |''[[State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan]]''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan |link=State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan |court=INSC |year=1951 |num=25 |date=1951-04-09 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
| rowspan = 2 |1951
|Struck down the Communal G.O. of 1927 by the Madras government rejecting caste-based reservations in government jobs and college seats.
|-
|style="background-color:#9EFF9E" |This in-turn led to formulation of the [[First Amendment of the Constitution of India|1st Amendment of the Constitution]] which clarified that [[Equality before the law|right to equality]] does not bar the enactment of laws which provide "special consideration" for weaker sections of society.
|-
|[[I.C. Golaknath and Ors. v. State of Punjab and Anrs.|''Golaknath v. State Of Punjab'']]<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=Golaknath v. State Of Punjab |link=I.C. Golaknath and Ors. v. State of Punjab and Anrs. |court=INSC |year=1967 |num=45 |date=1967-02-27 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
|1967
|Struck down Parliament's power to amend all parts of the Constitution, including Part III related to Fundamental Rights. The judgement left Parliament with no power to curtail Fundamental Rights.
|-
|''[[Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala]]''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala |link=Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala |court=INSC |year=1973 |num=258 |date=1973-04-24 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
|1973
|Formally outlined and adopted the [[Basic structure doctrine]], limiting Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution by holding that certain fundamental features of the Constitution cannot be altered.
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain|''Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain'']]
| rowspan="2" |1975
|Examined the validity of the [[39th Amendment of the Constitution of India|39th Amendment to the Constitution of India]] and struck down clauses (4) and (5) of Article 329A, reinforcing the [[basic structure doctrine]] and reaffirming that no one, not even the Prime Minister, is above the law and that the judiciary has the ultimate authority to interpret the Constitution and safeguard its fundamental principles.
|-
|style="background-color:#FFE3E3"|The judgement overturned Allahabad High Court decision in [[State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain|''State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain'']] allowing Indira Gandhi to continue serving as the Prime Minister of India.
|-
|''[[Minerva Mills v. Union of India]]''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=Minerva Mills v. Union of India |link=Minerva Mills v. Union of India |court=INSC |year=1980 |num=141 |date=1980-07-31 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
|1980
|Clarifying the Basic Structure doctrine, the Court ruled that the power of the [[Parliament of India|parliament]] to amend the constitution is limited by the constitution. Hence the parliament cannot exercise this limited power to grant itself an unlimited power, rendering clauses 4 and 5 of the [[Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976|42nd Amendment of the Constitution (1976)]] void.
|-
|[[Olga Tellis and ors Vs. Bombay Municipal Corporation and ors|''Olga Tellis Vs. BMC'']]<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=Olga Tellis Vs. BMC |link=Olga Tellis and ors Vs. Bombay Municipal Corporation and ors |court=INSC |year=1985 |num=155 |date=1985-07-10 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
|1985
|The right to life under Article 21 of the [[Constitution of India]] includes the right to livelihood.
|-
|''[[Mohini Jain v. State of Karnataka]]''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=Mohini Jain v. State of Karnataka |link=Mohini Jain v. State of Karnataka |court=INSC |year=1992 |num=184 |date=1992-07-30 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
|1992
|Established right to education as an integral part of the right to life guaranteed under Article 21.
|-
|''[[Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India]]<ref>''[[Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India]]'' [https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1363234/ {{bracket|1992}} AIR 1993 SC 477] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318103244/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1363234/ |date=2023-03-18 }} (16 December 1992), S.C. (India)</ref>''
|1992
|Upheld that caste was an acceptable indicator of backwardness.
|-
|''[[S. R. Bommai v. Union of India]]''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=S. R. Bommai v. Union of India |link=S. R. Bommai v. Union of India |court=INSC |year=1994 |num=173 |date=1994-03-11 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
|1994
|Court discussed at length provisions of [[Article 356 of the Constitution of India]] (President's Rule) and related issues. This helped put an end to the arbitrary impositions seen until then.
|-
|''[[Sarla Mudgal, & others. v. Union of India]]''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=Sarla Mudgal, & others. v. Union of India |link=Sarla Mudgal, & others. v. Union of India |court=INSC |year=1995 |num=269 |date=1995-05-10 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
|1995
|Principles against the practice of solemnizing second marriage by conversion to Islam, with first marriage not being dissolved. It highlighted the need for a [[Uniform civil code of India|uniform civil code]].
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Three Judges Cases]]''
|1981
|''S.P. Gupta v. Union of India''<ref>S.P. Gupta v. Union of India [https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1294854/ {{bracket|1981}} AIR 1982 SC 149] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314201323/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1294854/ |date=2023-03-14 }} (30 December 1981), S.C. (India)</ref>

Established the Collegium system of the [[Judiciary of India|Indian Judicial System]].
|-
|1993
|''Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India''<ref>Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India [https://indiankanoon.org/doc/753224/ {{bracket|1993}} 4 SCC 441] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314201323/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/753224/ |date=2023-03-14 }} (6 October 1993), S.C. (India)</ref>

Struck down the [[Ninety-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India|99th Amendment of the Constitution of India]] and the proposal of the [[National Judicial Appointments Commission]].
|-
|1998
|''In re Special reference 1''<ref>In re Special reference 1 [https://indiankanoon.org/doc/543658/ {{bracket|1998}} AIR 1999 SC 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501040932/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/543658/ |date=2023-05-01 }} (28 October 1998), S.C. (India)</ref>

Reply by the Chief Justice of India to the questions raised by President of India [[K. R. Narayanan]] regarding the Collegium system.
|-
|''[[Mohammad Salimullah v. Union of India]]''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=Mohammad Salimullah v. Union of India |link=Mohammad Salimullah v. Union of India |court=INSC |year=2021 |num=127 |date=2021-04-08 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
|2021
|Rejected appeals to provide relief to [[Rohingya people|Illegal Rohingya immigrants]] from deportation.
|-
|[[Electoral Bond|''Association for Democratic Reforms vs Union of India & Ors.'']]
|2024
|Struck down the Union’s 2018 [[Electoral Bond|Electoral Bonds]] scheme. The Court held that the scheme violated the voters’ right to information enshrined in Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution, and that the scheme could lead to [[Quid pro quo]] situations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kashyap |first=Gauri |date=2024-02-15 |title=Electoral Bonds Constitution Bench {{!}} Judgement Summary |url=https://www.scobserver.in/reports/electoral-bonds-constitution-bench-judgement-summary/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215154720/https://www.scobserver.in/reports/electoral-bonds-constitution-bench-judgement-summary/ |archive-date=2024-02-15 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|}

== Policy and Administration==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name of the case
!Year
!Judgement
|-
|''[[T. S. R. Subramanian v. Union of India]]''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=T. S. R. Subramanian v. Union of India |link=T. S. R. Subramanian v. Union of India |court=INSC |year=2013 |num=1003 |date=2013-10-31 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
|2013
|Officers of the [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], other [[All India Services]] and other civil servants are not bound to follow oral directives, as they "undermine credibility".
|-
|''[[Lily Thomas]] v. Union of India along with Lok Prahari v. Union of India''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=Lily Thomas v. Union of India |link=Disqualification of convicted representatives in India |court=INSC |year=2013 |num=674 |date=2013-07-10 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
|2013
|[[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]], [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]/MLC who is [[convicted]] of a crime and given a minimum of two years', loses membership of the House with immediate effect.
|-
| rowspan = 2 | ''[[Government of NCT of Delhi v. Union of India]]''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=Government of NCT of Delhi v. Union of India |link=Government of NCT of Delhi v. Union of India |court=INSC |year=2018 |num=541 |date=2018-07-04 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
| rowspan = 2 |2018
|Chief Minister, and not the [[Lieutenant Governor of Delhi]], is the executive head of the National Capital Territory (NCT) government.
|-
|style="background-color:#FFE3E3" |This overruled the Government of NCT of Delhi v. Union of India in the [[Delhi High Court]] '''(2016) :''' The [[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|Lt Governor of Delhi]] exercised complete control of all matters regarding National Capital Territory of Delhi.
|}
==Law enforcement==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name of the case
!Year
!Judgement
|-
|''[[Prakash Singh v. Union of India]]''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=Prakash Singh v. Union of India |court=INSC |year=2006 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
|2006
|'''Police reforms in India:'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prakash Singh vs Union of India (Supreme court rulings compliance) |url=https://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/programs/aj/police/india/initiatives/seven_steps_to_police_reform.pdf}}</ref>
* Fixed tenure of State Police Chief / [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]] (DGP)
* Separation of law and order and crime investigation at the [[police station]] level
* Establishment of [[Police Complaints Authority (India)|Police Complaint Authorities]]
* Constitute a State Security Commission; to prevent political interference on the police and evaluation of police performance.
* Creation of Police Establishment Board
* Minimum fixed tenure for police officers in operational law and order positions, including [[Station House Officer|Station House Officers]], [[Superintendent of police (India)|District Superintendents of Police]], [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioners of Police]] and Zonal Inspectors General.
* Creation of National Security Commission at the [[Government of India|union]] level.
|-
|''[[Vineet Narain v. Union of India]]''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=Vineet Narain v. Union of India |court=INSC |year=1997 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
|1997–1998
|Strengthened independence of '''[[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] and [[Enforcement Directorate]]'''; abolished Single Directive and introduced judicially monitored investigation guidelines.
|-
|''[[Lalita Kumari v. Government of Uttar Pradesh]]''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=Lalita Kumari v. Government of Uttar Pradesh |court=INSC |year=2013 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
|2013
|Held that '''registration of FIR is mandatory''' under Section 154 CrPC if information discloses a cognizable offence; preliminary inquiry only in exceptional cases.
|-
|''[[D. K. Basu v. State of West Bengal]]''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=D K Basu v. State of West Bengal |court=INSC |year=1997 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
|1997
|Issued binding '''guidelines to prevent custodial torture & deaths''' including arrest memo, information to relatives, medical examination, and production before magistrate.
|-
|''[[Joginder Kumar v. State of Uttar Pradesh]]''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=Joginder Kumar v. State of Uttar Pradesh |court=INSC |year=1994 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
|1994
|Held that police power of arrest is '''not absolute''' and reasons for arrest must be justified; protection against arbitrary arrest.
|-
|''[[Nandini Satpathy v. P. L. Dani]]''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=Nandini Satpathy v. P. L. Dani |court=INSC |year=1978 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
|1978
|Expanded protection against self-incrimination during police interrogation; recognised '''right to silence''' and right to consult lawyer during questioning.
|-
|''[[State of Bihar v. P. P. Sharma]]''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=State of Bihar v. P. P. Sharma |court=INSC |year=1991 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
|1991
|Reaffirmed wide powers of police to investigate; courts should not quash FIR/investigation merely on allegations of mala fides without strong evidence.
|}

== Environmental law ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name of the case
!Year
!Judgement
|-
|[[M. C. Mehta v. Union of India|''M. C. Mehta v. Union of India'']]
|1987
|Introduced [[absolute liability]] principle for hazardous industries, replacing English strict liability rule, and established that compensation must correlate with industry’s capacity.
|-
|''[[M. C. Mehta v. Union of India & Ors.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=M.C. Mehta vs Union Of India & Ors on 30 December, 1996 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1964392/ |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref>''
|1996
|The court ordered creation of [[Taj Trapezium Zone]] to protect Taj Mahal from pollution—applying [[precautionary principle]] and the [[polluter pays principle]] for protection of cultural heritage setting precedent for future rulings on environmental issues.
|-
|''[[M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath]]''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia|litigants=M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath|link=M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath|court=INSC|year=1996|num=1608|date=1996-12-13|courtname=S.C.|juris=India}}</ref>
|1996
|Established [[Public trust doctrine|Public Trust Doctrine]] in Indian law, holding that natural resources like rivers are held in trust by government for public use and cannot be exploited for private gain.
|}

== Established new tests and regulations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name of the case
!Year
!Judgement
|-
|''[[RG Anand v. Deluxe Films]]''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=RG Anand v. Deluxe Films |link=RG Anand v. Deluxe Films |court=INSC |year=1978 |num=140 |date=1978-08-18 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
|1978
|Copyright protection does not extend to mere ideas. Where theme is same but presented differently, there can be no question of infringement.
|-
|''[[Ajay Hasia v. Khalid Mujib]]''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=Ajay Hasia v. Khalid Mujib |link=Ajay Hasia v. Khalid Mujib |court=INSC |year=1980 |num=219 |date=1980-11-13 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
|1981
|Laid down a test to determine whether an individual, corporation, or society was an instrumentality or agency of the government.
|-
|''[[Satyam Infoway Ltd. v. Sifynet Solutions Pvt. Ltd.]]''<ref>''[[Satyam Infoway Ltd. v. Sifynet Solutions Pvt. Ltd.]]'' [https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1630167/ {{bracket|2004}} 3 AWC 2366 SC] (6 May 2004), S.C. (India)</ref>
|2004
|The Indian Trade Marks Act, 1999 is applicable to the regulation of domain names.
|-
|''[[Swasthya Adhikar Manch v. Union of India]]''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia |litigants=Swasthya Adhikar Manch v. Union of India |link=Swasthya Adhikar Manch v. Union of India |court=INSC |year=1978 |num=140 |date=1978-08-18 |courtname=S.C. |juris=India}}</ref>
|2013
|Laid down the regulations regarding [[Clinical trial]]s held by [[Contract research organization]]s to protect participants.
|}

==See also==
* [[Judiciary of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian case law]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases]]
[[Category:Judiciary of India]]
[[Category:Indian criminal law]]

Boniface Lakra

2026-04-08T01:50:31Z

Ghazal Builders:

{{Short description|Indian Bihari Politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Boniface Lakra
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 4 March 1898
| birth_place = Doba, [[Kuru block|Kuru]], [[Jharkhand]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|8 December 1976|4 March 1898}}
| death_place =
| education = [[Ravenshaw College]] ([[Master of Arts|M.A.]])<ref>{{cite book | last=Committee | first=Great Britain Indian Delimitation | title=Government of India Act, 1935: Report of the Committee Appointed in Connection with the Delimitation of Constituencies and Connected Matters .... | publisher=H.M. Stationery Office | date=1936 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SeUWMHIncD8C&pg=PA286| access-date=2026-01-08 | page=}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title= Patna University Calendar 1937-38 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.97111/page/n234/ |page=231 |publisher=Patna University}}</ref>
| office1 = Member of [[Constituent Assembly of India]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://loksabha.nic.in/constituent/Constituent.aspx | title=LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY (AS IN NOVEMBER, 1949) | publisher=[[Lok Sabha]] | accessdate=21 March 2023}}</ref>
| term_start1 = 9 December 1946
| term_end1 = 24 January 1950
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party = Catholic Sabha

| office2 =Member of [[1937 Indian provincial elections|Provincial Assembly, Bihar]]
| constituency2 = Gumla-cum-Simdega
| term_start2 =1937
| term_end2 = 1946

| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Boniface Lakra''' was an Indian politician. He was a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] from [[Bihar]]. He was also a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Whos who 1950 p. ">{{cite book | title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who | year=1950 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DTHlAAAAMAAJ | access-date=21 Mar 2023 | page=380}}</ref><ref name="Reed Times of India 1951 p. ">{{cite book | last1=Reed | first1=Sir Stanley | last2=Times of India | first2=Bombay | title=Indian and Pakistan Year Book and Who's who | publisher=Times of India Press | year=1951 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N1_VAAAAMAAJ | access-date=21 Mar 2023 | page=418}}</ref><ref name="Reed 1943 p. ">{{cite book | last=Reed | first=Sir Stanley | title=Indian Year Book | publisher=Times of India Press | year=1943 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vqgSAAAAIAAJ | access-date=21 Mar 2023 | page=85}}</ref><ref name="Mishra Paty Mahila College 2010 p. 171">{{cite book | last1=Mishra | first1=A. | last2=Paty | first2=C.K. | last3=Mahila College | first3=Chaibasa | title=Tribal Movements in Jharkhand, 1857-2007 | publisher=Concept Publishing Company | year=2010 | isbn=978-81-8069-686-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ul6fWJQOfzwC&pg=PA171 | access-date=21 Mar 2023 | page=171}}</ref><ref name="Bihar (India) Choudhury 1970 p. 583">{{cite book | author=Bihar (India) | last2=Choudhury | first2=P.C.R. | title=Bihar District Gazetteers | publisher=Superintendent, Secretariat Press, Bihar | issue=v. 12; v. 16 | year=1970 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AyxuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA583 | language= | access-date=21 Mar 2023 | page=583}}</ref>

==Early life==

Boniface Lakra was born on 4 March 1898 in the Kuru area of present-day Jharkhand, into a Christian Oraon family.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=Rajendra |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=DCYLAQAAIAAJ& |title=Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Correspondence and Select Documents |date=1984 |publisher=Allied |isbn=978-0-8364-1179-9 |language=en}}</ref> He completed his higher education with a degree in arts.

==Political career==

In 1931, on the suggestion of Rev. Sevrin, Lakra founded the Chota Nagpur Roman Catholic Sabha and became its president. Representing the organisation with the support of the [[Indian National Congress]], he won the [[1934 Indian general election|1934 general election]] and was elected to the [[Central Legislative Assembly]]. He was subsequently elected to the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in the [[1937 Indian provincial elections|provincial elections of 1937]] from the Gumla-cum-Simdega constituency.<ref>{{cite book | last=Assembly | first=Bihar (India) Legislature Legislative | title=Bihar Legislative Assemby Debates: Official Report | publisher=Superintendent, Government Print. | date=1937 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pS0gAQAAIAAJ| access-date=2026-01-08 | page=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Kumar | first=N. | title=Bihar District Gazetteers (Ranchi) | publisher=Superintendent, Secretariat Press, Bihar | date=1970 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AyxuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA571 | pages=571–581}}</ref> By virtue of his legislative position, he was indirectly elected to the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] in [[1946 Indian Constituent Assembly election|1946]]. After independence, Lakra contested the [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1951-52 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from the Chainpur Scheduled Tribe–reserved constituency as a Congress candidate but was defeated by Deocharan Manjhi of the [[Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party]], losing by a margin of 23.39 percent.<ref>{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1951 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF BIHAR|publisher=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA, NEW DELHI| url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3886-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-1951/?do=download&r=9191&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=f9fe853ec56c3f59157bb7e1f4753db2 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Jasvir Singh Raja Gill

2026-04-07T16:37:03Z

Ghazal Builders: started a biography!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Urmar Assembly constituency|Urmar]]
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| order2 = 
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 

| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website =
| nickname =
}}

'''Jasvir Singh Raja Gill''' is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Urmar Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="Tribune News Service">{{cite news |title=Education top priority, says Urmar MLA Jasvir Singh Raja Gill |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/education-top-priority-says-urmar-mla-jasvir-singh-raja-gill-382816 |access-date=3 April 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==MLA==
He was elected as an MLA in 2022. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
;[[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Petitions|Committee on Petitions]]<ref name="Committee on Petitions">{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=33&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Agriculture and its allied activities|Committee on Agriculture and its allied activities]]<ref name="Committee on Agriculture and its allied activities">{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=806&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Urmar Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Urmar Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS1941.htm?ac=41 |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=12 March 2022}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Urmar
| before= -
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gill, Jasvir Singh Raja}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{PunjabIN-AAP-politician-stub}}

Syed Karam Ali Shah

2026-04-05T14:38:10Z

Ghazal Builders: Created The Bio More To Come

{{distinguish|Karam Ali Shah}}{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific_prefix = [[Sayyid]]
| name = Karam Ali
| honorific_suffix = [[Shah]]
| native_name = سيد كرم علي شاه
| native_name_lang = ar
| image = Syed Karam Ali Shah Mazar 07.jpg
| caption = Tomb of Syed Karam Ali Shah
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| Sufi_order = [[Qadiriyya|Qadiri]]
| alias =
| location = Biraldaha
| post = Sufi mystic
| birth_date = 13th century
| birth_place = [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] [[Persia]]
| death_date = 14th century
| death_place = [[Puthia Upazila|Biraldaha]], [[Varendra]], [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| resting_place =
| disciple_of = [[Shah Makhdum Ruposh]]
| influenced =
}}
'''Sayyid Karam ʿAlī Shāh''' ({{Langx|ar|سيد كرم علي شاه}}, {{Langx|bn|সৈয়দ করম আলী শাহ}}) was a 14th-century [[Sufi saint]], [[da'i|Islamic preacher]] and holy warrior based in the [[Varendra]] region of [[Bengal]]. He is best known as a prominent disciple of [[Shah Makhdum Ruposh]] and is associated with the [[dawah|propagation]] of [[Islam]] in [[Rajshahi]] and [[Natore District|Natore]]. His [[mazar (mausoleum)|mausoleum]] is located in the village of Biraldaha.<ref name=":136">{{cite book|title=Sufi Saints of the Barind Region|last=Zahurul Islam|first=Muhammad|year=2016|publisher=Islamic Foundation|location=Dhaka, Bangladesh|pages=136}}</ref> Every Friday, many devout Muslims visit his shrine for pilgrimage.<ref>{{cite web|title=০৩ নং বানেশ্বর ইউনিয়ন |url=https://baneswarup.rajshahi.gov.bd/bn/site/top_banner/Cnws-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B9-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%88%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%83-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0|access-date=2025-05-18|website=baneswarup.rajshahi.gov.bd}}</ref>

==Early life and migration to Bengal==
Sayyid Karam Ali Shah was born in the 13th century to a [[Sunni Muslim]] [[Sayyid]] family of merchants from [[Persia]] claiming descent from [[Ali]], the fourth [[Caliph]] of [[Islam]].<ref name=":135">{{cite book|title=Sufi Saints of the Barind Region|last=Zohurul Islam|first=Muhammad|year=2016|publisher=Islamic Foundation|location=Dhaka, Bangladesh|pages=135}}</ref> He was part of a missionary group dispatched to the [[Delhi Sultanate]] before the [[Siege of Baghdad]] by [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] prince [[Hulegu Khan]] in 1258. This group included Sayyid Azallah Shah, from the family of [[Abdul Qadir Gilani]], who entrusted his three sons: Sayyid Ahmad Ali Tannuri (Miran Shah), [[Shah Makhdum Ruposh|Sayyid Abdul Quddus Jalaluddin (Shah Makhdum Ruposh)]], and Sayyid Munir Ahmad with propagating Islam particularly in [[Bengal]]. Sayyid Karam Ali Shah arrived in Bengal in approximately 1289 as a companion of Shah Makhdum Ruposh.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sufi Saints of the Barind Region|last=Zohurul Islam|first=Muhammad|year=2016|publisher=Islamic Foundation|location=Dhaka, Bangladesh|pages=101}}</ref>{{NoteTag|
Some biographical sources have erroneously identified him as a contemporary of [[Makhdum Shah|Makhdum Shah Daulah]] (who arrived in [[Rajshahi]] {{circa|1519}}), likely due to confusion over the shared honorific "[[Makhdum]]".<ref name=":139">{{cite book|title=Sufi Saints of the Barind Region|last=Zohurul Islam|first=Muhammad|year=2016|publisher=Islamic Foundation|location=Dhaka, Bangladesh|pages=139}}</ref>}}

==Missionary activities==
[[File:Diara Sharif of Shyampur.jpg|thumb|The Shyampur Dairah Sharif located in present-day [[Ramganj Upazila]], [[Lakshmipur District]] was the initial hub for the Qadiriyya before the martyrdom of Turkan Shah in Varendra.|left]]
{{Islam in Bangladesh}}
The Qadiri missionary group initially settled at the Shyampur Dairah Sharif, a [[Sufi]] [[khanqah]] located in the [[Bhulua Kingdom]], where they began preaching Islam. Later, Syed Karam Ali Shah followed his [[murshid]] Shah Makhdum Ruposh to the village of [[Charghat Upazila|Bagha]] in [[Varendra]]. This journey was commemorated in a [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copperplate inscription]] dated 1582 CE (990 AH), which describes Ruposh traveling with four [[dervish]]es: Syed Dilal Bukhari, Syed Abbas, Syed Sultan, and Shah Karam Ali Shah.<ref name=":sib379">{{cite book|title=Concise Islamic Encyclopedia (Volume 2)|year=1995|publisher=Islamic Foundation|location=Dhaka, Bangladesh|pages=379}}</ref>{{NoteTag|Although not mentioned in the inscription, the number of dervishes is believed to have been more than four, with some sources also including the mention of Nusrat Shah.<ref>{{cite book|title=Teaching and Research in Philosophy: Asia and the Pacific|year=1986|page=55|publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref>}} A portion of the inscription reads:
{{cquote|...With four accomplished dervishes, Hazrat Abdul Quddus Shah (R.) journeyed across the river towards the Gaur kingdom on the back of a crocodile. Among the dervishes were Hazrat Dilal Bukhari (R.), Hazrat Shah Abbas (R.), Hazrat Shah Sultan (R.), and Hazrat Karam Ali Shah (R.)...<ref>{{cite book|title=Hazrat Shah Makhdum (R.) and the History of Mahakalgarh|last=Akhtar Ali|first=Khandakar|year=1968|publisher=M. A. Sattar|location=Kazirganj, Rajshahi, Bangladesh|pages=12}}</ref>}} The inscription notes their miraculous crossing of a river (identified as the [[Padma River|Padma]]) on the back of a crocodile, symbolizing divine aid. The migration to Varendra was motivated by the [[shahid|martyrdom]] of the earlier preacher Turkan Shah (Shah Turkan Shahid), killed by the local [[tantra|tantric]] ruler [[Raja]] Angsu Deo Chandavandi Varmabhoj and subsequently sacrificed to [[Mahakala]]. The dervishes sought to continue and avenge this mission through preaching and, when necessary, armed resistance.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Shah Turkan Shahid (R)|author=Bhuiyan, Mosharraf Hussain}}</ref>

Following the instructions of Shah Makhdum Ruposh, Syed Karam Ali Shah established his house in a forested area of the Biraldaha village, located about 17 kilometers east of [[Rajshahi]] city along the Rajshahi-Natore highway.<ref name=":k54">{{cite book|title=Hazrat Shah Makhdum (R.) and the History of Mahakalgarh|last=Akhtar Ali|first=Khandakar|year=1968|publisher=M. A. Sattar|location=Kazirganj, Rajshahi, Bangladesh|pages=54}}</ref> From there, he began spreading Islam in the surrounding areas. Many were drawn to his character and came to hear his teachings. His spiritual wisdom spread widely, and many embraced Islam under his influence.<ref name=":136" />

===Battle of Ghoramara (1326)===
After settling in Bagha, Syed Karam Ali Shah and the other dervishes, under Shah Makhdum’s leadership, began preparing for battle. Although they arrived in 1289 CE, the first battle took place in 1326.<ref name=":sib379" /> Many soldiers and horses died on both sides. The battlefield later came to be known as "Ghoramara" (Horse Killer).<ref name="auto">{{cite book|title=Hazrat Shah Makhdum (R.) and the History of Mahakalgarh|last=Akhtar Ali|first=Khandakar|year=1968|publisher=M. A. Sattar|location=Kazirganj, Rajshahi, Bangladesh|pages=22}}</ref><ref name=":at56">{{cite book|title=The Life History of Hazrat Shah Makhdum Ruposh (R.)|last=Abu Taleb|first=Muhammad|year=1969|publisher=Pakistan Book Corporation|location=Dhaka|pages=56}}</ref> Today, there is a post office in Ghoramara, near [[Boalia Thana|Boalia]] in central Rajshahi.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tazkiratul Awliya (Volumes 1 and 2 Combined)|last=Ahmad|first=Rashid|year=1989|publisher=Shirin Publications|location=Dhaka, Bangladesh|pages=156}}</ref> The outcome of this battle is not recorded in history. However, historians believe that neither side achieved a decisive victory.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sufi Saints of the Barind Region|last=Zohurul Islam|first=Muhammad|year=2016|publisher=Islamic Foundation|location=Dhaka, Bangladesh|pages=110}}</ref>

===Second Battle===
Since the first battle ended without resolution, a second battle became held. The local feudal lords in Rajshahi regrouped with more power.<ref name=":at56" /> Meanwhile, the number of Muslim dervishes increased as their preaching continued. In this battle, the dervishes won, and the feudal lords fled. To commemorate the victory, a triumphal arch was built in Bagha and the area was renamed to Makhdumnagar. The ruins of this arch still exist, and the battle was documented on a stone plaque.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sufi Saints of the Barind Region|last=Zohurul Islam|first=Muhammad|year=2016|publisher=Islamic Foundation|location=Dhaka, Bangladesh|pages=112}}</ref>

===Third Battle===
The feudal lords launched one final attack on the dervishes. This battle was fierce, with heavy casualties on both sides. At one point, Shah Makhdum Ruposh threw his [[Paduka|wooden sandals]] in the battle, and legend says two royal princes died from the strike. Shocked by this miracle, Shah Makhdum brought the princes back to life. Amazed, the king and his people embraced [[Islam]].<ref name="auto"/> Their graves were once preserved in Shah Makhdum’s shrine compound, but later replaced by an ablution area. That, too, was eventually demolished and replaced with a new mosque.

==Later life and death==
After the war, peace returned to Rajshahi. The former local rulers continued governing the region. Syed Karam Ali Shah had shown great valor in all three battles,<ref name=":k54" /> which earned him the title "[[Ghazi (warrior)|Ghazi]]". Following Shah Makhdum’s guidance, he left Rajshahi to spread Islam elsewhere. He went about 17 miles east to Biraldaha village in Puthia Upazila and resumed his preaching.<ref name=":k54" /> It is said that a large cat used to accompany him and would clean homes with its tail. This is how the village came to be called Biraldaha ("the place of the cat").<ref>{{cite book|title=Faded Memories of Golden Days|last=Abdus Salam|first=Muhammad|year=1987|publisher=Uttara Sahitya Majlish|location=Rajshahi, Bangladesh|pages=20}}</ref> He was buried in a [[mazar (mausoleum)]] complex which includes a [[mosque]] (Biraldaha Mosque) and associated institutions, such as the Syed Karam Ali Darus Sunnat Fazil Madrasah (established 1963) and Biraldaha Syed Karam Ali Shah High School.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Puthia Upazila|author=Kaisaruzzaman, A. K. Muhammad}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode=packed>
Syed Karam Ali Shah Mazar 02.jpg|Tiger’s Shrine
Syed Karam Ali Shah Mazar 03.jpg|Exterior of the shrine
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{notefoot}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:14th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Bengali Sufi saints]]
[[Category:Sufi mystics]]
[[Category:People from Rajshahi District]]
[[Category:Muslim homileticists]]

Deep Raj

2026-04-04T15:56:09Z

Ghazal Builders: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Deep Raj Bhanthal
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for [[Karsog Assembly constituency|Karsog]]
| native_name = दीप राज भन्थल
| native_name_lang = Hi
| constituency = [[Karsog Assembly constituency]]
| country = [[India]]
| predecessor = [[Hira Lal (politician)|Hira Lal]]
| president =
| term_start = 2022
| source = https://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/Member/Details/509
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_name = Deep Raj Bhanthal
| birth_date = 7 October 1988
| birth_place = [[Karsog]], [[Mandi district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
| citizenship = {{flag|India}}
| spouse = Shalini Chauhan
| children = Khyatish,Tushita
| parents = Sunder lal , Devki Devi
| occupation = Politician
| profession = [[Entrepreneur ]]
| nickname = Raja Bhaiya
}}
'''Deep Raj''' (born 7 October 1988) is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]], [[social work]]er<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dash |first=Nivedita |last2= |first2= |date=2022-11-10 |title=Himachal Pradesh Election 2022: New candidate Deepraj Kapoor clicked for BJP in Karsog |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news/karsog-assembly-constituency-himachal-pradesh-election-2022-details-history-voting-dates-results-mla-population-2022-11-10-822874 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> and incumbent [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] for [[Karsog Assembly constituency]] as a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Among 68 newly-elected legislators in Himachal assembly, 23 are first-timers |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-assembly-election/among-68-newly-elected-legislators-in-himachal-assembly-23-are-firsttimers-101670594519072.html |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], Deep Raj defeated the Mahesh Raj of [[Indian National Congress]] by the margin of 10,534 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Himachal Pradesh election Karsog : Deep Raj of BJP wins the election by 10,534 votes |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/karsog-election-result-2022-live-check-winner-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-15345451.htm |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
*2019 - 2022, District Convener of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*2022 - Ongoing, [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] for [[Karsog Assembly constituency]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raj, Deep}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]

Harekrushna Mahatab

2026-03-27T13:14:19Z

Ghazal Builders: added lead and added references

{{Short description|Indian politician (1899 – 1987)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Utkal Keshari
| birth_name = Harekrushna Das
| name = Harekrushna Mahatab
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = or
| image = Harekrushna Mahatab 2000 stamp of India.jpg
| caption = Mahatab on a 2000 stamp of India
| order = 1st
| office = Chief Minister of Odisha
| term_start1 = 26 January 1950
| term_end1 = 12 May 1950
| predecessor1 = ''Office Established'' (himself as [[Prime Minister of Orissa]])
| successor1 = [[Nabakrushna Choudhuri]]
| term_start = 19 October 1956
| term_end = 25 February 1961
| predecessor = [[Nabakrushna Choudhuri]]
| successor = [[Bijayananda Pattanaik]]
| order2 = 3rd
| office2 = Prime Minister of Orissa
| term_start2 = 23 April 1946
| term_end2 = 26 January 1950
| predecessor2 = [[Krushna Chandra Gajapati]]
| successor2 = ''Position Abolished'' (himself as [[Chief Minister of Orissa]])
| office3 = [[List of Governors of Bombay|Governor of Bombay]]
| term_start3 = 2 March 1955
| term_end3 = 14 October 1956
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[Morarji Desai]]
| predecessor3 = [[Girija Shankar Bajpai]]
| successor3 = [[Sri Prakasa]]
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term4 = 1952–1955
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 = [[Nityanand Kanungo]]
| constituency4 = [[Cuttack (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuttack]]
| term5 = 1962–1967
| predecessor5 = Badakumar Pratap Gangadeb
| successor5 = D. N. Deb
| constituency5 = [[Deogarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Deogarh]]
| office6 = [[Minister of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce and Industry of India]]
| term_start6 = 13 May 1950
| term_end6 = 26 December 1950
| predecessor6 = [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]]
| successor6 = [[Nityanand Kanungo]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1899|11|21}}
| birth_place = [[Bhadrak district|Agarpada]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now in [[Odisha]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1987|01|02|1899|11|21}}
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] [[Orissa Jana Congress]] [[Janata Party]]
| spouse = Subhadra Devi
| children = [[Jashoda Kumari Jagaddeb]]
[[Bhartruhari Mahtab]]
| alma_mater = [[Ravenshaw College]]
| website =
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/823.htm
| module = {{Infobox writer
| embed = yes
| pseudonym =
| language = Odia, English
| period = Colonial/Post Colonial India
| genre = History, Biographies, Academic Theses
| subjects = Indian Politics, History
| movement =
| notable_works = {{transliteration|or|Gaon Majlis}}
| awards = Sahitya Akademi Award
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| years_active =
}}
}}
'''Harekrushna Mahatab''' (born '''Harekrushna Das''', 21 November 1899 – 2 January 1987) was a leader of the [[Indian National Congress]], a notable figure in the [[Indian independence movement]] and the Chief Minister of [[Odisha]] from 1946 to 1950 and from 1956 to 1961. He was popularly known by the sobriquet "Utkal Keshari".

==Early life==
Harekrushna Mahtab was born at Agarpada village in [[Bhadrak district]] of [[Odisha]] to Krushna Charan Das and Tohapha Debi in an aristocratic [[Kshatriya]] family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: The evil that envelopes Orissa |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2000/feb/14oriss.htm |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Digambar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SbsMAAAAYAAJ&q=mahatab |title=Political Behavior of Indian State Governors: A Study of the Role of Governor in Orissa |date=2003 |publisher=Saṁskṛiti |isbn=978-81-87374-19-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nanda |first=Chandi Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FzNFDwAAQBAJ&q=mahatab+Khandayat&pg=PA267 |title=Vocalizing Silence: Political Protests in Orissa, 1930-42 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publishing India]] |year=2008 |isbn=9789352802500 |pages=267 |quote=... Brahmin vs Karan —Nilakantha representing the former and Mahatab the latter.}}</ref> He was adopted by his maternal grandfather Jaganath Mahtab, a zamindar of Agarpada.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Nanda|first1=CP|last2=Das|first2=MN|title=Builders of Modern India: Harekrushna Mahtab|date=2001 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Govt. of India |isbn=978-81-230-0905-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/harekrushnamahta00dasm/mode/2up}}</ref> After passing his matriculation examination from Bhadrak High School, he joined [[Ravenshaw College]], [[Cuttack]] but left his studies in 1921 to join the independence movement.<ref name="orissa">{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/46-50.pdf|date=30 November 2011|title=Dr. Harekrushna Mahatab – A Curious Combination of Conspicuous Characteristics|author=Dr. Narayan Panda|access-date=1 October 2014|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006092441/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/46-50.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="orissa2">{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/OR-Annual-2009/pdf/419-429.pdf|date=16 June 2010|title=ORISSA REFERENCE ANNUAL – 2009|access-date=1 October 2014|archive-date=16 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516110624/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/OR-Annual-2009/pdf/419-429.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="docstoc">{{cite web|url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/127646254/newsd19|title=ALUMNI: Dr. Harekrushna Mahtab|publisher=docstoc.com|access-date=1 October 2014|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006120221/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/127646254/newsd19|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Political career==
In 1922, Mahatab was imprisoned and charged with sedition. He was the Chairman of Balasore District Board from 1924 to 1928. He became a member of Bihar and Odisha Council in 1924. He joined the [[Salt Satyagraha]] movement and was imprisoned again in 1930. He was elected as the General Officer Commanding of Congress Sevadal for the [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]] session at Puri in 1932 and was arrested when the party was banned. He participated in the movement against [[untouchability]] in 1934 and opened his ancestral temple to all for the first time in Odisha. Later, he started Gandhi Karma Mandir at Agarpada. He was the President of Utkal Pradesh Congress Committee from 1930 to 1931 and again in 1937. He was nominated to the Congress Working Committee by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] in 1938 and continued till 1946 and again from 1946 to 1950. He was the President of State Peoples' Enquiry Committee in 1938 and recommended cancellation of Sanada of the rulers and merger of the erstwhile princely states with Odisha Province. He insisted on complete merger and not to leave any administrative control with the states. He was the initiator of the smaller states in orissa which was the first merger in the country. He participated in the [[Quit India Movement]] in 1942 and was imprisoned from 1942 to 1945.<ref name="gandhitopia">{{cite web|url=http://www.gandhitopia.org/profiles/blogs/harekrushna-mahatab|title=Harekrushna Mahatab – GandhiTopia|publisher=gandhitopia.org|access-date=1 October 2014|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102102/http://www.gandhitopia.org/profiles/blogs/harekrushna-mahatab|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="bhadrak">{{cite web|url=http://bhadrak.nic.in/freedomfighter.htm|title=~* Welcome to Bhadrak (Orissa) : The Official Website *~|publisher=bhadrak.nic.in|access-date=1 October 2014|archive-date=3 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103011311/http://bhadrak.nic.in/freedomfighter.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Mahatab was the first Chief Minister of Odisha from 23 April 1946 to 12 May 1950. He was the Union Minister of Commerce and Industry from 1950 to 1952. He became the secretary general of the Congress Parliamentary Party in 1952. He was the Governor of Bombay from 1955 to 1956.<ref name="bhadrak"/><ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev|author1=Khrushchev, N.S.|author2=Khrushchev, S.|date=2007|issue=v. 3|publisher=Pennsylvania State University|isbn=9780271029351|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nR0f25dmbn0C}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=While Serving My Nation: Recollections of a Congress Man|author=Mahtab, H.|date=1986|publisher=Vidyapuri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRYeAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> After resigning from Governorship in 1956, he again became the Chief Minister of Odisha from 1956 to 1960. During his tenures as the Chief Minister, he played a significant role in the merger and integration of former princely states, shifting of the capital from [[Cuttack]] to [[Bhubaneshwar]] and the sanction and construction of the multi-purpose Hirakud Dam Project. He was elected to the Lok Sabha in 1962 from [[Angul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Angul]] and became the vice-president of the Indian National Congress in 1966. In 1966, he resigned from the Congress and led the [[Orissa Jana Congress]]. He was elected to the Odisha Legislative Assembly in 1967, 1971 and 1974. He was imprisoned in 1976 for protesting against the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]].<ref name="google3">{{cite book|title=Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: National Upsurge|author=Chitkara, G.|date=2004|publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation|isbn=9788176484657|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ifuxzl9NM5sC|page=289}}</ref>

==Intellectual pursuits==
He was the founder of the [[Prajatantra Prachar Samiti]] and started the weekly magazine ''Prajatantra'' in 1923 at Balasore, which later became the ''Daily Prajatantra''. He was the chief editor of a monthly journal ''Jhankar'' since its inception. He also published the Weekly English paper ''The Eastern Times'' and was its chief editor.

He received the [[Sahitya Academy award]] in 1983 for the third volume of his well-known work, ''Gaon Majlis''.<ref name="orissa3">{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/90-91.pdf|date=6 September 2012|title=RECIPIENTS OF KENDRA SAHITYA ACADEMY AWARD FOR ODIA LITERATURE|access-date=1 October 2014|archive-date=22 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322013419/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/90-91.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
He was the President of [[Orissa Sahitya Academy]] and Sangit Natak Academy for a couple of terms. He received an [[honorary Doctorate]] degree from [[Andhra University]], an honorary D.Litt. from [[Utkal University]] and an honorary Doctorate of Law from [[Sagar University]].<ref name="orissa4">{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/November/engpdf/14-16.pdf|date=6 January 2011|title=Dr. Harekrushna Mahatab : A Versatile Genius|author=Dr. Bhagabat Tripathy|access-date=1 October 2014|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006091301/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/November/engpdf/14-16.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="orissa5">{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/Apr/engpdf/10-18.pdf|date=16 April 2011|title=The Makers of Modern Orissa|author=FAKIR MOHAN SENAPATI|access-date=1 October 2014|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193247/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/Apr/engpdf/10-18.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 
The Odisha State Central Library, the apex library of the state public library system of Odisha is named after him as [[Harekrushna Mahtab State Library]]. It was established in 1959 with 3 acre campus at state capital, [[Bhubaneswar]].<ref>[http://hkmsl.gov.in/ Welcome to Harekrushna Mahtab State Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414131050/http://hkmsl.gov.in/ |date=14 April 2018 }}. Hkmsl.gov.in. Retrieved on 26 November 2018.</ref><ref name="Hada Bajpai 2014 p. 36">{{cite book | last1=Hada | first1=K.S. | last2=Bajpai | first2=R. | title=Integrated Indian Public Library System | publisher=Partridge Publishing India | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-4828-2163-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ye5dBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT36 | access-date=2020-03-19 | page=36}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Harekrushna Mahatab}}
*[http://orissa.gov.in/cmorissa/cm.asp Orissa Chief Ministers List]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090410070616/http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2005/pdf/name_of_chief_minister.pdf Orissa Chief Ministers]
*[https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/823.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{Succession box
|before=[[Bishwanath Das]]
|title= [[List of Chief Ministers of Odisha|Chief Minister of Odisha]]
|years= 23 April 1946 to 12 May 1950
|after= [[Nabakrushna Choudhuri]]
}}
{{succession box
|title=[[List of Governors of Bombay|Governor of Bombay]]
|before=[[Girija Shankar Bajpai]]
|after=[[Sri Prakasa]]
|years=2 March 1955 to 14 October 1956
}}
{{Succession box
|before=[[Nabakrushna Choudhuri]]
|title= [[List of Chief Ministers of Odisha|Chief Minister of Odisha]]
|years= 19 October 1956 to 25 February 1961
|after= [[Biju Pattanaik]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Chief Ministers of Odisha}}
{{Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Odia}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahatab, Harekrushna}}
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:Governors of Bombay]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Odisha]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Odisha]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:Journalists from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Ravenshaw University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Odia-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian people imprisoned during the Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Odia]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:People from Bhadrak district]]
[[Category:Utkal Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Commerce and industry ministers of India]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]

Aattam

2026-03-20T20:33:28Z

Ghazal Builders: New New Info

{{Short description|2024 film by Anand Ekarshi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aattam
| image = Aattam film poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt =
| director = [[Anand Ekarshi]]
| writer = Anand Ekarshi
| producer = Ajith Joy
| starring = {{ubl|[[Zarin Shihab]]|[[Vinay Forrt]]|[[Kalabhavan Shajohn]]|Aji Thiruvamkulam|Jolly Antony|Madan Babu K.|Nandhan Unni|Prasanth Madhavan|Sanosh Murali|Santhosh Piravom|Selvaraj Raghavan V. R.|Sijin Sijeesh|Sudheer Babu}}
| music = [[Basil C J]]
| cinematography = Anurudh Aneesh
| editing = Mahesh Bhuvanend
| studio = Joy Movie Productions
| distributor = Reliance Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|10|13|IFFLA|ref1=<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianfilmfestival.org/films/aattam/ |title=Aattam (The Play)}}</ref>|2024|01|05}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = {{INR}} 1.5 crore<ref>{{cite news |date=19 January 2024 |title='Aattam' box office collections: Anand Ekarshi's film crosses Rs 1 crore in 2 weeks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aattam-box-office-collections-anand-ekarshis-film-crosses-rs-1-crore-in-2-weeks/articleshow/106991197.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119141052/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aattam-box-office-collections-anand-ekarshis-film-crosses-rs-1-crore-in-2-weeks/articleshow/106991197.cms |archive-date=19 January 2024 |access-date=22 May 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Aattam''''' ({{Translation|The Play}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[thriller film]] written and directed by [[Anand Ekarshi]]. The film was produced by Ajith Joy through Joy Movie Productions.

The film won the 2023 Grand Jury Award at the [[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/16/aattam-wins-grand-jury-award-for-best-film-at-indian-film-festival-of-los-angeles-48661.html |title=Aattam wins Grand Jury Award for Best Film at Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles |date=16 October 2023 |access-date=16 October 2023 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref> It was also chosen as the opening feature film at the [[54th International Film Festival of India]] held at Goa,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/54th-iffi-malayalam-film-aattam-chosen-to-be-the-opening-feature-film/d9c576264a170 |title=54th IFFI: Malayalam film Aattam chosen to be the opening feature film |date=23 October 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |work=OTT Play}}</ref> and won best film at 70th [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/malayalam-movie-aattam-wins-national-award-for-best-feature-film |title=Malayalam Movie Aattam Wins National Award For Best Feature Film |work=Free Press Journal}}</ref>

== Plot ==
''Aattam'' explores the complex dynamics within a theater group, Arangu, composed of thirteen members—twelve men and one woman—and their production of a satirical play that critiques the male gaze in society. The story centers on Anjali, a dedicated actress who has been part of the group since she was sixteen. Despite her passion and talent, Anjali is treated by her male colleagues not as an equal artist but as a subordinate, relegated to traditional "women's tasks" such as stitching costumes and applying makeup. This systemic gender disparity becomes evident as Anjali shines on stage, especially in her portrayal of the character Padmini, outshining her male counterparts.

Among the group is Hari, a cinematic actor who has recently joined Arangu. His star power brings increased attention and financial benefits to the group, composed of ordinary people with diverse professions, including drivers, plumbers, and chefs. While this success is vital for the group, it also fuels competition and envy, particularly from Vinay, another member who dreams of being the lead but feels overshadowed by Hari's rising fame.

The group celebrates the success of their play at a party hosted by Hari's foreign friends, where tensions rise. Amidst the revelry, some of the members criticize Anjali for her behavior and attire, accusing her of being too free-spirited and provocatively dressed. Anjali, however, remains confident, feeling that she deserves to enjoy herself after her impressive performance. Unbeknownst to the others, Anjali is secretly having an affair with Vinay, who has yet to divorce his wife.

As the evening progresses, Anjali returns to her shared room with Sajitha and her daughter. The next morning, she mysteriously disappears. Anjali later reveals that she was groped while asleep, with her only clue being the scent of perfume and a key left behind by the perpetrator. She suspects Hari, but without clear evidence, the matter remains clouded in uncertainty. Disturbed and disgusted, Anjali confides in Vinay, trusting him to help her navigate the situation.

Vinay, whose ego is already bruised by Hari's swift rise to prominence, sees this incident as an opportunity to challenge Hari's position within the group. His motivations, however, are complicated by personal feelings, including his desire to secure a male lead role for himself and his discontent with Hari's celebrity status. Rather than bringing the issue to the group immediately, Vinay confides in Malaban, the senior-most member, out of concern that revealing the affair would create suspicions of conspiracy and further complicate matters.

The group is eventually summoned to a meeting, where differing opinions emerge. Some members dismiss Anjali's accusations as baseless, while others call for Hari's expulsion. Some members accuse Anjali of being intoxicated and possibly hallucinating, while others blame her provocative attire. The discussion becomes more about self-preservation than justice, with many members concerned about the impact on their potential European tour, which would offer them a life-changing opportunity.

Anjali is eventually confronted by the group, where her evidence—mainly the key ring and her memories of the incident—are debated. Some members even suggest that Anjali might have experienced tactile hallucinations. The discussion shifts away from the truth, with Malaban suggesting that the accusation might be a mere illusion. Meanwhile, others are more concerned with protecting their reputations and the potential loss of the foreign tour than addressing the gravity of Anjali's trauma.

Feeling betrayed by Vinay's reluctance to support her and the group's lack of empathy, Anjali decides to leave the theater group, realizing that her dignity and self-worth are no longer compatible with their toxic environment. The film culminates in a shocking revelation: Hari admits that the promised European tour was a fabrication, orchestrated as a prank in retaliation for a similar trick pulled on him by Malaban in the past. This revelation exposes the self-serving nature of the men in the group, highlighting their indifference to Anjali's suffering.

In the final act, Anjali takes the stage once more, reenacting her role in the play. She declares that she no longer cares to identify the perpetrator because, to her, all the men in the group are potential perpetrators, indifferent to her pain and struggles. The film ends with a powerful statement: justice was not achieved by the men, but rather by art, through the theater, where Anjali reclaims her voice.

== Cast ==
{{Cast list|* [[Zarin Shihab]] as Anjali
* [[Vinay Forrt]] as Vinay
* [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]] as Hari
* Aji Thiruvamkulam as Aji
* Jolly Antony as Jolly
* Madan Babu K. as Madan
* Nandhan Unni as Nandhan
* Prasanth Madhavan as Prasanth
* Sanosh Murali as Sanosh
* Santhosh Piravom as Santhosh
* Selvaraj Raghavan V. R. as Selvan
* Sijin Sijeesh as Sijin
* Sudheer Babu as Sudheer}}

== Release ==
After screenings at [[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles|IFFLA]], [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] and [[International Film Festival of Kerala|IFFK]], ''Aattam'' was released in theaters on 5 January 2024 to acclaim from audiences and critics.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/aattam-review-anand-ekarshis-debut-is-a-gripping-critique-of-gender-dynamics-661210 |title=Aattam review: Anand Ekarshi's debut is a gripping critique of gender dynamics |date=21 November 2023 |access-date=21 November 2023 |work=Wion}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aattam-movie-review-anand-ekarshis-assured-debut-trains-a-harsh-critical-lens-on-male-behaviour/article67445962.ece |title='Aattam' movie review: Anand Ekarshi's assured debut trains a harsh, critical lens on male behaviour |date=21 October 2023 |access-date=21 October 2023 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/special-pages/iffk-2023/reviews/zarin-shihab-vinay-fortt-anand-ekarshi-movie-aattam-review-1.9157175 |title=ആശയങ്ങളുടെ വാഗ്വാദം, കണ്മുന്നിൽ തെളിയുന്ന രാഷ്ട്രീയം |date=15 December 2023 |access-date=15 December 2023 |work=Mathrubhumi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2024/01/05/aattam-movie-review-vinay-forrt-zarin-shihab-anand-ekarshi.html |title=Aattam: A thoughtful, well-written movie apt for our times |date=5 January 2024 |access-date=5 January 2024 |work=Manorama}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/aattam-review-debutant-anand-ekarshis-film-is-a-gripping-take-on-human-hypocrisies |title=Aattam review: Debutant Anand Ekarshi's film is a gripping take on human hypocrisies |date=5 January 2024 |access-date=5 January 2024 |work=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aattam-x-review-anand-ekarshis-film-wins-praise-from-cinephiles/articleshow/106575594.cms?from=mdr |title='Aattam' X review: Anand Ekarshi's film wins praise from cinephiles |date=5 January 2024 |access-date=5 January 2024 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], 100% of 7 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 8.5/10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aattam (2023) {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/aattam_2023 |access-date=30 January 2025 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |language=en}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
| rowspan="3" |[[70th National Film Awards]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]
| Anand Ekarshi
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=70th National Film Awards full list of winners: Brahmastra, Ponniyin Selvan Part 1, Aattam win big |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/70th-national-film-awards-full-list-of-winners-brahmastra-ponniyin-selvan-part-1-aattam-win-big-101723799613996.html |newspaper=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
| Mahesh Bhuvanend
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| Anand Ekarshi
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
| rowspan="3" |[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| Anand Ekarshi
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kerala Film Critics Awards announced, Aattam adjudged best film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-film-critics-awards-announced-aattam-adjudged-best-film/article68168365.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]]
|-
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| [[Zarin Shihab]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links==
* {{IMDb title|27302079}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Twelve Angry Men]]
[[Category:Films about discrimination]]
[[Category:Films set in Kerala]]
[[Category:2024 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about the film industry]]
[[Category:Films about sexual abuse]]
[[Category:Films about sexual harassment]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Best Feature Film National Film Award winners]]

Gateway IT Park

2026-03-16T05:18:33Z

Ghazal Builders: stub

{{short description|Tech Park in Hyderabad, India}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2022}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Gateway IT Park
| native_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| alternate_names =
| location = [[Kandlakoya]], [[Hyderabad]], [[India]]
| address =
| latd =
| longd =
| highest_prev =
| highest_next =
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date = Unknown
| inauguration_date = 2022
| building_type = Information Technology Park
| antenna_spire =
| roof =
| top_floor =
| floor_count = 14
| elevator_count =
| architectural_style=
| cost = {{INR}} 250 crore
| floor_area = {{convert|6,00,000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| architect =
| structural_engineer=
| main_contractor =
| developer =
| owner =
| operator =
| references =
}}
{{coord|17.59700|78.49768|display=title}}

'''Gateway IT Park''' is a proposed Indian [[business park]] focused on [[information technology]] located in the city of [[Kandlakoya]], [[Medchal-Malkajgiri]] district, [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/ktr-lays-foundation-for-it-park-in-northern-hyderabad|title = KTR lays foundation for IT park in Northern Hyderabad}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/gateway-park-it-sector-goes-north-gets-bigger/articleshow/89650888.cms|title = Medchal-malkajgiri: Gateway Park: It Sector Goes North, Gets Bigger | Hyderabad News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Developer have shown little interest in the business park proposal and as of mid 2023 no developer had been signed up and no construction had yet taken place.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/telangana/2023/Jul/14/developers-show-lukewarm-response-to-gateway-it-park-2594649.html |title=Developers show lukewarm response to gateway IT park |date=July 14, 2023 |publisher=The New Indian Express }}</ref>

==The building==
===Infrastructure===
Gateway IT Park is a proposed 14-story building. IT Minister of Telangana, [[K. T. Rama Rao]] & Minister of Labour and Employment [[Malla Reddy|Ch Malla Reddy]] laid the foundation stone for the facility. ''Telangana Industrial Infrastructure Corporation (TGIIC)'' was assigned to build the facility.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2022/feb/18/gateway-it-park-to-disperse-growth-in-north-hyderabad-2420875.html|title = Gateway IT Park to disperse growth in north Hyderabad}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ktr-lays-foundation-stone-gateway-it-park-near-hyderabads-medchal-161115|title = KTR lays foundation stone for Gateway IT Park near Hyderabad's Medchal|date = 18 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.siasat.com/hyderabad-ktr-lays-foundation-stone-for-it-park-in-kandlakoya-2277373/|title=Hyderabad: KTR lays foundation stone for IT park in Kandlakoya|date=17 February 2022}}</ref> However by mid 2023, nothing had yet been built.

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Architecture}}
* [[List of tallest buildings in Hyderabad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Medchal–Malkajgiri district]]

Proposed flag of Tamil Nadu

2026-03-14T18:24:46Z

Ghazal Builders: added basic article initial version...

{{Short description|Proposed flag of Indian state of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Expand Tamil|தமிழ் நாட்டுக் கொடி}}
{{Infobox flag
| Name = Proposed flag of Tamil Nadu (1970)
| Image = Proposed flag of Tamil Nadu.svg
| Image_size = 200px
| Alt = Proposed flag of Tamil Nadu from 1970
| Use =
| Symbol =
| Proportion = 2:3
| Adoption = Not adopted
| Design = The [[Indian flag]] on the top left and the [[Emblem of Tamil Nadu]] in blue colour on the centre-right.
| Designer = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] (individual designer unknown)
}}

At present there is no official flag for the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in India. A flag was proposed for the state in 1970, but was not formally adopted at the time.

The [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] proposed a design for a state flag in 1970. The proposed design was grey with the flag of India in the canton and the [[emblem of Tamil Nadu]] in the fly. It was proposed by newly elected [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]] [[M. Karunanidhi]] of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] party. At the time, the proposal was opposed by the Chief Ministers of several other states and it was not officially adopted.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/jul/25/when-tamil-nadu-proposed-a-state-flag-nearly-five-decades-ago-1633170--1.html |title=When Tamil Nadu proposed a State flag nearly five decades ago |access-date=22 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523100006/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/jul/25/when-tamil-nadu-proposed-a-state-flag-nearly-five-decades-ago-1633170--1.html |archive-date=23 May 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Tamil Nadu state symbols]]
*[[Emblem of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Tamil Thai Valthu (Tamil Nadu)|Tamil Thai Valthu]]
*[[Tamil flags]]
*[[Flag of India|National flag of India]]
*[[List of Indian state flags]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Flags of India| ]]

International Indian School, Jubail

2026-03-04T19:06:01Z

Ghazal Builders: started a article!

{{Short description|Indian Embassy school in Al Jubail, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia}}
{{Infobox school
| name = International Indian School Jubail
| image = IISJ_Building.jpg
| logo =
| caption =
| alt = Indian School
| image_size = 260px
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| motto =
| motto_translation =
| location =
| city = [[Al Jubail]]
| province = [[Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia|Eastern Province]]
| postal_code = 35514
| country = Saudi Arabia
| houses =
| coordinates = {{Coord|27.021814604233583|49.640191575677875|display=inline,title}}
| other_name = International Indian School, Al-Jubail
| former_name = Indian Embassy School, Jubail
| type = Private school
| established = {{Start date and age|1987|11|30|df=yes}}
| closed =
| sister_school = {{ubl|[[International Indian School, Riyadh|IIS Riyadh]]|[[International Indian School Dammam|IIS Dammam]]}}
| school_board = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| district =
| age_range =
| lower_age = 3.5
| upper_age = 17
| grades = K-12
| session = 1 April to 31 March
| school_code = 90002
| superintendent =
| patron = Suhel Ajaz Khan
| chairman =
| principal = Dr. Nisha Madhu
| headmaster =
| staff =
| faculty =
| gender = 
| enrollment =
| classes = LKG to Class XII
| avg_class_size = 33
| language = English
| campuses = 4
| campus_size = 48650 sq meter
| campus_type =
| team_name =
| publication =
| newspaper =
| yearbook =
| colors =
| communities = Indian Community School
| feeder_schools =
| information =
| website = {{URL|https://www.iisjubail.org/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''International Indian School Jubail''' or '''IISJ''' (formerly Indian Embassy School Jubail) is an English-medium K-12 Indian school in [[Al Jubail]] of [[Saudi Arabia]]. It was founded on 30 November 1987.<ref name="sg1">{{cite web |title=IIS Jubail celebrates Graduation Day |url=https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/588973 |website=Saudigazette |language=English |date=14 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Introduction |url=https://www.iisjubail.org/AboutUS/Introduction.aspx |website=www.iisjubail.org |access-date=6 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="ar1">{{cite web |title=Jubail Indian school wins top honors |url=https://www.arabnews.com/news/503786 |website=Arab News |language=en |date=4 January 2014}}</ref> The school is part of global International Indian Schools including [[International Indian School, Riyadh]], [[International Indian School Jeddah]].<ref name="ndtv1">{{cite web |title=Indian Expatriate in Saudi Arabia Wins National Award Back Home |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/indian-expatriate-in-saudi-arabia-wins-national-award-back-home-660977 |website=NDTV.com |access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Indians in Saudi Arabia]]
*[[International Indian School, Dammam]]
*[[International Indian School, Riyadh]]
*[[International Indian School Jeddah]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian international schools}}
{{International schools in Saudi Arabia}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1987]]
[[Category:Indian international schools in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Saudi Arabia]]

{{SaudiArabia-school-stub}}

Kaaval Dheivam

2026-03-04T05:09:31Z

Ghazal Builders: minor cleanup information for clarity and added references as per guidelines

{{short description|1969 film by K. Vijayan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kaaval Dheivam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Vijayan]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Kai Vilangu''|[[Jayakanthan]]}}
| producer = [[S. V. Subbaiah]]
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[Sivakumar]] [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] [[Nagesh]]
| cinematography = Vijayan
| music = [[G. Devarajan]]
| studio = Ambal Productions
| released = {{Film date|1969|05|01|df=y}}
| runtime = 145 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|pp=399–400}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kaaval Dheivam''''' ({{Translation|Guardian deity}}) is a 1969 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], directed by [[K. Vijayan]] and produced by [[S. V. Subbaiah]]. An adaptation of the novel ''Kai Vilangu'' ({{Translation|Handcuff}}) by [[Jayakanthan]], the film stars [[Sivakumar]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] and [[Nagesh]], while [[Sivaji Ganesan]] makes an extended cameo appearance. The film was a moderate success at the box-office. It was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''Devara Mane'' (1985).<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2019 |title=பொன்விழா படங்கள்: ஜெயகாந்தன் கதையில் சிவாஜி நடித்த காவல் தெய்வம் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/78666/cinema/Kollywood/Sivajis-Kaval-Deivam.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206114920/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/78666/cinema/Kollywood/Sivajis-Kaval-Deivam.htm |archive-date=6 December 2019 |access-date=6 December 2019 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Aanaikundram Jail. Superintendent K. Raghavan is a man of integrity and humaneness who views the 500 inmates as 500 books that need to be perused. He stays with his wife Alamu in the bungalow adjoining the penitentiary, and the childless couple treats the prisoners with compassion and love, for they look upon the inmates as the children they never had. Chamundi who is serving a life sentence for killing one of the 2 villains who had fatally molested his teenage daughter Sivakami.

In the nearby Allikkulam village lives Manickam- an honest, hardworking youth who is the leaseholder of Raghavan's lands. Manickam and Kokila love each other. The scoundrel Marimuthu, an unwelcome suitor of Kokila, sees his dreams of marrying Kokila coming to nought, and schemes with his accomplices to harm Manickam. They spy Manickam and Kokila singing and romancing, and this increases their ire. Marimuthu accosts Manickam near the Aiyanaar statue. When Marimuthu speaks deprecatingly of Manickam's lineage, Manickam sees red. He plucks the sword from the hands of the Aiyanaar statue and injures Marimuthu. Manickam is arrested and sentenced to 5 years imprisonment. Superintendent Raghavan consoles him and treats him with kindness. With the unusual backdrop of a prison, original story author JK endows each character with an interesting history and subtle idiosyncrasies.

The story then captures the interesting events in the prison. Of particular interest are the sequences that involve Chamundi. Chamundi sees the other man who was responsible for his daughter's death as an inmate in the prison and manages to hack him to death one night. For this crime, Chamundi is sentenced to death, and the death sentence is carried out. In the meantime, Manickam gets the news that his mother is seriously unwell. He grieves for her and longs to pay her a visit. On his own accord Superintendent Raghavan takes the unprecedented step of permitting Manickam to go to Allikulam to see his mother, after eliciting a promise from him that he would return to the prison by daybreak. The next day is Raghavan's last day in service, and Raman Nair arrives to take charge as the new superintendent. Manickam has not yet returned, and Raman Nair refuses to take charge until the headcount tallies with the roster. Raghavan is confident that Manickam will return, and his confidence is not misplaced. Manickam arrives just in the nick of time. Raghavan retires; his honour and reputation untarnished.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Samundi (extended cameo)
*[[Sivakumar]] as Manickam{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|pp=399–400}}
*[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Gokila
*[[R. Muthuraman]] as Saiyathu Bai
*[[S. V. Subbaiah]] as Raghavan{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|pp=399–400}}
*[[Sowcar Janaki]] as Alamel
*[[Sriranjani Jr.]] as Rangamma
*[[M. N. Nambiar]] as Raman Nayar
*[[S. A. Ashokan]] as Marimuthu
*[[O. A. K. Thevar]] as Mioner
*[[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as the head of police
*[[T. S. Balaiah]] as Sangili Pillai
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Subbaiya Pillai
*[[Nagesh]] as Kesavan
*[[G. Sakunthala]] as Poongavanam
*[[Usilai Mani]] as Panchayat Kambathukarar
*[[Kuladeivam Rajagopal]] as Villupattu Singer's
*[[Shanmugasundari]] as Villupattu Singer's
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]] as Jail Wanted
*K. Kannan as Sundaramoorthy
*[[M. R. Krishnamurthy]]
}}

== Production ==
After acting in several films, [[S. V. Subbaiah]] decided to venture into production. He chose to adapt ''Kai Vilangu'', a novel of Jayakanthan; the film adaptation would be titled ''Kaaval Deivam''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=13 May 2019 |title=எஸ்.வி. சுப்பையாவின் உதட்டசைப்பில் சில பாடல்கள் |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/70867 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206114933/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com//web/news/70867 |archive-date=6 December 2019 |access-date=6 December 2019 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Ta}}</ref> It is the directorial debut of K. Vijayan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2018 |title=18 வயதில் இயக்குநர் ஆனேன்! |url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=13909&id1=3&issue=20180713 |access-date=11 June 2024 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231031160256/http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=13909&id1=3&issue=20180713 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[M. R. Krishnamurthy]] made his film debut with this film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2012 |title=Actor MRK passes away |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/news/tamil/actor-mrk-passes-away/54921/story.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416142729/https://www.nowrunning.com/news/tamil/actor-mrk-passes-away/54921/story.htm |archive-date=16 April 2024 |access-date=16 April 2024 |website=Nowrunning |language=en}}</ref> [[Sivaji Ganesan]], who made an extended cameo appearance, completed his portions in five days in between the schedules of ''[[Uyarndha Manithan]]'' upon that film's producer [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]]'s permission.{{Sfn|Saravanan|2013|page=221–222}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[G. Devarajan]], while the lyrics were written by [[Mayavanathan]], Thanjai Vaanan & Nellai Arulmani.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Allahvin Dhayavaale" || || 00:50
|-
| "Porappadhum Poradhum Iyarkai" || T. M. Soundararajan || 03:21
|-
| "Aiyanaaru Neranja Vaazhvu" || Dharapuram Sundararajan & P. Susheela || 03:50
|-
| "Aiyan Enbom" || Kuladeivam Rajagopal, Krishnamoorthy, Krishnan, [[Shanmugasundari]] & Andal || 02:19
|-
| "Maiyal Migavum Meerudhe" || Radha Jayalakshmi || 02:80
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Kaaval Dheivam'' was released on 1 May 1969.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 2016 |title=Art of the matter |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/Art-of-the-matter/article15747777.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810132052/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/Art-of-the-matter/article15747777.ece |archive-date=10 August 2020 |access-date=17 January 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', in a review dated 8 June 1969, praised the film for its story, the cast performances and the cinematography.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=8 June 1969 |title=காவல் தெய்வம் |url=http://www.mayyam.com/talk/showthread.php?10239-Nadigar-Thilagam-Sivaji-Ganesan-Filmography-News-and-Events/page178 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180920070406/http://www.mayyam.com/talk/showthread.php?10239-Nadigar-Thilagam-Sivaji-Ganesan-Filmography-News-and-Events/page178 |archive-date=20 September 2018 |access-date=14 July 2022 |magazine=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' in its review dated 3 May 1969 called it "a conventional picture and a departure from the usual Tamil film" and concluded "The technical side is not an asset to the film but despite these drawbacks, it is a warmly recommendable family picture".<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 May 1969 |title=Conventional departure |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19690503&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=1 May 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}
* {{Cite book |last=Saravanan |first=M. |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |title=AVM 60 Cinema |publisher=Rajarajan Pathippagam |year=2013 |edition=3rd |language=ta |oclc=1158347612 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{K. Vijayan}}
[[Category:1969 Indian films]]
[[Category:1960s prison films]]
[[Category:1969 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1969 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1969 drama films]]
[[Category:1969 films]]
[[Category:Adaptations of works by Jayakanthan]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Vijayan]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. Devarajan]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian prison drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Aavida Maa Aavide

2026-03-03T18:16:30Z

Ghazal Builders: rework lead per standard format and added references for consistency

{{Short description|1998 film by E. V. V. Satyanarayana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aavida Maa Aavide
| image = Aavida Maa Aavide poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Marudhuri Raja]] Esukapalli Mohan Rao {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story =
| screenplay = E. V. V. Satyanarayana
| producer = D. Kishore [[Murali Mohan]] {{small|(presents)}}
| director = [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]]
| starring = [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] [[Heera Rajagopal]]
| music = [[Sri Kommineni|Sri]]
| cinematography = [[Ajayan Vincent]]
| editing = K. Ravindra Babu
| studio = [[Jayabheri Arts|Jayabheri Art Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1998|1|14}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Aavida Maa Aavide''''' ({{langx|en|She too is my wife }}) is a 1998 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] comedy drama film written and directed by [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]] and produced by D. Kishore under the [[Jayabheri Arts|Jayabheri Art Productions]] banner. The film stars [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] and [[Heera Rajagopal|Heera]] in the lead roles, with music composed by [[Sri Kommineni|Sri]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/tabu-completes-30-years-in-tollywood-revisiting-her-best-works/photostory/84379122.cms| title=Tabu Completes 30 Years In Tollywood; Revisiting Her Best Works| website=[[The Times of India]]| date=13 July 2021| access-date=18 July 2022| archive-date=12 November 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112224314/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/tabu-completes-30-years-in-tollywood-revisiting-her-best-works/photostory/84379122.cms| url-status=live}}</ref>

It is inspired by the 1940 American film ''[[My Favorite Wife]]'', which itself is based on [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson]]'s 1864 poem ''[[Enoch Arden]]''. The film had an average box office run despite a large opening.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.andhraonline.com/archives/tollywood/star38.htm|title=The year gone by 'Twas good for some and bad for most|work=Andhra Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990428055419/http://www.andhraonline.com/archives/tollywood/star38.htm|archive-date=28 April 1999}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 1998 |title=Mammootty's Marumalarchi tops |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/feb07/south2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215190052/http://www.screenindia.com/old/feb07/south2.htm |archive-date=15 February 2008 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}</ref> It was dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Police Killadi'' and [[Hindi language|Hindi]] as ''Biwi No.2''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Police Killadi |url=https://djpunjab.is/tamil/police-killadi-songs-slzemwe.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2000 |title=Biwi No.2 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/14365601-Shree-Biwi-No2 |website=[[Discogs]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2023 |title=Police Killadi C 30 Audio Jukebox |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=drKsFAk3l4c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919215142/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=drKsFAk3l4c |archive-date=19 September 2024 |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
In Hyderabad, Circle Inspector (CI) Vikranth is pressured by his father, to get married. During a police encounter, he meets another police inspector, S. I. Archana and due to circumstances both keep bumping into each other. Eventually they fall in love, get married and have a son. Sometime later, while transferring a criminal to court their jeep gets blasted and everyone in jeep die along with Archana and their son. Vikranth in unable to forget Archana and his son in spite of support from his father and Archana's mother to forget her (as she has died) and move on with his life.

One day they arrange his marriage with a young lady, Jhansi and hide about Vikranth's first marriage. They tell Vikranth that she has accepted marriage on her behalf even after learning about his past and get married. After a while, Archana and their son come back into Vikranth's life. Vikranth learns that she did not die and terrorists had kidnapped her, their son and their men before the jeep blasted. Meanwhile, Jhansi wants to shift to a new flat in the same locality where Archana also resides. Eventually, Archana and Jhansi become neighbours as Vikranth fails to convince Jhansi not to move to the flat. Both women think that their husbands are look-alikes and that they are not married to one person. Vikranth does a double duty of managing both his wives so that they don't suspect him. Jhansi's cousin Kirloskar is a criminal who was once arrested by Archana and put behind bars. There he befriends another criminal, Murari who goes to jail due to Jhansi because of his multiple marriages and betrayal. These two keep interfering into Jhansi and Vikranth's life and try to expose the truth about Vikranth's first marriage. But they fail everytime. After many failed attempts, at last they expose Vikranth's betrayal to his respective wives. They get angry and think he has cheated on them and send divorce papers. Vikranth says that he loved Archana wholeheartedly while he was devastated by the deaths of his wife and son. His father had advised him to move on because he was living a solo life and he did not want him to live like his father after his mother's death when he was a child. Therefore, to respect his father and mother-in-law's wishes, he remarries Jhansi but he didn't know that Jhansi was unaware about his marriage to Archana. He says that he wanted to tell the truth to Jhansi but her father stopped him because Jhansi did not want to get married as she was a tomboy. He tells him to reveal the truth gradually to ease the matter. Archana and Jhansi say that they know about Vikranth's true nature and they want to divorce him because they cannot accept the each other. Finally, Vikranth admits he can accept only Archana as his wife, whereas Jhansi walks out with her father.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] as C. I. Vikranth
* [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as S. I. Archana
* [[Heera Rajagopal]] as Jhansi
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Murari
* [[Srihari (actor)|Srihari]] as Kirloskar
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Head Constable Ramakoti
* [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]]
* [[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam|AVS]] as Hotel Owner
* [[Giri Babu]] as Vikranth's father
* [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]] as Jhansi's father
* [[Rama Prabha]] as Archana's mother
* [[Visweswara Rao]]
* Gadiraju Subba Rao
* [[Ironleg Sastri]]
* [[Shanoor Sana]] as Head Constable Victoria
* Anuradha
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aavida Maa Aavide
| type = film
| artist = [[Sri Kommineni|Sri]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1998
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 29:35
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Sri Kommineni|Sri]]
| prev_title = [[Anaganaga Oka Roju]]
| prev_year = 1997
| next_title = Naa Hrudayam Lo Nidurinche Cheli
| next_year = 1998
}}

Music composed by [[Sri Kommineni|Sri]]. Lyrics written by [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]]. Music released on ADITYA Music Company.

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:35
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Chummade Chummade
| extra1 = Rajesh, [[Sushma Shrestha|Poornima]]
| length1 = 4:59
| title2 = Hey Vastava Chhostava
| extra2 = [[Sri Kommineni|Sri]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| length2 = 4:15
| title3 = Intkedadham Padavamo Antha
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|SP Balu]], [[K. S. Chitra|K. S. Chithra]], [[Swarnalatha]]
| length3 = 4:58
| title4 = Om Namami
| extra4 = K. S. Chithra, [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| length4 = 5:11
| title5 = Thathaha Thathaha
| extra5 = SP Balu, [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| length5 = 4:45
| title6 = Two in One
| extra6 = SP Balu, [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]], Anuradha Sriram
| length6 = 5:13
}}

== Reception ==
The film was reviewed by ''Zamin Ryot''.<ref>[http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1998/Jan/30-Jan-1998.pdf Newspaper clipping] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111010728/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1998/Jan/30-Jan-1998.pdf |date=11 November 2022 }} ''Zamin Ryot'' Retrieved 5 April 2023</ref> A critic from ''Andhra Today'' wrote that "With hardly any story to carry it, the film rides on the sheer talents of the director and the acting skills of the lead man Nagarjuna. It is their show all along".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/maaavide.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980213002649/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/maaavide.htm | archive-date=13 February 1998 | title=Reviews }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0358914|title=Aavida Maa Aavide}}

{{E. V. V. Satyanarayana}}

[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:1998 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Fiction about polygamy]]
[[Category:Comedy of remarriage films]]
[[Category:Films directed by E. V. V. Satyanarayana]]
[[Category:1998 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1998 Indian films]]

Kodaikanal (film)

2026-03-03T04:25:06Z

Ghazal Builders: started stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kodaikanal
| image =

| caption =
| director = T. K. Bose
| producer = R. Swarnalakshmi
| writer = Kanmani Raja Mohammad (dialogues)
| story = [[R. Raghu]]
| screenplay = T. K. Bose
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ashwanth Thilak]]|[[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]]|[[Sekar (dubbing artist)|Sekar]]}}
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cinematography = Ravindar
| editing = L. Kesavan
| distributor =
| studio = Sri Swarnalakshmi Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2008|11|14}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kodaikanal''''' is a 2008 [[Tamil language]] [[thriller film]] directed by T. K. Bose. The film stars newcomers [[Ashwanth Thilak]], [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]] and [[Sekar (dubbing artist)|Sekar]], with Kandeepan, [[Vadivukkarasi]], [[Senthil]], Scissor Manohar, [[Alex (actor)|Alex]], Bayilvan Ranganathan and [[Vijay Krishnaraj]] playing supporting roles. The film, produced by R. Swarnalakshmi, was released on 14 November 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://spicyonion.com/movie/kodaikanal/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022020730/http://spicyonion.com/movie/kodaikanal/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=22 October 2013|title=Kodaikanal (2008)|access-date=17 September 2018|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jointscene.com:80/movies/Kollywood/Kodaikanal/1654|title=Jointscene : Tamil Movie Kodaikanal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212162936/http://www.jointscene.com/movies/Kollywood/Kodaikanal/1654|archive-date=12 December 2009|access-date=17 September 2018|publisher=jointscene.com|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==

Surya ([[Ashwanth Thilak]]) and Nandha ([[Sekar (dubbing artist)|Sekar]]) are orphans and petty thieves who steal for a living in [[Chennai]]. When they enter a moneylender’s house to rob, they find the safe completely empty and the moneylender dead. For the crime they haven’t committed, they are held as culprits and cops are there chasing them. The two friends, behind the wheel of a stolen car, head to [[Kodaikanal]], a delightful hill station and a perfect place to hide from the police.

In the meantime, the film actress Brinda ([[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]]) is attempted to be kidnapped by her film financier (C. M. Bala) but she manages to escape. Her greedy mother ([[Vadivukkarasi]]) and evil uncle (Kandeepan) will get paid a lump sum if she sleeps with the financier. Without money and exhausted, Brinda reaches Kodaikanal, however, her uncle and his gang are after her.

Later, Surya finds Brinda unconscious near a river and he brings her to the stolen car. Brinda who wore skin-darkening makeup and tribe clothes poses as a nomad girl. Surya and Brinda slowly fall in love with each other. Thereafter, the police find their hiding place and are chasing them again in driving rain. During the escape, the rain removed her make-up and Surya is stunned to see Brinda's true face. The three take refuge in an abandoned house and Brinda then tells them about the suffering she has endured when she was with her mother and her uncle. Surya and Brinda, who got to know each other better, subsequently get married with the blessings of Nandha in the house. Her uncle finally found their place thus he beats up Surya and tries to abduct Brinda. To save them, Nandha plunges into the void with her uncle and both died. The film ends with Surya and Brinda, in tears, cremating their friend.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Ashwanth Thilak]] as Surya
*[[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]] as Brinda
*[[Sekar (dubbing artist)|Sekar]] as Nandha
*Kandeepan as Brinda's uncle
*[[Vadivukkarasi]] as Brinda's mother
*[[Senthil]] as Constable Veerasamy
*[[Scissor Manohar]] as Police Constable
*[[Alex (actor)|Alex]] as Police Inspector
*[[Bayilvan Ranganathan]] as Police Inspector
*[[Vijay Krishnaraj]] as Police Commissioner
*Raj Krishna
*C. M. Bala as Film financier
*Nambirajan as Actor
*K. R. Selvaraj
*R. Veeramani
*[[Gangai Amaran]] in a guest appearance
}}

==Production==
After a break from directing, T. K. Bose who directed films such as ''[[Raasave Unnai Nambi]]'' (1988), ''[[Ennai Vittu Pogaathe]]'' (1988) and ''[[Pongi Varum Kaveri]]'' (1989) made his return with the romantic thriller of sorts ''Kodaikanal''. The film was shot entirely at the hill resort in [[Kodaikanal]]. The new face [[Ashwanth Thilak]], the dubbing artist [[Sekar (dubbing artist)|Sekar]] and Malayalam actress [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]] were selected to play the lead roles. During the shooting of the film, the director and producer filed a complaint against Poorna in the Producers Association due to call sheet problems for the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vellithira.in/2008/01/28/actress-shamna-changes-name-to-poorna/|title=Actress Shamna changes name to Poorna|date=28 January 2008|access-date=17 September 2018|publisher=vellithira.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/kodaikanal-audio-launch/|title=Kodaikanal audio launch|date=18 June 2008|access-date=17 September 2018|publisher=kollywoodtoday.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Stargazing/article15397624.ece|title=Thrill and chill|date=15 February 2008|access-date=17 September 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album|
| name = Kodaikanal
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2008
| recorded = 2008
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 29:58
| label =
| producer = Deva
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film score and the soundtrack were composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]. The soundtrack, released in 2008, features 6 tracks with lyrics written by [[Piraisoodan]] and [[Yugabharathi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mio.to/album/Kodaikanal+%282008%29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316093925/https://mio.to/album/Kodaikanal+(2008)|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 March 2022|title=Kodaikanal (2008) - Deva|access-date=17 September 2018|publisher=MusicIndiaOnline}}</ref> The audio was released in Chennai by [[Kamal Haasan]] and P. Bharathiraja received the first CD. Director [[Rama Narayanan]], producer K. Prabakaran, DGP Vaikunth and producer Rajendran attended the audio launch.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Kodaikanal-calling/article15384691.ece|title=Kodaikanal calling|author=S. R. Ashok Kumar|date=8 July 2008|access-date=17 September 2018|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-08-03/kodaikanal-17-06-08.html|title= Kamal's lofty ambitions|date=17 June 2008|access-date=17 September 2018|website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/tamil/boxoffice/fullstory.php?id=14695857|title=Kodaikanal launched by Kamal!|date=17 June 2008|access-date=17 September 2018|website=[[Sify]]}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
|1 || "Kasu Kasu" || Archith, [[Malathy Lakshman]], [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || [[Piraisoodan]] || 4:32
|-
|2 || "Mettu Mettu" || [[Harini (singer)|Harini]] || [[Yugabharathi]] || 4:44
|-
|3 || "Chekka Sivantha Chirukki" || [[Manikka Vinayagam]], Jayalakshmi || rowspan=4|Piraisoodan || 5:30
|-
|4 || "Suvaiyanadhu Suvaiyanadhu" || Timmy, [[Suchitra]] || 5:04
|-
|5 || "Anchu Viralaivichan" || Krishnaraj, [[Pop Shalini]] || 4:40
|-
|6 || "Chinna China Kathai" || Krishnaraj, [[Senthildass Velayutham]], S. Sathya || 5:28
|}

==Release==
The film was released on 14 November 2008 alongside the big-budget film ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kodaikanal-races-alongside-biggies-tamil-news-42793|title='Kodaikanal' races alongside biggies|date=5 November 2008|access-date=17 September 2018|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
A critic from ''Kollywood Today'' praised the cinematography and the performance of the lead actors, and concluded, "Kodaikanal is a film that offers a different and relishing to the audiences".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/reviews/review-kodaikanal/|title=Review - Kodaikanal - Kollywood Today|date=26 November 2008|access-date=17 September 2018|publisher=kollywoodtoday.net}}</ref> In contrast, another reviewer gave a negative review stating, "The story and script are somewhat logically conceived, dated direction and sloppy editing lets ''Kodaikanal'' down badly despite spirited performances by Shekar and Poorna".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/kodaikanal-a-good-beginning-ends-up-half-done-tamil-film-review_100119813.html|title='Kodaikanal' - a good beginning ends up half-done|date=16 November 2008|access-date=17 September 2018|publisher=thaindian.com}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film took a below average opening at the [[Chennai]] box office, beginning in the fourth position the first week and finishing in the ninth position the third week.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-3/top-ten-movies-nov-17/tamil-cinema-topten-movie-kodaikanal.html|title=KODAIKANAL - TOP TEN MOVIES TAMIL BOX OFFICE CHENNAI COLLECTIONS|date=17 November 2008|access-date=17 September 2018|website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-3/top-ten-movies-nov-24/tamil-cinema-topten-movie-kodaikanal.html|title=KODAIKANAL - TOP TEN MOVIES TAMIL BOX OFFICE CHENNAI COLLECTIONS|date=24 November 2008|access-date=17 September 2018|website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-3/top-ten-movies-dec-01/tamil-cinema-topten-movie-kodaikanal.html|title=KODAIKANAL - TOP TEN MOVIES TAMIL BOX OFFICE CHENNAI COLLECTIONS|date=1 December 2008|access-date=17 September 2018|website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> The film was declared a flop at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/My-target-is-defined-Poorna/articleshow/5336743.cms|title=My target is defined: Poorna|date=14 January 2017|access-date=17 September 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kodaikanal]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bishnupur II

2026-03-02T21:08:52Z

Ghazal Builders: slightly fixed layout for clarity and improved wording based on references

{{Short description|Community Development Block in West Bengal, India}}
{{Other uses|Bishnupur (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bishnupur II
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Community development block|Community Development Block]]
| image_skyline =
| image_map = Bishnupur-II in South 24 Parganas (West Bengal).svg
| mapsize = 300
| map_caption = Location of Bishnupur II community development block in South 24 Parganas district
| coordinates = {{coord|22.3812|N|88.2680|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of subdivisions of West Bengal|Subdivision]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Alipore Sadar subdivision|Alipore Sadar]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Bakrahat]]
| leader_title = [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayats]]
| leader_name = Bakhrahat, Chak Enayetnagar, Chandi, Gobindapur Kalicharanpur, Kanganberia, Khagramuri, Maukhali, Nahajari, Panchanan, Patharberia Jaychandipur, Ramkrishnapur Borhanpur
| leader_title1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency|Diamond Harbour]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Satgachhia Assembly constituency|Satgachhia]]
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 81.71
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 214,531
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 75,552
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 81.37 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info2 = 957 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|https://s24pgs.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Bishnupur II''' is a [[community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Alipore Sadar subdivision]] of [[South 24 Parganas|South 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
[[File:South 24 Parganas Tehsil Map (en).svg|thumb]]
The Bishnupur II CD block is located at {{coord|22.3812|N|88.2680|E|format=dms|}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|9|m}}.

The Bishnupur II CD block is bounded by the [[Thakurpukur Maheshtala]] CD block in the north, the [[Bishnupur I]] CD block in the east, the [[Falta (community development block)|Falta]] and [[Magrahat I]] CD blocks in the south and the [[Budge Budge I]] and [[Budge Budge II]] CD blocks in the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1917_PART_B_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: South 24 Parganas, Series 20, Part XII B | work= Map of South 24 Parganas with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 11 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/south-24-parganas.html|title = South Twenty-four Parganas | work= CD block/ tehsil map|publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 11 October 2019}}</ref>

The [[South 24 Parganas district]] is divided into two distinct physiographic zones: the marine-riverine delta in the north and the marine delta zone in the south. As the sea receded southwards, in the sub-recent [[Period (geology)|geological period]], a large low-lying plain became exposed. Both [[Tide|tidal]] inflows and the rivers have deposited sediments in this plain. The periodical collapse of both the natural [[levee]]s and man-made embankments speed up the process of filling the depressions containing [[Brackish Water]] wetlands. The marine delta in the south is formed of interlacing tidal channels. As non-saline water for irrigation is scarce, agriculture is [[monsoon]]-dominated. Some parts of the wetlands are still preserved for raising fish.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 1 South 24 Parganas: An Overview, p 9-12 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 1 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 2016-10-05 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The Bishnupur II CD block has an area of 81.71 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 11 [[gram panchayat]]s, 167 gram sansads (village councils), 62 [[mouza]]s and 52 inhabited villages, as per the ''District Statistical Handbook for South Twenty-four Parganas''. [[Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas#Police station|Bishnupur]] police station serves this CD Block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Bakrahat]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | title = BDO Offices under South 24 Parganas District | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181003083629/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | archive-date = 3 October 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of the Bishnupur II CD block/[[panchayat samiti]] are: Bakhrahat, Chak Enayetnagar, Chandi, Gobindapur Kalicharanpur, Kanganberia, Khagramuri, Maukhali, Nahajari, Panchanan, Patharberia Jaychandipur and Ramkrishnapur Borhanpur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://s24pgs.gov.in/s24p/page.php?nm=Blocks |title= Blocks and Gram Panchayats in South 24 Parganas| publisher = South 24 Parganas District Administration |access-date = 1 April 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], the Bishnupur II CD block had a total population of 214,531, of which 138,979 were rural and 75,552 were urban. There were 109,603 (51%) males and 104,928 (49%) females. There were 23,351 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 33,378 (15.56%) and the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 87 (0.04%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 2 April 2016}}</ref>

According to the [[2001 Census of India]], the Bishnupur II CD block had a total population of 190,616, out of which 98,027 were males and 92,589 were females. the Bishnupur II CD block registered a population growth of 14.87% during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the [[South 24 Parganas]] district was 20.89%. Decadal growth in [[West Bengal]] was 17.84%. The [[Scheduled Castes]] at 33,282 formed around one-sixth the population. The [[Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 1,452.<ref name=handbook>{{cite web | url =http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title =District Statistical Handbook – 2010-11 – South 24 Parganas | work =South 24 Parganas at a glance, Tables 2.2, 2.4 (b), 4.5 | publisher =Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date =3 April 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date =21 January 2019 | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 – South 24 Parganas |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110719041523/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm |archive-date=July 19, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>

[[Census Town]]s in the Bishnupur II CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Nahazari]] (17,422), [[Nadabhanga]] (5,927), [[Kanganbaria]] (6,657), [[Bora Gagangohalia]] (5,274), [[Chanddandaha]] (5,656), [[Barkalikapur]] (4,650), [[Patharberia]] (4,698), [[Ramkrishnapur, Bishnupur|Ramkrishnapur]] (5,971), [[Amtala]] (8,765), [[Kriparampur]] (3,778) and [[Chak Enayetnagar]] (6,754).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in the Bishnupur II CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): Khagramuri (5,734), Joychandipur (4,541), Gobindapur (5,588), Sultanganja (4,486), Borahanpur (7,218), Gangarampur (4,016), Enayetnagar (4,617), Mirpur (4,676) and Chandi (13,332).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in the Bishnupur II CD block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Maukhali (3,705).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literates in the Bishnupur II CD block was 155,554 (81.37% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 84,495 (86.44% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 71,059 (76.05% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 10.39%.<ref name=census2011/>

According to the [[2011 Census of India]], literacy in the [[South 24 Parganas]] district was 77.51%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php |title = District Census 2011 |publisher= Population Census 2011 | access-date = 24 January 2016}}</ref> Literacy in [[West Bengal]] was 77.08% in 2011.<ref name=literacy>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_progresstables.pdf | title= Provisional population tables and annexures| work= Census 2011:Table 2(3) Literates and Literacy rates by sex |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 9 February 2016}}</ref> Literacy in [[India]] in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name=literacy/>

According to the [[2001 Census of India]], the Bishnupur II CD block had a total literacy of 73.42% for the 6+ age group. While male literacy was 81.77% female literacy was 64.54%. The [[South 24 Parganas]] district had a total literacy of 69.45%, male literacy being 79.19% and female literacy being 59.01%.<ref name=handbook/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of South 24 Parganas district|collapsible=y}}

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Bishnupur II CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 99.47 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 0.50 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 0.02 |color3 = green
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.01 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 99.47% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 0.50% [[Hindi]] and 0.02% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Bishnupur II CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|61.92}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|37.60}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.48}}
}}

In the [[2011 Census of India]], Hindus numbered 132,844 and formed 61.92% of the population in the Bishnupur II CD block. Muslims numbered 80,651 and formed 37.60% of the population. Others numbered 1,036 and formed 0.48% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

The proportion of Muslims here has increased from 23.4% to 35.6% during the same period. Christians formed 0.8% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Pages 52-53: Religion| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 5 October 2018}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per the ''[[Human Development Report]]'' for the South 24 Parganas district, published in 2009, in the Bishnupur II CD block the percentage of households [[Below Poverty Line|below poverty line]] was 10.62%, a comparatively low level of poverty. As per rural household survey in 2005, the proportion of households in the South 24 Parganas with poverty rates below poverty line was 34.11%, way above the state and national poverty ratios. The poverty rates were very high in the [[Sundarbans settlements]] with all thirteen CD blocks registering poverty ratios above 30% and eight CD blocks had more than 40% of the population in the BPL category.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 42-43, Chapter 3.8: Poverty Scenario in South 24 Parganas | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Bishnupur II CD block'''
|value1 = 5.96
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 12.81
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 17.05
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 64.18
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In the Bishnupur II CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 4,787 and formed 5.96%, agricultural labourers numbered 10,927 and formed 12.81%, household industry workers numbered 13,705 and formed 17.05% and other workers numbered 51,576and formed 64.18%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 24 September 2019}}</ref> Total workers numbered 80,365 and formed 37.46% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 134,166 and formed 62.54% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 24 September 2019}}</ref>

The ''District Human Development Report'' points out that in the blocks of region situated in the close proximity of the Kolkata metropolis, overwhelming majority are involved in the non-agricultural sector for their livelihood. On the other hand, in the Sundarbans settlements, overwhelming majority are dependent on agriculture. In the intermediate region, there is again predominance of the non-agricultural sector. Though the region is not very close to Kolkata, many places are well connected and some industrial/ economic development has taken place.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Page 69, Chapter 4.3: Occupational Diversification | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 52 inhabited villages in the Bishnupur II CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook, South Twenty-four Parganas, 2011''. 100% villages have power supply. 51 villages (98.08%) have drinking water supply. 13 villages (25.00%) have post offices. 48 villages (92.31%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 27 villages (51.92%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 19 villages (36.94%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 3 villages (5.77%) has agricultural credit societies and 6 villages (11.54%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 111, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 26 September 2019}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
The South 24 Parganas had played a significant role in the [[Tebhaga movement]] launched by the [[Communist Party of India]] in 1946. Subsequently, ''[[Operation Barga]]'' was aimed at securing tenancy rights for the peasants. In the Bishnupur II CD block 111.03 acres of land was acquired and vested. Out of this 84.81 acres or 76.88% of the vested land was distributed. The total number of patta (document) holders was 424.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 3 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 2016-10-05 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

According to the ''District Human Development Report'', agriculture is an important source of livelihood in the South Twentyfour Parganas district. The amount of cultivable land per agricultural worker is only 0.41 hectare in the district. Moreover, the irrigation facilities have not been extended to a satisfactory scale. Agriculture mostly remains a mono-cropped activity.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 28-30, Chapter 3.2: Sectoral Composition of Output | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

As per the ''District Census Handbook'', the saline soil of the district is unfit for cultivation, but the non-salty lands are very fertile. While rice is the main food crop, jute is the main cash crop.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 21: Agriculture | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 26 September 2019}}</ref>

In 2013–14, there were 21 fertiliser depots, 37 seed stores and 44 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the Bishnupur II CD block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 16.1, 18.1, 18.3, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, the Bishnupur II CD block produced 752 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 1,953 hectares, 1,712 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 535 hectares.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Pisciculture===
In the Bishnupur II CD block, in 2013–14, net area under effective pisciculture was 1,225 hectares, engaging 9,985 persons in the profession, and with an approximate annual production of 25,940 quintals.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Pisciculture is an important source of employment in the South 24 Parganas district. As of 2001, more than 4.5 lakh people were engaged in Pisciculture. Out of this 2.57 lakhs were from the 13 blocks in the Sundarbans settlements.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 76, Chapter 4.5.2: Non-agriculture, (i) Pisciculture | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2013–14, the Bishnupur II CD block had offices of 14 commercial banks and 1 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
The South 24 Parganas district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
Bishnupur II CD block has 11 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 17 km from the block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Education==
In 2013–14, the Bishnupur II CD block had 107 primary schools with 9,223 students, 3 middle schools with 504 students, 11 high schools with 5,356 students and 12 higher secondary schools with 10,584 students. Bishnupur II CD block had 1 general degree college with 2,281 students, 1 technical/ professional institution with 199 students and 320 institutions for special and non-formal education with 11,561 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

See also – [[Education in India]]

According to the 2011 census, in the Bishnupur II CD block, amongst the 52 inhabited villages, 2 villages did not have a school, 28 villages had two or more primary schools, 16 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 13 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, South 24 Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 931-932, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 2 October 2019}}</ref>

[[Vidyanagar College]] was established at [[Vidyanagar, Bishnupur|Vidyanagar]] in 1963.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.collegesearch.in/colleges/vidyanagar-college | title = Vidyanagar College | publisher = College Search | access-date = 9 December 2019}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Certain areas of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district have been identified where ground water is affected by [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|Arsenic Contamination]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb4.htm | title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (19 years study) | access-date = 2011-09-28 | work = Groundwater arsenic contamination status of North 24-Parganas district, one of the nine arsenic affected districts of West Bengal-India | publisher = SOES | archive-date = 27 September 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002957/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb4.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> High levels of arsenic in ground water were found in twelve CD blocks of the district. Water samples collected from tubewells in the affected places contained arsenic above the normal level (10 micrograms per litre as specified by the [[World Health Organization]]). The affected CD blocks are [[Baruipur (community development block)|Baruipur]], [[Bhangar I]], [[Bhangar II]], [[Bishnupur I]], Bishnupur II, [[Basanti (community development block)|Basanti]], [[Budge Budge II]], [[Canning I]], [[Canning II]], [[Sonarpur (community development block)|Sonarpur]], [[Magrahat II]] and [[Jaynagar I]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=183781&usrsess=1
|title=High arsenic levels in South
|access-date=2011-09-28
|publisher=The Statesman, 24 June 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091658/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=183781&usrsess=1
|archive-date=2007-09-29
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

In 2014, the Bishnupur II CD block had 1 block primary health centre, 1 primary health centre and 18 private nursing homes with total 215 beds and 39 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 26 family welfare subcentres. 1,774 patients were treated indoor and 131,275 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

According to the 2011 census, in the Bishnupur II CD block, 2 villages had primary health centres, 11 villages had primary health subcentres, 7 villages had maternity and child welfare centres, 11 villages had medicine shops and out of the 52 inhabited villages 19 villages had no medical facilities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 927-929, Appendix I: Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and other amenities – CD block level | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 October 2019}}</ref>

Amtala Rural Hospital at [[Amtala]] with 50 beds is the major government medical facility in the Bishnupur II CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at [[Samali]] (PO [[Nahazari]]) (with 10 beds) and Moukhali (PO Charshyamdas) (with 6 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 November 2019 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 November 2019 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 1 November 2019 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in South 24 Parganas district]]

Zahmuaka

2026-02-26T05:23:18Z

Ghazal Builders: Created Basic Info From Scratch...

{{Short description|First Lusei chief}}
{{use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Zahmuaka
| image =
| title = Chief of Khawrua and Tlang {{lang|lus|Khawrua leh Tlang Lal}}
| caption =
| succession =
| reign =
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| predecessor = Chhanpiala
| regent =
| reg-type =
| successor = Thangur
| suc-type = Successing Dynasty
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| spouse-type =
| consort =
| issue = Zadenga Palliana Thangluaha Thangura Rivunga Rokhuma
| issue-link =
| regnal name =
| house = Paihtê/Lusei
| father = Chhuahlawma
| mother =
| religion = [[Mizo religion|Sakhua]]
| type = chieftain
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| signature =
| native_lang1 = [[Duhlien]]
}}

'''Zahmuaka''' ({{literal translation|To meet a hundred people}}) was the first Lusei chief in the 16th century. He would establish [[Mizo Chieftainship|chieftainship]] among the Mizos and their descendants. He is also the forefather of most chiefs in the [[Lushai Hills]], India. His sons would establish Lusei dynasties of chiefs and migrate into the Lushai Hills (now [[Mizoram]]) over time. Zahmuaka himself, however, lived and died in modern-day [[Myanmar]]. His descendants would migrate to Mizoram under [[Lallula]].

==Early life==
Zahmuaka was born to Chhuahlawma in the Chin Hills of Myanmar. Chhuahlawma was a Paite warrior captured by the Lusei and Chhakchhuak, while the Mizos in Seipui fought wars with the Tedim east of the Manipur River.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1976|p=16}} Chhuahlawma was adopted by the Chhakchhuak and given a wife.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1976|p=16}}{{sfn|Bandyopadhyay|2004|p=45}} Despite Zahmuaka's lineage and ancestry being [[Paite people|Paite]], researchers term the ancestors between Zahmuaka and his forefather, Nova, to be referred as Duhlian.{{sfn|Zawla|1964|p=164}} Zahmuaka and his parents grew up on Lentlang.{{sfn|Government of Mizoram|1994|p=46}} Zahmuaka's name was chosen by his mother because his father Chhuahlawma was captured with one hundred men alongside him during a raid.{{sfn|Liangkhaia|1938|p=56}}

As he grew up among the Lusei, Zahmuaka was married to Lawileri. Lawileri was from Lawitlang. However she was known for having loose character.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=101}} The village youth would throw stones on Zahmuaka's door to check if Lawileri was home.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=102}} Zahmuaka and his wife were very poor and had built their house below the main path of the village. The other villagers would disrespect Zahmuaka by throwing stones at his house.{{sfn|Lalbiakthanga|1978|p=8}} They had seven sons. The youngest son died in infancy.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1976|p=16}} Zahmuaka worked as the gatekeeper of the village fort.{{sfn|Ralte|2009|p=17}} The first son was Zadenga. He was named Zadenga which meant ''Za'' (hundred) and Denga (stones) in reference to the humiliation Zahmuaka faced. The second son was Paliana. ''Pa'' (man) and ''lian'' (big) refers to a strong healthy child he presented himself as. The third son was Thangluaha which means one who surpasses or one who is famous. Zahmuaka wasn't rich at this point but he had surpassed poverty and other villagers in wealth.{{sfn|Lalbiakthanga|1978|p=9}} The fourth son was Thangur, which meant good and above the ordinary. This name was chosen for his handsome features. The fifth son was Rivunga. ''Ri'' (sound) and ''vunga'' (many) refers to the noisy house of having many children. The sixth son was ''Rokhuma''. ''Ro'' (property) and ''khum'' (to exceed) signified that Zahmuaka was now prosperous with many sons working under him. {{sfn|Lalbiakthanga|1978|p=10}}{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=102}}{{sfn|Ralte|2009|p=19}}

==Chieftainship==
After the death of Chhanpiala at Khawrua and Tlang villages, the Seipui villagers suggested Zahmuaka to become their chief.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1976|p=16}} According to Mizo legend, shortly before Chhanpiala's death, Zahmuaka had dreamt that a stream of water from his genitals fell as a fountain sprays over the hills. He initially thought of it as a bad omen. The dream made Zahmuaka hesitant to become chief before Lawileri convinced him. Both Khawrua and Tlangkhua numbered at a population of 2000 at the time.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=103}} Due to Thangur's military prowess on the battlefield, Zahmuaka was given confidence by the villagers.{{sfn|Zawla|1964|p=164}} His sons were placed on night patrol and night watch. This was due to the threat of Pawi or Sukte raids. The threat was egregious because the Pawis and Suktes had access to firearms where as the Lusei did not at this point.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=103}} Soon after becoming chief, Zahmuaka gave up his role and returned to Seipui. To retain Zahmuaka as their chief, the villagers offered ''fathang'', or a paddy tribute to the chief. This began the custom of taxation in chieftainship. As a result, Zahmuaka continued to rule.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1976|p=16}}

Since Zahmuaka's sons were warriors and commanded the [[zawlbuk]]s, more taxes were introduced such as ''sachhiah'' and ''buhchhun''. This was to accommodate Zahmuaka, as his sons were defending the village over jhumming.{{sfn|Zawla|1976|p=164}}

==Death==
After Zahmuaka's death in the first quarter of the 17th century, Zadeng would assume chieftainship of Tlangkhua while the other sons would have their own villages.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=104}}

==Genealogy==
{{Zahmuaka family tree}}

==See also==
*[[Mizo Chieftainship]]
*[[Lallula]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last1=Government of Mizoram |title=Mizoram Today |date=1994 |publisher=Directorate of Information |location=Aizawl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TeN9S3XevZkC |access-date=5 March 2025}}

*{{cite book |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Pradip Kumar |title=The Mizo leadership |date=2004 |publisher=B.R. Publishing Company |location=India |isbn=978-81-7646-441-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EHswAQAAIAAJ |access-date=5 March 2025}}

*{{cite book |last1=Liangkhaia |first1=Reverend |title=Mizo Chanchin (Mizo History) |date=1938 |publisher=L.T.L Publications |location=Aizawl |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467315/mode/2up |access-date=21 February 2025|language=Mizo}}

*{{cite book |last1=Zawla |first1=K. |title=Mizo Pi Pute leh an thlahte Chanchin |date=1964 |publisher=Gosen Press |location=Aizawl |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467485/mode/2up |access-date=5 March 2025}}

*{{cite book |last1=Verghese |first1=C.G.|last2=Thanzawna|first2=R.L.|title=A History of the Mizos |date=1997 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |location=New Delhi}}

*{{cite book |last1=Lalbiakthanga |title=The Mizos: A Study in Racial Personality |date=1978 |publisher=United Publishers |location=Guahati}}

*{{cite journal |last1=Ralte |first1=Lalhmingliani |title=Zahmuaka |journal=Historical Journal of Mizoram |date=2008 |volume=9 |issue=1 |url=https://historicaljournalmizoram.in/2008/11/ |access-date=29 August 2025}}

{{Lushai frontier}}

[[Category:Early Lushai chiefs]]
[[Category:16th-century Asian people]]

Anjana Om Kashyap

2026-02-24T14:39:24Z

Ghazal Builders: adjust section

{{short description|Indian anchor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anjana Om Kashyap
| image = Anjana Om Kashyap.png
| caption = Kashyap in 2021
| birth_date = 
| citizenship =
| education =
| birth_place = [[Ranchi]], [[Bihar]] (now [[Jharkhand]]), India
| occupation = Journalism, [[news presenter]]
| alma mater = *[[Jamia Millia Islamia]]
*[[Delhi University]]
| alias =
| spouse = Mangesh Kashyap
| title =
| children = 2
| employer = [[Aaj Tak]]
| years_active = 2003 – 2025
| credits =
| agent =
| net_worth =
}}
'''Anjana Om Kashyap''' is an Indian news anchor working with Hindi news channel [[Aaj Tak]] as a Managing Editor.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kashyap |first=Anjana Om |date=15 July 2015 |title=Guest Column: Lynching on Social Media: Anjana Om Kashyap |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/digital-news/guest-columnlynching-on-social-mediaanjana-om-kashyap-60798.html |website=Exchange 4 Media |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref> Kashyap started her journalistic career by joining the public broadcaster [[Doordarshan]] before moving to [[Zee News]]. She then went to [[News 24 (India)|News 24]] before settling into [[Aaj Tak]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What's gone wrong with TV news in India |url=https://thedailyeye.info/thought-box/what-s-gone-wrong-with-tv-news-in-india/5668de8c7d6ada1a |website=thedailyeye.info |access-date=30 January 2024}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kashyap was born in a middle-class family to Omprakash Tiwari in [[Ranchi]], then in [[Bihar]].<ref name=":0" /> Her father was a doctor on short-service-commission with the [[Indian Army]], and served during the [[Bangladesh War of Liberation]].<ref name=":0" />

Kashyap had her schooling at Loreto Convent, a local [[Catholic school]] and then from [[Delhi Public School, Ranchi]].<ref name=":0" /> She went on to pursue an honours in Botany from the [[University of Delhi]]. Kashyap went on to appear for the [[All India Pre Medical Test]] but failed to pass.<ref name=":0" /> She was a prolific debater and exhibited strong leadership qualities since childhood, having become the head-girl in both the schools and the president of her college hostel.<ref name=":0" />

After a few years, she enrolled at the [[Delhi School of Social Work]], for her post-graduation. Kashyap mentions that the curricula and field visits inculcated a spirit of public activism in her.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Kashyap's first job was as a [[Mental health counselor|counselor]] at the [[Daewoo Motors]];, however she resigned soon after an year.<ref name=":0" /> She then joined an NGO in the roles of a legal counselor.<ref name=":0" />

=== Journalism ===
In the early 2000s, Kashyap opted for a diploma in journalism, from [[Jamia Millia Islamia]].<ref name=":0" /> Upon graduation, she joined [[Doordarshan]], where she was assigned to the news-desk of ''Aankhon Dekhi'', an investigative show but was also allotted infrequent reporting duties.<ref name=":0" />

Within a year, she moved to [[Zee News]].<ref name=":0" /> Whilst she wanted to be an anchor all throughout; the channel found her lacking in speaking finesse and employed her in producing roles.<ref name=":0" /> In her later years at Zee, she successfully passed the auditions and was occasionally used as an anchor for special features.<ref name=":0" />

In 2007, she joined [[News 24 (India)|News 24]], where she was, for the first time, assigned a mainstream role at anchoring in the form of moderating an evening debate show.<ref name=":0" /> She left the venture in early 2012 and moved to Star News; however, it was shut down months later.<ref name=":0" /> Kashyap thus became one of the several journalists, to follow her immediate ex-boss at News24 – Supriya Prasad from [[News 24 (India)|News 24]] to Aaj Tak, around late 2012.<ref name=":0" />

=== Views ===
Kashyap has been noted to be a strong voice against [[Reservation in India|reservations in India]] for socially oppressed classes and likewise affirmative actions; in a media-panel discussion, she had once described the system to be infested by 'termites', which brought neither social mobility nor economic affluence for the target-populace.<ref name=":0" />

In October 2025, an FIR was filed against Kashyap for her remarks on the sage [[Valmiki]] which supposedly hurt the sentiments of the [[Valmiki caste]].<ref>{{cite web |title='Aaj Tak' anchor Anjana Om Kashyap booked for hurting sentiments of Valmiki community |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1087558/aaj-tak-anchor-anjana-om-kashyap-booked-for-hurting-sentiments-of-valmiki-community |website=Scroll.in |access-date=14 October 2025 |language=en |date=12 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sethi |first1=Chitleen K. |title=Journalist Anjana Om Kashyap booked in Ludhiana over remarks on Valmiki during TV debate |url=https://theprint.in/india/journalist-anjana-om-kashyap-booked-in-ludhiana-over-remarks-on-valmiki-during-tv-debate/2761700/ |website=ThePrint |access-date=14 October 2025 |date=11 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aaj Tak Anchor Anjana Om Kashyap Booked for Alleged Derogatory Remarks on Saint Valmiki |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/aaj-tak-anchor-anjana-om-kashyap-booked-by-ludhiana-police-over-alleged-remarks-on-valmiki |website=Outlook India |access-date=14 October 2025 |language=en-In |date=13 October 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A [[Long-form journalism|long-form piece]] over [[The Caravan]] (by Nikita Saxena), has been highly critical of Kashyap's journalism, noting the aggressive propagation of [[Hindutva]] centered ideologies and biased reporting in favour of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], across a variety of situations.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/anjana-om-kashyap-star-hindi-news-television|title=How Anjana Om Kashyap, a star of Hindi news television, sells the new normal|last=Saxena|first=Nikita|date=1 December 2019|website=[[The Caravan]]|publisher=Delhi Press|language=en|url-access=subscription|access-date=6 December 2019}}</ref> [[Scroll.in]] has noted her to be an establishment friendly news anchor.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://scroll.in/video/949165/establishment-friendly-news-anchor-anjana-om-kashyap-says-caa-and-nrc-can-be-a-lethal-combination |title=Establishment-friendly news anchor Anjana Om Kashyap says CAA and NRC can be a 'lethal combination' |work=Scroll.in |date=8 January 2020 |access-date=9 January 2020}}</ref> Kashyap was one of the few reporters, who was allowed to interview [[Narendra Modi]], in the run-up to the 2019 National Elections. Saxena opines that Kashyap refused to pose any challenging question to him.<ref name=":0" /> Kashyap's reporting of the [[2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute|2019 Supreme Court proceedings on Ayodhya title dispute]] toed a pro-Hindutva line with numerous debates and special shows, that spanned a vast avenue from seeking the reasons behind a routine deferment of the case (around 18 October) to inquiring about why the Muslims were unable to compromise with a ''mere'' 5 acre land, and the timeline of Ram Mandir construction, all along with provocative headlines and audience-polls; it ended with welcoming the final verdict in favour of the Hindus, as a sacred occasion.<ref name=":0" />

While reporting about the [[2019 Bihar encephalitis outbreak]], Kashyap entered the neonatal ICU at [[Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital]] and started haranguing the on-duty paediatrician.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/elections/social-dangal/aaj-tak-anjana-om-kashyap-heckles-doctor-bihar-hospital|title='Why Scold Doctor on Duty?' TV Reporter's ICU Coverage Faces Flak|date=19 June 2019|website=[[The Quint]]|access-date=1 July 2019}}</ref> She was widely criticised for her inappropriate behaviour.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/tv-anchor-anjana-om-kashyap-criticised-for-entering-icu-in-bihar-hospital-for-news-report/cid/1692736|title=TV anchor Anjana Om Kashyap criticised for entering ICU in Bihar hospital for news report|date=19 June 2019|website=Telegraph India|access-date=1 July 2019}}</ref> The Indian Medical Association subsequently filed a complaint against her, for endangering the lives of children, in an attempt to gain publicity.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Medical Association letter to channel on Anjana Om Kashyap's ICU entry |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/medical-association-letter-to-channel-on-anjana-om-kashyap-s-icu-entry/cid/1693229 |access-date=26 June 2022 |work=the Telegraph |date=26 June 2019}}</ref>

== Awards and accolades ==
*In November 2014, Kashyap was awarded the [[Indian Television Academy Awards|Indian Television Academy Award]] for Best Anchor after her work as a news anchor on Aaj Tak.<ref>{{cite news |title=अंजना ओम कश्यप को मिला बेस्ट एंकर का अवार्ड |url=https://mediakhabar.com/anjana-om-kashyap-got-best-anchor-award/ |work=Mediakhabar.com |date=2 November 2014 |access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref>
*In February 2015, she received the ENBA Awards Best Anchor (Hindi) honour — as reported under the coverage of the 2014 ENBA ceremony.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=TVTN wins 15 awards at ENBA 2014 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tvtn-wins-15-awards-at-enba-2014-238342-2015-02-02 |magazine=India Today |date=2 February 2015 |access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref>
*2016 Best Anchor in Hindi News by [[ Indian Television Academy Award]]{{cn|date=January 2026}}
*In December 2018, she was awarded the [[Indian Television Academy Award]] for Best Anchor – News/Current Affairs Show in Hindi.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Aaj Tak, India Today TV sweep Indian Television Academy Awards 2018 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aaj-tak-india-today-tv-sweep-indian-television-academy-awards-2018-1407515-2018-12-11 |magazine=India Today |date=11 December 2018 |access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref>
*2024 Best Anchor in Hindi News (Talk/Chat Show) by [[Indian Television Academy Award]]{{cn|date=January 2026}}
*2025 Best News Anchor in Hindi News (Talk/Chat Show) by [[Indian Television Academy Award]]{{cn|date=January 2026}}

== Personal life ==
Kashyap is married to Mangesh Kashyap, an officer of the 1995 [[Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Police Service]] cadre.<ref name=":0" /> Anjana met Mangesh during her days at [[Delhi University]].<ref name=":0" /> Mangesh was the erstwhile Addl. Deputy Commissioner of the Delhi Police and since 2016, has been the Chief Vigilance Officer of [[South Delhi Municipal Corporation]].<ref name=":0" /> They have a son and a daughter.<ref name=":0" />

== Controversy ==
On the morning of 11 November 2025, Kashyap aired an unverified and false report claiming that veteran actor [[Dharmendra]] had died. After the story got viral, many prominent figures condoled Dharmendra's death on ''X'' only to delete their posts after finding out that the actor did not die but was in fact receiving treatment. ''[[Aaj Tak]]'' and ''[[India Today]]'' later expressed apologies on their social media handles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Kshitij Singh |title=Dharmendra Death False News: Did Aaj Tak & Anjana Om Kashyap Prematurely Announce Dharmendra's Death? |url=https://journal.az1network.com/dharmendra-death-false-news-did-aaj-tak-anjana-om-kashyap-prematurely-announce-dharmendras-death/ |access-date=14 November 2025 |website=The Journal (By Az1 Network) |language=en-US}}</ref> She became a target for trolls who in turn started sharing news of her fake death.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trolls target TV anchor Anjana Om Kashyap after Dharmendras fake death report |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/trending/journalist-anjana-om-kashyap-no-more-trolls-target-tv-anchor-after-dharmendras-fake-death-report/ |work=The Tribune |date=14 November 2025 |access-date=17 November 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Official website|http://www.anjanaomkashyap.com/}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashyap, Anjana Om}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India Today people]]
[[Category:Indian women television journalists]]
[[Category:Indian television news anchors]]
[[Category:Indian political journalists]]
[[Category:Indian television talk show hosts]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Nandi Awards of 1969

2026-02-22T16:46:53Z

Ghazal Builders:

{{Short description|Indian Telugu film and TV awards ceremony}}
{{one source|date=July 2021}}
{{Nandi Awards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

The [[Nandi Awards]] were presented annually by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] to recognise excellence in [[Telugu cinema]]. The first awards were given in 1964. The following won the best film awards in 1969.

== 1969 Nandi Awards Winners List ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Category<ref>{{cite web|date=|title=Nandi Award winners 1964-2008|url=https://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=14 July 2021}}</ref>
!Winner
!Film
|-
|[[List of winners of the Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]
|k.hemambaradhara rao
|[[Kathanayakudu (1969 film)|Kathanayakudu]]
|-
|Second Best Feature Film
|[[V. Madhusudhana Rao]]
|[[Aatmiyulu]]
|-
|Third Best Feature Film
|[[B. N. Reddy]]
|[[Bangaru Panjaram]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Nandi Awards]]
[[Category:1969 awards]]

Flags of British India

2026-02-21T16:00:39Z

Ghazal Builders: data - done

{{About|flags using the "Star of India" emblem|other items of the same name|Star of India (disambiguation)}}
{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox flag
| Name = India
| Image = Flag of the Governor-General of India (1885–1947).svg
| Alt =
| Noborder = 
| Nickname = Flag of the [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flag of the Governor General of India |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-271 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724045920/https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-271 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.rmg.co.uk |publisher=[[Royal Museums Greenwich]] |place=[[National Maritime Museum]] |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Symbol =  {{FIAV|Normal}}
| Proportion = 1:2
| Adoption = 1885–1947
| Design = [[Union Jack]] with the [[Order of the Star of India]] in the centre, surmounted by the [[Tudor Crown]].
| Designer =
| Image2 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg
| Imagetext2 = Indian [[Red Ensign]]<ref name=":1" />
| Use2 = 000100
| Symbol2 = {{FIAV|normal}}
| Proportion2 = 1:2
| Adoption2 = 1880–1947
| Design2 = [[Red Ensign]] with the [[Union Jack]] occupying one quarter of the field placed in the [[Canton (flag)|canton]] and [[Defacement (flag)|defaced]] with the [[Order of the Star of India]].
| Image3 = Flag of Imperial India.svg
| Alt3 = the
| Imagetext3 = Ensign of the [[Royal Indian Marine]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ensign of the Royal Indian Marine (1927-1947) |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-723 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907003317/https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-723 |archive-date=September 7, 2024 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=www.rmg.co.uk |publisher=[[Royal Museums Greenwich]] |place=[[National Maritime Museum]]}}</ref> and [[jack (flag)|jack]] of the [[Royal Indian Navy]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Indian Navy Jack with Star of India Badge. |url=https://www.flagcollection.com/itemdetails.php?CollectionItem_ID=2599 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907040841/https://www.flagcollection.com/itemdetails.php?CollectionItem_ID=2599 |archive-date=September 7, 2024 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=www.flagcollection.com |publisher=Zaricor Flag Collection}}</ref>
| Noborder3 = 
| Use3 = 000011
| Symbol3 =  {{FIAV|Normal}}
| Proportion3 = 1:2
| Adoption3 = 1879–1947
| Design3 = [[Blue Ensign]] with the [[Union Jack]] occupying one quarter of the field placed in the [[Canton (flag)|canton]] and [[Defacement (flag)|defaced]] with the [[Order of the Star of India]].
}}

The '''flags of British India''' and the [[British Raj]] were varied, and the [[British Empire]] used several different banners during the period of its rule on the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=754NAQAAMAAJ&q=%22star+of+india%22 |title=The Book of Flags |date= 1965 |website=Oxford University Press |publisher=Gordon Campbell & Idrisyn Oliver Evans}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Flag - Indian flag, 1945 circa |url=https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/5a31122a21ea670f0cbbc11b |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=Victorian Collections |publisher=[[8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles|8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles Regimental Collection]] |place= |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013165244/https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/5a31122a21ea670f0cbbc11b|archive-date=13 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="Gregg">{{cite web |url=http://tmg110.tripod.com/braj_flags.htm |title=Flags of the British Raj & the Indian Princely States
|date=7 February 1999 |website=War Flags Glossary |publisher=Thomas M. Gregg}}</ref> Flags with the [[Order of the Star of India|Star of India]] emblem in their design are often referred to as the '''Star of India flag''', and were used to represent [[India]] itself<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Virmani |first=Arundhati |date=1999 |title=National Symbols under Colonial Domination: The Nationalization of the Indian Flag, March-August 1923 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/651278 |journal=Past & Present |issue=164 |pages=169–197 |doi=10.1093/past/164.1.169 |jstor=651278 |issn=0031-2746 |quote=In August [1921], the new viceroy, Lord Reading, declared his government's intention of retaining the Union Jack, with the Star of India as the flag for India|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and [[Governor-General of India|high offices]] in the [[British Raj|government of India]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roy |first=Srirupa |date=2006 |title="A Symbol of Freedom": The Indian Flag and the Transformations of Nationalism, 1906-2002 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25076079 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=495–527 |doi=10.1017/S0021911806001112 |jstor=25076079 |issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghose |first=Chandrachur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L4HyEAAAQBAJ&q=%22star%20of%20india%20flag%22 |title=1947-1957, India: the Birth of a Republic |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] India Private Limited |year=2023 |isbn=978-93-5708-255-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=KURE, JAPAN. 1947-03-04. THE STAR OF INDIA FLAG BEING HOISTED WITH THE UNION JACK DURING THE ... |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/132730 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912184104/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/132730 |archive-date=12 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=www.awm.gov.au |publisher=[[Australian War Memorial]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Pragya Kothari ([[Royal Philatelic Society London|FRPSL]]) |date=17 November 2022 |title=The Story of the Indian Flag and First Stamps of Independent India |url=http://inhcrf.org/blogs/the-story-of-the-indian-flag-and-first-stamps-of-independent-india/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227123858/http://inhcrf.org/blogs/the-story-of-the-indian-flag-and-first-stamps-of-independent-india/ |archive-date=February 27, 2024 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=www.inhcrf.org |publisher=[[Indian Institute for Research in Numismatic Studies|INHCRF]] |language=en}}</ref> The Viceroy's [[Union Jack|Union Flag]] banner, featuring the star emblem, was officially considered the "Flag of India,"<ref>{{Cite web |year=1936 |title=Question whether the flag of India (Union Viceroy) should be flown by unofficial persons... |url=https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/583824 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923034058/https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/583824 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |website=[[National Archives of India]] |series=PR_000000603614 |publisher= |publication-place=Repository II }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> and the [[Red Ensign]] bearing the star was also used as an Indian flag, particularly at international events.<ref name=":1" /> The [[Royal Indian Navy]] also flew a blue [[Jack (flag)|jack flag]] bearing the Star of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Indian Navy Jack with Star of India Badge. |url=https://www.flagcollection.com/itemdetails.php?CollectionItem_ID=2599 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907040841/https://www.flagcollection.com/itemdetails.php?CollectionItem_ID=2599 |archive-date=September 7, 2024 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=www.flagcollection.com |publisher=Zaricor Flag Collection}}</ref> The [[East India Company]], which [[Company rule in India|ruled India]] prior to 1858, used [[Flag of the East India Company|a flag]] featuring the [[Union Jack]] with red and white stripes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honourable East India Company ensign |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-970 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525051753/https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-970 |archive-date=May 25, 2024 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=www.rmg.co.uk |publisher=[[Royal Museums Greenwich]] |place=[[National Maritime Museum]]}}</ref>

During the British Raj, the Union Jack of the [[United Kingdom]] was regarded as the "national flag," and in 1913 the imperial government issued a decision that, as the national banner, it could be flown "by any private individual or firm."<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 1913 |title=Decision that Union Jack, as the national Flag, may be flown by any private individual or firm |url=https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/667867 |website=[[National Archives of India]] |series=PR_000000623381 |place=Repository II}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 1913 |title=Decision that the Union Jack as the National flag may be flown by any… |url=https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/503981 |website=[[National Archives of India]] |series=PR_000000520435 |place=Repository II}}</ref> However, per a 1936 decision, "private bodies and individuals" were not permitted to fly the Viceroy's Star of India banner.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |year=1936 |title=Question whether the flag of India (Union Viceroy) should be flown by unofficial persons... |url=https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/583824 |website=[[National Archives of India]] |series=PR_000000603614 |publisher= |publication-place=Repository II }}</ref>

India had a range of flags for different purposes. The [[Princely states]] had [[List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(by_region)#Princely States at the time of independence on 14 August 1947|their own flags]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Virmani |first=Arundhati |date=1999 |title=National Symbols under Colonial Domination: The Nationalization of the Indian Flag, March-August 1923 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/651278 |journal=Past & Present |issue=164 |pages=169–197 |doi=10.1093/past/164.1.169 |jstor=651278 |issn=0031-2746|url-access=subscription }}</ref> which were to be flown alongside the [[British flag]] as a symbol of [[suzerainty]]. The [[civil ensign]] and [[naval ensign]] were the [[Red Ensign]] or [[Blue Ensign]], respectively, defaced with the Star of India emblem. The Union Jack and the Viceroy's banner were lowered with [[Independence Day (India)|independence]] and the adoption of the [[Flag of India|new national flag]] in August 1947,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sidhu |first=Col. Devinder Singh |date=September 8, 2017 |title=India's First Flag Hoisting Ceremony |url=https://salute.co.in/indias-first-flag-hoisting-ceremony/ |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=Salute |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-13 |title=August 14, 1947: The Union Jack flag was lowered for the last time in India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/august-141947-the-union-jack-flag-lowered-last-time-india-332470-2016-08-13 |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> although the Union Jack was still to be flown, on a limited basis, while India remained a [[Dominion of India|dominion]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohapatra |first=Satyen |date=August 14, 2009 |title=Ceremonial lowering of Union Jack never took place? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/ceremonial-lowering-of-union-jack-never-took-place/story-2kWsoFPNiPimStRTANmSLI.html |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

==History==
Ideas for a flag for areas under British India were initially [[Empire|imperial]] ones, rather than [[nationalist]] ones. After the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] and the later establishment of the [[British Indian Empire]], a representative symbol of the new government was pending. Various designs were proposed for the first Star of India flag in 1863, keeping similar flag designs adopted in other [[British colonies]] such as [[Canada]] and [[Australia]], combining symbols of Imperial authority such as the Union Jack and the [[Tudor Crown|royal crown]] with symbols specific to the colony in question.<ref>{{citation |last1=Roy |first1=Srirupa |title=A symbol of freedom: The Indian flag and the transformations of nationalism |date=2002 |publisher=The Journal of Asian Studies }}</ref>

===Company flag===
{{Main|Flag of the East India Company}}

{{Gallery
| width = 200
| height = 150
| align = center
|File:British East India Company flag.svg
|Flag of the East India Company from 1600 to 1707.
|File:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg
|Flag of the East India Company from 1707 to 1801.
| File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg
| Flag of the East India Company from 1801 to 1858.
}}
Upon receiving Royal Assent to trade in the Indian Ocean by Queen Elizabeth I in 1600, the [[English East India Company]] adopted a flag of thirteen red and white stripes with the [[flag of England]] in canton. The flag in the canton eventually changed to the [[flag of Great Britain]] in 1707 and later to the [[Union Jack]] in 1801. These flags were also used during the [[Company rule in India]].

After the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the British government passed the [[Government of India Act 1858]], nationalising the East India Company and taking over all of their possessions within India, where they would be considered legally a part of the British Indian Empire. The [[Flag of the East India Company|striped banner]] of the Company was thus replaced by the [[Union Jack]].

==Flags==

===Blue Ensign===
{{Gallery
| width = 100%
| height = 1000px
| align = center
| File:Flag of Imperial India.svg
| Ensign of the [[Royal Indian Navy|Royal Indian Marine]] (later called the [[Royal Indian Navy]]).
| File:Flag of British India (Variant Blue Ensign).png
| Photograph of the [[Blue Ensign]], used as the naval jack of the [[Royal Indian Navy]]
| File:Flag of British Raj.jpg
| Blue ensign
}}
After [[Queen Victoria]] became [[Empress of India]] through the [[Royal Titles Act 1876|proclamation of 1876]], a naval ensign with the symbol of the [[Order of the Star of India]] was warranted by the Admiralty to the [[Royal Indian Navy|Indian Marine]] in 1877. It was used on vessels of Her Majesty's Indian Marine (Later called the [[Royal Indian Navy]]) and for other military and naval purposes.

Its usage was altered from 1928, when the Royal Indian Navy switched to [[White Ensign]] as naval ensign, and the Blue Ensign became the naval jack.

===Red Ensign===
{{Gallery
| width = 200
| height = 150
| align = center
| File:British Raj Red Ensign.svg
| [[Civil ensign]] of [[British Raj|British India]], which was also sometimes used to represent India internationally.
| File:Somerset-flag.png
| A Somerset Light Infantry Regiment member hoists the Civil Ensign
| File:United Nations Fight for Freedom poster.jpg
| The Red Ensign used to represent India as a member of the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] in [[World War II]], showing the [[Declaration by United Nations|original United Nations]] in 1942
}}

While the Blue Ensign was used for military and naval purposes, the Red Ensign was used as the civil ensign and sometimes represented India in international events, notably in the [[Declaration by United Nations]] during [[World War II]]. The ensign used on merchant ships registered in British Indian ports was the undefaced red ensign.<ref name="Gregg" />

===Flag of the Viceroy and Governor-General===
{{Gallery
| width = 200
| height = 150
| align = center
| File:Flag of the Governor-General of India (1885–1947).svg
| Flag of the [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flag of the Governor General of India |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-271 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724045920/https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-271 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.rmg.co.uk |publisher=[[Royal Museums Greenwich]] |place=[[National Maritime Museum]] |url-status=live }}</ref>
| File:Indian hockey players 1928 Olympics.jpg
| Indian hockey players arrive in the [[Netherlands]] for the [[1928 Summer Olympics]]
| File:Viceroy of India Flag hoist.jpg
| Flag of the [[Viceroy of India]] being used to represent India at the [[1936 Summer Olympics]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=1936 Berlin Olympic Games |url=http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/jhanda/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302042701/http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/jhanda/ |archive-date=March 2, 2024 |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=www.bharatiyahockey.org}}</ref>
}}

From around 1885, the viceroy of India was allowed to fly a Union Flag augmented in the centre with the 'Star of India' surmounted by a Crown. It was often used to represent India, acting as an "unofficial national flag", in international events etc. This flag was not the Viceroy's personal flag; it was also used by governors, lieutenant governors, chief commissioners and other British officers in India. When at sea, only the viceroy flew the flag from the mainmast, while other officials flew it from the foremast.

====As Independent Dominions====
{{Gallery
| width = 200
| height = 150
| align = center
| File:Flag of the Governor-General of India (1947–1950).svg
| Flag of the Governor-General of the [[Dominion of India]] (1947–1950).
| File:Flag of the Governor-General of Pakistan (1947–1952).svg
| Flag of the Governor-General of the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] (1947–1953) depicted with [[Tudor Crown]].
| File:Flag of the Governor-General of Pakistan (1952–1956).svg
| Flag of the Governor-General of the Dominion of Pakistan (1953–1956) depicted with [[St. Edward's Crown]].
}}

The Star of India series of flags were discontinued from 1947, when the newly independent Dominions of [[Dominion of India|India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] were established by the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]]. The newly formed offices of the governor-generals of India and Pakistan used a dark blue flag bearing the royal crest (a lion standing on the Tudor Crown), beneath which were the words 'INDIA' and 'PAKISTAN' in gold majuscules respectively.

These flags were ultimately discontinued when India and Pakistan when they abolished their Dominion status after becoming [[constitutional republic]]s in 1950 and 1956 respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Republic Day Celebration 2021 - Republic Of India - Know India: National Portal of India|url=https://knowindia.gov.in/republic-day-celebration/republic-of-india.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910231124/http://knowindia.gov.in/republic-day-celebration/republic-of-india.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 September 2017|access-date=2021-04-04|website=knowindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan - Political decline and bureaucratic ascendancy|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan|access-date=2021-04-04|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>

===Flags of the British Indian Army===
{{Gallery
| width = 200
| height = 150
| align = center
| File:Ensign of the Royal Indian Army Service Corps.svg
|Flag of the Royal Indian Army Service Corps
|
|
}}

The [[Royal Indian Army Service Corps]] used a [[Blue Ensign]] design with the Star of India emblem in the fly; the design was added to the 1930 edition of the [[Admiralty (United Kingdom)|Admiralty]] Flag Book on 20 February 1945, as plate 22c.<ref>{{Cite web |title=British Rule in India |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in-colon.html#local |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424021151/https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in-colon.html#local |archive-date=24 April 2024 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=www.crwflags.com}}</ref>

===Flag of Royal Indian Air Force===
{{Gallery
| width = 200
| height = 150
| align = center
| File:Air Force Ensign of India (1945–1947).svg
| Royal Indian Air Force ensign
|RAF Far East Command roundel.svg|Roundel (1942–1945)<ref name="Heraldry">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Museum/Palam/Heraldry.html |title=INDIAN AIR FORCE MUSEUM – Heraldry (Badges and Insignia) |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329193739/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Museum/Palam/Heraldry.html |archive-date=29 March 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
}}

The [[Royal Indian Air Force]] used the [[Royal Air Force roundels|roundel]] that of [[Royal Air Force]] augmented in centre of a star.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anchit |date=2023-10-08 |title=Indian Air Force Ensign: The Evolution |url=https://iafhistory.in/2023/10/08/indian-air-force-ensign-the-evolution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014234350/https://iafhistory.in/2023/10/08/indian-air-force-ensign-the-evolution/ |archive-date=14 October 2023 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=iafhistory.in |language=en-US}}</ref> The roundel is not superimposed on the same "Star of India" emblem seen on the Governor-General's flag or the [[Jack (flag)|jack flag]] of the [[Royal Indian Navy|Royal Indian Marine]], but is a somewhat different design. The ensign had a field of [[air force blue]] with the United Kingdom's [[Flag of the United Kingdom|Union Flag]] in the canton and the Royal Indian Air Force [[roundel]] in the fly.

===Proposed flags===
{{Gallery
| width = 200
| height = 150
| align = center
| File:Mountbatten Proposed Flag of India.svg
| Mountbatten's proposed flag for [[India]]
| File:Mountbatten Proposed Flag of Pakistan.svg
| Mountbatten's proposed flag for [[Pakistan]]
}}
[[Lord Mountbatten]], the last [[Viceroy of India]] in 1947 proposed two separate flags for India and Pakistan to be used after [[Partition of India]]. The flag for India consisted of the flag of the [[Indian National Congress]] defaced with a Union Jack in the canton. It was rejected by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], as he felt that the more nationalist members of Congress would see the inclusion of the Union Jack on an Indian flag as pandering to the British. The flag for Pakistan consisted of the flag of the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] [[Defacement (flag)|defaced]] with a Union Jack in the canton. It was rejected by [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], as he felt that a flag featuring a Christian cross alongside the Islamic crescent would be unacceptable to the Muslims of Pakistan. {{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

===Other flags===

====Flag of Home Rule====
{{Gallery
| width = 200
| height = 150
| noborder = yes
| align = center
| title = Home Rule flag variants
| File:Flag of India 1917.svg
|
| File:Flag of Indian Home Rule movement (variant).jpg
|
| File:Flag of Indian Home Rule movement (with the Star of India).png
|
}}
The [[Indian Home Rule movement]] used a five red and four green horizontal stripes flag. On the upper left quadrant was the [[Union Flag]], which signified the [[Dominion]] status that the movement sought to achieve. A crescent and a seven-pointed star, both in white, are set in top fly. Seven white stars are arranged as in the [[Saptarishi]] constellation (the constellation [[Ursa Major]]), which is sacred to [[Hindu]]s. {{#tag:ref|In 1916, Suraiya Tayyabji submitted thirty new designs, in the form of a booklet funded by members of the High Court of Madras. These many proposals and recommendations did little more than keep the flag movement alive. The same year, Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak adopted a new flag as part of the Home Rule Movement. The flag included the Union Jack in the upper left corner, a star and crescent in the upper right, and seven stars displayed diagonally from the lower right, on a background of five red and four green alternating bands. The flag resulted in the first governmental initiative against any nationalistic flag, as a magistrate in Coimbatore banned its use. The ban was followed by a public debate on the function and importance of a national flag.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Virmani|first=Arundhati | title=National Symbols under Colonial Domination: The Nationalization of the Indian Flag, March–August 1923| jstor=651278 | date=August 1999| journal=Past & Present |issue=164 | pages=176–177 | doi=10.1093/past/164.1.169}}</ref>|group="Note"}}

====Coronation Standard====
{{Gallery
| width = 200
| height = 150
| align = center
| File:Coronation Standard of British Raj.svg
| Coronation Standard of the British Indian Empire
| File:Coronation Standard of India - Anon Cigarette Silk 1915.jpg
| Anon Cigarette Silk (1915)
| File:Standard of British Raj - B.D.V. Cigarattes flag silk.jpg
| B.D.V. Cigarette Silk
}}
The Coronation Standard of the British Indian Empire had a [[Saint George's Cross]] augmented in the centre with the 'Star of India' surmounted by a Crown.

====Flag of Bengal Presidency====
{{Gallery
| width = 200
| height = 150
| align = center
| noborder = yes
| File:Flag of British Bengal.svg
| Flag of Bengal Presidency
| File:Badge of British Bengal.svg
| Badge of Bengal Presidency
}}
The flag of [[Bengal Presidency]] had a blue field emblazoned with badge of Bengal. The badge had a [[Tyger (heraldry)|passant tiger]] with a [[sailing ship]] below it.

====Flag of Bombay Presidency====
{{Gallery
| width = 200
| height = 150
| align = center
| noborder = yes
| File:Red Ensign of the Bombay Presidency.png
| Flag of Bombay Presidency
| File:Badge of Bombay Presidency.png
| Badge of Bombay Presidency
}}
The flag of [[Bombay Presidency]] had a red field emblazoned with badge of Bombay. The badge had two [[sailing ships]] and below it [[Fort George, India|Fort George]].

====Flag of Indian Local Maritime Government====
{{Gallery
| width = 200
| height = 150
| align = center
| noborder = yes
| File:Ensign of Indian Local Maritime Government 1884-1904.svg
| Ensign
| File:Emblem of the Indian Government Local Maritime 1884-1904.gif
| Emblem
}}
The ensign of local naval vessels is a usual defaced blue ensign. The badge is a golden [[Lion (heraldry)|lion rampant guardant]] holding in front paws a crown. It was not a naval ensign, but the Indian equivalent of a colonial Blue Ensign as used on unarmed vessels.

====Flag of Commissioners of the Port of Calcutta====
{{Gallery
| width = 200
| height = 150
| align = center
| noborder = yes
| File:Ensign of Commissioners of the port of Calcutta 1896-1947.svg
| Flag
| File:Emblem of the Commissioners of the port of Calcutta.png
| Emblem
| File:Calcutta Port Commissioners (British Raj) - 1915 Imperial Tobaco with Indian Bengal tiger.jpg
| Imperial Tobacco Silk (1915)
}}
On 1 February 1896 an Admiralty Warrant was issued for a Red Ensign defaced by the badge of the Commissioners of the [[Port of Kolkata|Port of Calcutta]] as the flag of Commissioners of the Port of Calcutta

====Flag of the Conservator of the Port of Bombay====
{{Gallery
| width = 200
| height = 150
| align = center
| noborder = yes
| File:Flag of the Conservator of the Port of Bombay.jpg
| Flag
| File:Emblem of the Conservator of the Port of Bombay.png
| Emblem
}}
An [[Admiralty Record Office|Admiralty Letter]] of 19 August 1880 authorised a special flag for the Conservator of the [[Mumbai Harbour|Port of Bombay]]. Red [[St George's Cross|St George's cross]] on a white field with three narrower horizontal red stripes in each quarter and a large circular badge in centre. The flag was designed by [[Henry Morland|Captain Sir Henry Morland]], of the [[Royal Indian Marine]].

The badge consisted of two oval shields, surmounted by a crown, within a red ring bearing the words Conservator of the Port of Bombay. The sinister shield has the four quarters of the flag of the Trustees without the blue St George's cross, while the dexter shield is from the 1877 [[Emblem of Mumbai|arms of the City of Bombay]]; a red [[Lion passant gardant|lion passant guardant]], flanked on each side by an [[Prince of Wales's feathers|ostrich feather]], (alluding to the visit of [[Edward VII]] when he was [[Prince of Wales]]), above three, [[Dhow|three-masted dhows]], known as pattimars. [[Bombay]] was the first city in the Empire, outside the British Isles, to which arms were granted.

====Flag of the Trustees of the Port of Bombay====
{{Gallery
| width = 200
| height = 150
| align = center
| noborder = yes
| File:Flag of the Trustees of the Port of Bombay.png
| Flag of the Trustees of the Port of Bombay
}}
An Admiralty Letter authorised a special flag for the [[Mumbai Port Trust|Trustees of the Port of Bombay]]. Blue St George's cross with a maritime scene in each quarter; in the first quarter, a [[lighthouse]], in the second a [[Screw steamer|screw-steamer]] with [[Sail|auxiliary sails]], in the third a dhow, and in the fourth a [[signal station]] at the end of a harbour wall.

====Flag of State's Merchant====
{{Gallery
| width = 200
| height = 150
| align = center
| noborder = yes
| File:Travancore State Merchant Flag.png
| Flag of [[Travancore State]] Merchant
| File:Drapeau Porbandar.png
| Flag of [[Porbandar State]] Merchant
| File:Nawanagar State Merchant Flag.png
| Flag of [[Nawanagar State]] Merchant
| File:Sachin State Merchant Flag.png
| Flag of [[Sachin State]] Merchant
| File:Janjira State Merchant Flag vector.svg
| Flag of [[Janjira State]] Merchant
| File:Jafarabad State Merchant Flag vector.svg
| Flag of [[Jafarabad State]] Merchant
| File:Drapeau Junagadh vector.svg
| Flag of [[Junagadh State]] Merchant
| File:Merchant Flag of Cutch State.svg
| Flag of [[Cutch State]] Merchant
| File:Cochin State Merchant Flag.png
| Flag of [[Cochin State]] Merchant
| File:Cambay State Merchant Flag.png
| Flag of [[Cambay State]] Merchant
| File:Drapeau Bhavnagar.png
| Flag of [[Bhavnagar State]] Merchant
| File:Baroda State Merchant Flag.png
| Flag of [[Baroda State]] Merchant
}}

====British Empire flag====
{{Main|British Empire flag}}
{{Gallery
| width = 200
| height = 150
| align = center
| noborder = yes
| File:1902 British Empire flag proposal (in India).svg
| The Indian variant of the flag design described by the ''[[Daily Express]]'' (1902)
| File:Flag of the British Empire (1910–1921).svg
| Flag of the British Empire (1910–1921)
| File:British Empire flag RMG L0088.tiff
| A surviving Empire flag from a [[Royal Museums Greenwich]] collection
}}
There were some in the early 1900s who believed that the [[Union Jack]] was no longer representative enough to be the flag of the [[British Empire]] due to the emergence of new dominions, each of which were beginning to develop their own unique national identities. Attempts were made to create a new flag for the Empire as a whole.

Despite the failure to gain traction for an official Empire flag, an unofficial design with a strong similarity to the proposal originally described by the ''[[Daily Express]]'' in 1902 became popular among the public in the interwar period. This flag was a [[White Ensign]] featuring the symbols of the dominions. Canada was represented by the shield from its [[Coat of arms of Canada|coat of arms]] in the bottom left. The [[Coat of arms of South Africa (1910–2000)|coat of arms of South Africa]] was placed in the top right, and the [[coat of arms of Australia]] was in the bottom right. [[Crux|Four stars on the cross]] represented [[New Zealand]], and the [[Star_of_India_(flag)#Emblem | Star of India]] was placed in the centre.

==Emblem==
{{Infobox coat of arms
|name = Star of India
|image = Star-of-India-gold-centre.svg
|middle =
|middle_width =
|middle_caption =
|lesser =
|lesser_width =
|lesser_caption =
|armiger = [[Empress of India|Emperor/Empress of India]] [[Viceroy of India]]
|year_adopted = 1861
|crest =
|torse =
|motto = ''"Heaven's Light Our Guide"''
|supporters =
|compartment =
|orders = [[Order of the Star of India]]
|other_elements =
|earlier_versions =
|use = Emblem of the [[British Raj|Indian Empire]], alongside the [[Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom]]
}}
{{see also|Order of the Star of India}}

{{Gallery
| width = 200
| height = 150
| align = center
| noborder = yes
| File:Badge of the Viceroy of India (1876-1904).svg
| Badge of the Viceroy of India (1876–1904) depicted with St. Edward's Crown
| File:Badge of the Viceroy of India.svg
| Badge of the Viceroy of India (1904–1947) depicted with Tudor Crown
}}
{{Gallery
| width = 200
| height = 150
| align = center
| noborder = yes
| File:Insignia of the Royal Indian Army Service Corps.svg
|Emblem used by the Royal Indian Army Service Corps
| File:Insignia of the Knight Grand Commander of the order Vector.svg
| Star and [[Collar (order)|Collar]] of a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India
|title=
}}

The Star of India was the symbol of the [[Order of the Star of India]], a chivalric order of [[knighthood]]. It was a rayed five-pointed silver star, decorated with diamonds and surrounded by a [[sunburst]] having twenty-six large rays alternating with twenty-six small rays. In the centre of the sunburst was a light blue ribbon bearing the motto of the Order, ''{{aut|Heaven's Light Our Guide}}''. The motto chosen was neutral so as to appeal to people of different faiths due to the [[Religion in India|religious diversity of India]], with ''Heaven'' also referring to the stars, and their light that sailors used to circumnavigate to India. Unlike most British symbols, the Star did not have [[Christianity|Christian]] connotations, as they were deemed unacceptable to the [[Princely State|Indian Princes]].

==Legacy==
The flags were replaced by the [[Flag of India|''Tiraṅgā'']] (Indian Tricolour) after Independence on 15 August 1947 in the independent [[Dominion of India]], and by the [[Flag of Pakistan|''Parcam-e Sitārah o-Hilāl'']] (Flag of the Star and Crescent) in the independent [[Dominion of Pakistan]], which used the star as the basis of its [[:File:Emblem_of_Pakistan_(1947-1955).svg|Coat of Arms]].{{fact|date=March 2024}}

The emblem was used as a basis for many emblems of British India and continues to be used in modern India. The emblem is still used as a basis for the [[logo]]s of many organisations such as [[The Oriental Insurance Company]], [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]], [[Greater Mumbai Police]] etc.<ref>{{cite web | title=OCA » Indian Olympic Association reveals new logo | url=https://oca.asia/news/922-indian-olympic-association-reveals-new-logo.html }}</ref>

{{Gallery
| width = 200
| height = 150
| align = center
| noborder = yes
| File:Khatau-Mills-Bombay.jpg
| Insignia of [[Redevelopment of Mumbai mills#List of mills in Mumbai|Khatau Mills]], [[Bombay]].
}}

==List of flags used in British India==
{| class="wikitable"
! width="100"|Flag!!width="100"|Date!!width="400"|Description
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}}||1733–1858||Flag of the Governors of the Presidency of Fort William (Bengal). Flag of the [[East India Company]].
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg}} || 1858–1947 || Flag of the [[United Kingdom]], the official flag of the [[British Empire]].
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Governor-General of India (1885–1947).svg|100px]] || 1885–1947 || Flag of the [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India]]. Often used to represent India in international events etc.
|-
| [[File:British Raj Red Ensign.svg|100px]] || 1880–1947 || [[Civil ensign]] of [[British Raj|British India]], which was also sometimes used to represent India internationally.
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of Imperial India.svg}} || 1879–1947 || 1879–1928 [[Naval ensign]] of the Indian Marine (later called the Royal Indian Marine) {{nowrap|1928–1947 [[Naval jack]] of the Royal Indian Marine (later called the Royal Indian Navy).}}
|-
| {{ListFlag|Naval Jack of Royal Indian Marine.svg}} || 1884–1928 || Naval jack of the [[Royal Indian Navy|Royal Indian Marine]] (later called the [[Royal Indian Navy]]).
|-
| {{ListFlag|Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg}} || 1928–1950 || Ensign of the Royal Indian Marine (later called the Royal Indian Navy). Same as the [[White Ensign]] of the [[Royal Navy]].
|-
| [[File:Ensign of the Royal Indian Army Service Corps.svg|100px]] || 1942–1947 || Flag of the [[Royal Indian Army Service Corps]].
|-
| [[File:Air Force Ensign of India (1945–1947).svg|100px]] || 1945–1947 || Ensign of the [[Royal Indian Air Force]].
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Union Flag}}

[[Category:Government of British India]]
[[Category:Flags of India]]
[[Category:Flags of the British Empire|India]]
[[Category:British East India Company]]
[[Category:Military history of British India]]

Pedduru, Tirupati district

2026-02-15T09:39:24Z

Ghazal Builders:

{{use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pedduru
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.1667|N|79.3333|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = Chitvel
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pedduru''' is a village in [[Tirupati district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in Chitvel [[mandal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mission Mode Project on eProcurement (Consolidated tender information for States and UT's)|url=http://eprocure.gov.in/mmp/aocfullview/id%3D10432|website=eprocure.gov.in|accessdate=23 December 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Tirupati district]]

Ramakrishna Mission Shikshanamandira

2026-02-06T01:22:35Z

Ghazal Builders: added first article initial version

{{Short description|Post-graduate college and research institute in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}

{{Infobox university
|name = Ramakrishna Mission Shikshanamandira
|logo = Emblem-Ramakrishna-Mission-Transparent.png
|logo_size = 150px
|image = Ramakrishna Mission Shikshanamandira, Belur Math Campus.jpg
|image_size =
|caption = Front view of the RKMSM building
|motto = ''Service to the man is service to the God''
|established = {{start date and age|12 January 1958}}
|type = {{ubl|[[Normal school|Teacher-training college]]|[[Government degree colleges in India|Government aided degree college]]|[[Research institute]]}}
|religious_affiliation = [[Ramakrishna Mission]]
|staff =
|faculty =
|founder = Swami Visuddhanandaji
|principal = Swami Vidyamritananda<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rkmsm.org/cms_pages.php?page_id=94|title=RAMAKRISHNA MISSION SIKSHANAMANDIRA {{!}} MONASTICS|website=rkmsm.org|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806133008/https://rkmsm.org/cms_pages.php?page_id=94|archive-date=6 August 2022}}</ref>
|city = [[Belur, West Bengal]]
|country = India
|coordinates = {{coord|22.6317|N|88.3542|E|region:LK_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
|pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Kolkata]]##Location in India
|campus = Urban
|fightsong =
|other_name = RKMSM
|academic_affiliations = [[University of Calcutta]]
|accreditation = {{ubl|[[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]]|[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]}}
|colors = {{Color box|cyan}} [[Cyan]]
|free_label2 = Journal
|free2 = ''Sikshachintan''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rkmsm.org/cms_pages.php?page_id=102|title=Sikshachintan (A journal of Education)|website=rkmsm.org|date=6 August 2022|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414055156/https://rkmsm.org/cms_pages.php?page_id=102|url-status=live}}</ref>
|footnotes =
|website = {{URL|https://rkmsm.org/}}
}}

'''Ramakrishna Mission Shikshanamandira''' (abbreviated as '''RKMSM''') is an autonomous post-graduate degree college and research institute located in [[Belur, Howrah, West Bengal]], near [[Belur Math]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated College of University of Calcutta |url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/Affiliated%20college/College_frame.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218141029/http://www.caluniv.ac.in/Affiliated%20college/College_frame.htm |archive-date=18 February 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://khonjkhobor.in/AllRajyaPosts/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%9C-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A0-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83/|title=বেলুড় রামকৃষ্ণ মঠ ও রামকৃষ্ণ মিশনে আজকের দিনটি ৩৪তম জাতীয় যুব দিবস হিসেবে উদযাপন করা হচ্ছে|website=khonjkhobor.in|publisher=Khonj Khobor|access-date=6 August 2022|date=November 2016|language=bn|archive-date=6 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806160929/http://khonjkhobor.in/AllRajyaPosts/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%9C-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A0-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83/}}</ref> in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. Established in 1958 by Swami Vimuktanandaji Maharaj (one of the architects for actualising the educational vision envisaged by [[Swami Vivekananda]]) as a [[Residential college|residential]] teachers' training college for male students aided by the [[Government of West Bengal]] and affiliated to the [[University of Calcutta]] (CU),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/student/college.html|title=Colleges affiliated to University of Calcutta|work=[[University of Calcutta]]|access-date=3 December 2018|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129103403/http://www.caluniv.ac.in/student/college.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cuexam.net/Downloads/9DEF8EC9772641FF8C4C38175BD0A9B9.pdf|title=List of colleges under University of Calcutta pdf|work=University of Calcutta|access-date=3 December 2018|archive-date=24 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024231321/http://www.cuexam.net/Downloads/9DEF8EC9772641FF8C4C38175BD0A9B9.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> it is recognised by the [[National Council for Teacher Education]] (NCTE) and accredited by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC).

As part of the Ramakrishna Mission Saradapitha (Belur),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://belurmath.org/education-services/|title=Ramakrishna Mission in the Field of Education — Ramakrishna Mission Saradapitha, Belur|website=belurmath.org|publisher=Belur Math Educational Services|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806004649/https://belurmath.org/education-services/|archive-date=6 August 2022}}</ref> Sikshanamandira came into existence in 1958 as the third Teachers' Training College of the state.<ref>See also: [[Education in West Bengal]] for further information.</ref>

==History==
Ramakrishna Mission Shikshanamandira was established on 12 January 1958, by Swami Vimuktanandaji Maharaj. On that day, the birth anniversary of [[Swami Vivekananda]], [[Vishuddhananda]], the then vice-president of the ''[[Ramakrishna Order]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=The Ramakrishna Order|url=http://vedanta.org/the-ramakrishna-order/|website=vedanta.org|publisher=Vedanta Society of Southern California|access-date=24 February 2013|archive-date=28 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128184625/http://vedanta.org/the-ramakrishna-order/|url-status=live}}</ref> laid the foundation stone of the proposed college. [[Swami Madhavananda]], the then general secretary, with many other monks and dignitaries studded the ceremony. Notable Bengali personalities such as [[Kalidas Nag]], Saila Kumar Mukhopadhyay attended the ceremony and discussed over the Nation's need for the trained teachers in translating into concrete the educational-objectives as propounded by Swami Vivekananda. Swami Madhavananda wanted to have similarity with names of the other institutions under "Saradapitha", and at length 'Sikshanamandira' (শিক্ষণমন্দির) was his proposal. The journey of Shikshanamandira started from 4 August 1958, when the classes began. In 1967, the complete infrastructure provided accommodation for 200 students.

It was later recognized by the [[National Council for Teacher Education]] (NCTE), and upgraded to a College of Teacher Education (CTE) by the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]] (now known as [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]]), [[Government of India]], in the year 2001. It is currently one of the five CTEs in West Bengal (others are Institute for Education for Women, Hastings House, Govt College of Education, Banipur, Siliguri B.Ed. College and Govt. Training College, Hooghly). Later in 2008, it was upgraded into a post graduate College by the NCTE. In the session 2009–10, M.Ed. course was started.<ref>{{cite web |title=RKMSM {{!}} M.ED. |url=https://rkmsm.org/cms_pages.php?page_id=80 |website=rkmsm.org |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-date=18 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618093809/https://rkmsm.org/cms_pages.php?page_id=80 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On the recommendations of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC), the [[University of Calcutta]] conferred the status of an Autonomous College in favour of this institution in 2008, the golden jubilee year of the institution. From this session 2009–10, by the right of the 'Autonomy', Sikshanamandira has successfully furnished a new advanced syllabus for attaining the desired end, the propelling power behind the emergence of this institution in the year 1958 and which is recorded in its first prospectus. It started conducting examinations and publishing results and certificates of the trainees, introducing new department, faculties and training facilities. [[M.Phil]] in Education was initiated in the year 2012–13,<ref>{{cite web |title=RKMSM {{!}} M.Phil |url=https://rkmsm.org/cms_pages.php?page_id=81 |website=rkmsm.org |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-date=18 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618105721/https://rkmsm.org/cms_pages.php?page_id=81 |url-status=live }}</ref> Post-graduation Diploma in Guidance and Counseling started in 2013. It was recognised as a Study Centre of [[Netaji Subhas Open University]] for conducting ODL B.Ed. (with 200 students) in 2013, and Study Centre of West Bengal Board of Primary Education for conducting ODL D. EL.Ed. (with 100 students) in 2013. It obtained approval from the University of Calcutta to have a Research Centre so that it may conduct Programmes like [[Ph.D.]] and other research courses starting from academic session 2014–15.<ref>{{cite web |title=RKMSM {{!}} Ph. D. |url=https://rkmsm.org/cms_pages.php?page_id=82 |website=rkmsm.org |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-date=18 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618215846/https://rkmsm.org/cms_pages.php?page_id=82 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Post-graduation Diploma in [[Yoga|Yoga education]] was started in the year 2016. One of the notable Hindu monks of the Ramakrishna Order, [[Swami Sarvapriyananda]], served as the principal of Shikshanamandira.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Swami Sarvapriyananda – Academia.edu|url=https://independent.academia.edu/SwamiSarvapriyananda|access-date=31 May 2021|website=independent.academia.edu|archive-date=3 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503100543/https://independent.academia.edu/SwamiSarvapriyananda|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Courses offered ==
The courses are being offered by the institution include:<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramakrishna Mission Sikshanamandira |url=https://rkmsm.org/index.php |website=rkmsm.org |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-date=19 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619162603/https://rkmsm.org/index.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Primary courses ===
* B.Ed. ([[Bachelor of Education]])
* M.Ed. ([[Master of Education]])
* M.Phil. ([[Master of Philosophy]])
* Ph.D. ([[Doctor of Philosophy]])

=== Additional courses ===

* PGDGC ([[School counselor|Post Graduate Diploma in Guidance & Counselling]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rkmsm.org/cms_pages.php?page_id=105|title=Post Graduate Diploma in Guidance & Counselling|website=rkmsm.org|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414055132/https://rkmsm.org/cms_pages.php?page_id=105|url-status=live}}</ref>
* PGDYE ([[Yoga teacher training|Post-Graduate Diploma in Yoga Education]])
* CCCEW (Certificate Course in Communicative English and Writing)
* ISTTP (In-Service Teacher Training Programme)

==Accreditation==
In 2007, Ramakrishna Mission Shikshanamandira was accredited by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC) with an 'A' grade.<ref>{{cite web |title=Re-Accreditation Grade Official Letter |url=https://rkmsm.org/uploads/ckeditor_files/file/Re-Accreditation%20Grade%20Official%20Letter.jpg |website=rkmsm.org |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419050432/https://rkmsm.org/uploads/ckeditor_files/file/Re-Accreditation%20Grade%20Official%20Letter.jpg |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.punjabcolleges.com/34108-indiacolleges-RAMAKRISHNA-MISSION-SIKSHANA-MANDIRA-Kolkata-(Calcutta)/|title=RAMAKRISHNA MISSION SIKSHANA MANDIRA, KOLKATA (CALCUTTA), WEST BENGAL|website=www.punjabcolleges.com|date=23 March 2007|access-date=7 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217225916/https://www.punjabcolleges.com/34108-indiacolleges-RAMAKRISHNA-MISSION-SIKSHANA-MANDIRA-Kolkata-(Calcutta)/|archive-date=17 February 2020}}</ref>

==Hostel life==
The institution predominantly allow its post-graduate degree programmes for residential male candidates only. On 13 January 1996, a separate hostel building was established; Swami Santanandaji laid the stone. The hostel building is situated at Sharat Chandra Atta Lane, Belur Math, within the college campus. For residential students, the Prayer hall is situated within the main hostel building, where ''daily prayer'', ''Bhajan'', ''Patha'', are performed in a normal procedure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rkmsm.org/cms_pages.php?page_id=45|title=INTRODUCTION: Vision - Mission - Goals and Objectives - Values - The College: at a glance|website=rkmsm.org|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414055416/https://rkmsm.org/cms_pages.php?page_id=45|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the institution, "Discipline in day-to-day life helps to bring forth one's latent potential in a systematic manner".<ref>{{cite web|title=HOSTEL: General Information - General Rules - Attendance and Leave - Residence Rules - Medical facilities - Visitors|url=https://rkmsm.org/cms_pages.php?page_id=48|website=rkmsm.org|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414083646/https://rkmsm.org/cms_pages.php?page_id=48|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
Ramakrishna Mission Shikshanamandira has, one of the institutions of the [[Ramakrishna Mission]], stood by the side of the poor during the heyday of [[COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal]] in May 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aajkaal.in/news/title/belur-math-will-give-subsidy-for-covid-test-gcb8|title=স্বল্প খরচে করোনা পরীক্ষা, ভর্তুকি দেবে বেলুড় মঠ কর্তৃপক্ষ|publisher=[[Aajkaal]]|website=aajkaal.in|date=13 May 2021|access-date=6 August 2022|language=bn|archive-date=6 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806160837/https://aajkaal.in/news/title/belur-math-will-give-subsidy-for-covid-test-gcb8|url-status=dead}}</ref> Low cost covid tests including [[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction|RT-PCR]] tests were arranged by the mission alongside opening the safe homes within college campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bongodorshon.com/home/story_detail/ramakrishna-mission-belur-start-safe-home-and-covid-test-for-poor|title=রামকৃষ্ণ মিশনে তৈরি সেফ হোম, সঙ্গে দুঃস্থদের জন্য কোভিড পরীক্ষা কেন্দ্রও|publisher=Bongodorshon Information Desk|website=www.bongodorshon.com|date=17 May 2021|access-date=6 August 2022|language=bn|archive-date=6 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806160838/https://www.bongodorshon.com/home/story_detail/ramakrishna-mission-belur-start-safe-home-and-covid-test-for-poor|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Abdul Mannan (West Bengal politician)|Abdul Mannan]] — [[List of leaders of the opposition in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|former Leader of Opposition]] in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=1572|title=ABDUL MANNAN {{!}} Educational Details|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|date=6 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723194141/https://myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=1572|archive-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unfoldbangla.com/opposition-leader-abdul-mannan-could-not-build-a-house/hooghly/article/|title=বসত বাড়িও বানাতে পারেননি বিধানসভার বিরোধী দলনেতা আব্দুল মান্নান!|publisher=Unfold Bangla|website=www.unfoldbangla.com|date=8 April 2021|access-date=6 August 2022|location=Hooghly, West Bengal|language=bn|archive-date=6 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806160839/https://www.unfoldbangla.com/opposition-leader-abdul-mannan-could-not-build-a-house/hooghly/article/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Education|India}}
* [[List of Ramakrishna Mission institutions]]
* [[Government degree colleges in India]]
* [[Universities and colleges of West Bengal]]
* [[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]
* [[List of colleges affiliated to the University of Calcutta]]

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Ramkrishna Mission Shikshanamandira campus in Belur, West Bengal, on a rainy day.jpg|RKMSM college campus
File:Inside view of a classroom of the Ramakrishna Mission Shikshanamandira in Belur, Howrah, West Bengal.jpg|Ramakrishna Hall (examination hall) of RKMSM
File:Inside view of the library of Ramakrishna Mission Shikshanamandira in Belur Math, Howrah, West Bengal 2.jpg|RKMSM library
File:Hostel building of the Ramakrishna Mission Shikshanamandira.jpg|Hostel building of the Ramakrishna Mission Shikshanamandira
File:Preparation of a seminar on the foundation day of the Ramakrishna Mission Shikshanamandira 2.jpg|Preparation of a seminar on the foundation day of RKMSM, on August 4, 2022
File:Planned gardening India.jpg|[[Gardening|Planned garden]] within the campus of RKMSM, July 2022
File:Ramakrishna Mission Shikshanamandira campus in Belur Math, Howrah, West Bengal.jpg|Shikshanamandira campus and its sports ground
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://rkmsm.org/ Official website] (rkmsm.org)

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1958]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Colleges of education in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes in West Bengal]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta affiliates]]
[[Category:Education in Howrah]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Howrah district]]

Salil Gewali

2026-02-03T00:39:26Z

Ghazal Builders: formatting fix

{{short description|Indian writer and journalist (born 1971)}}
{{Orphan|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| embed =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Salil Gewali
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Salil_Gewali.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1971|01|21}}
| birth_place = [[Shillong, Meghalaya]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Writer, publisher, and journalist
| language =
| nationality =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = Philosophy, history
| subject = 
| movement =
| notablework = ''Great Minds on India (1998)'', ''Know Your India (2022)''
| spouse = Ganga Gewali
| partner = 
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| years_active = 1980–present
| module =
| website = 
| portaldisp = 
}}

'''Salil Gewali''' (born 21 January 1971) is an Indian [[research]]er, writer and [[journalist]]. He is a writer of 18 books, including school textbooks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Salil Gewali |url=https://www.newsbharati.com/authors/Salil_Gewali.html |website=www.newsbharati.com |access-date=11 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> He is best known for the [[publication]] of the book ''Great Minds on India''. The outcome of an extensive research spanning over two decades, the title by Gewali has been translated into fifteen languages.<ref>{{cite news |title=CM releases German edition of Salil Gewali's "Great Minds of India" |url= https://themeghalayan.com/cm-releases-german-edition-of-salil-gewalis-great-minds-of-india/ |date=11 November 2022}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Gewali was born in [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]] in 1971 to Krishna Parsad Gewali and Bharati Gewali. His father was a scholar of ancient scriptures and also a writer. Salil Gewali passed his School Leaving Certificate examination from Mawprem Modern High School in 1986 and joined St. Anthony's College, Shillong, Meghalaya for further studies.{{fact|date=November 2025}}

==Literary career==
Gewali started his career as a freelance writer in late 1980s. Gewali is credited with several articles on social menaces, such as drug abuse, alcoholism and social media addiction among youths discussing how they have adversely affected society at large.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsgram.com/general/2020/10/05/the-rise-of-drug-addiction-among-youth |title = The Rise of Drug Addiction Among Youth |date = 5 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2018/7/18/Drug-menace-taking-a-heavy-toll-on-modern-society.amp.html |title = Drug menace taking a heavy toll on modern society |date = 18 July 2018}}</ref> He has prolifically written to raise awareness about the environmental fallout due to excessive exploitation of the Earth's crust and greenhouse gas emissions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2018/7/18/Drug-menace-taking-a-heavy-toll-on-modern-society.amp.html |title = Opinion I Mega oil palm plantations may upset the environment |date = 6 September 2021}}</ref> His articles and letters appear in several local, national and international newspapers and magazines.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bio-Profile of Salil Gewali |url= https://www.worldhindunews.com/bio-profile-of-salil-gewali/ |website=World Hindu News |access-date=11 May 2021 |date=7 August 2014}}</ref>

From an early age, Gewali was inspired to study various ancient texts, and the philosophy of Vedanta and the Bhagavad Gita fascinated him the most.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldhindunews.com/western-greats-awestruck-by-indian-wisdom-sandhya-regmi-vietnam/ |title = Western greats awestruck by Indian wisdom – Sandhya Regmi (Vietnam) |date = 3 October 2015}}</ref> Gewali was convinced from early age that world-renowned [[Quantum mechanics|Quantum physicists]] including [[Erwin Schrödinger]], [[Niels Bohr]], [[J. Robert Oppenheimer|Julius Oppenheimer]], [[Werner Heisenberg]], and [[Brian David Josephson]]; and also front-ranking philosophers of the modern times including [[Voltaire]], [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Johann Goethe]], [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]], [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] and [[Henry David Thoreau|Henry Thoreau]] had obtained ideas for their researches and writings from the [[Indian literature|ancient Indian literature]]. Gewali had undertaken his research from this belief and it also greatly influenced writing of his book ''Great Minds on India''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Author launches book highlighting Glory of India, gets support from NASA {{sic|Cheif|nolink=yes}} Scientist |first=Mrityunjay |last=Chaubey |url=https://www.theyouth.in/2019/07/11/indian-author-launches-book-highlighting-glory-of-india-gets-support-from-nasa-cheif-scientist/ |access-date=2022-12-05 |work=The Youth |date=11 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112213744/https://www.theyouth.in/2019/07/11/indian-author-launches-book-highlighting-glory-of-india-gets-support-from-nasa-cheif-scientist/|archive-date=12 January 2021}}</ref>

Gewali is also an India correspondent for Davidvance media of London, UK.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://davidvance.net/in-honor-of-salil-gewali-great-minds-on-india/| title = In Honor of Salil Gewali's Great Minds on India |date = 3 April 2023}}</ref> He is appointed as a volunteer of ''International Human Rights Commission'', Zürich, Switzerland in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/lessons-from-ghastly-murder-of-shraddha-walker/|title = Lessons from ghastly murder of shraddha walker |date = 3 December 2022}}</ref>

=== ''Great Minds on India'' ===
{{ISBN|978-81-920846-0-2}}

Gewali published his book entitled ''Great Minds on India'' from [[Penguin Books]] in 2013. The first edition of the book was published in Xerox format in 1998 and the regular print was published in 2009 which was formally launched by the Governor of Meghalaya – [[Ranjit Shekhar Mooshahary]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsgram.com/general/2018/06/12/documentary-on-great-minds-on-india-launched |title = Documentary on ''Great Minds on India'' Launched |date = 12 June 2018}}</ref> Later, the book was translated in fifteen languages including German, Urdu, Arabic, Telugu, Malayalam, Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati and Nepali.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://thenortheastaffairs.com/urdu-edition-of-great-minds-of-india-released-by-assam-guv/|title=Urdu edition of 'Great Minds of India' released by Assam Guv book released|date=14 June 2023|publisher=}}</ref> It is a collection of the thoughts and quotes of world-renowned personalities on India's cultural heritage and ancient wisdom.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2W4WooQGUkMC&q=Salil+Gewali|title=''Great Minds on India''|last=Gewali|first=Salil|date=2013-02-15|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9788184759266|language=en}}</ref> It is edited by a former NASA scientist – Prof A.V. Murali of [[Houston, USA]] and prefaced by a [[NASA]] Chief scientist – Dr. Kamlesh Lulla of [[Texas, USA]]. The book was launched by the respective [[Government of Gujarat]], Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Meghalaya.{{fact|date=November 2025}}

The Bengali version of the book was released on 5 July 2019, by the Governor of West Bengal [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]] at Raj Bhavan in Kolkata. The book has been translated by Dr RN Das and edited by Prof. Nirmal Maity of Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/features/governor-of-west-bengal-releases-book-on-rich-indian-civilisation-362230|title=Governor of West Bengal releases book on 'Rich Indian civilisation'|last=MP|first=Team|date=2019-07-08|website=www.millenniumpost.in|language=en|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref>
The German edition of ''Great Minds on India'' has been translated by Caroline Hagen of [[Cologne|Cologne, Germany]].
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2019/12/17/book-by-city-based-author-to-be-translated-into-german/|title = Book by city-based author to be translated into German|date = 17 December 2019}}</ref> In 2022 the German edition of ''Great Minds on India'' was released by the Chief Minister of Meghalaya, [[Conrad Sangma]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hubnetwork.in/meghalaya-cm-releases-german-edition-of-great-minds-on-india/|title = Meghalaya CM releases German edition of ''Great Minds on India''|date = 10 November 2022}}</ref> On 9 December 2022, the Chief Minister of Manipur, N. Biren Singh and the Chief Minister of Sikkim, Prem Singh Tamang, jointly released the Manipuri edition of Gewali's book in Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://highlandpost.com/shillong-author-releases-manipuri-edition-of-book/ |title = Shillong author releases Manipuri edition of book |date = 13 December 2022}}</ref> The Urdu edition has been translated by Dr. Syed Hussain, edited by Abdul Khalique and published by a Muslim organisation, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Foundation of [[Howrah|Howrah, West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2022/03/21/city-authors-book-translated-in-urdu/|title = City author's book translated in Urdu |date = 21 March 2022}}</ref> The Urdu edition was released by the Governor of Assam, [[Gulab Chand Kataria]] on 13 June 2023, at Raj Bhavan, Guwahati.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenortheastjournal.com/urdu-edition-of-acclaimed-book-great-minds-on-india-by-salil-gewali-released-by-assam-governor/?fbclid=IwAR0GnFHKTgwDnCXga-zfJOhBwdbH5MeRrjRRvi2XtKx3XUIsDHg0UjkvC1U|title=Urdu edition of acclaimed book 'Great Minds on India' by Salil Gewali released by Assam Governor|date=19 June 2023|access-date=23 June 2023|archive-date=23 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623164053/https://thenortheastjournal.com/urdu-edition-of-acclaimed-book-great-minds-on-india-by-salil-gewali-released-by-assam-governor/?fbclid=IwAR0GnFHKTgwDnCXga-zfJOhBwdbH5MeRrjRRvi2XtKx3XUIsDHg0UjkvC1U|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==== Arabic edition ====
On 4 October 2024, the Arabic edition of ''Great Minds on India'' was officially launched in Doha, Qatar, at a literary event hosted by ''Anjuman Muhibban-E-Urdu-Hind'' in the presence of eminent writers, media journalists, and filmmakers from Qatar, Pakistan, and India. The Arabic translation was carried out by Prof. Mohammed Ramzan Ali Miya, a noted writer from Doha, while the edition was edited by Hamdan Bin Rashid of Madrid, Spain. Prior to this, the book was also released in Dubai by renowned business magnate and philanthropist Dr. Bu Abdullah. The title was published by Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Foundation, Howrah, West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenortheastaffairs.com/northeast-indian-book-launched-in-doha-and-dubai/ |title = Northeast Indian book launched in Doha and Dubai |date = 7 October 2024}}</ref>
==== Punjabi edition ====
On 7 April 2025, the Punjabi edition of ''Great Minds on India'' was launched in Patiala, Punjab, by eminent poet and writer Jaswant Singh Zafar, who also serves as the Director of the Language Department, Government of Punjab. The book was translated from its original English version to Punjabi by Assistant Director Shri Aalok Chawla of the Language Department, featuring a foreword by former Director Dr. Veerpal Kaur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hillpost.in/2025/04/punjabi-edition-of-great-minds-on-india-launched-in-patiala/166406/|title = Punjabi Edition of ‘Great Minds on India’ Launched in Patiala |date = 9 April 2025}}</ref>

Governments of Karnataka and Assam have also consented to translate ''Great Minds on India'' into their respective states' official languages such as— Kannada and Assamese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2021/10/27/assam-to-translate-city-authors-book/|title = Assam to translate city author's book |date = 27 October 2021}}</ref> The book has also been prescribed by some schools in India and academic institutes run by NRIs in Virginia, USA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://davidvance.net/in-honor-of-salil-gewali-great-minds-on-india/|title = In Honor of Salil Gewali's Great Minds on India |date = 3 April 2023}}</ref>

=== Reception ===
In 2019, the Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India, acquired ''Great Minds on India'' for placement in embassy libraries worldwide, acknowledging its role in showcasing India's philosophical and cultural legacy to global audiences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://meghalayamonitor.com/ekta-mahila-samiti-honours-salil-gewali-for-literary-contributions/|title=ekta mahila samiti honours salil gewali for literary contributions |date=21 June 2024|publisher=}}</ref> 

NASA Chief Scientist and Director Dr. Kamlesh Lulla of Houston comments on the book: 

''"Once in a while, a rare and thoughtful publication comes to life that transforms you, enlightens you, and enriches your knowledge. Mr. Salil Gewali's Great Minds on India is such a publication. Its timely arrival offers readers deep insights into India’s immense contributions to global thought, through the words of some of the world’s greatest minds." ''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://davidvance.net/nation-applauds-gewalis-efforts-to-showcase-indias-greatness/|title=Nation Applauds Gewali’s Efforts to Showcase India’s Greatness |date=3 July 2025|publisher=}}</ref>

=== ''Know Your India'' ===
{{ISBN|978-81-955377-6-1}}

''Know Your India'' is Gewali's other title published in 2022 which was released by the Chief Minister of Sikkim, [[Prem Singh Tamang]] in Gangtok. The forewords to the book were written by an eminent Lahore-born scholar from London – Khalid Umar and another scholar Linda Epton from Perth, Australia. ''Know Your India'' is a collection of articles that are essentially about the significance of the literary wisdom of ancient India and its relevance in modern times.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://meghalayamonitor.com/city-writers-book-released-by-sikkim-cm/|title=City writer's book released by Sikkim CM |date=25 July 2022|publisher=}}</ref> The book has been approved for use as a textbook for higher classes by Agrasain Balika Siksha Sadan, Howrah, West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://highlandpost.com/shillong-authors-book-approved-for-academic-use/|title = Shillong author's book approved for academic use |date = 25 March 2023}}</ref>

In June 2018, a short documentary on ''Great Minds on India'' was released by a Mumbai-based media house - Manthanhub.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsgram.com/documentary-on-great-minds-on-india-launched|title=Documentary on ''Great Minds on India'' Launched - NewsGram|date=12 June 2018|publisher=}}</ref>

Gewali has written a series of school textbooks that are prescribed by the Meghalaya Board of School Education (MBOSE) of the Government of Meghalaya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsbharati.com/authors/Salil_Gewali.html|title = About Salil Gewali }}</ref> Some of the titles have also been approved as reference books for the Meghalaya Teacher Eligibility Test (MTET).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jobriya.in/meghalaya-tet-syllabus-2021/ |title = Meghalaya TET Syllabus 2021 MTET Paper I & Paper II Exam Pattern |date = 2 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://megeducation.gov.in/dert/MTET%20Syllabus/2021/MTET%20Syllabus%20(2021)%20PAPER-II.pdf |title=MEGHALAYA TEACHER ELIGIBILITY TEST (MTET) |access-date=6 January 2023 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128223310/http://www.megeducation.gov.in/dert/MTET%20Syllabus/2021/MTET%20Syllabus%20(2021)%20PAPER-II.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== ''Learn Hindi Learn Khasi'' ===
{{ISBN|978-93-591299-8-3}}

''Learn Hindi Learn Khasi'' is Gewali's first book published in 1991. In 2014 the book was formally approved for use in secondary classes by the Meghalaya Board of School Education, Meghalaya. The book has its Garo edition entitled ''Learn Hindi Learn Garo''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://larseklund.in/Old.sasnet.lu.se-23.april/sasnet.lu.se/wwwroot/EASASpapers/26Gruessner.pdf|title = Khasi: a minority language of North –East India |date = 9 July 2004}}</ref>

=== ''Awards and accolades'' ===

[[File:Gewali receives award.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Gewali receives ''"Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Rashtra Gaurav Samman Award"'' from the Governor of Assam, Gulab Chand Kataria, at Raj Bhavan, Guwahati.]]

Gewali has been honored with numerous awards for his literary and creative works since his early school days. From 1980 to 1984, he received consecutive Ananda ''Sammelan Puraskars'' and ''Bhanu Awards'' for his self-composed poems and essay writing. In 2011, he was recognized with the Thomas Jones Award by the United Christian Writers' Association for his literary contributions and service rendered to the nation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2011/09/04/writing-a-powerful-means-of-communication/ |title = Writing a powerful means of communication |date = 13 June 2023}}</ref> On 13 June 2023, Gewali was honored with "Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Rashtra Gaurav Samman" by the Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Foundation of Howrah, West Bengal, for his contributions to the nation. The award was formally presented to him by the Governor of Assam, [[Gulab Chand Kataria]], at Raj Bhavan, Guwahati.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/assam/2023/06/16/assam-guv-releases-urdu-edition-of-book-great-minds-on-india/ |title = Assam Guv releases Urdu edition of book 'Great Minds on India' |date = 16 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiablooms.com/life-details/LIT/7332/assam-governor-releases-urdu-edition-of-great-minds-on-india-salil-gewali-honored-with-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-award.html |title = Assam Governor releases Urdu edition of 'Great Minds on India', Salil Gewali honored with Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Award |date = 20 June 2023}}</ref> Gewali also received the ''Literary Excellence Award'' from the All Assam Gorkha Students' Union for his contributions to literature and the propagation of Indian culture and heritage on 25 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://meghalayamonitor.com/gewali-gets-literary-excellence-award/ |title = Gewali gets literary excellence award |date = 29 December 2023}}</ref> He was conferred the ''Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Rashtra Prem Samman'' award in June 2025 by the Mumbai-based youth organization, Yuva Heet Karini Sangh, in recognition of his patriotic service to the country through his research-based book and journalism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theshillongtimes.com/2025/07/03/author-of-great-minds-on-india-feted-by-mumbai-youth-body/ |title = Author of Great Minds on India feted by Mumbai youth body |date = 3 July 2025}}</ref> In October 2025, the Meghalaya Bihari Yuva Munch honoured Gewali with the ''Matribhumi Seva Puraskar''.<ref>{{cite news |date=2025-11-01 |title=Matribhumi Seva Award to city writer |url=https://meghalayamonitor.com/matribhumi-seva-award-to-city-writer/ |access-date=2025-11-16 |work=Meghalaya Monitor}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.millenniumpost.in/features/governor-of-west-bengal-releases-book-on-rich-indian-civilisation-362230/ Book release by the West Bengal Governor]; ''Millennium Post''
* [https://theshillongtimes.com/2019/12/17/book-by-city-based-author-to-be-translated-into-german/ German translation]
* [https://davidvance.net/in-honor-of-salil-gewali-great-minds-on-india/ In Honor of Salil Gewali’s Great Minds on India ]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gewali, Salil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Shillong]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:1971 births]]

Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 2

2026-02-01T06:19:11Z

Ghazal Builders:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 2
| image = Bigg Boss Tamil 2.jpg
| image_alt = A stylized eye, with "Bigg Boss" under it
| bgcolor = #E0C56E
| caption = Bigg Boss Tamil 2 logo
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Kamal Haasan]]
| num_days = 105
| num_housemates = 17
| winner = [[Riythvika]]
| runner_up = [[Aishwarya Dutta]]
}}
| num_episodes = 106
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2018|6|17|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2018|9|30|df=y}}
| episode_list =
}}
'''''Bigg Boss 2''''' is the second season of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-Indian [[reality television]] series, ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil|Bigg Boss]]'', and was hosted by [[Kamal Haasan]].<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kamal-haasan-returns-host-bigg-boss-2-81212 |title= Kamal Haasan returns to host 'Bigg Boss' 2 |date= 2018-05-12 |work=The News Minute |access-date= 11 June 2018}}</ref> The season had 17 housemates (including wildcard entries), and was filmed with 60 cameras.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/bigboss-season-2-house-new-additions-054071.html |title= சேரெல்லாம் சைஸ் மாறிப் போச்சு.. பாத்ரூமுக்குள்ளேயே தம்மடிக்கலாம்.. புதுப் பொலிவுடன் பிக் பாஸ் வீடு! |date=2018-06-14 |work= Filmibeat |access-date= 15 June 2018 |language=ta}}</ref> It ran for 15 weeks (from 17 June to 30 September 2018),<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-tamil-2-kamal-haasan-show-opens-on-a-high-note-5222221 |title= Bigg Boss Tamil 2: Kamal Haasan's show opens on a high note |date=2018-06-18 |work= The Indian Express |access-date= 18 June 2018 |language= en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Bigg Boss Tamil 2 Real Face of Yaashika & Ishwarya Dutta |url= http://www.pakka.tv/entertainment/cine-news/bigg-boss-tamil-2-real-face-of-yaashika--ishwarya-dutta-----9169 |work= PakkaTv |date= 19 June 2018 |archive-date= 19 June 2018 |access-date= 19 June 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180619113320/http://www.pakka.tv/entertainment/cine-news/bigg-boss-tamil-2-real-face-of-yaashika--ishwarya-dutta-----9169/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> and aired on [[Star Vijay]] weekdays from 9–10:30 am and 9–11:00 pm on weekends. [[Hotstar]] provided content not aired on television and provided ''Fun Unlimited'', a parallel weekly programme. Hosted by [[Rio Raj]], it humorously described events in the house.<ref>[https://www.hotstar.com/tv/bigg-boss/s-1115 Bigg Boss]</ref>

The first season's lavish house set, on the outskirts of [[Chennai]] at EVP Film City in Chembarambakkam, was renovated just before the start of this season. The renovated house included a "jail room" to increase the severity of punishment for contestant mistakes.<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-season-2-new-promo-videos-featuring-kamal-haasan-released/articleshow/64481042.cms |title=Bigg Boss Tamil Season 2: New promo videos featuring Kamal Haasan released – Times of India |work=The Times of India |access-date= 11 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.worldhab.com/new-bigg-boss-tamil-season-2-house |title=Bigg Boss House Photos (New): Colourful Bigg Boss Tamil season 2 House visit |date=2018-06-15 |work=WORLDHAB |access-date= 15 June 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= http://movies.ndtv.com/tamil/kollywood/bigg-boss-2-tamil-all-set-for-action-1867559 |title=புதிய ஜெயில் அறைத்தலான செட்! EXCLUSIVE புகைப்படங்கள் !! - NDTV Tamil Cinema |date= 2018-06-14 |work=NDTV Tamil Cinema |access-date= 15 June 2018 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= http://tamil.thehindu.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/article24162309.ece |title='பிக் பாஸ் 2' வீட்டுக்குள் ஜெயில்: இந்த முறை என்ன மாதிரியெல்லாம் தண்டனை இதோ... |access-date= 15 June 2018 |language=ta}}</ref>

The winner of ''Bigg Boss Tamil 2'' was [[Riythvika]], who won a trophy and a cash prize of {{INR}}50 lakhs ({{INR}}5 million). [[Aishwarya Dutta]] was the runner-up, and the other finalist was [[Janani Iyer]]. Even though Riythvika won the title, actress Mumtaz was widely talked about during this season telecast which earned her lot of fans<ref name="Finale">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-finale-live-updates-who-will-be-the-winner/liveblog/66017717.cms | title=Bigg Boss Tamil 2 Finale Highlights: Riythvika wins Bigg Boss Tamil season 2 | date=30 September 2018 | publisher=Times Of India | access-date=30 September 2018}}</ref>

This is the first season to have a female winner in the ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series)|Bigg Boss Tamil]]'' franchise.

Thaadi Balaji and [[Shariq Hassan]] returned as contestants in [[Bigg Boss Ultimate season 1|''Bigg Boss Ultimate'' season 1]].

==Housemate status==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:30px; width:auto;"
! scope="col" style="background:#E0C56E;color:black" |SR.
! scope="col" style="background:#E0C56E;color:black" |{{nowrap|Housemate}}
!scope="col" style ="background:#E0C56E;"style="background:#E0C56E;color:black" |{{nowrap|Day Entered}}
!scope="col" style ="background:#E0C56E;"style="background:#E0C56E;color:black" |{{nowrap|Day Exited}}
!scope="col" style ="background:#E0C56E;"style="background:#E0C56E;color:black" |{{nowrap|Status}}
|-
|1
|Riythvika
|Day 1
|Day 105
|{{won|Winner}}
|-
|2
|Aishwarya
|Day 1
|Day 105
|{{Runner-up|1st Runner-up}}
|-
|3
|Vijayalakshmi
|Day 67
|Day 105
|style="background:#7FFFD4;"|{{nowrap|2nd Runner-up}}
|-
|4
|Janani
|Day 1
|Day 105
|style="background:#DDA0DD;" | 2nd Runner-up
|-
|5
|Yashika
|Day 1
|Day 98
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|6
|Balaji
|Day 1
|Day 97
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|7
|Mumtaz
|Day 1
|Day 91
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|8
|Sendrayan
|Day 1
|Day 84
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|9
|Daniel
|Day 1
|Day 77
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|10
|Mahat
|Day 1
|Day 70
|{{cRemoved|Ejected}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |11
| rowspan="2" |Vaishnavi
|Day 1
|Day 42
|style="background:#87CEFA;" |Secret Room
|-
|Day 44
|Day 62
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|12
|Ponnambalam
|Day 1
|Day 56
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|13
|Shariq
|Day 1
|Day 49
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|14
|Ramya
|Day 1
|Day 35
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|15
|Nithya
|Day 1
|Day 28
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|16
|Ananth
|Day 1
|Day 21
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|17
|Mamathi
|Day 1
|Day 14
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|}

== Housemates ==
===Original entrants===

# [[Yashika Aannand]], a model and actress known for her roles in the films ''[[Dhuruvangal Pathinaaru]]'' (2016) and ''[[Iruttu Araiyil Murattu Kuththu]]'' (2018)
# [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]], an actor and stuntman who has appeared primarily as an antagonist in Tamil films
# [[Mahat Raghavendra]], an actor known for his roles in the films ''[[Mankatha]]'' (2011), ''[[Jilla]]'' (2014) and ''[[Chennai 600028 II]]'' (2016)
# [[Daniel Annie Pope]], an actor known for his role in the film ''[[Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara]]'' (2013)
# [[Vaishnavi Prasad|Vaishnavi]], a journalist, writer, activist and [[radio jockey]] who is the granddaughter of Tamil writer Saavi.
# [[Janani Iyer]], an actress known for playing lead roles in the films ''[[Avan Ivan]]'' (2011), ''[[Thegidi]]'' (2014) and ''[[Adhe Kangal (2017 film)|Adhe Kangal]]'' (2017)
# [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]], a singing trainer known for his roles in [[Star Vijay]]'s ''[[Airtel Super Singer|Super Singer]]'' and ''[[Avan Ivan]]'' (2011)
# [[Ramya NSK]], playback singer and granddaughter of [[N. S. Krishnan]] and [[T. A. Mathuram]]
# [[Sendrayan]], an actor known for his roles in the films ''[[Moodar Koodam]]'' (2013) and ''[[Metro (2016 film)|Metro]]'' (2016)
# [[Riythvika]], an actress known for her roles in the films ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]'' (2014), ''[[Kabali]]'' (2016) and ''[[Iru Mugan]]'' (2016)
# [[Mumtaj|Mumtaz]], an actress and dancer who has appeared primarily in character roles and [[item number]]s in Tamil films
# Thadi Balaji, an actor who has appeared as a comedian in Tamil films and Tamil TV serials and is a judge in Star Vijay's ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? (season 5)|Kalakka Povathu Yaaru]]''
# [[Mamathi Chari]], a television actress, anchor and [[video jockey]] who hosted ''Hello Tamizha'' and appeared in the [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] series ''[[Vani Rani (TV series)|Vani Rani]]''
# Nithya, a mom of one and she is the commoner contestant of this season. She is the spouse of co–housemate Balaji
# [[Shariq Hassan]], an actor who appeared in the film ''[[Pencil (film)|Pencil]]'' (2016) and the son of [[Riyaz Khan]] and [[Uma Riyaz Khan]] and grandson of [[Kamala Kamesh]]
# [[Aishwarya Dutta]], an actress who appeared in the films ''[[Tamizhuku En Ondrai Azhuthavum]]'' (2015) and ''[[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Paayum Puli]]'' (2015)

===Wildcard entry===
1.[[Vijayalakshmi Feroz]], actress, producer and daughter of director [[Agathiyan]] who starred in the films ''[[Chennai 600028]]'' (2007), ''[[Anjathe]]'' (2008) and ''[[Chennai 600028 II]]'' (2016) and the Sun TV series ''[[Nayaki (TV series)|Nayaki]]''

== Guests appearance ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#e0c56e; color:black;"| Week
! style="background:#e0c56e; color:black;" | Day
! style="background:#e0c56e; color:black;" | Guest(s)
! style="background:#e0c56e; color:black;" |Purpose of visit
|-
| align=center | 1
| align=center | 0
| align=center | [[Oviya]] ([[Bigg Boss Tamil 1|Season 1]] contestant)
| To give the housemates advice and wish them luck<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-live-updates-bigg-boss-to-make-an-entry/articleshow/64623788.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 highlights: Oviya re-enters, this time as a guest; Kamal Haasan returns with a bang]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/bigg-boss-tamil/127986-who-will-be-the-oviya-of-this-season-bigg-boss-season-2-kicks-off-in-style.html|title=ஓவியாவே இருக்காங்க ஓ.கே. ஆனா, பிக்பாஸ்-2 ஓவியா யாரு பாஸ்? #BiggBossTamil|date=2018-06-18|language=ta|access-date=18 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|4
| align=center | 26
| align=center|[[Karthi]], [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] and [[Pandiraj]]
| To promote their film, ''[[Kadaikutty Singam]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-july-13-2018-actors-karthi-soori-and-director-pandiraj-cheer-up-the-inmates/articleshow/64986887.cms|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, July 13, 2018: Actors Karthi, Soori and Director Pandiraj cheer up the inmates - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/karthi-and-soori-enter-bigg-boss-house-tamil-news-217272|title=Karthi and Soori enter Bigg Boss house! - Tamil Movie News - IndiaGlitz.com|work=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://behindtalkies.com/karthi-troll-bigg-boss-housemates/|title=Bigg Boss Promo 2 - July 13 2018|date=2018-07-13|work=Behind Talkies|access-date=14 July 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tamil.eenaduindia.com/Entertainment/Kollywood/2018/07/13171210/Karthi-and-Soori-enter-Bigg-Boss-house.vpf|title=பிக்பாஸ் வீட்டுக்குள் 'கடைக்குட்டி சிங்கம்'..!|last=S|first=KARTHIKEYAN|work=Eenadu English Portal|access-date=14 July 2018|language=TA-IN|archive-date=14 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714164346/http://tamil.eenaduindia.com/Entertainment/Kollywood/2018/07/13171210/Karthi-and-Soori-enter-Bigg-Boss-house.vpf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|5
| align=center | 30
| align=center|[[Snehan]] (Season 1 runner-up)
| To take a class as part of the week-five luxury-budget task<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-tamil-2-weekly-updates-ramya-aishwarya-balaji-ponnambalam-janani-iyer-face-elimination-4773861.html|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 2 weekly updates: Ramya, Aishwarya, Balaji, Ponnambalam, Janani Iyer face elimination- Entertainment News, Firstpost|work=Firstpost|access-date=19 July 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/snehan-shocks-bigg-boss-2-tamil-viewers-054590.html|title=சினேகன் சொன்னதை கேட்டு பிக் பாஸ் பார்த்தவர்களுக்கு ஒரு நிமிஷம் தலையே சுத்திருச்சு|date=2018-07-18|work=Filmibeat|access-date=19 July 2018|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/bigg-boss-tamil/big-boss-2-tamil-snehan-arrived-in-big-boss-house-again/articleshow/65030585.cms|title=Episode 30 Highlights: பள்ளி பருவத்திற்கே அழைத்துச் செல்லப்பட்ட பிக்பாஸ் குடும்பத்தினா் - Samayam Tamil|date=2018-07-18|work=samayam Tamil|access-date=19 July 2018|language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| align=center | 32
| align=center|Children from [[Chennai]] orphanages
| To spend time with the housemates<ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2018/bigg-boss-tamil-season-2-july-19-preview-the-housemates-turn-emotional-275522.html Bigg Boss Tamil Season 2 Jul 19 Preview: Housemates Turn Emotional As Orphaned Kids Pay Them A Visit]</ref>
|-
| align=center |6
| align=center | 41
| align=center |[[Pooja Kumar]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]], [[Sathyaprakash]] and [[Mohamaad Ghibran]]
|To promote their film, ''[[Vishwaroopam 2]]''<ref>[https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-tamil-2-weekly-updates-contestants-escape-eviction-vishwaroopam-2-team-visits-the-house-4848451.html Bigg Boss Tamil 2 weekly updates: Contestants escape eviction; Vishwaroopam 2 team visits the house]</ref>
|-
| align=center |7
| align=center |47
| align=center |[[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Sathish]], [[Dhivyadharshini]] and Santhosh P. Jayakumar
|To promote their film, ''[[Ghajinikanth]]''<ref name="vaishnavi returns">[https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-2-tamil-episode-48-ghajinikanth-team-in-house-vaishnavi-out-of-secret-room/story-IuBXHbTsyOkPST8rD1DOmJ.html Bigg Boss 2 Tamil, episode 48: Ghajinikanth team in house, Vaishnavi out of secret room]</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|8
| align=center |54
| align=center | [[Harish Kalyan]] and [[Raiza Wilson]] (Season 1 contestants) and Elan
| To promote their film, ''[[Pyaar Prema Kaadhal]]''<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-august-10-2018-aishwarya-dutta-becomes-captain-for-the-second-time/articleshow/65365783.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, 10 August 2018: Aishwarya Dutta becomes captain for the second time]</ref>
|-
| align=center | 56
| align=center|[[Kamal Haasan]] (host)
| To announce the evicted housemate for week eight<ref name="goodbye ponnambalam">[https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-tamil-eviction-live-sendrayan-escapes-ponnambalam-janani-exit-kamals-show-says-ibt-777619 Bigg Boss Tamil 2 eviction: Ponnambalam is the sixth contestant to be eliminated from Kamal Haasan's show]</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="10"|11
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|72
| align=center |Mumtaz's mother, brother and nephew
|rowspan=3 | To surprise Mumtaz, Janani and Yashika as part of the week's luxury-budget task<ref name="freezerelease">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-august-28-2018-nithyas-letter-leaves-bhalajie-heartbroken/articleshow/65591139.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, 28 August 2018: Nithya's letter leaves Bhalajie heartbroken]</ref>
|-
| align=center |Janani's mother and sister
|-
| align=center |Yashika's brother and sister
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4"|73
| align=center |Daniel's mother and girlfriend
|rowspan=3 | To surprise Daniel, Aishwarya and Riythvika as part of the week's luxury-budget task<ref name="day 73">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-august-29-2018-aishwarya-duttas-mom-apologises-to-bhalajie-and-mumtaz/articleshow/65605628.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, 29 August 2018: Aishwarya Dutta's mom apologises to Bhalajie and Mumtaz]</ref>
|-
| align=center |Aishwarya's mother
|-
| align=center |Riythvika's parents
|-
| align=center |A joker
|To entertain the housemates as part of the week's luxury-budget task<ref name="day 73"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|74
| align=center |Sendrayan's wife and parents
|rowspan=3| To surprise Sendrayan, Balaji and Vijayalakshmi as part of the week's luxury-budget task<ref name="day 74">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-august-30-2018-sendrayan-gets-a-pleasant-surprise/articleshow/65619406.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, 30 August 2018: Sendrayan gets a pleasant surprise]</ref>
|-
| align=center |Nithya Balaji (ex-contestant) and Poshika Balaji
|-
| align=center |Vijayalakshmi's husband and son
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|13
| align=center | 85–91
| align=center| [[Gayathri Raghuram]], [[Aarthi (actress)|Harathi Ganesh]], Snehan, [[Suja Varunee]] and [[Vaiyapuri]] (Season 1 contestants)
| Guests for a week<ref name="s1">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-september-10-2018-season-1-contestants-visit-the-house/articleshow/65763934.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, 10 September 2018: Season 1 contestants visit the house]</ref>
|-
| align=center | 88–89
| align=center| [[Arav|Aarav]] (Season 1 winner)
| To announce the Ticket to Finale task and release the first look of his film, ''Raja Bheema''<ref name="aarar">[https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-tamil-2-weekly-updates-mumtaz-evicted-arav-launches-first-look-of-raja-bheema-5196721.html Bigg Boss Tamil 2 weekly updates: Mumtaz evicted; Arav launches first look of Raja Bheema]</ref>
|-
| align=center |14
| align=center | 97
| align=center |Samvitha and Jayakumar (Amazon SMS Contest winners)
|To bring the items bought with the week's luxury budget<ref name="bhalajie gone">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-september-22-2018-bhalajie-evicted-from-reality-show-hosted-by-kamal-haasan/articleshow/65921284.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, 22 September 2018: Bhalajie evicted from reality show hosted by Kamal Haasan]</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="15"|15
| align=center | 99
| align=center |Vaishnavi Prasad and [[Ramya NSK]] (ex-contestants)
| rowspan="4" |To spend time with the finalists, give them advice and wish them luck<ref name="g1">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-september-24-2018-vaishnavi-prasad-and-ramya-nsk-played-a-crazy-prank-with-the-inmates/articleshow/65944617.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, 24 September 2018: Vaishnavi Prasad and Ramya NSK played a crazy prank with the inmates]</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-september-25-2018-garbage-throwing-act-leaves-nithya-distressed-over-aishwarya/articleshow/65960439.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, 25 September 2018: Garbage throwing act leaves Nithya distressed over Aishwarya]</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-september-26-2018-bhalajie-enters-the-house-inmates-revisit-the-controversial-moments/articleshow/65977713.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, 26 September 2018: Bhalajie enters the house; Inmates revisit the controversial moments]</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-september-27-2018-sendrayan-and-mahat-raghavendra-visit-the-house/articleshow/65990209.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, 27 September 2018: Sendrayan and Mahat Raghavendra visit the house]</ref>
|-
|align=center | 100
| align=center | Shariq Hassan Khan and Nithya Balaji (ex-contestants)
|-
|align=center | 101
| align=center | [[Yashika Aannand]] and Thadi Balaji (ex-contestants)
|-
|align=center | 102
| align=center | [[Sendrayan]] and [[Mahat Raghavendra]] (ex-contestants)
|-
|align=center | 103

| align=center | All evicted housemates, except [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] and [[Mumtaj|Mumtaz]]
| Reunion with the finalists<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-day-104-live-finalists-and-ex-contestants-gather-for-a-reunion/liveblog/65998679.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 day 104 highlights: Finalists and ex-contestants gather for a reunion - The Times of India]</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4"| 104
| align=center | Aishwarya's friend, Swaroopa
| rowspan=4 | To spend time with Aishwarya, Riythvika, Janani and Vijayalakshmi<ref name="jananiiyer">{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-tamil-2-grand-finale-live-updates-aishwarya-vijayalakshmi-riythvika-janani-elimination-781864|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 2 grand finale - Live updates: Janani Iyer eliminated from the show|date=29 September 2018|publisher=IB Times|access-date=29 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
| align=center | [[Kalaiyarasan]]
|-
| align=center | [[Ashok Selvan]]
|-
| align=center | [[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Kreshna]] and [[Sunaina]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6"| 105
|-
| align=center | All evicted housemates, except [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]]
| Invited to the Bigg Boss Tamil 2 Grand Finale.<ref name="jananiiyer"/>
|-
| align=center | [[Vijay Devarakonda]]
| To unveil the season's trophy<ref name="jananiiyer"/>
|-
| align=center | Dancers
| To escort Janani out of the Bigg Boss house after she finished fourth<ref name="jananiiyer"/>
|-
| align=center | Aarav (Season 1 winner)
| To escort Vijayalakshmi out of the Bigg Boss house after she finished third<ref name="Finale"/>
|-
| align=center | Kamal Haasan
| To bring the final two housemates, Riythvika and Aishwarya, from the Bigg Boss house to the stage<ref name="Finale"/>
|}

== Weekly summary ==

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"
|-
! rowspan="7" | Week 1
| Entrances ||
Yashika Aannand, Ponnambalam, Mahat Raghavendra, Daniel Annie Pope, Vaishnavi Prasad, Janani Iyer, Ananth Vaidyanathan, Ramya NSK, Sendrayan, Riythvika, Mumtaz, Thadi Balaji, Mamathi Chari, Nithya Balaji, Shariq Hassan Khan and Aishwarya Dutta
|-
| House captain ||
Janani
|-
| Captain's competition ||
Mahat and Mumtaz
|-
| In jail ||
None
|-
| Nominations ||
Ananth, Mumtaz, Nithya and Riythvika
|-
| Luxury budget tasks ||
*Housemates provided feedback on each other<ref name="luxury1">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-june-19th-2018-janani-iyer-finishes-the-luxury-budget-task-successfully/articleshow/64664214.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 Written update, 19 June 2018: Janani Iyer finishes the luxury budget task successfully]</ref>
*Feela Peela: Housemates are divided into two teams; one team tells a story, and the other must expose the lies in the story.<ref name="luxury1" />
*Ivar Yaar Endru Therigiradha: Housemates were divided into two teams, with one team telling a story and the other finding out who wrote it.<ref name="luxury2">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-june-21-2018-inmates-lose-points-for-breaking-the-rules/articleshow/64695705.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, 21 June 2018: Inmates lose points for breaking the rules]</ref>
*Sonnapadi Kelu: Housemates were divided into eight two-person teams, and each team must follow instructions in an envelope.<ref name="luxury2" />
|-
| Exits ||
None<ref name="no eviction">[https://regional.pinkvilla.com/tamil/news/bigg-boss-tamil-2-meet-contestants-kamal-haasans-show/ Bigg Boss Tamil 2: Meet the contestants of Kamal Haasan’s show]</ref>
|-
! rowspan="7" | Week 2
|-
| House captain ||
Nithya
|-
| Captain's competition ||
Mamathi and Ponnambalam
|-
| In jail ||
None
|-
| Nominations ||
Ananth, Mamathi, Mumtaz and Ponnambalam
|-
| Luxury budget tasks||
Intha Veetil Yaar Sirapaaga Nirvaagam Seyya Koodiyavargal - Aangala Pengala?: Housemates were divided into two gender-based teams; the male team is the owner, with the female team serving them. The roles later reversed.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-2-tamil-episode-10-mumtaz-refuses-to-obey-her-masters/story-WOM7Ui8cnr2QgBW68L2usI.html Bigg Boss 2 Tamil, episode 10: Mumtaz refuses to obey her ‘masters’]</ref><ref name="week 3 eviction">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-june-28-2018-mens-team-became-assistants-for-the-luxury-budget-task/articleshow/64794459.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, 28 June 2018: Men’s team became assistants for the luxury budget task]</ref>
|-
| Exits ||
Mamathi (evicted on day 14)<ref name="vishwaroopam2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-2-tamil-episode-15-kamal-haasan-launches-vishwaroopam-2-audio-mamathi-evicted/story-4wawFbbdk8budxMf7LcR1N.html|title=Bigg Boss 2 Tamil, episode 15: Kamal Haasan launches Vishwaroopam 2 audio, Mamathi evicted|date=2018-07-02|work=hindustantimes.com|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="7" | Week 3
|-
| House captain ||
Vaishnavi
|-
| Captain's competition ||
Sendrayan
|-
| In jail ||
None
|-
| Nominations ||
Ananth, Balaji, Mumtaz, Nithya and Ponnambalam
|-
| Luxury budget tasks||
Thanni La Kandam: Housemates were divided into two teams, and each team must keep water from flowing out of a tank with their hands.<ref name="luxury week 3">[https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-2-tamil-episode-17-vaishnavi-s-decision-as-captain-questioned-by-sharik/story-uIdwWRvxFvMUglGxzfILCK.html Bigg Boss 2 Tamil, episode 17: Vaishnavi’s decision as captain questioned by Sharik]</ref>
|-
| Exits ||
Ananth (evicted on day 21)<ref name="ananth">[https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-tamil-2-second-elimination-who-will-be-evicted-among-ananth-ponnambalam-nithya-balaji-774330 Bigg Boss Tamil 2 eviction: Ananth Vaidyanathan eliminated from Kamal Haasan's show]</ref>
|-
! rowspan="7" | Week 4
|-
| House captain ||
Ramya (former captain), Nithya
|-
| Captain's competition ||
All housemates (Ramya), self-nominated (Nithya)
|-
| In jail ||
Ponnambalam, Yashika, Nithya and Mahat
|-
| Nominations ||
Balaji, Nithya, Ponnambalam and Yashika
|-
| Luxury budget tasks ||
Thittam Pottu Thirudara Kootam: Housemates were divided into three teams: thieves, police and ordinary citizens. The police and citizens need to stop the thieves from stealing, and the police will determine the thieves' punishment if they are caught.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-2-tamil-episode-24-ponnambalam-doesn-t-understand-double-entendre-but-delivers-it-well/story-2tFT7T5XikFeIFfZcL54nK.html Bigg Boss 2 Tamil, episode 24: Ponnambalam doesn’t understand double entendre, but delivers it well]</ref>
|-
| Exits ||
Nithya (evicted on day 28)<ref>[https://www.ibtimes.co.in/boss-tamil-2-third-elimination-yashika-be-evicted-kamal-haasans-show-say-our-poll-774970 Boss Tamil 2 third elimination: Nithya evicted from Kamal Haasan-hosted show]</ref>
|-
! rowspan="7" | Week 5
|-
| House captain ||
Mahat
|-
| Captain's competition ||
Balaji and Shariq
|-
| In jail ||
Balaji
|-
| Nominations ||
Aishwarya, Balaji, Janani, Ponnambalam and Ramya
|-
| Luxury budget tasks ||
Kanaa Kaanum Kaalangal: School-related tasks<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-july-17-2018-the-housemates-become-students/articleshow/65037509.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, 17 July 2018: The housemates become students]</ref>
|-
| Exits ||
Ramya (evicted on day 35)<ref>[https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-tamil-elimination-aishwarya-ramya-be-evicted-kamal-haasans-show-says-our-poll-775686 Bigg Boss Tamil elimination: Ramya evicted from Kamal Haasan's show]</ref>
|-
! rowspan="7" | Week 6
|-
| House captain ||
None
|-
| Captain's Competition ||
N/A
|-
| In jail ||
Mahat and Balaji
|-
| Nominations ||
Mahat, Mumtaz, Ponnambalam, Vaishnavi and Yashika
|-
| Luxury budget tasks ||
Enga Area Ulla Varadha: Housemates were split into two teams and given tasks to complete and rule different parts of the house.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-2-tamil-episode-38-aishwarya-feels-housemates-are-victimising-her/story-1B0hDVhdU0kgEeqjczFAIJ.html Bigg Boss 2 Tamil, episode 38: Aishwarya feels housemates are victimising her]</ref>
|-
| Exits ||
Vaishnavi (sent to the Secret Room on Day 42)<ref name="vaishnavi secret room">[https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-2-tamil-episode-43-vaishnavi-sent-to-secret-room-housemates-think-she-is-evicted/story-Lm9HxGrbFciXT05T3hx4GL.html Bigg Boss 2 Tamil, episode 43: Vaishnavi Prasad sent to secret room, housemates think she is evicted]</ref>
|-
! rowspan="8" | Week 7
|-
| Entrances ||
Vaishnavi (re-entered on day 46 after four days in the Secret Room)
|-
| House captain ||
Aishwarya
|-
| Captain's competition ||
All housemates
|-
| In jail ||
All housemates except Aishwarya, Daniel, Janani and Balaji
|-
| Nominations ||
Balaji, Mahat, Mumtaz, Ponnambalam, Riythvika and Shariq
|-
| Luxury budget tasks ||
Rani Maharani: Housemates must obey Aishwarya's orders, the house dictator<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-2-tamil-episode-45-aishwarya-dumps-trash-on-balaji-s-head/story-A0UoOAlMauVl3R0t86NrkL.html Bigg Boss 2 Tamil, episode 45: Aishwarya dumps trash on Balaji’s head]</ref>
|-
| Exits ||
Shariq (evicted on day 49)<ref name="shariq out">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-august-5-2018-shariq-hassan-gets-evicted-from-the-house/articleshow/65289154.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, 5 August 2018: Shariq Hassan gets evicted from the house]</ref>
|-
! rowspan="7" | Week 8
|-
| House captain ||
Shariq (former captain), Yashika
|-
| Captain's competition ||
Riythvika (Shariq), chosen by Shariq (Yashika)
|-
| In jail ||
None
|-
| Nominations ||
Janani, Ponnambalam and Sendrayan
|-
| Luxury budget tasks ||
Yennaipol Oruvan: Housemates were divided into two teams, and each member must impersonate a member of the other team.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-august-7-2018-housemates-enjoy-the-role-reversal-task/articleshow/65320880.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, 7 August 2018: Housemates enjoy the role reversal task]</ref>
|-
| Exits ||
Ponnambalam (evicted on day 56)<ref name="goodbye ponnambalam"/>
|-
! rowspan="7" | Week 9
|-
| House captain ||
Aishwarya
|-
| Captain's competition ||
Janani
|-
| In jail ||
None
|-
| Nominations ||
Daniel, Janani, Riythvika, Sendrayan and Vaishnavi
|-
| Luxury budget tasks ||
Bommalattam: Housemates were divided into two teams, and each team must make toys from raw material brought from outside. A supervisor from each team checked the other team's toys and accepted or rejected them.)<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-august-14-2018-daniel-and-mahat-get-into-an-ugly-fight/articleshow/65412506.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, 14 August 2018: Daniel and Mahat get into an ugly fight]</ref>
|-
| Exits ||
Vaishnavi (evicted on day 63)<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-2-tamil-episode-64-vaishnavi-is-evicted-mahat-feels-betrayed-by-yaashika/story-IXrf2N3rxrdR8pidgnCZcO.html Bigg Boss 2 Tamil, episode 64: Vaishnavi is evicted, Mahat feels betrayed by Yaashika]</ref>
|-
! rowspan="8" | Week 10
|-
| Entrances ||
Vijayalakshmi Agathiyan (entered on day 67)
|-
| House captain ||
Yashika
|-
| Captain's competition ||
Mahat
|-
| In jail ||
None
|-
| Nominations ||
Balaji, Mahat, Mumtaz and Sendrayan
|-
| Luxury budget tasks ||
Uthama Villaingal: Housemates were divided into two teams: super-heroes and super-villains. The superheroes must save someone in jail, and the super-villains tried to distract them. The teams switched roles the next day, to prevent the super-villains from making bombs.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-august-22-2018-mahat-takes-upper-hand-on-mumtaz-daniel-during-the-new-task/articleshow/65512084.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, 22 August 2018: Mahat takes upper hand on Mumtaz, Daniel during the new task]</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-august-23-2018-daniel-and-mahat-get-into-a-fight/articleshow/65528441.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, 23 August 2018: Daniel and Mahat get into a fight]</ref>
|-
| Exits ||
Mahat (Ejected with a red card on Day 70 for assaulting Daniel)<ref name="goodbye mahat">[https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-2-tamil-episode-71-mahat-gets-evicted-yaashika-wants-to-leave-the-show-too/story-Xpd93HLXrol0Dk73UYgDMP.html Bigg Boss 2 Tamil, episode 71: Mahat gets evicted, Yaashika wants to leave the show too]</ref>
|-
! rowspan="7" | Week 11
|-
| House captain ||
Mahat (former captain), Sendrayan
|-
| Captain's competition ||
Aishwarya, Mumtaz, Sendrayan and Yashika (Mahat), chosen by Kamal Haasan (Sendrayan)
|-
| In jail ||
None
|-
| Nominations ||
Balaji, Daniel and Janani
|-
| Luxury budget tasks ||
Freeze and Release: Housemates must freeze in place when Bigg Boss says "Freeze", until he says "Release". Failure was punished.<ref name="freezerelease"/>
|-
| Exits ||
Daniel (evicted on day 77)<ref>[https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-tamil-2-eviction-balaji-janani-be-safe-danny-be-eliminated-poll-779370 Bigg Boss Tamil 2 eviction: Danny is the ninth contestant to be eliminated from Kamal Haasan's show]</ref>
|-
! rowspan="7" | Week 12
|-
| House captain ||
Yashika
|-
| Captain's competition ||
Aishwarya, Mumtaz, Riythvika, Sendrayan and Vijayalakshmi
|-
| In jail ||
None
|-
| Nominations ||
Aishwarya, Janani, Mumtaz, Sendrayan and Vijayalakshmi
|-
| Luxury budget tasks ||
Housemates were told by phone that they were nominated for the following week's eviction, and must convince another housemate to perform a task to save themselves from the nomination.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-september-4-2018-aishwarya-dutta-tricks-sendrayan/articleshow/65684660.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, 4 September 2018: Aishwarya Dutta tricks Sendrayan]</ref>
|-
| Exits ||
Sendrayan (evicted on day 84)<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-september-9-2018-sendrayan-gets-evicted/articleshow/65749369.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, 9 September 2018: Sendrayan gets evicted]</ref>
|-
! rowspan="7" | Week 13
|-
| House captain ||
Riythvika
|-
| Captain's competition ||
All housemates
|-
| In jail ||
None
|-
| Nominations ||
Aishwarya, Mumtaz, Riythvika and Vijayalakshmi
|-
| Luxury budget tasks ||
*Housemates performed tasks with some of the Season 1 contestants, who stayed in the house during the week as guests.<ref name="aarar"/>
*Suthi Suthi Vandheenga (Ticket to Finale task): Housemates walked on a round platform with a bowl of water in their hand. After each round, the bowls' water levels are checked. The housemate with the least water in their bowl was disqualified, and the last housemate had immunity until the final week.<ref name="aarar"/>
|-
| Exits ||
Mumtaz (evicted on day 91)<ref name="aarar"/>
|-
! rowspan="7" | Week 14
|-
| House captain ||
None
|-
| Captain's competition ||
N/A
|-
| In jail ||
None
|-
| Nominations ||
Aishwarya, Balaji, Riythvika, Vijayalakshmi and Yashika
|-
| Luxury budget task ||
Housemates must participate in tasks to accumulate points, and the housemate with the most points at the end received a prize.<ref name="finale">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-september-17-2018-vijayalakshmi-and-yashika-anand-ace-their-tasks/articleshow/65852717.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, 17 September 2018: Vijayalakshmi and Yashika ace their tasks]</ref>
|-
| Exits ||
Vijayalakshimi (evicted on day 98)<ref name="bhalajie gone"/><ref name="yash evicted">[https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-tamil-2-elimination-3-contestants-among-aishwarya-vijayalakshmi-riythvika-yashika-781284 Bigg Boss Tamil 2 elimination: Yashika evicted; Riythvika Aishwarya, Vijayalakshmi enter grand finale]</ref>
|-
! rowspan="10" | Week 15 Final
|-
| House captain ||
None
|-
| Captain's competition ||
N/A
|-
| In jail ||
None
|-
| Luxury budget tasks ||
N/A
|-
| Finalists ||
During the final week, viewers voted for their choice. The finalists were [[Aishwarya Dutta]], [[Janani Iyer]], [[Riythvika]] and [[Vijayalakshmi Feroz]].
|- style="text-align:center;"
|style="background:#73FB76; " | Winner || style="text-align:center;"| [[Riythvika]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-22 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil Season 2 Contestants Name List With Photos - Bigg Boss Tamil Vote Online |url=https://biggbosstamilvote.online/bigg-boss-tamil-season-2-contestants-name-list/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|style="background:#30D5C8; "| Runner-up|| style="text-align:center;"|[[Aishwarya Dutta|Aishwariya Dutta]]
|-
|style="background:#7FFFD4; text-align:center;"| Third place || style="text-align:center;"| Yaashika Anand<ref name="Finale" />
|-
| style="background:#D1E8EF; text-align:center;"| {{nowrap| Fourth place }}|| style="text-align:center;"|Dhadee Balaji<ref name="Finale"/>
|}

==Events==

* The partial audio launch of the Kamal Haasan's film ''[[Vishwaroopam 2]]'' was held on 30 June 2018 during the ongoing season with [[Shruti Haasan]] invited as a special guest of the show to inaugurate the audio launch.<ref name="vishwaroopam2"/>
* In episode 53 (Day 52) aired on 8 August 2018, the Bigg Boss housemates were issued the notice of the death of 5-time former [[List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[M. Karunanidhi]] who died on 7 August 2018. They paid tribute to him and shared their memories of him during the show.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/bigg-boss-tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-august-08-2018-bigboss-housemates-mourn-for-dmk-chief-karunanidhi/articleshow/65328493.cms|title=Episode 53: தமிழ் என்றால் கலைஞர் கருணாநிதி தான் - 'பிக்பாஸ்' போட்டியாளர்கள் உருக்கம் - Samayam Tamil|date=2018-08-08|work=samayam Tamil|access-date=10 August 2018|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-housemates-informed-about-karunanidhis-death-news-leaves-them-shocked/articleshow/65322352.cms|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 2 housemates informed about Karunanidhi's death, news leaves them shocked - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-august-9-2018-housemates-share-the-memories-of-kalaignar-m-karunanidhi/articleshow/65351468.cms|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, August 9, 2018: Housemates share the memories of Kalaignar M. Karunanidhi - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref>
* On 10 September 2018 an air conditioning mechanic fell from the second floor of the set. His injuries resulted in death.<ref name="HT Death">[https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/man-dies-on-kamal-haasan-s-bigg-boss-2-tamil-sets/story-vfF5pi1JQkAxdM0uMNFKSM.html Accident on Bigg Boss 2 Tamil sets, technician dead]</ref>
* On 26 September 2018, the Bigg Boss 2 votings were viewed in [[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]]. When viewed, the votes of actresses [[Janani Iyer]] and [[Vijayalakshmi Feroz]] had decreased after a couple of hours instead of increasing. A rumour spread that the voting process is fake and the deducted votes from them were transferred to actress [[Aishwarya Dutta]]'s votes in the final week of Bigg Boss 2.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-finalist-aishwarya-dutta-to-meet-the-contestants/articleshow/71334262.cms|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 2 finalist Aishwarya Dutta to meet the contestants - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=27 September 2019}}</ref>

== Nominations table ==



<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:15px;"
|-
! style="width: 5%;" |
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 1
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 2
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 3
! style="width: 10%;" | Week 4
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 5
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 6
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 7
! style="width: 10%;" | Week 8
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 9
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 10
! style="width: 10%;" | Week 11
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 12
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 13
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 14
! colspan="3" style="width: 15%;" |Week 15
|- style="background:#cfc;"
! rowspan="2" style="background:#cfc;" | House Captain
| rowspan="2" | Janani
| rowspan="2" | Nithya
| rowspan="2" | Vaishnavi
| style="background:#58FAAC;" | Ramya
| rowspan="2" | Mahat R
| rowspan="3" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Captain''
| rowspan="2" | Aishwarya
| style="background:#58FAAC;" | Shariq
| rowspan="2" | Aishwarya
| rowspan="2" |Yashika
| style="background:#58FAAC;" |Mahat
| rowspan="2" |Yashika
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Riythvika
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Captain''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| Nithya
| Yashika
| Sendrayan
|-
! Captain's Nominations
| Vaishnavi Ananth
| Mumtaz Daniel
| Mahat Balaji
| Daniel
| Sendrayan Vaishnavi
| Ponnambalam Riythvika
| Janani
| Riythvika
| Aishwarya (to save)
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| Balaji Sendrayan
| Vijayalakshmi Aishwarya Mumtaz
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
|-
! colspan="18" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Vote to:
! colspan="14" | Evict
! colspan="3" | WIN
|-
! colspan="18" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Rithyvika
| Nithya Mumtaz
| Vaishnavi Ananth
| style="background:#FBF373" | Balaji Mumtaz
| Nithya
| Aishwarya Ponnambalam
| Yashika Aishwarya
| Balaji Mahat
| Sendrayan Ponnambalam
| Vaishnavi Daniel
| Mahat
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| Mumtaz Aishwarya
| style="background:#959ffd;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959ffd;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#73FB76;" |{{nowrap|'''''Winner'''''}} (Day 105)
|-
! Aishwarya
| Nithya Riythvika
| Janani Riythvika
| Ponnambalam Balaji
| Yashika
| Janani Balaji
| Herself (to save)
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| style="background:#FBF373" | Janani Riythvika
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Mumtaz
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| Janani Vijayalakshmi
| rowspan="6" style="background:#ccc;" |''Not Eligible''
| style="background:#959ffd;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#D1E8EF; text-align:center;" |{{nowrap|'''''1st runner-up'''''}} (Day 105)
|-
! Vijayalakshmi
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Exempt''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| Mumtaz Aishwarya
| style="background:#959ffd;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#7FFFD4;"|{{nowrap|'''''2nd runner-up'''''}} (Day 105)
|-
! Janani
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Mumtaz Mamathi
| Balaji Mumtaz
| Balaji
| Aishwarya Shariq
| Yashika Aishwarya
| Mumtaz Shariq
| Sendrayan Balaji
| Daniel Vaishnavi
| Daniel
| style="background:#959ffd;" |''Nominated''
| Aishwarya Sendrayan
| style="background:#FBF373" |''Finalist''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#DDA0DD; text-align:center;" |{{nowrap|'''''3rd runner-up'''''}} {{nowrap|(Day 105)}}
|-
! Yashika
| Ananth Mumtaz
| Ponnambalam Ananth
| Ponnambalam Balaji
| Herself
| Janani Balaji
| Ponnambalam Vaishnavi
| style="background:#FBF373" |Balaji Riythvika
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Vaishnavi Janani
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="2" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' {{nowrap|(Day 98)}}
|-
! Balaji
| Ananth Ponnambalam
| Mumtaz Mamathi
| Shariq Aishwarya
| Himself
| Mumtaz Aishwarya
| Mumtaz Aishwarya
| Ponnambalam Shariq
| Daniel Sendrayan
| Mahat Janani
| style="background:#959ffd;" |Aishwarya
| style="background:#959ffd;" |''Nominated''
| Mumtaz Aishwarya
| style="background:#959ffd;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="2" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' {{nowrap|(Day 97)}}
|-
! Mumtaz
| Nithya Riythvika
| Vaishnavi Sendrayan
| Ponnambalam Janani
| Balaji
| Vaishnavi Janani
| Sendrayan Vaishnavi
| Mahat Janani
| Sendrayan Mahat
| Daniel Sendrayan
| Mahat
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
|Vijayalakshmi Aishwarya
| colspan="3" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 91)
|-
! Sendrayan
| Mamathi Ramya
| Mamathi Shariq
| Mumtaz Ponnambalam
| Ponnambalam
| Aishwarya Yashika
| Mumtaz Vaishnavi
| style="background:#FBF373" |Mumtaz Ponnambalam
| Mahat Vaishnavi
| Mahat Janani
| style="background:#959ffd;" |Aishwarya
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|Janani Mumtaz
| colspan="5" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 84)
|-
! Daniel
| Ananth Mumtaz
| Ponnambalam Ananth
| style="background:#FBF373" | Balaji Mumtaz
| Nithya
| Balaji Ponnambalam
| Vaishnavi Ponnambalam
| Riythvika Ponnambalam
| Vaishnavi Janani
| Janani Vaishnavi
| Janani
| style="background:#959ffd;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="6" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 77)
|-
! Mahat
| Nithya Ananth
| Ponnambalam Ananth
| Ponnambalam Sendrayan
| Yashika
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| style="background:#959ffd;" |''Nominated''
| Mumtaz Ponnambalam
| Sendrayan Ponnambalam
| Vaishnavi Sendrayan
| Mumtaz
| colspan="7" style="background:#FFE08B" |''Ejected'' (Day 70)
|-
! Vaishnavi
| Mumtaz Aishwarya
| Mamathi Mumtaz
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Ponnambalam
| Aishwarya Ponnambalam
| Daniel Mumtaz
| style="background:#87CEFA;" |''Secret Room''
| Sendrayan Ponnambalam
| Sendrayan Daniel
| colspan="8" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 62)
|-
! Ponnambalam
| Mamathi Riythvika
| Daniel Mumtaz
| Mumtaz Aishwarya
| Himself
| Balaji Sendrayan
| Daniel Yashika
| Mahat Mumtaz
| Daniel Sendrayan
| colspan="9" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 56)
|-
! Shariq
| Riythvika Ponnambalam
| Mamathi Sendrayan
| Sendrayan Balaji
| Ponnambalam
| Janani Vaishnavi
| Vaishnavi Ponnambalam
| Mumtaz Ponnambalam
| colspan="10" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 49)
|-
! Ramya
| Ananth Riythvika
| Mamathi Ponnambalam
| Balaji Ponnambalam
| style="background:#58FAAC;" | Nithya
| style="background:#959ffd;" | Ponnambalam Balaji
| colspan="12" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 35)
|-
! Nithya
| Ananth Mahat
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| style="background:#959ffd;" | .Mumtaz Balaji
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| colspan="13" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 28)
|-
! Ananth
| Vaishnavi Mumtaz
| Daniel Mumtaz
| style="background:#959ffd;" | Ponnambalam Balaji
| colspan="14" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 21)
|-
! Mamathi
| Ponnambalam Vaishnavi
| Aishwarya Mahat
| colspan="15" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 14)
|-
! colspan="18" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Notes
|''[[#endnote 1|1]]''
| bgcolor=#ccc |''none''
|''[[#endnote 2|2]]''
|''[[#endnote 3|3]]'',''[[#endnote 4|4]]'',''[[#endnote 5|5]]''
| bgcolor=#ccc |''none''
|''[[#endnote 6|6]]'',''[[#endnote 7|7]]'',''[[#endnote 8|8]]'',''[[#endnote 10|10]]''
|''[[#endnote 9|9]]''
|''[[#endnote 11|11]]'',''[[#endnote 12|12]]'',''[[#endnote 13|13]]''
|''[[#endnote 14|14]]''
|''[[#endnote 15|15]]'',''[[#endnote 16|16]]'',''[[#endnote 17|17]]'',''[[#endnote 18|18]]''
|''[[#endnote 19|19]]'',''[[#endnote 20|20]]'',''[[#endnote 21|21]]''
| colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccc |''none''
|''[[#endnote 22|22]]'',''[[#endnote 23|23]]''
|''[[#endnote 6|6]]'',''[[#endnote 24|24]]'',''[[#endnote 25|25]]'',''[[#endnote 26|26]]''
| colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccc |''none''
|- style="background:#B2FFFF"
! Against public vote
|Ananth Mumtaz Nithya Riythvika
|Ananth Mamathi Mumtaz Ponnambalam
|Ananth Balaji Mumtaz Nithya Ponnambalam
|Balaji Nithya Ponnambalam Yashika
|Aishwarya Balaji Janani Ponnambalam Ramya
|Mahat Mumtaz Ponnambalam Vaishnavi Yashika
|Balaji Mahat Mumtaz Ponnambalam Riythvika Shariq
| Janani Ponnambalam Sendrayan
|Daniel Janani Riythvika Sendrayan Vaishnavi
|Balaji Mahat Mumtaz Sendrayan
| Balaji Daniel Janani
|Aishwarya Janani Mumtaz Sendrayan Vijayalakshmi
|Aishwarya Mumtaz Riythvika Vijayalakshmi
|Aishwarya Balaji Riythvika Vijayalakshmi Yashika
| colspan="2" |'''Aishwarya Janani Riythvika Vijayalakshmi'''
|-
! '''Ejected'''
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|style="background:#FFE08B" | '''Mahat'''
| colspan="7" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Evicted
| rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Eviciton''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Mamathi'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Ananth'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Nithya'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Ramya NSK'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Eviciton''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Shariq'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Ponnambalam'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Vaishnavi'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''<s>Mahat</s>'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Daniel'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Sendrayan'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Mumtaz'''
| style="background:salmon;" |'''Balaji'''
| style="background:#DDA0DD;"|'''Janani'''
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |'''Vijayalakshmi'''
|-
| style="background:salmon;" |'''Yashika'''
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''Aishwariya'''
| style="background:#73FB76;" |'''Rithyvika'''
|}
</blockquote>

=== Notes ===

:{{Color box|#cfc}} House captain
:{{Color box|#58FAAC}} Former house captain
:{{Color box|#959FFD}} Nominated for eviction before the regular nomination process
:{{Color box|#FBF373}} Granted immunity from nomination
:{{Color box|#87CEFA}} Moved to the Secret Room
: {{Color box|#73FB76}} indicates the winner.
: {{color box|#D1E8EF}} indicates the first runner up.
: {{color box|#7FFFD4}} indicates the second runner up.
: {{color box|#DDA0DD}} indicates the third runner up.
: {{color box|salmon}} Evicted
: {{color box|#FFE08B}} Ejected
: {{color box|#B2FFFF}} Nominated for eviction
:'''BOLD''', If a housemates name is in bold during "against public vote" it means that they are a finalist.
{{smalldiv|
*{{note|1|Note 1}}: No eviction during the first week, although the housemates each nominated two housemates for eviction.<ref name="no eviction" />
*{{note|2|Note 2}}: Nithya and Ananth were nominated for Week 3's eviction because they had performed poorly during the second week's luxury budget task. Daniel and Riythvika, who was nominated as the best performers of the same luxury-budget task, were saved from the following week's eviction.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-june-29-2018-mens-team-wins-the-task/articleshow/64805263.cms|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, June 29, 2018: Men's team wins the task|date=30 June 2018}}</ref>
*{{note|3|Note 3}}: For the week-4 eviction, the housemates were divided into groups; each group had to decide who would be nominated for eviction. Although Balaji, Ponnambalam, and Yashika accepted the decision of their groups to nominate them for eviction (nominating themselves), Nithya nominated Daniel despite the rest of her group nominating her for eviction.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-2-tamil-episode-23-does-sitting-in-the-same-bed-as-a-man-makes-a-woman-characterless-asks-yaashika/story-6vci41cqWIdIY4WExJoNPI.html Bigg Boss 2 Tamil, episode 23: Does sitting in the same bed as a man makes a woman characterless, asks Yaashika]</ref>
*{{note|4|Note 4}}: Ramya was replaced by Nithya as week-4 captain and nominated for the following week's eviction by Bigg Boss after she refused to participate in the week's luxury budget task.<ref>[https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-tamil-2-nsk-ramyas-leadership-revoked-yaashika-nithya-ponnambalam-balaji-face-elimination-4722551.html Bigg Boss Tamil 2: NSK Ramya's leadership revoked; Yaashika, Nithya, Ponnambalam, Balaji face elimination]</ref>
*{{note|5|Note 5}}: Although Nithya became captain in the middle of Week 4, she was evicted at the end of the week with the fewest public votes.
*{{note|6|Note 6}}: There was no house captain for weeks 6, 14 and 15.<ref name="week 6">[https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-2-tamil-episode-37-aishwarya-yaashika-and-mahat-get-nominated/story-H2WAQepojlJDVUi0tvXL9M.html Bigg Boss 2 Tamil, episode 37: Aishwarya, Yaashika and Mahat get nominated]</ref><ref name="finale" />
*{{note|7|Note 7}}: Mahat was sent to jail and nominated for eviction by Bigg Boss in week 6 for repeatedly breaking the house rules.<ref name="week 6" />
*{{note|8|Note 8}}: Although Aishwarya was nominated for the week-6 eviction, she saved herself with the superpower she obtained after winning a daily task during the previous week.<ref name="week 6" />
*{{note|9|Note 9}}: Sendrayan and Yashika were nominated as the best performers for their teams during the week-6 luxury budget task, and were saved from the following week's eviction.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-july-27-2018-aishwarya-dutta-becomes-the-captain-of-the-house/articleshow/65175221.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, 27 July 2018: Aishwarya Dutta becomes the captain of the house]</ref>
*{{note|10|Note 10}}: Although Vaishnavi was evicted through the public voting process, in accordance with the Secret Room twist she was moved to a separate room for four days before returning to the house on Day 46.<ref name="vaishnavi secret room" /><ref name="vaishnavi returns" />
*{{note|11|Note 11}}: As a result of Aishwarya's performance during the week-7 luxury budget task, Bigg Boss granted her immunity from nomination for the following week's eviction.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-2-tamil-episode-47-aishwarya-s-rule-ends-in-tears-and-recriminations/story-cmU7A2xwaIUJqGEcLz3xVK.html Bigg Boss 2 Tamil, episode 47: Aishwarya’s rule ends in tears and recriminations]</ref>
*{{note|12|Note 12}}: Although Shariq was supposed to be the house captain during week 8, since he was evicted at the end of week 7 he chose Yashika as the week-8 captain.<ref name="shariq out" />
*{{note|13|Note 13}}: Janani was nominated for week-8 eviction by house captain Yashika, who had the power to nominate a housemate for eviction.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-august-6-2018-janani-ponnambalam-and-sendrayan-get-nominated/articleshow/65304359.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, 6 August 2018: Janani, Ponnambalam and Sendrayan get nominated]</ref>
*{{note|14|Note 14}}: Riythvika was nominated for week-9 eviction by house captain Aishwarya, who had the power to nominate a housemate for eviction.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-august-13-2018-daniel-vaishnavi-sendrayan-janani-and-riythvika-get-nominated-for-eviction/articleshow/65398889.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, 13 August 2018: Daniel, Vaisnhavi, Sendrayan, Janani get nominated for eviction]</ref>
*{{note |15|Note 15}}: Balaji and Sendrayan were nominated as the worst performers for their teams during the week-9 luxury budget task, and were automatically nominated for the following week's eviction.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-august-16-2018-fights-get-uglier-to-win-the-task/articleshow/65435034.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, 16 August 2018: Fights get uglier to win the task]</ref>
*{{note |16|Note 16}}: Although Aishwarya was nominated for the week-10 eviction, she was saved by house captain Yashika (who had the power to save a nominated housemate from eviction).<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-august-20-2018-mumtaz-mahat-sendrayan-and-bhalajie-are-nominated/articleshow/65485710.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, 20 August 2018: Mumtaz, Mahat, Sendrayan and Bhalajie are nominated]</ref>
*{{note |17|Note 17}}: Vijayalakshmi was granted immunity from nominations for week 10 as the new entrant.
*{{note |18|Note 18}}: Mahat was ejected from the show with a "red card" as he had physically assaulted co–housemates Daniel and Riythvika during the week 10 luxury budget task.<ref name="goodbye mahat" />
*{{note |19|Note 19}}: Balaji, Daniel, Janani, and Riythvika were nominated as the worst performers of the week-10 luxury budget task, and were nominated for the week-11 eviction. Riythvika was granted immunity by Kamal Haasan for her honest opinions about her fellow housemates' strategy, however, during an interaction with Kamal a week earlier.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-august-24-2018-wildcard-entrant-vijayalakshmi-enters-the-house/articleshow/65542941.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, 24 August 2018: Wildcard entrant Vijayalakshmi enters the house]</ref><ref name="goodbye mahat" />
*{{note |20|Note 20}}: Although Mahat was supposed to be the week-11 house captain, due to his ejection from the show, Kamal Haasan decided to nominate Sendrayan as the week-11 captain in accordance with the other housemates' wishes and because he had not been house captain.<ref name="goodbye mahat" />
*{{note |21|Note 21}}: There was no nomination process during week 11. Balaji, Daniel, and Janani, who were nominated for eviction after being judged the worst performers of the previous week's luxury budget task, faced a public vote.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-august-27-2018-housemates-spent-an-emotional-day/articleshow/65574672.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, 27 August 2018: Housemates spent an emotional day]</ref>
*{{note |22|Note 22}}: Riythvika was nominated for the week-13 eviction after failing to persuade Mumtaz to perform the task assigned by the telephone caller.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-written-update-september-6-2018-riythvika-to-face-direct-nomination-due-to-mumtaz/articleshow/65717611.cms Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update, 6 September 2018: Riythvika to face direct nomination due to Mumtaz]</ref>
*{{note |23|Note 23}}: In week 13, the housemates had to decide who would be nominated for eviction. Since they could not reach a decision, house captain Riythvika nominated Vijayalakshmi, Aishwarya and Mumtaz.<ref name="s1" />
*{{note |24|Note 24}}: Janani had immunity until the final week, after winning the Ticket to Finale task.<ref name="aarar" />
*{{note |25|Note 25}}: Balaji and Yashika were evicted in week 14.<ref name="aarar" /><ref name="bhalajie gone" /><ref name="yash evicted" />
*{{note |26|Note 26}}: Except for Janani, the remaining housemates were nominated by Bigg Boss for the week-15 eviction.<ref name="finale" />
}}

==Reception ==
According to [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC India]], the season had a [[Target rating point|TRP]] of 9.7 overall and 12.8 in Chennai alone, in its opening week in urban areas with 3.7 Crore viewers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/kamal-haasan-s-bigg-boss-2-tamil-trp-ratings-are-impressive/story-y1CQWYyRfLtzka2Cd3WQ6K.html|title=Kamal Haasan's Bigg Boss 2 Tamil TRP ratings are impressive|website=Hindustan Times|date=28 June 2018}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.hotstar.com/tv/bigg-boss/14455 Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617215946/http://www.hotstar.com/tv/bigg-boss/14455 |date=17 June 2018 }} at [[Hotstar]]
* {{IMDb episodes|7084920}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}
{{Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series)}}

[[Category:Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) seasons|Tamil 2]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language game shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]

Viratpur

2026-01-20T21:21:46Z

Ghazal Builders: Created Some Post W/ Infobox...

{{Short description|Village in Mithila region}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Viratpur
| official_name = Viratpur
| native_name = विराटपुर
| native_name_lang = mai
| other_name = Biratpur
| settlement_type = Village
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.5156862|N|86.0196407|E}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Bihar
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = Mithila
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = Madhubani
| subdivision_type4 = Block
| subdivision_name4 = [[Basopatti]]
| founder = King Virat
| named_for = King Virat
| seat_type = Gram Panchayat
| seat = Panchayat Samiti
| government_type = Mukhiya
| governing_body = Arghawa Panchayat
| population_demonym = [[Maithil]]
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics_type2 = Local language
| demographics2_title1 = Mother language
| demographics2_info1 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi
}}
'''Viratpur''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: विराटपुर ) also known as '''Biratpur''' is a village of the [[Madhubani district]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of [[Bihar]] in [[India]]. It is in the territory of the [[Basopatti|''Basopatti'' block]] in the Madhubani district. The local language of the village is [[Maithili language|Maithili]]. A river known as ''Bachhraja'' flows through the western part of the village.<ref>{{Cite news |title=नदी में नहाने के दौरान 2 युवक डूबे, खोज जारी:मधुबनी के बासोपट्टी थाना क्षेत्र की घटना, एसडीआरएफ के नहीं पहुंचने से लोगों में आक्रोश |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/madhubani/news/2-youths-drowned-while-bathing-in-the-river-search-continues-133727608.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref> There is ruins of an ancient fort known as ''Birautpur (Viratpur) Garh''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mandal |first=R. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcvhwD5QZKEC&q=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0 |title=Frontiers in Migration Analysis |date=1981 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |pages=169 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mandal |first=R. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5QAiAAAAMAAJ |title=Planned Development of Rural Settlements |date=1981 |publisher=Concept |isbn=978-0-391-02467-0 |pages=306, 308 |language=en}}</ref>

Viratpur is the village of the ''Arghawa'' [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayat]] in the Basopatti block.<ref>{{Cite news |title=मधुबनी में किराना दुकान में अगलगी:शॉर्ट सर्किट से लगी आग, दुकान में रखे सारे सामान जलकर राख; 15 लाख के नुकसान की आशंका |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/muzaffarpur/madhubani/news/bihar-news-grocery-store-fire-in-madhubani-129205784.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Villages in Madhubani district]]

{{Madhubani-geo-stub}}

The ICFAI University, Jharkhand

2026-01-11T23:40:30Z

Ghazal Builders: Created Some Entry More To Come...

{{Short description|Private university in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

{{Infobox university
| name = The ICFAI University, Jharkhand
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = ICFAI University, Jharkhand logo.png
| image_size = 200
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| other_name = ICFAI
| former_name = 
| motto = Grooming Professionals with Values
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| top_free_label =
| top_free =
| type = [[Private university (India)|Private]]
| established = {{start date|2008}} ; 17 years ago
| closed = 
| founder =
| parent =
| affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| religious_affiliation =
| academic_affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman = Dr. T. R. K. Rao
| chairperson =
| chancellor = Dr. T. R. K. Rao
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| vice_chancellor = Dr. Raman Kumar Jha
| provost =
| rector =
| principal =
| dean =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff = 100
| administrative_staff =
| students = 1,000+
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| address =
| city = [[Ranchi]]
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| postcode =
| coordinates = {{coord|23.3735913|N|85.235459|E|region:LK_type:edu|display=inline, title}}
| pushpin_map =
| campus = [[Suburban]]
| language =
| free_label =
| free =
| free_label2 =
| free2 =
| colors = 
| athletics =
| sports =
| athletics_nickname = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| mascot = 
| sports_free_label =
| sports_free =
| sports_free_label2 =
| sports_free2 =
| website = {{url|http://www.iujharkhand.edu.in/}}
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''The ICFAI University, Jharkhand''', or in its full name ''' The Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India University, Jharkhand''', is a [[private university (India)|private university]] located in [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=11&Unitype=3| title=Private University Jharkhand | publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)]] | accessdate=10 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.unirank.org/in/uni/icfai-university-jharkhand/ | title=ICFAI University, Jharkhand | publisher=unirank.org | accessdate=10 December 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Education in India]]
* [[List of private universities in India]]
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Jharkhand]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.iujharkhand.edu.in}}
{{Portal bar|India|Education}}

{{Universities in Jharkhand}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:ICFAI University, Jharkhand}}
[[Category:Private universities in India]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Universities in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2008]]

{{Jharkhand-university-stub}}

Chandrayaan programme

2026-01-10T21:38:01Z

Ghazal Builders: quick adjust details to improve readability also per standard format

{{Short description|Indian Lunar exploration programme}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox space programme
| name = Chandrayaan programme
| image = LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 - Launch vehicle lifting off from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota 03.webp
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = [[LVM3]] M4 lifting off with [[Chandrayaan-3]] on 14 July 2023
| country = [[India]]
| organisation = [[ISRO]]
| programme = y
| purpose = [[Exploration of the Moon]]
| cost = {{INRConvert|1980|c|lk=on}}<ref name=":2">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/chandrayaan-2-mission-cheaper-than-hollywood-film-interstellar/articleshow/62990361.cms |title=Chandrayaan-2 mission cheaper than Hollywood film Interstellar – Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=20 February 2018 |access-date=2019-08-27 |archive-date=26 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726132437/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/chandrayaan-2-mission-cheaper-than-hollywood-film-interstellar/articleshow/62990361.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://164.100.158.235/question/annex/243/Au2222.pdf |title=Question No. 2222: Status of Chandrayaan Programme |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803171227/http://164.100.158.235/question/annex/243/Au2222.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| status = Active
| duration = 2003–present<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/29-dec-2003/2003-eventful-year-isro |title=2003 – An Eventful Year for ISRO |website=www.isro.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2019 |archive-date=24 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724181521/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/29-dec-2003/2003-eventful-year-isro |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| firstflight = [[Chandrayaan-1]], {{start date and age|df=y|2008|10|22}}
| lastflight = [[Chandrayaan-3]], {{start date and age|df=y|2023|7|14}}
| successes = 2
| failures = 0
| partialfailures = 1 ([[Chandrayaan-2]])
| launchsite = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
| uncrewvehicle = {{Hlist|Chandrayaan orbiters|''Vikram''|''Pragyan''}}
| launcher = {{Hlist|[[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]]|[[LVM3]]|[[Next Generation Launch Vehicle|LMLV]]}}
| native_name = Candrayāna Abhiyāna
}}

The '''Chandrayaan programme''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|tʃ|ʌ|n|d|ɹ|ə|ˈ|j|ɑː|n}} {{respell|CHUN|drə|YAHN}}) ([[Sanskrit]]: {{transliteration|sa|[[Chandra|Candra]]}} 'Moon', {{transliteration|sa|Yāna}} 'Craft, Vehicle', {{Audio|Chandrayaan.ogg|pronunciation|help=no}})<ref name="CY2_FAQ2">{{cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-faq |title=Chandrayaan-2 FAQ |access-date=24 August 2019 |quote=The name Chandrayaan means "Chandra-Moon, Yaan-Vehicle", – in Indian languages ([[Sanskrit]] and [[Hindi]]), – the lunar spacecraft |archive-date=29 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629122319/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-faq |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[[Monier Monier-Williams]], ''A Sanskrit-English Dictionary'' (1899): ''[[Chandra|Candra]]'': "[...] m. the moon (also personified as a deity Mn. &c)" ''Yāna'': "[...] n. a vehicle of any kind , carriage , wagon , vessel , ship , [...]"</ref> also known as the '''Indian Lunar Exploration Programme''' is an ongoing series of outer space missions by [[ISRO]] for the [[exploration of the Moon]]. The program incorporates a lunar orbiter, an impactor, a [[Lunar lander|soft lander]] and a [[Lunar rover|rover spacecraft]].

There have been three missions so far with a total of two orbiters, landers and rovers each. While the two orbiters were successful, the first lander and rover which were part of the [[Chandrayaan-2]] mission, crashed on the surface. The second lander and rover mission [[Chandrayaan-3]] successfully landed on the Moon on 23 August 2023, making India the first nation to successfully land a spacecraft in the [[lunar south pole]] region, and the [[Moon landing|fourth country to soft land on the Moon]] after the [[Soviet Union]], the United States and China.

== Background ==
The Indian space programme had begun with no intentions of undertaking sophisticated initiatives like human spaceflight and extraterrestrial missions during the initial days. It was only after ISRO developed the capabilities of creating satellites and orbital launch vehicles like [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]], that the possibilities of India's first extraterrestrial exploration mission to the Moon were being explored in the early 2000s. The idea of a lunar scientific mission was first raised in 1999 during a meeting of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (IAS) which was then carried forward by the Astronautical Society of India (ASI) in 2000.<ref name="ISRO_2004">{{Cite web |last1=Datta |first1=Jayati |last2=Chakravarty |first2=S.C. |date=May 2004 |title=Chandrayaan-1: India's first scientific mission to the Moon. |url=http://shiksha.isro.gov.in/pdf/books/1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802062110/http://shiksha.isro.gov.in/pdf/books/1.pdf |access-date=1 September 2023 |archive-date=2 August 2014 |website=ISRO}}</ref> The robotic exploration programme is intended as a precursor until [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme|Indian astronauts]] land on the Moon to carry forward further explorations, with the robotic programme planned to continue beyond crewed landings as a support to the crewed missions.<ref name="indianexpress-20240418">{{Cite news |date=17 April 2024 |title=ISRO to continue lunar mission until an Indian lands on Moon: S Somanath |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/isro-lunar-mission-indian-lands-moon-s-somanath-9275832/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420152009/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/isro-lunar-mission-indian-lands-moon-s-somanath-9275832/ |archive-date=20 April 2024 |access-date=20 April 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] }}</ref>

== History ==
=== First Mission ===
Soon after the proposals by the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1999 and by the Astronautical Society of India in 2000, a National Lunar Mission Task Force (NLMTF) was set up which constituted ISRO and leading [[List of Indian scientists|Indian scientists and technologists]] across the nation to conduct the feasibility study. The study report was then reviewed by a peer group of 100 scientists from various fields.<ref name="ISRO_2004"/> The recommendations put forward were as follows:
*The Indian Moon Mission assumes significance in the context of the international scientific community considering several exciting missions in planetary exploration, in the new millennium.
*ISRO has the necessary expertise to develop and launch the Moon Mission with imaginative features and it would be different from the past missions. Hence ISRO should go ahead with the project approval and implementation.
*Apart from technological and scientific gains, it would provide the needed thrust to basic science and engineering research in the country. The project would help return young talents to the arena of fundamental research.
*The Academia, in particular, the university scientists would find participation in such a project intellectually rewarding. In this context, the scientific objectives would need further refinement to include other innovative ideas from a broader scientific community through Announcement of Opportunity, etc.

{{Blockquote
| text = ''It is not whether we can afford it. It is whether we can afford to ignore it.''
| author = [[Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan]]
| title = ISRO Chairman on the Chandrayaan-1 mission
| source = [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2917271.stm BBC]
| style = font-size:16px;
}}

On 15 August 2003, then prime minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] announced the project which was estimated to cost {{INRConvert|350|c|lk=on}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-08-16 |title=Spacecraft to place 525-kg satellite in polar orbit |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/spacecraft-to-place-525-kg-satellite-in-polar-orbit/articleshow/133493.cms |access-date=2023-09-01 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901112932/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/spacecraft-to-place-525-kg-satellite-in-polar-orbit/articleshow/133493.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-04-04 |title=India 'on course' for the Moon |language=en-GB |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2917271.stm |access-date=2023-09-01 |archive-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121160746/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2917271.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> In November of the same year, the government approved the Chandrayaan project which would consist of an orbiter that would conduct mineralogical and chemical mapping of the surface.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2008 |title=Indian space programme |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/ResourcesPdf/SpaceIndia/publication(6).pdf |website=ISRO |access-date=3 September 2023 |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205062051/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/ResourcesPdf/SpaceIndia/publication(6).pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> During the assembly of the orbiter only mission, then president [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]] visited the ISRO office and advised that orbiter alone would not suffice and proposed of another instrument that could be dropped on the surface. Following the advice, the scientists made design changes to the project and included an impact probe named [[Moon Impact Probe]] (MIP).<ref>{{Cite web |title=When A Tip By APJ Abdul Kalam Helped India's 1st Moon Mission Chandrayaan-1 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chandrayaan-3-when-a-tip-by-apj-abdul-kalam-helped-indias-1st-moon-mission-chandrayaan-1-4321874 |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901091836/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chandrayaan-3-when-a-tip-by-apj-abdul-kalam-helped-indias-1st-moon-mission-chandrayaan-1-4321874 |url-status=live }}</ref> The MIP was planned to be dropped from {{cvt|100|km|mi}} altitude and would acquire close-range images of the surface, collect telemetry data for future soft landing missions and measure the constituents of the lunar atmosphere.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.org/chandrayaan/htmls/mip.htm |title=Moon Impact Probe (MIP) |access-date=24 October 2008 |publisher=ISRO |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026095631/http://www.isro.org/chandrayaan/htmls/mip.htm |archive-date=26 October 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Chandrayaan-1-MIP1.jpg|thumb|Moon Impact Probe being integrated with Chandrayaan-1.]]

The project required India set up [[Indian Deep Space Network|its deep space network]] and the entire project cost {{INRConvert|360|c|lk=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-17 |title=India's Moon Mission » pa |url=http://www.politicalaffairs.net/india-s-moon-mission/ |access-date=2023-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017155347/http://www.politicalaffairs.net/india-s-moon-mission/ |archive-date=17 October 2015}}</ref> On 22 October 2008, Chandrayaan-1 was successfully launched aboard the PSLV rocket.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-08-01 |title=India Launches First Unmanned Mission to Moon |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2008-10/2008-10-22-voa11.cfm |access-date=2023-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801061001/http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2008-10/2008-10-22-voa11.cfm |archive-date=1 August 2009}}</ref> After earth bound maneuvers and trans lunar injection, Chandrayaan-1 entered the lunar orbit on 10 November, making India the fifth nation to orbit Moon.<ref name="cy1_orbit_esa">{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-1 now in lunar orbit |url=https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/Chandrayaan-1_now_in_lunar_orbit |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=www.esa.int |language=en |archive-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901123356/https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/Chandrayaan-1_now_in_lunar_orbit |url-status=live }}</ref> Four days later, on 14 November, the Moon Impact Probe (MIP) impacted near the [[Shackleton crater]], in the [[lunar south pole]], this made India the fifth country to reach the lunar surface.<ref name="toi_mip_impact">{{Cite news |date=2008-11-15 |title=Mission Accomplished: India fifth in world to reach moon |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mission-accomplished-india-fifth-in-world-to-reach-moon/articleshow/3714245.cms |access-date=2023-09-01 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901123352/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mission-accomplished-india-fifth-in-world-to-reach-moon/articleshow/3714245.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The MIP made the most significant discovery by confirming the existence of water on Moon. This discovery was not made public until NASA's [[Moon Mineralogy Mapper]] payload onboard Chandrayaan-1 orbiter confirmed the same on 24 September 2009.<ref name="th_mip_water">{{Cite news |date=2009-09-25 |title=MIP detected water on Moon way back in June: ISRO Chairman |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/MIP-detected-water-on-Moon-way-back-in-June-ISRO-Chairman/article16883362.ece |access-date=2023-09-01 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901124113/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/MIP-detected-water-on-Moon-way-back-in-June-ISRO-Chairman/article16883362.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The mission was intended to last two years, but the contact with the orbiter was lost on 28 August 2009, which officially ended the mission.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-06 |title=Chandrayaan-1 off radar, but will work for 1000 days - Economic Times |work=The Economic Times |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-09-01/news/27634980_1_chandrayaan-1-chandrayaan-2-lunar-surface |access-date=2023-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006130531/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-09-01/news/27634980_1_chandrayaan-1-chandrayaan-2-lunar-surface |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>

=== Second Mission ===
{{main|Chandrayaan 2}}
After the success of the Chandrayaan-1 mission, a follow-up mission worth {{INRConvert|425|c|lk=on}} was already being planned and was targeted for a launch in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO begins work on Chandrayaan-II project {{!}} Brahmand News |url=https://www.brahmand.com/news/ISRO-begins-work-on-ChandrayaanII-project/1009/1/22.html |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=www.brahmand.com |archive-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901142251/https://www.brahmand.com/news/ISRO-begins-work-on-ChandrayaanII-project/1009/1/22.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-08-30 |title=Contact lost, India terminates first moon mission |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-space-idUKTRE57S13B20090830 |access-date=2023-09-01 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902035042/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-space-idUKTRE57S13B20090830 |url-status=live }}</ref> Abdul Kalam suggested for collaboration between India and the United States for the Chandrayaan-2 mission, which would soft land near the lunar south pole and perform robotic penetrations into the surface to study more about the lunar water.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-09-26 |title=Kalam advises ISRO, NASA on Chandrayaan-II |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/latest-news/kalam-advises-isro-nasa-on-chandrayaanii/ |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901135037/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/latest-news/kalam-advises-isro-nasa-on-chandrayaanii/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, an agreement had already been signed in the year 2007 by ISRO and [[Roscosmos]], the Russian federal space agency, for the second lunar mission under the Chandrayaan-2 project.<ref name="nerve_russia">{{cite news |last=Chand |first=Manish |date=12 November 2007 |title=India, Russia to expand n-cooperation, defer Kudankulam deal |publisher=Nerve |url=http://www.nerve.in/news:25350099047 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113024836/http://www.nerve.in/news%3A25350099047 |archive-date=13 January 2014}}</ref>

==== Russian collaboration and back out ====
According to the agreement, ISRO had the responsibility of launching, orbiting, and deployment of the [[Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)|Pragyan rover]] while Russia's Roscosmos would provide the lander.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=14 August 2013 |title=Unstarred Question No:1402 in Lok Sabha about Chandrayaan-2 |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/647201/1/146477.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818195646/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/647201/1/146477.pdf |archive-date=18 August 2023}}</ref> The design of the spacecraft by ISRO was completed in 2009,<ref>{{Cite web |title=domain-b.com : ISRO completes Chandrayaan-2 design |url=https://www.domain-b.com/aero/space/spacemissions/20090817_chandrayaan-2_design.html |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=www.domain-b.com |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407235010/https://www.domain-b.com/aero/space/spacemissions/20090817_chandrayaan-2_design.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the payloads were also finalized and the launch was targeted for 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-13 |title=Payloads for Chandrayaan-2 Mission Finalised - ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/30-aug-2010/payloads-chandrayaan-2-mission-finalised |access-date=2023-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513213938/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/30-aug-2010/payloads-chandrayaan-2-mission-finalised |archive-date=13 May 2019}}</ref> The project then hit a roadblock when Russia delayed its development of the lander due to failure of its [[Fobos-Grunt]] mission which revealed technical issues in the similar parts that would be used in the lunar lander.<ref name="delay">{{cite news |last=Laxman |first=Srinivas |date=6 February 2012 |title=India's Chandrayaan-2 Moon Mission Likely Delayed After Russian Probe Failure |publisher=Asian Scientist |url=http://www.asianscientist.com/2012/02/topnews/india-chandrayaan-2-moon-mission-delayed-after-russian-probe-failure-lev-zelyony-2012/ |access-date=5 April 2012 |archive-date=8 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608150218/https://www.asianscientist.com/2012/02/topnews/india-chandrayaan-2-moon-mission-delayed-after-russian-probe-failure-lev-zelyony-2012/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Russia then proposed a few changes which required ISRO to decrease mass of its rover due to increase in the mass of the lander. A delayed timeline and the Russian request to accept the risk meant that India had to undertake the entire project independently.<ref name="idos98239">{{cite press release |title=Chandrayaan-2 |date=14 August 2013 |publisher=Department of Space |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=98239 |quote=Chandrayaan-2 would be a lone mission by India without Russian tie-up. |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-date=5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805180613/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=98239 |url-status=live}}</ref> With Mars transfer window arriving in the 2013, ISRO repurposed the unused Chandrayaan-2 orbiter hardware for the [[Mars Orbiter Mission]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2020-10-25 |title=How ISRO modified a lunar orbiter into Mars orbiter Mangalyaan, India's "Moon Man" recalls |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/how-isro-modified-a-lunar-orbiter-into-mars-orbiter-mangalyaan-indias-moon-man-recalls-2320097.html |access-date=2020-10-25 |publisher=Zee News |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026115248/https://zeenews.india.com/india/how-isro-modified-a-lunar-orbiter-into-mars-orbiter-mangalyaan-indias-moon-man-recalls-2320097.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Indigenous development of the lander ====
With the Russian agreement falling apart, India was left alone and now had complete responsibility for the project including the development of lander technology. For which, ISRO created a mimic of Chandrayaan-2's lunar landing site in [[Challakere]] with craters that measured {{cvt|10|m|ft}} in diameter and were {{cvt|3|m|ft}} deep. This site was used for testing the electronics of the lander and rover. The project was now estimated to cost {{INRConvert|600|c|lk=on}} and was expected to launch in the first quarter of 2018 on [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV MK-II]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-11-15 |title=Isro creates a 'Moon' in Challakere to simulate Chandrayaan-2 landing |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/isro-creates-a-moon-in-challakere-to-simulate-chandrayaan-2-landing/articleshow/55419030.cms |access-date=2023-09-02 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902035839/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/isro-creates-a-moon-in-challakere-to-simulate-chandrayaan-2-landing/articleshow/55419030.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-12-16 |title=10 years after first moon probe, India readies Chandrayaan-2 for early next year |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/10-years-after-first-moon-probe-india-readies-chandrayaan-2-for-early-next-year/articleshow/62094252.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-02 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903100926/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/10-years-after-first-moon-probe-india-readies-chandrayaan-2-for-early-next-year/articleshow/62094252.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> Later in 2017, India signed a deal with Japan's JAXA to conduct a feasibility study for another joint lunar roving mission named [[Lunar Polar Exploration Mission]] (LUPEX). For which a technical demonstration of soft landing was required to be conducted with Chandrayaan-2 mission.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indembassy-tokyo.gov.in/st_cooperation.html |title=Welcome to Embassy of India, Tokyo (Japan) |website=www.indembassy-tokyo.gov.in |access-date=2021-03-20 |archive-date=22 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822021056/https://indembassy-tokyo.gov.in/st_cooperation.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.spacetechasia.com/jaxa-isro-to-embark-on-joint-lunar-polar-exploration/ |title=JAXA & ISRO to embark on Joint Lunar Polar Exploration |last=Goh |first=Deyana |date=2017-12-08 |website=SpaceTech Asia |language=en-US |access-date=2021-03-20 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125045505/https://www.spacetechasia.com/jaxa-isro-to-embark-on-joint-lunar-polar-exploration/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Artificial craters created by ISRO in Doddallurathi, Challakere that mimic lunar surface.jpg|thumb|Artificial craters created by ISRO in Doddallurathi, Challakere, Karnataka to mimic lunar surface.]]

In 2018, the mission faced its second delay after ISRO made design changes for the spacecraft as well as changes in its maneuver where the lander would orbit the Moon to assess the performance of various systems before performing landing. This was contrary to the previous plan where the lander would directly descend after arriving in the designated orbit. A fifth engine was added to the lander, the diameter of the landing legs was increased, two additional propellant tanks were added and additional support systems for power, structure, and thermal control were also provided. This significantly increased the mass of the composite and required ISRO to upgrade the GSLV Mk-II vehicle, but the scientists felt it would be risky to fly the test flight of the uprated Mk-II with Chandrayaan-2 payload, hence a more capable and already flown [[LVM3]] vehicle was chosen.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-08-12 |title=Isro wants Chandrayaan-2 lander to orbit moon first |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-wants-chandrayaan-2-lander-to-orbit-moon-first/articleshow/65370820.cms |access-date=2023-09-02 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423080707/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-wants-chandrayaan-2-lander-to-orbit-moon-first/articleshow/65370820.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-08-05 |title=Soft-landing challenges keep Chandrayaan-2 grounded |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/soft-landing-challenges-keep-chandrayaan-2-grounded/articleshow/65293768.cms |access-date=2023-09-02 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=29 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229045427/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/soft-landing-challenges-keep-chandrayaan-2-grounded/articleshow/65293768.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:GSLV Mk III M1, Chandrayaan-2 - Vikram lander being hoisted.jpg|thumb|Vikram lander of Chandrayaan-2 being hoisted]]

During a landing test in February 2019, the lander suffered minor injuries in two of its legs due to a faulty orientation for the test, and the launch was then targeted for the second quarter of the year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-04 |title=Vikram hurt during practice, puts Chandrayaan-2 on bench |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/damage-to-moon-lander-delays-chandrayaan-2/articleshow/68714029.cms |access-date=2023-09-02 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410163850/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/damage-to-moon-lander-delays-chandrayaan-2/articleshow/68714029.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Final cost for the Chandrayaan-2 project was around {{INRConvert|800|c|lk=on}}.

====Flight====
On 22 July 2019, Chandrayaan-2 was finally launched on [[LVM3]] putting an end to several roadblocks that hit the mission during the decade.<ref name="ISRO_PR_20190722">{{cite web |title=GSLV MkIII-M1 Successfully Launches Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/22-jul-2019/gslv-mkiii-m1-successfully-launches-chandrayaan-2-spacecraft |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |access-date=23 July 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212123035/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/22-jul-2019/gslv-mkiii-m1-successfully-launches-chandrayaan-2-spacecraft |url-status=live}}</ref> After orbit-raising maneuvers and finally the trans lunar injection, Chandrayaan-2 attained the lunar Orbit on 20 August. On 6 September 2019, during the descent to the surface, the contact with the lander was lost after it crash-landed. According to the chairman [[K. Sivan]], the lander was operating as expected until it was just {{cvt|2.1|km|mi}} above the surface when it started deviating from the intended trajectory.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gettleman |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Chang |first2=Kenneth |last3=Schultz |first3=Kai |last4=Kumar |first4=Hari |date=2019-09-06 |title=India Loses Contact With Chandrayaan-2 Moon Lander During Its Descent |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/06/science/india-moon-landing-chandrayaan-2.html |access-date=2023-09-02 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902140139/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/06/science/india-moon-landing-chandrayaan-2.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Four years later, ISRO chairman [[S. Somanath]] revealed three major reasons for the failure, the presence of five engines that generated a higher thrust which made the errors accumulate over time, the lander being unable to turn very fast because it was not expected to perform at such a high pace turning and the final reason was the small 500x500 m landing site chosen that left the lander with less room for error.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-12 |title=Why did Chandrayaan-2 lander fail? Isro chief gives 3 key reasons for crashlanding |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-did-chandrayaan-2-lander-fail-isro-chief-gives-3-key-reasons-for-crashlanding/articleshow/101678204.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-02 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902150743/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-did-chandrayaan-2-lander-fail-isro-chief-gives-3-key-reasons-for-crashlanding/articleshow/101678204.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_lander_Impact_Blink_animation.gif|thumb|Before and after images of the impact site of the Chandrayaan-2]]

===Third Mission===
{{main|Chandrayaan-3}}

==== Development ====
Two months after the failure of Chandrayaan-2, the third mission was proposed with the lander and rover being the primary components of the mission, unlike previously where the orbiter carried a greater scientific payload. The Chandrayaan-3 would be a re-attempt to demonstrate the landing capabilities needed for the LUPEX mission, a proposed partnership with [[Japan]] that was planned for 2025-26 time frame.<ref name="Wire_Nov2019">{{Cite web |title=ISRO Will Embark on Chandrayaan 3 by November 2020 for Another Landing Attempt |url=https://thewire.in/space/isro-chandrayaan-3-lunar-lander-rover-gaganyaan |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=The Wire}}</ref> ISRO sought {{INRConvert|75|c|lk=on}} from the government as initial funding for the Chandrayaan-3 project that included a propulsion module, a lander, and a rover. It was expected to launch a year later in November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India May Attempt 'Chandrayaan 3' Moon Landing In November 2020: Report |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-may-attempt-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-in-november-2020-report-2132335 |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903045215/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-may-attempt-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-in-november-2020-report-2132335 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-08 |title=Chandrayaan-3 is official, Isro seeks Rs 75 crore |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-is-official-isro-seeks-rs-75-crore/articleshow/72421303.cms |access-date=2023-09-03 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821144150/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-is-official-isro-seeks-rs-75-crore/articleshow/72421303.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> On 19 December 2019, [[P Veeramuthuvel]] was appointed as the director of the mission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TN scientist heading Chandrayaan 3 mission known for his technical acumen |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/dec/19/tn-scientist-heading-chandrayaan-3-mission-known-for-his-technical-acumen-2078414.html |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=The New Indian Express |date=19 December 2019 |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715122612/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/dec/19/tn-scientist-heading-chandrayaan-3-mission-known-for-his-technical-acumen-2078414.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The work on the project was underway come January 2020 and K. Sivan revealed that the launch may happen in early 2021 with the total cost of the project being {{INRConvert|615|c|lk=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-27 |title=Chandrayaan 3: ISRO starts work on second lander mission to the moon, launch planned in early 2021 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/chandrayaan-3-isro-starts-work-on-second-lander-mission-to-the-moon-launch-planned-in-early-2021-7959961.html |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903051114/https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/chandrayaan-3-isro-starts-work-on-second-lander-mission-to-the-moon-launch-planned-in-early-2021-7959961.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Later in March, the government confirmed that the launch could take place in the first half of 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-03-04 |title=Chandrayaan-3 to be launched in the first half of 2021: Govt |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/chandrayaan-3-to-be-launched-in-first-half-of-2021-govt/articleshow/74478951.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-03 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903051105/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/chandrayaan-3-to-be-launched-in-first-half-of-2021-govt/articleshow/74478951.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> The earlier addition of the fifth engine in the Chandrayaan-2's lander that caused the additional thrust was now removed from the design of Chandrayaan-3.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-15 |title=Chandrayaan-3: No 5th engine on lander |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-no-5th-engine-on-lander/articleshow/78117138.cms |access-date=2023-09-03 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915053013/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-no-5th-engine-on-lander/articleshow/78117138.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Like Chandrayaan-2, the testing for the lander was to be conducted in Challakere where ISRO's previously built Moon like site with craters had deteriorated. A total of {{INRConvert|24.2|l|lk=on}} was spent on recreating the site with craters of similar dimensions ({{cvt|10|m|ft}} wide and {{cvt|3|m|ft}} deep).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-08-28 |title=Chandrayaan-3: Isro to create Moon craters 200km from Bengaluru |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-isro-to-create-moon-craters-200km-from-bengaluru/articleshow/77796506.cms |access-date=2023-09-03 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903052531/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-isro-to-create-moon-craters-200km-from-bengaluru/articleshow/77796506.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

The launch which was planned for early 2021, was then delayed to 2022 due to [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-21 |title=Chandrayaan-3 launch delayed further to 2022 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-launch-delayed-further-to-2022/articleshow/81136400.cms |access-date=2023-09-03 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903053300/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-launch-delayed-further-to-2022/articleshow/81136400.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The propulsion module which was ready before the pandemic had begun its testing, following which the lander and rover tests were to be conducted but the pandemic delayed the project and pushed its tentative launch date to the third quarter of 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-28 |title=Chandrayaan-3 launch likely in third quarter of 2022: Govt |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chandrayaan3-to-be-launched-in-third-quarter-of-2022govt-101627458750281.html |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903053847/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chandrayaan3-to-be-launched-in-third-quarter-of-2022govt-101627458750281.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Few more changes with strengthening the landing legs, improvisation in instruments, a failure-proof configuration and additional testing meant that the new schedule for the launch was moved to second quarter of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 pushed to 2023, launch to Moon likely in June |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/chandrayaan-3-mission-launch-isro-moon-rover-s-somnath-2288030-2022-10-21 |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=India Today |date=21 October 2022 |language=en |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903054820/https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/chandrayaan-3-mission-launch-isro-moon-rover-s-somnath-2288030-2022-10-21 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2023, the spacecraft was in its final stage of the assembly of payloads at the [[U R Rao Satellite Centre]] with the launch targeted for the first or second week of July.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 launch date: Isro to lift-off India's ambitious moon mission on... |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/chandrayaan-3-launch-date-isro-to-lift-off-indias-ambitious-moon-mission-on-2382156-2023-05-21 |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=India Today |date=21 May 2023 |language=en |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903141655/https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/chandrayaan-3-launch-date-isro-to-lift-off-indias-ambitious-moon-mission-on-2382156-2023-05-21 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Successful soft landing ====

On 14 July 2023, Chandrayaan-3 was successfully launched on [[LVM3]] and was inserted in the [[Gravitation of the Moon#Gravitational field|lunar sphere of gravitational influence]] on 5 August 2023.<ref name="deccan-20230806">{{Cite news |last1=Ray |first1=Kalyan |last2=Sivapriyan |first2=ETB |date=6 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 successfully inserted into lunar orbit, says ISRO |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/science/chandrayaan-3-successfully-inserted-into-lunar-orbit-says-isro-1244048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903141700/https://www.deccanherald.com/science/chandrayaan-3-successfully-inserted-into-lunar-orbit-says-isro-1244048.html |archive-date=3 September 2023 |access-date=3 September 2023 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] }}</ref> On 23 August 2023, the lander ''Vikram'' successfully soft landed in the lunar south pole region, achieving humanity's first soft landing in the region and making India the fourth country to soft land on the Moon after Soviet Union, United States and China.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Hari |last2=Travelli |first2=Alex |last3=Mashal |first3=Mujib |last4=Chang |first4=Kenneth |date=2023-08-23 |title=India Moon Landing: In Latest Moon Race, India Lands First in Southern Polar Region |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/08/23/science/india-moon-landing-chandrayaan-3 |access-date=2023-09-03 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826034411/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/08/23/science/india-moon-landing-chandrayaan-3 |url-status=live }}</ref> Soon after the touchdown, the rover [[Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)|''Pragyan'']] got down of the ramp and drove {{cvt|8|m|ft}} making India only the third country to operate a robotic rover on the Moon after Soviet Union and China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramesh |first=M. |date=2023-08-25 |title=Pragyan rover crawls on the moon |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/pragyan-rover-crawls-on-the-moon/article67236009.ece |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=BusinessLine |language=en |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903144228/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/pragyan-rover-crawls-on-the-moon/article67236009.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Chandrayaan-3 – Image of Vikram lander on lunar surface taken by Pragyan rover navcam at 1104 IST, 30 August 2023 from 15 meters away (without text).webp|thumb|Chandrayaan-3's lander Vikram on the Moon as seen by the Pragyan rover.]]
[[File:Pragyan rover deployed on the moon.webp|thumb|''Pragyan'' rover roll out.]]

== Spacecraft ==
The Chandrayaan programme consists of robotic explorers such as the [[Moon Impact Probe]] (MIP) an impactor, Chandrayaan-1 and 2 the orbiters, Vikram lander and [[Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)|Pragyaan]] rover.

=== Impactor: Moon Impact Probe ===
{{Further information|Moon Impact Probe}}
The Moon Impact Probe (MIP) weighed {{convert|35|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} with 25 minutes of expected operating duration. It carried a [[Radar altimeter]] to record the altitude data which would be used in qualifying technologies for future soft landing missions, a Video imaging system to acquire close-range pictures of the lunar surface, and a [[Mass spectrometry|Mass spectrometer]] to study the tenuous atmosphere of the Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-11-16 |title=Moon Impact Probe |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan/htmls/mip.htm |access-date=2023-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081116040336/http://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan/htmls/mip.htm |archive-date=16 November 2008}}</ref> On 12 November 2008, the MIP separated from the orbiter and impacted near the lunar south pole's [[Shackleton (crater)|Shackleton crater]].<ref name="toi_mip_impact"/> While descending, the probe's Chandra's Altitudinal Composition Explorer (CHACE) instrument detected the presence of water.<ref name="th_mip_water"/>

=== Orbiters ===
==== Chandrayaan-1 ====
{{Main|Chandrayaan-1}}
[[File:Chandrayaan-1-01.jpg|thumb|Chandrayaan-1 orbiter undergoing pre-launch tests]]

Chandrayaan-1 launched on 22 October 2008 aboard [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV-XL]] was a solar-powered cuboid orbiter that weighed {{cvt|1380|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} along with the Moon Impact Probe. It was powered by a single-sided solar array during the day and supported by [[Lithium-ion battery|lithium-ion batteries]] at night. The [[Orientation (geometry)|attitude]] of the spacecraft was controlled by [[Spacecraft attitude control#Three-axis stabilization|three-axis stabilization method]] using two [[Star tracker|star sensors]], [[gyroscope]]s and four [[reaction wheel]]s. The scientific data transmission was conducted in [[X band]] frequencies while telemetry tracking was done in [[S band]] frequencies. To store these data, two [[Solid-state drive|solid-state recorders]] (SSR) were used with SSR-1 carrying 32 GB dedicated capacity for scientific data while SSR-2 carrying 8 GB capacity for the rest of the scientific data and attitude information. [[Moon Mineralogy Mapper]], an American scientific payload onboard carried its own SSR with 10 GB capacity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-10-23 |title=Description of Chandrayaan-1 |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan/htmls/spacecraft_description.htm |access-date=2023-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023064658/http://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan/htmls/spacecraft_description.htm |archive-date=23 October 2008}}</ref>

The orbiter-impactor composite entered the lunar sphere of gravitational influence on 8 November 2008. After orbital reduction manoeuvres, it attained an elliptical polar orbit of {{cvt|100|km|mi}}, upon which, two of the eleven scientific payloads, the Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) which had a [[spatial resolution]] of {{cvt|5|m|ft}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhury |first=A. Roy |date=October 2007 |title=High Resolution Stereoscopic Terrain Mapping Camera of Chandrayaan-1 |url=https://sci.esa.int/documents/34200/36212/1567256030773-3-TMC_ICEUM9.pdf |website=sci.esa.int |archive-date=19 September 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919093948/https://sci.esa.int/documents/34200/36212/1567256030773-3-TMC_ICEUM9.pdf}}</ref> and Radiation Dose Monitor (RADOM) were switched on for operations.<ref name="cy1_orbit_esa"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?Nov12_2008 |title=Chandrayaan-1 Successfully Reaches its Operational Lunar Orbit |access-date=12 November 2008 |publisher=ISRO |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827100002/http://isro.gov.in/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?Nov12_2008 |archive-date=27 August 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Post deployment of MIP, rest of the nine scientific instruments began operations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-22 |title=Mission Accomplished: India fifth in world to reach moon - Times Of India |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mission-Accomplished-India-fifth-in-world-to-reach-moon/articleshow/3714245.cms |access-date=2023-09-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022074629/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-15/india/27904216_1_lunar-surface-moon-impact-probe-chandrayaan |archive-date=22 October 2012}}</ref>

On 25 November 2008, just a couple of weeks after entering lunar orbit, the orbiter's temperature rose to {{cvt|50|C|F}} after receiving equal amounts of heat from the sun as well as the moon (due to its [[Albedo]]). Efforts such as rotating the craft by 20 degrees, shutting down the mission computers, and increasing its orbit to {{cvt|200|km|mi}} were made to bring its temperature down and to avoid damaging the onboard instruments.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-24 |title=BBC NEWS {{!}} South Asia {{!}} India moon craft hit by heat rise |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7748611.stm |access-date=2023-09-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824114249/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7748611.stm |archive-date=24 August 2023}}</ref> A year later, the overheating problem was responsible for ending the mission as it damaged the star sensors which maintained the orientation of craft. The orientation was then barely maintained with the help of gyroscopes as a temporary measure before losing contact on 28 August 2009, which ended the mission a year before its intended duration. However, the mission was analyzed to be 95% successful with its intended operations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-11 |title=Chandrayaan-I was 'killed' by heat stroke - Times Of India |work=The Times Of India |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-07/india/28066525_1_chandrayaan-1-lunar-surface-scientific-goals |access-date=2023-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811080919/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-07/india/28066525_1_chandrayaan-1-lunar-surface-scientific-goals |archive-date=11 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-13 |title=Chandrayaan 1 Mission Officially Terminated |url=http://www.techtree.com/India/News/Chandrayaan_1_Mission_Officially_Terminated/551-105927-547.html |access-date=2023-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813213111/http://www.techtree.com/India/News/Chandrayaan_1_Mission_Officially_Terminated/551-105927-547.html |archive-date=13 August 2011}}</ref>

==== Chandrayaan-2 ====
{{Main|Chandrayaan-2}}
[[File:GSLV Mk III M1, Chandrayaan-2 - Orbiter at SDSC SHAR.jpg|thumb|Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter|220px]]
Chandrayaan-2 was the second mission under the programme and it included an orbiter, lander, and rover. After the failure of the Chandrayaan-1 orbiter, the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter enabled ISRO to conduct science with modern cameras and instruments. The primary objectives of this mission were to soft land on the surface and operate a rover, to study the lunar surface, [[Atmosphere of the Moon|its exosphere]], [[Lunar resources|minerals]] and [[Lunar water|water ice]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN2 |title=Chandrayaan-2 CHANDRYN2 |publisher=NASA |access-date=3 July 2019 |archive-date=29 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729172632/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN2 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Question No. 1084: Deployment of Rover on Lunar Surface |url=http://164.100.158.235/question/annex/241/Au1084.pdf |last1=Rathinavel |first1=T. |author-link=T. Rathinavel |last2=Singh |first2=Jitendra |author-link2=Jitendra Singh (BJP politician) |date=24 November 2016 |publisher=Rajya Sabha |access-date=2 August 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802142742/http://164.100.158.235/question/annex/241/Au1084.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> While the Chandrayaan-2 composite (orbiter, lander and rover) weighed {{cvt|3850|kg|lb}} in total, the orbiter alone weighed {{cvt|2379|kg|lb}}. It carried eight scientific instruments with two of the instruments; the Terrain Mapping Camera 2 (TMC-2) and Chandrayaan-2 Atmospheric Compositional Explorer 2 (ChACE-2) being upgraded versions of Terrain Mapping camera (TMC) and Chandra's Atmospheric Compositional Explorer (CHACE) onboard Chandrayaan-1 orbiter and Moon Impact Probe respectively.<ref name="cy2_payloads">{{cite web |title=Chandrayaan-2 Payloads |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-payloads |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |date=12 June 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713044952/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-payloads |archive-date=13 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2019}}</ref>

The Chandrayaan-2 was launched on 14 July 2019<ref name="ISRO_PR_20190722"/> and attained the lunar orbit on 20 August 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/20/asia/chandrayaan-2-india-lunar-orbit-scli-intl/index.html |title=India's Chandrayaan-2 moon mission enters lunar orbit |last1=Kottasová |first1=Ivana |last2=Gupta |first2=Swati |date=20 August 2019 |publisher=CNN |access-date=6 September 2019 |archive-date=5 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905100336/https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/20/asia/chandrayaan-2-india-lunar-orbit-scli-intl/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> After five orbital reduction manoeuvres, the composite attained a near circular orbit of {{cvt|127x119|km}},<ref name="LBN5_20190901">{{cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-fifth-lunar-orbit-maneuver |title=Chandrayaan-2: Fifth Lunar Orbit Maneuver |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |access-date=1 September 2019 |archive-date=3 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903075526/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-fifth-lunar-orbit-maneuver |url-status=live}}</ref> which was followed by the separation of ''Vikram'' on 2 September 2019.<ref name="VikSep_20190902">{{cite web |title=Chandrayaan-2: Vikram Lander successfully separates from Orbiter |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/02-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-vikram-lander-successfully-separates-orbiter |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |access-date=2 September 2019 |archive-date=3 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903080138/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/02-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-vikram-lander-successfully-separates-orbiter |url-status=live}}</ref> The crash landing of Vikram left the orbiter as a sole successful component of the mission with its new mission duration being extended from one year to seven and a half years. The Orbiter High-Resolution Camera (OHRC) during the time remained the most advanced camera in the lunar orbit with a spatial resolution of {{cvt|25|cm}}, four times higher than Chandrayaan-1 orbiter's {{cvt|1|m}} resolution. The orbiter is currently studying the lava tubes and caves which were previously spotted by the Chandrayaan-1 orbiter.<ref name="ohrc">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-04 |title=Chandrayaan2 - Images from the Orbiter High-Resolution Camera - ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/04-oct-2019/chandrayaan2-images-orbiter-high-resolution-camera |access-date=2023-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804152433/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/04-oct-2019/chandrayaan2-images-orbiter-high-resolution-camera |archive-date=4 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="cy2_extnsn">{{Cite web |date=2023-04-10 |title=K Sivan: Orbiter will have a lifespan of 7.5 years, it's possible to find Vikram Lander from orbiter: Isro chief {{!}} India News - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/orbiter-will-have-a-lifespan-of-7-5-years-its-possible-to-find-vikram-lander-from-orbiter-isro-chief/articleshow/71028078.cms |access-date=2023-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410064030/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/orbiter-will-have-a-lifespan-of-7-5-years-its-possible-to-find-vikram-lander-from-orbiter-isro-chief/articleshow/71028078.cms |archive-date=10 April 2023}}</ref>

==== Chandrayaan-3 ====
{{Further information|Chandrayaan-3}}
[[File:Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module in clean-room 01.webp|thumb|Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module]]

With the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter already operational and the need of demonstrating landing capabilities, Chandraayn-3's orbiter carried only a single payload and for its main purpose served as a propulsion module for carrying ''Vikram'' to the Moon. The Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) payload was developed to study Earth's atmosphere from distance and it would aid in the study of [[Extraterrestrial atmosphere#Exoplanets|Exoplanets' atmospheres]], which employs a similar technique.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3 |title=NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608231611/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3 |url-status=live}}</ref> Chandrayaan-3 was launched on 14 July 2023 aboard [[LVM3]]<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=2023-07-15 |title=Chandrayaan-3 {{!}} A flight to the moon |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/chandrayaan-3-a-flight-to-the-moon/article67084942.ece |access-date=2023-07-17 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717131704/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/chandrayaan-3-a-flight-to-the-moon/article67084942.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> and on 16 August 2023, the composite attained a final lunar orbit of {{cvt|113x157|km}}.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1691655268449603770 |user=isro |title=Chandrayaan-3 Mission |date=16 August 2023 |access-date=16 August 2023}}</ref> A day later, the orbiter separated from the lander and began its independent operations with SHAPE.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3: Indian lunar lander Vikram inches closer to Moon |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66530022 |url-status=live |access-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823141116/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66530022 |archive-date=23 August 2023}}</ref> The orbiter also known as Propulsion Module (PM) of Chandrayaan-3, was moved from its orbit around Moon to an orbit around Earth.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Returns to home Earth: Chandrayaan-3 Propulsion Module moved from Lunar orbit to Earth's orbit |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Ch3_Propulsion_Module_moved_from_Lunar_orbit_to_Earth_orbit.html |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=www.isro.gov.in |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205193840/http://www.isro.gov.in/Ch3_Propulsion_Module_moved_from_Lunar_orbit_to_Earth_orbit.html |url-status=live }}</ref> While the initial plan was to operate SHAPE for about three months during the mission life of orbiter, the precise lower earth orbit injection by LVM3 and optimal earth / lunar burn maneuvers, resulted in the availability of over {{cvt|100|kg}} of fuel in the orbiter after over one month of operations in the lunar orbit. It was decided to use the available fuel in it to derive additional information for future lunar missions and demonstrate the mission operation strategies for a sample return mission. In order to continue SHAPE payload for Earth observation, it was decided to re-orbit the orbiter to a suitable Earth orbit. This mission plan was worked out considering the collision avoidance such as preventing the orbiter from crashing on to the Moon's surface or entering into the Earth's GEO belt at 36000 km and orbits below that. Considering the estimated fuel availability and the safety to GEO spacecraft, the optimal Earth return trajectory was designed for October 2023.<ref name=":9" /> It operated until 22 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UPDATE: The CH3 PROPULSION MODULE with the SHAPE payload last observed in a high Earth orbit appears to have ceased S-Band radio emissions. |url=https://x.com/coastal8049/status/1826716028837241233 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=X (Formerly Twitter)}}</ref>

=== Landers ===
==== Vikram (Chandrayaan-2) ====
The lander was named ''Vikram'' and it weighed {{cvt|1471|kg|lb}} including the {{cvt|27|kg|lb}} rover named ''Pragyan'' that it housed inside.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-29 |title=Chandrayaan-2 to Be Launched in January 2019, Says ISRO Chief {{!}} Technology News |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/science/news/chandrayaan-2-to-be-launched-in-january-2019-says-isro-chief-1907969 |access-date=2023-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829225643/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/science/news/chandrayaan-2-to-be-launched-in-january-2019-says-isro-chief-1907969 |archive-date=29 August 2018}}</ref> ''Vikram'' had eight {{cvt|58|N}} [[Rocket engine|thrusters]] for attitude control and five {{cvt|800|N}} liquid main engines that were derived from ISRO's {{cvt|400|N}} [[liquid apogee engine|liquid apogee motors]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-22 |title=Paper information (56421) — IAF |url=http://iafastro.directory/iac/paper/id/56421/summary/ |access-date=2023-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022033811/http://iafastro.directory/iac/paper/id/56421/summary/ |archive-date=22 October 2020}}</ref> and it was designed to safely land on slopes up to 12°.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-08 |title=Chandrayaan-2: First step towards Indians setting foot on moon in near future |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jul/08/chandrayaan-2-first-step-towards-indians-setting-foot-on-moon-in-near-future-2000898.html |access-date=2023-09-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708054742/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jul/08/chandrayaan-2-first-step-towards-indians-setting-foot-on-moon-in-near-future-2000898.html |archive-date=8 July 2019}}</ref> It carried four payloads to study lunar seismic activity, measure the lunar sub-surface temperatures and to measure density and variation of lunar surface plasma (using a [[langmuir probe]]).

After two de-orbiting manoeuvers, ''Vikram'' attained a final orbit of {{cvt|95x119|km}} after which the powered descent phase began on 7 September 2019. During the descent and landing, the onboard computers had complete control over the lander.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-08 |title=Chandrayaan-2 update: Second de-orbiting maneuver - ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/04-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-second-de-orbiting-maneuver |access-date=2023-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108091607/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/04-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-second-de-orbiting-maneuver |archive-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> The initial descent and critical braking procedures went as intended but upon reaching {{cvt|2.1|km}} altitude, the lander began deviating and lost its contact with the mission control after subsequent crash landing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-20 |title=Chandrayaan 2 - Update - ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update |access-date=2023-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120064856/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update |archive-date=20 November 2021}}</ref> Upon analysis, it was found that the main engines had higher thrust than normal which led to errors being accumulated over time and this meant the lander could not change its attitude at such a fast pace due to safety constraints in the onboard computer that had a limit on the maximum rate with which it can change its attitude. Coarse throttling of main engines, error in computing the remaining time in the mission and a small landing site of 500 x 500 m were the other reasons attributed to the failure.<ref name="ANI_20230710">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGv4qpSSl3w |title=ISRO Chief explains what went wrong with Chandrayaan-2 and how Chandrayaan-3 will be different! |date=2023-07-10 |access-date=14 September 2023 |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811144233/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGv4qpSSl3w&feature=youtu.be |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="IISc_20230805">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZ2sNRP1opY&t=2247s |title=First Prof. (Dr.) Pradeep Memorial Lecture, IISc Alumni Association. "Chandrayaan-3: ISRO's Moon Exploration" by S Somanath, Chairman, ISRO |date=2023-08-05 |time=37 minute 28 seconds |access-date=14 September 2023 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810232116/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZ2sNRP1opY&t=2247s |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Vikram (Chandrayaan-3) ====
[[File:Chandrayaan-3 lander in clean-room 05.webp|thumb|Chandrayaan-3's Vikram lander]]

Chandrayaan-3's ''Vikram'' lander had undergone major changes after its predecessor crash landed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shaurya |date=21 October 2022 |title=Chandrayaan-3 To Be More Robust, Have Contingency Systems Onboard, Says ISRO Chief |url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/chandrayaan-3-to-be-more-robust-have-contingency-systems-onboard-says-isro-chief-6216451.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022080431/https://www.news18.com/news/tech/chandrayaan-3-to-be-more-robust-have-contingency-systems-onboard-says-isro-chief-6216451.html |archive-date=22 October 2022 |access-date=22 October 2022 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="cy2_failure_explained"/> There were now four instead of five main engines that provided {{cvt|800|N}} of thrust and had [[Slew (spacecraft)|slew rate]] changing capabilities, unlike previously when the centrally mounted fifth engine lacked the capability. This enabled the lander to control the attitude and thrust during all phases of descent. The attitude correction rate was also increased from Chandrayaan-2's 10°/s to 25°/s with Chandrayaan-3. An additional [[Laser Doppler velocimetry|laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV)]] was equipped that allowed attitude measurements in all three directions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=19 November 2019 |title=Chandrayaan-3 plans indicate failures in Chandrayaan-2 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-plans-indicate-failures-in-chandrayaan-2/articleshow/72128771.cms |url-status=live |access-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121090445/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-plans-indicate-failures-in-chandrayaan-2/articleshow/72128771.cms |archive-date=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="cy2_failure_explained">{{Citation |title=After 4 Years, ISRO Reveals Why Chandrayaan 2 FAILED | date=8 August 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4oUdD_QSgRs |access-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810172742/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4oUdD_QSgRs&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2023}}</ref> The impact legs were made larger and stronger relative to Chandrayaan-2. The OHRC onboard Chandrayaan-2 enabled the mission to have an expanded landing site with {{cvt|10|km2|sqmi}} landing area. The lander underwent several tests including a helicopter drop test that helped in improving the structural rigidity. In the event of a failure during descent and landing, multiple contingency systems were added to improve the survivability chances of the lander. The landing region was unchanged from the previous mission,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50965778 |title=Chandrayaan-3: India plans third Moon mission |date=1 January 2020 |website=BBC News |access-date=2 January 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102084927/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50965778 |url-status=live}}</ref> with the area of new site being expanded to {{cvt|4x2.5|km}} from previous {{cvt|500x500|m}}. Other major changes in the new 'failure-based' approach included the removal of the fifth engine, an increase in fuel capacity, an increase in vertical velocity component, and other software changes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO Opted For A "Failure-Based Design" In Chandrayaan-3. Here's Why |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chandrayaan-3-isro-opted-for-a-failure-based-design-in-chandrayaan-3-heres-why-4194568 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004103513/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chandrayaan-3-isro-opted-for-a-failure-based-design-in-chandrayaan-3-heres-why-4194568 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 23 August 2023, the lander that had previously reduced its orbit to {{convert|abbr=on|25x134|km}} via de-orbit burns,<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1692995757413192015 |user=isro |title=Chandrayaan 3 mission: second and final deorbiting operation.}}</ref> began descending using all of its four engines after it reached near its Periselene at {{cvt|30|km}}. Roughly after eleven minutes of powered descent, the lander maintained the altitude of {{cvt|7.5|km}} for 10 seconds before changing its attitude to vertical position for the final vertical descent phase. It then used two of its four engines to slow its descent to {{cvt|150|m}} and then hovered twice for about thirty seconds before touching down on the chosen optimal spot.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Nivedita |date=2023-08-23 |title=Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft lands on moon in 'victory cry' of new India |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-counts-down-crucial-moon-landing-2023-08-23/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823145806/https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-counts-down-crucial-moon-landing-2023-08-23/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 3 September 2023, before putting ''Vikram'' to sleep mode, ISRO conducted a hop on the lunar surface by firing its engines that moved it {{cvt|40|cm}} vertically as well as laterally before touching down again. The hop experiment proved to be the most significant test conducted by ISRO as the data would aid in future sample return missions under the programme. ISRO also attained a unique record of conducting its first [[vertical take-off and landing]] on an extraterrestrial surface before Earth; that was planned to be conducted under its [[RLV Technology Demonstration Programme|Reusable technology demonstration programme]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1698570774385205621 |user=isro |title=Vikram Lander exceeded its mission objectives. It successfully underwent a hop experiment. On command, it fired the engines, elevated itself by about 40 cm as expected, and landed safely at a distance of 30 – 40 cm away. Importance?: This 'kick-start' enthuses future sample return and human missions! All systems performed nominally and are healthy. Deployed Ramp, ChaSTE and ILSA were folded back and redeployed successfully after the experiment. |last=[[Indian Space Research Organization|ISRO]] |date=2023-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikram lander's sudden hop on the Moon: Why it's a big deal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/story/vikram-landers-sudden-hop-on-the-moon-why-its-a-big-deal-2430701-2023-09-04 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=India Today |date=4 September 2023 |language=en |archive-date=4 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904104001/https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/story/vikram-landers-sudden-hop-on-the-moon-why-its-a-big-deal-2430701-2023-09-04 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 lunar lander successfully 'hops' on the moon |url=https://news.sky.com/story/indias-chandrayaan-3-lunar-lander-successfully-hops-on-the-moon-12954786 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Sky News |language=en |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905162656/https://news.sky.com/story/indias-chandrayaan-3-lunar-lander-successfully-hops-on-the-moon-12954786 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Rovers ===
==== Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2) ====
{{Further information|Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)}}
[[File:GSLV Mk III M1, Chandrayaan-2 - Pragyan rover mounted on the ramp of Vikram lander.jpg|thumb|''Pragyan'' rover on the ramp of ''Vikram'' lander of Chandrayaan-2 mission]]
The Rover named ''Pragyan'' carried two scientific payloads that were to be used in determining the elemental composition and its abundance near the landing site.<ref name="cy2_payloads"/> It was designed to travel at a speed of {{cvt|1|cm/s}} and could drive up to {{cvt|500|m}} in its lifetime. Both the lander and rover were expected to operate for one lunar day as they lacked any [[Radioisotope heater unit]] (RHU) and were entirely dependent on solar power for operations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-04 |title=Ashoka Chakra, ISRO Logo, Flag: Chandrayaan 2 Set to Engrave India's Name on Moon for Centuries - News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/ashoka-chakra-isro-logo-flag-chandrayaan-2-set-to-engrave-indias-name-on-moon-for-centuries-2184543.html |access-date=2023-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904165024/https://www.news18.com/news/india/ashoka-chakra-isro-logo-flag-chandrayaan-2-set-to-engrave-indias-name-on-moon-for-centuries-2184543.html |archive-date=4 September 2019}}</ref> The Chandrayaan-2's Pragyaan was precluded from its operations after the crash landing of its carrier ''Vikram''.

==== Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3) ====
{{Further information|Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)}}

[[File:Chandrayaan-3 – Pragyan rover rolling out of Vikram lander via ramp with Indian emblem and flag.webp|thumb|Chandrayaan-3's Pragyan rover rolling out of Vikram lander via ramp with Indian emblem and flag]]

Unlike the lander, there were no changes made in the ''Pragyan'' rover except for switching ISRO's logo with Emblem of India on the left and right wheels respectively that would imprint them on the regolith. The scientific objectives too remained unchanged since the previous mission. On 23 August 2023, a few hours after the soft landing, the ramp was deployed for the ''Pragyan'' to touch down and begin its operations on the surface.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Monisha Ravisetti |date=2023-08-28 |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 takes the moon's temperature near lunar south pole for 1st time |url=https://www.space.com/chandrayaan-3-moon-temperature-lunar-south-pole-first-time |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829185045/https://www.space.com/chandrayaan-3-moon-temperature-lunar-south-pole-first-time |archive-date=29 August 2023 |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref> A few days later, the instruments were turned on and the rover moved {{cvt|8|m}} on the surface, thus achieving the primary goal of the mission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO – Chandrayaan-3 Mission – Rover rollout |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1694945669721776263 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830133017/https://twitter.com/isro/status/1694945669721776263 |archive-date=30 August 2023 |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en}}</ref> On 3 September 2023, with the lunar night approaching, the rover was shut down and put into 'sleep mode'.

== Science ==
The Chandrayaan programme has been vastly regarded as successful, especially with the discovery of [[lunar water]].<ref name="th_mip_water"/> It continues to provide scientific data and high-resolution imagery thanks to Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC) which is the most advanced lunar camera so far with {{cvt|25|cm}} spatial resolution and it is currently operational onboard Chandrayaan-2's orbiter.<ref name="ohrc"/> Chandrayaan-1 lost its contact a year before its intended duration, however, the Chandrayaan-2's orbiter is carrying forward the research from the orbit and is expected to operate until 2026.<ref name="cy2_extnsn"/> The first soft landing and on-site science mission of Chandrayaan-3 conducted the first experiments in the lunar south pole region thus contributing to the understanding of the region which holds the potential for a future [[Lunar habitation#Polar regions|crewed lunar base]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-02-13 |title=SPACE.com -- The Moon's Malapert Mountain Seen As Ideal Site for Lunar Lab |website=[[Space.com]] |url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/moon_mountain_020326.html |access-date=2023-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213061216/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/moon_mountain_020326.html |archive-date=13 February 2006}}</ref>

=== Discovery of water on the Moon ===
{{Further|Lunar water}}
[[File:Direct evidence of lunar water.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Direct evidence of lunar water in the Moon atmosphere obtained by Chandra's Altitudinal Composition (ChACE) output profile]]
[[File:Chandrayaan1 Spacecraft Discovery Moon Water.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Second confirmation of [[Lunar water|water on Moon]] by Chandrayaan-1's [[Moon Mineralogy Mapper]] that observed reflectance spectra of water ice.]]
The presence of water on the Moon has always been a matter of intense debate since the last century. The first study for the lunar water was conducted in 1961 and it revealed that the polar regions, which have a high density of [[Cold trap (astronomy)|cold traps]], have more probability of lunar water ice than the equatorial regions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Watson |first1=Kenneth |author-link1= |last2=Murray |first2=B. C. |author-link2= |last3=Brown |first3=Harrison |author-link3= |title=The Behavior of Volatiles on the Lunar Surface |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=66 |issue=9 |pages=3033–3045 |publisher=Division of Geological Sciences, California Institute of Technology |location=Pasadena, California |date=September 1961 |doi=10.1029/JZ066i009p03033 |bibcode=1961JGR....66.3033W |language=English |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/51509/ |access-date=25 September 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604101947/https://authors.library.caltech.edu/51509/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The samples returned from the equatorial region during [[Apollo program]]me failed to provide definitive evidence, reinforcing the need for research on the lunar poles. Since there hadn't been any missions to the lunar poles and since the poles had been speculated to harbour the water ice, Moon Impact Probe's impact site was chosen in the lunar south pole to search for firm evidence of the same in the lunar atmosphere.<ref name="ISRO_2004"/>

The Chandra's Altitudinal Composition (ChACE) was one of the three scientific instruments on board the Chandrayaan-1's Moon Impact Probe (MIP). It was a [[Mass spectrometry|mass spectrometer]] that was developed to study the composition of the tenuous lunar exosphere through mass spectroscopy. On 12 November 2008, the MIP separated from the Chandrayaan-1 orbiter and began its descent to the surface, during which it detected the clear presence of molecules with [[Standard atomic weight|atomic mass unit]] 18 i.e., water. The ionized water molecules ({{chem|H2O|+}}) and their fragments (such as {{chem2|H+}} and {{chem|O|H|+}} ions) were detected by ChACE. Three months later, the [[Moon Mineralogy Mapper]] (M3) an [[imaging spectrometer]] on board the Chandrayaan-1 orbiter also detected the presence of water. While observing the [[Reflectance|reflectance spectra]] of the Moon, it observed the absorption features of the water ice which are in the 1.0-2.5 μm wavelength region. The shadowed regions that received the reflected light were chosen for the study with water ice being found near the polar region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pieters |first1=C. M. |last2=Goswami |first2=J. N. |last3=Clark |first3=R. N. |last4=Annadurai |first4=M. |last5=Boardman |first5=J. |last6=Buratti |first6=B. |last7=Combe |first7=J.-P. |last8=Dyar |first8=M. D. |last9=Green |first9=R. |last10=Head |first10=J. W. |last11=Hibbitts |first11=C. |last12=Hicks |first12=M. |last13=Isaacson |first13=P. |last14=Klima |first14=R. |last15=Kramer |first15=G. |date=2009-10-23 |title=Character and Spatial Distribution of OH/H 2 O on the Surface of the Moon Seen by M 3 on Chandrayaan-1 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=326 |issue=5952 |pages=568–572 |doi=10.1126/science.1178658 |issn=0036-8075 |doi-access=free |pmid=19779151 }}</ref>

The ChACE profile indicates a steady rise in the concentration of water molecules starting from 20 degrees south to the poles, however, it peaks at 60-70 degrees south and then declines. Overlaying the M3 profile which begins at 43.1 degrees south depicts a complementary nature of the recordings, confirming the double evidence of lunar water near the south pole. However, the detection of water in every spectrum of ChACE coupled with the fact that it does not indicate either a steady rise or decline or a constant level in its profile, could possibly be due to contamination of water from Earth. Adding to the concerns was the M3's profile which showed a steady increase towards the south pole, unlike ChACE which saw a decline beyond 70 degrees south.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water on the Moon: Direct evidence from Chandrayaan-1's Moon Impact... |url=https://www.planetary.org/articles/2430 |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=The Planetary Society |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920161640/http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2010/2430.html |url-status=live }}</ref> But according to Indian mathematician [[Ramaiyengar Sridharan]], if the water ice acts as a source due to [[Sublimation (phase transition)|sublimation]], which would be a strong function of temperature in the prevailing ultra high vacuum condition, then, in the absence of fresh sources during the measurement phase, the increase/decrease in the concentration measured by ChACE should be at the cost of what M3 has detected in the form of ice; which means, the peak measurement recorded may be due to the presence of many water ice sources and the decline may be due to fewer such sources and while M3 mapped the water ice sources on the surface the MIP detected the vapour generated from these sources, thus complementing each other.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sridharan |first1=R. |last2=Ahmed |first2=S. M. |last3=Pratim Das |first3=Tirtha |last4=Sreelatha |first4=P. |last5=Pradeepkumar |first5=P. |last6=Naik |first6=Neha |last7=Supriya |first7=Gogulapati |date=2010-05-01 |title='Direct' evidence for water (H2O) in the sunlit lunar ambience from CHACE on MIP of Chandrayaan I |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032063310000693 |journal=Planetary and Space Science |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=947–950 |doi=10.1016/j.pss.2010.02.013 |issn=0032-0633 |access-date=4 October 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322152116/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032063310000693 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Despite the Chandrayaan-1 mission ending a year earlier than the intended duration of two years, the data recorded from the instruments onboard over 310 days were very useful even a decade later. In 2018, the data obtained from the M3 was used by the scientist at [[University of Hawai{{okina}}i at Mānoa|University of Hawai{{okina}}i]], Dr. Shuai Li and his team to research lunar water in the dark craters of the poles. Since the data was patchy and hard for them to work with the dark craters, they used the traces of sunlight that had bounced off crater walls and analyzed the spectral data to find places where the three specific wavelengths (in the range of 1.0-2.5 μm) of near-infrared light were absorbed that indicated the presence of water ice. They conducted thorough statistical analysis to ensure that their findings were not influenced by random anomalies or errors in the instruments. ''"I consider this to be the most convincing evidence that you actually do have true water ice at the uppermost surface — what we call the optical surface — of the Moon"'', Li said on the results.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/22/science/ice-moon.html |title=Ice on the Surface of the Moon? Almost Certainly, New Research Shows |last=Fortin |first=Jacey |date=22 August 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=22 August 2018 |language=en |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822091635/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/22/science/ice-moon.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Direct evidence of surface exposed water ice in the lunar polar regions |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=115 |issue=36 |pages=8907–8912 |author=Shuai Li |author2=Paul G. Lucey |author3=Ralph E. Milliken |author4=Paul O. Hayne |author5=Elizabeth Fisher |author6=Jean-Pierre Williams |author7=Dana M. Hurley |author8=Richard C. Elphic |date=20 August 2018 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1802345115 |pmid=30126996 |pmc=6130389 |bibcode=2018PNAS..115.8907L |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Surface features ===
{{Further|Selenography}}
Mapping and Studying the lunar surface features were the primary scientific objectives of Chandrayaan-1. The first images of the surface were acquired by the Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) onboard the mission's orbiter. The [[Active-pixel sensor|CMOS]] camera with {{cvt|5|m}} resolution and {{cvt|40|km}} swath in the [[Panchromatic film|Panchromatic]] band, was activated on 29 October 2008 (within the earth's orbit) and it had captured over 70,000 images during its 3,000 orbits around the Moon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://isro.gov.in/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?Jul17_2009 |title=Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft completes 3000 orbits around the Moon |access-date=18 July 2009 |publisher=ISRO |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827084622/http://isro.gov.in/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?Jul17_2009 |archive-date=27 August 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> While the other scientific missions at the time usually had a {{cvt|100|m}} resolution, many of TMC's images had a sharp resolution of {{cvt|5|m}} thus enabling the production of a detailed map of the Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan beams back 40,000 images in 75 days - India - The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Ahmedabad/Chandrayaan_beams_back_40000_images_in_75_days/rssarticleshow/3979496.cms |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120114917/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Ahmedabad/Chandrayaan_beams_back_40000_images_in_75_days/rssarticleshow/3979496.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

During mapping [[Rille]]s and [[Lunar lava tube|Lava tubes]] on the lunar surface, the TMC discovered a large lava tube near the equator (specifically in the [[Oceanus Procellarum]], to the north of the rille named [[Galilaei (lunar crater)|Rima Galilaei]] above the lunar equator). The tube measured about {{cvt|2|km}} in length and {{cvt|360|m}} in width. The lunar lava tubes are considered as [[Planetary habitability|potential habitation sites]] for future crewed outposts since they act as natural protectors from [[cosmic ray|cosmic radiation]], solar radiation, [[meteorite]]s, [[micrometeorite]]s, and ejecta from impacts. They are also insulated from the extreme temperature variations on the lunar surface.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indian-scientists-discover-a-large-cave-on-the-moon/articleshow/5550011.cms |title= Indian scientists discover a large cave on the Moon |newspaper = Economic Times |date= 9 February 2010 |last1= Nair |first1= Avinash }}</ref>

== Summary ==
=== List of missions ===
;Landing
{{legend inline|#FFB|Intended hard landing|outline=silver}} 
{{legend inline|#9EFF9E|Successful soft landing|outline=silver}} 
{{legend inline|#FFC7C7|Unsuccessful soft landing|outline=silver}}

[[File:Chandrayaan landing sites.svg|thumb|600px|centre|Map of Chandrayaan programme's landing locations (labels are clickable when viewing the original svg image).]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size: small;"
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" rowspan="2" | Mission 
! scope="col" style="width: 80px;" rowspan="2" | Launch Date 
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" rowspan="2" | Launch Vehicle 
! scope="col" style="width: 80px;" rowspan="2" | Orbital Insertion Date
! scope="col" style="width: 80px;" rowspan="2" | Landing Date
! scope="col" style="width: 80px;" rowspan="2" | Return Date
! scope="col" colspan="5" | Status
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Main Mission
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Extended Mission
! scope="col" style="width:100px;"| Expected Mission Duration
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Total Mission Duration
! scope="col" style="width: 30%;"| Notes
|-
! colspan = 11 style="text-align: centre;" | Orbiter and impactor
|-
! scope="row" | [[Chandrayaan-1]]
| 22 October 2008
| [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle#PSLV-XL|PSLV-XL]]
| 8 November 2008
| {{Partial|14 November 2008}}
| {{No attempt|–}}
| {{Success}}
| {{No attempt|–}}
| 2 years
| 310 days
| style="text-align: left;" | India's first extraterrestrial mission; discovered water on the Moon.
|-
! colspan = 11 style="text-align: centre;" |Soft landers and rovers
|-
! scope="row" | [[Chandrayaan-2]]
| 22 July 2019
| [[LVM3]]
| 20 August 2019
| {{failure|6 September 2019}}
| {{No attempt|–}}
| {{Partial|Partial success}}
| {{operational|Ongoing}}
| 7.5 years
| {{time interval|2 September 2019|show=ymd|sep=,}} elapsed
| style="text-align: left;" | India's first Lunar lander and rover mission; lander crashed.
|-
! scope="row" | [[Chandrayaan-3]]
| 14 July 2023
| [[LVM3]]
| 5 August 2023
| {{Success|23 August 2023}}
| {{No attempt|–}}
| {{Success}}
| {{No attempt|–}}
| 12 days
| 12 days{{efn|The lander and rover were hoped to turn back on for operation on 22 September 2023 had they survived the 14-earth-day [[Lunar day|lunar night]], but they failed to do so, thus ending the mission.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-04 |title=Chandrayaan-3: Vikram & Pragyan both asleep, Isro waits for September 22 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/after-moon-hop-vikram-lander-set-into-sleep-mode-isro-chandrayaan-pragyan-lunar-south-pole/articleshow/103353176.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-04 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=4 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904145837/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/after-moon-hop-vikram-lander-set-into-sleep-mode-isro-chandrayaan-pragyan-lunar-south-pole/articleshow/103353176.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| style="text-align: left;" | India's first extraterrestrial soft landing; humanity's first soft landing near [[lunar south pole]].
|-
! colspan="11" | Sample return
|-
! [[Chandrayaan-4]]
| 2027<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-06 |title=Chandrayaan-4: India's lunar mission set to collect moon rocks by 2027 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/science/chandrayaan-4-mission-of-india-and-why-its-relevant-for-isro-1.10318887 |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
| [[LVM3|LVM3-SC]] × 2
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
| 14 days
| TBD
| Docking experiment in lunar orbit, soft landing and spacecraft launch from Lunar surface.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2024-08-20 |title=Chandrayaan 4 and 5 design complete; 70 satellites likely to be launched in 5 years: ISRO chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/chandrayaan-4-and-5-design-complete-70-satellites-likely-to-be-launched-in-5-years-isro-chief/article68546904.ece |access-date=2024-08-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Planned sample return mission from Lunar surface.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-17 |title=ISRO working on ambitious lunar missions LUPEX, Chandrayaan-4: Official |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-working-on-ambitious-lunar-missions-lupex-chandrayaan-4-official/articleshow/105292411.cms |access-date=2023-12-15 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120063137/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-working-on-ambitious-lunar-missions-lupex-chandrayaan-4-official/articleshow/105292411.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! colspan = 11 style="text-align: centre;" | Onsite sampling
|-
! scope="row" | [[Lunar Polar Exploration Mission|LUPEX]] (Chandrayaan-5)
| 2028–29
| [[H3 (rocket)|H3]]
| TBD
| TBD
| {{No attempt|–}}
| TBD
| TBD
| 6 months
| TBD
| style="text-align: left;" | Collaborative lander and rover mission with [[JAXA]].<ref name="sn-20241023">{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |url=https://spacenews.com/india-to-target-moons-south-pole-with-sample-return-mission/ |title=India to target moon's south pole with sample return mission |work=[[SpaceNews]] |date=23 October 2024 |access-date=23 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="11" | Tests pre-crewed lunar landing
|-
! [[Chandrayaan-6]]
| 2033-34
| [[Next Generation Launch Vehicle|LMLV]]
| colspan="2" | TBD
| {{No attempt|–}}
| colspan="4" | TBD
| Landing of the same lander to be used for the crewed lunar descent stage.<ref name="isro20250809">{{cite web |url=https://x.com/ISROSpaceflight/status/1954150232402354248?t=zsRS2R4GPPfLvATwaRJPeA&s=19 |title=Recently, we got a detailed look at ISRO's roadmap for India's Human Moon Landing Programme! 🇮🇳🌖 It involves a series of uncrewed Chandrayaan landings between 2027-2037 + the establishment of a communication relay network around Moon, before the first crewed Lunar missions starting in 2038-39, with the first Indians setting foot on the Moon in 2040! 👣 Check out our graphic below to learn about each of the milestones on this roadmap and their tentative timelines 👇 |work=X (formerly Twitter) |access-date=1 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
! [[Chandrayaan-7]]
|2036-37
|[[Next Generation Launch Vehicle|LMLV]]
| colspan="7" rowspan="2" | TBD
| First of the two Uncrewed end-to-end Human landing demonstration.<ref name="isro20250809" />
|-
! [[Chandrayaan-8]]
| 2036-37
| [[Next Generation Launch Vehicle|LMLV]]
| Second of two Uncrewed end-to-end Human landing demonstration.<ref name="isro20250809" />
|-
! colspan="11" |Crewed Lunar missions
|-
! [[Chandrayaan-H1]]
| 2038-39
| [[Next Generation Launch Vehicle|LMLV]]
| colspan="7" | TBD
| India's first Crewed lunar flyby and orbiting mission.<ref name="isro20250809" />
|-
! colspan="11" | Crewed Lunar Landing
|-
! [[Chandrayaan-H2]]
| 2040
| [[Next Generation Launch Vehicle|LMLV]]
| colspan="7" | TBD
| India's first Crewed lunar landing.<ref name="isro20250809" />
|-
|}
{{notelist}}

===Named sites===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:small;"
! Mission
! Craft
! Landing Date
! Name
! Region
! Coordinates
|-
! [[Chandrayaan-1]]
| [[Moon Impact Probe]]
| {{partial success|14 November 2008}}
| [[Jawahar Point]]
| rowspan=4 | [[Lunar south pole|Lunar south pole region]]
|
{{Coord|89.76|S|39.40|W|globe:Moon|display=inline}}
|-
! [[Chandrayaan-2]]
| [[Chandrayaan-2#Vikram lander|Vikram]]
| {{failure|6 September 2019}}
| [[Tiranga Point]]
|
{{Coord|70.8810|S|22.7840|E|globe:Moon|display=inline}}
|-
!rowspan=2 | [[Chandrayaan-3]]
| [[Chandrayaan-3#Design|Vikram]]
| rowspan=2 style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-success" |23 August 2023
| rowspan=2 | [[Statio Shiv Shakti]]
| rowspan=2 | {{coord|69.3676|S|32.3481|E|globe:moon|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Chandrayaan-3#Design|Pragyan]]
|}

== Future ==
=== On-site sampling and sample return ===
{{Further|Lunar Polar Exploration Mission|Chandrayaan-4}}
[[File:LUPEX 1.jpg|thumb|Scale model (1/4) of LUPEX at JAXA pavilion at [[Expo 2025]]]]
With successful demonstration in soft landing and roving, the programme then moved into its next phase where a rover with greater scientific payload is to be sent to conduct on-site sample analysis. The mission named [[Lunar Polar Exploration Mission|Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX)]] is suggested to be launched in the time frame of 2028–29.<ref name="sn-20241023" /> India is collaborating with Japan in this mission. It will be a lander-rover mission near lunar pole to perform on-site sampling and analysis of collected lunar material<ref name="India-Japan Lunar mission">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2017-11-17 |title=India, Japan working on lunar sample return mission |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-japan-working-on-lunar-sample-return-mission/article20533828.ece |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="AstroTalk_82">{{cite web |url=https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-82-jaxa-and-international-collaboration-with-professor-fujimoto-masaki/ |title=Episode 82: Jaxa and International Collaboration with Professor Fujimoto Masaki |date=2019-01-04 |website=AstrotalkUK |language=en-GB |access-date=2019-06-21 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116033628/https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-82-jaxa-and-international-collaboration-with-professor-fujimoto-masaki/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and demonstrate lunar night survival technologies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2019/copuos2019tech16E.pdf |title=JAXA's Lunar Exploration Activities |last=Sasaki |first=Hiroshi |date=17 June 2019 |website=UNOOSA |page=8 |access-date=9 July 2019 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516154934/https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2019/copuos2019tech16E.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="roadmap22">{{Citation |author1=Neeraj Srivastava |author2=S. Vijayan |author3=Amit Basu Sarbadhikari |work=Planetary Sciences Division (PSDN), [[Physical Research Laboratory]] |title=Future Exploration of the Inner Solar System: Scope and the Focus Areas |via=ISRO Facebook Panel Discussion, Mars Orbiter Mission National Meet |date=2022-09-27}}</ref> The Indian Government gave approval for the mission, referred as Chandrayaan-5 on 14th March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-5 mission: Centre has accorded approval for Chandrayaan-5 Mission, ISRO Chief |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/centre-has-accorded-approval-for-chandrayaan-5-mission-isro-chief-3448873 |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

'''[[Chandrayaan-4]]''' is a planned [[Moon|lunar]] [[Sample-return mission|sample-return]] mission of ISRO and will be the fourth mission in its Chandrayaan programme. It consists of four modules namely ''Transfer module (TM), Lander module (LM), Ascender module (AM) and Reentry Module (RM).'' The planned mission life is 1 [[lunar day]], and the landing site is near to [[Statio Shiv Shakti]], the landing site of Chandrayaan-3's Lander.

=== Long duration exploration ===
Building upon this foundation subsequent missions will explore long-term presence on the Moon, including the potential development of habitats. Each flight is designed to progressively expand India's capabilities in lunar exploration, potentially with the co-operation of all [[Artemis Accords|Artemis accords]] signatories.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India has a new plan to explore the Moon beyond Chandrayaan-3 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/india-designing-roadmap-to-explore-moon-with-bigger-missions-after-chandrayaan-3-2498865-2024-02-07 |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=India Today |date=7 February 2024 |language=en |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208090127/https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/india-designing-roadmap-to-explore-moon-with-bigger-missions-after-chandrayaan-3-2498865-2024-02-07 |url-status=live }}</ref> Future Missions from the tentative ''Chandrayaan-6'' will focus on developing the critical infrastructure required for future human lunar landings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Isro lines up Chandrayaan-6, 7 & 8 ahead of India’s 2040 Moon landing goal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-lines-up-chandrayaan-6-7-8-ahead-of-indias-2040-moon-landing-goal-2776846-2025-08-26 |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>In an Interview, the then ISRO chairman [[S. Somanath|S Somanath]] has informed that India will continue sending robotic lunar explorers until an indigenous crewed mission, with the robotic program also continuing after that.<ref name="mint-20240417">{{Cite news |date=17 April 2024 |title=ISRO chief Somanath's big claim on Chandrayaan lunar mission : 'Till an Indian...' |url=https://www.livemint.com/science/news/isro-to-continue-lunar-mission-till-an-indian-lands-on-the-moon-somanath-11713354631483.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418224518/https://www.livemint.com/science/news/isro-to-continue-lunar-mission-till-an-indian-lands-on-the-moon-somanath-11713354631483.html |archive-date=18 April 2024 |access-date=17 April 2024 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] }}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:380742main erlanger miniSAR large.jpg|Mini [[Synthetic-aperture radar|SAR radar]] image of [[Erlanger (crater)|Erlanger crater]] by Chandrayaan-1.
File:On the Way Down (3036669129).jpg|Images taken by [[Moon Impact Probe]] before performing a hard landing near the outer rim of [[Shackleton (crater)|Shackleton crater]] in the [[Lunar south pole]] region.
File:Moon as viewed by Chandrayaan-2 LI4 Camera on 21 August 2019, 1903 UTC.png|[[Far side of the Moon]] as viewed by Chandrayaan-2's LI4 (Lander Imager 4) Camera, 21 August 2019.
File:The Moon, as viewed by Chandrayaan-3 during Lunar Orbit Insertion on 5 August 2023.webm|The Moon, as viewed by Chandrayaan-3 during Lunar Orbit Insertion.
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[List of missions to the Moon]]
* [[Indian Mars exploration missions]]
* [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]]
* {{annotated link|Artemis program}}
* {{annotated link|Luna-Glob}}
* [[Chinese Lunar Exploration Program]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Moon spacecraft}}
{{Orbital launches in 2008}}

[[Category:Missions to the Moon]]
[[Category:Indian lunar exploration programme| ]]
[[Category:ISRO programmes]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in India]]

Ghorasar

2026-01-09T19:31:08Z

Ghazal Builders: refine details further and added references per standard format

{{Short description|Town in Ahmedabad district, Gujarat, India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{princely states topics}}
'''Ghorasar''' is a town in the [[Ahmedabad district]] of Gujarat, India.

== History ==
Ghorasar was a Fourth Class princely state and [[taluka]], comprising fourteen more villages, covering sixteen square miles in [[Mahi Kantha]].

It had a combined population of 6,291 in 1901, yielding a state revenue of 23,415 Rupees (just over half from land), paying tributes of 3,501 Rupees to the Gaikwar [[Baroda State]] and 488 Rupees to [[Kaira Agency|Kaira]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hunter|first=William Wilson|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43138|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43138/page/n371 365]|title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India|date=1881|publisher=Trübner & Company|language=en}}</ref>

On 10 July 1943, Ghorasar ceased to exist, being among the princely states merging under the 'Attachment Scheme' into the Gaekwar [[Baroda State]], following its fate into independent India's [[Bombay State]] and after its split from [[Gujarat]].

== Sources and external links ==
'''General'''
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V17_019.gif Imperial Gazetteer on DSAL - Mahi Kantha]

'''Specific'''
<references />

{{Princely states of the Western India States Agency}}

{{coord|22|54|N|72|50|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]

{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}
{{Ahmedabad-geo-stub}}

Mauryan polish

2025-12-31T11:39:26Z

Ghazal Builders: created a article

{{Short description|Maurya Empire art characteristic}}
{{Infobox artifact
|image = [[File:Sarnath_capital.jpg|250px]]
|name = Mauryan polish
|image_caption = The [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]] from [[Sarnath]], one of the finest examples of Mauryan polish.
|material = Polished [[sandstone]]
|size =
|writing =
|created =
|period = 3rd Century BCE
|place = [[India]].
|discovered_coords =
|location =
| map =
|id =
|registration =
}}
'''Mauryan polish''' describes one of the frequent characteristics of architecture and sculptures of the [[Maurya Empire]] in India (325 to 185 BCE), which gives a very smooth and shiny surface to the stone material, generally of [[sandstone]] or [[granite]].<ref name = "Gupta 88">The roots of Indian Art, Gupta, p .88</ref> Mauryan polish is found especially in the [[Ashoka Pillars]] as well as in some constructions like the [[Barabar Caves]]. The technique did not end with the empire, but continued to be "used on occasion up to the first or second century A.D.",<ref>Harle, 24</ref> although the presence of the polish sometimes complicates dating, as with the [[Didarganj Yakshi]]. According to the [[Archaeology|archaeologist]] [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|John Marshall]]: the "extraordinary precision and accuracy which characterizes all Mauryan works, and which has never, we venture to say, been surpassed even by the finest workmanship on [[Athens|Athenian]] buildings".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8XXGhAL1WKcC&pg=PA165 The Early History of India by Vincent A Smith]</ref>

==Polished Barabar Caves==
{{main|Barabar Caves}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Gopika cave Anantavarman inscription.jpg
| width1 = 225
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Sudama cave mirror-polished walls.jpg
| width2 = 185
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Polishing "mirror-like" granite walls.<ref name = "NL"/> Left: wall of the corridor entrance of the Gopika cave in the [[Barabar Caves]] (mirror effect accentuated by the flat angle of the photograph). Right: interior of the Sudama cave, also one of the Barabar caves, with reflection of a monk. These quasi-perfect walls were dug into the rock and polished before 261 BC, date of the rather clumsy inscriptions of [[Ashoka]].
}}
The [[Barabar Caves]] are the first known and dated example of Mauryan polish, dedicated by [[Ashoka]] in several inscriptions, in the year 12 and the year 19 of his reign. The caves were carved from [[granite]], an extremely hard rock, and finished with a very fine [[polishing]] of the inner surface, giving a mirror effect of great flatness, as well as an [[echo]] effect.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Michell|first1=George|title=The Penguin guide to the monuments of India|date=1989|publisher=Penguin|location=London |isbn=0140081445}}</ref><ref name = "NL">Ashoka in Ancient India by Nayanjot Lahiri [https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_XCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA231 {{p.|231}}]</ref> This large-scale polish directly evokes polishing on smaller surfaces of the Maurya statuary, particularly visible on the pillars and capitals of the [[pillars of Ashoka]].

The knowledge and skills for such polishing seems to have disappeared again after the Maurya period, as subsequent caves, such as the [[Ajanta Caves]], do not have polished surfaces.<ref name = "Mag"/><ref>Indian History [https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=SL1-PA268 {{p.|268}}]</ref>

At Barabar Caves, some caves were dedicated through inscription by Ashoka (the caves of the Barabar group), and by his grandson and successor [[Dasaratha Maurya]] (the caves of the Nagarjuni group). Both group of caves have perfectly polished walls, suggesting that polishing techniques were not exclusive to Ashoka, and continued for some time after his reign.

;Later Caves
After the Barabar Caves, the polishing of cave walls was abandoned, never to be revived, despite the huge efforts at building Buddhist and Jain caves until the 6th century CE. Such grandiose caves as [[Karla Caves]] (1st century CE) or the Ajanta Caves (5th century CE) do not have any polishing either. This may be due to the fact that Mauryan caves were dedicated and sponsored by the Mauryan Imperial government, allowing for huge resources and efforts to be spent, whereas later caves where essentially the result of donations by individuals, who could not afford as high a level of spending.<ref>Le Huu Phuoc, ''Buddhist architecture'', p.99</ref>

==Pillars of Ashoka==
[[File: Ashoka pillar, Lauriya-Araraj.jpg | thumb|A highly polished pillar of Ashoka, Lauriya-Araraj.]]
The pillars of Ashoka, made of sandstone, generally also exhibit a high level of Mauryan polish. Here again the mirror-like polish has generally been considered as an import from the Near-East, but some authors now consider the [[Son Bhandar Caves]] might constitute a precedent and an evolutionary step to this type of polish, although these caves are generally dated to a much later period (2-4th century CE).<ref>Buddhist Architecture, Le Huu Phuoc, Grafikol, 2009, p.45</ref>

===The pillars===
[[File:Ashoka_Lauriya_Areraj_inscription.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Polished surface of a pillar.]]
All known Mauryan pillars have the characteristic mirror-like polish, although most were left unpolished over the surface of the bottom part meant to be buried in the ground.<ref>Le Huu Phuoc, Buddhist Architecture, p.36</ref>

Inscriptions were made over the polished finish, with the ungainly result that the polished stone is chipped around the letters. Normally, the text should be inscribed first, and only then should the stone be polished if a good result is to be obtained. This tends to suggest that the inscriptions were made as an afterthought, after the pillar has been properly completed.

===The capitals===
Some of the [[Capital (architecture)|capitals]] of the pillars of Ashoka exhibit mirror-like polish (such as the [[Sarnath]] and the [[Sanchi]] capitals), while others don't and only have a smooth surface (the [[Sankissa]] capital or the [[Rampurva]] bull elephant). This, together with epigraphical considerations, has even led some authors to question if these non-polished capital might be of a time prior to Ashoka.<ref>John Irwin, "The true chronology of Ashokan pillars", [https://www.scribd.com/document/136703111/Chronology-of-Asokan-Pillars p.147]</ref>

These non-polished pillars are also those that display the highest level of [[Hellenistic influence on Indian art|Hellenistic influence]]: in the case of the [[Rampurva]] bull or the [[Sankassa]] elephant, the abacus is composed of [[honeysuckles]] alternated with stylized [[palmette]]s and small [[rosette (design)|rosettes]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA40|title=Buddhist Architecture|first=Huu Phuoc|last=Le|date=29 October 2017|publisher=Grafikol|accessdate=29 October 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9780984404308}}</ref> A similar kind of design can be seen in the [[frieze]] of the lost capital of the [[Allahabad pillar]]. These designs likely originated in Greek and Near-Eastern arts.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA44|title=Buddhist Architecture|first=Huu Phuoc|last=Le|date=29 October 2017|publisher=Grafikol|accessdate=29 October 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9780984404308}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Elephant capital Sankasya.jpg|[[Sankissa]] elephant. Non polished.
File:Rampurva bull in Presidential Palace high closeup.jpg|[[Rampurva]] [[zebu]] bull original ([[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi]]). Non polished.
File:Lion Capital - Chunar Sandstone - Circa 3rd Century BCE - Rampurva - ACCN 6298-6299 - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2014-04-04 4432.JPG|[[Rampurva]] lion. Polished.
File:Sarnath capital.jpg|The "[[Lion Capital of Ashoka]]", from [[Sarnath]]. Polished.
</gallery>

==Mauryan statuary==
[[File:Lohanipur torso.jpg|thumb|The [[Lohanipur torso]], possibly a [[Jain]] [[Tirthankara]], 3rd century BCE, discovered in [[Lohanipur]], now in [[Patna Museum]].]]
There are many examples of polished stone statuettes and artifacts from the Mauryan period. One of them, the [[Masarh lion]], discovered near Patna, is special in that its style is nearly completely [[Achaemenid]], which suggests a high level of artistic influence from [[Western Asia]] at the time the statuette was made.

The Masarh lion, discovered near [[Pataliputra]] and dated to the 3rd century BCE, is carved in [[sandstone]] of the [[Chunar stone|Chunar type]], like the [[Ashoka Pillars]], and its finish is polished.<ref name = "Gupta 88"/> The sculptural style is also indisputably [[Achaemenid]]<ref name ="Gupta 88"/> This is particularly visible with the well-ordered tubular representation of whiskers ([[vibrissa]]s), and the geometrical representation of inflated veins flush within the whole face.<ref name = "Gupta 88"/> The mane on the other hand, with the tufts of hair represented in ripples, is rather naturalistic.<ref name = "Gupta 88"/> According to [[Swaraj Prakash Gupta|SP Gupta]], these stylistic characteristics can be described as non-Indian.<ref name = "Gupta 88"/>
Very similar examples of sculptures are known in [[Greece]] and in [[Persepolis]].<ref name = "Gupta 88"/> It is possible that this sculpture was made by an Achaemenid or Greek sculptor in India and either remained without effect, or was the Indian imitation of a Greek or Achaemenid model, somewhere between the 5th and the 1st century BCE, although it is generally dated from the time of the [[Maurya Empire]], around the 3rd century BCE.<ref name = "Gupta 88"/>

According to [[John Boardman (art historian)|John Boardman]], the lion sculpture of Marsarh is "quite Persian", although the treatment of the mane is rather of Greek naturalistic style and breaks with the rigid and codified style of the [[Achaemenid Empire]].<ref name = "JB98">The Origins of Indian Stone Architecture, 1998, [[John Boardman (art historian)|John Boardman]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049089?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents p.18].</ref> For him, the lions of the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]] at [[Sarnath]] represent the next logical and artistic step, and would be the realization of Hellenistic Greek artists to soften and give more naturality to Persian style.<ref name = "JB98"/>

There are also a few examples of polished statuary, all dated to the Mauryan period, such as the polished sculpture of a head from [[Sarnath]].

The [[Diamond throne]] of [[Bodhgaya]] is another example. It was established by Ashoka at [[Bodh Gaya]] and also exhibits the characteristic Mauryan polish.<ref>The Origins of Indian Stone Architecture, 1998, John Boardman [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049089?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents pp. 13-22].</ref>

Polished ringstones are variously said to be Mauryan or Sunga, dating ranging for the 3rd century BCE to the 1st century BCE.<ref name="Gupta p.53">Gupta, The Roots of Indian Art, p.53</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File: Masarh_lion_sculpture.jpg|The [[Masarh lion]], another example of Mauryan polish. A modern photograph [https://www.flickr.com/photos/ambitiousway/35730059275].
File:MET DT9196.jpg|Polished ringstones are variously said to be Mauryan or Sunga, dating ranging for the 3rd century BCE to the 1st century BCE.<ref name="Gupta p.53"/>
File: Mauryan head.jpg|Polished sculpture of a head, [[Sarnath]], Maurya period.
File:Diamond_throne_frieze.jpg|The polished surface of the [[Diamond throne]].
</gallery>

== Didarganj Yakshi ==
The [[Didarganj Yakshi]] is generally considered as one of the finest examples of [[Mauryan art]].<ref>
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-1eCdLyrpV8C&dq=didarganj+yakshi&pg=PA51|title=History and the Present|last1=Chatterjee|first1=Partha|last2=Ghosh|first2=Anjan|date=2006|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=9781843312246|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEOSyjLc4L8C&dq=didarganj+yakshi&pg=PA92|title=Cinema, Emergence, and the Films of Satyajit Ray|last=Ganguly|first=Keya|date=2010|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520262164|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XyuAAwAAQBAJ&dq=didarganj+yakshi&pg=PT17|title=A Matter of Rats: A Short Biography of Patna|last=Kumar|first=Amitava|date=2014-03-10|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=9780822376453|language=en}}
*"A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century" by Upinder Singh, Pearson Education India, 2008 [https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA364]
*""Ayodhya, Archaeology After Demolition: A Critique of the "new" and "fresh" Discoveries", by Dhaneshwar Mandal, Orient Blackswan, 2003, p.69 [https://books.google.com/books?id=FvTBfbfxAukC&pg=PA69]</ref><ref name="books.google.fr">"A Companion to Asian Art and Architecture" by Deborah S. Hutton, John Wiley & Sons, 2015, p.435 [https://books.google.com/books?id=7DX-CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA435]</ref><ref>Huntington, John C. and Susan L., The Huntington Archive - Ohio State University [https://web.archive.org/web/20060904160524/http://huntington.wmc.ohio-state.edu/public/index.cfm?fuseaction=showThisDetail&ObjectID=3809], accessed 30 August 2011.</ref> Alternatively, it is rather dated to the 2nd century CE, based on the analysis of shape and ornamentation. According to some art historians, the treatment of the [[forelock]] in particular is said to be characteristically [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMTgiygj4-oC&pg=PA11|title=Monolithic Jinas|last1=Pereira|first1=Jose|date=2001|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120823976|page=11|language=en}}</ref>[[File: Didarganj Yakshi statue in the Bihar Museum.jpg | thumb | right |upright| The [[Didarganj Yakshi]], generally dated to [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan periods]] 3rd century BC while some date it to [[Kushan Empire|Kushan period]]]]

==Post-Mauryan near abandonment of polishing techniques==
After the Mauryan period, the general sculptural trend is towards the complete abandon of polishing techniques. This may be due to the high cost involved with polishing. The end of the Mauryan period marked the end of imperial patronage of the arts, which tended to be financed by the people or the wealthy merchant class thereafter.<ref>Le Huu Phuoc, p.45</ref> There are however a few important cases of polishing that seem to subsist.<ref name=AS/>

The Parkam [[Yaksha]] "[[Manibhadra]]" is made of polished grey sandstone, in the same material as the [[Pillars of Ashoka]]. This statue is generally dated to the 3rd-1st centuries BCE, and may be immediately post-Mauryan.<ref name=AS/> It may be a transitional from the Mauryan period to next period including the reliefs of [[Bharhut]], presenting some continuity in the finishing technique, but a real fracture in terms of sculptural style.<ref name=AS/>

The [[Didarganj Yakshi]], although claimed by some as an example of [[Mauryan art]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/A-fortress-chockfull-of-chinks/articleshow/2033283.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104203418/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-09-28/india/27808377_1_artefacts-mauryan-fortress|url-status=live|archive-date=4 November 2012|title=A fortress chockfull of chinks|last=Chaudhary|first=Pranava K|date=28 September 2006|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 February 2011}}</ref> is generally dated to the 2nd century CE, based on the analysis of shape and ornamentation.<ref>"A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century" by Upinder Singh, Pearson Education India, 2008 [https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA364]</ref><ref>""Ayodhya, Archaeology After Demolition: A Critique of the "new" and "fresh" Discoveries", by Dhaneshwar Mandal, Orient Blackswan, 2003, p.46 [https://books.google.com/books?id=FvTBfbfxAukC&pg=PA69]</ref><ref name="books.google.fr"/> This life-size standing image is tall, well-proportioned, free-standing sculpture is made of sandstone with well polished surface.<ref>"A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century" by Upinder Singh, Pearson Education India, 2008 [https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA364 p.364]</ref> This statue, if the 2 century CE date is upheld, would suggest that polishing technique in fact did not disappear with the Mauryas, but remained in India, and was simply little used, possibly because of the high labor and cost involved.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Piprawa five reliquaries.jpg|Reliquaries discovered at [[Piprahwa|Piprahwa stupa]], 2nd century BCE.
File:Yaksa Parkham Mathura.jpg|The Parkam [[Yaksha]] "[[Manibhadra]]", polished grey sandstone, same material as Ashoka pillars. 3rd-1st centuries BCE, possibly immediately post-Mauryan.<ref name="AS">{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Vincent Arthur |title=Art of India |date=2012 |publisher=Parkstone International |isbn=9781780428802 |page=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQ9gYUuP5acC&pg=PA43 |language=en}}</ref>
File:Lingam of Bhojpur temple, Raisen district, MP, India.jpg|Bhojpur temple linga 11th century AD
File:Le temple du rivage (Mahabalipuram, Inde) (13926412196).jpg|Polygonal Lingam in shore temple 8th century
File:HAZARARAMA TEMPLE-Dr. Murali Mohan Gurram (35).jpg|Hazararama temple polished granite pillar hampi 15th century
File:Ellora-Cave10-Nandi.jpg|Ellora cave 15 polished nandi 8th-10th century AD
File:WLA vanda Gautama Buddha.jpg|Pala dynasty 12th century
</gallery>

== Debate on Achaemenid vs Pre-Mauryan origins ==
[[File:Mauryan Polish, Sculptures in Buff Sandstone. New Delhi Museum.jpg|thumb|340px| Types of polish and coating techniques Mauryans may have used.]]
[[Achaemenid art|Achaemenid sculptural art]] was often characterized by a great level of polishing of the stone (usually [[sandstone]], a very soft material), and it is thought that this polishing influenced the Maurya polishing, as is visible in the architecture of the columns of [[Pataliputra]].<ref>Sailendra Nath Sen's Ancient Indian History and Civilization [https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA118 p.118]</ref><ref>Foreign Influence In Ancient India, by Jairazbhoy, Publication date 1963 [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126827 p.45]</ref><ref name = "RS">"The extremely hard emery of Armenia, which was under the Achaemenid hegemony, seems to be the closest natural source for polishing the Persepolis, Pasargadae, and Susā royal palace stones" Hunt, 2008 in "Tectonic Evolution, Collision, and Seismicity of Southwest Asia, Rasul Sorkhabi [https://books.google.com/books?id=IQlQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 p.33]</ref> Stones and polishing grains have been found in the ruins of Persepolis.<ref name = "RS"/> These polishing techniques were also used by the Greeks, who used the natural [[Naxos]] emery grains.<ref>"For efficient polishing, Greeks used emery (Mohs 8) from the rich deposits of the Cycladic island of Naxos." in A Companion to Greek Art, published by Tyler Jo Smith, Dimitris Plantzos [https://books.google.com/books?id=7q1LDrb9btkC&pg=PT242 p.242]</ref>

It is believed that the stone-making techniques employed by the Mauryas may have derived from the techniques of [[Achaemenid]] statuary, stone-working and polishing techniques having spread to India after the destruction of the empire by [[Alexander the Great]] in 330 BCE and the displacement of Persian and Perso-Greek artists and technicians.<ref name = "Mag">Maharashtra, Marg Publications, 1985, {{p.|209}} [https://www.marg-art.org/images/virtuemart/category/37_01_look_inside.pdf Pdf {{p.|2}}] "The surface of the inside walls are polished to a mirror-like finish, an exclusive characteristics of Mauryan architecture and sculpture, first derived through the media of Achaemenid art after the disintegration of the Persian Empire in AD 330 and the dispersal of skilled Persian and Perso-Greek artisans "</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File: UC Oriental Institute Persian collection item 06.JPG |Lion Fragment, Persepolis, Iran. [[Sandstone]]. 550-330 BCE.
File: Periodo achemenide, regno di serse, felino reclinato frammentario, da persepolis, 486-465 ac ca.jpg |Achaemenid feline, Persepolis, 486-465 BCE
File: Periodo achemenide, regno di serse, capitello a foma di uomo-toro, da persepoli, 486-465 ac ca.jpg |Achaemenid sculpture, Persepolis, 486-465 BCE
File:Achaemenid capital Persepolis.jpg|Highly polished Achaemenid capital.
File: Achaemenid polish.jpg |Polished Achaemenid pillar capital (detail).
</gallery>

According to Gupta, the polishing of rocks could have a local origin. He invokes the existence of polishing technologies of the [[Neolithic]], visible in various stone tools such as axes. There is, however, no trace of evolution from these Neolithic tools to polished stone architecture, and the Barabar Caves are essentially a sudden technological break with no local history, suggesting the import of these techniques from another culture. Nor are there any known examples of stone architecture in India before the Maurya period.<ref name="Gupta p.194">Gupta, The roots of Indian Art, p.194-</ref> According to Gupta, the [[Son Bhandar Caves]] could be such an intermediate stage, relatively unique, and subject to questioning its chronology, since it is generally dated to the 2nd-4th centuries CE.<ref name="Gupta p.194" /> The polish was achieved by application of agate burnisher which was later applied on pillars and sandstone objects.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kd9CgAAQBAJ&dq=Piprahwa+lapidary&pg=PT55|title=Indian Architecture (Buddhist and Hindu Period)|last=Brown|first=Percy|date=2013-04-16|publisher=Read Books Ltd|isbn=9781447498575|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Devahuti|first=D.|title=Mauryan Art and the "Episode" Theory|date=1971|journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|volume=52|issue=1/4|pages=161–173|jstor=41688719}}</ref> Some examples of [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] statuary ([[Harappa]], [[Mohenjo-daro]], circa 3000-2000 BCE) do show a certain level of polishing.<ref name="books.google.com">"...the "Priest-King's" head is so carefully tapered and polished." in {{cite book |last1=Jansen |first1=Michael |last2=Mulloy |first2=Máire |last3=Urban |first3=Günter |title=Forgotten cities on the Indus: early civilization in Pakistan from the 8th to the 2nd millennium BC |date=1991 |publisher=Verlag Philipp von Zabern |isbn=9783805311717 |page=169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCMwAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Pearson Education India">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=9788131711200 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA155 |language=en}}</ref>

Pataliputra Voussoir fragment made of granite stone discovered by [[K. P. Jayaswal|K. P Jayaswal]] had mauryan polish but was dated to pre Mauryan [[Nanda Empire|Nanda period]] due to three archaic brahmi letters which paleographically appeared before mauryan period Brahmi. The voussoir has been analysed to be part of trefoil arch which decorated a [[torana]] gate.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20579|title=Proceedinds And Transactions Of The Second Oriental Conference (1923)|last=The Calcutta University|date=1923}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35494|title=Annual Report Of The Archaeological Survey Of India 1921-22|last=Spooner|first=Brainerd|date=1924}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.41145|title=Memoirs of the archaeological survey of India no.30|last=Chandra|first=Ramaprasad|date=1927}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Axe, chalcolithic, BKB.jpg|Polished stone ax, India, 2800 BCE-
File:Cave of sone bhander.JPG|[[Son Bhandar Caves|Son Bhandar Cave]] with some polish, 2nd-4th centuries CE. Possibly pre-[[Mauryan Empire|Mauryan]] according to Gupta.
File:Dholavira pillar base.jpg|Polished pillar base, [[Dholavira]], circa 3000-2000 BCE.<ref name="Pearson Education India" />
File:Mohenjo-daro Priesterkönig.jpeg|[[Mohenjo-daro]] priest king polished statue.<ref name="books.google.com" />
File:Harappa male torso.jpg|Harappa male torso, polished stone, possibly circa 2300-1750 BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Honour |first1=Hugh |last2=Fleming |first2=John |title=A World History of Art |date=2005 |publisher=Laurence King Publishing |isbn=9781856694513 |page=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGb4pyoseH4C&pg=PP65 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kleiner |first1=Fred S. |title=Gardner's Art through the Ages: Non-Western Perspectives |date=2009 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=9780495573678 |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlVeuxIgjwQC&pg=PA11 |language=en}}</ref>
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Hellenistic influence on Indian art]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

*Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.academia.edu/10709971/West_Asian_Influence_on_Lion_Mauryan_Arts_Art West Asian Influence on Lion Reasons in Mauryan Art, Vinay Kumar]
* [http://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com /JournalPDF/Volume5/28.pdf Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archeology 5 (2017): 433-444 Lion Motif in Mauryan Art: Indigenous or Foreign? Vinay Kumar]

[[Category:Indian art]]
[[Category:Mauryan art|*]]
[[Category:Cultural history of India]]

IIT Kanpur metro station

2025-12-19T18:01:19Z

Ghazal Builders: started page!

{{short description|Kanpur Metro's Orange Line terminal metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}{{Infobox station
| name = [[File: Lucknow_Metro.jpg|30px]] IIT Kanpur
| style = Kanpur Metro
| type = {{Kanpur Metro Infobox station line|line = Orange}}
| image = IIT Kanpur metro station.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = IIT Gate, Kalyanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208017
| coordinates = {{coord|26.509495|80.248132|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Kanpur Metro]]
| operator = [[Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation]]
| line = {{rcb|Kanpur Metro|Orange|croute}}
| platform = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Kanpur Central metro station|Kanpur Central]] Platform-2 → Train Terminates Here
| tracks = 2
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| depth =
| levels = 2
| parking = Two & Four Wheeler - Yes
| bicycle =
| accessible =
| code =
| zone =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2021|12|28}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 750 V DC [[third rail]]
| former =
| mpassengers =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kanpur Metro|line=Orange|right=Kalyanpur|to-left=|to-right=Kanpur Central}}
| route_map = {{Kanpur Metro Orange Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Kanpur Metro|Orange}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''IIT Kanpur''' is the western terminal metro station on the East-West corridor of the [[Orange Line (Kanpur Metro)|Orange Line]] of [[Kanpur Metro]] in [[Kanpur]], India. The station was opened on 28 December 2021 as part of the inaugural section of Kanpur Metro, between [[IIT Kanpur]] and [[Moti Jheel metro station|Moti Jheel]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sabarwal |first1=Harshit |title=Memorable experience, says PM Modi after riding new section of Kanpur Metro |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-inaugurates-completed-section-of-kanpur-metro-rail-project-101640677868513.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="urbanrail">{{cite web |last1=Schwandl |first1=Robert |title=Kanpur |url=https://www.urbanrail.net/as/in/kanpur/kanpur.htm |publisher=urbanrail}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = IIT Kanpur track layout
| title-color = white
| title bg color = #FF6600
| collapsible = no
| legend = track
| footnote = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to Train Terminates Here
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Kalyanpur metro station|Kalyanpur]]
vCONTgfe
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → [[Moti Jheel metro station|Moti Jheel]] '''Next Station:''' [[Kalyanpur metro station|Kalyanpur]]
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← Train Terminates Here
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Kanpur]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[List of Kanpur Metro stations]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.lmrcl.com/kanpur-metro/station-info|name=Kanpur Metro Station information}}

{{Kanpur Metro stations}}

[[Category:Kanpur Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2021]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-railstation-stub}}
__FORCETOC__

Abhishek Varman

2025-12-18T07:32:10Z

Ghazal Builders: expanded content

{{short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abhishek Varman
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation = Director, Writer
| known_for = ''[[2 States (2014 film)| 2 States]]'', ''[[Kalank]]''
}}
'''Abhishek Varman''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter. His directorial debut was the romantic drama ''[[2 States (2014 film)|2 States]]'' (2014).<ref>{{cite news|last=Kotwani|first=Hiren|title=Alia's dedication in SOTY led Abhishek Varman to cast her in '2 States'|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Alias-dedication-in-SOTY-led-Abhishek-Varman-to-cast-her-in-2-States/articleshow/33781177.cms|date=16 April 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=25 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=60th Britannia Filmfare Awards 2014: Complete nomination list|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/60th-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-2014-Complete-nomination-list/articleshow/45949466.cms|work=The Times of India|date=20 January 2015|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref> followed by the [[Ensemble cast|ensemble]] [[Historical drama|period]] [[Romantic film|romantic drama]] ''[[Kalank]]'' (2019).

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Director !! Writer
|-
|2014
|''[[2 States (2014 film)|2 States]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|-
|2019
|''[[Kalank]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Result
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Debut Director]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director]]
|{{Nominated}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|3316918}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varman, Abhishek}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]

Aabha Paul

2025-12-15T04:53:28Z

Ghazal Builders: New A Article

{{short description|Indian actress and model (born 1987)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aabha Paul
| image =
| birth_name = Aabha Paul
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|08|7|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ghaziabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<ref name=":0" />
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| yearsactive = 2006–present
| spouse =
| website =
}}

'''Aabha Paul''' (born 7 August 1987) is an Indian actress and model, who works in [[Hindi]] films. She is known for her role in ''[[Kamasutra 3D]]'' (2013), directed by [[Rupesh Paul]], which was screened at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] in 2013. In 2019, she appeared in the [[ALT Balaji]] series ''[[Gandii Baat]]'' by [[Ekta Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aabha Paul sends social media into tizzy with her bathtub photo-shoot in a red saree, check out the video {{!}} Entertainment - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/aabha-paul-sends-social-media-into-tizzy-with-her-bathtub-photo-shoot-in-a-red-saree-check-out-the-video/videoshow/98369560.cms |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Aabha also starred as Sarita Nair in an erotic drama ''[[Mastram (web series)|Mastram]]'' which was released in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gandii Baat, Mastram actress Aabha Paul raises the temperature in hot outfits; videos go viral |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/photo-gallery-gandii-baat-mastram-actress-aabha-paul-raises-the-temperature-in-hot-outfits-videos-go-viral-3032877 |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> She has also starred in other series such as ''[[XXX (web series)|XXX]]'', ''Lolita P.G House'', ''Namkeen'' and ''Hai Taubba''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! "If not an acting I would have been an engineer" Aabha Paul on her acting journey |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/exclusive-if-not-acting-i-would-have-been-engineer-aabha-paul-her-acting-journey-220122 |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref> She has worked in music video of song "Dunalli".

== Personal life ==
Aabha Paul was born in 1987 in [[Ghaziabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].She studied from Shri Hans Inter College High School.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganesh |date=2019-09-19 |title=Aabha Paul : Biography, wiki, age, height, gandi baat actress, info, hot |url=https://www.cinetalkers.com/aabha-paul/ |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=CineTalkers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Aabha Paul started her modelling career in 2005. In 2006, she won beauty pageant ''Miss Delhi'' award. In 2010, she had a small part in [[Veer (2010 film)|''Veer'']], starring [[Salman Khan]], but her part was edited out.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-30 |title=Exclusive: Boldness is an attitude and I have no problem in filming bold scenes if shot aesthetically – Actress Aabha Paul |url=https://bollywoodwallah.com/2017/08/30/exclusive-boldness-is-an-attitude-and-i-have-no-problem-in-filming-bold-scenes-if-shot-aesthetically-actress-aabha-paul/ |access-date=2022-10-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=December 2024}}

In 2017, she appeared in ''Taste'', a Tamil film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captivating pictures of Aabha Paul are sweeping the internet {{!}} Photogallery – ETimes |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/tamil/captivating-pictures-of-aabha-paul-are-sweeping-the-internet/articleshow/74208586.cms |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref> In 2021, she acted as lead in ''Lolita PG House''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Anushka |date=2022-08-25 |title=Lolita PG House on Kooku: A web series that crosses all boldness and hotness boundaries, watch video |url=https://www.dnpindia.in/entertainment/lolita-pg-house-on-kooku-a-web-series-that-crosses-all-boldness-and-hotness-boundaries-watch-video/88595/ |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=DNP INDIA |language=en-GB}}</ref> In 2021, she appeared in Abhay Shukla's ''Namkeen''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gandi Baat actor Aabha Paul bags CID fame Abhay Shukla's web series |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/gandi-baat-actor-aabha-paul-bags-cid-fame-abhay-shuklas-web-series-210323 |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref> Later, she starred in the [[ALTBalaji|ALT Balaji]] series ''Hai Taubba''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE: "I always wanted to play such a character" – Aabha Paul on her role in the show Hai Taubba Chapter 3 |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/exclusive-i-always-wanted-play-such-character-aabha-paul-her-role-the-show-hai-taubba |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aabha Paul The Social Media Sensation Roped in ALTBalaji’s Series Hai Taubba 3 – EXCLUSIVE {{!}} SpotboyE |url=https://www.spotboye.com/just-binge/binge-news/aabha-paul-the-social-media-sensation-roped-in-altbalaji-s-series-hai-taubba-3-exclusive/6139c505412c11737d248405 |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=spotboye.com |language=en}}</ref> Aabha's performance in the series was lauded.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE! Ok with bold scenes but should not look cheap and vulgar: Aabha Paul on types of roles she wants to do |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/exclusive-ok-bold-scenes-should-not-look-cheap-and-vulgar-aabha-paul-types-of-roles-she |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
|-
|2010
!''[[Veer (2010 film)|Veer]]''
|
| Deleted scene
|-
|2013
!''[[Kamasutra 3D]]''
|
|Hindi
|-
|2017
!''Taste''
|
|Tamil
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Note
|-
|2019
!''[[Gandii Baat]]''
|Mami ji
|S03E02<ref>{{cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.arms.aabhapaul&hl=en_IN |title=Aabha Paul plays a key role in Gandi Baat|access-date=21 Nov 2019}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|2020
!''[[Mastram (web series)|Mastram]]''
|Sarita Nair
|S01E03
|-
!''[[XXX (web series)|XXX]]''
|
|S02E04
|-
|rowspan="3"|2021
!''Lolita PG House''
|Lolita
|
|-
!''Namkeen''
|
|
|-
!''Hai Taubba''
|Adhya
|
|-
|2023
!'''''Honeymoon Suite Room No 911'''''
|Lisa
|
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paul, Aabha}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:People from Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Kandili block

2025-12-04T00:46:22Z

Ghazal Builders: general rework page per sources and improved wording after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kandili
| image_alt =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupattur district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vellore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 635901
| registration_plate = TN-83, TN-23
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Kandili ''' is a revenue block in the [[Tirupattur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It has a total of 39 panchayat villages.

It is located about {{cvt|12|km}} from [[Tirupattur]], {{cvt|34|km}} from [[krishnagiri ]],{{cvt|84|km}} from [[Hosur]],{{cvt|56|km}} from [[Dharmapuri]],

Kandili Block Head Quarters is Kandili town .

Tirupathur City, Vaniyambadi City, Dharmapuri City, Krishnagiri City are the nearby Cities to Kandili.

It is in the 387 m elevation(altitude) .

[[Yelagiri]] ( Yelagiri Hills), Thiruvannamalai, Yercaud, Vellore, [[Hogenakkal Falls]] (Hogenakal) are the near by Important tourist destinations to see.

Thiruvenkadam is the main member in kandhili block

Tamil is the Local Language here. Also People Speaks Telugu and Urdu.

Politics in Kandili Block
DMK, AIADMK ,நாம் தமிழர் கட்சி, PMK are the major political parties in this area.

== References ==
* {{cite web|title=Map of revenue blocks of Vellore district |url=http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/default.htm?blocks.php?dcode=04 |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025402/http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/default.htm?blocks.php%3Fdcode=04 |archivedate=2016-03-04 }}

{{Vellore district}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

{{Tirupathur district}}

[[Category:Revenue blocks of Tirupathur district]]

{{Vellore-geo-stub}}

A. Milton Musser

2025-11-26T18:12:22Z

Ghazal Builders: New Article

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Amos Milton Musser
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = A. Milton Musser.jpg
| caption = A. Milton Musser in May 1873
| sanskrit =
| religion = [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
| school =
| lineage =
| sect =
| subsect =
| temple =
| order =
| other_name =
| dharma_name =
| monastic_name =
| pen_name =
| posthumous_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1830|5|20}}
| birth_place = [[Donegal, Pennsylvania]], United States
| death_date = {{death date and age|1909|9|24|1830|5|20}}
| death_place = [[Salt Lake City, Utah]], United States
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| location =
| title =
| period =
| consecration =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| reason =
| rank =
| teacher =
| students =
| works =
| ordination =
| profession =
| education =
| initiation =
| previous_post =
| present_post =
| post =
| signature = Signature of Amos Milton Musser (1830–1909).png
| website =
}}
'''Amos Milton Musser''' (May 20, 1830 – September 24, 1909) was a [[Mormon pioneers|Latter-day Saint pioneer]] who served in many church and community roles, including as an [[Church Historian and Recorder|Assistant Church Historian]] of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] from 1902 until his death.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jenson |first=Andrew |title=Encyclopedic History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints |location=Salt Lake City |publisher=Deseret News Press |date=1941 |page=140}}</ref>

==Early life==
Musser was born at [[Donegal, Pennsylvania|Donegal]], [[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania|Lancaster County]], [[Pennsylvania]].<ref name = AMMH>[http://jared.pratt-family.org/parley_family_histories/amos_musser_history.html Amos Milton Musser History].</ref> Musser's father Samuel Musser died when he was two years old. The family moved to the vicinity of [[Quincy, Illinois]] in 1837. By this time his mother had remarried to Abraham Bitner.<ref name = AMMO>{{cite web |url=http://jared.pratt-family.org/parley_family_histories/amos_musser_obituary.html |title=Obituaries of A. Milton Musser |publisher=Jared Pratt Family Association |accessdate=March 12, 2016}}</ref> When Musser was about 16 he was in the [[Nauvoo, Illinois#The "Mormon War in Illinois" and the Mormon Exodus|Battle of Nauvoo]] and then was driven with his mother and siblings into Iowa.<ref name = Jenson>Jenson. ''LDS Biographical Encyclopedia''. vol. 3, p. 765</ref> After he left Nauvoo Musser worked as a store clerk in [[Eddyville, Iowa]].<ref name = AMMO/> Musser was not [[Baptism (Latter Day Saints)|baptized]] a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints until he arrived at [[Council Bluffs, Iowa|Council Bluffs]], Iowa in 1851.<ref name = Jenson/>

==Church service==
On arriving in [[Utah Territory]] in 1851 as part of the Easton Kelsey Company,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.churchofjesuschrist.org/overlandtravel/pioneers/7273/amos-milton-musser |title=Amos Milton Musser |publisher=LDS Church |work=Mormon Pioneer Overland Travel (1847-1868) |accessdate=March 12, 2016}}</ref> Musser became a clerk in the tithing office.<ref name = MFP>{{cite web |url=https://heritage.utah.gov/apps/history/findaids/B00096/B0096ff.xml |title=The Musser Family Papers, 1852-1967 |work=Utah Department of Heritage & Arts |access-date=March 12, 2016}}</ref> The following year Musser was among the early [[Mormon missionary|Latter-day Saint missionaries]] to travel to [[India]]. [[R. Lanier Britsch]]'s book ''Nothing More Heroic''<ref>({{ISBN|978-1-57345-565-7}})</ref> on this early LDS Church [[Mission (LDS Church)|mission]] in India was written as if narrated by Musser. After this mission he returned to Utah in the William G. Young Company of 1857.

From 1860 to 1876 Musser served as a [[traveling bishop]] in Utah. He was one of the most active traveling bishops and would visit all the major settlements in Utah at least twice a year.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pace |first=D. Gene |jstor=43042343 |title=Changing Patterns of Mormon Financial Administration: Traveling Bishops, Regional Bishops, and Bishop's Agents, 1851–88 |journal=BYU Studies |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=183–195 |date=1983}}</ref>

In 1876, he was appointed assistant trustee-in-trust of the Church, a top ranking position in overseeing the assets and properties of the Church. Shortly after this he was sent on a mission to the eastern [[United States]].<ref name = MFP/>

Musser had served for several years as a clerk in the Church Historians office prior to his appointment as Assistant Church Historian in 1902.<ref name = Jenson/>

==Community service in Utah==
Musser held several positions with the Deseret Agricultural and Manufacturing society. He was connected with the Utah Bee Association and the Utah Silk Association. Musser was one of the incorporators of [[Zions Bancorporation|Zion's Bank and Trust company]]. He was also involved with promoting several plans to build railroads.<ref name = AMMO/> While serving as traveling bishop Musser served as the general superintendent of the [[Deseret Telegraph Company]]. Musser served as Fish and Game Commissioner of Utah Territory from the late 1870s through the early 1890s.<ref name = AMMO/>

==Writer==
Musser wrote many pro-Latter Day Saint pamphlets. He was also the editor of the ''Utah Farmer'', an agricultural magazine, and ''The Palantic'', a pro-Mormon literary magazine.<ref>[[Andrew Jenson]], ''[[Latter-day Saints Biographical Encyclopedia]]'', vol. 1, p. 383.</ref>

He wrote several pamphlets in defense of the faith of the Latter-day Saints.<ref name = AMMO/> He authored "To The Press Of The United States" (Philadelphia, May 1877), a press release defending the faith in response to charges that the Latter-day Saints are a "blood-thirsty people" in newspaper coverage of the trial and execution of [[John D. Lee]] for his role in the [[Mountain Meadows Massacre]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20120715091823/http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/MormonBib&CISOPTR=9035&CISOBOX=1&REC=15 Mormon Bibliography]</ref>

==Polygamous marriages==

Musser was a strong advocate of [[polygamy]]. He married his first wife Ann Leaver on January 31, 1858, then married Mary Elizabeth White in 1864, Belinda Marden Pratt (a daughter of [[Parley P. Pratt]]) in 1872, and Anna Seegmiller in 1874. Musser is the father of [[Joseph White Musser]], who became a leader in the [[Mormon fundamentalism|Mormon fundamentalist]] movement.

After a US law banning polygamy was passed in 1962, Musser was charged in 1885 with unlawful cohabitation (living with his plural wives), and he was sentenced to pay a fine of [[US$]]300 and to six months' imprisonment. Musser maintained that the anti-polygamy prosecutions "were instituted in malice and hypocrisy, or were based upon a gross misconception of the facts".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=[[Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia]]|last=Jenson|first=Andrew|title=Musser, Amos Milton|volume=1|pages=381–386}} Via [https://historicalgeneralconferences.weebly.com/a-milton-musser.html HISTORICAL GENERAL CONFERENCES]</ref>

==Death and legacy==

Musser died of "surgical shock" in [[Salt Lake City, Utah]] at age 79.<ref>[http://images.archives.utah.gov/data/81448/2229321/2229321_0001495.jpg State of Utah Death Certificate] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718172520/http://images.archives.utah.gov/data/81448/2229321/2229321_0001495.jpg |date=July 18, 2011 }}</ref>

The community of Milton in [[Morgan County, Utah]] was named for A. Milton Musser.<ref>http://images.uen.org/ucme/media/text/ta002560.txt{{dead link|date=September 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

* {{citation |contribution= Musser, A. Milton |contribution-url= https://archive.org/stream/pioneersprominen00esshrich#page/1052/mode/1up |page= 1052 |last= Esshom|first= Frank Ellwood |year= 1913 |title= Pioneers and Prominent Men of Utah |url= https://archive.org/details/pioneersprominen00esshrich |location= Salt Lake City |publisher= Utah Pioneers Book Publishing Company |oclc= 2286984 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Musser, Amos Milton}}
[[Category:1830 births]]
[[Category:1909 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Mormon missionaries]]
[[Category:American Mormon missionaries in India]]
[[Category:American Mormon missionaries in the United States]]
[[Category:American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
[[Category:Converts to Mormonism]]
[[Category:Mormon pioneers]]
[[Category:Official historians of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
[[Category:People from Eddyville, Iowa]]
[[Category:People from Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Writers from Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Writers from Utah]]

MacGregor Medal

2025-11-24T13:04:52Z

Ghazal Builders: updated page

{{Short description|Military award for adventure}}
{{Infobox military award
|name=MacGregor Medal
|image=MacGregor Medal.jpg
|image_size=250px
|caption=Obverse and Reverse of the medal
|type=Military award
|country={{flag|India}}
|established={{start date and age|df=yes|May 1887}}<ref name=":established" />
|firstawarded=1889
|lastawarded= 16 Apr 2025
|total_awarded=125
|presenter=[[United Service Institution]]
|awarded_for=For military intelligence through reconnaissance, exploration and survey; later, for adventure
|image2=MacGregor Medal Ribbon.jpg
|image2_size=150px
|caption2=Ribbon<ref>{{cite web |title=Ever Observed Colorful Ribbons On Soldier's Uniform? Here's What They Mean |url=https://www.ssbcrack.com/2017/02/ribbons-on-soldiers-uniform.html |website=SSBCrack |date=18 February 2017 |access-date=18 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222010332/https://www.ssbcrack.com/2017/02/ribbons-on-soldiers-uniform.html |archive-date=22 February 2018}}</ref>
|higher=
|lower=
|status=Active}}

The '''MacGregor Medal''' (also referred to as the '''MacGregor Memorial Medal''') is awarded for valuable military intelligence through [[reconnaissance]], [[exploration]], [[Surveying|survey]] or other similar activities of national importance.{{Sfnp|Hamond, USI Journal|1990|p=471}}{{Sfnp|Executive Committee Meetings Minutes, USI|1988-2002|p=152}}{{Sfnp|USI Journal|2020|p=582}} Awardees have included [[Survey of India]] personnel, military attaches, consuls, political officers and Indian Army, Navy and Air Force personnel (including British officers before Independence).{{Sfnp|Hamond, USI Journal|1990|p=476}} Post 1947 the medal has only been awarded to military personnel. A few medals have been awarded for escapes from enemy-occupied territory while some medals were awarded for successful operations inside enemy territory.{{Sfnp|Hamond, USI Journal|1990|p=477}} Sometimes the awardee would be conferred the medal years after the journey had been made.{{Sfnp|Hamond, USI Journal|1990|p=472}} Currently the domains incorporated are land, sea and air. Over the years the necessity and opportunities related to exploration have declined and this in turn has been coupled with a decline in recommendations. In this light the eligibility has been expanded to adventure activities mountain and desert expeditions, rafting, world circumnavigation, polar expedition and flights.{{Sfnp|Hamond, USI Journal|1990|p=474}}{{Sfnp|Sood, President's Report USI Journal|1991|p=4-5}}{{Sfnp|Hamond, USI Journal|1990|p=477}}

== History ==
The medal was instituted in May 1887 to honour the memory of [[United Service Institution of India]] founder, Major General Sir [[Charles MacGregor]].<ref name=":established">{{Cite web|last=Chhina|first=Squadron Leader (Retd) Rana TS|date=October–December 2020|title=The MacGregor Memorial Medal|url=https://usiofindia.org/publication/usi-journal/the-macgregor-memorial-medal/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210225085610/https://usiofindia.org/publication/usi-journal/the-macgregor-memorial-medal/?_sf_s=MacGregor+Medal|archive-date=2021-02-25|access-date=2021-02-25|website=United Service Institution of India|publisher=Journal of the United Service Institution of India, Vol. CL, No. 622|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="usi">[https://usiofindia.org/macgregor-medal/ Macgregor Medal.] United Service Institution of India. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511232257/http://www.usiofindia.org/mcgro.htm|date=2008-05-11}}. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210101214120/https://usiofindia.org/macgregor-medal/ Archived] on 1 January 2021.</ref> The original criteria for award of the medal were enunciated out on 3 July 1888 at [[Shimla]] at a meeting in the presence of Commander-in-Chief General Sir [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|FS Roberts]] and the [[Viceroy of India]].<ref name=":established" /> After the partition of [[British India]] into [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], the award was adopted by India and continues to this day. 122 medals have been awarded: 7 gold medals to officers, 67 standard size silver medals to officers (including 5 [[Viceroy's commissioned officer|VCOs]] and [[Junior Commissioned Officer|JCO]]s), and 48 reduced size silver medals to other ranks/soldiers.<ref name=":established" /><ref name="usi" /> One British officer has been awarded the medal twice, A. S. Lancaster, as a major in 1938, and again as a colonel in 1946;<ref name="usi" /> and one British Indian, Shahzad Mir, first as Daffadar, in 1897, then again as Risaldar in 1906.{{Sfn|Hamond|1994|p=55}} For reconnaissance in 1891, Havildar Ramzan Khan, [[Punjab Frontier Force]], was the first Indian to be awarded the medal.

== Specifications ==
There are three versions of the medal. The standard silver medal {{convert|2+3/4|inch|mm|abbr=}} without any attachments, the reduced gold medal {{convert|1+1/4|inch|mm|abbr=}} without any attachments and the reduced silver medal {{convert|1+1/4|inch|mm|abbr=}} with attachments to suspend around neck. The obverse side contains an effigy of Major General Sir Charles MacGregor. Inscribed on the upper periphery is "Major General Sir Charles MacGregor KCB CSI CIE". Inscribed on the lower periphery is "In Memoriam 1887". The reserve side contains various figures of army personnel. Details of the awardee are inscribed on the outer rim.{{Sfnp|Hamond, USI Journal|1990|p=474–475}} The colours of the ribbon are (from left to right) — Red, Green, Red, Green, Black, White, Black, Green, Red, Green, Red. The colours are based on the '[[Clan Gregor|MacGregor tartan]]'.{{Sfnp|Hamond, USI Journal|1990|p=476}}

== Recent winners ==
<gallery widths="140">
File:RAM RATAN JAT.jpg|{{Flagicon image|Naval Ensign of India.svg|size=30px}} '''Jat, 2024:''' For the extreme adventure in long distance running<ref name="tweet">{{Cite tweet | user=HQ_IDS_India | number=1912469218169151493 | title=General Anil Chauhan, Chief of Defence Staff felicitated the awardees of the prestigious MacGregor Memorial Medal for 2023 & 2024 at USI, New Delhi...}}</ref>

File:Rahul Kumar Pandey Macgregor Medal 2023.jpg|{{Flagicon image|Naval Ensign of India.svg|size=30px}} '''Pandey, 2023:''' For the extreme adventure in long distance running<ref name="tweet"/>
File:Sanjay Kumar Indian Navy.jpg|{{Flagicon image|Naval Ensign of India.svg|size=30px}} '''Kumar, 2020:''' For accomplishments in long distance running<ref name=":SKumar" />
File:Abhilash Tomy receiving Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award 2012 (cropped).jpg|{{Flagicon image|Naval Ensign of India.svg|size=30px}} '''Tomy, 2013:''' first Indian to complete a solo, non-stop circumnavigation of the globe under sail.<ref name=":AbhilashTomy" />
File:Capt Dilip Donde 2 (cropped).jpg|{{Flagicon image|Naval Ensign of India.svg|size=30px}} '''Donde, 2010:''' first Indian to complete a solo, unassisted circumnavigation of the globe under sail<ref name=":DilipDonde" />
File:Pilots of Round The World Expedition Wg Cdr R Monga (Rt) and Wg Cdr Anil Kumar alongwith their Aircraft prior to flag off at Air Force Station, Hindon, U.P. on June 01, 2007.jpg|{{Flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg|size=30px}} '''Monga & Kumar, 2007:''' world trip in a microlight aircraft<ref name=":MongaKumar" />
</gallery>

== Pre-1947 recipients ==
'''Key'''

* '''No.''' – Award number
* '''Rank''' – Rank at the time of the award
* '''Year''' – Year in which the exploration for which the award was given took place
{{Hr}}{{Multiple image
| image1 = Francis Younghusband 1905.jpg
| alt1 = 1
| caption1 = 1890: F. Younghusband
| image2 = George K. Cockerill.jpg
| caption2 = 1896: GK Cockerill
| image3 = Stewart Blacker in flying gear 1933.jpg
| caption3 = 1920: S Blacker
| direction =
| total_width = 250px
| perrow = 2,2
| image4 = Ordecharleswingate.jpg
| caption4 = 1943: OG Wingate
}}
''Only recipients with articles have been listed''
{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Name
!Rank
!Year
!Ref/Notes
|-
|1
|[[Mark Sever Bell|MS Bell]]
|Colonel
|1889
|<ref name="usi" />
|-
|2
|[[Francis Younghusband|F Younghusband]]
|Captain
|1890
|<ref name="usi" />
|-
|8
|[[Hamilton Bower|H Bower]]
|Captain
|1893
|<ref name="usi" />
|-
|12
|[[Henry Rodolph Davies|HR Davies]]
|Captain
|1895
|<ref name="usi" />
|-
|14
|[[George Cockerill (British Army officer)|GK Cockerill]]
|Lieutenant
|1896
|<ref name="usi" />
|-
|16
|[[Eric John Eagles Swayne|EJE Swayne]]
|Captain
|1897
|<ref name="usi" />
|-
|18
|[[Harold Walker (British Army officer)|HB Walker]]
|Captain
|1898
|<ref name="usi" />
|-
|41
|[[Khan Bahadur Sher Jang|KBS Jang]]
|Subedar
|1910
|<ref name="usi" />
|-
|44
|[[Gerard Leachman|G Leachman]]
|Captain
|1911
|<ref name="usi" />
|-
|52
|[[Frederick Marshman Bailey|FM Bailey]]
|Captain
|1914
|{{Sfn|Waller|1990|p=240}}
|-
|53
|[[Henry Morshead|HT Morshead]]
|Captain
|1914
|{{Sfn|Dalal|1985|p=280}}
|-
|60
|[[Edward Noel (Indian Army officer)|EWC Noel]]
|Captain
|1918
|{{Sfn|Hopkirk|1994|p=276}}
|-
|61
|[[Edward Keeling|EH Keeling]]
|Lieutenant Colonel
|1919
|<ref name="usi" />
|-
|63
|[[Stewart Blacker|LVS Blacker]]
|Captain
|1920
|<ref name="usi" />
|-
|65
|[[A. L. Holt|AL Holt]]
|Major
|1921
|<ref name="usi" />
|-
|69
|[[Geoffrey Bruce (Indian Army officer)|JG Bruce]]
|Captain
|1923
|<ref name="usi" />
|-
|76
|[[Charles Harvey-Kelly|CHGH Harvey–Kelly]]
|Major
|1926
|<ref name="usi" />
|-
|99
|[[Orde Charles Wingate|OC Wingate]]
|Major General
|1943
|<ref name="usi" />
|}

== Post-1947 recipients ==
Awards were accompanied with entries in the Register for MacGregor Medal. The entry for Captain S.L. Tugnait, awarded for 1958, reads:<ref name=":0" />
{{Blockquote|text="Captain S.L. Tugnait... Air OP Squadron, Regiment of Artillery. Valuable Military Recce in Northern Ladakh. Covered the route from Leh over the 21,000 ft Chang La (Sic. 17,590 ft) into the Shyok River Valley to Ponyvang Lake (Sic. Pangong Tso). From there to Quazi-Haji Langer-Quaratag Pass, and back by the Karakuram Pass to Daulat Beg Oldi - Sasar Kangri over the Sasar La into the Nubra Valley and back to Leh over the 19,600 ft Kharding La"}}{{Complete list|date=December 2024}}
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" |Service
! rowspan="2" |Name
! colspan="2" |Awardee details
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
!Rank
!Other details
|-
|104.
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg|size=30px}}
|[[Zorawar Chand Bakhshi|ZC Bakshi]]
|Major
|VrC, 2nd Bn, 5th Gorkha Rifles (F.F)
|1949
|<ref name="usi" />
|-
|105.
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg|size=30px}}
|IC Katoch
|Colonel
|MBE, 6th Bn, 5th Gorkha Rifles (F.F)
|1951
|<ref name="usi" />
|-
|106.
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg|size=30px}}
|MS Jarg
|Captain
|3rd Bn, Jat Regiment
|1956
|<ref name="usi" />
|-
|107.
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg|size=30px}}
|IB Goel
|2nd Lieutenant
|Bengal Engineers Group
|1956
|<ref name="usi" />
|-
|108.
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg|size=30px}}
|Vinod Badhwar
|Captain
|5th Bn, 5th Gorkha Rifles (F.F)
|1957
|<ref name="usi" />
|-
|109.
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg|size=30px}}
|SL Tugnait
|Captain
|Air Op Squadron, Regiment of Artillery
|1958
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Lt-Gen (retd) Baljit|date=28 June 2020|title=Enemy at the gates and a 910-km walk|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/enemy-at-the-gates-and-a-910-km-walk-105625|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-12|website=Tribune India}}</ref>
|-
|110.
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg|size=30px}}
|[[Mohindar Lal Whig|ML Whig]]
|Brigadier
|MVC FRGS, 2nd Bn, 5th Gorkhas Rifles (F.F)
|1969
|<ref name="usi" />
|-
|111.
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg|size=30px}}
|Prem Chand
|Major
|VSM, 13th Bn, Dogra Regiment
|1970
|<ref name="usi" />
|-
|112.
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg|size=30px}}
|CS Nugyal
|Colonel
|6th Bn, Sikh Regiment
|1971
|<ref name="usi" />
|-
|113.
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg|size=30px}}
|Ravindra Misra
|Captain
|4th Bn, 3rd Gorkha Rifles
|1972
|<ref name="usi" />
|-
|114.
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg|size=30px}}
|Bel Bahadur Pun
|Subedar
|4th Bn, 3rd Gorkha Rifles
|1972
|<ref name="usi" />
|-
|115.
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg|size=30px}}
|[[Narendra Kumar (mountaineer)|Narender Kumar]]
|Colonel
|PVSM, KC, AVSM (Retd) Kumaon Regiment
|1978 to 1981
|<ref name="usi" />
|-
|116.
|{{Flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg|size=30px}}
|Ram Karan Makkar
|Squadron Leader
|127 HU, Indian Air Force
|1986
|{{Sfnp|Executive Committee Meetings Minutes, USI|1988-2002|p=244}}
|-
|117.
|{{Flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg|size=30px}}
|[[Rana Chhina|Rana TS Chhina]]
|Flight Lieutenant
|127 HU, Indian Air Force
|1986
|{{Sfnp|Executive Committee Meetings Minutes, USI|1988-2002|p=244}}
|-
|118.
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg|size=30px}}
|NJ Korgaokar
|Lieutenant Colonel
|SM, Garhwal Regiment
|1997
|{{Sfnp|Executive Committee Meetings Minutes, USI|1988-2002|p=244}}
|-
|119.
|{{Flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg|size=30px}}
|Rahul Monga
|Wing Commander
|SC, Indian Air Force
|2007
|<ref name=":MongaKumar">{{Cite web|last=Upasani|first=Wg Cdr Mahesh|date=September 2017|title=Fabulous Fliers|url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2007/sep15-07/h8.htm|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-13|website=Sainik Samachar}}</ref>
|-
|120.
|{{Flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg|size=30px}}
|Soumik Ghosh
|Flight Lieutenant
|SC, Indian Air Force
|2010
|<ref name=":MongaKumar" />
|-
|121.
|{{Flagicon image|Naval Ensign of India.svg|size=30px}}
|[[Dilip Donde]]
|Commander
|Indian Navy
|2010
|<ref name=":DilipDonde">{{Cite web|last1=Sinha|first1=Cdr Rahul|last2=Vispute|first2=Narendra|date=September 2014|title=Book Release: A Solo Circumnavigation|url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2014/sep16-14/h12.htm|access-date=2021-02-19|website=Sainik Samachar}}</ref>
|-
|122.
|{{Flagicon image|Naval Ensign of India.svg|size=30px}}
|[[Abhilash Tomy]]
|Lieutenant Commander
|KC, NM, Indian Navy
|2013
|<ref name=":AbhilashTomy">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=24 September 2018|title=Who is Indian Navy Commander Abhilash Tomy?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/who-is-what-is/story/who-is-naval-commander-abhilash-tomy-1347440-2018-09-24|access-date=2021-02-19|website=India Today|language=en|quote=He was also awarded the MacGregor Medal in 2013 which is awarded to Indian Armed Forces personnel for valuable military reconnaissance.}}</ref>
|-
|123.
|{{Flagicon image|Naval Ensign of India.svg|size=30px}}
|Sanjay Kumar
|Electrical Artificer (P) 3
|Indian Navy
|2020
|<ref name=":SKumar">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Award of Mac Gregor Memorial Medal|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/insvalsura/content/award-mac-gregor-memorial-medal|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-13|website=Indian Navy}}</ref>
|-
|124.
|{{Flagicon image|Naval Ensign of India.svg|size=30px}}
|Rahul Kumar Pandey
|Chief Electrical Artificer (Radio)
|Indian Navy
|2023
|<ref name="tweet"/>
|-
|125.
|{{Flagicon image|Naval Ensign of India.svg|size=30px}}
|Ram Ratan Jat
|Chief Electrical Aircraft Artificer (Radio)
|Indian Navy
|2024
|<ref name="tweet"/>
|}

== See also ==

* Wing Commander [[Jag Mohan Nath]]
* Major General [[Rajendra Nath (soldier)|Rajendra Nath]]

==References==
{{reflist}}'''<big>Bibliography</big>'''

* {{Cite journal|last=Hamond|first=Captain Robert|date=January 1942|title=Through Western Tibet in 1939|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2807|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=XCIX| issue = 1|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Hamond, The Geographical Journal|1942}}|via=archive.org and PAHAR}}
* {{Cite book|last=Waller|first=Derek J.|url=https://archive.org/details/punditsbritishex0000wall|title=The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|year=1990|isbn=081311666X|via=archive.org}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hopkirk|first=Peter|url=https://archive.org/details/likehiddenfirepl0000hopk|title=Like Hidden Fire: The Plot to Bring Down the British Empire|publisher=Kodansha|year=1994|isbn=1568360207|location=United States of America|via=archive.org}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hamond|first=Robert|title=History of the MacGregor Memorial Medals 1889-1989|publisher=Lancer Paperbacks|others=United Service Institution of India|year=1994|isbn=9781897829073|location=|pages=}}
* {{Citation|last=|first=|title=Executive Committee Meetings Minutes (25 January 1988 to 18 November 2002)|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284907/page/n243/mode/2up?q=%22MacGregor+Medal%22|volume=|pages=146, 152, 170, 184, 227, 230, 245|publisher=United Service Institution of India|ref={{sfnref|Executive Committee Meetings Minutes, USI|1988-2002}}}}

'''USI Journals'''

* {{Cite journal|last=Dalal|first=Brigadier J. A. F.|date=July–September 1985|title=Henry Treise Morshead—Macgregor Medal Recipient, 1914|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279649/page/n101/mode/2up?q=Henry+Treise+Morshead|journal=U.S.I. Journal|volume=CXV| issue = 481|pages=280–283|via=archive.org}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Dalal|first=J.A.F.|date=April–June 1987|title=Colonel J.B.P. Angwin: MacGregor Award Recipient 1936|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284688/page/n61/mode/2up?q=%22MacGregor+Medal%22|journal=U.S.I. Journal|volume=CXVII| issue = 488|pages=194–197|ref={{sfnref|Dalal, USI Journal|1987}}|via=archive.org}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Hamond|first=Major (Retd) Robert|date=October–December 1990|title=The MacGregor Memorial Medal 1889-1989|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279749|journal=U.S.I. Journal|volume=CXX| issue = 502|pages=471–479|issn=0041-770X|ref={{sfnref|Hamond, USI Journal|1990}}|via=archive.org}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Sood|first=Lt Gen VK|date=January–March 1992|title=President's Report for the Year 1991: MacGregor Medal|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279816/page/n9/mode/2up?q=%22MacGregor+Medal%22|journal=U.S.I. Journal|volume=CXXII| issue = 507|pages=2–5|ref={{sfnref|Sood, President's Report USI Journal|1991}}|via=archive.org}}
*{{Cite journal|date=October–December 2020|title=150th Anniversary Issue: USI Journal|url=https://usiofindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/USI-Journal-Oct-Dec-2020.pdf|journal=The United Service Institution of India|volume=CL| issue = 622|ref={{sfnref|USI Journal|2020}}}}
*{{Cite journal|date=January–October 1933|title=Secretary's notes/MacGregor Memorial Medalists|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280027/mode/2up?q=%22Macgregor+Memorial+Medal%22|journal=U.S.I. Journal|volume=LXIII| issue = 270|via=archive.org}}

==External links==
* [http://usiofindia.org/ United Service Institution of India, Official website]
* [https://www.chinditslongcloth1943.com/burma-rifle-citations.html Image of medal and ribbon awarded to Havildar Sein U.]
{{Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces}}

[[Category:Military awards and decorations of India]]
[[Category:Reconnaissance]]

Bhima River

2025-11-16T13:09:37Z

Ghazal Builders: further adjusted section for clarity and improved wording

{{short description|Major river in southwest India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Bhima River
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other = Chandrabhaga River
| name_etymology = 
| image = NUT 7560C.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Bhima at Pandharpur
| map = Bhima.png
| map_size =
| map_caption = Bhima river course [http://u.osmfr.org/m/377470/]
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 = 
| length = {{convert|861|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location = [[mouth]]
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max = 
| source1 = [[Bhimashankar]]
| source1_location = [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| source1_coordinates = {{coord|19|4|19|N|73|32|9|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|945|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth = [[Krishna River]]
| mouth_location = between [[Karnataka]] and [[Telangana]] about 24 km north of [[Raichur]], [[India]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|16|24|36|N|77|17|6|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|336|m|abbr=on}}
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size = {{convert|70614|km2|abbr=on}}
| tributaries_left = [[Ghod River|Ghod]], [[Sina River|Sina]], [[Kagna River|Kagna]], [[Welu River|Welu]], [[Amarja]]
| tributaries_right = [[Bhama River|Bhama]], [[Indrayani River|Indrayani]], [[Mula-Mutha River|Mula-Mutha]], [[Nira River|Nira]], [[Manganga]]
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}
The '''Bhima River''' ({{Indic Transl|mr|Bhīmā Nadī|bʱiːmɑː}}, also known as '''Chandrabhaga River''') is a major river in [[Western India|Western]] and [[South India]]. It flows southeast for {{convert|861|km|mi}} through [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Telangana]] states, before joining the [[Krishna River]]. After the first 65 kilometers in a narrow valley through rugged terrain,<ref name="Hyderabad State">{{cite book|author=Khan, Mirza Mehdy |year=1909|chapter=Rivers|title=Hyderabad State|series=Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series |location=Calcutta|publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zXBB1nZYoLIC&pg=PA97 97–98]|oclc=65200528|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zXBB1nZYoLIC}}</ref> the banks open up and form a fertile agricultural area which is densely populated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geoanalyzer.britannica.com/ebc/article-9357199 |title=Bhima River |publisher=Britannica Concise article |access-date=2006-12-11 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102131650/http://geoanalyzer.britannica.com/ebc/article-9357199 |archive-date=2013-01-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The river is prone to drying up during the summer season.{{clarify|translation problem?|date=January 2023}} In 2005, it caused severe flooding in [[Solapur]], [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Vijayapura]] and [[Gulbarga district|Kalburgi]] districts. The river is also referred to as Chandrabhaga River, especially at [[Pandharpur]], as it resembles the shape of the [[Moon]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

==Course==
[[File:Sangameshwar tulapur.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Confluence of the [[Indrayani River]] and the Bhima River at [[Tulapur]].]]
The Bhima River flows southeast for a long journey of {{convert|861|km|mi}}, with many smaller rivers as tributaries. It originates near [[Bhimashankar Temple]] in the Bhimashankar hills in [[Khed Taluka, Pune|khed Taluka]] on the western side of the [[Western Ghats]], known as Sahyadri, in [[Pune District]], Maharashtra state, at {{Coord|19|04|03|N|073|33|00|E|display=inline}}.<ref>{{Citation|date=February 1962|title=Ahmadnagar, India, Sheet NE 43-02|series=Series U-502|publisher=United States Army Map Service|format=topographic map, scale 1:250,000|url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/india/ne-43-02.jpg}}</ref> It flows through [[Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary]] where it enters [[Khed Taluka, Pune|Khed Taluka]] and is soon joined by its tributary, the Aria River from the right (west) which flows into the Chas Kaman Reservoir.<ref>The mouth of the Aria River is at {{Coord|18|59|15|N|073|44|05|E|display=inline}} {{Citation|date=May 1960|title=Poona India, Sheet NE 43-06|series=Series U-502|publisher=United States Army Map Service|format=topographic map, scale 1:250,000|url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/india/ne-43-06a.jpg}}</ref> Upstream on the Aria is the Rajgurunagar-Kalmodi Dam impounding the Kalmodi Reservoir. The Chas Kaman Reservoir is impounded by the Chas Kaman Dam,<ref>{{Coord|18|57|35|N|073|47|06|E|display=inline}}</ref> the most upstream dam on the Bhima River proper. The village of [[Chas, Khed|Chas]] is on the left bank some 16 km below the dam.<ref>{{Coord|18|55|18|N|073|50|00|E|display=inline}}</ref> Some 5 km along the river below the bridge on the Bhirma at Chas, the Kumandala River meets from the right.<ref>{{Coord|18|53|21|N|073|50|54|E|display=inline}}</ref> From there it is 8 km along the river to the railroad bridge at the town of [[Rajgurunagar (Khed)]] on the left bank. 18 km further along the river, the Bhima River enters from the right<ref>{{Coord|18|44|16|N|073|56|40|E|display=inline}}</ref> just above the village of [[Pimpalgaon Tarf Khed|Pimpalgaon]] on the left bank. From there to [[Siddhegavhan]] along the river is 10 km. Siddhegavhan is the last village in [[Khed Taluka]] on the left bank.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delimitation of PC and AC – 2004 Khed Taluka, Pune District, Maharashtra (Administrative Units)|publisher=Pune District|url=http://pune.gov.in/puneCollectorate/DistrictAdmin/tahsil%20maps/Khed.tif|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509215313/http://pune.gov.in/puneCollectorate/DistrictAdmin/tahsil%20maps/Khed.tif|archive-date=2013-05-09}}</ref>

After leaving Khed Taluka, the Bhima forms the boundary between [[Havali Taluka]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Havali Taluka Map|publisher=Pune District|language=mr|url=http://pune.gov.in/punecollectorate/pwd/haveli.pdf|access-date=2013-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510203830/http://pune.gov.in/punecollectorate/pwd/haveli.pdf|archive-date=2013-05-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> on the right (south) and [[Shirur Taluka]] on the left (north).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shirur Taluka Map|publisher=Pune District|language=mr|url=http://pune.gov.in/punecollectorate/pwd/shirur.pdf|access-date=2013-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510204835/http://pune.gov.in/punecollectorate/pwd/shirur.pdf|archive-date=2013-05-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> From the Bhima's intersection to the [[Indrayani River]],<ref>{{Coord|18|40|17|N|073|59|47|E|display=inline}}</ref> which also enters from the right, is 14 km along the river. At the confluence is the town of Tulapur on the right bank in Havali Taluka. The Bhima River, the Indrayani River and the [[Mula-Mutha River]] are the major tributaries of the Bhima that drain western Pune. After the Indrayani, about 4 km downstream, the Dhomal River enters from the right,<ref>{{Coord|18|39|45|N|074|01|37|E|display=inline}}</ref> at the village of Wadhu Budruk.<ref name="Poona-sheet">{{Citation|date=May 1960|title=Poona India, Sheet NE 43-06|series=Series U-502|publisher=United States Army Map Service|format=topographic map, scale 1:250,000|url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/india/ne-43-06a.jpg}}</ref> Shortly thereafter (3.5 km), the Bhima passes under the [[List of state highways in Maharashtra|SH 60]] bridge at the town of [[Koregaon Bhima]]. From Koregaon going east, downstream 16 km, is the confluence<ref>{{Coord|18|37|16|N|074|10|11|E|display=inline}}</ref> with the [[Vel River (Bhima)|Vel River]] (Wel River) from the left (north) and the village of [[Vitthalwadi, Shirur|Vittalwadi]]. The Vel River also arises in Ambegaon Taluka, east of the Bhima, and flows through Khed Taluka and into Shirur Taluka before flowing into the Bhima. With Vittalwadi on the left, the right side of the river leaves Haveli Taluka and enters [[Daund Taluka]].

From Vittalwadi the Bhima meanders northwest and 14 km after the Vel River enters from the left, the [[Kamania River]] (Kamina) enters from the left<ref>{{Coord|18|40|02|N|074|15|20|E|display=inline}}</ref> at the village of [[Parodi, Pune|Parodi]]. After the Kamania River enters, the river meanders back southeast for 23 km to the confluence with the [[Mula-Mutha River]] from the right<ref>{{Coord|18|33|37|N|074|20|40|E|display=inline}}</ref> at the village of [[Ranjangaon Sandas]]. The Mula-Mutha River flows from the city of Pune where it is a combination of the [[Mula River (India)|Mula River]] and the [[Mutha River]].<ref name="Hyderabad State" />

31 km after the Mula-Mutha River, the [[Ghod River]] enters from the left (north)<ref>{{Coord|18|30|31|N|074|32|51|E|display=inline}}</ref> across the Bhima from the village of Nanvij (Nanwij). The [[Ghod River]] is the last of the Western Ghat tributaries of the Bhima. Shirur Taluka stops at the Ghod River, and [[Shrigonda Taluka]] of [[Ahmednagar District]] continues on the left (northeast) side of the river. Downstream just 6 km from the Ghod River, is the city of [[Daund]] on the right (southwest) bank.<ref name="Poona-sheet" />

[[Chandani River|Chandani]], [[Kamini River|Kamini]], [[Moshi (Pune)|Moshi]], [[Bori River|Bori]], [[Sina River|Sina]], [[Man River|Man]], [[Bhogavati River]] and [[Nira River|Nira]] are the major tributaries of the river in [[Solapur District]]. Of these, the Nira River meets with the Bhima between [[Nira Narsingpur]] in [[Pune District]] and [[Malshiras Taluka]] in [[Solapur district]].

Bhima merges into the [[Krishna River|Krishna]] along the border between [[Karnataka]] and [[Telangana]] about 24 km north of [[Raichur]]. At the point where the two rivers meet, the Bhima is actually longer than the Krishna in length.
<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhima River Pushkaralu 2018 Ghats in Telangana |url=http://triptrees.com/bhima-river-pushkaralu-2018-ghats-in-telangana/ |website=Trip Trees |publisher=Trip Trees |access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref>

== Tributaries ==
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Sina River]], Maharashtra
* [[Nira River]], Pune, Maharashtra
* [[Mula-Mutha]] River, Pune, Maharashtra
* Chandani River
* Kamini River
* [[Kukadi River]], Maharashtra
* Man River
* [[Bhogavati River]], Maharashtra(Tributary of Sina)
* [[Indrayani River]], Pune, Maharashtra
* [[Ghod River]], Pune, Maharashtra
* [[Bhama Asakhed Dam|Bhama River]], Maharashtra
* [[Pavana River]], Pune, Maharashtra
*[[Bori River]], Maharashtra
* [[Kagna River]], Karnataka<ref>Rudraiah, M., Govindaiah, S., & Vittala, S. S. (2008). Morphometry using remote sensing and GIS techniques in the sub-basins of Kagna river basin, Gulburga district, Karnataka, India. ''Journal of the Indian society of remote sensing'', 36, 351-360.</ref>
* Benitura River
{{div col end}}

== Bhima basin ==
The total area of the Bhima basin is 70,614 km2. The population living along the banks of Bhima is approximately 12.33 million people (1990) with 30.90 million people expected by 2030. Seventy-five percent of the basin lies in the state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/dialogue/index.asp?id=776|title=Bhima River Basin, India|access-date=2006-12-11
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070610152228/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/dialogue/index.asp?id=776 |archive-date = 2007-06-10}}</ref>

== Temples ==
[[File:Pundalik temple.jpg|thumb|upright|Temples on the bank of Bhima in Pandharpur]]
* [[Bhimashankar]] one of the twelve esteemed [[Jyotirling]]a shrines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantemples.com/Maharashtra/bhima.html|title=Bhimashankaram|publisher=templenet|access-date=2006-12-11}}</ref>
* Siddhatek, [[Ashtavinayak#Siddhivinayak|Siddhivinayak]] Temple of [[Ashtavinayak]] [[Ganesh]]
* [[Vithoba|Vitthal]] Temple in [[Pandharpur]].
* [[Mallikarjun Temple chinmalli kalaburagi]]
* Sri Dattatreya Temple, [[Ganagapura]], Gulbarga district, Karnataka.
* Shri Kshetra Ghattargi Bhagamma, Ghattargi, Gulbarga District, Karnataka.
* Sri Kshetra Hulakantheshwar Temple, Heroor (B), Gulbarga District, Karnataka.
* Sri Kshetra Rasangi [[hanuman|Balabheemasena]] Temple in Rasanagi, [[Jevargi]] [[Taluka]], [[Kalaburagi district]], [[Karnataka]]
* Sri Kshetra Kolakoor [[Sri|Siddhabasaveshwara]] Temple in Kolakoor, [[Jevargi]] [[Taluka]], [[Kalaburagi district]], [[Karnataka]]
* Honagunta Chandrala Parameshwari Temple, Honagunta near Shahbad, [[Kalaburagi district]]
* Chandrala paramweshwari temple at [[Sannati]], Karnataka
* [[Kanaganahalli]] Buddhist site, Karnataka

==Dams==
There are twenty-two dams in the basin of Bhima River. The first dam is the Chas Kaman Dam in [[Khed Taluka]], [[Pune district]]. The largest dam by capacity is [[Ujjani Dam]], near Tembhurni, Solapur District. Total Water storage capacity of Bhima basin is about 300 [[tmcft|TMC]] in Maharashtra state. Nearly 30 barrages are constructed across the main Bhima river from the downstream of Ujjani dam in Maharashtra and Karnataka states to harness all the water available in the river in excess of [[Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal]] allocations. Bhima to Sina interlink (Jod Kalava) with 21 km tunnel from [[Ujjani Dam|Ujjani reservoir]] is constructed to supply water for vast lands in catchment area of [[Sina River|Sina tributary]] from main Bhima river.
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* '''Dams – Capacity [River]'''
* [[Ujjani Dam|Ujjani]] – 118 TMC [Bhima]
* [[Bhatghar Dam|Bhatghar]] – 23.50 TMC [Yelwandi]
* [[Mulshi Dam|Mulshi]] – 18.47 TMC [Mula]
* [[Varasgaon Dam|Varasgaon]] – 12.82 TMC [Mose]
* [[Dimbhe Dam|Dimbhe]] – 12.49 TMC [Ghod]
* [[Niradevghar Dam|Nira Devghar]] – 11.73 TMC [Nira]
* [[Panshet Dam|Panshet]] – 10.65 TMC [Ambi]
* [[Manikdoh Dam|Manikdoh]] – 10.17 TMC [Kukadi]
* [[Veer Dam|Veer]] – 9.41 TMC [Nira]
* [[Pavana River|Pavana]] – 8.51 TMC [Pawana]
* [[Bhama Asakhed Dam|Bhama Askhed]] – 7.67 TMC [Bhama]
* [[Chaskaman Dam|Chas Kaman]] – 7.58 TMC [Bhima]
* [[Ghod Dam|Ghod (Chinchani)]] – 5.47 TMC [Ghod]
* [[Pimpalgaon Joge Dam|Pimpalgaon Joge]] – 3.89 TMC [Aarala]
* [[Temghar Dam|Temghar]] – 3.71 TMC [Mutha]
* Andhra – 2.92 TMC [Indrayani]
* [[Yedgaon Dam|Yedgaon]] – 2.80 TMC [Kukadi]
* [[Khadakwasla Dam|Khadakwasala]] – 1.98 TMC [Mutha]
* Kalamodi – 1.51 TMC [Aarala]
* Vadaj- 1.17 TMC [Meena]
* Vadivale – 1.07 TMC [Indrayani]
* Visapur – .90 TMC [Hanga]
* Gunjavani – .69 TMC [Gunjavani]
* Nazare – .59 TMC [Karha]
* Kasarsai – .57 TMC [Pawana Basin]
* [[Walwan Dam|Walwan]] – [Indrayani]
* [[Chilewadi Dam|Chilewadi]] – [Kukadi Basin]
* Pushpawati – [Kukadi basin]
* Thitewadi – [Vel]
* Sina Nimgaon – 2.2 TMC Approx[Sina]
* [[Sina Kolegaon Dam|Sina Kolegaon]] – 5.0 TMC Approx.[Sina]
* [[Shirvata Dam|Shirvata]] – 5.0 TMC Approx.[Indrayani]
{{div col end}}

==Hydro power plants==
* [[Bhira Hydroelectric Project]] 300 MW (150 MW [[Pumped-storage hydroelectricity|pumped storage]]) by [[Tata Power]] with water from [[Mulshi Dam]], [[Bhushi Dam]], [[Bhira Dam]], [[Walwan Dam]], [[Thokarwadi Dam]] and [[Shirvata Dam]]
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* Khopoli hydro 72 MW by Tata Power<ref>{{cite web|title=Hydro Electric Projects in Maharashtra|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Hydro_Electric_Projects_in_Maharashtra|access-date=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804200927/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Hydro_Electric_Projects_in_Maharashtra|archive-date=4 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Bhivpuri hydro 78 MW by Tata Power
* [[Ujjani Dam]] 12 MW pumped storage
* [[Bhatghar Dam]] 16 MW
* [[Pawana Dam]] 10 MW
* [[Khadakwasla Dam]] 8 MW
* [[Veer Dam]] 9 MW
* [[Dimbhe Dam]] 5 MW
* [[Manikdoh Dam]] 6 MW
* [[Niradevghar Dam]] 6 MW
{{div col end}}
Most of the hydro power (450 MW from Bhira, Khopoli and Bhivpuri) is generated by diverting water from the Bhima river basin to west flowing [[Kundalika River|Kundalika]], [[Patalganga River|Patalganga]] and [[Ulhas River|Ulhas]] rivers respectively. The diverted water is nearly 42.5 TMC which is mostly going waste to Arabian sea after generating hydro power. State government is planning to reduce the use of Bhima river basin water for power generation and use river basin water fully for drinking and irrigation purposes inside the basin as the available water is inadequate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tata Power loses water resource to Bhima basin|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/tata-power-loses-water-resource-to-bhima-basin/65266261|access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref> However, Bhira hydro station can be operated in pumped storage mode to generate peaking power without releasing water to Arabian sea.

== See also ==
{{portal|Environment|Ecology}}
*[[List of rivers of India]]
*[[List of major rivers of India|Rivers of India]]
*[[Bhima Pushkaram]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Bhima River}}
{{Wikivoyage|Western India}}
* [http://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/notifiedrivers/upperBhima.php Classification of Waters of Upper Bhima River Basin]{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930224423/http://mpcb.mah.nic.in/envtdata/gemsminars.php Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources]
* [http://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/notifiedrivers/lowerBhima.php Notified rivers]{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081007234159/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/31/stories/2006073102860300.htm Flood alert in villages along Bhima river]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070225133918/http://mpcb.mah.nic.in/images/pdf/EnvstatusreportPune.pdf Environmental Status of Pune Region, Maharashtra Pollution Control Board]

{{Western Ghats}}
{{Hydrography of Maharashtra}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Krishna River]]

Thomas Watters

2025-11-02T00:08:14Z

Ghazal Builders: Created New Details Added Tags...

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
'''Thomas Watters''' (9 February 1840 – 10 January 1901) was an [[The Orient|Oriental]] scholar.

==Life==
Thomas Watters was born on 9 February 1840 in [[Newtownards]], in [[County Down]], Ireland. He was [[home schooled]] by his father, the Rev. Thomas Watters, the [[Presbyterian]] Minister in Newtownards. He entered Queen's College, Belfast in 1857 and graduated with a B.A. from Queen's University in 1861 and an M.A. in 1861.<ref>Bushell, S W. 'Thomas Watters - Obituary'. ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'' (1901), republished in '''On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India (629-645 AD)''', p. VIII.</ref><ref>Cordier, Henri. "Thomas Watters - Necrologie". ''Toung Pao'', Serie II, Vol II (1901), pp 92-3.</ref>

He was appointed to a post in the Consular Service of China in 1863 going first to [[Beijing]]. He was then posted in 1887-1888 as Acting Consul General in Korea, in [[Guangzhou]] 1891-1893 and then until April, 1895, Consul in [[Fuzhou]], when failing health forced him to retire after 32 years' service in the Far East.<ref>Bushell, S W. 'Thomas Watters - Obituary'. ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'' (1901), republished in '''On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India (629-645 AD)''', p. IX.</ref><ref>Cordier, Henri. "Thomas Watters - Necrologie". ''Toung Pao'', Serie II, Vol II (1901), pp 92-3.</ref>

== Partial list of works ==
* A Guide to the Tablets in a Temple of Confucius, by T. Watters, H. M.'s Consul for Wuhu. Shanghai, China: - Printed at the American Presbyterian Mission Press, 1879, in-8, pp. xx-259.
* Lao-Tzû 老子. A Study in [[Chinese philosophy|Chinese Philosophy]], by T. Watters, M. A.. Hong Kong: Printed at the "China Mail" Office, 1870, in-8, pp. 114 without the preface. A Large part of this work appeared previously in ''The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal'', Vol. I, pp. 31, 57, 82, 106, 128, 164, 209. In his brochure, M. Watters has added two chapters (VIII, Lao Tzû, and Confucius; IX, Conclusion).
* "Buddhism in China." By T. Watters. (''Chinese Recorder'', II, pp. 16, 38-43, 64-8, 81-8, 117, 145-150.)
* "Notes on the "''Miao-fa-lien-hua-ching'', a Buddhist Sutra in Chinese", by T. Watters. (''Journal North-China Br. B. As. Soc''., N. S., No. IX, 1874, Art. IV, p. 89.)
* "Fa-Hsien and his English Translators." T. Watters. ''China Review''. 1879-1880. In several sections.
* "The A-mi-t'ê ching." (1882). By T. Watters. (''China Review'', X, pp. 225–240.)
* The ''Ta-yun-lun-ch'ing-yü-ching.'' (1882) 大雲輪请雨經 By T. Watters. (''China Review'', X, pp. 384–395).
* "The Eighteen Lohan of Chinese Buddhist Temples." By T. Watters. (''Jour. Roy. As. Soc.'', April 1898, pp. 329–347).
* "Kapilavastu in the Buddhist Books." By T. Watters. (''Ibid.'', July 1898, pp. 533–571).
* "Notes on Chinese Mahometan Literature." By T. Watters. (''China Review'', I, pp. 195–199.)
* "The Life and Works of Han Yü or Han Wên-kung. By T. Watters. (''Journal N. C. Br. R. As. Soc.'', for 1871 and 1872, N. S., VII, pp. 165-181).
* TAO 道: “An Essay on a Word." By T. Watters. (''Chinese Recorder'', IV, pp. 1–4, 33-5, 100-2).
* "Essays on the Chinese Language." By T. Watters. (''China Review'', IV, 1889, pp. 207–212, 271-8, 335-343. - V, pp. 9–13, 75-83, 145-152, 208-216.)
* "Chinese Notions about Pigeons and Doves." By T. Watters. (''Journ. N. C. Br. R. As. Soc.'', IV, Dec. 1867, pp. 225 et seq.)
* "Chinese Fox-Myths." By T. Watters. (''Journ. N. C. Br. R. As. Soc.'', N. S., VIII, 1873, pp. 45 et seq.)
* ''Stories of Everyday Life in Modern China''. Told by (Chinese and Done into English by T. Watters, late H. M. Consul at Foochow. London, David Nutt, 1896.
* ''On Yuan Chwang’s Travels in India''. Thomas Watters (1904–05) London, ''Royal Asiatic Society''.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Athenaeum|date=August 24, 1907|issue=4165|title=Review ''On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India'' by Thomas Watters, edited after his death by T. W. Rhys Davids and S. W. Bushell, 2 vols.|page=207|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__I_PcOFSw8C&pg=PA207}}</ref> Reprint, Delhi, [[Munshiram Manoharlal]], 1973.

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Bushell, S W. 'Thomas Watters - Obituary'. ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'' (1901), republished in 'On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India (629-645 AD)'. Published 1904 and 1905, 2 vols.
* Cordier, Henri. "Thomas Watters - Necrologie". ''Toung Pao'', Serie II, Vol II (1901), pp 92–3.
* Watters, Thomas (1904–05). ''On Yuan Chwang’s Travels in India''. London, ''Royal Asiatic Society''. Reprint, Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1973.

== External links ==
{{commonscatinline}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Thomas Watters}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Watters, Thomas}}
[[Category:1840 births]]
[[Category:1901 deaths]]
[[Category:English religious writers]]
[[Category:People from Newtownards]]
[[Category:Chinese–English translators]]
[[Category:19th-century translators]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Korea]]
[[Category:British expatriates in China]]

Ledisol

2025-08-12T08:34:01Z

Ghazal Builders: created new info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ledisol
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.9816|N|86.8634|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.405
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5,056
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages*
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 722140
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03243
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ranibandh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranibandh]]
| website = {{URL|bankura.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ledisol''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Khatra (community development block)|Khatra]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Khatra subdivision]] of the [[Bankura district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=420| height=400| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|56|0|N|86|54|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in Khatra subdivision in Bankura district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, C: craft centre, T: ancient/ temple centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|51|51|N|87|0|21|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Baragari| numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[Baragari]] (R)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle| shape-color1=#C42222|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|46|14|N|86|47|37|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Barikul| numbered2=R| mark-title2= [[Barikul]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|52|50|N|86|52|43|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Haludkanali| numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Haludkanali]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|3|48|N|86|48|8|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Hirbandh| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Hirbandh]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|10|0|N|86|56|0|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Indpur| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Indpur]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|49|0|N|86|38|12|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Jhilimili| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Jhilimili]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|45|28|N|86|53|2|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Kharigerya| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Kharigerya]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|58|0|N|86|47|15|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8=Mukutmanipur| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Mukutmanipur]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|42|39|N|86|51|57|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Phulkusma| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Phulkusma]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|51|53|N|86|47|4|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Ranibandh| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Ranibandh]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|49|50|N|86|39|42|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Rautara| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Rautara]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|46|36|N|87|1|23|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Sarenga| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Sarenga, Bankura]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|1|12|N|87|6|36|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Taldangra| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Taldangra]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|46|28|N|86|54|13|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Matgoda| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Matgoda]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|58|28|N|86|51|0|E}}| label-pos15=right |label15=Khatra| numbered15=CT| mark-title15 =[[Khatra]] (CT)| shape-color15=#A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|48|0|N|86|57|0|E}}| label-pos16=right |label16=Raipur| numbered16=CT| mark-title16 =[[Raipur, Bankura]] (CT)| shape-color16=#A40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|55|21|N|87|4|24|E}}| label-pos17=right |label17=Simlapal| numbered17=CT| mark-title17 =[[Simlapal]] (CT)| shape-color17=#A40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|59|20|N|86|51|48|E}}| label-pos18=right |label18=Ledisol| numbered18=CT| mark-title18 =Ledisol (CT)|shape-color18=black| label-size18=13|label-color18=black 
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|58|0|N|87|10|0|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Panchmura| numbered19=C| mark-title19= [[Panchmura]] (C)| shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|56|30|N|86|46|14|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Ambikanagar| numbered20=T| mark-title20= [[Ambikanagar, Bankura]] (T) |shape-color20=#AA6666
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|7|46|N|86|59|17|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Atbaichandi| numbered21=T| mark-title21= [[Atbaichandi]] (T) |shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|57|16|N|87|9|49|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22=Deulbhira| numbered22=T| mark-title22= [[Deulbhira]] (T) |shape-color22=#AA6666
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|1|27|N|87|0|0|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23=Harmasra| numbered23=T| mark-title23= [[Harmasra]] (T) |shape-color23=#AA6666
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|57|15|N|86|44|51|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24=Pareshnath| numbered24=T| mark-title24= [[Pareshnath]] (T) |shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|44|37|N|86|54|51|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25=Mandankuli| numbered25=T| mark-title25= [[Mandankuli]] (T) |shape-color25=#AA6666
|mark-coord26={{coord|22.9462|N|86.7003|E}} |label26=Kangsabati Project|labela26= Reservoir| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26=0| label-pos26=top| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none
|mark-coord27={{coord|22.8573|86.9125}}| label27=Kangsabati River| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=80| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27 =none}}

===Location===
Ledisol is located at {{coord|22.9816|N|86.8634|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows the Khatra subdivision of Bankura district. Physiographically, this area is having uneven lands with hard rocks. In the Khatra CD block area there are some low hills. The Kangsabati project reservoir is prominently visible in the map. The subdued patches of shaded area in the map show forested areas<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura |work = pages 13-17 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | accessdate = 23 April 2020}}</ref> It is an almost fully rural area.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Hanbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura |work = Table 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 23 April 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Ledisol had a total population of 5,056, of which 2,582 (51%) were males and 2,474 (49%) were females. There were 447 persons in the age range of 0–6 years. The total number of literate persons in Ledisol was 4,235 (91.89% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 14 April 2020}}</ref>

.*For language details see [[Khatra (community development block)#Language and religion]]

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Bankura'', Ledisol covered an area of 1.405 km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 13.5 km of roads, the protected water supply involved tap water from treated sources, tubewell/ borewell. It had 670 domestic electric connections, 272 road lighting points. Among the medical facilities it had 1 dispensary/ health centre, 1 family welfare centre, 1 maternity and child welfare centre, 4 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had were 2 primary schools, 1 middle school, 1 secondary school, 1 senior secondary school, the nearest general degree college at Supur 4 km away. It had 2 non-formal education centres (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan). Among the social cultural and recreational facilities, it had 1 cinema theatre, 1 auditorium/ community hall, 1 public library, 1 reading room. The three most important commodities it manufactured were rice, wheat, mustard oil. It had the branch of 1 cooperative bank.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 1429-1434; Statement I: Status and Growth History, Page 1429; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Page 1430; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Page 1431; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Page 1432; Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Page 1432; Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |accessdate = 7 April 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bankura District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bankura district]]

{{Bankura-geo-stub}}

Jargo, Purulia

2025-06-01T09:44:25Z

Ghazal Builders: started entry!

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jargo
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.3105|N|85.8963|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purulia district|Purulia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4083
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 723212
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03254
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Baghmundi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baghmundi]]
| website = {{URL|purulia.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| module ={{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=340| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23.316|86.050}}| float=center|caption=Places in Jhalda subdivision in Purulia district. Key: M: municipality, C: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre, X: craft centre, T: tourist centre, △: hills Owing to space constraints in the small map, the locations in the larger map on click through may vary slightly.
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|23|42|N|85|59|54|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= [[Chekya]]| numbered1=C| mark-title1= [[Chekya]] (Census Town)|label-color1= #800000 |label-sizeD=11| mark-sizeD=14|shapeD=l-circle|shape-colorD=#A40000|shape-outlineD=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|21|10|N|86|3|23|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=[[Begunkodor]]| numbered2=C| mark-title2= [[Begunkodor]] (Census Town)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|25|52|N|86|8|57|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3=[[Jaypur, Purulia|Jaypur]]| numbered3=C| mark-title3= [[Jaypur, Purulia]] (Census Town)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|22|12|N|85|58|12|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= [[Jhalda]]| numbered4=M| mark-title4= [[Jhalda]] (M) |shape-color4=#800000
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|25|16|N|86|12|28|E}} | label-pos5=bottom|label5=[[Agharpur]]| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Agharpur]] (R) |shape-color5=#C42222
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|30|19|N|86|4|34|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=[[Ananda Nagar, Purulia|Ananda Nagar]]| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Ananda Nagar, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color6=#C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|11|50|N|86|3|0|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=[[Baghmundi]]| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Baghmundi]] (R) |shape-color7=#C42222|ldy7=6
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|18|37|N|85|53|46|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Jargo| numbered8=R| mark-title8= Jargo, Purulia (R) |shape-color8=black|label-color8=black|label-size8=14
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|24|47|N|86|4|46|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=[[Jiudaru]]| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Jiudaru]] (R) |shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|24|22|N|86|4|12|E}} | label-pos10=bottom|label10=[[Kotshila]]| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Kotshila]] (R) |shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|21|20|N|85|57|11|E}} | label-pos11=bottom|label11=[[Masina, Purulia|Masina]]| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Masina, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|11|2|N|86|3|50|E}} | label-pos12=bottom|label12=Patardi| numbered12=R| mark-title12= Patardi (R)|shape-color12=#C42222|ldy12=2
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|22|45|N|85|53|26|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=[[Tulin, Purulia|Tulin]]| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Tulin, Purulia|Tulin]] (R) |shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|11|44|N|85|53|37|E}} | label-pos14=bottom|label14= [[Suisa]]| numbered14=H| mark-title14= [[Suisa]] (H) |shape-color14=#AA6666
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|12|30|N|86|1|53|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=[[Charida]]| numbered15=X| mark-title15= [[Charida]] (X)| shape-color15=#AA6666
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|12|34|N|86|7|49|E}} | label-pos16=right|ldy16=-5 |label16= Ajodhya Hill top | numbered16=T|shape-color16=green| mark-title16= Ajodhya Hills (T)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|11|44|N|86|5|29|E}} | shape17=l-square| label-pos17=bottom |label17= [[Purulia Pumped Storage Power Station|Purulia]]| numbered17=T|shape-color17=green| mark-title17= [[Purulia Pumped Storage Power Station]]|ldy17=0|ldx17=6
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|12|25|N|86|5|5|E}} | label-pos18=top |label18= Bamni Falls | numbered18=T|shape-color18=green| mark-title18= Ajodhya Hills (T)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|19|3|N|86|3|17|E}} | shape19=l-square|label-pos19=right |label19= [[Murguma Dam]] | numbered19=T|shape-color19=green| mark-title19= [[Murguma Dam]]
|mark-coord20={{coord|23.32|85.885}}| label20= Subarnarekha River| label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20=-55| label-pos20=top| label-size20=9| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none
|mark-coord21={{coord|23.2708989|85.9921269}}|shape21=l-triangle|label21= Chamtuburu| label-color21 = #C42222| label-pos21=left| mark-title21 =Chamtuburu Pahar hill|numbered21=△|mark-description21={{cvt|720|m}}|ldy21=2
|mark-coord22={{coord|23.2894|N|86.0506|E}}| label22= Ajodhya^Hills| label-color22 = #C42222 | label-angle22=0| label-pos22=bottom| label-size22=14| mark-size22=0| mark-title22 =none
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|08|37.3|N|86|07|42.8|E}}|shape23=l-triangle|label23= [[Gorgaburu]]| label-color23 = #C42222| label-pos23=left| mark-title23 =Gorgaburu hill|numbered23=△|mark-description23={{cvt|677|m}}|ldy23=2
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|14|37.7|N|86|08|18.0|E}}|shape24=l-triangle|label24= Chandni Hill|label-color24 = #C42222| label-pos24=right| mark-title24 =Chandni Pahar hill|numbered24=△|mark-description24={{cvt|620|m}}|ldy24=2
|arc-coordA={{coord|23.45|85.86}}|arc-textA= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-50| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.43}}
}}
'''Jargo''' is a village in the Ilu Jargo [[gram panchayat|panchayat]] in the [[Jhalda I]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Jhalda subdivision]] of the [[Purulia district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==

===Location===
Jargo is located at {{coord|23.3105|N|85.8963|E|}}.

===Area overview===
Purulia district forms the lowest step of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. The general scenario is undulating land with scattered hills. [[Jhalda subdivision]], shown in the map alongside, is located in the western part of the district, bordering [[Jharkhand]]. The [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] flows along a short stretch of its western border. It is an overwhelmingly rural subdivision with 91.02% of the population living in the rural areas and 8.98% living in the urban areas. There are 3 census towns in the subdivision. The map alongside shows some of the tourist attractions in the [[Ajodhya Hills]]. The area is home to Purulia [[Chhau dance]] with spectacular masks made at [[Charida]]. The remnants of old temples and deities are found in the subdivision also, as in other parts of the district.<ref>Houlton, Sir John, ''Bihar, the Heart of India'', 1949, p. 170, Orient Longmans Ltd.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purulia |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 12 January 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.wbtourismgov.in/destination/district/purulia| title = Purulia| work = Department of Tourism| publisher = Government of West Bengal| accessdate = 1 February 2020| archive-date = 13 June 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210613193601/https://www.wbtourismgov.in/destination/district/purulia| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.utsavpedia.com/cultural-connections/indian-performing-arts/chhau-dance-of-purulia/| title = Chhau dance of Purulia| publisher = Itsavpedia |accessdate = 1 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook: Puruliya – Series 20, Part Xii A, Census of India 2011| work= Page 102: Brief Description of Places of Religious, Historical or Archaeological Importance and Places of Tourist Interest of the District |publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |accessdate = 28 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://rangandatta.wordpress.com/2018/04/25/deuli-harup-and-suisa-crumbling-temples-scattered-statues-and-single-room-museum-purulia-district/#more-32881| title = Deuli, Harup and Suisa, Crumbling Temples, Scattered Statues and Single Room Museum| publisher = Rangan Dutta/ Wordpress |accessdate = 21 January 2020}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Jargo had a total population of 4,083, of which 2,074 (51%) were males and 2,009 (49%) were females. There were 495 persons in the age range of 0–6 years. The total number of literate persons in Jargo was 2,481 (69.15% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 21 January 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
[[Chitta Mahato Memorial College]] was established in 2010. It is affiliated with the [[Sidho Kanho Birsha University]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.chittamahatomemorialcollege.ac.in/ | title = Chitta Mahato Memorial College | publisher = CMMC |accessdate = 19 January 2020}}</ref>

Jargo High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1956. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/jargo-high-school-h-s-11e7z7| title = Jargo High School | publisher = |accessdate = 19 January 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purulia District}}

[[Category:Villages in Purulia district]]

Khanpur, Ghazipur

2025-05-10T18:32:46Z

Ghazal Builders: started a details!

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khanpur (village)
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.341|N|83.0740|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Ghazipur
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]

| leader_title = Gram pradhan
| leader_name =
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 9
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 80.2
| population_total = 10000
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Languages
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Indian English|English]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 233223
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 915495
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#UP.E2.80.94Uttar_Pradesh|UP]]-61
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Varanasi
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 =
| blank3_info_sec1 =
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Ghazipur (2009)
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank5_info_sec1 = Saidpur
| blank6_name_sec1 = Nearest Railway Station
| blank6_info_sec1 = Aunrihar
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|warm]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website = http://ghazipur.nic.in/
| footnotes =
}}

'''Khanpur''' is a village in [[Ghazipur district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 10, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> It situated 30 km north-east from [[Varanasi]], 45 km west from [[Ghazipur]], 56 km east from [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], and 80 km south from [[Azamgarh]].

There are six villages in the local self-government (''[[gram panchayat]]'') area of Khanpur, being Khanpur Bairahia, Khanpur Nonara, Khanpur Basti(Chamaruti, Khanpur Emirti, Khanpur Dih, and Khanpur Usarahan. The nearest railway station is at [[Aunrihar]], 7 km away and there is a direct bus connection to Varanasi. There is also a hospital.

There are temples to several gods, including [[Goria dih]], [[Jamaki Dih]], [[Kali]], [[Durga]], [[Shiva]], [[Hanuman]], [[Krishna]], and [[Rama|Ram]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Ghazipur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Ghazipur district]]

MYJ–GMSC

2025-03-17T17:05:37Z

Ghazal Builders: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Mighty Young Joe–Goalorious Mothers SC]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Maiestas cuculata

2025-03-03T03:14:09Z

Ghazal Builders: created data

{{Short description|Species of true bug}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| genus = Maiestas
| species = cuculata
| authority = (Dash & Viraktamath, 1998)
}}

'''''Maiestas cuculata''''' is a species of bugs from the [[leafhopper|Cicadellidae]] family that is endemic to [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://globalspecies.org/ntaxa/2457851|title=Recilia cuculatus |publisher=Globalspecies.org|accessdate=22 May 2012}}</ref> It was formerly placed within ''[[Recilia]]'', but a 2009 revision moved it to ''[[Maiestas]]''.<ref name=WeebViraktamath2009>Webb, M.D.; Viraktamath, C.A. 2009: Annotated check-list, generic key and new species of Old World Deltocephalini leafhoppers with nomenclatorial changes in the ''Deltocephalus'' group and other Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Cicadellidae). ''Zootaxa'', '''2163''': 1-64. [http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2009/f/z02163p064f.pdf Abstract & excerpt]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3082384}}

[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Insects of India]]
[[Category:Maiestas|cuculata]]

{{Deltocephalinae-stub}}

Sunhani, Himachal Pradesh

2024-11-26T19:57:47Z

Ghazal Builders: Created Basic Details Nd Citations...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sunhani
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31|24|16.398|N|76|39|56.4768|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| leader_title = Tehsil
| leader_name = Jhanduta
| leader_title1 = Governing Body
| leader_name1 = Gram Panchayat Sunhani
| leader_title2 = MP
| leader_name2 = [[Anurag Thakur]] [[BJP]]
| leader_title3 = MLA
| leader_name3 = [[Jeet Ram Katwal]] [[BJP]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2134
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 174029
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01978
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#HP.E2.80.94Himachal Pradesh|HP]]- HP-23,24,89
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest cities
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]], [[Ghumarwin]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Hot and humid.]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|38|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|2|°C|°F}}
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Sunhani''' is a village located in Jhanduta [[tehsil]] of [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India. At the [[2001 Census of India]], it had a population of 2134 people and 452 families.<ref name="auto"/> It was the capital of the [[Kahlur]] kingdom from 1600 to 1650.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0208_PART_B_DCHB_BILASPUR.pdf | title=District census handbook - Bilaspur | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525053951/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0208_PART_B_DCHB_BILASPUR.pdf | archive-date=2021-05-25}}</ref>{{rp|p=11}} Throughout history it has played an important role in the local area.<ref name="auto"/>

== Population ==
In the village of Sunhani, the population of children with ages 0–6 is 244 which makes up 11.43% of the total population of the village. The Average Sex Ratio of Sunhani village is 1013 which is higher than the Himachal Pradesh state average of 972. Child Sex Ratio for the Sunhani as per census is 1033, higher than Himachal Pradesh average of 909.

== Literacy ==
Sunhani village has a higher literacy rate compared to Himachal Pradesh. In 2011, the literacy rate of Sunhani village was 87.94% compared to 82.80% of Himachal Pradesh. In Sunhani Male literacy stands at 92.55% while the female literacy rate was 83.37%.

== Government ==
As per the constitution of India and the Panchyati Raaj Act, Sunhani village is administrated by Sarpanch (Head of Village) who is elected representative of the village.

== Language ==

Language : The spoken dialect of the people is [[Kahluri]] which is an off-shoot Western Pahari. Grierson calls it "Rude Punjabi" similar to that spoken in the Hoshiarpur district. The written script is "Devnagri". English and Hindi have official status.<ref name="auto"/>{{rp|p=13}}

== Location and transport ==
The nearest cities are [[Ghumarwin]], [[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]] and [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]. The nearest railway station is also Una Railway Station, while [[shimla Airport]] is the nearest airport for the town.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Sunhani/shimla+airport/@31.2324548,76.6168783,10z/am=t/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x39053a3ff9cb0133:0xf31867ba368d7ef8!2m2!1d76.6650387!2d31.4054511!1m5!1m1!1s0x39057b99fe408cfd:0x13861bd6b4f5ac5e!2m2!1d77.066206!2d31.0856635|title = Sunhani to Shimla Airport}}</ref>

The village also has a Helipad which has been used by VVIPS<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://hp.gov.in/hpsdma/ResourceList/Helipads/HelipadCoordinates.pdf | title=List of District wise Helipads in Himachal Pradesh alongwith Coordinates | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217225646/http://hp.gov.in/hpsdma/ResourceList/Helipads/HelipadCoordinates.pdf | archive-date=2017-02-17}}</ref>

== See also ==
[[Govind Sagar Lake]] and [[Bhakra Dam]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh]]

Krishnaraja Pete

2024-10-05T13:07:29Z

Ghazal Builders: started a page!

{{refimprove|date=December 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Krishnarajpete
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = File: Basaveshwara K.R.Pet.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Basavanagudi Temple in K.R.Pet
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.66|N|76.49|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mandya district|Mandya]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Town Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4.26
| area_rural_km2 = 897.55
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 790
| population_total = 25946
| population_rural = 234533
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 571 426
| registration_plate = KA-54, KA-11
| website = {{URL|http://www.krishnarajapetetown.mrc.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Krishnarajapete''', colloquially known as '''K.R. Pete''', is a municipality and [[Taluka|taluk]] in [[Mandya District]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]].

==Geography==
Krishnarajpet is located at {{Coord|12.66|N|76.49|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/19/Krishnarajpet.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Krishnarajpet]</ref> It has an average elevation of 790 metres (2591 feet).

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Krishnarajpet had a population of 22,473. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Krishnarajpet has an average literacy rate of 70%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 77%, and female literacy is 63%. In Krishnarajpet, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Abandoned ancient temples==
K.R. Pete and its surroundings has many ancient temples of architectural importance, built during the [[Hoysala]] reign.

One such small temple is the Hoysaleswara Temple at Thenginaghatta village. The temple is surrounded by wild bushes and banana plantations. Sadly neglected, ancient sculptures are strewn about amidst debris. The epigraph reveals the name of the temple as ‘Hoysaleswara Temple’ and being completed on 7 August 1133 AD, during the reign of the Hoysala king [[Narasimha I|Narasimha]]. Further the inscription acknowledges Hadacala Kavanna, Hadavala Kancha, Kaleya Nayaka, Chikkate and Heggade Munjayya who had contributed towards the construction of the temple and a tank. Further it records the gifts of land made to sculptor of temple Bammoja, son of Haloja of Kikkeri.<ref name=Gouri>{{cite news|last1=Satya|first1=Gouri|title=Miscellany-The fading charm of the destroy|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/486527/miscellany-fading-charm-destroy.html|accessdate=2 July 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=30 June 2015}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Agraharabachahalli festival grama habba.jpg
File:Krishnarajpet to Melkoute Hillroad.jpg|Melukote Road
File:K.R.Pet Junction.jpg|Krishnarajapet Taluk Junction
File:Basaveshwara Temple, K.R.Pet.jpg|Basaveshwara
File:K.R.Pet.4km.Kommenahalli.jpg|Kommanahalli
File:Ganapathy park. Krishnarajapet.jpg|Ganapathy Park
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Gummanahalli]]
* [[Pandavapura]]
* [[Chinakurali]]
* [[Kikkeri]]
* [[Hosaholalu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Mandya district]]