Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Wildfire

2026-05-30T15:29:32Z

Ghaiinfra: adding new data...

{{Short description|Uncontrolled fire in forests or open spaces}}
{{redirect-multi|2|Bushfire|Forest fire|other uses|Wildfire (disambiguation)|and|Brushfire (disambiguation)|and|Forest fire (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}[[File:Burnout ops on Mangum Fire McCall Smokejumpers.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Wildfire burning in the [[Kaibab National Forest]], [[Arizona]], United States, in 2020. The [[Mangum Fire]] burned more than {{convert|70,000|acres|km2}} of [[forest]].]]
A '''wildfire''', '''forest fire''', '''brushfire''' or a '''bushfire''' is an unplanned and uncontrolled [[fire]] in an area of [[Combustibility and flammability|combustible]] [[vegetation]].<ref>{{cite book |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=90587&dict=CALD |title=Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press  |isbn=978-0-521-85804-5 |edition=3rd|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813154617/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=90587&dict=CALD |archive-date=13 August 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CIFFC Glossary2">{{cite web |title=CIFFC Canadian Wildland Fire Management Glossary |url=https://www.ciffc.ca/sites/default/files/2019-03/CIFFC_Canadian_Wildland_Fire_Mgmt_Glossary_2017_10_24.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016185535/http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/earth/natural_disasters/forest_fire |archive-date=16 October 2015 |access-date=13 February 2016 |work=BBC Earth}}</ref> Some natural forest ecosystems [[Fire ecology|depend on wildfire]].<ref name="Fire Tree Mortality2222">{{cite web |title=Drought, Tree Mortality, and Wildfire in Forests Adapted to Frequent Fire |url=https://nature.berkeley.edu/stephenslab/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Stephens-et-al.-Fire-Tree-Mortality-BioSci-2019.pdf |access-date=15 March 2022 |website=UC Berkeley College of Natural Resources |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809211335/https://nature.berkeley.edu/stephenslab/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Stephens-et-al.-Fire-Tree-Mortality-BioSci-2018.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Modern [[forest management]] often engages in prescribed burns to mitigate fire risk and promote natural forest cycles. Controlled burns can turn into wildfires if they escape containment lines.

Wildfires can be classified by cause of ignition, physical properties, combustible material present, and the effect of weather on the fire.<ref name="UToronto2">{{cite journal |last1=Flannigan |first1=M. D. |last2=Amiro |first2=B. D. |last3=Logan |first3=K. A. |last4=Stocks |first4=B. J. |last5=Wotton |first5=B. M. |title=Forest Fires and Climate Change in the 21ST Century |journal=Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change |date=July 2006 |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=847–859 |doi=10.1007/s11027-005-9020-7 }}</ref> Wildfire severity results from a combination of factors such as available fuels, physical setting, and weather.<ref>Graham, ''et al.'', 12, 36</ref><ref>''National Wildfire Coordinating Group Communicator's Guide For Wildland Fire Management'', 4–6.</ref><ref name="FireBehavior">{{cite web |date=April 2006 |title=National Wildfire Coordinating Group Fireline Handbook, Appendix B: Fire Behavior |url=http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/410-2/appendixB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217125737/http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/410-2/appendixB.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2008 |access-date=11 December 2008 |publisher=National Wildfire Coordinating Group}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Trigo |first1=Ricardo M. |last2=Provenzale |first2=Antonello |last3=Llasat |first3=Maria Carmen |last4=AghaKouchak |first4=Amir |last5=Hardenberg |first5=Jost von |last6=Turco |first6=Marco |date=6 March 2017 |title=On the key role of droughts in the dynamics of summer fires in Mediterranean Europe |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=81 |bibcode=2017NatSR...7...81T |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-00116-9 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=5427854 |pmid=28250442}}</ref> Climatic cycles with wet periods that create substantial fuels, followed by [[drought]] and heat, often precede severe wildfires.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Westerling |first1=A.L. |last2=Hidalgo |first2=H.G. |last3=Cayan |first3=D.R. |last4=Swetnam |first4=T.W. |date=18 August 2006 |title=Warming and Earlier Spring Increase Western U.S. Forest Wildfire Activity |journal=Science |language=en |volume=313 |issue=5789 |pages=940–943 |bibcode=2006Sci...313..940W |doi=10.1126/science.1128834 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=16825536 |doi-access=free|hdl=10669/29855 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These cycles have been intensified by [[climate change]],<ref name=":0">Parmesan, C., M.D. Morecroft, Y. Trisurat, R. Adrian, G.Z. Anshari, A. Arneth, Q. Gao, P. Gonzalez, R. Harris, J. Price, N. Stevens, and G.H. Talukdarr, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter02.pdf Chapter 2: Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems and Their Services] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521093615/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter02.pdf |date=21 May 2023 }}. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228114918/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ |date=28 February 2022 }} {{cite book |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.004 |chapter=Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems and Their Services |title=Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability |date=2023 |pages=197–378 |isbn=978-1-009-32584-4 }}</ref>{{rp|247}} and can be exacerbated by curtailment of mitigation measures (such as budget or equipment funding), or sheer enormity of the event.

Wildfires are a common type of [[Natural disaster|disaster]] in some regions, including [[Siberia]] (Russia); [[California]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Oregon]], [[Texas]], [[Florida]] (United States); [[British Columbia]] (Canada); and [[Australia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2019 |title=Main Types of Disasters and Associated Trends |url=https://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/3918 |website=lao.ca.gov |publisher=[[Legislative Analyst's Office]] |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603152757/https://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/3918 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Machemer |first=Theresa |date=9 July 2020 |title=The Far-Reaching Consequences of Siberia's Climate-Change-Driven Wildfires |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/siberian-wildfires-cause-record-pollution-send-smoke-us-180975275/ |website=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605170651/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/siberian-wildfires-cause-record-pollution-send-smoke-us-180975275/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Australia |first=Government Geoscience |date=25 July 2017 |title=Bushfire |url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/community-safety/bushfire |website=www.ga.gov.au |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901043956/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/community-safety/bushfire |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=B.C. wildfires: State of emergency declared in Kelowna, evacuations underway |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/9904414/bc-wildfires-2-new-fires-kelowna/ |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=Global News |language=en-US |archive-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818152212/https://globalnews.ca/news/9904414/bc-wildfires-2-new-fires-kelowna/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=dangelo2022 >{{Cite journal |last1=D'Angelo |first1=Gennaro |last2=Guimond |first2=Steve |last3=Reisner |first3=Jon |last4=Peterson |first4=David A. |last5=Dubey |first5=Manvendra |date=27 May 2022 |title=Contrasting Stratospheric Smoke Mass and Lifetime From 2017 Canadian and 2019/2020 Australian Megafires: Global Simulations and Satellite Observations |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=127 |issue=10 |article-number=e2021JD036249 |doi=10.1029/2021JD036249 |bibcode=2022JGRD..12736249D |hdl=11603/27223 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Areas with [[Mediterranean climate]]s or in the [[taiga]] biome are particularly susceptible. Wildfires can severely impact humans and their settlements. Effects include for example the direct health impacts of smoke and fire, as well as destruction of property (especially in [[wildland–urban interface]]s), and economic losses. There is also the potential for contamination of water and soil.{{owidslider
|start = 2026
|list = Template:OWID/Annual number of fires#gallery
|location = commons
|caption =
|title =
|language =
|file = [[File:Annual number of fires, World, 2026 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|right|Annual number of fires]]
|startingView = World

}}
{{owidslider
| start = 2026
| list = Template:OWID/Annual area burnt by wildfires#gallery
| location = commons
| caption =
| title =
| language =
| file = [[File:Annual area burnt by wildfires, World, 2026 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|right|Annual area burnt by wildfires]]
| startingView = World
}}

At a global level, human practices have made the impacts of wildfire worse, with a doubling in land area burned by wildfires compared to natural levels.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|247}} Humans have impacted wildfire through [[climate change]] (e.g. more intense [[heat wave]]s and [[drought]]s), [[land-use change]], and [[wildfire suppression]].<ref name=":0" />{{rp|247}} The carbon released from wildfires can add to [[Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere|carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere]] and thus contribute to the [[greenhouse effect]]. This creates a [[Climate change feedbacks|climate change feedback]].<ref name="IPCC-2021" />{{rp|20}}

Naturally occurring wildfires can have beneficial effects on those [[ecosystem]]s that have evolved with fire.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Heidari |first1=Hadi |last2=Arabi |first2=Mazdak |last3=Warziniack |first3=Travis |date=August 2021 |title=Effects of Climate Change on Natural-Caused Fire Activity in Western U.S. National Forests |journal=Atmosphere |language=en |volume=12 |issue=8 |page=981 |bibcode=2021Atmos..12..981H |doi=10.3390/atmos12080981 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=DellaSalla |first1=Dominick A. |title=The Ecological Importance of Mixed-Severity Fires |last2=Hanson |first2=Chad T. |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802749-3}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Hutto |first=Richard L. |date=1 December 2008 |title=The Ecological Importance of Severe Wildfires: Some Like It Hot |url=https://scholarworks.umt.edu/biosci_pubs/279 |journal=Ecological Applications |language=en |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=1827–1834 |bibcode=2008EcoAp..18.1827H |doi=10.1890/08-0895.1 |issn=1939-5582 |pmid=19263880 |doi-access=free |access-date=27 August 2019 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709174631/https://scholarworks.umt.edu/biosci_pubs/279/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In fact, many plant species depend on the effects of fire for growth and reproduction.<ref name="NOVA222">{{cite web |author=Stephen J. Pyne |title=How Plants Use Fire (And Are Used By It) |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/fire/plants.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090808123751/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/fire/plants.html |archive-date=8 August 2009 |access-date=30 June 2009 |publisher=NOVA online}}</ref>

== Ignition ==
[[File:Global Fires - August and February 2008.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Two illustrations of the earth, one above the other. The seas are dark gray in color and the continents a lighter gray. Both images have red, yellow, and white markers indicating where fires occurred during the months of August (top image) and February (bottom image) of the year 2008.|Global fires during the year 2008 for the months of August (top image) and February (bottom image), as detected by the [[Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer]] (MODIS) on NASA's [[Terra satellite]].]]The ignition of a fire takes place through either natural causes or human activity (deliberate or not). Over 85% of wildfires in the United States are started by human activity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wildfire Causes and Evaluations (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/wildfire-causes-and-evaluation.htm |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref>[[File:2011-08-04 20 00 00 Susie Fire in the Adobe Range west of Elko Nevada.jpg|thumb|Lightning-sparked wildfires are frequent occurrences during the dry summer season in [[Nevada]].]]

=== Natural causes ===
Natural occurrences that can ignite wildfires without the involvement of humans include [[lightning]], [[volcanic eruption]]s, [[spark (fire)|spark]]s from rock falls, and [[spontaneous combustion]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/docs/wfprevnttrat.pdf | title = Wildfire Prevention Strategies | publisher = National Wildfire Coordinating Group | page = 17 | date = March 1998 | access-date = 3 December 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081209105351/http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/docs/wfprevnttrat.pdf | archive-date = 9 December 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Scott2000">{{cite journal | doi =10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00192-9 | title = The Pre-Quaternary history of fire | date = 2000 | author = Scott, A. | journal = Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology | volume = 164 | issue = 1–4 | pages = 281–329 | bibcode =2000PPP...164..281S }}</ref>

=== Human activity ===
Sources of human-caused fire may include [[arson]], accidental ignition, or the uncontrolled use of fire in land-clearing and agriculture such as the [[slash-and-burn]] farming.<ref>Karki, 7, 11–19.</ref> In the [[tropics]], farmers often practice the slash-and-burn method of clearing fields during the [[dry season]].

In [[middle latitudes]], the most common human causes of wildfires are equipment generating sparks (chainsaws, grinders, mowers, etc.), [[utility-caused wildfires|overhead power line]]s, and arson.<ref>{{cite web
| url =https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/environment/story/2020-01-05/human-caused-ignitions-spark-california-worst-wildfires
| title =Human-caused ignitions spark California's worst wildfires but get little state focus
| last =Boxall
| first =Bettina
| date =5 January 2020
| website =San Diego Union-Tribune
| access-date =25 November 2020
| archive-date =19 June 2023
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20230619094218/https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2020-01-05/human-caused-ignitions-spark-california-worst-wildfires
| url-status =live
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=Zhihua|last2=Yang|first2=Jian|last3=Chang|first3=Yu|last4=Weisberg|first4=Peter J.|last5=He|first5=Hong S.|date=June 2012|title=Spatial patterns and drivers of fire occurrence and its future trend under climate change in a boreal forest of Northeast China|journal=Global Change Biology|language=en|volume=18|issue=6|pages=2041–2056|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02649.x|issn=1354-1013|bibcode=2012GCBio..18.2041L|s2cid=26410408}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=de Rigo|first1=Daniele|last2=Libertà|first2=Giorgio|last3=Houston Durrant|first3=Tracy|last4=Artés Vivancos|first4=Tomàs|last5=San-Miguel-Ayanz|first5=Jesús|title=Forest fire danger extremes in Europe under climate change: variability and uncertainty|page=71|date=2017|publisher=Publication Office of the European Union|location=Luxembourg|isbn=978-92-79-77046-3|doi=10.2760/13180}}</ref><ref name="Krock">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/fire/world.html|title=The World on Fire|last=Krock|first=Lexi|date=June 2002|publisher=NOVA online – Public Broadcasting System (PBS)|access-date=13 July 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027041902/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/fire/world.html|archive-date=27 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Balch|first1=Jennifer K.|last2=Bradley|first2=Bethany A.|last3=Abatzoglou|first3=John T.|last4=Nagy|first4=R. Chelsea|last5=Fusco|first5=Emily J.|last6=Mahood|first6=Adam L.|date=2017|title=Human-started wildfires expand the fire niche across the United States|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=114|issue=11|pages=2946–2951|doi=10.1073/pnas.1617394114|pmid=28242690|issn=1091-6490|pmc=5358354|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.2946B|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Arson may account for over 20% of human caused fires,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wildfire Investigation |url=https://www.nifc.gov/fire-information/fire-prevention-education-mitigation/wildfire-investigation |website=National Interagency Fire Center}}</ref> although human activities, including campfires, power line failures, and equipment use, are responsible for approximately 85% of wildfires.<ref>{{Cite web |last=1p21.admin |date=2025-05-29 |title=California Counties Most At-Risk Of Wildfires In 2026 |url=https://www.panish.law/2025/05/top-5-california-counties-most-susceptible-to-wildfires/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Panish {{!}} Shea {{!}} Ravipudi LLP |language=en-US}}</ref> The combination of these ignition sources with dry conditions leads to more frequent and severe fires. However, in the [[2019–20 Australian bushfire season]] "an independent study found online [[Internet bot|bots]] and [[Troll (slang)|trolls]] exaggerating the role of arson in the fires."<ref>{{cite news |title=How Rupert Murdoch Is Influencing Australia's Bushfire Debate |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/08/world/australia/fires-murdoch-disinformation.html |access-date=21 June 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=8 January 2020 |quote=An independent study found online bots and trolls exaggerating the role of arson in the fires, at the same time that an article in [Murdoch-owned] [[The Australian]] making similar assertions became the most popular offering on the newspaper's website," the New York Times writes. "It's all part of what critics see as a relentless effort led by the powerful media outlet to do what it has also done in the United States and Britain{{snd}}shift blame to the left, protect conservative leaders, and divert attention from climate change. |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621204719/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/08/world/australia/fires-murdoch-disinformation.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the [[2023 Canadian wildfires]] false claims of [[arson]] gained traction on social media; however, arson is generally not the main cause of wildfires in Canada.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 June 2023 |last=Kaminski |first=Isabella |title=Did climate change cause Canada's wildfires? |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20230612-did-climate-change-cause-canadas-wildfires |access-date=18 June 2023 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |language=en |archive-date=12 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612145614/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20230612-did-climate-change-cause-canadas-wildfires |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="wild-theories">{{cite news |date=15 June 2023 |title=Who's fuelling the wild theories about Canada's wildfires |publisher=[[CBC News]] |url=https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2227831363616 |access-date=17 June 2023 |quote=When many fires started at once in Quebec then people took that as evidence of arson, and their claims got millions of views online. These claims were debunked by meteorologist Wagstaffe who explained that a series of lightning strikes can cause many [[smouldering]] hotspots underneath rain-moistened surface fuels; and then when those surface fuels are all dried by the daytime wind simultaneously, then they are all ignited into full blown fires simultaneously. Wagstaffe also corrected the idea that [[controlled burns]] are state-sponsored arson. |archive-date=17 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617022608/https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2227831363616 |url-status=live }}</ref> In California, generally 6–10% of wildfires annually are arson.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Arson factors into California's Wildfires |url=https://www.hcn.org/articles/climate-desk-wildfire-how-arson-factors-into-californias-wildfires |website=High Country News |date=15 October 2021 |access-date=30 August 2023 |archive-date=30 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830144008/https://www.hcn.org/articles/climate-desk-wildfire-how-arson-factors-into-californias-wildfires |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Coal seam fire]]s burn in the thousands around the world, such as those in [[Burning Mountain]], New South Wales; [[Centralia, Pennsylvania|Centralia]], Pennsylvania; and several [[Coal-seam fire#China|coal-sustained fires in China]]. They can also flare up unexpectedly and ignite nearby flammable material.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Krajick|first=Kevin|date=May 2005|title=Fire in the hole|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/10013541.html|journal=Smithsonian Magazine|access-date=30 July 2009|archive-date=3 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903032505/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/10013541.html}}</ref>

== Spread ==
{{See also|Surface-area-to-volume ratio#Fire spread}}
[[File:Wildfire near Cedar Fort, Utah.jpg|thumb|alt=Flat expanse of brown grasses and some green trees with black and some gray smoke and visible flames in the distance.|A surface fire in the western desert of [[Utah]], United States]]
[[File:Forest fire aftermath.jpg|thumb|alt=Mountainous region with blackened soil and trees due to a recent fire.|Charred landscape following a crown fire in the [[Cascade Range|North Cascades]], United States]]
[[File:Priske 24.03.2019.jpg|thumb|Forest fires visible from a distance in [[Dajti National Park]], [[Tirana]], Albania]]

The spread of wildfires varies based on the flammable material present, its vertical arrangement and moisture content, and weather conditions.<ref name="Graham, et al., iv">Graham, ''et al''., iv.</ref> Fuel arrangement and density is governed in part by [[topography]], as land shape determines factors such as available sunlight and water for plant growth. Overall, fire types can be generally characterized by their fuels as follows:
* '''Ground''' fires are fed by subterranean roots, duff on the [[forest floor]], and other buried [[organic matter]]. Ground fires typically burn by smoldering, and can burn slowly for days to months, such as [[Peat#Peat Fires|peat fires]] in [[Kalimantan]] and Eastern [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]], which resulted from a [[Mega Rice Project (Kalimantan)|riceland creation project]] that unintentionally drained and dried the peat.<ref>Graham, ''et al''., 9, 13</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4208564.stm | title = Asian peat fires add to warming | publisher = British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) News | last = Rincon | first = Paul | date = 9 March 2005 | access-date = 9 December 2008 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081219064000/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4208564.stm | archive-date = 19 December 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/bogs-peatlands-fire-climate-change|title=When bogs burn, the environment takes a hit|last=Hamers|first=Laurel|date=29 July 2019|website=Science News|language=en|access-date=15 August 2019|archive-date=3 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103151902/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/bogs-peatlands-fire-climate-change|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Crawling''' or '''surface''' fires are fueled by low-lying vegetative matter on the forest floor such as leaf and timber litter, debris, grass, and low-lying shrubbery.<ref>Graham, ''et al'' ., iv, 10, 14</ref> This kind of fire often burns at a relatively lower temperature than crown fires (less than {{convert|400|C|F|sigfig=2|disp=or}}) and may spread at slow rate, though steep slopes and wind can accelerate the rate of spread.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fire on earth: an introduction |author=Andrew C. Scott |author2=David M. J. S. Bowman |author3=William J. Bond |author4=Stephen J. Pyne |author5=Martin E. Alexander |isbn=978-1-119-95357-9|location=Chichester, West Sussex |publisher=Wiley |oclc=854761793|year=2014}}</ref> This fuel type is especially susceptible to ignition due to ''spotting'' {{See below|[[#Spotting|below]]}}.
* '''Ladder''' fires consume material between low-level vegetation and tree canopies, such as small trees, downed logs, and [[vine]]s. [[Kudzu]], [[Old World climbing fern]], and other [[invasive plant]]s that scale trees may also encourage ladder fires.<ref name="FireInitiative">{{cite web | url = http://www.tncfire.org/crosscutting_fandi.htm | title = Global Fire Initiative: Fire and Invasives | publisher = The Nature Conservancy | access-date = 3 December 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090412054533/http://www.tncfire.org/crosscutting_fandi.htm | archive-date = 12 April 2009 }}</ref>
* '''Crown, canopy''', or '''aerial''' fires burn suspended material at the canopy level, such as tall trees, vines, and mosses. The ignition of a crown fire, termed ''crowning'', is dependent on the density of the suspended material, canopy height, canopy continuity, sufficient surface and ladder fires, vegetation moisture content, and weather conditions during the blaze.<ref>Graham, ''et al''., iv, 8, 11, 15.</ref> Stand-replacing fires lit by humans can spread into the [[Amazon rain forest]], damaging ecosystems not particularly suited for heat or arid conditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp?id=2010|title=Global Commodities Boom Fuels New Assault on Amazon|last=Butler|first=Rhett|publisher=Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies|access-date=9 July 2009|date=19 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411124535/http://e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp?id=2010|archive-date=11 April 2009}}</ref>

== Physical properties ==
{{See also|Combustion|Fire control|Heat wave|Firestorm}}
[[File:Comtrasts.jpg|thumb|A dirt road acted as a fire barrier in South Africa. The effects of the barrier can clearly be seen on the unburnt (left) and burnt (right) sides of the road.]]
Wildfires occur when all the necessary elements of a fire triangle come together in a susceptible area: an ignition source is brought into contact with a combustible material such as [[vegetation]] that is subjected to enough heat and has an adequate supply of oxygen from the ambient air. A high moisture content usually prevents ignition and slows propagation, because higher temperatures are needed to evaporate any water in the material and heat the material to its [[fire point]].<ref name="FireBehavior"/><ref name="NIFC">{{cite web|url=http://www.nifc.gov/preved/comm_guide/wildfire/fire_4.html|title=The Science of Wildland fire|publisher=National Interagency Fire Center|access-date=21 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081105175208/http://www.nifc.gov/preved/comm_guide/wildfire/fire_4.html|archive-date=5 November 2008}}</ref>

Dense forests usually provide more shade, resulting in lower ambient temperatures and greater [[humidity]], and are therefore less susceptible to wildfires.<ref name="Graham, et al., 12">Graham, ''et al''., 12.</ref> Less dense material such as grasses and leaves are easier to ignite because they contain less water than denser material such as branches and trunks.<ref name="ReferenceA">''National Wildfire Coordinating Group Communicator's Guide For Wildland Fire Management'', 3.</ref> Plants continuously lose water by [[evapotranspiration]], but water loss is usually balanced by water absorbed from the soil, humidity, or rain.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27148069 | title = Ashes cover areas hit by Southern Calif. fires | agency = Associated Press | publisher = NBC News | date = 15 November 2008 | access-date = 4 December 2008 | archive-date = 30 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201130025208/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27148069 | url-status = live }}</ref> When this balance is not maintained, often as a consequence of [[drought]]s, plants dry out and are therefore more flammable.<ref name="Structure">{{cite web | url = http://www.fs.fed.us/projects/hfi/2003/november/documents/forest-structure-wildfire.pdf | title = Influence of Forest Structure on Wildfire Behavior and the Severity of Its Effects | date = November 2003 | publisher = US Forest Service | access-date = 19 November 2008 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081217125731/http://www.fs.fed.us/projects/hfi/2003/november/documents/forest-structure-wildfire.pdf | archive-date = 17 December 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.fema.gov/hazard/wildfire/wf_prepare.shtm | title = Prepare for a Wildfire | publisher = Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) | access-date = 1 December 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081029025706/https://www.fema.gov/hazard/wildfire/wf_prepare.shtm | archive-date = 29 October 2008 }}</ref>

A wildfire ''front'' is the portion sustaining continuous flaming combustion, where unburned material meets active flames, or the [[smolder]]ing transition between unburned and burned material.<ref>''Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology'', 74.</ref> As the front approaches, the fire heats both the surrounding air and woody material through [[convection]] and [[thermal radiation]]. First, wood is dried as water is vaporized at a temperature of {{convert|100|C|F}}. Next, the [[pyrolysis]] of wood at {{convert|230|C|F|sigfig=2}} releases flammable gases. Finally, wood can smolder at {{convert|380|C|F|sigfig=2}} or, when heated sufficiently, ignite at {{convert|590|C|F|sigfig=1}}.<ref>de Sousa Costa and Sandberg, 229–230.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://web.mit.edu/2.009/www/experiments/deathray/10_ArchimedesResult.html | title = Archimedes Death Ray: Idea Feasibility Testing | date = October 2005 | publisher = Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) | access-date = 1 February 2009 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090207164348/http://web.mit.edu/2.009/www/experiments/deathray/10_ArchimedesResult.html | archive-date = 7 February 2009 }}</ref> Even before the flames of a wildfire arrive at a particular location, [[heat transfer]] from the wildfire front warms the air to {{convert|800|C|F|sigfig=2}}, which pre-heats and dries flammable materials, causing materials to ignite faster and allowing the fire to spread faster.<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref name="FireScars">{{cite web | url = http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMNJMV4QWD_Protecting_0.html | title = Satellites are tracing Europe's forest fire scars | publisher = European Space Agency | date = 27 July 2004 | access-date = 12 January 2009 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081110172926/http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMNJMV4QWD_Protecting_0.html | archive-date = 10 November 2008 }}</ref> High-temperature and long-duration surface wildfires may encourage [[flashover]] or ''torching'': the drying of [[canopy (ecology)|tree canopies]] and their subsequent ignition from below.<ref>Graham, ''et al''., 10–11.</ref>

{{anchor|Spot|Spotting|Spot fire}} Wildfires have a rapid ''forward rate of spread'' (FROS) when burning through dense uninterrupted fuels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flash.org/resources/files/WildfireBrochure.pdf|title=Protecting Your Home From Wildfire Damage|publisher=Florida Alliance for Safe Homes (FLASH)|access-date=3 March 2010|page=5|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719000918/http://www.flash.org/resources/files/WildfireBrochure.pdf|archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref> They can move as fast as {{convert|10.8|km/h|mph}} in forests and {{convert|22|km/h|mph}} in grasslands.<ref>Billing, 5–6</ref> Wildfires can advance tangentially to the main front to form a ''flanking'' front, or burn in the opposite direction of the main front by ''backing''.<ref>Graham, ''et al''., 12</ref> They may also spread by ''jumping'' or ''spotting'' as winds and vertical [[convection]] columns carry ''firebrands'' (hot wood embers) and other burning materials through the air over roads, rivers, and other barriers that may otherwise act as [[firebreak]]s.<ref name="underfire">{{cite magazine | url = http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/07/fire-season/shea-text.html | title = Under Fire | last = Shea | first = Neil | magazine = National Geographic | date = July 2008 | access-date = 8 December 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090215065522/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/07/fire-season/shea-text.html | archive-date = 15 February 2009 }}</ref><ref>Graham, ''et al''., 16.</ref> Torching and fires in tree canopies encourage spotting, and dry ground fuels around a wildfire are especially vulnerable to ignition from firebrands.<ref>Graham, ''et al''., 9, 16.</ref> Spotting can create spot fires as hot embers and firebrands ignite fuels downwind from the fire. In [[bushfires in Australia|Australian bushfires]], spot fires are known to occur as far as {{convert|20|km|0}} from the fire front.<ref name="Kilmore-East">{{cite book
|chapter = Volume 1: The Kilmore East Fire
|title = 2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission
|publisher = Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission, Australia
|date = July 2010
|chapter-url = http://www.royalcommission.vic.gov.au/commission-reports/final-report/volume-1/chapters/the-kilmore-east-fire
|isbn = 978-0-9807408-2-0
|access-date = 26 October 2013
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190327/http://www.royalcommission.vic.gov.au/commission-reports/final-report/volume-1/chapters/the-kilmore-east-fire
|archive-date = 29 October 2013
}}</ref>

Especially large wildfires may affect air currents in their immediate vicinities by the [[stack effect]]: air rises as it is heated, and large wildfires create powerful [[updraft]]s that will [[advection|draw in]] new, cooler air from surrounding areas in [[thermal column]]s.<ref>''National Wildfire Coordinating Group Communicator's Guide For Wildland Fire Management'', 4.</ref> Great vertical differences in temperature and humidity encourage [[pyrocumulus cloud]]s, strong winds, and [[fire whirl]]s with the force of tornadoes at speeds of more than {{convert|80|km/h|mph|sigfig=1}}.<ref>Graham, ''et al''., 16–17.</ref><ref>Olson, ''et al.'', 2</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/newshelt72.pdf | title = The New Generation Fire Shelter | page = 19 | publisher = National Wildfire Coordinating Group | date = March 2003 | access-date = 16 January 2009 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090116133450/http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/newshelt72.pdf | archive-date = 16 January 2009 }}</ref> Rapid rates of spread, prolific crowning or spotting, the presence of fire whirls, and strong convection columns signify extreme conditions.<ref>''Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology'', 69.</ref>

=== Intensity variations during day and night ===
[[File:Incendio en Caracas (4515878847).jpg|thumb|A wildfire in Venezuela during a [[drought]]]]Intensity also increases during daytime hours. Burn rates of smoldering logs are up to five times greater during the day due to lower humidity, increased temperatures, and increased wind speeds.<ref>de Souza Costa and Sandberg, 228</ref> Sunlight warms the ground during the day which creates air currents that travel uphill. At night the land cools, creating air currents that travel downhill. Wildfires are fanned by these winds and often follow the air currents over hills and through valleys.<ref>''National Wildfire Coordinating Group Communicator's Guide For Wildland Fire Management'', 5.</ref> Fires in Europe occur frequently during the hours of 12:00 p.m. and 2:00 p.m.<ref>San-Miguel-Ayanz, ''et al.'', 364.</ref> Wildfire suppression operations in the United States revolve around a 24-hour ''fire day'' that begins at 10:00 a.m. due to the predictable increase in intensity resulting from the daytime warmth.<ref>''Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology'', 73.</ref> Based on [[climate change|climate]]-driven weakening of day-night weather constraints, a study published in ''[[Science Advances]]'' estimated that from 1975 to 2024, annual potential burning hours for wildfires in North America rose 36%.<ref name=SciAdvances_20260417>{{cite journal |last1=Luo |first1=Kaiwei |last2=Wang |first2=Xianli |last3=Castellanos-Acuna |first3=Dante |last4=Flannigan |first4=Mike |title=A weakened diurnal weather constraint leads to longer burning hours in North America |journal=Science Advances |date=17 April 2026 |volume=12 |issue=16 |article-number=eaed0725 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aed0725 |pmid=41996499 |pmc=13089344 }}</ref>

== Climate change effects ==
{{See also|Effects of climate change#Wildfires}}
{{multiple image
| total_width = 650
| image1 = 1911- Wildfire disasters - worldwide.svg
| caption1 = Wildfire disasters have increased substantially in recent decades.<ref name=AlJazeera_CRED_20210819/> Climate change intensifies heatwaves and droughts that dry vegetation, which in turn fuels wildfires.<ref name=AlJazeera_CRED_20210819>{{cite news |last1=Haddad |first1=Mohammed |last2=Hussein |first2=Mohammed |title=Mapping wildfires around the world |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/19/mapping-wildfires-around-the-world-interactive |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819102412/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/19/mapping-wildfires-around-the-world-interactive |archive-date=19 August 2021 |url-status=live }} Data source: [[Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters]]. Wildfire disasters are those claiming at least 10 lives or affecting over 100 people.</ref>
| image2 = 1983- Canada wildfires - area burned annually.svg
| caption2 = The area that burned in the [[2023 Canadian wildfires]] was more than twice that of any year since 1983.<ref name=CIFFC_202310>{{cite web |title=Fire Statistics |url=https://ciffc.net/statistics |website=CIFFC.net |publisher=Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre (CIFFC) |access-date=25 October 2023 |date=October 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231025181718/https://ciffc.net/statistics |archive-date=25 October 2023 |url-status=live }} Cited by {{cite news |last1=Livingston |first1=Ian |title=Earth's climate shatters heat records. These 5 charts show how. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/10/24/climate-change-extremes-el-nino-global-warming/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024103111/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/10/24/climate-change-extremes-el-nino-global-warming/ |archive-date=24 October 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| image3= 2003- Radiative power of wildfires.svg |caption3= A study published in June 2024 concluded that the frequency and intensity of extreme fire events more than doubled from 2003 to 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cunningham |first1=Calum |last2=Bowman |first2=David |last3=Willliamson |first3=Grant |title=Extreme wildfires are on the rise globally, powered by the climate crisis |date=25 June 2024 |url=https://phys.org/news/2024-06-extreme-wildfires-globally-powered-climate.html |website=Phys.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625183931/https://phys.org/news/2024-06-extreme-wildfires-globally-powered-climate.html |archive-date=25 June 2024 |url-status=live}} ●{{nbsp}}{{cite journal |last1=Cunningham |first1=Calum X. |last2=Williamson |first2=Grant J. |last3=Bowman |first3=David M. J. S. |title=Increasing frequency and intensity of the most extreme wildfires on Earth |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |date=24 June 2024 |volume=8 |issue=8 |pages=1420–1425 |doi=10.1038/s41559-024-02452-2 |pmid=38914710 |bibcode=2024NatEE...8.1420C }}</ref>

}}
[[File:2002- Area of forest damage due to fire.svg |thumb|Over recent decades, "forest disturbance" (damage) by fire has increased in most of the planet's forest zones.<ref name=PNAS_20250721/> The increase in area, frequency, and severity of forest fires creates a [[positive feedback]] that increases global warming.<ref name=PNAS_20250721>{{cite journal |last1=Potapov |first1=Peter |last2=Tyukavina |first2=Alexandra |last3=Turubanova |first3=Svetlana |last4=Hansen |first4=Matthew C. |last5=Giglio |first5=Louis |last6=Hernandez-Serna |first6=Andres |last7=Lima |first7=André |last8=Harris |first8=Nancy |last9=Stolle |first9=Fred |display-authors=4 |title=Unprecedentedly high global forest disturbance due to fire in 2023 and 2024 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=21 July 2025 |volume=122 |issue=30 |article-number=e2505418122 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2505418122 |pmid=40690667 |pmc=12318170 |bibcode=2025PNAS..12205418P }} Fig. 1A.</ref>]]

=== Increasing risks due to climate change ===
Climate change promotes the type of weather that makes wildfires more likely. In some areas, an increase of wildfires has been attributed directly to climate change.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|247}} Evidence from Earth's past also shows more fire in warmer periods.<ref name="Jones-2022">{{cite web |last1=Jones |first1=Matthew |last2=Smith |first2=Adam |last3=Betts |first3=Richard |last4=Canadell |first4=Josep |last5=Prentice |first5=Collin |last6=Le Quéré |first6=Corrine |title=Climate Change Increases the Risk of Wildfires |url=https://sciencebrief.org/briefs/wildfires |access-date=16 February 2022 |website=ScienceBrief |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126143009/https://sciencebrief.org/briefs/wildfires }}</ref> Climate change increases [[potential evapotranspiration]]. This can cause vegetation and soils to dry out when potential evaporation exceeds precipitation and available moisture from the given ecosystem. The [[Vapour-pressure deficit|vapor pressure deficit]] also contributes to increasing wildfire risk and has been worsening in the warming climate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seager |first1=Richard |last2=Hooks |first2=Allison |last3=Williams |first3=A. Park |last4=Cook |first4=Benjamin |last5=Nakamura |first5=Jennifer |last6=Henderson |first6=Naomi |date=June 2015 |title=Climatology, Variability, and Trends in the U.S. Vapor Pressure Deficit, an Important Fire-Related Meteorological Quantity |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/apme/54/6/jamc-d-14-0321.1.xml |journal=Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=1121–1141 |doi=10.1175/JAMC-D-14-0321.1 |bibcode=2015JApMC..54.1121S |issn=1558-8424 |via=American Meteorological Society}}</ref> When a fire starts in an area with very dry vegetation, it can spread rapidly. Higher temperatures can also lengthen the fire season. This is the time of year in which severe wildfires are most likely, particularly in regions where snow is disappearing.<ref name="Dunne-2020">{{Cite web |last=Dunne |first=Daisy |date=14 July 2020 |title=Explainer: How climate change is affecting wildfires around the world |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-how-climate-change-is-affecting-wildfires-around-the-world |access-date=17 February 2022 |website=Carbon Brief |archive-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219142921/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-how-climate-change-is-affecting-wildfires-around-the-world/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Weather conditions are raising the risks of wildfires. But the total area burnt by wildfires has decreased. This is mostly because [[savanna]] has been converted to [[Croplands|cropland]], so there are fewer trees to burn.<ref name="Dunne-2020" />

Even though [[Taiga|Boreal forests]] don't account for a large fraction of global burned area, they do contribute substantially to the global carbon emissions from wildfire.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zheng |first=Bo |last2=Ciais |first2=Philippe |last3=Chevallier |first3=Frederic |last4=Chuvieco |first4=Emilio |last5=Chen |first5=Yang |last6=Yang |first6=Hui |date=2021-09-24 |title=Increasing forest fire emissions despite the decline in global burned area |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abh2646 |journal=Science Advances |volume=7 |issue=39 |article-number=eabh2646 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh2646 |pmc=8462883 |pmid=34559570}}</ref> These forests could face additional risk under climate change due if the amount of [[lightning]] increases as expected.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=Thomas A. J. |last2=Jones |first2=Matthew W. |last3=Finney |first3=Declan |last4=van der Werf |first4=Guido R. |last5=van Wees |first5=Dave |last6=Xu |first6=Wenxuan |last7=Veraverbeke |first7=Sander |date=December 2023 |title=Extratropical forests increasingly at risk due to lightning fires |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-023-01322-z |journal=Nature Geoscience |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=1136–1144 |doi=10.1038/s41561-023-01322-z |issn=1752-0908}}</ref>

[[Climate variability]] including [[heat wave]]s, [[drought]]s, and [[El Niño]], and regional weather patterns, such as high-pressure ridges, can increase the risk and alter the behavior of wildfires dramatically.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/reports/billionz.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010915155936/http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/reports/billionz.html | archive-date = 15 September 2001 | title = Chronological List of U.S. Billion Dollar Events | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Satellite and Information Service | access-date = 4 February 2009 }}</ref><ref>McKenzie, ''et al.'', 893</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Provenzale|first1=Antonello|last2=Llasat|first2=Maria Carmen|last3=Montávez|first3=Juan Pedro|last4=Jerez|first4=Sonia|last5=Bedia|first5=Joaquín|last6=Rosa-Cánovas|first6=Juan José|last7=Turco|first7=Marco|date=2 October 2018|title=Exacerbated fires in Mediterranean Europe due to anthropogenic warming projected with non-stationary climate-fire models|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|page=3821|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-06358-z|pmid=30279564|pmc=6168540|issn=2041-1723|bibcode=2018NatCo...9.3821T}}</ref> Years of high precipitation can produce rapid vegetation growth, which when followed by warmer periods can encourage more widespread fires and longer fire seasons.<ref>Graham, ''et al''., 2</ref> High temperatures dry out the fuel loads and make them more flammable, increasing tree mortality and posing significant risks to global forest health.<ref name="Hartmann">{{cite journal |last1=Hartmann |first1=Henrik |last2=Bastos |first2=Ana |last3=Das |first3=Adrian J. |last4=Esquivel-Muelbert |first4=Adriane |last5=Hammond |first5=William M. |last6=Martínez-Vilalta |first6=Jordi |last7=McDowell |first7=Nate G. |last8=Powers |first8=Jennifer S.|author8-link=Jennifer Sarah Powers |last9=Pugh |first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X. |last11=Allen |first11=Craig D. |title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |date=20 May 2022 |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=673–702 |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804 |pmid=35231182 |bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H |osti=1876701 }}</ref><ref name="Brando">{{cite journal |last1=Brando |first1=Paulo M. |last2=Paolucci |first2=Lucas |last3=Ummenhofer |first3=Caroline C. |last4=Ordway |first4=Elsa M. |last5=Hartmann |first5=Henrik |last6=Cattau |first6=Megan E. |last7=Rattis |first7=Ludmila |last8=Medjibe |first8=Vincent |last9=Coe |first9=Michael T. |last10=Balch |first10=Jennifer |title=Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |date=30 May 2019 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=555–581 |doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235 |bibcode=2019AREPS..47..555B |s2cid=189975585 |language=en |issn=0084-6597|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Anuprash|date=28 January 2022|title=What Causes Wildfires? Understand The Science Here|url=https://www.techiwiki.info/post/what-causes-wildfires-understand-the-science-here|access-date=14 February 2022|website=TechiWiki|language=en|archive-date=14 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214182215/https://www.techiwiki.info/post/what-causes-wildfires-understand-the-science-here}}</ref> Since the mid-1980s, in the Western US, earlier snowmelt and associated warming have also been associated with an increase in length and severity of the wildfire season, or the most fire-prone time of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.fs.fed.us/nwacfire/home/terminology.html#S|title= Fire Terminology|author= |website= Fs.fed.us|access-date= 28 February 2019|archive-date= 7 July 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220707020545/https://www.fs.fed.us/nwacfire/home/terminology.html#S|url-status= live}}</ref> A 2019 study indicates that the increase in [[California fires|fire risk in California]] may be partially attributable to [[Man-made climate change|human-induced climate change]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=A. Park|last2=Abatzoglou|first2=John T.|last3=Gershunov|first3=Alexander|last4=Guzman-Morales|first4=Janin|last5=Bishop|first5=Daniel A.|last6=Balch|first6=Jennifer K.|last7=Lettenmaier|first7=Dennis P.|author7-link=Dennis P. Lettenmaier|date=2019|title=Observed Impacts of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Wildfire in California|journal=Earth's Future|language=en|volume=7|issue=8|pages=892–910|doi=10.1029/2019EF001210|bibcode=2019EaFut...7..892W|issn=2328-4277|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In the summer of 1974–1975 (southern hemisphere), [[Australia]] suffered its worst recorded wildfire, when 15% of Australia's land mass suffered "extensive fire damage".<ref name="abs1995">{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/6C98BB75496A5AD1CA2569DE00267E48|title=Bushfires – An Integral Part of Australia's Environment|work=1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 1995|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=1 January 1995|author=Cheney, N.P.|access-date=14 January 2020|quote=In 1974–75 [...] in this season fires burnt over 117 million hectares or 15 per cent of the total land area of this continent.|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906100220/https://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/6C98BB75496A5AD1CA2569DE00267E48|url-status=live}}</ref> Fires that summer burned up an estimated {{convert|117|e6ha|e6acre km2 sqmi|abbr=off|lk=on}}.<ref name="AIDR">{{cite web |title=New South Wales, December 1974 Bushfire – New South Wales |url=https://knowledge.aidr.org.au/resources/bushfire-new-south-wales-1974/ |website=Australian Institute for Disaster Resilience |publisher=Government of Australia |access-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113201506/https://knowledge.aidr.org.au/resources/bushfire-new-south-wales-1974/ |archive-date=13 January 2020 |quote=Approximately 15 per cent of Australia's physical land mass sustained extensive fire damage. This equates to roughly around 117 million ha. |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Cole, Brendan|title=What Caused the Wildfires in Australia? Amid Worst Blazes for a Decade, 24 People are Charged with Arson|url=https://www.newsweek.com/australia-wildfires-arson-new-south-wales-police-1480733 |access-date=14 February 2020 |work=[[Newsweek]] |date=7 January 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214151857/https://www.newsweek.com/australia-wildfires-arson-new-south-wales-police-1480733 |archive-date=14 February 2020 |quote=In 1974, 117 million hectares of land was burnt in wildfires in central Australia.}}</ref> In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above {{cvt|35|C|F|disp=or}}) and very hot days (above {{cvt|40|C|F|disp=or}}) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950. The country has always had bushfires but in 2019, the extent and ferocity of these fires increased dramatically.<ref>[https://time.com/5735660/sydney-bushfires/ As Smoke From Bushfires Chokes Sydney, Australian Prime Minister Dodges on Climate Change] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202070427/https://time.com/5735660/sydney-bushfires/|date=2 December 2019}}, Time 21 November 2019.</ref> For the first time catastrophic bushfire conditions were declared for Greater Sydney. New South Wales and Queensland declared a state of emergency but fires were also burning in South Australia and Western Australia.<ref>[https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/not-normal-climate-change-bushfire-web/ The facts about bushfires and climate change] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216072021/https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/not-normal-climate-change-bushfire-web/|date=16 December 2019}}, Climate Council, 13 November 2019</ref>

In [[2019 in climate change|2019, extreme heat and dryness]] caused massive [[Wildfires in 2019|wildfires]] in [[2019 Siberia wildfires|Siberia]], [[Deshka Landing Fire|Alaska]], [[2019 Canary Islands wildfires|Canary Islands]], [[2019–20 Australian bushfire season|Australia]], and in the [[2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires|Amazon rainforest]]. The fires in the latter were caused mainly by [[Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest|illegal logging]]. The smoke from the fires expanded over a huge territory including major cities, dramatically reducing air quality.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Irfan |first1=Umair |title=Wildfires are burning around the world. The most alarming is in the Amazon rainforest. |url=https://www.vox.com/world/2019/8/20/20813786/wildfire-amazon-rainforest-brazil-siberia |access-date=23 August 2019 |agency=Vox |date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913230057/https://www.vox.com/world/2019/8/20/20813786/wildfire-amazon-rainforest-brazil-siberia |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of August 2020, the [[Wildfires in 2020|wildfires in that year]] were 13% worse than in 2019 due primarily to [[climate change]], [[deforestation]] and agricultural burning. The [[Amazon rainforest]]'s existence is threatened by fires.<ref name="watching-earth-burn">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/28/opinion/climate-change-earth.html?action=click&module=Opinion&pgtype=Homepage |title=Opinion: Watching Earth Burn – For 10 days in September, satellites in orbit sent tragic evidence of climate change's destructive power. |first=Michael |last=Benson |newspaper=The New York Times |date=28 December 2020 |access-date=1 January 2021 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404182945/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/28/opinion/climate-change-earth.html?action=click&module=Opinion&pgtype=Homepage |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://amazonwatch.org/news/2020/1210-resisting-another-record-breaking-year-of-deforestation-and-destruction-in-the-brazilian-amazon |title=Resisting Another Record-Breaking Year of Deforestation and Destruction in the Brazilian Amazon – While Brazilian authorities deny the impact of the criminal arson, Amazon Watch and our allies exposed and challenged the growing fires and deforestation in the Amazon |date=10 December 2020 |first=Ana Paula |last=Vargas |publisher=Amazon Watch |access-date=1 January 2021 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912195753/https://amazonwatch.org/news/2020/1210-resisting-another-record-breaking-year-of-deforestation-and-destruction-in-the-brazilian-amazon |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Offensive against the Amazon: An incontrollable pandemic (commentary) |first1=Marcos |last1=Colón |first2=Luís |last2=de Camões Lima Boaventura |first3=Erik |last3=Jennings |date=1 June 2020 |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2020/06/offensive-against-the-amazon-an-incontrollable-pandemic-commentary/ |access-date=1 January 2021 |archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610102720/https://news.mongabay.com/2020/06/offensive-against-the-amazon-an-incontrollable-pandemic-commentary/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/02/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-amazon-rainforest-protections |title=Jair Bolsonaro launches assault on Amazon rainforest protections – Executive order transfers regulation and creation of indigenous reserves to agriculture ministry controlled by agribusiness lobby |author=Dom Phillips |date=2 January 2019 |access-date=1 January 2021 |archive-date=26 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426002549/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/02/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-amazon-rainforest-protections |url-status=live }}</ref> Record-breaking [[wildfires in 2021]] occurred in [[2021 Turkey wildfires|Turkey]], [[2021 Greece wildfires|Greece]] and [[2021 Russia wildfires|Russia]], thought to be linked to climate change.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 August 2021|title=Wildfires: How are they linked to climate change?|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/58159451|access-date=6 October 2021|archive-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012084749/https://www.bbc.com/news/58159451|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:UC Irvine scientist James Randerson discusses new research linking ocean temperatures and fire seasons severity.ogv|thumb|Video to explain how increasing [[ocean temperature]]s are linked to fire-season severity.]]

=== Carbon dioxide and other emissions from fires ===
The carbon released from wildfires can add to greenhouse gas concentrations. [[Climate model]]s do not yet fully reflect this [[Climate change feedbacks|feedback]].<ref name="IPCC-2021">IPCC, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf Summary for Policymakers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811205522/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf |date=11 August 2021 }}. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526182346/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter09.pdf |date=26 May 2023 }} {{cite book |doi=10.1017/9781009157896.001 |chapter=Summary for Policymakers |title=Climate Change 2021 – the Physical Science Basis |date=2023 |pages=3–32 |isbn=978-1-009-15789-6 }}</ref>{{rp|20}}

Wildfires release large amounts of carbon dioxide, black and brown carbon particles, and ozone precursors such as [[volatile organic compound]]s and [[NOx|nitrogen oxides (NOx)]] into the atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Spracklen|first1=Dominick V.|last2=Logan|first2=Jennifer A.|author-link2=Jennifer Logan|last3=Mickley|first3=Loretta J.|last4=Park|first4=Rokjin J.|last5=Yevich|first5=Rosemarie|last6=Westerling|first6=Anthony L.|last7=Jaffe|first7=Dan A.|date=2007|title=Wildfires drive interannual variability of organic carbon aerosol in the western U.S. in summer|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|language=en|volume=34|issue=16|article-number=2007GL030037 |doi=10.1029/2007GL030037|bibcode=2007GeoRL..3416816S|s2cid=5642896|issn=1944-8007|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wofsy |first1=S. C. |last2=Sachse |first2=G. W. |last3=Gregory |first3=G. L. |last4=Blake |first4=D. R. |last5=Bradshaw |first5=J. D. |last6=Sandholm |first6=S. T. |last7=Singh |first7=H. B. |last8=Barrick |first8=J. A. |last9=Harriss |first9=R. C. |last10=Talbot |first10=R. W. |last11=Shipham |first11=M. A. |last12=Browell |first12=E. V. |last13=Jacob |first13=D. J. |last14=Logan |first14=J. A. |title=Atmospheric chemistry in the Arctic and subarctic: Influence of natural fires, industrial emissions, and stratospheric inputs |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |date=30 October 1992 |volume=97 |issue=D15 |pages=16731–16746 |doi=10.1029/92JD00622 |bibcode=1992JGR....9716731W |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/500382zz }}</ref> These emissions affect radiation, clouds, and climate on regional and even global scales.<ref name=dangelo2022 /> Wildfires also emit substantial amounts of semi-volatile organic species that can partition from the gas phase to form [[secondary organic aerosol]] (SOA) over hours to days after emission. In addition, the formation of the other pollutants as the air is transported can lead to harmful exposures for populations in regions far away from the wildfires.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/factsheets/csdWildfiresFIREX.pdf|title=The Impact of Wildfires on Climate and Air Quality|website=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=21 February 2020|archive-date=2 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602215528/https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/factsheets/csdWildfiresFIREX.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=dangelo2022 /> While direct emissions of harmful pollutants can affect first responders and residents, wildfire smoke can also be transported over long distances and impact air quality across local, regional, and global scales.<ref>{{Cite web|last=US EPA|first=ORD|date=30 March 2017|title=Wildland Fire Research: Health Effects Research|url=https://www.epa.gov/air-research/wildland-fire-research-health-effects-research|access-date=28 November 2020|website=US EPA|language=en|archive-date=2 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502201707/https://www.epa.gov/air-research/wildland-fire-research-health-effects-research|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:The_Rim_Fire_in_the_Stanislaus_National_Forest_near_in_California_began_on_Aug._17,_2013-0004.jpg|thumb|Wildfire near [[Yosemite National Park]], United States, in 2013. The [[Rim Fire]] burned more than {{convert|250,000|acres|km2}} of forest.]]The health effects of wildfire smoke, such as worsening [[Circulatory system|cardiovascular]] and respiratory conditions, extend beyond immediate exposure, contributing to nearly 16,000 annual deaths, a number expected to rise to 30,000 by 2050. The economic impact is also significant, with projected costs reaching $240 billion annually by 2050, surpassing other climate-related damages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borunda |first=Alejandra |date=18 April 2024 |title=Wildfire smoke contributes to thousands of deaths each year in the U.S. |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/04/18/1245068810/wildfire-smoke-contributes-to-thousands-of-deaths-each-year-in-the-u-s |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=www.npr.org |archive-date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423235910/https://www.npr.org/2024/04/18/1245068810/wildfire-smoke-contributes-to-thousands-of-deaths-each-year-in-the-u-s |url-status=live }}</ref>

Over the past century, wildfires have accounted for 20–25% of global carbon emissions, the remainder from human activities.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2020-fire-emissions/ |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |title=Measuring the Carbon-Dioxide Cost of Last Year's Worldwide Wildfires |author1=Laura Millan Lombrana |author2=Hayley Warren |author3=Akshat Rathi |date=10 February 2020 |access-date=1 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128174413/https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2020-fire-emissions/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Global carbon emissions from wildfires through August 2020 equaled the average annual emissions of the [[European Union]].<ref name="global-carbon-fire-2019">{{cite news |last1=Boyle |first1=Louise |date=27 August 2020 |title=Global fires are up 13% from 2019's record-breaking numbers |agency=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-crisis-fires-global-heating-amazon-california-eu-a9690146.html |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114222322/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-crisis-fires-global-heating-amazon-california-eu-a9690146.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, the carbon released by California's wildfires was significantly larger than the state's other carbon emissions.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2020/09/off-the-chart-co2-from-california-fires-dwarf-states-fossil-fuel-emissions/ |publisher=Mongabay |title='Off the chart': CO2 from California fires dwarf state's fossil fuel emissions |first=Elizabeth Claire |last=Alberts |date=18 September 2020 |access-date=1 January 2021 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630232806/https://news.mongabay.com/2020/09/off-the-chart-co2-from-california-fires-dwarf-states-fossil-fuel-emissions/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Forest fires in Indonesia in 1997 were estimated to have released between 0.81 and 2.57 gigatonnes (0.89 and 2.83 billion [[short ton]]s) of CO2 into the atmosphere, which is between 13–40% of the annual global carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Page |first=Susan E. |author2=Florian Siegert |author3=John O. Rieley |author4=Hans-Dieter V. Boehm |author5=Adi Jaya |author6=Suwido Limin |name-list-style=amp |date=11 July 2002 |title=The amount of carbon released from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997 |journal=Nature |volume=420 |issue=6911 |pages=61–65 |bibcode=2002Natur.420...61P |doi=10.1038/nature01131 |pmid=12422213 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Tacconi |first=Luca |date=February 2003 |title=Fires in Indonesia: Causes, Costs, and Policy Implications (CIFOR Occasional Paper No. 38) |url=http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/OccPapers/OP-038.pdf |journal=Occasional Paper |publisher=Center for International Forestry Research |issn=0854-9818 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226080558/http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/OccPapers/OP-038.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2009 |access-date=6 February 2009 |place=Bogor, Indonesia }}</ref>

In June and July 2019, fires in the Arctic emitted more than 140 megatons of carbon dioxide, according to an analysis by CAMS. To put that into perspective this amounts to the same amount of carbon emitted by 36 million cars in a year.{{Original research inline|date=June 2025}} The recent wildfires and their massive CO2 emissions mean that it will be important to take them into consideration when implementing measures for reaching greenhouse gas reduction targets accorded with the [[Paris climate agreement]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bassetti |first=Francesco |date=31 August 2019 |title=The Effects of Wildfires on a Zero Carbon Future |work=Foresight |url=https://www.climateforesight.eu/future-earth/the-effects-of-wildfires-on-a-zero-carbon-future/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128165555/https://www.climateforesight.eu/future-earth/the-effects-of-wildfires-on-a-zero-carbon-future/ |archive-date=28 November 2020 |access-date=16 November 2020}}</ref> Due to the complex oxidative chemistry occurring during the transport of wildfire smoke in the atmosphere,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rana |first1=Md. Sohel |last2=Guzman |first2=Marcelo I. |date=22 October 2020 |title=Oxidation of Phenolic Aldehydes by Ozone and Hydroxyl Radicals at the Air–Water Interface |journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry A |volume=124 |issue=42 |pages=8822–8833 |bibcode=2020JPCA..124.8822R |doi=10.1021/acs.jpca.0c05944 |issn=1089-5639 |pmid=32931271 |doi-access=free}}</ref> the toxicity of emissions was indicated to increase over time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2020 |title=Wildfire Smoke Toxicity Increases Over Time, Poses Public Health Risk, According to UK Chemist |url=https://uknow.uky.edu/research/wildfire-smoke-toxicity-increases-over-time-poses-public-health-risk-according-uk-chemist |access-date=31 October 2020 |website=UKNow |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404065812/https://uknow.uky.edu/research/wildfire-smoke-toxicity-increases-over-time-poses-public-health-risk-according-uk-chemist |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=As smoke from forest fires ages in the atmosphere its toxicity increases |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-10-forest-ages-atmosphere-toxicity.html |access-date=31 October 2020 |website=phys.org |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404014637/https://phys.org/news/2020-10-forest-ages-atmosphere-toxicity.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Atmospheric models suggest that these concentrations of sooty particles could increase absorption of incoming [[solar radiation]] during winter months by as much as 15%.<ref>{{cite conference |author=Baumgardner, D. |display-authors=etal |date=2003 |title=Warming of the Arctic lower stratosphere by light absorbing particles |book-title=American Geophysical Union fall meeting |place=San Francisco, California}}</ref> The Amazon is estimated to hold around 90 billion tons of carbon. As of 2019, the earth's atmosphere has 415 parts per million of carbon, and the destruction of the Amazon would add about 38 parts per million.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mufson |first=Steven |title=What you need to know about the Amazon rainforest fires |newspaper=Washington post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-amazon-rainforest-fires/2019/08/27/ac82b21e-c815-11e9-a4f3-c081a126de70_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827182809/https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-amazon-rainforest-fires/2019/08/27/ac82b21e-c815-11e9-a4f3-c081a126de70_story.html |archive-date=27 August 2019}}</ref>

Some research has shown wildfire smoke can have a cooling effect.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Wildfire smoke cools summer river and stream water temperatures |url=https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/57160 |journal=Water Resources Research |date=2018 |doi=10.1029/2018WR022964 |last1=David |first1=Aaron T. |last2=Asarian |first2=J. Eli |last3=Lake |first3=Frank K. |volume=54 |issue=10 |pages=7273–7290 |bibcode=2018WRR....54.7273D |doi-access=free |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726231753/https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/57160 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How Extreme Weather can Cool the Planet |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/how-extreme-fire-weather-can-cool-the-planet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806143520/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/how-extreme-fire-weather-can-cool-the-planet |archive-date=6 August 2021 |website=National Geographic|date=6 August 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Significant Effective Radiative Forcing of Stratospheric Wildfire Smoke |journal=Geophysical Research Letters|year=2022 |doi=10.1029/2022GL100175 |last1=Liu |first1=Cheng-Cheng |last2=Portmann |first2=Robert W. |last3=Liu |first3=Shang |last4=Rosenlof |first4=Karen H. |last5=Peng |first5=Yifeng |last6=Yu |first6=Pengfei |volume=49 |issue=17 |article-number=e2022GL100175 |bibcode=2022GeoRL..4900175L |s2cid=252148515 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Research in 2007 stated that black carbon in snow changed temperature three times more than atmospheric carbon dioxide. As much as 94 percent of Arctic warming may be caused by dark carbon on snow that initiates melting. The dark carbon comes from fossil fuels burning, wood and other biofuels, and forest fires. Melting can occur even at low concentrations of dark carbon (below five parts per billion).<ref name="Biello 2007 m566">{{cite web | last=Biello | first=David | title=Impure as the Driven Snow | website=Scientific American | date=8 June 2007 | url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/impure-as-the-driven-snow/ | access-date=7 November 2023 | archive-date=7 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107222307/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/impure-as-the-driven-snow/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Prevention and mitigation ==
{{See also|Fire protection|}}
[[File:Healthy Hillsides - a project in Rhondda Cynon Taf between NRW and Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council.webm|thumb|240px|A short video on managing and protecting the natural habitat between a town and the hillside, from the risk of fire.]]

Wildfire prevention refers to the preemptive methods aimed at reducing the risk of fires as well as lessening its severity and spread.<ref>Karki, 6.</ref> Prevention techniques aim to manage air quality, maintain ecological balances, protect resources,<ref name="van Wagtendonk, 14">van Wagtendonk (2007), 14.</ref> and to affect future fires.<ref>van Wagtendonk (1996), 1156.</ref> Prevention policies must consider the role that humans play in wildfires, since, for example, 95% of forest fires in [[Europe]] are related to human involvement.<ref>San-Miguel-Ayanz, ''et al.'', 361.</ref>

Wildfire prevention programs around the world may employ techniques such as ''wildland fire use'' (WFU) and ''prescribed or [[controlled burn]]s''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561501139/backburn.html|title=Backburn|publisher=MSN Encarta|access-date=9 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710223715/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561501139/backburn.html|archive-date=10 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/iffn/country/gb/gb_1.htm|title=UK: The Role of Fire in the Ecology of Heathland in Southern Britain|journal=International Forest Fire News|volume=18|date=January 1998|pages=80–81|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716212702/http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/iffn/country/gb/gb_1.htm|archive-date=16 July 2011|access-date=9 July 2009}}</ref> ''Wildland fire use'' refers to any fire of natural causes that is monitored but allowed to burn. ''Controlled burns'' are fires ignited by government agencies under less dangerous weather conditions.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.smokeybear.com/prescribed-fires.asp | title = Prescribed Fires | publisher = SmokeyBear.com | access-date = 21 November 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081020171425/http://www.smokeybear.com/prescribed-fires.asp | archive-date = 20 October 2008 }}</ref> Other objectives can include maintenance of healthy forests, rangelands, and wetlands, and support of ecosystem diversity.<ref name="US F&W Fire Mgt">{{cite web |title=Fire Management: Wildland Fire Use |url=https://www.fws.gov/fire/what_we_do/wildland_fire_use.shtml |publisher=U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service |access-date=26 September 2021 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101065507/https://www.fws.gov/fire/what_we_do/wildland_fire_use.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Prescribed burn in a Pinus nigra stand in Portugal.JPG|thumb|left|alt=A small fire on the slope of a hill. The hill features small, green shrubbery and some trees. A person in light-colored clothing in seen in the background, some distance from the flames.|A prescribed burn in a ''[[Pinus nigra]]'' stand in Portugal]]

Strategies for wildfire prevention, detection, control and suppression have varied over the years.<ref>{{cite web|title=International Experts Study Ways to Fight Wildfires|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2009-06-24-voa7-68788387/411212.html|access-date=9 July 2009|date=24 June 2009|publisher=Voice of America (VOA) News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107041028/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2009-06-24-voa7-68788387.html|archive-date=7 January 2010}}</ref> One common and inexpensive technique to reduce the risk of uncontrolled wildfires is [[controlled burn]]ing: intentionally igniting smaller less-intense fires to minimize the amount of flammable material available for a potential wildfire.<ref name="IS">''Interagency Strategy for the Implementation of the Federal Wildland Fire Policy'', entire text</ref><ref>''National Wildfire Coordinating Group Communicator's Guide For Wildland Fire Management'', entire text</ref> Vegetation may be burned periodically to limit the accumulation of plants and other debris that may serve as fuel, while also maintaining high species diversity.<ref name=":3">''Fire. The Australian Experience'', 5–6.</ref><ref name=":4">Graham, ''et al''., 15.</ref> While other people claim that controlled burns and a policy of allowing some wildfires to burn is the cheapest method and an ecologically appropriate policy for many forests, they tend not to take into account the economic value of resources that are consumed by the fire, especially merchantable timber.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Noss|first1=Reed F.|last2=Franklin|first2=Jerry F.|last3=Baker|first3=William L.|author4-link=Tania Schoennagel|last4=Schoennagel|first4=Tania|last5=Moyle|first5=Peter B.|date=1 November 2006|title=Managing fire-prone forests in the western United States|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment|language=en|volume=4|issue=9|pages=481–487|doi=10.1890/1540-9295(2006)4[481:MFFITW]2.0.CO;2|issn=1540-9309|url=https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7478&context=facultybib2000|access-date=3 December 2019|archive-date=13 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213085922/https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7478&context=facultybib2000|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Some studies conclude that while fuels may also be removed by logging, such thinning treatments may not be effective at reducing fire severity under extreme weather conditions.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Lydersen|first1=Jamie M.|last2=North|first2=Malcolm P.|last3=Collins|first3=Brandon M.|date=15 September 2014|title=Severity of an uncharacteristically large wildfire, the Rim Fire, in forests with relatively restored frequent fire regimes|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1258959|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|volume=328|pages=326–334|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2014.06.005|bibcode=2014ForEM.328..326L |access-date=16 July 2019|archive-date=13 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213213223/https://zenodo.org/record/1258959|url-status=live}}</ref>

Building codes in fire-prone areas typically require that structures be built of flame-resistant materials and a [[defensible space (fire control)|defensible space]] be maintained by clearing flammable materials within a prescribed distance from the structure.<ref name=":8">{{cite web | url = http://www.fire.ca.gov/fire_prevention/downloads/FHSZBSR_Backgrounder.pdf | title = California's Fire Hazard Severity Zone Update and Building Standards Revision | publisher = CAL FIRE | date = May 2007 | access-date = 18 December 2008 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226080558/http://www.fire.ca.gov/fire_prevention/downloads/FHSZBSR_Backgrounder.pdf | archive-date = 26 February 2009 }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite web | url = http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/07-08/bill/sen/sb_1551-1600/sb_1595_bill_20080927_chaptered.pdf | title = California Senate Bill No. 1595, Chapter 366 | publisher = State of California | date = 27 September 2008 | access-date = 18 December 2008 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120330120658/http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/07-08/bill/sen/sb_1551-1600/sb_1595_bill_20080927_chaptered.pdf | archive-date = 30 March 2012 }}</ref> Communities in the [[Philippines]] also maintain [[fire line]]s {{convert|5|to|10|m|sp=us|ft}} wide between the forest and their village, and patrol these lines during summer months or seasons of dry weather.<ref>Karki, 14.</ref> Continued residential development in fire-prone areas and rebuilding structures destroyed by fires has been met with criticism.<ref name="Trial2">{{cite web | url = http://www.onearth.org/article/our-trial-by-fire?page=2 | title = Our Trial by Fire | last = Manning | first = Richard | publisher = onearth.org | date = 1 December 2007 | access-date = 7 January 2009 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080630035505/http://www.onearth.org/article/our-trial-by-fire?page=2 | archive-date = 30 June 2008 }}</ref> The ecological benefits of fire are often overridden by the economic and safety benefits of protecting structures and human life.<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web | url = http://www.economics.noaa.gov/?goal=ecosystems&file=events/fire/ | title = Extreme Events: Wild & Forest Fire | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) | access-date = 7 January 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090114111211/http://www.economics.noaa.gov/?goal=ecosystems&file=events%2Ffire%2F | archive-date = 14 January 2009 }}</ref>

===Goat grazing programs===
As climate change drives more frequent and more intense wildfires, more effort is being given to mitigation of fire potential by active measures such as managing fire fuels (ground cover, weeds, small shrubs, [[coyote brush]], etc). In Northern California, for example, [[goat]] herds have been used in many communities to reduce the amount of fire fuels on the outskirts of some communities. It is estimated that 60 to 80,000 goats were thus employed by 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the firefighting goats of California (podcast) |url=https://www.cbc.ca/listen/live-radio/1-429-what-on-earth/clip/16146900-meet-firefighting-goats-california |access-date=18 May 2025 |work=What On Earth with Laura Lynch |agency=CBC News |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date=16 May 2025}}</ref>

== Detection ==
{{See also|Remote sensing}}
[[File:Drymountainlookout1930.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A four-legged tower with a small at the top, next to two one-story buildings. The tower is four stories tall. Trees are at either side, and in the foreground, there are rocks, some vegetation, and a rough trail.|Dry Mountain Fire Lookout in the [[Ochoco National Forest]], [[Oregon]], US circa 1930]]

The demand for timely, high-quality fire information has increased in recent years. Fast and effective detection is a key factor in wildfire fighting.<ref>San-Miguel-Ayanz, ''et al.'', 362.</ref> Early detection efforts were focused on early response, accurate results in both daytime and nighttime, and the ability to prioritize fire danger.<ref name="Integration">{{cite journal | url = http://www.westerndisastercenter.org/DOCUMENTS/PERS_PAPER.pdf | title = An Integration of Remote Sensing, GIS, and Information Distribution for Wildfire Detection and Management | journal = Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing | volume = 64 | issue = 10 | date = October 1998 | pages = 977–985 | access-date = 26 June 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090816123809/http://www.westerndisastercenter.org/DOCUMENTS/PERS_PAPER.pdf | archive-date = 16 August 2009 }}</ref> [[Fire lookout tower]]s were used in the United States in the early 20th century and fires were reported using telephones, [[carrier pigeon]]s, and [[heliograph]]s.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://archives.cbc.ca/version_print.asp?page=1&IDLan=1&IDClip=4917&IDDossier=849&IDCat=346&IDCatPa=261 | title = Radio communication keeps rangers in touch | publisher = Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) Digital Archives | date = 21 August 1957 | access-date = 6 February 2009 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090813160525/http://archives.cbc.ca/version_print.asp?page=1&IDLan=1&IDClip=4917&IDDossier=849&IDCat=346&IDCatPa=261 | archive-date = 13 August 2009 }}</ref> Aerial and land photography using [[instant camera]]s were used in the 1950s until [[infrared photography|infrared scanning]] was developed for fire detection in the 1960s. However, information analysis and delivery was often delayed by limitations in communication technology. Early satellite-derived fire analyses were hand-drawn on maps at a remote site and sent via overnight mail to the [[incident commander|fire manager]]. During the [[Yellowstone fires of 1988]], a data station was established in [[West Yellowstone]], permitting the delivery of satellite-based fire information in approximately four hours.<ref name="Integration" />

Public hotlines, [[fire lookout]]s in towers, and ground and aerial patrols can be used as a means of early detection of forest fires. However, accurate human observation may be limited by [[asthenopia|operator fatigue]], time of day, time of year, and geographic location. Electronic systems have gained popularity in recent years as a possible resolution to human operator error. These systems may be semi- or fully automated and employ systems based on the risk area and degree of human presence, as suggested by [[Geographic information system|GIS]] data analyses. An integrated approach of multiple systems can be used to merge satellite data, aerial imagery, and personnel position via [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS) into a collective whole for near-realtime use by wireless [[Incident Command System|Incident Command Centers]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.forestry.state.al.us/WildfireControl.aspx?bv=1&s=0 | title = Wildfire Detection and Control | publisher = Alabama Forestry Commission | access-date = 12 January 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081120135635/http://www.forestry.state.al.us/WildfireControl.aspx?bv=1&s=0 | archive-date = 20 November 2008 }}</ref>

=== Local sensor networks ===

A small, high risk area that features thick vegetation, a strong human presence, or is close to a critical urban area can be monitored using a local [[sensor network]]. Detection systems may include [[wireless sensor network]]s that act as automated weather systems: detecting temperature, humidity, and smoke.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://cse.seas.wustl.edu/techreportfiles/getreport.asp?399 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070103233730/http://cse.seas.wustl.edu/techreportfiles/getreport.asp?399 | archive-date = 3 January 2007 | format = PDF | title = Mobile Agent Middleware for Sensor Networks: An Application Case Study | date = 29 November 2004 | last = Fok | first = Chien-Liang | author2 = Roman, Gruia-Catalin | author3 = Lu, Chenyang | name-list-style = amp | publisher = Washington University in St. Louis | access-date = 15 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | date = July 2005 | last = Chaczko | first = Z. | author2 = Ahmad, F. | title = Third International Conference on Information Technology and Applications (ICITA'05) | chapter = Wireless Sensor Network Based System for Fire Endangered Areas | volume = 2 | pages = 203–207 | doi = 10.1109/ICITA.2005.313 | isbn = 978-0-7695-2316-3 | s2cid = 14472324 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://firecenter.umt.edu/index.php/project/Wireless-Weather-Sensor-Networks-for-Fire-Management/ID/461d72ad/fuseaction/whatWeDo.projectDetail.htm | title = Wireless Weather Sensor Networks for Fire Management | publisher = University of Montana – Missoula | access-date = 19 January 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090404124819/http://firecenter.umt.edu/index.php/project/Wireless-Weather-Sensor-Networks-for-Fire-Management/ID/461d72ad/fuseaction/whatWeDo.projectDetail.htm | archive-date = 4 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.libelium.com/libeliumworld/articles/101031032811 |title=Detecting Forest Fires using Wireless Sensor Networks with Waspmote |publisher=Libelium Comunicaciones Distribuidas S.L. |first=Javier |last=Solobera |date=9 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417133344/http://www.libelium.com/libeliumworld/articles/101031032811 |archive-date=17 April 2010 |access-date=5 July 2010 }}</ref> These may be battery-powered, solar-powered, or ''tree-rechargeable'': able to recharge their battery systems using the small electrical currents in plant material.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2008/trees-0923.html | title = Preventing forest fires with tree power | date = 23 September 2008 | access-date = 15 January 2009 | last = Thomson | first = Elizabeth A. | publisher = Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) News | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081229071819/http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2008/trees-0923.html | archive-date = 29 December 2008 }}</ref> Larger, medium-risk areas can be monitored by scanning towers that incorporate fixed cameras and sensors to detect smoke or additional factors such as the infrared signature of carbon dioxide produced by fires. Additional capabilities such as [[night vision]], brightness detection, and color change detection may also be incorporated into [[sensor array]]s.<ref>"Evaluation of three wildfire smoke detection systems", 6</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://advancement.sdsu.edu/marcomm/news/releases/spring2005/pr062305.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060901120511/http://advancement.sdsu.edu/marcomm/news/releases/spring2005/pr062305.html | archive-date = 1 September 2006 | title = SDSU Tests New Wildfire-Detection Technology | date = 23 June 2005 | place = San Diego, CA | publisher = San Diego State University | access-date = 12 January 2009}}</ref><ref>San-Miguel-Ayanz, ''et al.'', 366–369, 373–375.</ref>

The [[Department of Natural Resources]] signed a contract with [[PanoAI]] for the installation of 360 degree 'rapid detection' cameras around the Pacific northwest, which are mounted on cell towers and are capable of continuous monitoring of a {{convert|15|mi|km|order=flip|adj=on}} radius.<ref>{{Cite web |last=burgos |first=matthew |date=1 August 2023 |title=is artificial intelligence the future of wildfire prevention? |url=https://www.designboom.com/technology/pano-ai-artificial-intelligence-cameras-wildfire-prevention-08-02-2023/ |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=designboom {{!}} architecture & design magazine |language=en |archive-date=14 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814163523/https://www.designboom.com/technology/pano-ai-artificial-intelligence-cameras-wildfire-prevention-08-02-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, [[Sensaio Tech]], based in Brazil and Toronto, has released a sensor device that continuously monitors 14 different variables common in forests, ranging from soil temperature to salinity. This information is connected live back to clients through dashboard visualizations, while mobile notifications are provided regarding dangerous levels.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 August 2023 |title=Devastating wildfires spur new detection systems |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-66266186 |access-date=14 August 2023 |archive-date=14 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814163519/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-66266186 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Satellite and aerial monitoring ===
[[File:2020_Cordoba_NASA_FIRMS.jpg|thumb|The [[2020 Córdoba wildfires]] imaged by [[NASA]]'s [[Fire Information for Resource Management System|FIRMS]]]]
[[Satellite]] and aerial monitoring through the use of planes, helicopter, or UAVs can provide a wider view and may be sufficient to monitor very large, low risk areas. These more sophisticated systems employ [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] and aircraft-mounted infrared or high-resolution visible cameras to identify and target wildfires.<ref>{{cite web | author = Rochester Institute of Technology | url = https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/04/030410072055.htm | title = New Wildfire-detection Research Will Pinpoint Small Fires From 10,000 feet | website = ScienceDaily | date = 4 October 2003 | access-date = 12 January 2009 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080605223918/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/04/030410072055.htm | archive-date = 5 June 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEMEAE0CYTE_index_0.html | title = Airborne campaign tests new instrumentation for wildfire detection | date = 11 October 2006 | publisher = European Space Agency | access-date = 12 January 2009 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090813163219/http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEMEAE0CYTE_index_0.html | archive-date = 13 August 2009 }}</ref> Satellite-mounted sensors such as [[Envisat]]'s [[AATSR|Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer]] and [[European Remote-Sensing Satellite]]'s Along-Track Scanning Radiometer can measure infrared radiation emitted by fires, identifying hot spots greater than {{convert|39|C|F}}.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMRBH9ATME_Protecting_0.html | title = World fire maps now available online in near-real time | publisher = European Space Agency | date = 24 May 2006 | access-date = 12 January 2009 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090813163601/http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMRBH9ATME_Protecting_0.html | archive-date = 13 August 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMEKMZBYTE_index_0.html | title = Earth from Space: California's 'Esperanza' fire | date = 11 March 2006 | publisher = European Space Agency | access-date = 12 January 2009 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081110113923/http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMEKMZBYTE_index_0.html | archive-date = 10 November 2008 }}</ref> The [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]'s Hazard Mapping System combines remote-sensing data from satellite sources such as [[Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite]] (GOES), [[Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer]] (MODIS), and [[Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer]] (AVHRR) for detection of fire and smoke plume locations.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/FIRE/hms.html | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Satellite and Information Service | title = Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product | access-date = 15 January 2009 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090114044127/http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/FIRE/hms.html | archive-date = 14 January 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Swarm">{{cite journal | title = A probabilistic zonal approach for swarm-inspired wildfire detection using sensor networks | last = Ramachandran | first = Chandrasekar | author2 = Misra, Sudip | author3 = Obaidat, Mohammad S. | author3-link = Mohammad S. Obaidat | name-list-style = amp | journal = Int. J. Commun. Syst. | volume = 21 | issue = 10 | pages = 1047–1073 | date = 9 June 2008 | doi = 10.1002/dac.937 }}</ref> However, satellite detection is prone to offset errors, anywhere from {{convert|2|to|3|km|mi|sigfig=1|sp=us}} for MODIS and AVHRR data and up to {{convert|12|km|mi|sp=us}} for GOES data.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20050180316_2005176776.pdf | title = Automated Wildfire Detection Through Artificial Neural Networks | last = Miller | first = Jerry | author2 = Borne, Kirk | author3 = Thomas, Brian | author4 = Huang Zhenping | author5 = Chi, Yuechen | name-list-style = amp | publisher = NASA | access-date = 15 January 2009 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100522013312/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20050180316_2005176776.pdf | archive-date = 22 May 2010 }}</ref> Satellites in geostationary orbits may become disabled, and satellites in polar orbits are often limited by their short window of observation time. Cloud cover and image resolution may also limit the effectiveness of satellite imagery.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Forest fire detection system based on a ZigBee wireless sensor network | date = September 2008 | doi = 10.1007/s11461-008-0054-3 | pages = 369–374 | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | journal = Frontiers of Forestry in China | last = Zhang | first = Junguo | author2 = Li, Wenbin | author3 = Han, Ning | author4 = Kan, Jiangming | s2cid = 76650011 | name-list-style = amp }}</ref> [[Global Forest Watch]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vizzuality |title=Forest Fires & Climate Change {{!}} Effects of Deforestation on Wildfires {{!}} GFW |url=https://www.globalforestwatch.org/topics/fires/ |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=www.globalforestwatch.org |language=en |archive-date=25 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725135120/https://www.globalforestwatch.org/topics/fires/ |url-status=live }}</ref> provides detailed daily updates on fire alerts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Earth Science Data Systems |first=NASA |date=28 January 2016 |title=VIIRS I-Band 375 m Active Fire Data |url=https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/learn/find-data/near-real-time/firms/viirs-i-band-375-m-active-fire-data |access-date=5 July 2023 |website=Earthdata |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812111232/https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/learn/find-data/near-real-time/firms/viirs-i-band-375-m-active-fire-data |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2015 a new fire detection tool is in operation at the [[United States Department of Agriculture|U.S. Department of Agriculture]] (USDA) [[United States Forest Service|Forest Service]] (USFS) which uses data from the [[Suomi NPP|Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership]] (NPP) satellite to detect smaller fires in more detail than previous space-based products. The high-resolution data is used with a computer model to predict how a fire will change direction based on weather and land conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA-FIRMS |url=https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/map/ |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726083155/https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/map/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2014, an international campaign was organized in South Africa's Kruger National Park to validate fire detection products including the new VIIRS active fire data. In advance of that campaign, the Meraka Institute of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in Pretoria, South Africa, an early adopter of the VIIRS 375 m fire product, put it to use during several large wildfires in Kruger.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA VIIRS Land Products |url=https://viirsland.gsfc.nasa.gov/Val/Fire_Val.html |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=viirsland.gsfc.nasa.gov |archive-date=25 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825060218/https://viirsland.gsfc.nasa.gov/Val/Fire_Val.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since 2021 NASA has provided active fire locations in [[near real-time]] via the [[Fire Information for Resource Management System]] (FIRMS).

The increased prevalence of wildfires has led to proposals deploy technologies based on [[artificial intelligence]] for early detection, prevention, and prediction of wildfires.<ref>{{Cite web |last=London |first=King's College |title=Faster satellite detection of extreme wildfires imminent |url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/faster-satellite-detection-of-extreme-wildfires-eminent |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=King's College London |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wildfire startup puts AI-powered eyes in the forest to watch for new blazes and provide rapid alerts |date=9 August 2023 |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2023/wildfire-startup-puts-ai-powered-eyes-in-the-forest-to-watch-for-new-blazes-and-provide-rapid-alerts/ |access-date=15 August 2023 |archive-date=14 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814163517/https://www.geekwire.com/2023/wildfire-startup-puts-ai-powered-eyes-in-the-forest-to-watch-for-new-blazes-and-provide-rapid-alerts/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Transport Canada SFOC Granted to Support Wildfire Suppression |date=August 2023 |url=https://www.unmannedsystemstechnology.com/2023/08/transport-canada-sfoc-granted-to-support-wildfire-suppression/ |access-date=15 August 2023 |archive-date=14 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814163518/https://www.unmannedsystemstechnology.com/2023/08/transport-canada-sfoc-granted-to-support-wildfire-suppression/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Suppression ==
{{Hatnote group|{{Main|Wildfire suppression}}
}}
[[File:RIAN archive 733844 Forest fires ravaging near Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant.jpg|thumb|A Russian firefighter extinguishing a wildfire]]
[[File:Wildfire in Otsuchi, Iwate.png|thumb|A [[Japan Self-Defense Forces|JSDF]] helicopter dropping water at [[2026 Ōtsuchi wildfires|a wildfire]]]]
Wildfire suppression depends on the technologies available in the area in which the wildfire occurs. In less developed nations the techniques used can be as simple as throwing sand or beating the fire with sticks or palm fronds.<ref>Karki, 16</ref> In more advanced nations, the suppression methods vary due to increased technological capacity. [[Silver iodide]] can be used to encourage snow fall,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/china-makes-snow-to-extinguish-forest-fire |title=China Makes Snow to Extinguish Forest Fire |publisher=FOXNews.com |access-date=10 July 2009 |date=18 May 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813173448/http://origin.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,195969,00.html |archive-date=13 August 2009 }}</ref> while [[fire retardant]]s and water can be dropped onto fires by [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s, [[airtanker|planes]], and [[helitack|helicopters]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sge/WRAP//projects/docs/ISRSE_PAPER_2003.PDF |access-date=21 July 2009 |title=Disaster Management Applications – Fire |first=Vincent G. |last=Ambrosia |publisher=NASA-Ames Research Center |date=2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724081427/http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sge/WRAP/projects/docs/ISRSE_PAPER_2003.PDF |archive-date=24 July 2009 }}</ref><ref>Plucinski, ''et al.'', 6</ref> Complete fire suppression is no longer an expectation, but the majority of wildfires are often extinguished before they grow out of control. While more than 99% of the 10,000 new wildfires each year are contained, escaped wildfires under extreme weather conditions are difficult to suppress without a change in the weather. Wildfires in Canada and the US burn an average of {{convert|54500|km2|acre|sigfig=2|sp=us}} per year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/fighting-fire-in-the-forest-1.863449 |title=Fighting fire in the forest |publisher=CBS News |date=17 June 2009 |access-date=26 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619212242/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2009/06/17/f-forest-fires.html |archive-date=19 June 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/?report=fire&year=2008&month=13 | title = Climate of 2008 Wildfire Season Summary | publisher = National Climatic Data Center | date = 11 December 2008 | access-date = 7 January 2009 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151023095354/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/?report=fire&year=2008&month=13 | archive-date = 23 October 2015 }}</ref>

Above all, fighting wildfires can become deadly. A wildfire's burning front may also change direction unexpectedly and jump across fire breaks. Intense heat and smoke can lead to disorientation and loss of appreciation of the direction of the fire, which can make fires particularly dangerous. For example, during the 1949 [[Mann Gulch fire]] in [[Montana]], United States, thirteen [[smokejumper]]s died when they lost their communication links, became disoriented, and were overtaken by the fire.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_int/int_gtr299/ | title = General Technical Report INT-GTR-299 – Mann Gulch Fire: A Race That Couldn't Be Won | publisher = United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station | date = May 1993 | last = Rothermel | first = Richard C. | access-date = 26 June 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090813122911/http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_int/int_gtr299/ | archive-date = 13 August 2009 }}</ref> In the Australian [[February 2009 Victorian bushfires]], at least 173 people died and over 2,029 homes and 3,500 structures were lost when they became engulfed by wildfire.<ref name="homeslost">{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/PARLMENT/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LA20090313005|title=Victorian Bushfires|date=13 March 2009|publisher=New South Wales Government|work=Parliament of New South Wales|access-date=26 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227231203/http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/PARLMENT/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LA20090313005|archive-date=27 February 2010}}</ref>

=== Costs of wildfire suppression ===
The suppression of wild fires takes up a large amount of a country's [[gross domestic product]] which directly affects the country's economy.<ref name="ellison">{{cite journal|last=Ellison|first=A|author2=Evers, C.|author3=Moseley, C.|author4=Nielsen-Pincus, M.|year=2012|title=Forest service spending on large wildfires in the West|url=http://ewp.uoregon.edu/sites/ewp.uoregon.edu/files/WP_41.pdf|journal=Ecosystem Workforce Program|volume=41|pages=1–16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123131143/http://ewp.uoregon.edu/sites/ewp.uoregon.edu/files/WP_41.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2020 }}</ref> While costs vary wildly from year to year, depending on the severity of each fire season, in the United States, local, state, federal and tribal agencies collectively spend tens of billions of dollars annually to suppress wildfires. In the United States, it was reported that approximately $6 billion was spent between 2004–2008 to suppress wildfires in the country.<ref name="ellison" /> In California, the [[United States Forest Service|U.S. Forest Service]] spends about $200 million per year to suppress 98% of wildfires and up to $1 billion to suppress the other 2% of fires that escape initial attack and become large.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Region 5 – Land & Resource Management|url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/r05|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823005834/http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/r5/landmanagement/?cid=stelprdb5412095|archive-date=23 August 2016|access-date=22 August 2016|website=US Forest Service }}</ref>

=== Wildland firefighting safety ===
[[File:Wildland Firefighter.jpg|thumb|upright|Wildland firefighter working a brush fire in [[Hopkinton, New Hampshire|Hopkinton]], New Hampshire, US]]
Wildland fire fighters face several life-threatening hazards including [[heat stress]], [[fatigue (safety)|fatigue]], [[smoke]] and [[dust]], as well as the risk of other injuries such as [[burn]]s, [[wound|cuts]] and [[Abrasion (medical)|scrapes]], [[animal bites]], and even [[rhabdomyolysis]].<ref name="niosh-blog">{{cite web|title=Wildland Fire Fighting Safety and Health|url=http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2012/07/wildlandfire/|work=NIOSH Science Blog|publisher=National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health|access-date=6 August 2012|first=Corey|last=Campbell|author2=Liz Dalsey|date=13 July 2012 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809023909/http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2012/07/wildlandfire/|archive-date=9 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="Hot Tips from NIOSH">{{cite web|title=Wildland Fire Fighting: Hot Tips to Stay Safe and Healthy|url=https://www.cdc.gov/NIOSH/docs/2013-158/pdfs/2013-158.pdf|publisher=National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health|access-date=21 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322030104/http://www.cdc.gov/NIOSH/docs/2013-158/pdfs/2013-158.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2014}}</ref> Between 2000 and 2016, more than 350 wildland firefighters died on-duty.<ref name="NIOSH Wildland Firefighting default page">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/firefighting/default.html |title=CDC – Fighting Wildfires – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic |date=31 May 2018 |website=www.cdc.gov |publisher=[[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] |language=en-us |access-date=27 November 2018 |quote=Between 2000–2016, based on data compiled in the NIOSH Wildland Fire Fighter On-Duty Death Surveillance System from three data sources, over 350 on-duty WFF fatalities occurred. |archive-date=25 October 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041025232542/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/firefighting/default.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Especially in hot weather conditions, fires present the risk of heat stress, which can entail feeling heat, fatigue, weakness, vertigo, headache, or nausea. Heat stress can progress into heat strain, which entails physiological changes such as increased heart rate and core body temperature. This can lead to heat-related illnesses, such as heat rash, cramps, exhaustion or [[heat stroke]]. Various factors can contribute to the risks posed by heat stress, including strenuous work, personal risk factors such as age and [[Physical fitness|fitness]], dehydration, sleep deprivation, and burdensome [[personal protective equipment]]. Rest, cool water, and occasional breaks are crucial to mitigating the effects of heat stress.<ref name="niosh-blog" />

Smoke, ash, and debris can also pose serious respiratory hazards for wildland firefighters. The smoke and dust from wildfires can contain gases such as [[carbon monoxide]], [[sulfur dioxide]] and [[formaldehyde]], as well as [[Atmospheric particulate matter|particulates]] such as [[Wood ash|ash]] and [[silica]]. To reduce smoke exposure, wildfire fighting crews should, whenever possible, rotate firefighters through areas of heavy smoke, avoid downwind firefighting, use equipment rather than people in holding areas, and minimize mop-up. Camps and command posts should also be located upwind of wildfires. Protective clothing and equipment can also help minimize exposure to smoke and ash.<ref name="niosh-blog" />

Firefighters are also at risk of cardiac events including strokes and heart attacks. Firefighters should maintain good physical fitness. Fitness programs, medical screening and examination programs which include stress tests can minimize the risks of firefighting cardiac problems.<ref name="niosh-blog" /> Other injury hazards wildland firefighters face include slips, trips, falls, burns, scrapes, and cuts from tools and equipment, being struck by trees, vehicles, or other objects, plant hazards such as thorns and poison ivy, snake and animal bites, vehicle crashes, electrocution from power lines or lightning storms, and unstable building structures.<ref name="niosh-blog" />

=== Fire retardants ===
{{Main|Fire retardant}}

Fire retardants are used to slow wildfires by inhibiting combustion. They are aqueous solutions of ammonium phosphates and ammonium sulfates, as well as thickening agents.<ref>{{cite journal |author=A. Agueda |author2=E. Pastor |author3=E. Planas |year=2008|title=Different scales for studying the effectiveness of long-term forest fire retardants|journal=Progress in Energy and Combustion Science|volume=24|issue=6|pages=782–796|doi=10.1016/j.pecs.2008.06.001|bibcode=2008PECS...34..782A }}</ref> The decision to apply retardant depends on the magnitude, location and intensity of the wildfire. In certain instances, fire retardant may also be applied as a precautionary fire defense measure.<ref name="coloradoan.com">{{cite web|author=Magill, B.|title=Officials: Fire slurry poses little threat|work=Coloradoan.com|url=http://www.coloradoan.com/article/20120706/NEWS01/307060035/Officials-Fire-slurry-poses-little-threat}}</ref>

Typical fire retardants contain the same agents as fertilizers. Fire retardants may also affect water quality through leaching, [[eutrophication]], or misapplication. Fire retardant's effects on drinking water remain inconclusive.<ref name="minesnewsroom.com">{{cite web |author=Boerner, C. |author2=Coday B. |author3=Noble, J. |author4=Roa, P. |author5=Roux V. |author6=Rucker K. |author7=Wing, A. |year=2012 |title=Impact of wildfire in Clear Creek Watershed of the city of Golden's drinking water supply |publisher=Colorado School of Mines |url=http://minesnewsroom.com/sites/default/files/wysiwyg-editor/Impacts%20of%20wildfire%20on%20Golden%27s%20drinking%20water-1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112021046/http://minesnewsroom.com/sites/default/files/wysiwyg-editor/Impacts%20of%20wildfire%20on%20Golden%27s%20drinking%20water-1.pdf |archive-date=12 November 2012 }}</ref> Dilution factors, including water body size, rainfall, and water flow rates lessen the concentration and potency of fire retardant.<ref name="coloradoan.com" /> Wildfire debris (ash and sediment) clog rivers and reservoirs increasing the risk for floods and erosion that ultimately slow and/or damage water treatment systems.<ref name="minesnewsroom.com" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Eichenseher, T.|year=2012|title=Colorado Wildfires Threaten Water Supplies|work=National Geographic Daily News|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/07/120703/colorado-wildfires-waldo-high-park-hayman-threaten-water-supplies/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710084010/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/07/120703/colorado-wildfires-waldo-high-park-hayman-threaten-water-supplies/|archive-date=10 July 2012}}</ref> There is continued concern of fire retardant effects on land, water, wildlife habitats, and watershed quality, additional research is needed. However, on the positive side, fire retardant (specifically its nitrogen and phosphorus components) has been shown to have a fertilizing effect on nutrient-deprived soils and thus creates a temporary increase in vegetation.<ref name="coloradoan.com" />

=== Modeling ===
[[File:Propagation model wildfire (English).svg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|alt=A dark region shaped like a shield with a pointed bottom. An arrow and the text "propagation axis (wind)" indicates a bottom-to-top direction up the body of the shield shape. The shape's pointed bottom is labeled "fire starter". Around the shield shape's top and thinning towards its sides, a yellow-orange region is labeled "left front", "right front", and (at the top) "head of the fire".|Fire Propagation Model]]
[[File:ACTbushfire03.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[2003 Canberra bushfires]], visible from [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]]]]
{{excerpt|Wildfire modeling|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}}

== Impacts on the natural environment ==

=== On forests ===
Forests face many disturbances that can adversely affect their health and vitality.. Fire is a significant disturbance in forests and a contributor to forest loss and degradation. On average, 261 million ha of land was affected by fire annually in 2007–2019; almost half (49%) of this area was forested. About 123 million ha of forest was affected by fire in 2019, of which 79% was in the subtropical climatic domain, 8% was in the boreal domain, 8% was in the tropical domain and 6% was in the temperate domain.<ref>{{Cite book |last=FAO |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd6709en |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2025 |date=2025 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-140082-1 |language=English |doi=10.4060/cd6709en}}</ref>

=== On the atmosphere ===
{{See also|Air pollution|Carbon cycle|Atmospheric chemistry|Haze|1997 Southeast Asian haze|2005 Malaysian haze}}
[[File:Western_fires_2020.jpg|Wildfire smoke in the [[atmosphere]] off the [[U.S. West Coast]] in 2020|thumb]]

Most of Earth's weather and air pollution resides in the [[troposphere]], the part of the atmosphere that extends from the surface of the planet to a height of about {{convert|10|km|mi|sigfig=1|sp=us}}. The vertical lift of a severe thunderstorm or [[pyrocumulonimbus]] can be enhanced in the area of a large wildfire, which can propel smoke, [[soot]] ([[black carbon]]), and other [[Atmospheric particulate matter|particulate matter]] as high as the lower [[stratosphere]].<ref>{{cite conference |last=Wang |first=P.K. |date=2003 |title=The physical mechanism of injecting biomass burning materials into the stratosphere during fire-induced thunderstorms |location=San Francisco |publisher=American Geophysical Union fall meeting}}</ref> Previously, prevailing scientific theory held that most particles in the stratosphere came from [[volcano]]es, but smoke and other wildfire emissions have been detected from the lower stratosphere.<ref>{{cite conference |author=Fromm, M. |author2=Stocks, B. |author3=Servranckx, R. |author4=Lindsey, D. |title=Smoke in the Stratosphere: What Wildfires have Taught Us About Nuclear Winter; abstract #U14A-04 |bibcode=2006AGUFM.U14A..04F |conference=American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2006}}</ref> Pyrocumulus clouds can reach {{convert|6100|m|ft|sp=us}} over wildfires.<ref>Graham, ''et al''., 17</ref> Satellite observation of smoke plumes from wildfires revealed that the plumes could be traced intact for distances exceeding {{convert|1600|km|mi|sigfig=1|sp=us}}.<ref>{{cite web |author=John R. Scala |display-authors=etal |title=Meteorological Conditions Associated with the Rapid Transport of Canadian Wildfire Products into the Northeast during 5–8 July 2002 |url=http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/68737.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226080555/http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/68737.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2009 |access-date=4 February 2009 |publisher=American Meteorological Society }}</ref> Computer-aided models such as [[CALPUFF]] may help predict the size and direction of wildfire-generated smoke plumes by using [[atmospheric dispersion modeling]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Breyfogle |first1=Steve |last2=Sue A. |first2=Ferguson |date=December 1996 |title=User Assessment of Smoke-Dispersion Models for Wildland Biomass Burning |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr379.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226080555/http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr379.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2009 |access-date=6 February 2009 |publisher=US Forest Service }}</ref>

Wildfires can affect local atmospheric pollution,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bravo |first=A.H. |author2=E.R. Sosa |author3=A.P. Sánchez |author4=P.M. Jaimes |author5=R.M.I. Saavedra |name-list-style=amp |date=2002 |title=Impact of wildfires on the air quality of Mexico City, 1992–1999 |journal=Environmental Pollution |volume=117 |issue=2 |pages=243–253 |doi=10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00277-9 |pmid=11924549 |bibcode=2002EPoll.117..243B }}</ref> and release carbon in the form of carbon dioxide.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dore |first1=S. |last2=Kolb |first2=T.E. |last3=Montes-Helu |first3=M. |last4=Eckert |first4=S.E. |last5=Sullivan |first5=B.W. |last6=Hungate |first6=B.A. |last7=Kaye |first7=J.P. |last8=Hart |first8=S.C. |last9=Koch |first9=G.W. |date=1 April 2010 |title=Carbon and water fluxes from ponderosa pine forests disturbed by wildfire and thinning |journal=Ecological Applications |language=en |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=663–683 |doi=10.1890/09-0934.1 |issn=1939-5582 |pmid=20437955|bibcode=2010EcoAp..20..663D }}</ref> [[Wildland fire emissions|Wildfire emissions]] contain fine particulate matter which can cause cardiovascular and respiratory problems.<ref>{{cite web |last=Douglass |first=R. |date=2008 |title=Quantification of the health impacts associated with fine particulate matter due to wildfires. MS Thesis |url=http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/10161/495/1/MP_rld10_a_052008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610213236/http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/10161/495/1/MP_rld10_a_052008.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2010 |access-date=1 April 2010 |publisher=Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences of Duke University }}</ref> Increased fire byproducts in the troposphere can increase ozone concentrations beyond safe levels.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Center for Atmospheric Research |date=13 October 2008 |title=Wildfires Cause Ozone Pollution to Violate Health Standards |url=http://www.innovations-report.de/html/berichte/geowissenschaften/wildfires_ozone_pollution_violate_health_standards_120086.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927124441/http://www.innovations-report.de/html/berichte/geowissenschaften/wildfires_ozone_pollution_violate_health_standards_120086.html |archive-date=27 September 2011 |access-date=4 February 2009 |publisher=Geophysical Research Letters }}</ref>

=== On ecosystems ===
{{Hatnote group|{{Main|Fire ecology}}
{{See also|Disturbance (ecology)|Forestry}}
}}
Wildfires are common in climates that are sufficiently moist to allow the growth of vegetation but feature extended dry, hot periods.<ref name="NOVA222"/> Such places include the vegetated areas of Australia and [[Southeast Asia]], the [[veld]] in southern Africa, the [[fynbos]] in the Western Cape of [[South Africa]], the forested areas of the United States and Canada, and the [[Mediterranean Basin]].

Some ecosystems are adapted to low-severity fires, where trees can survive but underbrush is cleared. Human suppression of lightning-caused fires in areas like Canada and the United States has created a buildup of fuel compared to more frequent fires before the 20th century. This has resulted in fewer but higher-severity fires which can kill mature trees.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/02/250211235653.htm |title=Fewer forest fires burn in North America today than in the past--and that's a bad thing |date=February 16, 2025 |publisher=ScienceDaily |author=University of Colorado at Boulder}} This study was conducted by examining old trees and fire maps, not relying on older government data which is considered unreliable (see Politifact, [https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2021/oct/15/heartland-institute/no-wildfires-werent-bigger-1920s-and-30s-today/ "U.S. acres burned each year are much fewer now — even in our worst years — than was the case in the early 20th century."] rated "Mostly False").</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Casado-Ramos |first1=Felena |last2=Vargas-Sanabria |first2=Daniela |date=2025-02-21 |title=Incendios forestales y variables geográficas en la zona de amortiguamiento del Parque Internacional La Amistad, Costa Rica |url=https://revistas.uned.ac.cr/index.php/cuadernos/article/view/5499 |journal=UNED Research Journal |language=es |volume=17 |article-number=e5499 |doi=10.22458/urj.v17i1.5499 |issn=1659-441X |archive-date=15 July 2025 |access-date=6 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715231117/https://revistas.uned.ac.cr/index.php/cuadernos/article/view/5499 }}</ref>

High-severity wildfire creates [[complex early seral forest]] habitat (also called "snag forest habitat"), which often has higher species richness and diversity than unburned old forest.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-802749-3.00011-6 |chapter=In the Aftermath of Fire |title=The Ecological Importance of Mixed-Severity Fires |date=2015 |last1=Dellasala |first1=Dominick A. |last2=Lindenmayer |first2=David B. |last3=Hanson |first3=Chad T. |last4=Furnish |first4=Jim |pages=313–347 |isbn=978-0-12-802749-3 }}</ref> Plant and animal species in most types of North American forests evolved with fire, and many of these species depend on wildfires, and particularly high-severity fires, to reproduce and grow. Fire helps to return nutrients from plant matter back to the soil. The heat from fire is necessary to the germination of certain types of seeds, and the snags (dead trees) and early successional forests created by high-severity fire create habitat conditions that are beneficial to wildlife.<ref name=":1" /> Early successional forests created by high-severity fire support some of the highest levels of native biodiversity found in temperate conifer forests.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Hutto |first=Richard L. |date=1 December 2008 |title=The Ecological Importance of Severe Wildfires: Some Like It Hot |url=https://scholarworks.umt.edu/biosci_pubs/279 |journal=Ecological Applications |language=en |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=1827–1834 |doi=10.1890/08-0895.1 |issn=1939-5582 |pmid=19263880 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2008EcoAp..18.1827H |access-date=27 August 2019 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709174631/https://scholarworks.umt.edu/biosci_pubs/279/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Donato |first1=Daniel C. |last2=Fontaine |first2=Joseph B. |last3=Robinson |first3=W. Douglas |last4=Kauffman |first4=J. Boone |last5=Law |first5=Beverly E. |date=1 January 2009 |title=Vegetation response to a short interval between high-severity wildfires in a mixed-evergreen forest |url=https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/2578/ |journal=Journal of Ecology |language=en |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=142–154 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01456.x |issn=1365-2745 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2009JEcol..97..142D |access-date=3 December 2019 |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330084911/https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/2578/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Post-fire logging has no ecological benefits and many negative impacts; the same is often true for post-fire seeding.<ref name=":5" /> The exclusion of wildfires can contribute to vegetation regime shifts, such as [[woody plant encroachment]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O'Connor |first1=Tim G. |last2=Puttick |first2=James R. |last3=Hoffman |first3=M. Timm |date=4 May 2014 |title=Bush encroachment in southern Africa: changes and causes |journal=African Journal of Range & Forage Science |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=67–88 |doi=10.2989/10220119.2014.939996 |bibcode=2014AJRFS..31...67O }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cardoso |first1=Anabelle W. |last2=Archibald |first2=Sally |last3=Bond |first3=William J. |last4=Coetsee |first4=Corli |last5=Forrest |first5=Matthew |last6=Govender |first6=Navashni |last7=Lehmann |first7=David |last8=Makaga |first8=Loïc |last9=Mpanza |first9=Nokukhanya |last10=Ndong |first10=Josué Edzang |last11=Koumba Pambo |first11=Aurélie Flore |last12=Strydom |first12=Tercia |last13=Tilman |first13=David |last14=Wragg |first14=Peter D. |last15=Staver |first15=A. Carla|author-link15= Carla Staver |date=28 June 2022 |title=Quantifying the environmental limits to fire spread in grassy ecosystems |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=119 |issue=26 |article-number=e2110364119 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2110364119 |doi-access=free |pmc=9245651 |pmid=35733267 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11910364C }}</ref>

Although some ecosystems rely on naturally occurring fires to regulate growth, some ecosystems suffer from too much fire, such as the [[chaparral]] in [[southern California]] and lower-elevation deserts in the American Southwest. The increased fire frequency in these ordinarily fire-dependent areas has upset natural cycles, damaged native plant communities, and encouraged the growth of non-native weeds.<ref>''Interagency Strategy for the Implementation of the Federal Wildland Fire Policy'', 3, 37.</ref><ref>Graham, ''et al''., 3.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Keeley, J.E. |date=1995 |title=Future of California floristics and systematics: wildfire threats to the California flora |url=http://www.werc.usgs.gov/seki/pdfs/Future%20of%20California%20Floristics%20and%20Systematics%20Wildfire%20Th.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Madroño |volume=42 |pages=175–179 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507033351/http://www.werc.usgs.gov/seki/pdfs/Future%20of%20California%20Floristics%20and%20Systematics%20Wildfire%20Th.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2009 |access-date=26 June 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |last=Zedler |first=P.H. |date=1995 |editor2=Scott, T. |title=Fire frequency in southern California shrublands: biological effects and management options |publisher=International Association of Wildland Fire |pages=101–112 |book-title=Brushfires in California wildlands: ecology and resource management |editor=Keeley, J.E. |place=Fairfield, WA}}</ref> [[Invasive species]], such as ''[[Lygodium microphyllum]]'' and ''[[Bromus tectorum]]'', can grow rapidly in areas that were damaged by fires. Because they are highly flammable, they can increase the future risk of fire, creating a [[positive feedback loop]] that increases fire frequency and further alters native vegetation communities.<ref name="FireInitiative" /><ref name="van Wagtendonk, 14" />

In the [[Amazon rainforest]], drought, logging, cattle ranching practices, and [[slash-and-burn]] agriculture damage fire-resistant forests and promote the growth of flammable brush, creating a cycle that encourages more burning.<ref>Nepstad, 4, 8–11</ref> Fires in the rainforest threaten its collection of diverse species and produce large amounts of CO2.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lindsey |first=Rebecca |date=5 March 2008 |title=Amazon fires on the rise |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/AmazonFireRise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813154232/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/AmazonFireRise/ |archive-date=13 August 2009 |access-date=9 July 2009 |publisher=Earth Observatory (NASA)}}</ref> Also, fires in the rainforest, along with drought and human involvement, could damage or destroy more than half of the Amazon rainforest by 2030.<ref>Nepstad, 4</ref> Wildfires generate ash, reduce the availability of organic nutrients, and cause an increase in water runoff, eroding other nutrients and creating [[flash flood]] conditions.<ref name="Graham, et al., iv" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Bushfire and Catchments: Effects of Fire on Soils and Erosion |url=http://www.ewatercrc.com.au/bushfire/background_effects.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830055708/http://www.ewatercrc.com.au/bushfire/background_effects.shtml |archive-date=30 August 2007 |access-date=8 January 2009 |url-status=usurped |publisher=eWater Cooperative Research Center's}}</ref> A 2003 wildfire in the [[North Yorkshire Moors]] burned off {{convert|2.5|km2|acre|sigfig=1|sp=us}} of [[Ericaceae|heather]] and the underlying [[peat]] layers. Afterwards, wind erosion stripped the ash and the exposed soil, revealing archaeological remains dating to 10,000 BC.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Refern |first=Neil |author2=Vyner, Blaise |title=Fylingdales Moor a lost landscape rises from the ashes |journal=Current Archaeology |volume=XIX |issue=226 |pages=20–27 |issn=0011-3212}}</ref> Wildfires can also have an effect on climate change, increasing the amount of carbon released into the atmosphere and inhibiting vegetation growth, which affects overall carbon uptake by plants.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Running |first=S.W. |date=2008 |title=Ecosystem Disturbance, Carbon and Climate |journal=Science |volume=321 |issue=5889 |pages=652–653 |doi=10.1126/science.1159607 |pmid=18669853 |s2cid=206513681}}</ref> Burn severity can be measured by satellites to calculate the Normalized Burn Ratio.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) {{!}} UN-SPIDER Knowledge Portal |url=https://un-spider.org/advisory-support/recommended-practices/recommended-practice-burn-severity/in-detail/normalized-burn-ratio |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=un-spider.org}}</ref>

=== On agriculture ===
Forest fires have emerged as an increasingly severe threat to agriculture, with 2024 and 2025 witnessing record-breaking fire seasons across multiple continents. In Canada, 3.24 million hectares had already burned by June 2025. This is only rivalled by the record-breaking 18 million hectares that burned in 2023, with smoke plumes affecting air quality and agricultural productivity thousands of kilometres away.<ref>{{Cite book |last=FAO |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd7185en |title=The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2025 |date=2025 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-140180-4 |language=English |doi=10.4060/cd7185en}}</ref>

=== On waterways ===

Debris and chemical runoff into waterways after wildfires can make drinking water sources unsafe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Proctor |first1=Caitlin R. |last2=Lee |first2=Juneseok |last3=Yu |first3=David |last4=Shah |first4=Amisha D. |last5=Whelton |first5=Andrew J. |year=2020 |title=Wildfire caused widespread drinking water distribution network contamination |journal=AWWA Water Science |volume=2 |issue=4 |article-number=e1183 |doi=10.1002/aws2.1183 |bibcode=2020AWWWS...2E1183P |s2cid=225641536|doi-access=free }}</ref> Though it is challenging to quantify the impacts of wildfires on surface water quality, research suggests that the concentration of many pollutants increases post-fire. The impacts occur during active burning and up to years later.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wildfires and Water Quality {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey |url=https://www.usgs.gov/centers/california-water-science-center/science/science-topics/wildfires-and-water-quality#:~:text=Wildfires%20can%20compromise%20water%20quality,and%20drinking-water%20treatment%20processes. |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=www.usgs.gov |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026140951/https://www.usgs.gov/centers/california-water-science-center/science/science-topics/wildfires-and-water-quality#:~:text=Wildfires%20can%20compromise%20water%20quality,and%20drinking-water%20treatment%20processes. |url-status=live }}</ref> Increases in nutrients and total suspended sediments can happen within a year while heavy metal concentrations may peak 1–2 years after a wildfire.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Raoelison |first1=Onja D. |last2=Valenca |first2=Renan |last3=Lee |first3=Allison |last4=Karim |first4=Samiha |last5=Webster |first5=Jackson P. |last6=Poulin |first6=Brett A. |last7=Mohanty |first7=Sanjay K. |date=15 January 2023 |title=Wildfire impacts on surface water quality parameters: Cause of data variability and reporting needs |journal=Environmental Pollution |volume=317 |article-number=120713 |doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120713 |pmid=36435284 |bibcode=2023EPoll.31720713R }}</ref>

Benzene is one of many chemicals that have been found in drinking water systems after wildfires. Benzene can permeate certain plastic pipes and thus require long times to be removed from the water distribution infrastructure. Researchers estimated that, in worst case scenarios, more than 286 days of constant flushing of a contaminated HDPE service line were needed to reduce benzene below safe drinking water limits.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2019 |title=Considerations for Decontaminating HDPE Service Lines by Flushing |url=https://engineering.purdue.edu/PlumbingSafety/opinions/Final-HDPE-Service-Line-Decontamination-2019-03-18.pdf |website=engineering.purdue.edu |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-date=13 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813140928/https://engineering.purdue.edu/PlumbingSafety/opinions/Final-HDPE-Service-Line-Decontamination-2019-03-18.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haupert |first1=Levi M. |last2=Magnuson |first2=Matthew L. |year=2019 |title=Numerical Model for Decontamination of Organic Contaminants in Polyethylene Drinking Water Pipes in Premise Plumbing by Flushing |journal=Journal of Environmental Engineering |volume=145 |issue=7 |article-number=04019034 |doi=10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001542 |pmc=7424390 |pmid=32801447}}</ref> Temperature increases caused by fires, including wildfires, can cause plastic water pipes to generate toxic chemicals<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Isaacson |first1=Kristofer P. |last2=Proctor |first2=Caitlin R. |last3=Wang |first3=Q. Erica |last4=Edwards |first4=Ethan Y. |last5=Noh |first5=Yoorae |last6=Shah |first6=Amisha D. |last7=Whelton |first7=Andrew J. |year=2021 |title=Drinking water contamination from the thermal degradation of plastics: Implications for wildfire and structure fire response |journal=Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=274–284 |doi=10.1039/D0EW00836B |s2cid=230567682 |doi-access=free}}</ref> such as [[benzene]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=28 December 2020 |title=Plastic pipes are polluting drinking water systems after wildfires |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/12/plastic-pipes-are-polluting-drinking-water-systems-after-wildfires/ |access-date=10 January 2021 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526210836/https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/12/plastic-pipes-are-polluting-drinking-water-systems-after-wildfires/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== On plant and animals ===
[[File:Boreal pine forest after fire.JPG|thumb|upright=2|alt=Two photographs of the same section of a pine forest; both show blackened bark at least halfway up the trees. The first picture is noticeably lacking in surface vegetation, while the second shows small, green grasses on the forest floor.|[[Ecological succession]] after a wildfire in a [[boreal forest|boreal pine forest]] next to Hara Bog, [[Lahemaa National Park]], [[Estonia]]. The pictures were taken one and two years after the fire.]]
{{excerpt|Fire adaptations|file=no}}

{{wide image|Fire activity swifts creek 2007 edit.jpg|933px|Smoke trail from a fire seen while looking towards [[Dargo, Victoria|Dargo]] from [[Swifts Creek, Victoria|Swifts Creek]], Victoria, Australia, 11 January 2007|alt=Panorama of a hilly expanse featuring a large smoke trail covering more than half of the visible sky.}}

== Impacts on humans ==

Wildfire risk is the chance that a wildfire will start in or reach a particular area and the potential loss of human values if it does. Risk is dependent on variable factors such as human activities, weather patterns, availability of wildfire fuels, and the availability or lack of resources to suppress a fire.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Oregon State University|title=About Oregon wildfire risk|access-date=9 July 2012|url=http://oeapp.oregonexplorer.info/Wildfire/topics/topics.aspx?Res=16142|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218072405/http://oeapp.oregonexplorer.info/Wildfire/topics/topics.aspx?Res=16142|archive-date=18 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Doerr |first1=Stefan H. |last2=Santín |first2=Cristina |title=Global trends in wildfire and its impacts: perceptions versus realities in a changing world |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B|Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences]] |date=2016 |volume=371 |issue=1696 |article-number=20150345 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2015.0345 |pmid=27216515 |pmc=4874420 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wildfires have continually been a threat to human populations. However, human-induced geographic and climatic changes are exposing populations more frequently to wildfires and increasing wildfire risk. It is speculated that the increase in wildfires arises from a century of wildfire suppression coupled with the rapid expansion of human developments into fire-prone wildlands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr208en/psw_gtr208en_505-512_haines.pdf |title=The National Wildfire Mitigation Programs Database: State, County, and Local Efforts to Reduce Wildfire Risk |publisher=US Forest Service |access-date=19 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907045339/http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr208en/psw_gtr208en_505-512_haines.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012 }}</ref> Wildfires are naturally occurring events that aid in promoting forest health. Global warming and climate changes are causing an increase in temperatures and more droughts nationwide which contributes to an increase in wildfire risk.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2013/extreme-wildfires-may-be-fueled-by-climate-change/|title=Extreme wildfires may be fueled by climate change|publisher=Michigan State University|date=1 August 2013|access-date=1 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803213631/http://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2013/extreme-wildfires-may-be-fueled-by-climate-change/|archive-date=3 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-mprIejWp00|title=White House explains the link between Climate Change and Wild Fires|date=5 August 2014|work=YouTube|author=Rajamanickam Antonimuthu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811074119/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-mprIejWp00|archive-date=11 August 2014}}</ref>
{{wide image|2009 California Wildfires at JPL - Pasadena, California.jpg|933px|The 2009 Station Fire burns in the foothills of the [[San Gabriel Mountains]] above the [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]], near [[Pasadena, California]]}}

=== Airborne hazards ===
{{See also|Heavy metals#Toxicity|Health effects of wood smoke|Joss paper#Health impact}}
The most noticeable adverse effect of wildfires is the destruction of property. However, hazardous chemicals released also significantly impact human health.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2019 |title=How Have Forest Fires Affected Air Quality in California? |url=https://www.purakamasks.com/how-did-forest-fires-affect-air-quality-in-california |access-date=11 February 2019 |website=www.purakamasks.com |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Wildfire smoke is composed primarily of carbon dioxide and water vapor. Other common components present in lower concentrations are carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, [[acrolein]], polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and benzene.<ref name="oehha.ca.gov">{{Cite web |last=Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment |year=2008 |title=Wildfire smoke: A guide for public health officials |url=http://oehha.ca.gov/air/risk_assess/wildfirev8.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516071549/http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/risk_assess/wildfirev8.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2012 |access-date=9 July 2012}}</ref> Small airborne particulates (in solid form or liquid droplets) are also present in smoke and ash debris. 80–90% of wildfire smoke, by mass, is within the fine particle size class of 2.5 micrometers in diameter or smaller.<ref>{{Cite web |last=National Wildlife Coordination Group |year=2001 |title=Smoke management guide for prescribed and wildland fire |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/ottmar-smoke-management-guide.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011200515/http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/ottmar-smoke-management-guide.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2016 |publisher=National Interagency Fire Center |location=Boise, ID}}</ref>

Carbon dioxide in smoke poses a low health risk due to its low toxicity. Rather, carbon monoxide and fine [[particulate matter]], particularly 2.5 μm in diameter and smaller, have been identified as the major health threats.<ref name="oehha.ca.gov" /> High levels of [[heavy metals]], including [[lead]], [[arsenic]], [[cadmium]], and copper were found in the ash debris following the 2007 Californian wildfires. A [[national clean-up campaign]] was organised in fear of the health effects from exposure.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Finlay SE, Moffat A, Gazzard R, Baker D, Murray V |date=November 2012 |title=Health impacts of wildfires |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=4 |article-number=e4f959951cce2c |doi=10.1371/4f959951cce2c |doi-broken-date=14 April 2026 |pmc=3492003 |pmid=23145351 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In the devastating California [[Camp Fire (2018)]] that killed 85 people, lead levels increased by around 50 times in the hours following the fire at a site nearby ([[Chico, California|Chico]]). [[Zinc]] concentration also increased significantly in Modesto, {{convert|150|mi|km|order=flip}} away. Heavy metals such as [[manganese]] and calcium were found in numerous California fires as well.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2021 |title=Wildfire smoke can increase hazardous toxic metals in air, study finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/21/wildfire-smoke-air-hazardous-toxic-metals-study-california |website=the Guardian}}</ref> Other chemicals are considered to be significant hazards but are found in concentrations that are too low to cause detectable health effects.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

The degree of wildfire smoke exposure to an individual is dependent on the length, severity, duration, and proximity of the fire. People are exposed directly to smoke via the respiratory tract through inhalation of air pollutants. Indirectly, communities are exposed to wildfire debris that can contaminate soil and water supplies.

The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) developed the [[air quality index]] (AQI), a public resource that provides national air quality standard concentrations for common air pollutants. The public can use it to determine their exposure to hazardous air pollutants based on visibility range.<ref>{{Cite web |last=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |year=2009 |title=Air quality index: A guide to air quality and health |url=http://www.epa.gov/airnow/aqi_brochure_08-09.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507130507/http://www.epa.gov/airnow/aqi_brochure_08-09.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2012 |access-date=9 July 2012}}</ref>

=== Health effects ===
{{Hatnote group|{{See also|Particulates|Health effects of wood smoke|Household air pollution#Health impacts}}
{{Further|Manganese poisoning|Lead poisoning|Chronic cough}}
}}

[[File:Diaphragmatic breathing.gif|thumb|Animation of diaphragmatic breathing with the diaphragm shown in green]]

Wildfire smoke contains [[particulates]] that may have adverse effects upon the human respiratory system. Evidence of the health effects should be relayed to the public so that exposure may be limited! The evidence can also be used to influence policy to promote positive health outcomes.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Jia Coco |last2=Wilson |first2=Ander |last3=Mickley |first3=Loretta J. |last4=Dominici |first4=Francesca |last5=Ebisu |first5=Keita |last6=Wang |first6=Yun |last7=Sulprizio |first7=Melissa P. |last8=Peng |first8=Roger D. |last9=Yue |first9=Xu |date=January 2017 |title=Wildfire-specific Fine Particulate Matter and Risk of Hospital Admissions in Urban and Rural Counties |journal=Epidemiology |language=en |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=77–85 |doi=10.1097/ede.0000000000000556 |issn=1044-3983 |pmc=5130603 |pmid=27648592}}</ref>

Inhalation of smoke from a wildfire can be a health hazard.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2019 |title=Side Effects of Wildfire Smoke Inhalation |url=https://www.cleanairresources.com/resources/side-effects-of-wildfire-smoke-inhalation |access-date=3 April 2019 |website=www.cleanairresources.com |language=en |archive-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709174432/https://www.cleanairresources.com/resources/side-effects-of-wildfire-smoke-inhalation |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Qiu |first1=Minghao |last2=Li |first2=Jessica |last3=Gould |first3=Carlos F. |last4=Jing |first4=Renzhi |last5=Kelp |first5=Makoto |last6=Childs |first6=Marissa L. |last7=Wen |first7=Jeff |last8=Xie |first8=Yuanyu |last9=Lin |first9=Meiyun |last10=Kiang |first10=Mathew V. |last11=Heft-Neal |first11=Sam |last12=Diffenbaugh |first12=Noah S. |last13=Burke |first13=Marshall |date=2025-09-18 |title=Wildfire smoke exposure and mortality burden in the US under climate change |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09611-w |journal=Nature |volume=647 |issue=8091 |language=en |pages=935–943 |doi=10.1038/s41586-025-09611-w |pmid=40967551 |bibcode=2025Natur.647..935Q |issn=1476-4687}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ma |first1=Yiqun |last2=Zang |first2=Emma |last3=Liu |first3=Yang |last4=Wei |first4=Jing |last5=Lu |first5=Yuan |last6=Krumholz |first6=Harlan M. |last7=Bell |first7=Michelle L. |last8=Chen |first8=Kai |date=2024 |title=Long-term exposure to wildland fire smoke PM2.5 and mortality in the contiguous United States |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=121 |issue=40 |article-number=e2403960121 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2403960121 |doi-access=free |pmc=11459178 |pmid=39316057}}</ref> Wildfire smoke is composed of combustion products i.e. [[carbon dioxide]], [[carbon monoxide]], [[water vapor]], [[particulate matter]], organic chemicals, [[nitrogen oxide]]s and other compounds. The principal health concern is the inhalation of particulate matter and carbon monoxide.<ref>{{cite web |title=1 Wildfire Smoke A Guide for Public Health Officials |url=http://www.epa.gov/ttnamti1/files/ambient/smoke/wildgd.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509110731/http://www.epa.gov/ttnamti1/files/ambient/smoke/wildgd.pdf |archive-date=9 May 2013 |access-date=19 January 2014 |publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref>

Particulate matter (PM) is a type of air pollution made up of particles of dust and liquid droplets. They are characterized into three categories based on particle diameter: coarse PM, fine PM, and ultrafine PM. Coarse particles are between 2.5 micrometers and 10 micrometers, fine particles measure 0.1 to 2.5 micrometers, and ultrafine particle are less than 0.1 micrometer. lmpact on the body upon inhalation varies by size. Coarse PM is filtered by the upper airways and can accumulate and cause pulmonary inflammation. This can result in eye and sinus irritation as well as sore throat and coughing.<ref name=":10">{{cite journal |last1=Forsberg |first1=Nicole T. |last2=Longo |first2=Bernadette M. |last3=Baxter |first3=Kimberly |last4=Boutté |first4=Marie |date=2012 |title=Wildfire Smoke Exposure: A Guide for the Nurse Practitioner |journal=[[The Journal for Nurse Practitioners]] |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=98–106 |doi=10.1016/j.nurpra.2011.07.001}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Jin-Zhun |last2=Ge |first2=Dan-Dan |last3=Zhou |first3=Lin-Fu |last4=Hou |first4=Ling-Yun |last5=Zhou |first5=Ying |last6=Li |first6=Qi-Yuan |date=June 2018 |title=Effects of particulate matter on allergic respiratory diseases |journal=Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=95–102 |doi=10.1016/j.cdtm.2018.04.001 |issn=2095-882X |pmc=6034084 |pmid=29988900}}</ref> Coarse PM is often composed of heavier and more toxic materials that lead to short-term effects with stronger impact.<ref name=":12" />

Smaller PM moves further into the respiratory system creating issues deep into the lungs and the bloodstream.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":12" /> In asthma patients, PM2.5 causes inflammation but also increases oxidative stress in the epithelial cells. These particulates also cause apoptosis and autophagy in lung epithelial cells. Both processes damage the cells and impact cell function. This damage impacts those with respiratory conditions such as asthma where the lung tissues and function are already compromised.<ref name=":12" /> Particulates less than 0.1 micrometer are called [[ultrafine particle]] (UFP). It is a major component of wildfire smoke.<ref name="pmid32952154">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holm SM, Miller MD, Balmes JR |date=February 2021 |title=Health effects of wildfire smoke in children and public health tools: a narrative review |journal=J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1038/s41370-020-00267-4 |pmc=7502220 |pmid=32952154|bibcode=2021JESEE..31....1H }}</ref> UFP can enter the bloodstream like PM2.5–0.1 however studies show that it works into the blood much quicker. The inflammation and epithelial damage done by UFP has also shown to be much more severe.<ref name=":12" /> PM2.5 is of the largest concern in regards to wildfire.<ref name=":11" /> This is particularly hazardous to the very young, elderly and those with chronic conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis and cardiovascular conditions. The illnesses most commonly associated with exposure to fine PM from wildfire smoke are bronchitis, exacerbation of asthma or COPD, and pneumonia. Symptoms of these complications include wheezing and shortness of breath and cardiovascular symptoms include chest pain, rapid heart rate and fatigue.<ref name=":10" />

==== Asthma exacerbation ====
Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated a close association between [[air pollution]] and respiratory allergic diseases such as bronchial [[asthma]].<ref name=":11" />

An observational study of smoke exposure related to the 2007 San Diego wildfires revealed an increase both in healthcare utilization and respiratory diagnoses, especially [[asthma]] among the group sampled.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last1=Hutchinson |first1=Justine A. |last2=Vargo |first2=Jason |last3=Milet |first3=Meredith |last4=French |first4=Nancy H.F. |last5=Billmire |first5=Michael |last6=Johnson |first6=Jeffrey |last7=Hoshiko |first7=Sumi |date=10 July 2018 |title=The San Diego 2007 wildfires and Medi-Cal emergency department presentations, inpatient hospitalizations, and outpatient visits: An observational study of smoke exposure periods and a bidirectional case-crossover analysis |journal=PLOS Medicine |volume=15 |issue=7 |article-number=e1002601 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002601 |issn=1549-1676 |pmc=6038982 |pmid=29990362 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Projected climate scenarios of wildfire occurrences predict significant increases in respiratory conditions among young children.<ref name=":13" /> PM triggers a series of biological processes including inflammatory immune response, [[oxidative stress]], which are associated with harmful changes in allergic respiratory diseases.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Jin-Zhun |last2=Ge |first2=Dan-Dan |last3=Zhou |first3=Lin-Fu |last4=Hou |first4=Ling-Yun |last5=Zhou |first5=Ying |last6=Li |first6=Qi-Yuan |date=8 June 2018 |title=Effects of particulate matter on allergic respiratory diseases |journal=Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=95–102 |doi=10.1016/j.cdtm.2018.04.001 |issn=2095-882X |pmc=6034084 |pmid=29988900}}</ref>

Although some studies demonstrated no significant acute changes in lung function among people with [[asthma]] related to PM from wildfires, a possible explanation for these counterintuitive findings is the increased use of [[Asthma|quick-relief medications]], such as inhalers, in response to elevated levels of smoke among those already diagnosed with [[asthma]].<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last1=Reid |first1=Colleen E. |last2=Brauer |first2=Michael |last3=Johnston |first3=Fay H. |last4=Jerrett |first4=Michael |last5=Balmes |first5=John R. |last6=Elliott |first6=Catherine T. |date=15 April 2016 |title=Critical Review of Health Impacts of Wildfire Smoke Exposure |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |language=en |volume=124 |issue=9 |pages=1334–1343 |doi=10.1289/ehp.1409277 |doi-broken-date=22 January 2026 |issn=0091-6765 |pmc=5010409 |pmid=27082891|bibcode=2016EnvHP.124.1334R }}</ref>

There is consistent evidence between wildfire smoke and the exacerbation of asthma.<ref name=":14" />

Asthma is one of the most common chronic disease among children in the United States, affecting an estimated 6.2 million children.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2018 |title=American Lung Association and Asthma Fact sheet |url=http://www.lung.org/lung-health-and-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/asthma/learn-about-asthma/asthma-children-facts-sheet.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116182804/http://www.lung.org/lung-health-and-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/asthma/learn-about-asthma/asthma-children-facts-sheet.html |archive-date=16 November 2015 |website=American Lung Association}}</ref> Research on asthma risk focuses specifically on the risk of air pollution during the gestational period. Several pathophysiology processes are involved in this. Considerable airway development occurs during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters and continues until 3 years of age.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nishimura |first1=Katherine K. |last2=Galanter |first2=Joshua M. |last3=Roth |first3=Lindsey A. |last4=Oh |first4=Sam S. |last5=Thakur |first5=Neeta |last6=Nguyen |first6=Elizabeth A. |date=August 2013 |title=Early-Life Air Pollution and Asthma Risk in Minority Children. The GALA II and SAGE II Studies |journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |language=en |volume=188 |issue=3 |pages=309–318 |doi=10.1164/rccm.201302-0264oc |issn=1073-449X |pmc=3778732 |pmid=23750510}}</ref> It is hypothesized that exposure to these toxins during this period could have consequential effects, as the epithelium of the lungs during this time could have increased permeability to toxins. Exposure to air pollution during parental and pre-natal stage could induce epigenetic changes which are responsible for the development of asthma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hsu |first1=Hsiao-Hsien Leon |last2=Chiu |first2=Yueh-Hsiu Mathilda |last3=Coull |first3=Brent A. |last4=Kloog |first4=Itai |last5=Schwartz |first5=Joel |last6=Lee |first6=Alison |date=1 November 2015 |title=Prenatal Particulate Air Pollution and Asthma Onset in Urban Children. Identifying Sensitive Windows and Sex Differences |journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |volume=192 |issue=9 |pages=1052–1059 |doi=10.1164/rccm.201504-0658OC |issn=1535-4970 |pmc=4642201 |pmid=26176842}}</ref> Studies have found significant association between PM2.5, NO2 and development of asthma during childhood despite heterogeneity among studies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hehua |first1=Zhang |last2=Qing |first2=Chang |last3=Shanyan |first3=Gao |last4=Qijun |first4=Wu |last5=Yuhong |first5=Zhao |date=November 2017 |title=The impact of prenatal exposure to air pollution on childhood wheezing and asthma: A systematic review |journal=Environmental Research |volume=159 |pages=519–530 |bibcode=2017ER....159..519H |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.038 |issn=0013-9351 |pmid=28888196 |s2cid=22300866}}</ref> Furthermore, maternal exposure to chronic stressors is most likely present in distressed communities, and as this can be correlated with childhood asthma, it may further explain links between early childhood exposure to air pollution, neighborhood poverty, and childhood risk.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morello-Frosch |first1=Rachel |last2=Shenassa |first2=Edmond D. |date=August 2006 |title=The Environmental 'Riskscape' and Social Inequality: Implicationsfor Explaining Maternal and Child Health Disparities |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |language=en |volume=114 |issue=8 |pages=1150–1153 |doi=10.1289/ehp.8930 |doi-broken-date=13 January 2026 |issn=0091-6765 |pmc=1551987 |pmid=16882517}}</ref>

==== Carbon monoxide danger ====
{{Main|Carbon monoxide poisoning}}

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas that can be found at the highest concentration at close proximity to a smoldering fire. Thus, it is a serious threat to the health of wildfire firefighters. CO in smoke can be inhaled into the lungs where it is absorbed into the bloodstream and reduces oxygen delivery to the body's vital organs. At high concentrations, it can cause headaches, weakness, dizziness, confusion, nausea, disorientation, visual impairment, coma, and even death. Even at lower concentrations, such as those found at wildfires, individuals with cardiovascular disease may experience chest pain and cardiac arrhythmia.<ref name="oehha.ca.gov" /> A recent study tracking the number and cause of wildfire firefighter deaths from 1990 to 2006 found that 21.9% of the deaths occurred from heart attacks.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Wildfire Coordinating Group |date=June 2007 |title=Wildland firefighter fatalities in the United States 1990–2006 |url=http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/pms841/pms841_all-72dpi.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315081248/http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/pms841/pms841_all-72dpi.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2012 |publisher=NWCG Safety and Health Working Team}}</ref>

Another important and somewhat less obvious health effect of wildfires is psychiatric diseases and disorders. Both adults and children from various countries who were directly and indirectly affected by wildfires were found to demonstrate different mental conditions linked to their experience with the wildfires. These include [[Post-traumatic stress disorder among athletes|post-traumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD), [[Depression (mood)|depression]], anxiety, and [[phobia]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Papanikolaou |first1=V. |last2=Adamis |first2=D. |last3=Mellon |first3=R.C. |last4=Prodromitis |first4=G. |date=2011 |title=Psychological distress following wildfires disaster in a rural part of Greece: A case-control population-based study |journal=International Journal of Emergency Mental Health |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=11–26 |pmid=21957753}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mellon |first1=Robert C. |last2=Papanikolau |first2=Vasiliki |last3=Prodromitis |first3=Gerasimos |date=2009 |title=Locus of control and psychopathology in relation to levels of trauma and loss: Self-reports of Peloponnesian wildfire survivors |journal=Journal of Traumatic Stress |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=189–196 |doi=10.1002/jts.20411 |pmid=19452533}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marshall |first1=G.N. |last2=Schell |first2=T.L. |last3=Elliott |first3=M.N. |last4=Rayburn |first4=N.R. |last5=Jaycox |first5=L.H. |date=2007 |title=Psychiatric Disorders Among Adults Seeking Emergency Disaster Assistance After a Wildland-Urban Interface Fire |journal=Psychiatric Services |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=509–514 |doi=10.1176/appi.ps.58.4.509 |pmid=17412853}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=McDermott |first1=Brett M |last2=Lee |first2=Erica M |last3=Judd |first3=Marianne |last4=Gibbon |first4=Peter |title=Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and General Psychopathology in Children and Adolescents following a Wildfire Disaster |journal=The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry |date=March 2005 |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=137–143 |doi=10.1177/070674370505000302 |pmid=15830823 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=R.T.|last2=Ribbe |first2=D.P. |last3=Cunningham |first3=P.B. |last4=Weddle |first4=J.D. |last5=Langley |first5=A.K. |date=2002 |title=Psychological impact of fire disaster on children and their parents |journal=Behavior Modification |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=163–186 |doi=10.1177/0145445502026002003 |pmid=11961911 }}</ref>

==== Epidemiology ====
{{Globalize section|date=July 2023|United States}}
The Western US has seen an increase in both the frequency and intensity of wildfires over the last several decades. This has been attributed to the arid climate of there and the effects of global warming. An estimated 46 million people were exposed to wildfire smoke from 2004 to 2009 in the Western US. Evidence has demonstrated that wildfire smoke can increase levels of airborne particulate.<ref name=":11" />

The EPA has defined acceptable concentrations of PM in the air, through the National Ambient Air Quality Standards and monitoring of ambient air quality has been mandated.<ref name=":15">{{cite web |date=24 April 2016 |title=Particulate Matter (PM) Standards |url=http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/pm/s_pm_index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815125540/http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/pm/s_pm_index.html |archive-date=15 August 2012 |publisher=EPA}}</ref> Due to these monitoring programs and the incidence of several large wildfires near populated areas, epidemiological studies have been conducted and demonstrate an association between human health effects and an increase in fine particulate matter due to wildfire smoke.

An increase in PM smoke emitted from the Hayman fire in Colorado in June 2002, was associated with an increase in respiratory symptoms in patients with COPD.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sutherland |first1=E. Rand |last2=Make |first2=Barry J. |last3=Vedal |first3=Sverre |last4=Zhang |first4=Lening |last5=Dutton |first5=Steven J. |last6=Murphy |first6=James R. |last7=Silkoff |first7=Philip E. |date=2005 |title=Wildfire smoke and respiratory symptoms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |volume=115 |issue=2 |pages=420–422 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2004.11.030 |pmid=15696107 |bibcode=2005JACI..115..420S }}</ref> Looking at the wildfires in Southern California in 2003, investigators have shown an increase in hospital admissions due to asthma symptoms while being exposed to peak concentrations of PM in smoke.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Delfino |first1=R.J. |last2=Brummel |first2=S |last3=Wu |first3=J. |last4=Stern |first4=H. |last5=Ostro |first5=B. |last6=Lipsett |first6=M. |last10=Tjoa |first10=T.|last11=Gillen |first11=D.L. |date=2009 |title=The relationship of respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions to the southern California wildfires of 2003 |journal=Occupational and Environmental Medicine |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=189–197 |doi=10.1136/oem.2008.041376 |pmc=4176821 |pmid=19017694 |bibcode=2009OccEM..66..189D }}</ref> Another epidemiological study found a 7.2% (95% confidence interval: 0.25%, 15%) increase in risk of respiratory related hospital admissions during smoke wave days with high wildfire-specific particulate matter 2.5 compared to matched non-smoke-wave days.<ref name=":11" />

Children participating in the Children's Health Study were also found to have an increase in eye and respiratory symptoms, medication use and physician visits.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kunzli |first1=N. |last2=Avol |first2=E. |last3=Wu |first3=J. |last4=Gauderman |first4=W.J. |last5=Rappaport |first5=E. |last6=Millstein |first6=J. |date=2006 |title=Health Effects of the 2003 Southern California Wildfires on Children |journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |volume=174 |issue=11 |pages=1221–1228 |doi=10.1164/rccm.200604-519OC |pmc=2648104 |pmid=16946126}}</ref> Mothers who were pregnant during the fires gave birth to babies with a slightly reduced average birth weight compared to those who were not exposed. Suggesting that pregnant women may also be at greater risk to adverse effects from wildfire.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Holstius |first1=David M. |last2=Reid |first2=Colleen E. |last3=Jesdale |first3=Bill M. |last4=Morello-Frosch |first4=Rachel |date=2012 |title=Birth Weight Following Pregnancy During the 2003 Southern California Wildfires |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=120 |issue=9 |pages=1340–1345 |doi=10.1289/ehp.1104515 |doi-broken-date=22 January 2026 |pmc=3440113 |pmid=22645279|bibcode=2012EnvHP.120.1340H }}</ref> Worldwide, it is estimated that 339,000 people die due to the effects of wildfire smoke each year.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Johnston |first1=Fay H. |last2=Henderson |first2=Sarah B. |last3=Chen |first3=Yang |last4=Randerson |first4=James T. |last5=Marlier |first5=Miriam |last6=DeFries |first6=Ruth S. |last7=Kinney |first7=Patrick |last8=Bowman |first8=David M.J.S. |last9=Brauer |first9=Michael |title=Estimated Global Mortality Attributable to Smoke from Landscape Fires |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |date=May 2012 |volume=120 |issue=5 |pages=695–701 |doi=10.1289/ehp.1104422 |doi-broken-date=22 January 2026 |pmid=22456494 |pmc=3346787 |bibcode=2012EnvHP.120..695J }}</ref>

Besides the size of PM, their chemical composition should also be considered. Antecedent studies have demonstrated that the chemical composition of PM2.5 from wildfire smoke can yield different estimates of human health outcomes as compared to other sources of smoke such as solid fuels.<ref name=":11" />[[File:Sediment off the Yucatan Peninsula.jpg|thumb|Sediment off the [[Yucatán Peninsula]]]]

=== Post-fire risks ===
[[File:Prospect Hill bushfire.jpg|thumb|Charred shrubland in suburban [[Sydney]] ([[2019–20 Australian bushfire season|2019–20 Australian bushfires]]).]]
After a wildfire, hazards remain. Residents returning to their homes may be at risk from falling fire-weakened trees. Humans and pets may also be harmed by falling into [[ash pit]]s. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) also reports that wildfires cause significant damage to electric systems, especially in dry regions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg3/index.html |title=IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 2022 |access-date=7 April 2022 |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404162105/https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg3/index.html }}</ref>

Chemically contaminated drinking water, at levels of hazardous waste concern, is a growing problem. In particular, hazardous waste scale chemical contamination of buried water systems was first discovered in the U.S. in 2017,<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1002/aws2.1183 | title=Wildfire caused widespread drinking water distribution network contamination | date=2020 | last1=Proctor | first1=Caitlin R. | last2=Lee | first2=Juneseok | last3=Yu | first3=David | last4=Shah | first4=Amisha D. | last5=Whelton | first5=Andrew J. | journal=AWWA Water Science | volume=2 | issue=4 | article-number=e1183 | bibcode=2020AWWWS...2E1183P | s2cid=225641536 | doi-access=free }}</ref> and has since been increasingly documented in Hawaii, Colorado, and Oregon after wildfires.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1002/aws2.1318 | title=The Marshall Fire: Scientific and policy needs for water system disaster response | date=2023 | last1=Whelton | first1=Andrew J. | last2=Seidel | first2=Chad | last3=Wham | first3=Brad P. | last4=Fischer | first4=Erica C. | last5=Isaacson | first5=Kristofer | last6=Jankowski | first6=Caroline | last7=MacArthur | first7=Nathan | last8=McKenna | first8=Elizabeth | last9=Ley | first9=Christian | journal=AWWA Water Science | volume=5 | issue=1 | article-number=e1318 | bibcode=2023AWWWS...5E1318W | doi-access=free }}</ref> In 2021, Canadian authorities adapted their post-fire public safety investigation approaches in British Columbia to screen for this risk, but have not found it as of 2023. Another challenge is that private drinking wells and the plumbing within a building can also become chemically contaminated and unsafe.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1002/aws2.1319 | title=Wildfire damage and contamination to private drinking water wells | date=2023 | last1=Jankowski | first1=Caroline | last2=Isaacson | first2=Kristofer | last3=Larsen | first3=Madeline | last4=Ley | first4=Christian | last5=Cook | first5=Myles | last6=Whelton | first6=Andrew J. | journal=AWWA Water Science | volume=5 | issue=1 | article-number=e1319 | bibcode=2023AWWWS...5E1319J | doi-access=free }}</ref> Households experience a wide-variety of significant economic and health impacts related to this contaminated water.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s11069-021-04714-9 |title=Water safety attitudes, risk perception, experiences, and education for households impacted by the 2018 Camp Fire, California |date=3 May 2021 |first1=Tolulope O. |last1=Odimayomi |first2=Caitlin R. |last2=Proctor |first3=Qi Erica |last3=Wang |first4=Arman |last4=Sabbaghi |first5=Kimberly S. |last5=Peterson |first6=David J. |last6=Yu |first7=Juneseok |last7=Lee |first8=Amisha D. |last8=Shah |first9=Christian J. |last9=Ley |first10=Yoorae |last10=Noh |first11=Charlotte D. |last11=Smith |first12=Jackson P. |last12=Webster |first13=Kristin |last13=Milinkevich |first14=Michael W. |last14=Lodewyk |first15=Julie A. |last15=Jenks |first16=James F. |last16=Smith |first17=Andrew J. |last17=Whelton |journal=Natural Hazards |volume=108 |issue=1 |pages=947–975|bibcode=2021NatHa.108..947O }}</ref> Evidence-based guidance on how to inspect and test wildfire impacted wells <ref>{{cite web |url=https://engineering.purdue.edu/PlumbingSafety/resources/After-a-Wildfire-Private-Drinking-Water-Wells-2021-05-16.pdf |title=After a Wildfire: Water Safety Considerations for Private Wells |date=16 May 2021 |publisher=Purdue University}}</ref> and building water systems was developed for the first time in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://engineering.purdue.edu/PlumbingSafety/resources/After-a-Wildfire-Water-Safety-in-Buildings-2021-05-16.pdf |title=After a Wildfire: Water Safety Considerations Inside Buildings |date=16 May 2021 |publisher=Purdue University |access-date=17 December 2023 |archive-date=17 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217071449/https://engineering.purdue.edu/PlumbingSafety/resources/After-a-Wildfire-Water-Safety-in-Buildings-2021-05-16.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In Paradise, California, for example,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.civilbeat.org/2023/12/fire-destroyed-this-california-towns-water-system-but-that-didnt-slow-the-effort-to-rebuild/ | title=Fire Destroyed This California Town's Water System. But That Didn't Slow the Effort to Rebuild | date=12 December 2023 | access-date=17 December 2023 | archive-date=17 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217071449/https://www.civilbeat.org/2023/12/fire-destroyed-this-california-towns-water-system-but-that-didnt-slow-the-effort-to-rebuild/ | url-status=live }}</ref> the 2018 Camp Fire caused more than $150 million worth of damage. This required almost a year of time to decontaminate and repair the municipal drinking water system from wildfire damage.

The source of this contamination was first proposed after the 2018 Camp Fire in California as originating from thermally degraded plastics in water systems, smoke and vapors entering depressurized plumbing, and contaminated water in buildings being sucked into the municipal water system. In 2020, it was first shown that thermal degradation of plastic drinking water materials was one potential contamination source.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1039/D0EW00836B | title=Drinking water contamination from the thermal degradation of plastics: Implications for wildfire and structure fire response | date=2021 | last1=Isaacson | first1=Kristofer P. | last2=Proctor | first2=Caitlin R. | last3=Wang | first3=Q. Erica | last4=Edwards | first4=Ethan Y. | last5=Noh | first5=Yoorae | last6=Shah | first6=Amisha D. | last7=Whelton | first7=Andrew J. | journal=Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology | volume=7 | issue=2 | pages=274–284 | doi-access=free }}</ref> In 2023, the second theory was confirmed where contamination could be sucked into pipes that lost water pressure.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/s10694-023-01487-4 | title=Pilot Study on Fire Effluent Condensate from Full Scale Residential Fires | date=2023 | last1=Horn | first1=Gavin P. | last2=Dow | first2=Nicholas W. | last3=Neumann | first3=Danielle L. | journal=Fire Technology | volume=60 | pages=1–18 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

Other post-fire risks, can increase if other [[extreme weather]] follows. For example, wildfires make soil less able to absorb precipitation, so heavy rainfall can result in more severe [[flooding]] and damages like [[mud slide]]s.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1061/9780784482834.019 |chapter=Post-Fire Mudflow Prevention by Biopolymer Treatment of Water Repellent Slopes |title=Geo-Congress 2020 |date=2020 |last1=Movasat |first1=Mahta |last2=Tomac |first2=Ingrid |pages=170–178 |isbn=978-0-7844-8283-4 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Palmer |first=Jane |date=12 January 2022 |title=The devastating mudslides that follow forest fires |journal=Nature |volume=601 |issue=7892 |pages=184–186 |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-00028-3 |pmid=35022598 |bibcode=2022Natur.601..184P |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== At-risk groups ===

==== Firefighters ====
{{Main|Firefighting}}

Firefighters are at greatest risk for acute and chronic health effects resulting from wildfire smoke exposure. Some of the most common health conditions that firefighters acquire from prolonged smoke inhalation include cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Slavik |last2=Chapman |last3=Cohen |last4=Bendefaa |last5=Peters |first1=Catherine |first2=Daniel |first3=Alex |first4=Nahla |first5=Ellen |date=December 8, 2024 |title=Clearing the air: evaluating institutions' social media health message on wildfire and smoke risks in the US Pacific Northwest |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=24 |issue=1 |article-number=379 |doi=10.1186/s12889-024-17907-1 |doi-access=free |pmid=38317121 |pmc=10840270 |url=https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12889-024-17907-1.pdf}}</ref> For example, wildland firefighters can become [[Hypoxia (medicine)|hypoxic]] as a result of oxygen deprivation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Broyles |first=George |date=October 2013 |title=Wildland Firefighter Smoke Exposure |url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/t-d/pubs/pdfpubs/pdf13511803/pdf13511803dpi100.pdf}}</ref> Due to firefighters' occupational duties, they are frequently exposed to [[Chemical hazard|hazardous chemicals]] at close proximity for longer periods of time. A case study on the exposure of wildfire smoke among wildland firefighters shows that firefighters are exposed to significant levels of carbon monoxide and respiratory irritants above [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]]-permissible exposure limits (PEL) and ACGIH threshold limit values (TLV). 5–10% are overexposed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Booze |first1=Thomas F. |last2=Reinhardt |first2=Timothy E. |last3=Quiring |first3=Sharon J. |last4=Ottmar |first4=Roger D. |title=A Screening-Level Assessment of the Health Risks of Chronic Smoke Exposure for Wildland Firefighters |journal=Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene |date=May 2004 |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=296–305 |doi=10.1080/15459620490442500 |pmid=15238338 |bibcode=2004JOEH....1..296B }}</ref>

Between 2001 and 2012, over 200 [[Occupational fatality|fatalities]] occurred among wildland firefighters. In addition to heat and chemical hazards, firefighters are also at risk for electrocution from power lines; injuries from equipment; [[Occupational injury|slips, trips, and falls]]; injuries from vehicle rollovers; [[Heat illness|heat-related illness]]; [[insect bites and stings]]; [[Occupational stress|stress]]; and [[rhabdomyolysis]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2013-158/|title=CDC – NIOSH Publications and Products – Wildland Fire Fighting: Hot Tips to Stay Safe and Healthy (2013–158)|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=22 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122154309/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2013-158/|archive-date=22 November 2016|doi=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2013158|year=2013|doi-access=free}}</ref> Wildfires that reach urban environments create additional toxic fumes and carcinogenic particles from burning metals, plastics, electronics, paints, and other common materials.<ref name="s261">{{cite web | last=Wittenberg | first=Ariel | title=Los Angeles Firefighters Risk Cancer from Urban Smoke | website=Scientific American | date=2025-01-13 | url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/los-angeles-firefighters-risk-cancer-from-urban-smoke/ | access-date=2025-04-08}}</ref>

==== Residents ====
[[File:North Complex smoke in San Francisco - Bay Bridge and Financial District.jpg|thumb|Smoke from the [[2020 California wildfires]] settles over [[San Francisco]]]]
Residents in communities surrounding wildfires are exposed to lower concentrations of chemicals, but they are at a greater risk for indirect exposure through water or [[soil contamination]]. Exposure to residents is greatly dependent on individual susceptibility. Vulnerable persons such as children (ages 0–4), the elderly (ages 65 and older), smokers, and pregnant women are at an increased risk due to their already compromised body systems, even when the exposures are present at low chemical concentrations and for relatively short exposure periods.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Holm
| first1 = Sarah M.
| last2 = Miller
| first2 = Michael D.
| last3 = Balmes
| first3 = John R.
| title = Health effects of wildfire smoke in children and public health tools: a narrative review
| journal = Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology
| volume = 31
| issue = 1
| pages = 1–20
| year = 2021
| doi = 10.1038/s41370-020-00267-4
| pmid = 32952154
| pmc = 7502220
| bibcode = 2021JESEE..31....1H
}}.</ref> They are also at risk for future wildfires and may move away to areas they consider less risky.<ref>{{cite news |title=Living under a time bomb |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/national/wp/2018/12/12/feature/living-under-a-time-bomb-california-communities-scramble-to-avoid-becoming-the-next-wildfire-tragedy/?noredirect=on&wpisrc=nl_rainbow&wpmm=1 |access-date=15 December 2018 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124160550/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/national/wp/2018/12/12/feature/living-under-a-time-bomb-california-communities-scramble-to-avoid-becoming-the-next-wildfire-tragedy/?noredirect=on&wpisrc=nl_rainbow&wpmm=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Wildfires affect large numbers of people in Western Canada and the United States. In California alone, more than 350,000 people live in towns and cities in "very high fire hazard severity zones".<ref name="rgj">{{cite news|page=1A |title=A real life gamble: California races to predict which town could be the next victim | author1=Ryan Sabalow |author2=Phillip Reese |author3=Dale Kasler |agency=The Sacramento Bee | publisher=Reno Gazette Journal |work=Destined to Burn}}</ref> The current state of California's wildfires can be tracked through the tool: https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130064355/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents |date=30 January 2025 }}.

Direct risks to building residents in fire-prone areas can be moderated through design choices such as choosing fire-resistant vegetation, maintaining landscaping to avoid debris accumulation and to create firebreaks, and by selecting fire-retardant roofing materials.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Intini
| first1 = Paolo
| last2 = Ronchi
| first2 = Enrico
| last3 = Gwynne
| first3 = Steven
| last4 = Benichou
| first4 = Nadine
| title = Guidance on design and construction of the built environment against wildland urban interface fire hazard: a review
| journal = Fire Technology
| volume = 56
| issue = 5
| pages = 1853–1883
| year = 2020
| doi = 10.1007/s10694-019-00944-1
| doi-broken-date = 14 April 2026
}}</ref> Potential compounding issues with poor air quality and heat during warmer months may be addressed with MERV 11 or higher outdoor air filtration in building ventilation systems, mechanical cooling, and a provision of a refuge area with additional air cleaning and cooling, if needed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Design Discussion Primer – Wildfires |url=https://www.bchousing.org/publications/MBAR-Wildfires.pdf |publisher=BC Housing |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220155847/https://www.bchousing.org/publications/MBAR-Wildfires.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
{{Further|Fossil record of fire}}
[[File:Deerfire high res.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Elk Bath]]'', an award-winning photograph of elk avoiding a wildfire in [[Montana]]]]

The first evidence of wildfires is fossils of the giant fungi ''[[Prototaxites]]'' preserved as [[charcoal]], discovered in [[South Wales]] and [[Poland]], dating to the [[Silurian]] period (about {{ma|430}}).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-61929966|title=Earliest evidence of wildfire found in Wales|date=27 June 2022|via=www.bbc.com|access-date=30 July 2022|archive-date=1 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601163528/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-61929966|url-status=live}}</ref> Smoldering surface fires started to occur sometime before the Early [[Devonian]] period {{ma|405}}. Low atmospheric oxygen during the Middle and Late Devonian was accompanied by a decrease in charcoal abundance.<ref name="Glasspool">{{cite journal|last1=Glasspool|first1=IJ|last2=Edwards|first2=D|last3=Axe|first3=L|year=2004|title=Charcoal in the Silurian as evidence for the earliest wildfire|journal=Geology|volume=32|issue=5|pages=381–383|bibcode=2004Geo....32..381G|doi=10.1130/G20363.1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Edwards|first1=D.|last2=Axe|first2=L.|date=April 2004|title=Anatomical Evidence in the Detection of the Earliest Wildfires|journal=PALAIOS|volume=19|issue=2|pages=113–128|bibcode=2004Palai..19..113E|doi=10.1669/0883-1351(2004)019<0113:AEITDO>2.0.CO;2|s2cid=129438858 |issn=0883-1351}}</ref> Additional charcoal evidence suggests that fires continued through the [[Carboniferous]] period. Later, the overall increase of atmospheric oxygen from 13% in the Late Devonian to 30–31% by the [[Late Permian]] was accompanied by a more widespread distribution of wildfires.<ref name="Scott2006">{{Cite journal|last1=Scott|first1=C.|last2=Glasspool|first2=J.|date=Jul 2006|title=The diversification of Paleozoic fire systems and fluctuations in atmospheric oxygen concentration|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=103|issue=29|pages=10861–10865|bibcode=2006PNAS..10310861S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0604090103|issn=0027-8424|pmc=1544139|pmid=16832054|doi-access=free}}</ref> Later, a decrease in wildfire-related charcoal deposits from the late Permian to the [[Triassic]] periods is explained by a decrease in oxygen levels.<ref name="Pausas 594">Pausas and Keeley, 594</ref>

Wildfires during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic periods followed patterns similar to fires that occur in modern times. Surface fires driven by dry seasons{{clarify|does this mean annual dry seasons or erratic droughts?|date=October 2015}} are evident in Devonian and Carboniferous [[progymnosperm]] forests. ''[[Lepidodendron]]'' forests dating to the Carboniferous period have charred peaks, evidence of crown fires. In Jurassic [[gymnosperm]] forests, there is evidence of high frequency, light surface fires.<ref name="Pausas 594" /> The increase of fire activity in the late [[Tertiary (period)|Tertiary]]<ref name="cenozoic-division">Historically, the [[Cenozoic]] has been divided up into the [[Quaternary]] and [[Tertiary (period)|Tertiary]] sub-eras, as well as the [[Neogene]] and [[Paleogene]] periods. The [http://www.stratigraphy.org/upload/ISChart2009.pdf 2009 version of the ICS time chart] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229003212/http://www.stratigraphy.org/upload/ISChart2009.pdf|date=29 December 2009}} recognizes a slightly extended Quaternary as well as the Paleogene and a truncated Neogene, the Tertiary having been demoted to informal status.</ref> is possibly due to the increase of [[C4 carbon fixation|C4]]-type grasses. As these grasses shifted to more [[mesic habitat]]s, their high flammability increased fire frequency, promoting grasslands over woodlands.<ref>Pausas and Keeley, 595</ref> However, fire-prone habitats may have contributed to the prominence of trees such as those of the genera ''[[Eucalyptus]]'', ''Pinus'' and ''[[Sequoia (genus)|Sequoia]]'', which have thick bark to withstand fires and employ [[serotiny#Fire-mediated serotiny|pyriscence]].<ref>Pausas and Keeley, 596</ref><ref>[http://www.shannontech.com/ParkVision/Redwood/Redwood2.html "Redwood Trees"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901062508/http://www.shannontech.com/ParkVision/Redwood/Redwood2.html|date=1 September 2015}}.</ref>

=== Human involvement ===
{{See also|Control of fire by early humans|Deforestation#Historical causes|Environmental history|History of firefighting|Native American use of fire}}
[[File:Burning mountains Thailand.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Aerial view of deliberate wildfires on the [[Khun Tan Range]], [[Thailand]]. These fires are lit by local farmers every year to promote the growth of a certain mushroom.]]
The human use of fire for agricultural and hunting purposes during the [[Paleolithic]] and [[Mesolithic]] ages altered pre-existing landscapes and fire regimes. Woodlands were gradually replaced by smaller vegetation that facilitated travel, hunting, seed-gathering and planting.<ref>Pausas and Keeley, 597</ref> In recorded human history, minor allusions to wildfires were mentioned in the [[Bible]] and by classical writers such as [[Homer]]. However, while ancient Hebrew, Greek, and Roman writers were aware of fires, they were not very interested in the uncultivated lands where wildfires occurred.<ref name="RackhamFire">{{cite journal|last=Rackham|first=Oliver|author-link=Oliver Rackham|date=November–December 2003|title=Fire in the European Mediterranean: History|url=http://ag.arizona.edu/OALS/ALN/aln54/rackham.html#hist|url-status=live|journal=AridLands Newsletter|volume=54|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011110940/http://ag.arizona.edu/OALS/ALN/aln54/rackham.html#hist|archive-date=11 October 2008|access-date=17 July 2009}}</ref><ref name="RackhamHist">Rackham, 229–230</ref> Wildfires were used in battles throughout human history as [[early thermal weapons]]. From the [[Middle Ages]], accounts were written of [[occupational burning]] as well as customs and laws that governed the use of fire. In Germany, regular burning was documented in 1290 in the [[Odenwald]] and in 1344 in the [[Black Forest]].<ref name="Goldammer">{{cite conference|last=Goldammer|first=Johann G.|date=5–9 May 1998|title=History of Fire in Land-Use Systems of the Baltic Region: Implications on the Use of Prescribed Fire in Forestry, Nature Conservation and Landscape Management|url=http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/programmes/natcon/natcon_1.htm|publisher=Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816155656/http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/programmes/natcon/natcon_1.htm|archive-date=16 August 2009|access-date=9 December 2018|book-title=First Baltic Conference on Forest Fires|place=Radom-Katowice, Poland}}</ref> In the 14th century [[Sardinia]], firebreaks were used for wildfire protection. In Spain during the 1550s, [[sheep husbandry]] was discouraged in certain provinces by [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] due to the harmful effects of fires used in [[transhumance]].<ref name="RackhamFire" /><ref name="RackhamHist" /> As early as the 17th century, Native Americans were observed [[Native American use of fire|using fire]] for many purposes including cultivation, [[Smoke signal|signaling]], and warfare. Scottish botanist [[David Douglas (botanist)|David Douglas]] noted the native use of fire for tobacco cultivation, to encourage deer into smaller areas for hunting purposes, and to improve foraging for honey and grasshoppers. Charcoal found in sedimentary deposits off the Pacific coast of Central America suggests that more burning occurred in the 50 years before the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas]] than after the colonization.<ref>{{cite journal|date=Summer 2000|title=Wildland fire – An American legacy||url=http://www.fs.fed.us/fire/fmt/fmt_pdfs/fmn60-3.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Fire Management Today|volume=60|issue=3|pages=4, 5, 9, 11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401085836/http://www.fs.fed.us/fire/fmt/fmt_pdfs/fmn60-3.pdf|archive-date=1 April 2010|access-date=31 July 2009}}</ref> In the post-World War II [[Baltic region]], socio-economic changes led more stringent air quality standards and bans on fires that eliminated traditional burning practices.<ref name="Goldammer" /> In the mid-19th century, explorers from {{HMS|Beagle}} observed [[Aboriginal Australians]] using fire for ground clearing, hunting, and regeneration of plant food in a method later named [[fire-stick farming]].<ref>''Fire. The Australian Experience'', 7.</ref> Such careful use of fire has been employed for centuries in lands protected by [[Kakadu National Park]] to encourage biodiversity.<ref>Karki, 27.</ref>

Wildfires typically occur during periods of increased temperature and [[drought]]. An increase in fire-related [[debris flow]] in [[alluvial fan]]s of northeastern [[Yellowstone National Park]] was linked to the period between AD 1050 and 1200, coinciding with the [[Medieval Warm Period]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Meyer|first1=G.A.|last2=Wells|first2=S.G.|last3=Jull|first3=A.J.T.|date=1995|title=Fire and alluvial chronology in Yellowstone National Park: Climatic and intrinsic controls on Holocene geomorphic processes|journal=GSA Bulletin|volume=107|issue=10|pages=1211–1230|bibcode=1995GSAB..107.1211M|doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<1211:FAACIY>2.3.CO;2}}</ref> However, human influence caused an increase in fire frequency. [[Dendrochronological]] fire scar data and charcoal layer data in [[Finland]] suggests that, while many fires occurred during severe drought conditions, an increase in the number of fires during 850 BC and 1660 AD can be attributed to human influence.<ref>Pitkänen, ''et al.'', 15–16 and 27–30</ref> Charcoal evidence from the Americas suggested a general decrease in wildfires between 1 AD and 1750 compared to previous years. However, a period of increased fire frequency between 1750 and 1870 was suggested by charcoal data from North America and Asia, attributed to human population growth and influences such as land clearing practices. This period was followed by an overall decrease in burning in the 20th century, linked to the expansion of agriculture, increased livestock grazing, and fire prevention efforts.<ref>{{cite journal|author=J.R. Marlon|author2=P.J. Bartlein|author3=C. Carcaillet|author4=D.G. Gavin|author5=S.P. Harrison|author6=P.E. Higuera|author7=F. Joos|author8=M.J. Power|author9=I.C. Prentice|date=2008|title=Climate and human influences on global biomass burning over the past two millennia|journal=Nature Geoscience|volume=1|issue=10|pages=697–702|bibcode=2008NatGe...1..697M|doi=10.1038/ngeo313}} [http://pmr.uoregon.edu/science-and-innovation/uo-research-news/research-news-2008/september-2008/climate-change-human-activity-and-wildfires-1/ University of Oregon Summary, accessed 2 February 2010]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927051047/http://pmr.uoregon.edu/science-and-innovation/uo-research-news/research-news-2008/september-2008/climate-change-human-activity-and-wildfires-1/|date=27 September 2008}}</ref> A meta-analysis found that 17 times more land burned annually in California before 1800 compared to recent decades (1,800,000 hectares/year compared to 102,000 hectares/year).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stephens|first1=Scott L.|last2=Martin|first2=Robert E.|last3=Clinton|first3=Nicholas E.|date=2007|title=Prehistoric fire area and emissions from California's forests, woodlands, shrublands, and grasslands|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|volume=251|issue=3|pages=205–216|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.005|bibcode=2007ForEM.251..205S }}</ref>

According to a paper published in the journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', the number of natural and human-caused fires decreased by 24.3% between 1998 and 2015. Researchers explain this as a transition from [[nomadism]] to settled lifestyle and intensification of [[agriculture]] that lead to a drop in the use of fire for land clearing.<ref>{{cite web|author=|date=30 June 2017|title=Researchers Detect a Global Drop in Fires|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=90493|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208175626/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=90493|archive-date=8 December 2017|access-date=4 July 2017|website=[[NASA Earth Observatory]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Andela|first1=N.|last2=Morton|first2=D.C.|display-authors=etal|date=30 June 2017|title=A human-driven decline in global burned area|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=356|issue=6345|pages=1356–1362|bibcode=2017Sci...356.1356A|doi=10.1126/science.aal4108|pmc=6047075|pmid=28663495}}</ref>

Increases of certain tree species (i.e. [[conifers]]) over others (i.e. [[deciduous tree]]s) can increase wildfire risk, especially if these trees are also planted in [[monoculture]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fires spark biodiversity criticism of Sweden's forest industry|url=https://phys.org/news/2018-07-biodiversity-criticism-sweden-forest-industry.html|website=phys.org|access-date=9 August 2018|archive-date=9 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709215426/https://phys.org/news/2018-07-biodiversity-criticism-sweden-forest-industry.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Great Lie: Monoculture Trees as Forests | News & Views | UNRISD|url=https://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BE6B5/(httpNews)/531DAFFB8B319F69C125792E00499ED1|website=www.unrisd.org|access-date=16 November 2020|archive-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806171045/https://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BE6B5/(httpNews)/531DAFFB8B319F69C125792E00499ED1|url-status=live}}</ref>
Some [[invasive species]], moved in by humans (i.e., for the [[pulp and paper industry]]) have in some cases also increased the intensity of wildfires. Examples include species such as [[Eucalyptus]] in California<ref>{{Cite web|title=Plant flammability list|url=https://www.state.sc.us/forest/scplants.pdf|access-date=10 January 2021|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606073831/https://www.state.sc.us/forest/scplants.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fire-prone plant list|url=https://www.firesafemarin.org/plants/fire-prone|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809183717/https://www.firesafemarin.org/plants/fire-prone|archive-date=9 August 2018|access-date=9 August 2018}}</ref> and [[gamba grass]] in Australia.

== Society and culture ==
Wildfires have a place in many cultures. "To spread like wildfire" is a common idiom in English, meaning something that "quickly affects or becomes known by more and more people".<ref name="spread like wildfire definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary">{{cite web | title=Spread Like Wildfire | website=definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary | url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/spread-like-wildfire | access-date=21 September 2020 | archive-date=29 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829100446/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/spread-like-wildfire | url-status=live }}</ref>

Wildfire activity has been attributed as a major factor in the development of [[Ancient Greece]]. In modern Greece, as in many other regions, it is the most common [[Natural disaster|disaster caused by a natural hazard]] and figures prominently in the social and economic lives of its people.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=24707531|title=Fire and Society: A Comparative Analysis of Wildfire in Greece and the United States.|last1=Henderson|first1=Martha|last2=Kalabokidis|first2=Kostas|last3=Marmaras|first3=Emmanuel|last4=Konstantinidis|first4=Pavlos|last5=Marangudakis|first5=Manussos|journal=Human Ecology Review|year=2005|volume=12|issue=2|pages=169–182}}</ref>

In 1937, U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] initiated a nationwide fire prevention campaign, highlighting the role of human carelessness in forest fires. Later posters of the program featured [[Uncle Sam]], characters from the Disney movie ''[[Bambi]]'', and the official mascot of the [[U.S. Forest Service]], [[Smokey Bear]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Smokey's Journey |url=http://www.smokeybear.com/vault/default.asp?js=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306051136/http://www.smokeybear.com/vault/default.asp?js=1 |archive-date=6 March 2010 |access-date=26 January 2010 |publisher=Smokeybear.com }}</ref> The Smokey Bear fire prevention campaign has yielded one of the most popular characters in the United States; for many years there was a living Smokey Bear mascot, and it has been commemorated on postage stamps.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Kathryn Sosbe |date=7 August 2014 |title=Smokey Bear, Iconic Symbol of Wildfire Prevention, Still Going Strong at 70 |url=https://www.usda.gov/about-usda/news/blog/smokey-bear-iconic-symbol-wildfire-prevention-still-going-strong-70 |access-date=6 July 2018 |website=USDA |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706190859/https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2014/08/7/smokey-bear-iconic-symbol-wildfire-prevention-still-going-strong-70 |url-status=live }}</ref>

There are also significant indirect or second-order societal impacts from wildfire, such as demands on utilities to prevent power transmission equipment from becoming ignition sources, and the cancelation or nonrenewal of homeowners insurance for residents living in wildfire-prone areas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Auer |first1=Matthew R. |last2=Hexamer |first2=Benjamin E. |date=18 July 2022 |title=Income and Insurability as Factors in Wildfire Risk |journal=Forests |language=en |volume=13 |issue=7 |page=1130 |doi=10.3390/f13071130 |issn=1999-4907 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2022Fore...13.1130A }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of wildfires]]
* [[Firestorm]]
* [[Bushfires in Australia]]
* {{annotated link|Pyrogeography}}
* {{annotated link|Wildland–urban interface}}
* Wildfire risk indices:
** {{annotated link|Forest fire weather index}}
** {{annotated link|Haines Index}}
** {{annotated link|Keetch-Byram Drought Index}}
** {{annotated link|McArthur Forest Fire Danger Index}}
** {{annotated link|National Fire Danger Rating System}}

== Sources ==
{{Free-content attribution
| title = Global Forest Resources Assessment 2025
| publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
| documentURL = https://openknowledge.fao.org/bitstreams/2dee6e93-1988-4659-aa89-30dd20b43b15/download
| license statement URL = https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/090d2fbb-32a6-412b-a3b8-1ce5c5905df2
| license = CC BY 4.0
}}

{{Free-content attribution
| title = The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2025
| publisher = The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
| documentURL = https://openknowledge.fao.org/bitstreams/d18d9cb5-3e78-469a-b268-0aed1799d147/download
| license statement URL = https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/74d08f97-306a-4653-8ffe-140a2fc4d783
| license = CC BY 4.0
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{cite journal | url = http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/org_nws/NWSci%20journal%20articles/1998%20files/Special%20addition%201/v72%20p66%20Alvarado%20et%20al.PDF | title = Modeling Large Forest Fires as Extreme Events | last1 = Alvarado | first1 = Ernesto | last2 = Sandberg | first2 = David V. | last3 = Pickford | first3 = Stewart G. |issue=Special |date=1998 | journal = Northwest Science | volume = 72 | pages = 66–75 | access-date = 6 February 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226080558/http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/org_nws/NWSci%20journal%20articles/1998%20files/Special%20addition%201/v72%20p66%20Alvarado%20et%20al.PDF | archive-date = 26 February 2009 }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.bushfirecrc.com/events/downloads/Forum-report-final-from-printer.pdf | title = Are Big Fires Inevitable? A Report on the National Bushfire Forum | date = 27 February 2007 | place = Parliament House, Canberra | publisher = Bushfire CRC | access-date = 9 January 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226080559/http://www.bushfirecrc.com/events/downloads/Forum-report-final-from-printer.pdf | archive-date = 26 February 2009 }}
* {{cite web |title=Automatic remote surveillance system for the prevention of forest fires |url=http://www.coagbushfireenquiry.gov.au/subs_pdf/47_2_edwards_firewatch_tech_desc.pdf |publisher=Council of Australian Governments (COAG) Inquiry on Bushfire Mitigation and Management |access-date=10 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515025527/http://www.coagbushfireenquiry.gov.au/subs_pdf/47_2_edwards_firewatch_tech_desc.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2009 }}
* {{cite web | last = Billing | first = P | url = http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/CA256F310024B628/0/97892B7CD0C75AB3CA2572230047B454/$File/Research+Report+20.pdf | title = Otways Fire No. 22 – 1982/83 Aspects of fire behaviour. Research Report No. 20 | publisher = Victoria Department of Sustainability and Environment | date = June 1983 | access-date = 26 June 2009 | archive-date = 21 September 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070921200043/http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/CA256F310024B628/0/97892B7CD0C75AB3CA2572230047B454/$File/Research+Report+20.pdf }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Desouzacosta |first1=F |last2=Sandberg |first2=D |title=Mathematical model of a smoldering log |journal=Combustion and Flame |date=November 2004 |volume=139 |issue=3 |pages=227–238 |doi=10.1016/j.combustflame.2004.07.009 |bibcode=2004CoFl..139..227D }}
* {{cite journal | url = http://fire.feric.ca/36152002/EvaluationOfThreeWildfireSmokeDetectionSystem.pdf | title = Evaluation of three wildfire smoke detection systems | date = June 2004 | journal = Advantage | volume = 5 | issue = 4 | access-date = 13 January 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226080558/http://fire.feric.ca/36152002/EvaluationOfThreeWildfireSmokeDetectionSystem.pdf | archive-date = 26 February 2009 }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.nifc.gov/nicc/administrative/nmac/correspond/FireOpsPlan.pdf | title = Federal Fire and Aviation Operations Action Plan | date = 18 April 2005 | publisher = National Interagency Fire Center | access-date = 26 June 2009 | archive-date = 1 September 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090901174059/http://www.nifc.gov/nicc/administrative/nmac/correspond/FireOpsPlan.pdf }}
* {{cite web | last = Finney | first = Mark A. | title = FARSITE: Fire Area Simulator – Model Development and Evaluation | url = http://www.firemodels.org/downloads/farsite/publications/fireareaall.pdf | publisher = US Forest Service | date = March 1998 | access-date = 5 February 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226080606/http://www.firemodels.org/downloads/farsite/publications/fireareaall.pdf | archive-date = 26 February 2009 }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.bushfire.nsw.gov.au/file_system/attachments/State08/Attachment_20050308_44889DFD.pdf | title = Fire. The Australian Experience | publisher = NSW Rural Fire Service | access-date = 4 February 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080722125603/http://www.bushfire.nsw.gov.au/file_system/attachments/State08/Attachment_20050308_44889DFD.pdf | archive-date = 22 July 2008 }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/glossary/pms205.pdf | title = Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology | publisher = National Wildfire Coordinating Group | date = November 2008 | access-date = 18 December 2008 | archive-date = 21 August 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080821230940/http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/glossary/pms205.pdf }} ([http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/glossary/index.htm HTML version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718223817/http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/glossary/index.htm |date=18 July 2011 }})
* {{cite journal | title = Science Basis for Changing Forest Structure to Modify Wildfire Behavior and Severity | format = 2.79 MB PDF | url = http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr120.pdf | last1 = Graham | first1 = Russell | last2 = McCaffrey | first2 = Sarah | last3 = Jain | first3 = Theresa B | journal = General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-120 |date = April 2004| place = Fort Collins, CO: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station | access-date = 6 February 2009
}}
* {{cite book |last1=Grove|first1=A.T.|last2=Rackham|first2=Oliver|author-link2 = Oliver Rackham |title=The Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=trcsOyzKvRwC&q=The+nature+of+Mediterranean+Europe:+An+ecological+history|access-date=17 July 2009|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New Haven, CT|year=2001 |isbn=978-0-300-10055-6
}}
* {{cite web | title = Community Involvement in and Management of Forest Fires in South East Asia | url = http://www.fao.org/forestry/11241-0-0.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070730211840/http://www.asiaforests.org/doc/resources/fire/pffsea/Report_Community.pdf | archive-date = 30 July 2007 | year = 2002 | publisher = Project FireFight South East Asia | last = Karki | first = Sameer | access-date = 13 February 2009
}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Keeley |first1=Jon E. |title=Fire intensity, fire severity and burn severity: a brief review and suggested usage |journal=International Journal of Wildland Fire |date=2009 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=116–126 |doi=10.1071/WF07049 |bibcode=2009IJWF...18..116K }}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.nifc.gov/fire_policy/pdf/strategy.pdf
|title=Interagency Strategy for the Implementation of Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy
|date=20 June 2003
|publisher=National Interagency Fire Council
|access-date=21 December 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514200510/http://www.nifc.gov/fire_policy/pdf/strategy.pdf
|archive-date=14 May 2009
}}
* {{cite book |last=Lyons |first =John W |title=The Chemistry and Uses of Fire Retardants |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |year= 1971 |location=United States |isbn=978-0-471-55740-1}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Martell |first1=David L. |last2=Sun |first2=Hua |title=The impact of fire suppression, vegetation, and weather on the area burned by lightning-caused forest fires in Ontario |journal=Canadian Journal of Forest Research |date=June 2008 |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=1547–1563 |doi=10.1139/X07-210 |bibcode=2008CaJFR..38.1547M }}
* {{cite journal |last1=McKenzie |first1=D. |last2=Gedalof |first2=Z. |last3=Peterson |first3=D.L. |last4=Mote |first4=P. |title=Climatic change, wildfire, and conservation |journal=Conservation Biology |volume=18 |issue=4 |date=2004 |pages=890–902 |doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00492.x |bibcode=2004ConBi..18..890M }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.nifc.gov/preved/comm_guide/wildfire/FILES/PDF%20%20FILES/Linked%20PDFs/2%20Wildland%20fire%20overview.PDF | title = National Wildfire Coordinating Group Communicator's Guide for Wildland Fire Management: Fire Education, Prevention, and Mitigation Practices, Wildland Fire Overview | publisher = National Wildfire Coordinating Group | access-date = 11 December 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080917201358/http://www.nifc.gov/preved/comm_guide/wildfire/FILES/PDF%20%20FILES/Linked%20PDFs/2%20Wildland%20fire%20overview.PDF | archive-date = 17 September 2008 }}
* {{cite web |last=Nepstad|first=Daniel C |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/climate/Publications/WWFBinaryitem7658.pdf |title=The Amazon's Vicious Cycles: Drought and Fire in the Greenhouse |publisher=World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF International)| year=2007|access-date=9 July 2009
}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Olson |first1=Richard Stuart |last2=Gawronski |first2=Vincent T. |title=The 2003 Southern California Wildfires: Constructing Their Cause(s) |access-date=15 July 2009 |journal=Quick Response Research Report |volume=173 |year=2005 |url=http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/research/qr/qr173/qr173.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713193831/http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/research/qr/qr173/qr173.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2007 }} ([http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/research/qr/qr173/qr173.html HTML version])
* {{cite journal |last1=Pausas |first1=Juli G. |last2=Keeley |first2=Jon E. |title=A Burning Story: The Role of Fire in the History of Life |journal=BioScience |date=July 2009 |volume=59 |issue=7 |pages=593–601 |doi=10.1525/bio.2009.59.7.10 |bibcode=2009BiSci..59..593P |hdl=10261/57324 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite conference | first = Eric | last = Peuch | editor = Butler, B.W.| editor2 = Alexander, M.E.| contribution = Firefighting Safety in France | contribution-url = http://www.iawfonline.org/summit/2005%20Presentations/2005_pdf/Peuch.pdf | title = Eighth International Wildland Firefighter Safety Summit – Human Factors – 10 Years Later | date = 26–28 April 2005 | place = Missoula, Montana | publisher = The International Association of Wildland Fire, Hot Springs, South Dakota | url = http://www.iawfonline.org/summit/2005%20Presentations/2005_pdf/Peuch.pdf | access-date = 27 September 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928172017/http://www.iawfonline.org/summit/2005%20Presentations/2005_pdf/Peuch.pdf | archive-date = 28 September 2007 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Pitkänen |first1=Aki |last2=Huttunen |first2=Pertti |last3=Jungner |first3=Högne |last4=Meriläinen |first4=Jouko |last5=Tolonen |first5=Kimmo |title=Holocene fire history of middle boreal pine forest sites in eastern Finland |url=http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anbf40/anbf40-015.pdf |journal=Annales Botanici Fennici |pages=15–33 |volume=40 |issn=0003-3847 |date=28 February 2003 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |access-date=13 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308070249/http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anbf40/anbf40-015.pdf }}
* {{cite report |first1= M. |last1= Plucinski |first2= J. |last2= Gould |first3= G. |last3= McCarthy |first4= J. |last4= Hollis |date= June 2007 |title= The Effectiveness and Efficiency of Aerial Firefighting in Australia: Part 1 |url= http://www.bushfirecrc.com/research/downloads/Aerial-Suppression-Report-Final-web.pdf |publisher= Bushfire Cooperative Research Centre |isbn= 978-0-643-06534-5 |access-date= 4 March 2009 |archive-date= 24 February 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210224142620/http://www.bushfirecrc.com/research/downloads/Aerial-Suppression-Report-Final-web.pdf }}
* {{cite journal |last1=San-Miguel-Ayanz |first1=Jesus |last2=Ravail |first2=Nicolas |title=Active Fire Detection for Fire Emergency Management: Potential and Limitations for the Operational Use of Remote Sensing |journal=Natural Hazards |date=July 2005 |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=361–376 |doi=10.1007/s11069-004-1797-2 |bibcode=2005NatHa..35..361S }}
* {{cite journal | last = van Wagtendonk | first = Jan W. | year = 1996 | title = Use of a Deterministic Fire Growth Model to Test Fuel Treatments | url = http://www.werc.usgs.gov/yosemite/vii_c43.pdf | journal = Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, Vol. II, Assessments and Scientific Basis for Management Options | pages = 1155–1166 | access-date = 5 February 2009 | archive-date = 26 February 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226080558/http://www.werc.usgs.gov/yosemite/vii_c43.pdf }}
* {{cite journal |last1=van Wagtendonk |first1=Jan W. |title=The History and Evolution of Wildland Fire Use |journal=Fire Ecology |date=December 2007 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=3–17 |doi=10.4996/fireecology.0302003 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2007FiEco...3b...3V }}
* {{cite web | url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10244 |title=Wildfire Statistics |publisher=Congressional Research Service| year=2022|access-date=19 October 2022
}}

'''Attribution'''
* {{NPS}}
* {{NIOSH}}

{{Scholia|topic}}
{{Sister project links |wikt=no|commons=Wildfire |b=Applied Ecology/Case Studies/Asian Rainforest Politics |n=no |q=no |s=The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Forest Fires |v=no |voy=Wildfires |species=no |d=no |display=Wildfires}}

{{Firefighting}}
{{Forestry}}
{{Fire}}
{{Nature}}
{{Pollution}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Wildfires| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Emergency management]]
[[Category:Fire prevention]]
[[Category:Types of fire]]
[[Category:Natural disasters]]
[[Category:Pollution]]
[[Category:Wildfire ecology]]
[[Category:Weather lore]]

Seby Coutinho

2026-04-28T07:58:38Z

Ghaiinfra: Added First Pg V1!

{{Short description|Indian actor and playwright (1929–2000)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Seby Coutinho
| image = Seby Coutinho.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Coutinho
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[British India]]
| other_names = Charlie
| birth_date = {{birth date|1929|9|5|df=y}}
| education = [[St. Sebastian Goan High School]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2000|1|9|1929|9|5|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Holy Spirit Hospital (Mumbai)|Holy Spirit Hospital]], Maharashtra, India
| title = Founder of The Goan Cultural and Dramatic Society
| employer = National Rayon Corporation Office, [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort]], Bombay
| spouse = Bella Coutinho
| children =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|playwright|theatre director|composer|dancer|choreographer}}
| notable_works = {{ubl|
* ''[[Amchem Noxib]]''
* ''[[Bhuierantlo Munis]]''}}
}}

'''Seby Coutinho''' (5 September 1929 – 9 January 2000) was an Indian actor, playwright, [[theatre director|director]], composer, dancer, choreographer, and former singer known for his work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions.

==Career==
Coutinho made his initial foray into the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[tiatr]]'' stage under the guidance of [[Ernest Rebello]], who provided him with an opportunity to act in the ''tiatr'' production titled ''Avoicho Gutt'' (Mother's Secret) at Princess Theatre in [[Bombay]]. His performance in this production, alongside [[Miss Marekin]] and Joao Bautist Lobo, garnered appreciation from the audience. However, Coutinho faced challenges in making progress within the professional ''tiatr'' scene, as achieving recognition on the commercial stage was not a straightforward task during that period. Consequently, he decided to explore alternative avenues. Joining the Fort Dramatic Company, Coutinho collaborated with John D'Cunha to write his own ''tiatr'' called ''Ekloch Put'' (Only Son). The production was staged in multiple locations with the local boys from [[Fort area]], under the banner of the Fort Dramatic Company and received favorable responses from the audience.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Cardozo |first=Tomazinho |date=2013-06-01 |title=Mhalgodde Tiatrist Seby Coutinho |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/1_june_amcho_avaz |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=[[O Heraldo]] |language=gom |archive-date=2023-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225023231/https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/1_june_amcho_avaz |url-status=live }}</ref> Concurrently, Coutinho took on minor roles in [[English drama|English play]]s. In 1953, he penned another tiatr titled ''Curddo Millionar'' (Blind Millionaire) and presented it through the Fort Dramatic Company. However, Coutinho, who was not accustomed to mingling with professional ''[[tiatrist]]s'', encountered difficulties in securing a place on the Bhangwadi stage in Bombay alongside established performers.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=150–152 |language=en |access-date=2024-03-03 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> To overcome these obstacles, Coutinho established connections with Francis "Chicken" Carneiro, ultimately forming a new [[Theatrical troupe|theatrical group]] known as The Goan Dramatic and Cultural Society. Within this group, he collaborated with colleagues such as Cajdon D'Souza, Rico Rod, and Vincent Sernedo. Coutinho's talent as a composer became known, as he composed songs that were performed by other artists.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Rose |first=Joe |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=46}}</ref>

Coutinho, feeling dissatisfied with his group's performance, sought the opportunity to participate in [[C. Alvares]]' ''tiatr Borvonso'' through a recommendation from his friend B. Paul, a [[band leader]]. Despite singing two songs in the ''tiatr'', Coutinho failed to make an impact as a [[vocalist]]. Despite his efforts, Coutinho's aspirations as a singer did not materialize as expected. Nonetheless, he persisted in his pursuit and leveraged his association with the ''[[tiatr|tiatro]]'' [[make-up artist]] Camilo to secure an opportunity to sing a song in [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]]'s ''tiatr'' production, ''Yench Tem Karann'' (This is the Reason). Although his singing performance failed to create an impact, it was Alfred Rose who recognized Coutinho's true potential and advised him to focus on his acting abilities instead. Coutinho possessed skills as an artiste.<ref name=":2" /> Building upon his newfound confidence, Coutinho's acting talent was formally introduced to audiences by Alfred Rose in the ''tiatr'' production titled ''Dotor Advogad'' (Doctor Advocate). Coutinho's portrayal in this production was met with acclaim, attracting the attention of directors and earning him glowing reviews. Some even compared him to the [[Bollywood]] actor [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], calling the former "Pran of the Konkani stage". Recognizing that acting was his true forte, Coutinho embraced his talent and embarked on a career as an actor, leaving behind his aspirations as a singer.<ref name=":1" />

Throughout his career, Coutinho received many offers from popular directors and collaborated with known ''[[tiatrist]]s'' such as [[J. P. Souzalin]], C. Alvares, [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], Alfred Rose, [[M. Boyer]], [[Robin Vaz]], [[Kid Boxer]], [[Minguel Rod]], Young Menezes, A. M. B. Rose, and [[Jacinto Vaz]]. Coutinho's performances consistently showcased improvement, as he studied each role and sought ways to enhance his characters through [[improvisation]]. Among Coutinho's achievements were his standout performances in plays like ''Khorkhos Ostori'', ''Angounnenchi Okol'', ''Vauraddi'' (The Labourer), ''Atam Konn Ghatki'' (Who now is a traitor?)," and ''Barabas'' ([[Barabbas]]), which resonated with audiences and garnered acclaim. His talent spanned a wide range of [[character role]]s, from comedic to serious, demonstrating his versatility.<ref name=":1" /> Moreover, Coutinho's skills extended beyond acting, as he was a [[ballroom dancer|ballroom]] and [[folk dance]]r. He choreographed numerous dance routines for prestigious institutions and organizations in [[Bombay]], leaving an impact on the dance community. Coutinho has contributed his choreography to the [[Konkani cinema|Konkani]] film ''[[Amchem Noxib]]'', and he can also be observed performing as a dancer in the movie. Parallel to his artistic pursuits, Coutinho maintained a full-time position at the National Rayon Corporation Office in [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort]], Bombay, showcasing his commitment to both his professional and creative endeavors. He also made appearances in films such as ''Boglantt'' and ''Zababdari'', further expanding his presence in the entertainment industry. Moreover, he assumed a principal role in the popular [[Goa]] [[TV series]] ''Ek Kahani'', which was adapted from the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] novel ''Angounn'' by [[Damodar Mauzo]].<ref name=":2" />

Coutinho's contributions to the [[Tiatr|Konkani theater]] scene extended beyond acting and dancing. He ventured into writing and directing, creating several ''tiatrs'' of his own. Popular works include ''Ekloch Put'', ''Curddo Millionar'', ''Mhaka Guneanv Bhogos'', ''Amche Disgras'' (Our Disgrace), ''Mhozo Oprad'', ''Avoicho Ulhas'' (Mother's Joy), and ''Imtteache Bognnar''. Through his productions, Coutinho aimed to address [[social issue|societal issue]]s and convey [[moral]] messages, using the power of theater to inspire positive change. Coutinho left an impression with his portrayal of [[Barabbas]] in [[Robin Vaz]]'s ''tiatr Barabas'', which resonated with audiences. He was lauded for his nuanced performances and meticulous preparation, earning him a reputation as an intense and dedicated actor.<ref name=":0" /> Coutinho's artistic abilities extended beyond the stage, as he mastered various dance forms and blended [[Western dance (Europe and North America)|Western]] and [[Culture of Goa|Goan folk dances]]. He instructed and presented a multitude of traditional [[folk dance]]s at many significant events in the presence of important dignitaries. In addition to his theatrical achievements, Coutinho appeared in several Konkani films, including ''Amchem Noxib'', ''Kortubancho Sonvsar'', ''Boglantt'', and ''[[Bhuierantlo Munis]]''. His role in ''Boglantt'' received acclaim. Despite the passage of time, Coutinho remained an active participant in the Konkani theater community, regularly touring Goa and even [[Gulf countries]] with ''tiatro'' groups. Coutinho's acting prowess was characterized by his level of intensity, establishing him as a thespian who delved into the intricacies of his roles to authentically portray the essence of his characters. With a [[repertoire]] of over 450 ''tiatr'' performances across various productions, he also undertook tours as a ''tiatrist'' in Bombay, [[Poona]], and [[East Africa]].<ref name=":1" />

==Personal life==
Seby Coutinho was born on 5 September 1929, in [[Bombay]], which was part of [[Bombay Presidency]] in [[British India]] to Francis Coutinho. He grew up in [[Cortalim]], Goa, and later resided in [[Colvale]]. Coutinho's passion for singing, acting, and dancing emerged at a young age. He received his primary education at [[St. Sebastian Goan High School]] in [[Dabul]], Bombay,where his love for literature and poetry blossomed. He garnered acclaim for his [[elocution]] and [[poetry reading]] abilities, consistently earning awards and recognition at the school level. His teachers and principal recognized his potential as an actor, often commenting on his talent during school performances. Known for his [[Impersonator|mimicry]] skills, Coutinho was affectionately referred to as "Charlie" by his friends due to his ability to impersonate [[Charlie Chaplin]] with accuracy. During his school years, Coutinho had opportunities to perform in [[English drama]]s, showcasing his acting abilities. Coutinho married Bella, a [[choreographer]] specializing in [[folk dance]]s,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai: MKKS Holds Fifth Konkani Amateur Singing Competetion |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=89286 |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> and the couple welcomed a daughter named Jennifer, who went on to become a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] singer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kennys 8th Konkani Music Album Senorita- daijiworld.com |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/chan/sponsoredDisplay.aspx?sID=3866 |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=www.daijiworld.com}}</ref>

As of 1995, Coutinho resided with his family in [[Marol]], Bombay.<ref name=":1" /> On 9 January 2000, Coutinho died at the [[Holy Spirit Hospital (Mumbai)|Holy Spirit Hospital]] in [[Andheri, Mumbai]], at the age of 70 following a short illness.<ref name=":0" />

==Select filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1963
|''[[Amchem Noxib]]''
|Choreographer/dancer
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|1970
|''Kortubancho Sonvsar''
|
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1975
|''Boglantt''
|
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|1977
|''[[Bhuierantlo Munis]]''
|
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2004
|''Zababdari''
|
|
|<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-02-08 |title=Konkani VCD 1 new + 4 Releasing soon (plus updated list of 74 VCDs) |url=http://www.goa-world.com/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=Goa World|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040208164344/http://www.goa-world.com/ |archive-date=2004-02-08 }}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|
|''Ek Kahani''
|Lead role
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Imdb name|id=4959627}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Coutinho, Seby}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Writers from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Actors from South Goa district]]

Elihu Yale

2026-04-25T14:58:10Z

Ghaiinfra: Done

{{Short description|British colonial administrator and namesake of Yale College}}
{{for|the American military officer|Elihu Yale (captain)}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Elihu Yale
| image = Enoch Seeman the younger - Portrait of Gov. Elihu Yale (1648-9–1721) - 1789.1 - Yale University Art Gallery.jpg
| order =
| office = [[Madras Presidency|President of Fort St. George]]
| term_start = 25 July 1687
| term_end = 3 October 1692
| predecessor = [[William Gyfford]]
| successor = [[Nathaniel Higginson]]
| term_start1 = 8 August 1684
| term_end1 = 26 January 1685
| predecessor1 = William Gyfford (Agent)
| successor1 = William Gyfford
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1649|4|5}}
| birth_place = [[Boston]], [[Colony of Massachusetts]], [[British America]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1721|7|8|1649|4|5}}
| death_place = [[London]], England
| party =
| spouse =
| profession =
| signature = Elihu Yale.JPG
}}

'''Elihu Yale''' (5 April 1649 – 8 July 1721) was a [[British Americans|British-American]] [[Colonialism|colonial]] administrator.

Born in [[Boston]], Massachusetts, Yale lived in America only as a child, and spent the rest of his life in [[England]], [[Wales]], and [[India]].

He became a clerk for the [[East India Company]] at [[Fort St. George]], later [[Chennai|Madras]], and eventually rose to the [[Madras Presidency|Presidency]] of the settlement. He was later removed from the post under charges of corruption for self-dealing, and required to pay a fine.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elihu-Yale |title=Elihu Yale, English merchant and philanthropist | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=4 July 2022 |date= 22 Apr 2019}}</ref>

In 1699, he returned to Britain with a considerable fortune, around £200,000 (equivalent to £{{formatprice|{{inflation|UK|200000|1699}}}} in {{inflation/year|UK}}),{{inflation/fn|UK}} mostly made by selling diamonds, and spent his time and wealth in philanthropy and art collecting.<ref name="academia1">{{Cite journal |last=Romita |first=Ray |date=2012 |title=Going Global, Staying Local: Elihu Yale the Art Collector |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23344756 |journal=Yale University Art Gallery Bulletin |pages=34–51 |jstor=23344756}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nhregister.com/colleges/article/Elihu-Yale-Today-s-diverse-university-would-11367570.php |title=Elihu Yale: Today's diverse university would please namesake, biographer says, Today's diverse Yale would please namesake, biographer says |work=[[New Haven Register]] |date=19 July 2014}}</ref>

He was the primary benefactor of [[Yale College]], now [[Yale University]], which was named in his honor, following a donation of books, portraits, and textiles at the request of Rev. [[Cotton Mather]], a [[Harvard University]] graduate. He had no male heir, and no descendants of his have survived past his grandchildren.<ref name="Bingham 1937 144">{{Cite journal |last=Bingham |first=Hiram |title=Elihu Yale : governor, collector and benefactor. |journal=Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society |date=1937 | page=144}}</ref>

In the 21st century, Yale's connections to [[slavery in India]] began to be more closely explored, a process assisted by the digitalisation and online publication of the East India Company's records.<ref name="SLA">{{cite web|title=Elihu Yale Was a Slave Trader |url=http://histi3.commons.yale.edu/2014/11/01/elihu-yale-was-a-slave-trader/ |website=Digital Histories at Yale |access-date=8 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108031612/http://histi3.commons.yale.edu/2014/11/01/elihu-yale-was-a-slave-trader/ |archive-date=8 November 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref> In 2020, [[Peter Salovey]], president of Yale University, launched the Yale and Slavery Research Project to explore the university's historical links with slavery and colonialism, including Elihu Yale's role.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite book |last=Blight |first=David W. |author-link=David W. Blight |url=https://yaleandslavery.yale.edu/sites/default/files/2024-02/Yale%20and%20Slavery%20A%20History%20Feb2024%20David%20Blight%20with%20the%20Yale%20and%20Slavery%20Research%20Project.pdf |title=Yale and Slavery: a history |date=2024 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-27384-7 |location=New Haven, CT |contribution=Foreword |contributor-first=Peter |contributor-last=Salovey}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Yale was born in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], to David Yale (1613–1690), a wealthy Boston merchant and attorney to [[Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick]], and Ursula Knight; he was the grandson of Anne Yale (born Lloyd), daughter of Bishop [[George Lloyd (bishop of Chester)|George Lloyd]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=7}} After the death of her first husband, Thomas Yale Sr. (1587–1619), son of Chancellor [[David Yale (chancellor)|David Yale]], Anne Yale married [[Theophilus Eaton]], ambassador to Denmark. Eaton was the co-founder of two of the [[Thirteen British Colonies]], which are represented on the [[Flag of the United States]], mainly through the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] and the [[New Haven Colony]], and was the brother of [[Nathaniel Eaton]], [[Harvard University|Harvard]]'s first [[President of Harvard University#Presidents of Harvard|Headmaster]] and [[Chairperson|President designate]], at the founding of Harvard in 1636.

His son, Samuel Eaton, the uncle of Elihu, was also involved in the foundation of Harvard, being one of the seven founder members of the [[Harvard Corporation]], the governing board and charter that [[Incorporation (business)|incorporated]] the college in 1650. It was they, along with Elihu's uncle and aunt, [[Thomas Yale (New Haven Colony)|Thomas Yale Jr.]], and Anne Yale Jr., who brought the reconstituted Eaton/[[Yale (surname)|Yale family]] to America, while other members of the family stayed in [[England]]. Their estates in Wales were Plas-yn-Yale and Plas Grono, and Elihu's brother was London merchant Thomas Yale, later ambassador to the [[King of Siam]] for the [[East India Company]].<ref name="Yale brother1">{{cite book |last=Lenman |first=Bruce P. |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oNkFBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22francis+davenport%22+yale&pg=PA210 |title=England's Colonial Wars 1550–1688: Conflicts, Empire and National Identity |publisher=Routledge |page=210|isbn=978-1-317-89882-5 }}</ref>

Elihu's father, David Yale, would later come from London to [[New Haven Colony]] with his stepfather, [[Theophilus Eaton]], in 1639.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=3}} He moved to Boston in 1641{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=5}} and met and married Elihu Yale's mother, Ursula, in 1643.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=5}} In 1652, at the age of three, Elihu Yale left [[New England]], as David Yale took his family back to London.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=7}} While documentation of this period is sparse, a letter suggests that David Yale remained a successful merchant and settled his family in the [[Hanseatic]] merchant district "[[Steelyard]] Court".{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=8}} In 1662, at the age of thirteen, Elihu Yale entered the private school of [[William Dugard]], but Dugard died a few months after Elihu Yale enrolled.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=9-10}} Yale likely lived through the [[Great Plague of London]] and the [[Great Fire of London]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=12-14}}

==East India Company==
[[File:Fort of St.George on the Coromandel Coast, Madras, belonging to the East India Company of England, a line engraving by Jan van Ryne (1712-1760).jpg|thumb|255px|Seaview of [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]], the [[East India Company]]'s headquarters in [[Madras]], 1700s]]

In 1670, Yale joined the [[British East India Company]], starting as a [[clerk]] at [[East India House]] in [[City of London|London]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=9-14}} Among the board was the [[George Berkeley, 1st Earl of Berkeley|Earl of Berkeley]], [[Sir Samuel Barnardiston, 1st Baronet|Sir Samuel Barnardiston]], Vice-Admiral [[Sir John Robinson, 1st Baronet, of London|John Robinson]], and Chairman [[Andrew Riccard|Sir Andrew Riccard]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=9-14}} Yale's uncle, Connecticut Gov. [[Edward Hopkins]], was also one of the shareholders.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=9-14}} It is possible that Yale had business training in his father's merchant [[counting house]] beforehand.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=9-14}} He then sailed to [[India]] in December 1671 on one of the [[East Indiaman|East Indiamen]], on a voyage that would take six months, with the eminent dangers of [[pirate]]s, storms and diseases.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=16-19}}

He landed in [[Madras]] on 23 June 1672, at [[Fort St. George, Madras|Fort St. George]], where Portuguese, English and [[Hindu]] lived.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=9-14}} He then learned the rules of Gov. [[Sir William Langhorne, 1st Baronet|William Langhorne]], some of which being the interdiction to start a [[duel]], to desert the fort, or to blaspheme, and met with Father [[Ephrem de Nevers]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=20, 21, 26, 27}} At the time, the [[East India Company]] was already exporting to Europe [[spices]], [[Black pepper|pepper]], [[precious stone]]s, Chinese [[porcelain]]s, Japanese screens, and cotton [[cloth]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=23-25}} In 1674, Yale was sent to negotiate the potential establishment of a new factory, and by February, was allowed to deal in private trade, which included [[pearls]], [[diamond]]s, [[Ruby|rubies]], [[sapphire]]s, [[neckcloth]]s, [[clove]]s and [[nutmeg]]s.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=23, 25, 28}} By 1677, Gov. [[Sir William Langhorne, 1st Baronet|Langhorne]] was accused of corruption by competitors within the [[East India Company|Company]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=30}} The directors were always suspicious, and with huge fortune being made six months away from London, they easily mistrust their employees.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=30}}

He was then replaced by Gov. [[Sir Streynsham Master|Streynsham Master]], the son-in-law of Richard Legh of [[Lyme Hall]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=32-34}} In April 1678, Yale was promoted to the rank of [[Factor (agent)|Factor]], doubling his salary.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=32-34}} In June arrived the Welsh chaplain [[John Evans (bishop)|John Evans]], future [[Bishop of Meath]], who would become a lifelong friend.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=32-34}} In 1679, Yale's duties now involved receiving and invoicing textiles worth about 100,000 [[Pagoda (coin)|pagodas]], consisting of neckcloths, chintz, and [[longcloth]] of various grades.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=40-43}} With the death of Joseph Hynmers, second-in-command, Yale was made Assistant to the Warehouse Keeper, and started courting his widow.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=40-43}} They married at [[St. Mary's Church, Chennai|St. Mary's Church]], the oldest [[Anglican Church]] in [[India]], on 4 November 1680, with [[Sir Henry Oxenden, 3rd Baronet|Sir Henry Oxenden]], Governor of [[Bombay]], as brideman.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=40-43}} With his wife's capital, Yale learned the trade and became a specialist in [[diamond]]s and precious stones.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=40-43}}

===Madras Council===
[[File:Company rule government hse fort stgeorge2.jpg|thumb|The Government House at [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]], seat of the [[Madras Presidency]], where Yale would spend 29 years of his career]]

In January 1681, he was promoted to the office of Provisional Customer.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=44-46}} In the same year, Gov. [[Sir Streynsham Master|Streynsham Master]] was replaced by [[William Gyfford]], and Yale was sent as a diplomat to meet the [[Dutch East India Company|VOC]] Governor of [[History of Pulicat|Pulicat]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=44-46}} Despite Master's loyalty, the directors once again believed the charges of bad management, fueled by enemies, who brought complaints after complaints to the [[East India House|board in London]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=44-46}} According to Madras historian Arthur Pringle, the official records are full of invented circumstantial charges of injustice and fraud.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=44-46}} Yale was then promoted to the office of [[Mintmaster]], and was given a seat on the council, occupying the fifth position on a board of six, as the directors were "pleased with Elihu's behavior and ability".{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=47-51}} In 1682, he was sent to [[Parangipettai|Porto Novo]] on the [[Coromandel Coast]] to find investment opportunities for the sale of [[longcloth]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=52-53}} During his mission, a great storm struck the coast, and 14,000 persons died.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=52-53}} He made assessments of [[harbor]] facilities and fortifications, and was welcomed with [[coconut]]s as gifts of diplomacy.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=58-60}}

Yale then negotiated with [[Sikandar Adil Shah|Sikandar Shah]], the [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Sultan of Bijapur]], and obtained permission for the [[gold trade]] in his territory.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=80-81, 90-92}} In 1683, as a member of Gov. [[William Gyfford|Gyfford]]'s council, he became a cofounder of the [[The Madras Bank (1683)|Madras Bank]], the oldest in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2020%20No%206/madras-oldest-bank.html |title=Madras's Oldest Bank |work=Madras Musings Newspaper |volume=20 |issue=6 |date=1–15 July 2010 |access-date=8 May 2024}}</ref> On 12 February, the second-in-command was dismissed for his "language that was too independent and not sufficiently subservient in his letters".{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=93-94}} The Councilmen rose in rank, with Yale becoming Warehouse Keeper.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=93-94}} When Gov. [[William Gyfford|Gyfford]] was sent to inspect factories in the [[Bay of Bengal]], Yale became acting governor for a few months, and procured three [[elephant]]s from King [[Narai|Narai of Siam]], to be sent to the [[Gingee Fort|Sultan of Gingee]] as [[war elephant]]s.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=93-94, 102-105}} In peace time, they were used with a [[Howdah]] as status symbols, while at war, they were the prototypes of the modern [[tank]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_Ag33WrtzIC&dq=%22prototypes+of+the+modern+tank%22&pg=PA10483 |title=Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates |volume=75, Part 9 |publisher=Government Printing Office |location=Washington, DC |year=1932 |page=10483}}</ref>{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=102, 105, 124}} Yale then obtained a house and garden at [[Parangimalai|St. Thomas Mount]] for the sickly and their convalesce.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=102-105}} Thereafter, he received 3 princes from [[Sumatra, Indonesia]], bringing a letter from Sultanah [[Inayat Zakiatuddin Syah|Inayat Syah]], Queen of [[Aceh Sultanate|Acheen]], resulting in a trade agreement.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=105-111}} About this time, King [[Charles II of England]] died, with [[James II of England|James II]] ascending to the throne.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=105-111}} The change was well welcomed by the company, as the chairman, [[Sir Josiah Child]], had spent a fortune on James's ascension.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=105-111}} Yale then organized the official ceremony at [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]], with Gov. [[William Gyfford|Gyfford]] resuming his office, and received the ambassadors of Persia and Siam.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=105-111}}

===Presidency of Madras===
{{see also |Madras Presidency}}
[[File:Joppen1907India1700a.jpg|thumb|Map of the [[Mughal Empire]] in 1700, covering most of [[India]], with [[Madras]] being surrounded at the bottom right in pink]]

In July 1687, Yale was appointed [[Madras Presidency|President of Madras]] and Governor of [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]], replacing [[William Gyfford]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Vestiges Of Old Madras 1 |first=Henry Davison |last=Love |publisher=Published for the Government of India |location=London |year=1913 |page=490}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Records of Fort St. George—Fort St. George Diary and Consultation Book |year=1687 |pages=100–101}}</ref> A difficulty of the office was to deal with the native rulers through [[firman]]s, as Madras was surrounded by the [[Mughal Empire]], with rulers always asking for bribes.<ref name="Madras11">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.02148/page/21/mode/2up?q=customs |title=Fort St. George, Madras : a short history of our first possession in India |publisher=Ministry of Culture |location=London |year=1900 |page=21}}</ref> When their demands were refused, they would seize the food supplies, half starving the company's servants with a [[blockade]].<ref name="Madras11"/> In terms of size, [[Madras]] consisted of about 300,000 people, or around 6% of [[England]]'s population at the time.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://files.ehs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/29061004/Wrigley1a.pdf |title=Population Growth: England, 1680–1820 |magazine=Recent Findings of Research in Economic & Social History |date=Autumn 1985 |page=2}}</ref> Yale had previously been popular with both the Europeans and native Indians,<ref name="inlin11"/> and reverted to the former practice of living and dining in the Fort House with merchants, [[Clerk|writers]] and factors.<ref name="inlin11">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57371/page/n155/mode/2up?q=popular |title=History Of The City Of Madras |first=C. S. |last=Srinivasachari |publisher=P. Varadachary & Co. |location=Madras |year=1939 |pages=97–98}}</ref>

With Yale's nomination, [[Sir Josiah Child]] hoped that Madras would be less critical of [[London]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=102-105}} As the [[East India House|East India Company's headquarters]] were thousands of miles away, the board implemented policies that were not well adapted to the conditions in Madras.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=137-210}} Letters took 6 months to be received, sometimes over a year, making communications difficult.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=102-105}} One of these policies was the creation of a new tax upon Madras inhabitants that Yale had now to carry out, which caused a local [[rebellion]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=102-105}} During this time, they accused him of not cutting expenses down, such as keeping a [[Indian tiger|Bengal tiger]] at the fort, among other things.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=139-140}} Those who were taxed the most were the owners of the 128 houses within the fort, which half belonged to the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] merchants.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=173-174, 178-180}} The company's chairman sent a letter to Yale, writing that "your elaborate arguments to persuade us not to impose a moderate duty upon the Portuguese and other inhabitants of our city of Madras, whom we do protect and exceedingly encourage in their several vocations, have no weight at all with us".{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=173-174, 178-180}}

Yale had received similar letters during the Great Famine under Gov. [[William Gyfford|Gyfford]], where they had refused to collect taxes, with the directors replying that "you are still fencing against our creating revenue at the Fort, with slight, insignificant arguments, wherein the worst is that you should have so mean an opinion of us, as to think such sophistical reasons will make any impressions on our judgment".{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=173-174, 178-180}} The directors also gave the order to close the Garden House, which was used for those who were resting outside the city, having a place to eat.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=139-140}} Yale didn't follow this order and kept Gov. [[William Gyfford|Gyfford]] there as his health was fragile.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=139-140}} During August 1687, Yale is then recorded corresponding with the Ambassador of Shah [[Suleiman I of Persia|Suleiman of Persia]], regarding his arrival with a [[Koran]] to try to convert the Siamese king to [[Mohammedanism]], which the latter refused.<ref name="Persia11">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/englishintercou01andegoog/page/250/mode/2up?q=yale |title=English intercourse with Siam in the seventeenth century |first1=John |last1=Anderson |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. |location=London |year=1890 |pages=251–252}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Matthee |first=Rudi |year=2015 |title=SOLAYMĀN I |editor-last=Yarshater |editor-first=Ehsan |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |edition=Online}}{{full citation needed|date=July 2024}}</ref> Being bankrupt after his failed mission, Yale loaned him money, which was never repaid.<ref>{{cite book |title=Records of Fort St. George. Diary and consultation book 1686–1689 |pages=132–201}}{{full citation needed|date=July 2024}}</ref><ref name="Persia11"/>{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=138-140}}

===Anglo-Siamese War===
{{see also |Anglo-Siamese War}}
[[File:Fort St. George, Madras.jpg|thumb|225px|[[Warship]]s attacking [[Fort St. George, Madras]], along the [[Coromandel Coast]]. c. 1731 by Beorbe Lambert and [[Samuel Scott (painter)|Samuel Scott]]]]

For many years, merchants of Madras and [[Thailand|Siam]] were trading partners in the [[Andaman Sea]], trading in [[Rhinoceros#Horn use|rhinoceros horns]], [[Tusk|elephant tusks]], [[copper]] and other commodities.<ref name="relations siam1"/> Yale's brother, Thomas Yale, became ambassador to King [[Narai the Great|Narai of Siam]], and during this time, Elihu would entertain at his house the French ambassador and [[musketeer]], Count [[Claude de Forbin]], drinking to the health of the royal families of England and France.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=John |year=1890 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2F4oAAAAYAAJ&q=yale+ambassador+siam&pg=PA489 |title=English Intercourse with Siam in the Seventeenth Century |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Turbner & Co. |location=London |pages=367–368}}</ref><ref name="Yale brother1"/><ref name="Siam11"/> But around August 1687, disputes regarding Siam's strategic importance emerged among [[European powers]], and Gov. Yale was charged by King [[Narai the Great|Narai]]'s agents regarding the sale of jewels, which they estimated having overpaid by 25%.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=131-132}} The man behind the charges was a Greek named [[Constantine Phaulkon]], who wanted to lower English's influence over King Narai, and get him closer to [[Louis XIV]] of France through [[Chevalier de Chaumont]].<ref name="relations siam1">{{cite book |title=Records of the Relations Between Siam and Foreign Countries in the 17th Century, Great Britain |publisher=India Office |year=1916}}{{full citation needed|date=July 2024}}</ref>{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=131-132}}

This trading dispute started the [[Anglo-Siamese War]], with Yale acting on behalf of King [[James II of England]], which resulted in number of casualties for the company, as cities were now being robbed by Siameses.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=131-132}} Some English merchants at Siam sided with the enemy, and became involved in acts of [[piracy]], which had Yale send [[warship]]s in retaliation against Englishmen who changed sides.<ref name="relations siam1"/> No peace treaty was ever signed, but the war against the [[East India Company|Company]] will eventually stop around 1688.<ref>{{cite book |first=D. G. E. |last=Hall |title=A History of South-East Asia |edition=4th |publisher=Macmillan |year=1981 |pages=392–397}}</ref> In London, the directors investigated the accusations of the Siameses on Yale and cleared his name, declaring that "you can not be ignorant that Phaulkon himself in the King of Siam's name, began the war... upon a pretense that Mr. Yale injured the King of Siam in a bargain".{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=131-132}} [[Constantine Phaulkon|Phaulkon]]'s alliance with France would later cost him his life, being assassinated by the Siameses nobles during the [[Siamese revolution of 1688]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=131-132}} On 11 August 1687, Yale approved the recall of several Englishmen to Madras detained by Prussian [[Wolf Henrik von Kalnein]], governor of [[List of governors of Tranquebar|Tranquebar]] under the [[Danish East India Company|Danish East India Co.]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Records of Fort St. George. Diary and consultation book 1686–1689 |pages=123–127}}{{full citation needed|date=July 2024}}</ref>

===Siege of Golconda===
{{see also |Siege of Golconda}}
[[File:Aurangzeb during the siege of Golconda, 1687 (Hyderabad, India).jpg|thumb|210px|Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] on his [[war elephant]] during the [[Siege of Golconda]]. Unknown artist, 1750–1790]]

About a month later, on 22 September 1687, Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] conquered the nearby [[Golconda|Kingdom of Golconda]], defeating Sultan [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah|Abul Shah]] at the [[Siege of Golconda]], ending the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]].<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.academia.edu/en/49053786/Military_strategy_under_Aurangzeb |title=Military Strategy Under Aurangzeb |first=Farhan |last=Khan |publisher=Nelson Mandela Centre for Peace and Conflict Resolution |page=4}}{{better source needed|reason=This is a school assignment.|date=July 2024}}</ref>{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=141, 149, 158, 163, 184}} Aurangzeb was a member of [[Timurid dynasty|Tamerlane's dynasty]], and his [[Mumtaz Mahal|parents]], founders of the [[Taj Mahal]], were [[Mughal-Mongol genealogy|direct descendants]] of [[Genghis Khan]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Spear |first=T.G. Percival |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aurangzeb |title=Aurangzeb |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=7 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/summary/Key-People-of-the-Mughal-Dynasty |title=Key People of the Mughal Dynasty |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=23 Sep 2020 |access-date=16 May 2024}} See [[Babur]], his ancestor, and [[Mughal-Mongol genealogy]]</ref> As Yale expected the Mughal's revenge for the [[Anglo-Mughal war (1686–1690)|Anglo-Mughal War]] started by the directors in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], he prepared for war and raised a Portuguese militia, but as the [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal]] had thousands of [[war elephant]]s, he and the council had no choice but to pay him 50,000 [[Pagoda (coin)|pagoda]]s to keep the [[East India Company|Company]]'s activities in Madras.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=141, 149, 158, 163, 184}} Gov. Yale was now under the overlordship of the Islamic [[Mughal Empire]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Golconda-historical-city-India |title=Golconda |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=22 Jan 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Qutb-Shahi-dynasty |title=Quṭb Shāhī dynasty |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=12 Nov 2023 |access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref> He sent diplomats to pay Emperor [[Aurangzeb]], one of which was his friend Daniel Chardin, diamond merchant and brother of [[John Chardin|Sir Jean Chardin]], Yale's partner in England.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=141, 149, 158, 163, 184}} He also sent letters to Mughal general [[Mahabat Khan]], and complied with the ceremonies of prince [[Muhammad Kam Bakhsh|Muhammad Bakhs]] and prime minister [[Asad Khan (Mughal noble)|Asad Khan]].<ref>Van Meersbergen, Guido (2022). [https://books.google.com/books?id=htFKEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Shah+Jahan%22+%22elihu+yale%22&pg=PA160 Ethnography and Encounter: The Dutch and English in Seventeenth-Century], European Expansion and Indigenous Response, Volume: 35, Leiden, Brill, p. 160</ref> The situation was delicate as the Dutch and [[Louis XIV]] at [[Versailles]] were also trying to get the Mughal in their favor, and the directors would hold Yale responsible if anything went wrong, including failing to keep the [[Golconda diamonds]] trade from the [[Kollur Mines]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=159-160}}

At the time, [[India]] was the world producer of diamonds, with [[Golconda Fort|Golconda]] producing 60% of its total output.{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=149}} Most of Yale's private fortune will be obtained from this trade with the [[Moghul Emperor|Moghul]], who received royalties, while Yale used his expertise and capital to hold on these stones until they were [[facet]]ed and polished in [[Amsterdam]], on their way to London.{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=151}} The process took on average 3 years before getting a return on investment, and Yale had 50 trained men to protect the goods from [[robber]]s during transportation.{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=151}} By 1688, [[Sir Josiah Child]], the [[East India Company|Company]]'s largest shareholder, retired with a fortune of about £200,000 (equivalent to £{{formatprice|{{inflation|UK|200000|1688}}}} in {{inflation/year|UK}}),{{inflation/fn|UK}} and married his daughter to the son of the [[Henry Somerset, 1st Duke of Beaufort|1st Duke of Beaufort]] at [[Badminton House]].<ref name="Evelyn p. 305">Evelyn, The Diary of John Evelyn, p. 305</ref><ref>[https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/member/somerset-charles-1660-98 SOMERSET, Charles, Marquess of Worcester (1660–98)], Published in The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1690–1715, ed. D. Hayton, E. Cruickshanks, S. Handley, 2002</ref><ref>[https://www.badmintonestate.com/the-estate/history/ A Short History of the Estate], Badmintonestate.com, Accessed 10 May 2024</ref> During the same year, Yale welcomed the [[Armenian people|Armenian]] merchants to establish themselves at [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]] following their persecution in Europe.<ref>Fort St. George, Madras: A Short History of Our First Possession in India, Mrs. Frank Penny, Swan Sonnenschein & Co., London, 1900, p. 117-118</ref> In July, he sent diplomats for the arrival of Dutch Gov. [[Johannes Camphuys]], and on 29 September 1688, he inaugurated the [[Madras Corporation]], where [[Nathaniel Higginson]] was elected its first mayor, with Amsterdam merchant [[Jacques de Paiva]] and others, elected on its board.<ref>[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Madras_in_the_olden_time-_Being_a_history_on_the_presidency_from_1639_-_1702_%28IA_dli.venugopal.633%29.pdf Madras in the Olden Time, History of the Presidency], J. Talboys Wheeler, Madras, 1861, p. 187-189</ref><ref>Fischel, Walter J. "The Jewish Merchant-Colony in Madras (Fort St. George) during the 17th and 18th Centuries: A Contribution to the Economic and Social History of the Jews in India (Concluded)."[https://doi.org/10.2307/3596295 Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient], vol. 3, no. 2, 1960. JSTOR. Accessed 10 May 2024, p. 1 p. 176-177</ref><ref name="Paiva1">[https://archive.org/details/fortstgeorgemadr01penn_0/page/110/mode/2up Fort St. George, Madras; a short history of our first possession in India], Fanny Emily Penny, Swan Sonnenschein, London, 1900, p. 110-111</ref> Initially founded to restrain Yale's powers as governor, it became the oldest corporation in [[India]], and the second oldest municipal body in the world after the [[City of London Corporation|City of London]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Chennai – the 2nd oldest Corporation in the world|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-the-2nd-oldest-corporation-in-the-world/article5180124.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/02/stories/2003040200100300.htm|title=The Hindu : The first corporation|date=28 January 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040128034716/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/02/stories/2003040200100300.htm |archive-date=28 January 2004 }}</ref><ref>Murray, John (1920). [https://books.google.com/books?id=spJEAQAAMAAJ&dq=oldest+corporation+in+india+%22madras%22&pg=PA548 A Handbook for Travellers in India, Burma and Ceylon], Calcutta: Thacker, Spink, & Co., p. 548</ref> Paiva's widow, Hieronima, would become Yale's mistress and bear him a son named Charles.<ref name="Ameri11">[https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44806952.pdf Elihu Yale, Governor, Collector and Benefactor], Hiram Bingham, American Antiquarian Society, 1937, p. 116</ref>

===Anglo-Dutch relations===
[[File:Ft St David, c.1763.jpg|thumb|A fleet arriving at [[Fort St. David]] on the left, in [[Cuddalore]]. c. 1763 by [[Francis Swaine]]]]

Following the [[English Revolution of 1688]], [[William III of England|William of Orange]], a Dutch, ascended to the throne of England, replacing [[James II of England|James II]], which was a fatal blow for [[Sir Josiah Child]] who had bet on the wrong side.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=211-212}} The past wars between the Dutch and English [[merchant]]s in Madras were now settled, and both started to form alliances through marriage.<ref name="Fort dutch1"/>{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=211-212}} From then on, the directors' letters to Yale changed in tone.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=211-212}} [[Sir William Langhorne, 1st Baronet|Sir Langhorne]] started complimenting him on his private trade in diamonds, as they now saw it as a way to expand the company to new markets without having to bear the risks themselves.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=211-212}} Yale tried to build routes at [[Mindanao]], the second largest island of the [[Philippines]], getting from them [[Clove]] and [[Ironwood]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=211-212}} He was then put on a secret committee with [[Sir John Child, 1st Baronet|Sir John Child]], governor of [[Bombay]], and [[Nathaniel Higginson]], mayor of Madras, to plan the establishment of a new fort near the [[South Seas]], to engage in trade with [[China]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=211-212}} On 17 March 1689, Yale received the arrival of Commander [[Job Charnock]], with his staff and four companies of soldiers.<ref name="Charnock11">Fort St. George, Madras: A Short History of Our First Possession in India, Mrs. Frank Penny, Swan Sonnenschein & Co., London, 1900, p. 120-123</ref> He arrived from a failed mission that consisted of [[Blockade|blocking]] and seizing the ships of Mughal [[Aurangzeb]], who had attacked the company's ships in the [[Bay of Bengal]], and taken control of [[Chittagong]] during the [[Anglo-Mughal war (1686–1690)|Anglo-Mughal War]].<ref name="Charnock11"/>

[[Job Charnock|Charnock]] stayed in Madras for a few months under Gov. Yale's protection, which caused dissensions in the council for fear of the Mughal's revenge.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=233-236}}<ref name="Charnock11"/> The Council eventually outvoted Yale, and Charnock was forced to leave, where he would found the city of [[Calcutta]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=233-236}}<ref name="Charnock11"/> In July, 1690, news of the war between [[William III of England|William of Orange]] and [[Louis XIV]] of France arrived in [[Madras]], and Yale prepared [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]] once more for war.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=238}} On 15 August, the French sent seven [[warship]]s to attack the [[Madras]] roads, along with one [[fireship]].<ref name="Fort dutch1">Fort St. George, Madras: A Short History of Our First Possession in India, Mrs. Frank Penny, Swan Sonnenschein & Co., London, 1900, p. 113-114</ref> The fort was protected by a [[garrison]] of 700 soldiers under Gov. Yale, with the help of a Dutch fleet.<ref>Governor Elihu Yale, Papers of the New Haven Colony, Volume 3, New Haven Colony Historical Society, New Haven, 1882, p. 235</ref> Combat lasted a few hours, and the French were repulsed by the fort's guns, after which they didn't return.<ref name="Fort dutch1"/> Yale then negotiated the release of Englishmen, dealing with Moghul general [[Shaista Khan]], along with Daniel Chardin, who was sent to the [[Vimaladharmasuriya II of Kandy|King of Kandy]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|pp=216-220}} In 1690, Yale's brother negotiated with [[Rajaram I|Rama Raja]], the [[Chhatrapati]] of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]], for the acquisition of a fort at Devanampatnam on behalf of the company, which was sold for 40,000 [[Pagoda (coin)|pagodas]].<ref name="fort david11">[https://isarasolutions.com/books/113/book.pdf The English East India Company and Trade in Coromandel, 1640–1740], A S Shngreiyo, 2017, p. 34-35</ref> They renamed the place [[Fort St. David]] in honor of a [[Saint David|Welsh saint]].<ref>Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Fort-Saint-David Fort Saint David]". Encyclopedia Britannica, 18 Dec. 2014. Accessed 8 May 2024.</ref><ref name="fort david11"/> On 28 December, they supplied ammunition to general [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung|Zulfiqar Khan]], son of [[List of Mughal grand viziers|Grand Vizier]] [[Asad Khan (Mughal noble)|Asad Khan]], from which they obtained the [[firman]] for the territories of [[Visakhapatnam|Vizagapatam]], [[Gingee Fort|Gingee]] and Golconda.<ref>[https://ia600900.us.archive.org/20/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.24029/2015.24029.The-Chronology-Of-Modern-India_text.pdf The Chronology Of Modern India], James Burges, John Grant Co., Edinburgh, 1913, p. 133</ref> During this year, Yale was also instrumental to the development of the [[Government General Hospital]] for Madras soldiers.<ref>[http://www.madrasmedicalcollege.edu/history.htm Madras Medical College History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224132159/http://www.madrasmedicalcollege.edu/history.htm |date=24 February 2007 }}</ref>

===Slavery===
[[File:Elihu Yale by an unknown artist.jpeg|thumb|right|''[[Elihu Yale with Members of his Family and an Enslaved Child]]'', unknown artist, c. 1708]]
Records of the period indicate a flourishing [[Slave Trade|slave trade]] in Madras.<ref name="auto11">{{cite book |last=Blight |first=David W.|author-link=David W. Blight |date=2024 |title=Yale and Slavery: a history |url=https://yaleandslavery.yale.edu/sites/default/files/2024-02/Yale%20and%20Slavery%20A%20History%20Feb2024%20David%20Blight%20with%20the%20Yale%20and%20Slavery%20Research%20Project.pdf |location=New Haven, Connecticut |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=44–45 |isbn=978-0-300-27384-7}}</ref> After English merchants began to kidnap young children and deport them to distant parts of the world, the administration of Fort St George stepped in and introduced laws to curb the practice. On 2 February 1688, Elihu Yale decreed that slaves should be examined by the judges of the [[choultry]] before being transported. Transportation of young children, in particular, was made unlawful.{{sfn|Bingham|1939}}{{page needed|date=July 2024}} During his tenure as [[President of Madras]], Yale ordered a minimum of 10 slaves sent on every ship going to Europe, and on a month in 1687, Fort St George exported at least 665 slaves.<ref name="auto11"/> In his judicial capacity he also on several occasions sentenced so-called "black criminals" to [[Flagellation|whipping]] and enslavement.<ref name="auto11"/><ref name="SLA"/> Evidence as to whether Yale personally owned slaves, or participated directly in their sale is inconclusive; the historian [[Steven Pincus]] suggests that he did not,<ref>{{cite web|first=Valerie|last=Pavilonis |title="Cancel Yale"? Not likely.|url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2020/06/28/cancel-yale-not-likely/|access-date=2020-07-20|website=yaledailynews.com|date=28 June 2020|language=en}}</ref> while, in a 2016 article in the ''[[Journal of Global History]]'', Elizabeth Kuebler-Wolf stated that he enslaved one or two people as household servants, citing explorer [[Hiram Bingham III|Hiram Bingham]]'s 1939 book ''Elihu Yale''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keubler-Wolf |first=Elizabeth |date=11 October 2016 |title='Born in America, in Europe bred, in Africa travell'd and in Asia wed': Elihu Yale, material culture, and actor networks from the seventeenth century to the twenty-first |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/S1740022816000176 |journal=[[Journal of Global History]] |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=320–43 |doi=10.1017/S1740022816000176 |via=Cambridge Core|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Historian Joseph Yannielli writes that although Yale "probably did not own any of these people – the majority were held as the property of the [[East India Company]] – he certainly profited both directly and indirectly from their sale",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yannielli |first=Joseph |date=2014-11-01 |title=Elihu Yale was a Slave Trader |url=http://digitalhistories.yctl.org/2014/11/01/elihu-yale-was-a-slave-trader/ |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=Digital Histories @ Yale |language=en-US}}</ref> while the [[Sterling Professor]] [[David W. Blight]] suggests that Yale's personal ownership is "not a key question [...] some portion of [his] considerable fortune derived from his myriad entanglements with the purchase and sale of human beings" through his "key leadership role in the business of [[human trafficking]]".<ref name="auto5"/>

===The Groom===
Gov. Yale's story of having hanged his groom for taking his favorite horse on a day is a false story that was propagated by privateer [[Alexander Hamilton (sailor)|Alexander Hamilton]].<ref name="Groom1">Bingham (1939), Chapter XIII : The Hanging of the Groom, p. 205-208</ref> The events were as follow: In August 1689, two soldiers of [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]] stole [[Musket|gun]]s, horses, and other items, and left Madras as fugitives with a group of five [[Maratha Confederacy|confederate]]s to join the enemy's army during war time.<ref name="Groom1"/> One was named George Isaac, and the other was named Charles Cross, the latter being not only a soldier but also one of the [[Groom (profession)|grooms]] of the fort's stables.<ref name="Groom1"/> They were captured by the [[Polygar|Polligars]] on their way to the [[Mughal Emperor|Mughal]] and surrendered to Madras on condition of showing them mercy, which was initially agreed, but once arrived, Gov. Yale and the Council decided to have them sentenced for [[treason]] and [[desertion]].<ref name="Groom1"/> One was executed before the [[stable]]s, the other was shot in front of the fort's gate.<ref name="Groom1"/> Thirty-eight years later, Capt. [[Alexander Hamilton (sailor)|Hamilton]] wrote about the event in his memoirs, from a "weal and treacherous memory".<ref name="Groom1"/> As a past employee who became a [[Privateer]], he never forgave the taxes the [[East India Company|Company]] forced upon him during his private travels, and his depiction of the time, always critical of his past employer, are not considered faithful about the period.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/fortstgeorgemadr01penn_0/page/88/mode/2up Fort St. George, Madras; a short history of our first possession in India], Fanny Emily Penny, S. Sonnenschein, London, 1900, p. 88-89</ref><ref name="Groom1"/>

==Elihu Yale v. East India Co.==
[[File:Kensington.Palace.by.Kip.1724.jpg|thumb|260px|[[Kensington Palace]], 1700s, where Elihu Yale's case was heard by the King of England, [[William III of England|William of Orange]], and his [[Privy Council (United Kingdom)|Privy Council]]]]

The later years of Yale's governance was marked by serious conflicts between his [[Madras Presidency|Presidency]] and the council, coming from Thomas Gray, [[Sir Josiah Child]]'s servant, and lawyer [[William Fraser (British administrator)|William Fraser]], a man known for his violent temper.<ref>Madras in the Olden Time; History of the Presidency, J. Talboys Wheeler, Asian Educational Services, Madras, 1993, p. 126</ref>{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=171-215-216-250-251}} They accused Yale of trying to get military power into his own hands.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=171-215-216-250-251}} In 1691, Yale then received several Indian merchants and citizens who came to complain about Fraser's behaviour as new [[List of mayors of Chennai#List of mayors|Mayor of Madras]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=265-268}} Fraser had imprisoned four of their friends for refusing to sign an [[Arbitration|arbitration proceeding]], and were stuck without food adapted to their religion.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=265-268}} Yale ordered the [[marshal]] to temporarily release them to their private homes, and reversed other sentences made by the Mayor's Court.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57371/page/n165/mode/2up?q=yale History Of The City Of Madras], C. S. Srinivasachari, University of Madras, P. Varadachary & Co., Madras, 1939, p. 105</ref>{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=265-268}} Yale wrote in his letter that "he would have been unfaithful to his trust had he permitted an innocent man to starve to death in prison".{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=265-268}} On 1 October 1692, letters arrived from London with accusations against Yale, making [[Nathaniel Higginson]] the new [[Madras Presidency|President of Madras]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=268-269-270-272}} According to Madras historian Fanny Penny, the accusations were the same as with past governors, being the "old story of private trade, jealousy on the part of his fellow-merchants, and suspicion and distrust at home as his wealth accumulated".<ref name="Council121">[https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.02148/page/131/mode/2up?q= Fort St. George, Madras: A Short History of Our First Possession in India], Fanny Emily Penny, Swan Sonnenschein & Co., London, 1900, p. 131-132-133</ref>

By then, Yale's fortune was at £205,000 (equivalent to £{{formatprice|{{inflation|UK|205000|1692}}}} in {{inflation/year|UK}}),{{inflation/fn|UK}} which was the same as the [[East India Company|Company]]'s former chairman and largest shareholder, [[Sir Josiah Child]].<ref name="Mad91">Madras in the Olden Time; History of the Presidency, J. Talboys Wheeler, Asian Educational Services, Madras, 1993, p. 129</ref><ref name="Evelyn p. 305"/>{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=209-210-265-268}} On 23 November, [[John Goldsborough|Sir John Goldsborough]] and judge [[John Dolben (politician)|John Dolben]] arrived in Madras for Yale's investigation.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=274-276}} The [[Councillor]]s took the law into their own hands, and had the Yale brothers imprisoned, and fearing of being poisoned, Yale wrote a letter to be delivered to the King of England by his brother, who will leave Madras on 20 February 1694.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=249-262-263-284-290-292}} The investigators then inspected the fortifications around Black Town, the [[South Indian|Indian]] natives's neighborhood.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=274-276}} Yale had built the walls with the company's fund to protect the town against invasions of the [[Mughal Emperor]], but having not followed the directors's order to tax the natives for it, he was fined 3484 [[Pagoda (coin)|pagoda]]s with interest by the [[East India Company|Company]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=274-276}} Goldsborough then sent a group of [[musketeer]]s to [[Catherine Nicks|Mrs. Nicks]]'s house, Yale's friend, to investigate fraud charges regarding [[cloth]]s, where she would be fined for her husband's mistakes.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=274-276}} Not having enough money to pay the taxes to bring her children home to England, she would be forced to sail without them.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=278-282}} For Yale's trial, [[William Fraser (British administrator)|William Fraser]] was first put on the court, but Yale had him temporarily displaced after Fraser had imprisoned a [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] merchant for four years upon suspicion alone.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=274-276}} By July, [[Sir John Goldsborough]] concluded his investigation, and left the countercharges to Fraser, not finding any evidence that Yale had defrauded the [[East India Company]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=278-282}} His fines were based for the most part on technicalities, where he had not followed orders or made errors of judgment.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=278-282}}

===The case reaches London===
[[File:Adam Callander (1750-1817) - Shipping off Madras - BHC1890 - Royal Museums Greenwich.jpg|thumb|225px|An [[East Indiaman]] ship sailing off [[Madras]], such as used by Yale for his return to England in 1699]]

Ten months later, while still in prison, Yale's brother arrived in London in 1695, and appealed directly to the King's [[Privy Council (United Kingdom)|Privy Council]] on 14 February at [[Kensington Palace]], contesting the accusations.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=284-285-291-296}} The Privy Council ordered a reply from the [[East India Company]] but were not impressed by their statements against Yale's activities, therefore they ordered, on behalf of the king, to stop all the company's ships that were ready to sail for [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]] in India.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=284-285-291-296}} Yale's case was given to [[Thomas Rawlinson (1647–1708)|Sir Thomas Rawlinson]], and was attended by the King of England, [[William III of England|William of Orange]], Prince [[George of Denmark]], Archbishop [[Thomas Tenison]] and the principal ministers.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=284-285-291-296}} They ordered that the [[Attorney General for England and Wales|Attorney General]] examine the charter granted to the whole [[East India Company|Company]], and to examine their powers in matters of [[Judiciary|judicature]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=284-285-291-296}} Their investigation was brought to [[UK Parliament|Parliament]], where they discovered [[bribery|briberies]] made by [[Sir Josiah Child]] and [[Sir Thomas Cookes, 2nd Baronet|Sir Thomas Cook]] to [[Tory]] members.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=284-285-291-296}} Thereafter, the King of England, [[William III of England|William of Orange]], ordered on 15 March 1695, the liberation of Elihu Yale, so that he could come back to England whenever he chose, with the additional order of giving him the [[Cabin (ship)#Sailing ships|Great Cabin]] in the Company [[Sailing ship|ship]] of his choosing when he would be ready to sail home.{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=290-294-298-300}}{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=284-285-291-296}} When the letter reached [[Madras]] ten months later on 8 January 1696, Yale was immediately offered a ship for Britain, but having already served the company for over 20 years, he decided to stay as [[William Fraser (British administrator)|Fraser]] was still on his case.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=284-285-291-296}}

Fraser then suggested to [[Sir Josiah Child]] that Yale had poisoned four members of the Council over the years.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=285-289-296-297}} Fraser's case relied on statements made by two Indian natives that were not sworn, where they said that they had heard someone, who is now dead, say that somebody else, who has now left Madras, that two of Yale's enemies were still alive, and that they would be dead soon.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=285-289-296-297}} Based on native [[gossip]]s, the directors dismissed the case.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=285-289-296-297}} Thereafter, president [[Nathaniel Higginson|Higginson]] was told by his servant of seven years that [[William Fraser (British administrator)|Fraser]] had threatened him twice, to which he replied that he had beaten him because he didn't like his [[As-salamu alaykum|Salams]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=285-289-296-297}} Fraser was then charged and banned from the council.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=285-289-296-297}} With Fraser removed, Yale stayed at [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]] for some years, and over time, cleared his name of all scandal<ref name="Council121"/> and developed his diamond business.<ref name="Mad91"/>{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=209-210-265-268}} Gov. [[Thomas Pitt]], who would find the [[Pitt Diamond]], became Yale's partner, as the [[East India Company|Company]] had now removed all restrictions on private trade.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=298-300}} In 1699, after a 30 years career in India, Yale decided to sail home, and was granted the usual privilege of past governors to bring back five tons of goods, which he filled with [[diamond]]s, [[rubies]], [[sapphire]]s, [[Chinese ceramics|Chinaware]]s, [[Persian carpet]]s, [[nutmeg]]s, and other items.<ref name="Trubner21">[https://archive.org/details/englishintercou01andegoog/page/452/mode/2up?q=yale English intercourse with Siam in the seventeenth century], John Anderson, Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., London, 1890, p. 451-453
</ref> He decided to have [[Thomas Pitt|Gov Pitt]]'s ship as his vessel, and brought back with him the children of [[Catherine Nicks|Mrs. Nicks]].<ref name="Trubner21"/> Over time, the old accusations against the company's officers enriching themselves at their expense appeared less frequently, as the directors learned that their employees could grow wealthy while advancing their commercial interests.<ref name="Council121"/>

==Return to Britain==
[[File:Elihu Yale, merchant, London residence.jpg|thumb|Elihu Yale and his London home, possibly by [[Michael Dahl]], gifted by [[Joseph Verner Reed Jr.]] and Sr.]]

Yale arrived in Britain in 1699 with a fortune that amounted to £200,000 (equivalent to £{{formatprice|{{inflation|UK|200000|1699}}}} in {{inflation/year|UK}}),{{inflation/fn|UK}} mostly made from his [[Golconda diamonds|diamond]] business in the [[Golconda|Golconda mines]] and [[Kollur Mine|Kollur mines]] in Southern India.<ref name="auto6">Scarisbrick, Diana (2014). Elihu Yale: Merchant, Collector & Patron, Thames & Hudson, First Edition, p. 149</ref><ref name="academia1"/><ref>[https://www.nhregister.com/colleges/article/Elihu-Yale-Today-s-diverse-university-would-11367570.php Elihu Yale: Today's diverse university would please namesake, biographer says, Today's diverse Yale would please namesake, biographer says], New Haven Register, 19 July 2014</ref> In relation to [[GDP]], his fortune amounted to 1/4 % of UK's GDP at the time, which translates to nearly 6 billion British pounds in 2021 money.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/ukcompare/|title=Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present|website=MeasuringWorth.com|access-date=2023-02-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/ukcompare/relativevalue.php?use2=a%3A5%3A%7Bi%3A0%3Bs%3A3%3A%22CPI%22%3Bi%3A1%3Bs%3A6%3A%22DEFIND%22%3Bi%3A2%3Bs%3A4%3A%22WAGE%22%3Bi%3A3%3Bs%3A5%3A%22GDPCP%22%3Bi%3A4%3Bs%3A4%3A%22GDPC%22%3B%7D&amount=200000&year_source=1699&year_result=2021&button=Submit|title=Measuring Worth, inflation rates, relative value, worth of a pound, purchasing power, GDP, history of wages, real wage, growth calculator|website=MeasuringWorth.com|access-date=2022-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/ukgdp/|title=What Was the U.K. GDP Then? Annual Observations in Table and Graphical Format 1700 to the Present|website=MeasuringWorth.com|access-date=2022-10-20}}</ref> Famous diamonds extracted from these mines over time have included the [[Orlov (diamond)|Orlov Diamond]], belonging to [[Catherine the Great]], the [[Hope Diamond]], belonging to [[Louis XIV]], the [[Wittelsbach-Graff Diamond]], belonging to the [[Habsburgs]], among others.<ref>[https://www.famsf.org/stories/the-exchange-of-diamonds The Exchange of Diamonds], Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco, 19 November 2018, Accessed 17 May 2024</ref><ref>[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/a-new-diamond-unveiled-at-natural-history-museum-111523819/ A New Diamond Unveiled at Natural History Museum], Megan Gambino, The Smithsonian, 29 January 2010, Accessed 17 May 2024</ref> Yale acquired rough stones from the [[Mughal Emperor]]s of [[Golconda]] in exchange for a royalty, and were sent to [[Fort St. George, India]], under the protection of 50 trained men.{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=151}} Thereafter, Yale would send the diamonds to [[Amsterdam]] to be [[facet]]ed and polished, until ready to be shipped to London.{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=151}} The process took on average 3 years and needed large amounts of capital to endure setbacks, such as wars and political instability.{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=151-158-163}}

During the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], shipments would get stolen by [[pirate]]s on their way to Europe, and once there, the [[List of the last monarchs in Europe|Europeans princes]] and nobility would lack the funds to acquire them, forcing some merchants into bankruptcy.{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=151-158-163}} Demand followed the [[Coronation|Coronations of monarchs]], [[royal court]] events, war victories and other ceremonies.{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=158-163}} It became the most important branch of private trade of [[East India Company|East India]] employees between [[Madras]] and London.<ref name="Diamonds t1">Mentz, Søren. "Merchants and States: Private Trade and the Fall of Madras, 1746." Journal of Indian Ocean World Studies 2, no. 1 (2018), p. 42-43-44</ref> Along with [[Jean Chardin|Sir Jean Chardin]] and [[Jean-Baptiste Tavernier]], Yale became one of the largest European diamond traders in the world, as nearly all diamonds came from India during that period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2015/deccan-sultans/exhibition-galleries/section-one|title=Section One, Diamonds of the Deccan|website=metmuseum.org|access-date=2022-10-20}}</ref>{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=149}} Chardin, the past jewel merchant of the [[Abbas II of Persia|Shah of Persia]], was also one his partners.{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=48}}<ref name="Diamonds t1"/> He kept doing business with his friends Gov. [[Thomas Pitt]], grandfather of prime minister [[William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham|William Pitt]], and [[Charles Cotterell|Sir Charles Cotterell]], during the era where London became the international trading centre of diamonds, dislodging Portugal and the Netherlands.<ref>Bingham, Hiram (1937). Elihu Yale : governor, collector and benefactor. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. p.124</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://yale1962.org/speakout/?p=2217|title=Boola Moola: Glittering Details of an Investment Banker's Wealth (continued)|access-date=2022-10-20}}</ref>{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=301-304}} This new class of [[merchant]]s who made their fortune in the [[East Indies]] would become known as the [[Nabob]]s in Britain.<ref>Larrabee, Harold A. The New England Quarterly, vol. 13, no. 2, 1940, pp. 346–49. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/360763. Accessed 11 May 2024.</ref>{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=45}}

===London life===
[[File:Edward Dayes - Queen Square, London - B1977.14.4639 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|230px|Painting of [[Queen Square, London|Queen Square]], Yale's London house location, from the [[Yale Center for British Art]]{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=43}}]]

During the [[Georgian era]] under King [[George I of Great Britain|George I]], Yale and other merchants would meet at [[London coffee house]]s as centres of social life.{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=83-227-228-229}} He kept his title of governor, and after the failures of his bankers, he opened a bank account in the newly created [[Bank of England]], with deposits at [[C. Hoare & Co]] of [[Richard Hoare (banker)|Sir Richard Hoare]], now the oldest bank in Britain.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=301-304-311-313}}{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=301-304}} He lived most of his remaining years at the Plas Grono estate in Wales, next to [[Erddig Hall]], inherited from the line of his great-grandfather, Chancellor [[David Yale (chancellor)|David Yale]], and at his London house in [[Queen Square, London|Queen Square]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=301-304}} His neighbors included the Duke of Powis at [[Powis House]], Lord Chancellor [[Henry Bathurst, 2nd Earl Bathurst|Bathurst]], [[Queen Anne of Great Britain|Queen Anne]] and her son [[Prince William, Duke of Gloucester|Prince William]], and artists [[Charles Burney]] and [[Jonathan Richardson]].<ref>Critchley, MacDonald. "The Beginnings Of The National Hospital, Queen Square (1859–1860)."[http://www.jstor.org/stable/25391725 The British Medical Journal], vol. 1, no. 5189, 1960, pp. 1829–37. JSTOR. Accessed 27 July 2023. p. 1831</ref><ref>'Queen Square and Great Ormond Street', Old and New London: Volume 4 (1878), pp. 553–564</ref> In London society, Yale was associated with [[Charles Cotterell|Sir Charles Cotterell]], [[Master of the Ceremonies]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=306-308}} He was then elected in December 1717 a Fellow of the [[Royal Society]] under [[Sir Isaac Newton]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=319-322}} His candidature was introduced by [[Sir Hans Sloan]], founder of the [[British Museum]] and compeer of [[Voltaire]] and [[Benjamin Franklin]].<ref>ULTEE, MAARTEN. "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/42554034 SIR HANS SLOANE, SCIENTIST]." The British Library Journal, vol. 14, no. 1, 1988, pp. 1–20. JSTOR. Accessed 24 Nov. 2023, p. 9</ref><ref name="Siam11"/> In the same year, Yale was asked by Newton to deal with the donations of Dr. Thomas Paget, and later received a new map of the Netherlands dedicated to him by [[John Senex]], royal geographer of [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]].<ref name="Siam11">Anderson, John (1890). [https://books.google.com/books?id=2F4oAAAAYAAJ&q=yale&pg=PA489 English Intercourse with Siam in the Seventeenth Century], Kegan Paul, Trench, Turbner & CO., London, p. 453</ref>{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=120}}{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=306-308}}

Thereafter, his American godson David Yale entered [[Pembroke College, Cambridge|Pembroke College]] at the [[University of Cambridge]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=319-322}} Yale leased [[Latimer House]] from his son-in-law, Lord [[Lord James Cavendish (MP for Derby)|James Cavendish]], son of the [[1st Duke of Devonshire]], to accommodate his daughter Ursula.<ref>Bingham, Hiram (1937). Elihu Yale : governor, collector and benefactor. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. p.123</ref> He was elected [[High Sheriff of Denbighshire]] in Wales, gave money to [[St Giles' Church, Wrexham|Wrexham Church]], and built a family gallery.<ref>Bingham, Hiram (1937). Elihu Yale : governor, collector and benefactor. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. p.130</ref>{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=301-304}} He then became a member of the [[Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in New England|Society for the Propagation of the Gospel]], and met there the Bishop of London, [[John Robinson (bishop of London)|John Robinson]], and the Lt. Gov. of New England, [[Francis Nicholson]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=319-321}} From Nicholson's influence, and with [[Jeremiah Dummer]] as intermediary, Yale would answer a donation request for Connecticut College through Harvard graduate [[Cotton Mather]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=322-333-335}} While his initial plan was to bestow a charity at [[University of Oxford|Oxford]], he sent them books, along with [[Sir Isaac Newton]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=317-319}} He also sent a newly painted portrait of King [[George I of Britain|George I]] by artist [[Sir Godfrey Kneller]], principal painter of the king at the time, and the institution changed its name to [[Yale College]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=333-335}} The total sum gifted was about the same as [[John Harvard]]'s to [[Harvard College]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=333-335}} The painting is now at [[Yale University Gallery]], while about 214 of the books are at [[Yale Library]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=317-319-333-335}} Yale's will included donations to the poor of [[Wrexham]] in Wales, to [[Christ's Hospital]] in London, [[St Bartholomew's Hospital]], [[St Thomas' Hospital]], various [[workhouse]] and [[Scottish poorhouse|poorhouses]], and to Connecticut College, later known as [[Yale]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=338-339-341-342}}

== Marriage and children ==
[[File:The North Family at Glemham, Glemham Hall, by Peter Vanderbank.jpg|thumb|Katherine Yale with her husband [[Dudley North (politician, born 1684)|Dudley North]], at their family seat, [[Glemham Hall]], by artist [[Peter Vanderbank]] c. 1715{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=52}}]]
In 1680 Yale married Catherine Elford, widow of Joseph Hynmers, [[second-in-command]] of [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St George, India]] as [[Deputy Governor]] for the [[East India Company]].<ref>Marriage Records, Joseph Hynmers and Catherine Elford, St. Botolph's Church, Aldgate, 6 November 1669</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0HRAAAAMAAJ&dq=joseph+hynmers+govenor+east+india&pg=PA544|title = Vestiges of Old Madras, 1640–1800: Traced from the East India Company's Records Preserved at Fort St. George and the India Office, and from Other Sources|last1 = Love|first1 = Henry Davison|year = 1913}}</ref> Her father was wealthy [[Levant Company|Levant]] merchant Walter Elford, son of Turkey merchant Walter Sr., the step-nephew of Admiral [[Sir Francis Drake]] of [[Buckland Abbey]], the explorer, and the half-brother of [[Sir Francis Drake, 1st Baronet|Sir Francis Drake]], the MP.<ref>Walter Elford, "England Births and Christenings, 1538–1975"</ref><ref>[https://www.forgottenbooks.com/en/download/TheFamilyandHeirsofSirFrancisDrake_10667547.pdf The Family and Heirs of Sir Francis Drake], Lady Eliott-Drake, Vol. I, London, 1911, p. 29-161</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/visitationofcoun00sain/page/66/mode/2up?q=elford+drake The Visitation of the County of Cornwall, in the year 1620], Sir Henry Saint-George, Americana, London, p. 66</ref>

Walter Elford Sr. was among the pioneers of the [[English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries|English Coffee Houses]] on [[Exchange Alley]], next to the [[Royal Exchange, London|Royal Exchange]], owning the Great Coffee House (Turk's Head) until the [[Great Fire of London]], and was featured in [[Samuel Pepys]]'s diaries.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UC0xDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22walter+elford%22+%22coffee+house%22&pg=PA73-IA8 Eighteenth-Century Coffee-House Culture], Vol. 4, Markman Ellis, 2006</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=J-JSalViBrMC&q=elford&pg=PA71 The Diary of Samuel Pepys], Vol. 10: Companion, University of California Press, Samuel Pepys, 1983, p. 71</ref><ref>[https://books.google.ca/books?id=_Pw9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA271&lpg=PA271&dq=%22morat%27s+head%22+%22coffee+house%22+london&source=bl&ots=tp2Zhy-dDf&sig=ACfU3U3WXSk0AX7Qfxzgx69BJIZBJ5MHxw&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiolcTv_LOCAxWFhYkEHbgaCHgQ6AF6BAgqEAM#v=onepage&q=%22morat's%20head%22%20%22coffee%20house%22%20london&f=false Curiosities of London: Exhibiting the Most Rare and Remarkable Objects of the Metropolis], John Timbs, London, Virtue, 1867, p. 271</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryofco00robi/page/118/mode/2up?q=elford The Early History of Coffee Houses in England], K. Paul, Trench, Trübner, Edward Forbes Robinson, London, 1893, p. 119-125</ref> Catherine Elford's maternal grandfather was merchant Richard Chambers, [[Court of Aldermen|Alderman]] and [[Sheriffs of the City of London|Sheriff of the City of London]], family of [[Amyas Bampfylde|Sir Amyas Bampfylde]] of [[Poltimore House]] and [[Barrington Court]].<ref>The Visitations of the County of Devon: Comprising the Herald's Visitations of 1531, 1564, & 1620, Vol. 1 to 7, Yale University Press, J. L. Vivian, p. 329</ref><ref>Parish Register, St. Giles Church, Wrexham; Brown's Cases in Parliament, Volume VI, 1803</ref><ref>To the Parliament of the Common-wealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=eebo2;idno=B18894.0001.001 The brief remonstrance and humble petition of Richard Chambers merchant, late Alderman and Sheriffe of the City of London]; Chambers, Richard, 1588–1658</ref>

Their wedding took place at [[St. Mary's Church, Chennai|St Mary's Church]], at Fort St George, where Yale was a [[vestryman]] and [[treasurer]]. The marriage was the first registered at the church.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article3803310.ece?homepage=true|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204045355/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article3803310.ece?homepage=true|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-02-04|title=''The Hindu'', paragraph 10|website = [[The Hindu]]}}</ref> They had 4 children together.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://britishart.yale.edu/stories/new-light-group-portrait-elihu-yale-his-family-and-enslaved-child-timeline-part-1|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 November 2021|title=''Yale Center for British Art''|access-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121073748/https://britishart.yale.edu/stories/new-light-group-portrait-elihu-yale-his-family-and-enslaved-child-timeline-part-1}}</ref> David Yale died young in 1687.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=https://britishart.yale.edu/stories/new-light-group-portrait-elihu-yale-his-family-and-enslaved-child-timeline-part-1|url-status=dead|archive-date=2021-11-21|title=Elihu Yale: his family and enslaved child|publisher=Yale Center for British Art|access-date=2022-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121073748/https://britishart.yale.edu/stories/new-light-group-portrait-elihu-yale-his-family-and-enslaved-child-timeline-part-1}}</ref> Katherine Yale (died 1715), married [[Dudley North (politician, born 1684)|Dudley North]] of [[Glenham Hall]], a cousin of [[Lord North]], the prime minister who later lost the [[American War of Independence]].<ref name="auto4">{{cite journal |author=Alexander O. Vietor|year=1961|volume=35|journal=The Yale University Library Gazette|title=An Elihu Yale Conversation Piece|issue=4 |pages=158–160 |jstor=40857897 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40857897}}</ref> Their daughter would marry [[Nicholas Herbert (politician, died 1775)|Nicholas Herbert]], son of [[Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke]], and lived at [[Wilton House]] and [[Highclere Castle]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=246-311-313}}

Anne Yale (died 1734) married [[Lord James Cavendish (MP for Derby)|Lord James Cavendish]] of [[Chatsworth House]], son of the [[1st Duke of Devonshire]] of [[Hardwick Hall]], and Lady Mary Butler, the [[James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormond|Duke of Ormond's]] daughter at [[Kilkenny Castle]].<ref name="auto4"/> Lord Cavendish was also a nephew of Earl [[John Cecil, 5th Earl of Exeter|John Cecil]] of [[Burghley House]], and a grandson of Countess [[Elizabeth Cavendish, Countess of Devonshire|Elizabeth Cecil]] of [[Hatfield House]].<ref>"Cavendish, William (1617–1684)" . ''Dictionary of National Biography''. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900</ref>

Ursula Yale, who never married, died in 1721 at [[Latimer House]], a house rented by Yale from his son-in-law - who is buried in the church on the estate.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> In 1687, after the death of [[Jacques (Jaime) de Paiva (Pavia)|Jacques de Paiva]],<ref name="esefarad.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.esefarad.com/?p=10147|title = The Portuguese Jewish Community of Madras, India, in the Seventeenth Century| date=11 April 2010 }}</ref> a Portuguese Jewish diamond merchant and mines owner, Yale formed a relationship with his widow Hieronima de Paiva and brought her to live with him, causing a scandal within Madras's colonial society. They had a son who died, along with his mother, in [[South Africa]].<ref name="esefarad.com"/>

== Death ==
[[File:The tomb of Eliugh Yale - north side - geograph.org.uk - 1472637.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Yale's grave in the grounds of [[St Giles' Church, Wrexham|St Giles' Church]]]]

Yale died on 8 July 1721 in [[London]]. No descendants of his have survived past his great-grandchildren.<ref name="Bingham 1937 144"/> His body was buried in the churchyard of the parish church of [[St Giles' Church, Wrexham]], [[Wales]].<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|For date of death, Bingham (1939) p. 336 cites {{em|Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer}} on Saturday, 8 July 2021 that Yale "lies at the point of death". Death is announced the following Tuesday 12 July 1721 in {{em|Post-Boy}}.|For place of burial, see Bingham (1939) pp. 336–337.}}</ref> His tomb bears an inscription:

{{poemquote
|{{not a typo|Born in America, in Europe bred
In Africa travell'd and in Asia wed
Where long he liv'd and thriv'd; In London dead
Much good, some ill, he did; so hope all's even
And that his soul thro' mercy's gone to Heaven
You that survive and read this tale, take care
For this most certain exit to prepare
Where blest in peace, the actions of the just
Smell sweet and blossom in the silent dust.}}
|source=}}

In [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]], a tablet to Yale was erected in 1927 at [[Scollay Square]], near the site of Yale's birth. Yale president [[Arthur Twining Hadley]] penned the inscription, which reads: "On Pemberton Hill, 255 Feet North of This Spot, Was Born on April Fifth 1649 Elihu Yale, Governor of Madras, Whose Permanent Memorial in His Native Land is the College That Bears His Name."<ref>{{cite web|title=Boston Erects Tablet in Honor of Elihu Yale|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1927/1/25/boston-erects-tablet-in-honor-of/|work=[[The Harvard Crimson]]|date=25 January 1927|access-date=2011-06-25 }}</ref>

At his death, with no proper will, his heirs-at-law inherited the Plas Grono estate and sold it to [[Sir George Wynne, 1st Baronet|Sir George Wynne]].<ref>Yale, Rodney Horace (1908). [https://archive.org/details/yalegenealogyhis00yale/page/118/mode/2up?view=theater&q=wynne Yale Genealogy and History of Wales], Milburn & Scott Company, Nebraska, p. 119</ref>

==Yale University==
[[File:Portrait of King George I by Sir Godfrey Kneller.jpeg|thumb|200px|The portrait of King [[George I of Britain]] gifted by Elihu Yale to [[Yale College]] as its initial endowment]]
In 1718, [[Cotton Mather]] contacted Yale and asked for his help. Mather represented a small institution of learning that had been founded in 1701 in Old Saybrook, Connecticut, as the Collegiate School of Connecticut, which needed money for a new building. In 1717, [[Isaac Newton]] gave the college a copy of his book ''[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica|Principia]]'', on [[Newton's laws of motion]] and [[Newton's law of universal gravitation]], and in 1718, Yale sent Mather 417 books, a portrait of King [[George I of Great Britain|George I of Britain]], and nine bales of goods.<ref>Kelley, Brooks Mather. (1974). Yale-A History. New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 17</ref><ref>[https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2022/11/18/cambridges-scott-mandelbrote-lectures-on-lost-newton-book/ Cambridge's Scott Mandelbrote Lectures on Lost Newton Book], Yale Daily News, Adnan Bseisu, New Haven, Connecticut, 18 November 2022</ref> These last were sold by the school for £800.<ref>{{ URL | http://www.yale.edu/about/history.html }}{{failed verification|date=July 2024}}</ref> In gratitude, officials named the new building Yale; eventually the entire institution became [[Yale University|Yale College]].<ref name="AFP">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Elihu Yale (English merchant and philanthropist)|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/651366/Elihu-Yale|access-date=2009-08-10|quote=English merchant, official of the British East India Company, and benefactor of Yale University.}}</ref>

Yale was also a [[vestryman]] and treasurer of St Mary's Church at [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St George]]. On 6 October 1968, the 250th anniversary of the naming of Yale College for Yale, the classmates of [[Chester Bowles]], then the American ambassador to India and a graduate of Yale (1924), donated money for lasting improvements to the church and erected a plaque to commemorate the occasion. In 1970, a portrait of him, later renamed ''[[Elihu Yale with Members of his Family and an Enslaved Child]]'', was donated to the [[Yale Center for British Art]] from [[Chatsworth House]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=New light on the group portrait of Elihu Yale, his family, and an enslaved child {{!}} Yale Center for British Art |url=https://britishart.yale.edu/new-light-group-portrait-elihu-yale-his-family-and-enslaved-child |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=britishart.yale.edu |language=en}}</ref> A portrait, painted during the 18th century, was also given to Yale University by U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]].<ref>Kuebler-Wolf, E. (2016). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-global-history/article/abs/born-in-america-in-europe-bred-in-africa-travelld-and-in-asia-wed-elihu-yale-material-culture-and-actor-networks-from-the-seventeenth-century-to-the-twentyfirst/C88CC630FC26A2CB6B9BFC5F86EFDC8C 'Born in America, in Europe bred, in Africa travell'd and in Asia wed': Elihu Yale, material culture, and actor networks from the seventeenth century to the twenty-first]. Journal of Global History, 11(3), 320–343. doi:10.1017/S1740022816000176</ref>

On 5 April 1999, [[Yale University]] recognised the 350th anniversary of Yale's birthday.<ref name=AFP/> An article that year in ''[[American Heritage (magazine)|American Heritage]]'' magazine by [[John Steele Gordon]] described Yale as the "most overrated [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]]" in American history, arguing that the college that became Yale University was successful largely because of the generosity of a man named [[Jeremiah Dummer]], but that the trustees of the school did not want it known by the name "Dummer College".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gordon |first=John Steele |author-link=John Steele Gordon |year=1999 |title=Most Overrated Philanthropist |url=https://www.americanheritage.com/overrated-underrated-10 |journal=American Heritage |volume=50 |issue=3 |page=68 |issn=0002-8738}}</ref> Of Yale's donation to the college, totalling just under £1,162,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68444807|first=Geeta|last=Pandey|title=Elihu Yale: The cruel and greedy Yale benefactor who traded in Indian slaves|publisher=[[BBC News Online]]|date=13 March 2024|access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref> Gordon suggested that "never has so much immortality been purchased for so paltry a [...] sum."<ref>{{cite book |last=Blight |first=David W.|author-link=David W. Blight |date=2024 |title=Yale and Slavery: a history |url=https://yaleandslavery.yale.edu/sites/default/files/2024-02/Yale%20and%20Slavery%20A%20History%20Feb2024%20David%20Blight%20with%20the%20Yale%20and%20Slavery%20Research%20Project.pdf |location=New Haven, Connecticut |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |page=47 |isbn=978-0-300-27384-7}}</ref>

In her article for ''[[The Atlantic]]'' about [[Skull and Bones]], a secret society at Yale University, [[Alexandra Robbins]] alleges that Yale's [[headstone]] was stolen years ago from its proper setting in [[Wrexham]]. She further alleges that the tombstone is now displayed in a glass case in a room with purple walls.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Robbins|first1=Alexandra|title=George W., Knight of Eulogia|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2000/05/george-w-knight-of-eulogia/304686/|website=The Atlantic|date=May 2000|publisher=The Atlantic Monthly Group|access-date=14 June 2017}}</ref>

=== 21st century re-appraisal ===
In the 21st century Yale University's historic associations with the slave trade have been re-evaluated. In 2017, the university determined to rename Calhoun College, which honoured the [[white supremacy|white supremacist]] and pro-slavery leader [[John C. Calhoun]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/11/us/yale-protests-john-calhoun-grace-murray-hopper.html|title=Yale Will Drop John Calhoun's Name From Building|first=Noah|last=Remnick|date=11 February 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=14 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215005241/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/11/us/yale-protests-john-calhoun-grace-murray-hopper.html|archive-date=15 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In respect of Elihu Yale, the process was assisted by the availability online of the relevant [[East India Company]] records.<ref name="Digital Histories At Yale">{{cite web |last1=Yannielli |first1=Joseph |date=1 November 2014 |title=Elihu Yale Was a Slave Trader |url=http://digitalhistories.yctl.org/2014/11/01/elihu-yale-was-a-slave-trader/ |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=6 August 2022 |website=Digital Histories @ Yale }}</ref> In 2020 Yale's president, [[Peter Salovey]], launched the ''Yale and Slavery Research Project'' to explore the university's links with slavery and colonialism, including Elihu Yale's central role.<ref name="auto5"/> The project was led by [[David W. Blight]], director of the [[MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies#Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition|Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition]], and published its findings in 2024. Blight identified "Yale's key leadership role in the business of [[human trafficking]]" and confirmed that part of Yale's fortune unquestionably derived from "the purchase and sale of human beings [...] much of his growing wealth derived from the lucrative trade in cloth, silks, precious jewels, and other commodities, yet this commerce was inseparable from the slave trade".<ref>{{cite book |last=Blight |first=David W.|author-link=David W. Blight |date=2024 |title=Yale and Slavery: a history |url=https://yaleandslavery.yale.edu/sites/default/files/2024-02/Yale%20and%20Slavery%20A%20History%20Feb2024%20David%20Blight%20with%20the%20Yale%20and%20Slavery%20Research%20Project.pdf |location=New Haven, Connecticut |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |page=45 |isbn=978-0-300-27384-7}}</ref> In his foreword to the report, Salovey wrote of the importance of the study as providing a "deeper, more honest understanding of who we are" and of helping in "coming to terms with injustices of the past and in confronting current wrongs".<ref name="auto5"/>

A linked re-evaluation considered the artworks donated by, and related to, Elihu Yale, in particular, the painting ''[[Elihu Yale with Members of his Family and an Enslaved Child]]''. The picture, which shows Yale and his relations being served by a collared African child, was donated to the [[Yale Center for British Art]] in 1970 and regularly displayed at the university. In 2020 the artist [[Titus Kaphar]] produced a version of the painting, entitled ''"Enough About You"'', in which the main sitters are distorted beyond recognition and the image of the uncollared boy is set within a gold frame.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/yale-researchers-hope-to-identity-enslaved-child-in-namesake-portrait-180978879/|first=Nora|last=McGreevy|title=Who is the enslaved child in this portrait of Yale University's namesake?|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|date=15 October 2021|access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref>{{efn|Of the seven paintings depicting Yale owned by the university, three show him with enslaved attendants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2021/10/06/yale-center-for-british-art-tries-to-identify-enslaved-black-child-in-18th-century-portrait-of-an-early-university-benefactor|first=Nancy|last=Kenny|title=Yale Center for British Art tries to identify enslaved child|publisher=[[Yale Center for British Art]]|date=21 October 2021|access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref>}}{{efn|The historian [[Jonathan Holloway (historian)|Jonathan Holloway]] considers the painting and its context in a discussion for the [[Yale Center for British Art]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://interactive.britishart.yale.edu/slavery-and-portraiture/331/commentary-by-jonathan-holloway|title=Elihu Yale with Members of his Family and an Enslaved Child|publisher=[[Yale Center for British Art]]|access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref>}}

==The Yale collection==
[[File: Adriaen van der Werff - Christ and the Samaritan woman 2008 AMS 02802 0086.jpg|thumb|225px|The Christ and the Samaritan Woman, a key item of Yale's collection, painted by [[Medici]] baroque painter [[Adriaen van der Werff]]{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=246}}]]
[[File:Elihu Yale, coat of arms, metal, Plas grono.jpg|160px|thumb|[[Coat of arms]] of Elihu, acquired by [[Yale College]] president [[Ezra Stiles]] in 1788, from the [[Yale (surname)|Yale family]]]]

Yale arrived in England with Indian artworks, and used his new wealth to build a large European [[art collection]] of 10,000 items, including 7,000 paintings, which would become, after his death, the first [[art auction]] in Britain.{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=80-233}}<ref name="Dictionary of American Biography">[https://books.google.com/books?id=eoPEEAAAQBAJ&q=elihu+yale Dictionary of American Biography], Francis S. Drake, Verlag Publisher, 1st edition, 2023, p. 1010-1011</ref><ref name="Dates 1841, p. 43">Dictionary of Dates, and Universal Reference, Human Arts and Inventions, [[Joseph Timothy Haydn]], Edward Moxon Co., London, 1841, p. 43</ref> During this era, the English [[English country house|country house]]s started to include goods from India and China, brought over the continent by the [[East India Company]].{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=190-200}} As about 75% of all Indian exports were long-lasting and colorful textiles, it gave rise to the [[1700–1750 in Western fashion|1700–1750 Western fashion period]], which included the use of [[tapestries]].{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=190-200}} A new desire for collecting emerged among the English aristocracy under the [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|Duke of Marlborough]] at [[Blenheim Palace]], and the [[2nd Duke of Devonshire|Duke of Devonshire]] at [[Chatsworth House]].{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=223}} Yale followed their lead and became a famous collector in London, with artists visiting him at his [[Queen Square, London|Queen Square]] home to secure [[patronage]], one of which would be [[John Vanderbank|Vanderbank]], who worked at [[Kensington Palace]] and [[Castle Howard]].<ref>Captain Edward Harrison, letter to Thomas Pitt at Fort Saint George, 25 July 1707; published in Grenville, Manuscripts of J. B. Fortescue, 30.</ref>{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=80}}

Many of Yale's paintings came from [[Dutch Golden Age painting|Dutch Golden Age]]'s artists, the most famous being [[Rembrandt]], [[Pieter Bruegel the Elder|Bruegel]], [[Anthony van Dyck|Van Dyck]], [[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]], [[Albrecht Dürer|Dürer]], [[Willem van de Velde the Younger|Van de Velde]], [[David Teniers the Younger|Teniers]], [[Peter Lely|Lely]], [[Godfrey Kneller|Kneller]] and [[Salvator Rosa|Rosa]].<ref>Diana Scarisbrick and Benjamin Zucker. Elihu Yale: Merchant, Collector & Patron. Part II, Chapter 3: "Yale and the Art World in England."</ref>{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=311-313}} Yale's collection was stored in four London houses, in addition to several coach houses and stables.<ref>Bingham, Hiram (1937). Elihu Yale : governor, collector and benefactor. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. p.135</ref><ref name="auto6"/> Through the influence of the [[Royal Society]] under [[Isaac Newton]], he collected instruments built on new science from dealers like [[George Willdey]].{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=111-118}} He obtained the [[Leibniz–Clarke correspondence]] and acquired books from [[Bernard de Montfaucon]], one of the modern founders of archaeology at the time.{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=105-110-111}} With a rising middle class in search of status symbols, he acquired watches and clocks from [[Thomas Tompion]], father of English clockmaking, along with works of engineer [[Henry Winstanley]].{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=121-122-131}} When [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]] commissioned [[Nicolas Dorigny]] to produce large prints at [[Hampton Court]], Yale and the Duke of Devonshire acquired several of them.{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=256-257}} He acquired one of the [[Jewels of Mary, Queen of Scots]], along with works of [[Medici family|Medici]] painter [[Adriaen van der Werff]].<ref>Bingham, Hiram (1937). Elihu Yale : governor, collector and benefactor. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. p.136</ref>

Other paintings included those of philosopher [[Thomas Hobbes]], astronomer [[Pierre Gassendi]], [[Sir John Wynn, 5th Baronet|Sir John Wynn]], and [[Jacques Courtois]], previously patroned by [[Mattias de' Medici]].<ref>Ann Sutherland Harris. Cortese, Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press, 2017.</ref>{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=110-111-144}} At Yale's death, his collection launched the [[art auction|auction]] concept in Britain, spacing the sales at a few months' intervals to not overload the [[art market]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=311-313}}{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=80-233}}<ref name="Dictionary of American Biography"/><ref name="Dates 1841, p. 43"/> His European paintings were the largest group ever sold in England.{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=234-236}} Catalogues were available at various coffee houses such as [[Garraway's Coffee House|Garraways]].{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=234-236}} Van der Werff's painting was acquired by the [[James Stanley, 10th Earl of Derby|Earl of Derby]], while a bidding war ensued for Queen Mary's ring between the [[Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer|Earl of Oxford]] and the [[Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke|Earl of Pembroke]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=246-311-313}} Yale's granddaughter married the latter's son, [[Nicholas Herbert (politician, died 1775)|Nicholas Herbert]], who lived at [[Wilton House]] and [[Highclere Castle]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=311-313}} [[Inigo Jones]]'s designs were acquired by the 2nd Duke of Devonshire, and are still at [[Chatsworth House]].{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=257}} It is thought that some of Yale's missing paintings are now at the [[Hermitage Museum]] in Russia, dating back from [[Catherine the Great]]'s acquisition of the [[Walpole collection]] at [[Houghton Hall]].<ref>Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "[https://www.britannica.com/money/Christies Christie's.]" Encyclopedia Britannica, 13 May. 2024. Accessed 17 May 2024.</ref>{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=315}} Numerous works would later be acquired by [[Yale University]], while others went to [[Madryn Castle]], seat of Deputy [[William Corbet Yale]] of the Yales of Plas yn Yale.{{sfn|Scarisbrick|2014|p=76-77-80}}

==Ancestry and coats of arms==
[[File:Coat of Arms of David Yale.svg|150px|thumb|Elihu Yale's arms, inherited from the [[Fitzgerald dynasty|Fitzgeralds]], became the inspiration for [[Yale College]]'s arms<ref name="Yalearmsu1"/>]]
{{see also|House of Gwynedd#Family tree of the House of Gwynedd}}

Elihu's ancestry, as a member of the [[Yale (surname)|Yale family]], originated from the [[Lordship of Yale]] in North Wales.<ref name="burke1969"/>{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=1-2}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SYEfAAAAYAAJ&q=yale+lordship+wales |page=270| title=An Etymological Dictionary of Family and Christian Names: With an Essay on Their Derivation and Import|author=William Arthur| publisher=Sheldon, Blakeman & Company | year=1857 }}</ref> The Yale name was adopted from the maternal line, while the coat of arms, later adopted by [[Yale College]],<ref name="Yalearmsu1"/> came from the paternal line.{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=1-2}}<ref name="cunedda81">[https://www.seekingmyroots.com/members/files/G001924.pdf Genealogy of the Durand, Whalley, Barnes and Yale Families], Frances Bailey Hewitt, Lakeside Press, Chicago, 1912, p. 49-51-57-85-87-93</ref><ref name="Nameyale1"/><ref name="Broch1line"/> The Yales derived from the 6th century prince of Powys, [[Brochwel Ysgithrog]],<ref name="Broch1line"/> and from the 4th century king [[Cunedda]].<ref name="cunedda81"/><ref name="Nameyale1"/> Following the division of the [[Kingdom of Powys]] during the 12th century, a new principality will emerge named Northern Powys, which will be kept by Elihu's ancestors, the princes of [[Northern Powys (medieval)|Powys Fadog]], [[Lord of Yale|Lords of Yale]], with their seat at [[Castell Dinas Bran|Castle Dinas Bran]] as members of the [[House of Mathrafal]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=1-2}}<ref name="Nameyale1"/><ref name="windsorcasl1">[https://archive.org/details/b24877876_0002/page/1662/mode/2up?q=madras+powys+prince+windsor A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland], Sir Bernard Burke, King of Arms, Colburn and Co., London, 1852, p. 1662-1663-1664. See : Griffith ap Einion (Lowry), Lord of Bromfield (and Yale), last Prince of Powys, Madras (Elissau, Elihu) and Windsor</ref> They will submit to [[Edward Longshanks]] during the 13th century, with prince [[Gruffudd Fychan I|Gruffudd Fychan]] losing the lordship of Yale to the [[John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey|Earl of Surrey]], [[William Wallace]]'s rival at [[Battle of Sterling Bridge|Sterling Bridge]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=NR8fAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA194 The History of the Princes of Powys Fadog], Jacob Youde William Lloyd, Vol. I, T. Richards Co., London, 1881, p. 194-196</ref><ref>[https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc504408/m2/1/high_res_d/1002778963-Beims.pdf Owen Glendower and the Welsh Fight for Independence], Phillip Eric Beims, University of Texas, 1991, p. 21</ref><ref>[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A36794.0001.001/1:6.16?rgn=div2;view=fulltext The baronage of England, or, An historical account of the lives and most memorable actions of our English nobility], University of Michigan, Dugdale, William, Sir, 1605–1686, p. 74-82</ref>

About a century later, his descendant [[Owain Glyndwr]], a cousin of the [[Tudors#Patrilineal descent|Tudors]],<ref>Okerlund, A.N. (2009). [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230100657_6#citeas Birth of a Prince. In: Elizabeth of York]. Queenship and Power. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, p. 55</ref> would lose the [[Glyndwr Rising|War of Independence]] against [[Henry V of England|Henry V]], becoming the last Welsh [[Prince of Wales]] in 1415.<ref>Gower, Jon (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=0mqJesC_NG4C&dq=%22the+story+of+wales%22+%22gower%22+%22fadog%22&pg=PA134 The Story of Wales], BBC books, Huw Edwards, Ebury Publishing, Open University, Wales, p. 134</ref><ref>Pierce, T. J., (1959). [https://biography.wales/article/s-OWAI-GLY-1354 OWAIN GLYNDWR (c. 1354 – 1416)], 'Prince of Wales'. Dictionary of Welsh Biography. Retrieved 18 May 2024</ref><ref name="upper powys1">{{cite book | chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-23973-3_6 |year=1995 |title=Medieval Wales, British History in Perspective, Chapter 46 : Rebellion and Revenge|pages=108–132|author=A.D. Carr|chapter=Rebellion and Revenge |publisher=Palgrave, London|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-23973-3_6 |isbn=9781349239733 }}</ref> Known by [[Shakespeare]] as [[Owen Glendower (Shakespeare character)|Owen Glendower]], he became the granduncle of baron [[Ellis ap Griffith|Elissau ap Gruffudd]], founder of the [[Ellis ap Griffith#House of Yale|House of Yale]] in 1480, which Elihu belonged to.<ref name="burke1969"/><ref name="GriffithYale1">[https://books.google.com/books?id=TJMWR99J89kC&q=America+Elihu+United+States+America++Connecticut+Madras+College+founder&pg=PA2060 A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain], Sir Bernard Burke, Kings of Arms, Vol. II, booksellers to the Prince of Wales, London, 1886, p. 2060-2061</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TJMWR99J89kC&q=%22house+of+yale%22+%22ellis%22&pg=PA2060 | title=A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland | last1=Burke | first1=Bernard | year=1886|pages=2060–2061 }}</ref><ref name="Broch1line"/> Elissau's mother, [[Tudur ap Gruffudd|Lowry ap Tudor]], was Glyndwr's niece, while his father, Griffith ap Einion, was a member of the [[House of Fitzgerald]].<ref name="burke1969"/><ref name="cunedda81"/> Elissau would become co-heir of Glyndwr's claims through his mother,<ref name="burke1969"/><ref name="corepre1"/> including those of [[House of Mathrafal|Mathrafal]] (Powys Fadog), which featured the [[Lordship of Bromfield and Yale]].<ref name="burke1969">{{cite web |author=Peter Townend| url=https://www.burkespeerage.com/preview.php?book=Preview%20of%20Burke%E2%80%99s%20Landed%20Gentry%2018th%20Edition%20Volume%20II%201969&ref=pLG18v2&page=1&totalPages=10&from=subs_ind | title=Burke's Landed Gentry, 18th Edition, Volume II|publisher=Burke's Peerage Limited|year=1969|page=668 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxARAQAAMAAJ&q=elihu+sovereign+dynasties&pg=RA2-PA115 | title=The Heroes of the American Revolution and their Descendants| author=Henry Whittemore|publisher=The Heroes of the Revolution Publishing Co.| year=1897 |page=112}}</ref><ref name="GriffithYale1"/><ref name="windsorcasl1"/> From his marriage to an heiress within the lordship,<ref name="Nameyale1">[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/The_history_of_the_state_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations_%28IA_historyofrhod04bick%29.pdf The History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations], Biographical, The American Historical Society, New York, 1920, p. 51-52</ref> he received the estate of Allt Llwyn Dragon, which he renamed Plas yn Yale (Yale Manor).<ref name="WelshYalebio1">Dodd, A. H., (1959). [https://biography.wales/article/s-YALE-PLA-1500 YALE family, of Plâs yn Iâl and Plas Grono Wrexham]. Dictionary of Welsh Biography. Retrieved 18 May 2024</ref><ref name="Broch1line"/><ref name="dragonplas1"/><ref name="armsthoseosb1"/> The name would then be adopted by his grandson, Chancellor [[Thomas Yale (chancellor)|Thomas Yale]] (b. 1525), and by Elihu's great-grandfather, Chancellor [[David Yale (chancellor)|David Yale]], Thomas's nephew.<ref name="burke1969"/><ref name="Nameyale1"/><ref name="WelshYalebio1"/>

While the Yale name was adopted from baron [[Ellis ap Griffith|Elissau]]'s maternal line, the Yale arms would be inherited from his father, a member of the [[Fitzgerald dynasty#House of Corsygedol|Fitzgeralds]] of Corsygedol, from the line of [[Osborne Fitzgerald]], initially a [[Earl of Desmond|Desmond]].{{sfn|Bingham|1939|p=1-2}}<ref name="armsthoseosb1"/><ref>[https://archive.org/details/generalarmoryofe00burk/page/354/mode/2up?q=Llewelyn+yale The General Armory of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales], Sir Bernard Burke, King of Arms, Harrison & sons Co., London, 1884, p. 355-1147</ref><ref name="corepre1">{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWRHAAAAYAAJ&q=co-representatives+co-heir+ellis+tudor+fitzgerald+lowrie&pg=PA1662 |pages=1662–1663| title=A genealogical and heraldic dictionary of the landed gentry of Great Britain & Ireland for 1852 | last1=Burke | first1=Bernard | year=1852 }}</ref><ref name="Broch1line">{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R29WAAAAcAAJ&q=Elihu+Madras+prince|page=419| title=Annals and Antiquities of the Counties and County Families of Wales|author=Thomas Nicholas| publisher=Longmans, Green, Reader, and Co. | year=1872 }}</ref> This line was founded by the marriage of a Welsh princess named [[Nest ferch Rhys|Nesta]], daughter of [[Rhys ap Tewdwr|Rhys ap Tudor]], with Norman lord [[Gerald de Windsor]], son of the first governor of [[Windsor Castle]] for [[William the Conqueror]].<ref name="cunedda81"/><ref>Yorke, Philip & al. ''[https://archive.org/details/royaltribesofwal00yorkuoft/page/n43/mode/2up?q=yale+windsor The royal tribes of Wales]'', Richard Williams, Isaac Foulkes Co., Liverpool, 1887, p. 16-17.</ref><ref name="windsorcasl1"/> Two branches will form over time, the Yales of Plas yn Yale, who stayed in Britain, and the Yales of Plas Grono, who went to America in 1637.<ref name="WelshYalebio1"/><ref name="cunedda81"/><ref name="armsthoseosb1">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y11BAAAAYAAJ&q=lieut+colonel+yale+arms+those+of+osborne+fitzgerald&pg=PA10-IA3 Encyclopædia of Heraldry: Or General Armory of England, Scotland, and Ireland], John Burke, Bernard Burke, King of Arms, London, 1884, Yale name</ref><ref name="dragonplas1">[https://books.google.com/books?id=lucGAAAAYAAJ&q=allt+llwyn+dragon+elihu&pg=PA104 Bye-gones: Relating to Wales and the Border Counties], Charles Minot, Vol. VI, Caxton Press, 1887, p. 104</ref> As Elihu was heir of the Plas Gronos in 1689, his arms would be those later used for [[Yale College]], as well as for the Yale schools of [[Yale School of Public Health|Public Health]], [[Yale School of the Environment|Environment]] and [[Yale School of Medicine|Medicine]].<ref>New England Historic Genealogical Society. A Roll of Arms. 9 vols. Boston, 1928–1980</ref><ref name="Yalearmsu1">[https://ysph.yale.edu/about-school-of-public-health/history/coat-of-arms/#:~:text=The%20upper%20portion%20of%20the,whom%20Yale%20College%20is%20named. The School of Public Health Coat of Arms], Yale School of Public Health, www.Yale.edu, Accessed 17 May 2024</ref>

== Cultural references ==
*''[[Elihu (secret society)|Elihu]]'' later became the name of a "[[secret society|senior society]]" founded in 1903 at Yale.
*[[Tom Wolfe]], who earned a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in [[American Studies]] from Yale, named the African-American [[Atlanta]] police chief in ''[[A Man in Full]]'' Elihu Yale.
*[[Yale College, Wrexham|Yale College]], a former college in [[Wrexham]], [[Wales]], which has since merged with [[Coleg Cambria]], was also named after Elihu Yale.
*[[Theodore Roosevelt]]'s son [[Quentin Roosevelt|Quentin]] kept a [[hyacinth macaw]] named Eli Yale.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== References ==

* {{Cite book |last=Bingham |first=Hiram |title=Elihu Yale: The American Nabob of Queen Square |publisher=Dodd, Mead & Company |year=1939 |location=New York, NY}}
* {{Cite book |last=Scarisbrick |first=Diana |title=Elihu Yale: Merchant, Collector & Patron |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2014 |isbn=9780500517260 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Yale |first=Rodney Horace |url=https://archive.org/details/yalegenealogyhis00byuyale/ |title=Yale Genealogy and History of Wales |publisher=Milburn & Scott |year=1908 |location=Beatrice, NE |oclc=1102359364}}

==External links==
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elihu-Yale Elihu Yale], Encyclopædia Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia, 16 April 2024
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=eoPEEAAAQBAJ&q=elihu+yale Yale, Elihu, Principal Benefactor of Yale College], Dictionary of American Biography, Francis S. Drake, Verlag Publisher, 1st edition, 2023
*[https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-30183 "Yale, Elihu (1649–1721), Merchant and Administrator in India and Benefactor"], Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ed. H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004)
*[https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/25103/dictionary.pdf;jsessionid=BFE0302AA96E28AF8E88D194E25366A4?sequence=1 Yale, Elihu (1649–1721). British merchant], Dictionary of World Biography, 6th edition, Barry Jones, Australian National University Press, 2019
*[https://biography.wales/article/s-YALE-PLA-1500 Elihu Yale (1649–1721), India merchant and Philanthropist], Dictionary of Welsh Biography, Dodd, A. H., (1959).
{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{cite DNB|wstitle=Yale, Elihu|volume=63|short=x}}
*Elihu Yale collection (MS 566). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. [http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/mssa.ms.0566 Collection: Elihu Yale collection | Archives at Yale]
*{{cite Appletons'|wstitle=Yale, Elihu|year=1889|short=x}}
*{{cite NIE|wstitle=Yale, Elihu|short=x}}
{{Yale}}
{{S-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[William Gyfford]] [[Agencies of British India|Agent]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Madras Presidency|President of Madras]]|years=8 August 1684 – 26 January 1685}}
{{s-aft|after=[[William Gyfford]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[William Gyfford]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Madras Presidency|President of Madras]]|years=25 July 1687 – 3 October 1692}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Nathaniel Higginson]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yale, Elihu}}
[[Category:1649 births]]
[[Category:1721 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Wrexham]]
[[Category:18th-century British merchants]]
[[Category:British philanthropists]]
[[Category:British East India Company people]]
[[Category:History of Chennai]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Boston]]
[[Category:Presidents of Madras]]
[[Category:Merchants from London]]
[[Category:Welsh educational theorists]]
[[Category:Yale University]]
[[Category:Yale University people]]
[[Category:Benefactors of Yale University]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Yale family|Elihu]]
[[Category:Burials in Wrexham County Borough]]

Gandhinagar North Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:26:24Z

Ghaiinfra: Done - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Other uses|Gandhi Nagar Assembly constituency (disambiguation){{!}}Gandhi Nagar Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gandhinagar North
| mla = [[Ritaben Ketankumar Patel]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Gandhinagar district|Gandhinagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:254109}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 36
}}
'''Gandhinagar North''' is one of the 183 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Gandhinagar district|Gandhinagar]] district. The seat came into existence after 2008 delimitation after division of erstwhile Gandhinagar seat and was numbered as 36-Gandhinagar North. It is one of the seven assembly seats which make up [[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]] Lok Sabha seat.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Gandhinagar Taluka (Part) Villages – Rupal, Vasan, Unava, Pindharada, Piplaj, Randheja, Sonipur, Sardhav, Jalund, Adraj Moti, Kolavada, Pethapur, Vavol, Gandhinagar (NAC).

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| colspan=4|Until 2008: Seat did not exist
|-
| [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| Ashok Patel
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[C. J. Chavda]]<ref name=election2017/>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Ritaben Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Gandhinagar North Assembly constituency }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ritaben Patel]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 80623
|percentage = 51.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mukesh Patel|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=16,620|percentage=10.56|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Virendrasinh Vaghela (Ajitsinh Vasna)|party=Indian National Congress|votes=54,512|percentage=34.65|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2,613|percentage=1.66|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=26,111|percentage=16.6|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:253688}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Gandhinagar North<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. C. J. Chavda
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 78,206
|percentage = 49.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ashokkumar Ranchhodbhai Patel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes =73,432
|percentage = 46.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party =None of the above
|votes =2,966
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,774
|percentage =2.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,60,675
|percentage = 69.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Gandhinagar|Gandhinagar North]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=9 June 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ashokkumar Patel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 73,551
|percentage = 49.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sureshkumar Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 69,326
|percentage = 46.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Vipulchandra Mansukhbhai Muchhadiya
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|votes = 2,236
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,225
|percentage = 2.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,49,822
|percentage = 73.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gandhinagar district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{coord|23.27|72.66|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gandhinagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gandhinagar]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Prasanna Venkatachalapathy Temple

2026-04-16T13:45:24Z

Ghaiinfra: Put up a location initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Prasanna Venkatachalapathy Temple
| image = Gunaseelam temple (6).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Gunaseelam Temple Gopuram
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|10|54|7.37|N|78|34|4.00|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Tiruchirapalli district|Tiruchirapalli]]
| location = [[Gunaseelam]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Prasanna Venkatachalapathy ([[Vishnu]])
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank =
| tower =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website = http://gunaseelamtemple.com/
}}

'''Gunaseelam Vishnu Temple (Abhimana Sthalam)''' is a Hindu temple dedicated to [[Vishnu]] located in [[Gunaseelam]] village, {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Trichy]], in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is located on the banks of river [[Kaveri]]. It is Classified one among the '''108 [[Abhimana Kshethram]]''' of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavate]] tradition. A visit to the temple is believed to be a cure for the mentally challenged people, who are taken to the temple and kept in the temple premises for 48 days. At the end of the 48 days it is believed that their illness is cured by the grace of the presiding deity, Prasanna Venkatachalapathi. The temple has set up a mental health rehabilitation centre that has the official stamp of the Tamil Nadu Government license, the first of its kind in Tamil Nadu.

The temple has six daily rituals at various times from 6:30 a.m. to 8:30 p.m., and three yearly festivals on its calendar. The annual Brahmotsavam (prime festival) is an eleven-day festival attended by thousands of devotees from far and near. The temple is maintained by a hereditary executive trustee.

==Etymology==
[[File:Gunaseelam temple (2).jpg|left|250px|thumb|Stucco image of the temple]]
The name of the place Gunaseelam derives from "Gunam" (meaning cure) and "Seelam" (meaning place), meaning the place in which illness is cured. "Gunam" also means qualities and "seelam" also means "Assuming a lower position". Hence Gunaseelam is the place where Vishnu comes down and addresses the devotees problems from his heavenly position.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tirumal thigazhum 108 divyadesangal|last= U.Ve. |first=Ramabaddrachariyar}}</ref>

==Legend==
[[File:Gunaseelam temple (7).jpg|250px|thumb|Temple tank]]
In Bhavishyotra Puranam, one finds reference to the significance of this temple in Gunaseela Mahaatmiyam. Thaalpiya [[Maharishi]] along with his disciple Gunaseela Rishi once went to the Himalayas. On his way back, Gunaseela Rishi stayed back at Tirupathi and was so attracted to Lord Venkatachalapathy that he wanted the Lord to appear in Gunaseelam and bless the devotees.
He came back, bathed in the Cauvery and undertook severe penance here in his ashram in Gunaseelam. Impressed with his sincerity, the Lord appeared before him along with Goddess and promised to remain here till the end of ''[[Kali Yuga]]''. Pleased with the darshan of Prasanna Venkatachalapathy, Gunaseela Maharishi continued to offer his daily [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]s to the lord from his ashram here. At the end of the ''[[Dvapara Yuga]]'', the Gunaseela Maharishi's Guru wanted him to go to Naimisaaranyam. Gunaseela Rishi designated his young disciple to continue the daily poojas. However, floods in the Cauvery and dangerous animals in the forest led the disciple to leave and thus the poojas came to an abrupt end. The Lord decided to submerge himself in a pit. After several years, the Chola king Nyana Varma, who ruled this place with Uraiyur as the capital, used to visit Gunaseelam regularly. Every day, cowherds would milk the cows from near the pit and carry the milk all the way back to his court.

One day, to everyone's shock, the milk that was filled to the brim of the pot vanished all of a sudden. An invisible voice wanted the king to dissolve the pit by pouring milk. The king brought in his army and used thousands of litres of milk to complete this exercise. Once dissolved, Vaikunta Vasudevan is said to have appeared before the king as Prasanna Venkatesan. As per the king's wishes, the Lord agreed to remain here till the end of ''Kali Yuga'' and help fulfill all the prayers of the devotees, who visit this temple. Delighted at the darshan of Prasanna Venkatachalapathy, the king shifted from Uraiyur to Kallur, (this place was then called ‘Badra Chakra Pattinam’) near Gunaseelam and built the beautiful Gunaseelam temple and laid down the process of the daily poojas as directed by Prasanna Venkatesan. He also allocated a lot of land for the temple as well as funds to undertake the daily pooja formalities.<ref name="about"/><ref>[[#Madhavan|Madhavan 2008]], pp. 36-37</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Gunaseelam temple (5).jpg|650px|center|thumb|Stucco image of the temple]]
The temple bears absolutely no resemblance to what it was a quarter of a century ago. With devotees’ contribution, the hereditary trustees have transformed the temple to reflect modern day architecture. New paintings and photographs adorn the temple, with modern flooring. There is written documentation that the temple should be renovated in the 5000th year of ''[[Kali Yuga]]''. The renovation was accordingly done. The temple has a shrine for Viganasar, the founder of Vaikanasa Aagamam. Legend says he was given Brahminhood by [[Venkateshwara]] himself alongside [[Brahma]], the god of creation.<ref name="about">{{cite web|title=About the temple|url=http://gunaseelamtemple.com/index.html|publisher=Prasanna Venkatachalapathy Temple|access-date=2013-03-19}}</ref>

This temple was designed and built by R. Ranganathan Sthapathy. The central shrine of the temple houses the presiding deity Prasanna Venkatachalapathy in a standing posture. The image is depicted with four hands - one showing Abhaya mudra, one carrying the weapon ''[[Kaumodaki|Gatha]]'', one carrying [[Shankha|conch]] and other carrying the [[Sudarshan Chakra|Chakra]]. There are niches around the sanctum with the images of [[Narasimha]], Navaneetha Krishna, [[Varaha]], [[Sridevi]] and [[Bhudevi]]. The conical [[vimana (tower)|vimana]] above the central shrine is called Trinetra vimana as it has three tiers. There are stucco sculptures on the vimana depicting Narasimha on eagle [[vahana]] [[Garuda]] and an image of Vishnu with Shanka and Chakra. The temple has a shrine of Vikhasana Maharishi, after whom the Vaiganasa Agama of [[Vaishnavism]] is followed. There are delicate glasswork in the Palliari around the sanctum.<ref>[[#Madhavan|Madhavan 2008]], pp. 38-39</ref>

==Mental Health Rehabilitation Centre==
In addition to the complete reconstruction of the Gunaseelam temple, the trustees have also set up a mental health rehabilitation centre that has the official stamp of the Tamil Nadu Government license.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} The centre is equipped with individual rooms and toilet facilities. A psychiatrist visits the centre once every week. There are volunteers who take care of these mentally challenged people on a daily basis. [[Sacred waters|Sacred water]] is splashed on these mentally challenged people each day during Uchi Kaalam (noon) and Artha Jaamam (night) for 48 days. Belief is that one will get cured if they sincerely offer their prayers to the Lord and follow this process. It is today a blend of faith and modern treatment.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.psychosocial.com/IJPR_10/Integrated_Psychosocial_Intervention_in_Sz_Stanley.html|journal=International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation|title=Integrated Psychosocial Intervention in Schizophrenia Implications for Patients and Caregivers|publisher=The International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation|last1=Stanley|first1=Selwyn |last2=S.|first2=Shwetha|pages=113–128|volume=10|year=2006}}</ref>

==Worship and festivals==
[[File:Gunaseelam temple (3).jpg|250px|thumb|Mental rehabilitation centre]]

The temple rituals are performed six times a day; Ushathkalam at 6:30 a.m., Kalasanthi at 8:30 a.m., Uchikalam at 12:30 p.m., Thirumalvadai at 5:30 p.m., Sayarakshai at 6:00 p.m. and Ardha Jamam at 8:30 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''[[abhisheka]]'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''[[Naivedhya|naivethanam]]'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai''. Since Tirupathi Lord himself appeared before Gunaseela Maharishi, it is believed that those who are not able to go to Tirupathi can visit Gunaseelam and all their wishes are said to be fulfilled here. During the Uchikalam and Arthajamam, water is sprinkled on devotees, which is believed to expel evil diseases and mental diseases.<ref name="TN">{{cite web|title=Trichy tourism|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/trichytourism/other.htm|publisher=Government of India|access-date=2013-09-09}}</ref>

The major festival of the temple, Brahmotsavam, is celebrated in the Tamil month of Puratasi (September - October) for 11 days that includes a nine-day chariot festival. The Chitrai Theppotsavam festival is the float festival celebrated during the Tamil month of Chittirai (March - April). The Pavitrotsavam is a three-day festival celebrated during the Tamil month of Aavani. Unlike other Vishnu temples where ''thirumanjanam'' (ablution) is performed one in a week, the temple has'' thirumanjanam'' performed daily to the central deity.<ref>{{cite web|title=E Pooja|url=http://gunaseelamtemple.com/epooja.html|publisher=Prasanna Venkatachalapathy Temple|access-date=2013-03-19}}</ref> The temple is maintained by a hereditary executive trustee.<ref name="TN"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Trustee|url=http://gunaseelamtemple.com/contact.html|publisher=Prasanna Venkatachalapathy Temple|access-date=2013-03-19}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|title=Vishnu temples of South India, Volume two|last=Madhavan|first=Chitra|year=2008|publisher=Chitra Madhavan|isbn=978-81-908445-1-2|ref=Madhavan}}
{{refend}}
{{Commons category|Prasanna Venkatachalapathy Temple}}

{{Famous Vishnu temples}}
{{Temples_around_Tiruchirappalli}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Tiruchirappalli district]]
[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu]]

Singhat Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:36:41Z

Ghaiinfra: Added First Bio V1!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Singhat
| state = [[Manipur]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no =
| district = [[Churachandpur district|Churachandpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Outer Manipur Lok Sabha constituency|Outer Manipur]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Chinlunthang]]
| party = {{Party index link|Kuki People's Alliance}}
| alliance= None
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:27832}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
}}
'''Singhat''' is one of the 60 [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Manipur]] state in [[India]].<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/magazine/2019/gels/CEO%20Report%202019%20.pdf |title= Report - General Election to Lok Sabha, 2019|website=ceomanipur.nic.in |date= |author=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= December 27, 2020}}</ref>

It is part of [[Churachandpur district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Thangkhanlal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || Gougin || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Hills Union }}
|-
| [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Thangkhanlal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || T. Gouzadou || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Thangkhanlal || {{Full party name with color|Kuki National Assembly}}
|-
| [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || T. Gouzadou || {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-
| [[1998 elections in India#Manipur|1998 by-election]] || Thangkhanlal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || N. Zatawn || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|-
| [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || Thangso Baite || {{Full party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || T. Hangkhanpau || {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-
| [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || rowspan=3 | [[Ginsuanhau Zou]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2020 elections in India#Manipur|2020 by-election]]<ref name="Manipur By Election Results 2020: BJP wins 2 of 5 seats, leads on 2 others">{{cite news |last1=India TV |first1= |last2= |title=Manipur By Election Results 2020: BJP wins 2 of 5 seats, leads on 2 others |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-manipur-by-election-results-2020-bjp-wins-2-seats-oinam-lukhoi-singh-663762 |access-date=28 December 2023 |work= |date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228082438/https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-manipur-by-election-results-2020-bjp-wins-2-seats-oinam-lukhoi-singh-663762 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Manipur Bypolls: BJP wins 4 out of 5 Assembly seats in Wango, Singhat, Saitu and Wangjing Tentha">{{cite news |last1=India TV |first1= |last2= |date=10 November 2020 |title=Manipur Bypolls: BJP wins 4 out of 5 Assembly seats in Wango, Singhat, Saitu and Wangjing Tentha |language=en |work= |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-manipur-bypolls-bjp-wins-4-out-of-5-assembly-seats-oinam-lukhoi-singh-wango-singhat-saitu-wangjing-tentha-663836 |access-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228082701/https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-manipur-bypolls-bjp-wins-4-out-of-5-assembly-seats-oinam-lukhoi-singh-wango-singhat-saitu-wangjing-tentha-663836 |archive-date=28 December 2023}}</ref> || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[Chinlunthang]]|| {{Full party name with color|Kuki People's Alliance}}
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Kuki People's Alliance}}|51.41}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly By-election 2020|2020 by-election]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|100}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.35}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|83.70}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}|56.90}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Manipur State Congress Party}}|35.74}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}|31.96}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly By-election 1998|1998 by-election]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.33}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}|36.09}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Kuki National Assembly}}|37.54}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.10}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|32.19}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Manipur Hills Union }}|55.91}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1972|1972]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.59}}

}}

===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Singhat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chinlunthang]] |party=Kuki People's Alliance |votes=12,098 |percentage=51.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ginsuanhau Zou]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=10,079|percentage=42.83%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=T. Hangkhanpau|party=Janata Dal (United)|votes=1,031|percentage=4.38%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Tuankhan Kiamlo Hangzo|party=Indian National Congress|votes=267|percentage=1.13%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=57|percentage=0.24%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,019 |percentage=8.58% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=23,532|percentage=84.55%|change={{increase}}84.55}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,832 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.04 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Kuki People's Alliance |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2020 elections in India#Manipur|2020 Manipur Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Singhat<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12753-bye-elections-2020-parliamentary-and-assemblies/ |title=Bye Elections 2020 (Parliamentary and Assemblies) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Ginsuanhau Zou]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=UNCONTESTED |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,496 |change= {{decrease}}0.70 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Singhat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ginsuanhau Zou]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,131 |percentage=44.35% |change={{decrease}}39.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Chinlunthang]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=6,969|percentage=38.01%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Henlianthang Thanglet|party=National People's Party (India)|votes=3,124|percentage=17.04%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=111|percentage=0.61%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,162 |percentage=6.34% |change= {{decrease}}63.15 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=18,335|percentage=68.71%|change={{increase}}4.31}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,684 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.71 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}39.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Singhat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ginsuanhau Zou]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,875 |percentage=83.70% |change={{increase}}40.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Hangkhanpau |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=2,185 |percentage=14.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lunkhomang |party=Communist Party of India |votes=274 |percentage=1.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,690 |percentage=69.49% |change= {{increase}}55.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,383 |percentage=64.40% |change= {{decrease}}26.35 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,886 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}4.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=National People's Party (India) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Singhat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Hangkhanpau |party=Manipur People's Party |votes=12,859 |percentage=56.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangso Baite |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,673 |percentage=42.80% |change={{increase}}14.93 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,186 |percentage=14.10% |change= {{increase}}6.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,599 |percentage=90.76% |change= {{increase}}2.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,901 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.84 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur People's Party |loser=Manipur State Congress Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Singhat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangso Baite |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=6,815 |percentage=35.74% |change={{increase}}30.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hangkhanpao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,314 |percentage=27.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Zatawn |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=3,305 |percentage=17.33% |change={{decrease}}3.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Ngaizanem |party=Samata Party |votes=1,455 |percentage=7.63% |change={{decrease}}17.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Gouzadou |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,332 |percentage=6.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jubilee Momoi |party=Manipur National Conference |votes=531 |percentage=2.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,501 |percentage=7.87% |change= {{increase}}1.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,067 |percentage=87.93% |change= {{decrease}}5.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,684 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur State Congress Party |loser=Janata Dal (United) |swing= {{increase}}3.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Singhat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Zatawn |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=6,450 |percentage=31.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Ngaizanem |party=Samata Party |votes=5,066 |percentage=25.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangkhenkhup |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=4,283 |percentage=21.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangso Baite |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=2,751 |percentage=13.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Gouzadou |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=1,116 |percentage=5.53% |change={{decrease}}43.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khamlienkhup |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=237 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,384 |percentage=6.86% |change= {{increase}}4.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,183 |percentage=92.97% |change= {{increase}}5.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,708 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal (United) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}19.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 elections in India#Manipur|1998 Manipur Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Singhat<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeFeb1998/Bye-Feb1998.htm |title=Key Statistics - Bye Elections - Feb. 1998, Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050208134047/http://www.eci.gov.in:80/ByeElection/ByeFeb1998/Bye-Feb1998.htm |archive-date=8 February 2005|access-date=18 January 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangkhanlal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,670 |percentage=51.33% |change={{increase}}24.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Ngaizanem |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=9,169 |percentage=48.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=501 |percentage=2.66% |change= {{decrease}}3.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,839 |percentage=87.61% |change= {{increase}}1.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,633 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=National People's Party (India) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Singhat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Gouzadou |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=6,327 |percentage=36.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Ngaizanem |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=5,223 |percentage=29.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangkhanlal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,696 |percentage=26.79% |change={{increase}}1.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vungkholian |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=977 |percentage=5.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,104 |percentage=6.30% |change= {{decrease}}5.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,530 |percentage=85.88% |change= {{decrease}}4.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,413 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.00 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur State Congress Party |loser=Kuki National Assembly |swing= {{decrease}}1.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Singhat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangkhanlal |party=Kuki National Assembly |votes=6,464 |percentage=37.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Gouzadou |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,441 |percentage=25.79% |change={{decrease}}25.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paughuam |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=4,440 |percentage=25.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Lianzakap |party=Manipur Hill People'S Council |votes=1,682 |percentage=9.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,023 |percentage=11.75% |change= {{decrease}}2.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,218 |percentage=90.26% |change= {{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,077 |ref = |change= {{increase}}34.53 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Kuki National Assembly |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}13.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Singhat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Gouzadou |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,567 |percentage=51.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangkhanlal |party=Independent politician |votes=4,683 |percentage=36.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Goukhenpau |party=Independent politician |votes=1,140 |percentage=8.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paukhogin |party=Independent politician |votes=205 |percentage=1.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,884 |percentage=14.66% |change= {{increase}}11.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,852 |percentage=90.63% |change= {{increase}}9.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,181 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.13 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}18.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Singhat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangkhanlal |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=3,701 |percentage=32.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Henlianthang Thanglet |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=3,365 |percentage=29.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Lianzakap |party=Kuki National Assembly |votes=1,750 |percentage=15.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Gougin |party=Janata Party |votes=1,680 |percentage=14.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amchinkam |party=Independent politician |votes=393 |percentage=3.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nengkhosuam |party=Independent politician |votes=362 |percentage=3.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=336 |percentage=2.92% |change= {{decrease}}11.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,498 |percentage=81.18% |change= {{decrease}}1.33 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,163 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.83 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Manipur Hills Union |swing= {{decrease}}23.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Singhat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gougin |party=Manipur Hills Union |votes=5,276 |percentage=55.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangkhanlal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,872 |percentage=41.03% |change={{decrease}}7.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nengkhosuan |party=Independent politician |votes=59 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamkhanthang |party=Independent politician |votes=54 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,404 |percentage=14.88% |change= {{decrease}}5.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,437 |percentage=82.51% |change= {{increase}}6.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,437 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}18.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Hills Union |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Singhat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangkhanlal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,166 |percentage=48.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kulzaoal |party=Independent politician |votes=3,002 |percentage=28.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ginzanang |party=Independent politician |votes=2,288 |percentage=21.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,164 |percentage=20.35% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,632 |percentage=75.70% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,045 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Churachandpur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|24.15|93.59|display=title}}

[[Category:Churachandpur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Manipur]]

Nityananda Samantaray

2026-04-11T11:27:12Z

Ghaiinfra: Put up initial info w/ refs

{{short description|Former politician from Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| name = Nityananda Samantaray
| native_name = ନିତ୍ୟାନନ୍ଦ ସାମନ୍ତରାୟ
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date |df=y|1933|04|25}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age |df=y|2018|02|23|1933|04|25}}
| office = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Tirtol Assembly constituency|Tirtol]]
| salary =
| term_start = 1985
| term_end = 1990
| predecessor = [[Basant Kumar Biswal]]
| successor = Basant Kumar Biswal
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = Politician
| parents = Bhagaban Samantaray (father) Radhamani Samantaray (mother)
| spouse = Hemalata Samantaray
| children = [[Debashish Samantaray Kaushik Samantaray(son)(politician)|Debashish Samantaray]] (son)
| relations =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Nityananda Samantaray''' (25 April 1933 – 23 February 2018) was an Indian politician who belonged to [[Odisha]]. He was active in politics with Indian National Congress, and was elected to [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Tirtol Assembly constituency]] in [[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Odisha MLA Nityananda Samantaray passes away {{!}} Sambad English |url=https://sambadenglish.com/former-odisha-mla-nityananda-samantaray-passes-away/ |accessdate=18 May 2022 |work=Sambad English |publisher=sambadenglish.com |date=23 February 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518161020/https://sambadenglish.com/former-odisha-mla-nityananda-samantaray-passes-away/ |archivedate=18 May 2022 |location=Cuttack |language=English |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life, education and family==

Samantaray was born on 25 April 1933 to Bhagaban Samantaray and Radhamani Samantaray at [[Kolar, Odisha|Kolar]] village in [[Cuttack district]].<ref name="nityananda">{{cite news |title=Former Odisha lawmaker Nityananda Samantray passed away |url=https://kalingatv.com/state/former-odisha-lawmaker-nityananda-samantray-passes-away/ |accessdate=18 May 2022 |work=KalingaTV |date=23 February 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518160250/https://kalingatv.com/state/former-odisha-lawmaker-nityananda-samantray-passes-away/ |archivedate=18 May 2022 |location=Cuttack |language=English |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Samantaray was active in Odisha politics with the Indian National Congress party and was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|9th Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Tirtol Assembly constituency]] in 1985.<ref name="Nityananda Samntaray">{{cite web|url=http://odishaassembly.nic.in/memberprofile.aspx?img=603|title=Shri Nityananda Samntaray|last=|first=|date=|website=odishaassembly.nic.in|publisher=Odisha Assembly|accessdate=18 May 2022}}</ref> Later he contested in [[1991 Indian general election|1991]] and [[1996 Indian general election]] from [[Jagatsinghpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jagatsinghpur Lok Sabha constituency]], but defeated both the times.

== Death ==
Samantaray died at 84 on 23 February 2018 due to [[Cardiac arrest]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-MLA Nityananda Samantray dead |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/feb/24/ex-mla-nityananda-samantray-dead-1778202.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=24 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023020014/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/feb/24/ex-mla-nityananda-samantray-dead-1778202.html |archive-date=23 October 2019 |location=Cuttack |language=English |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Cuttack district]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha]]

Alia Zuberi

2026-04-03T02:57:59Z

Ghaiinfra: Put Up A Biography W/ Refs

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Alia Zuberi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hi
| honorific_suffix = Kumari, Ms, Dr
| image =
| caption = Alia in year 2019

| office1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]] of [[Rajya Sabha]] for [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| constituency1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 11 November 1989
| term_end1 = 4 July 1992
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =

| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =

| office3 =
| constituency3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =

| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1953|1|1}}
| birth_place = [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| children = 0
| relations =
| relatives =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| website =
}}

'''Alia Zuberi''' also known as '''Kumari Alia (Ms. Alia)''' is an Indian politician and ex-[[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] from [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alphabetical List Of Former Members Of Rajya Sabha Since 1952 |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=rajyasabha.nic.in |archive-date=19 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719091406/https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajya Sabha Official Debates: Browsing RSdebate |url=https://rsdebate.nic.in/browse?type=author&value=ALIA+KUMARI&value_lang=en_US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=कांग्रेस से डॉ निर्मल खत्री और लोगपा से रिटायर आईएएस ने भरा परचा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/faizabad/131554924773-faizabad-news |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पूर्व सांसद के पेट्रोल पंप पर छात्रनेता ने की मारपीट |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/faizabad-student-leader-misbehave-with-petrolpump-employee-18644146.html |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=बहू को घर से निकालने पर फंसे हाजी महबूब |url=https://www.uttarpradesh.org/uttar-pradesh/faizabad/haji-mehboob-out-his-daughter-in-law-from-home-45173/ |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=Uttar Pradesh News, UP News, Hindi News Portal ,यूपी की ताजा खबरें |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-29 |title=Congress General Secretary Priyanka gandhi vadra performed Darshan-Puja at Hanuman Garhi Temple in Ayodhya-कांग्रेस महासचिव प्रियंका ने अयोध्या हनुमानगढ़ी मंदिर में दर्शन-पूजन कर मत्था टेका |url=https://www.sabguru.com/congress-general-secretary-priyanka-gandhi-vadra-performed-darshan-puja-at-hanuman-garhi-temple-in-ayodhya/ |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=Sabguru News |language=hi |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223105111/https://www.sabguru.com/congress-general-secretary-priyanka-gandhi-vadra-performed-darshan-puja-at-hanuman-garhi-temple-in-ayodhya/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=कांग्रेस के दिग्गजों ने यूपी में जोश भरा {{!}} Hindi News Portal {{!}} Hindi News {{!}} Online Hindi News {{!}} swatantraawaz |url=https://www.swatantraawaz.com/headline/9616.htm |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=www.swatantraawaz.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-13 |title=21 सदस्यीय कांग्रेसी नेताओं के साथ प्रियंका गांधी ने की चर्चा |url=https://nextkhabar.in/priyanka-gandhi-discusses-21-member-congress-leaders/ |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=Next Khabar |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anonymous |date=2019-04-10 |title=कांग्रेस की जीत जनता की जीत होगी: निर्मल खत्री |url=http://www.jantakiawaz.org/category/state/utterpradesh/news-611153 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=www.jantakiawaz.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=मंडलायुक्त से की जांच की मांग |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/ghaziabad/demand-of-inquiry-by-the-mandalak/articleshow/66908052.cms |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyanka Gandhi Vadra Ayodhya Visit Live Update, Worships at Hanuman Gadhi lb |url=https://www.naidunia.com/elections/lok-sabha-priyanka-gandhi-vadra-ayodhya-visit-live-update-worships-at-hanuman-gadhi-lb-2884990 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=www.naidunia.com |language=hi}}</ref> She has been the delegate of India under [[Government of India|Govt of India]]'s Haj Goodwill delegation for [[Saudi Arabia]] in 2005 and 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-17 |title=Haj Goodwill Delegation- Complete List From 2000-2010 |url=https://beyondheadlines.in/2011/03/haj-goodwill-delegation-complete-list-from-2000-2010/ |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=BeyondHeadlines |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=TwoCircles.net |date=2010-02-28 |title=List of sarkari Hajis; they include Imams, Muftis |url=http://twocircles.net/2010feb27/list_sarkari_hajis_they_include_imams_muftis.html |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=TwoCircles.net |language=en-US}}</ref> She has been elected member of the [[All India Congress Committee]] many times.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yumpu.com |title=Elected AICC Members - Uttar Pradesh Congress Committee |url=https://www.yumpu.com/xx/document/view/29959077/elected-aicc-members-uttar-pradesh-congress-committee |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=yumpu.com |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yumpu.com |title=Elected AICC Members - Uttar Pradesh Congress Committee |url=https://www.yumpu.com/xx/document/read/29959077/elected-aicc-members-uttar-pradesh-congress-committee |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=yumpu.com |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Updated on 04-08-2016 Bareilly Division · PDF fileUpdated on 04-08-2016 Bareilly Division ... Amroha Dr. (Smt.) ... Sri Ashok Saxena Behind Kalpna Takiz, Mo-Unchi Bhurh, |url=https://pdfslide.net/documents/updated-on-04-08-2016-bareilly-division-on-04-08-2016-bareilly-division-amroha.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223103607/https://pdfslide.net/documents/updated-on-04-08-2016-bareilly-division-on-04-08-2016-bareilly-division-amroha.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=23 February 2023 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=pdfslide.net |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chopra1993">{{cite book|author=Joginder Kumar Chopra|title=Women in the Indian Parliament: A Critical Study of Their Role|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjQ7zgQK9qcC&pg=PA469|accessdate=4 April 2018|date=1 January 1993|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-513-5|pages=469–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/a.pdf| title=RAJYA SABHA MEMBERS BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 1952 - 2003 | publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]] | accessdate=4 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="Sabha1990">{{cite book|author=India. Parliament. Rajya Sabha|title=Parliamentary Debates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ByoaAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=4 April 2018|year=1990|page=149}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zuberi, Alia}}
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women members of Parliament from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]

{{UttarPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Chinar: Daastaan-E-Ishq

2026-03-27T04:37:24Z

Ghaiinfra: Stub - done

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chinar: Daastaan-E-Ishq
| image = Official_poster_of_Chinar_Daastaan-E-Ishq.jpg
| alt = Chinar Daastaan E Ishq
| caption = Chinar Daastaan-E-Ishq movie poster
| director = Sharique Minhaj
| producer = Rajesh R Jain
| writer = Farooq Renzu Shah
| screenplay = Mohsin Khan Sahar Quaze Sahar Quaze (dialogues)
| based_on = {{based on|''Kashmir Jheel Jalti Hai''|Farooq Renzu Shah}}
| starring =
| music = Salim Sen Siddique Sen
| cinematography = Jigar
| editing = Nitesh Rai
| studio = Shagun Films Private Limited
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|10|16}}
| runtime = 115 Minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Chinar: Daastaan-E-Ishq''''' ({{translation|Poplar: A story of love}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Hindi]]-language romantic drama film directed by Sharique Minhaj and produced by Rajesh R Jain. It is based on the [[Urdu]] novel ''Kashmir Jheel Jalti Hai'' by [[Srinagar]]-based writer Farooq Renzu Shah which is based on the [[Kashmir conflict]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20240618142603/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Chinar-Daastaan-E-Ishq/movie-review/49389459.cms</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Faisal Khan]] as Jamaal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khans-brother-faisal-khans-chinar-daastaan-e-ishq-depicts-kashmir/|title='Aamir Kan's brother Faisal Khan's Chinar Daastaan e Ishq depicts Kashmir|author=|website=Indian Express|date=9 February 2015}}</ref>
* [[Inayat Sharma]] as Surriya
* [[Dalip Tahil]] as Aziz Cinema Khan
* [[Pramod Moutho]] as Salaam
* [[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]] as Khwaja Sahab and others
* [[Parveen Kaur (Indian actress)|Parveen Kaur]] as Aziz Cinema Khan's wife

==Production==
This film was shot in [[Kashmir]] and [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/movie-review-chinar-daastaan-e-ishq-daunting-love-story/|title=Movie Review-Chinar- Daastaan-E-Ishq: Daunting love story|website=Free Press Journal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107024724/http://www.freepressjournal.in/movie-review-chinar-daastaan-e-ishq-daunting-love-story/|archive-date=7 November 2015}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack for the album was composed by Salim Sen and Siddique Sen and lyrics was written by Jamil Ahmed.
{{Track listing|extra_column=Singer(s)|title1=Mujhe Jeena Hai|note1=|length1=3:53|writer1=Jamil Ahmed|extra1=Ali Aslam, Aayushi Shah|title2=Dil Ki Parton Pe|note2=|length2=4:49|writer2=Jamil Ahmed|extra2=Shahid Mallya|title3=Alvida|note3=|length3=5:26|writer3=Jamil Ahmed|extra3=[[Zubeen Garg]]|title4=|note4=|writer4=|extra4=|total_length=14:08}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt5021968}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Films set in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films shot in Srinagar]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict in films]]

{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Bhupinder Singh of Patiala

2026-03-22T17:23:14Z

Ghaiinfra: updated layout as per guidelines

{{Short description|Maharaja of Patiala (r. 1900–1938) and cricket player}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sir Bhupinder Singh {{nobold|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCSI|GCIE|GCVO|GBE|size=90%}}}}
| full name =
| title = [[Maharaja]] of [[Patiala State|Patiala]]
| titletext = ([[#Titles|more]])
| image = Bhupinder Singh of Patiala.jpg
| caption = Bhupinder Singh, c. 1911
| succession = [[Maharaja of Patiala]]
| reign = 8 November 1900 – 23 March 1938
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| predecessor = [[Rajinder Singh of Patiala|Rajinder Singh]]
| successor = [[Yadavindra Singh]]
| reg-type = {{nowrap|[[Patiala State|Minister of State]]}}
| regent = {{Collapsible list|title=''See list''|1=[[Liaqat Hayat Khan]]}}
| spouse = 10
| issue-link = #Personal life
| dynasty = [[Phulkian]]
| father = [[Rajinder Singh of Patiala|Rajinder Singh]]
| mother = Jasmer Kaur Manshahia
| issue = Estimated at 52, including [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh|Yadavindra Singh]] and [[Bhalindra Singh]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1891|10|12}}
| birth_place = [[Moti Palace Museum|Moti Bagh Palace]], [[Patiala]], [[Patiala State]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1938|3|23|1891|10|12}}
| death_place = Patiala, Patiala State, Punjab Province, British India
| signature =
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| module = {{Infobox cricketer
|embed = yes
| club1 = [[Hindus cricket team|Hindus]]
| year1 =
| club2 = [[Marylebone Cricket Club]]
| year2 =
| columns = 1
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 27
| runs1 = 643
| bat avg1 = 17.37
| 100s/50s1 = 0/1
| top score1 = 83
| deliveries1 = 72
| wickets1 = 2
| bowl avg1 =
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 2-40
| catches/stumpings1 = 4/0
| source = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/32680.html ESPNcricinfo]
| date =
| year =
}}
}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = 2nd [[Indian Olympic Association|President of Indian Olympic Association]]
| term = 1928 - 1938
| predecessor = [[Dorabji Tata]]
| successor = [[Yadavindra Singh]]
}}

'''Sir Bhupinder Singh''' (12 October 1891 – 23 March 1938) was the [[Maharaja of Patiala]] and a [[cricket]] player. Singh's reign as [[Maharaja]] of the [[princely state]] of [[Patiala State|Patiala]], in [[British India]], lasted from 1900 to 1938.<ref name=Patiala>{{Cite web |url=http://patiala.nic.in/html/history.htm |title=''History of Patiala'' from Patiala web site |access-date=25 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907045829/http://patiala.nic.in/html/history.htm |archive-date=7 September 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was a member of the [[Phulkian dynasty]]. During his reign, Singh was most noted for his extravagance, contributions to [[sport]]s, and for being an ally to the [[British Raj]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=FE Lifestyle |date=2023-10-13 |title=Who was Maharaja Bhupinder Singh of Patiala: The royal who built Chail cricket ground & the genius behind Patiala peg; know about his lavish lifestyle & downfall |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/who-was-maharaja-bhupinder-singh-of-patiala-the-royal-who-built-chail-cricket-ground-the-genius-behind-patiala-peg-know-about-his-lavish-lifestyle-downfall/3183173/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=The Financial Express |language=en |archive-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527123138/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/who-was-maharaja-bhupinder-singh-of-patiala-the-royal-who-built-chail-cricket-ground-the-genius-behind-patiala-peg-know-about-his-lavish-lifestyle-downfall/3183173/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Many of Singh's children married notable individuals and through his children, Singh has many notable descendants.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Allen |first1=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BSNtEAAAQBAJ |title=Lives of the Indian Princes |last2=Dwivedi |first2=Sharada |date=1984 |publisher=BPI Publishing |isbn=978-81-86982-05-1 |location=New Delhi |pages=248–249 |language=en |access-date=3 June 2024 |archive-date=6 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606212059/https://books.google.com/books?id=BSNtEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":2" />

== Early life and background ==
Bhupinder Singh was born on 12 October 1891 in [[Moti Palace Museum|Moti Bagh Palace]], [[Patiala]].<ref name="allaboutsikhs_Phulkian">{{cite web|url = http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=824|title = Historical Sikh Events: Phulkian Misl|date = 26 January 2021|access-date = 21 February 2010|archive-date = 7 October 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081007130201/http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=824|url-status = live}}</ref> Singh was born into the [[Jat]] [[Sikhs|Sikh]] [[Phulkian dynasty]] and [[Sidhu]] clan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramusack |first=Barbara N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eIiSaDAGU34C |title=The Princes of India in the Twilight of Empire: Dissolution of a Patron-client System, 1914-1939 |date=1978 |publisher=University of Cincinnati |isbn=978-0-8142-0272-2 |language=en |access-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307205313/https://books.google.com/books?id=eIiSaDAGU34C |archive-date=7 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> He was educated at [[Aitchison College]] in [[Lahore]]. Singh was sent to the [[princely state]] of [[Dholpur State|Dholpur]], supposedly because of threats to his life due to intrigues in the Patiala court.<ref name=":42">{{Cite book |last=Kidambi |first=Prashant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50KjDwAAQBAJ |title=Cricket Country: An Indian Odyssey in the Age of Empire |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-884313-9 |location=Oxford |pages=170–172 |language=en |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607082153/https://books.google.com/books?id=50KjDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> He returned to Patiala in the beginning of 1900, only months before his father's death.<ref name=":42" />
[[File:Photograph of an adolescent Maharaja Bhupinder Singh of Patiala State and suite, Bourne & Shepherd, 1903.jpg|thumb|Photograph of an adolescent Maharaja Bhupinder Singh of Patiala State and suite, Bourne & Shepherd, 1903]]
At the age of 9, Singh succeeded as [[Maharaja of Patiala|Maharaja]] of [[Patiala State]] upon the death of his father, [[Maharaja]] [[Rajinder Singh of Patiala|Rajinder Singh]], on 9 November 1900. Rajinder Singh had died due to alcoholism; Singh's mother, Jasmer Kaur, had died some years earlier of [[tuberculosis]].<ref name=":42" /><ref name=":0" /> A Council of [[Regent]]s ruled in his name until he took partial power shortly before his 18th birthday on 1 October 1909, and was invested with full powers by the [[Viceroy of India]], the [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|4th Earl of Minto]], on 3 November 1910.

== Reign ==
=== Administration and foreign policies ===
Singh was well known for the construction of buildings with bold [[architecture|architectural]] designs in Patiala, including the [[Shri Kali Devi Temple, Patiala|Shri Kali Devi Temple]]. Other buildings he constructed include Chail View Palace in the summer retreat of [[Kandaghat]]; Chail Palace; and Oak Over and Cedar Lodge in [[Shimla]], which are now the residences of the [[List of chief ministers of Himachal Pradesh|Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh]] and the Punjab State Guest House, respectively.<ref name="Solan">[http://hpsolan.gov.in/kandaghat.html ''Himachal Pradesh – Solan'' website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929014518/http://hpsolan.gov.in/kandaghat.html|date=29 September 2007}}</ref> He had a unique monorail system built in Patiala, known as [[Patiala State Monorail Trainways]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Haidar |first=Faizan |date=2018-01-14 |title=Delhi: India's oldest monorail comes back to life, to chug every Thursday |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhi-india-s-oldest-monorail-comes-back-to-life-to-chug-every-thursday/story-pRQRDdKcFDCaLXP8uhY8DO.html |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528133853/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhi-india-s-oldest-monorail-comes-back-to-life-to-chug-every-thursday/story-pRQRDdKcFDCaLXP8uhY8DO.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Singh founded the [[State Bank of Patiala]] in 1917. Although Patiala was a 17-gun [[salute state]], Singh himself received a personal 19-gun salute.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Epstein |first=M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k4zJDQAAQBAJ |title=The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1932 |date=2016-12-23 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-27061-9 |location=New York City |pages=172 |language=en |access-date=3 June 2024 |archive-date=6 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606212035/https://books.google.com/books?id=k4zJDQAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Singh was a member of [[Freemasonry]] and in 1916, he consecrated a [[Masonic lodge]] in Patiala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune News Service |date=15 April 2016 |title=Polyclinic inaugurated at Lodge Phulkian |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/polyclinic-inaugurated-at-lodge-phulkian-223115# |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=The Tribune}}</ref>

He represented India at the [[League of Nations]], was Chancellor of the [[Chamber of Princes]] for 10 years between 1926 and 1938, and was a representative at the [[Round Table Conference]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Copland |first=Ian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0QKqCA-QHIC |title=The Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire, 1917-1947 |date=2002-05-16 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-89436-4 |page=xi |language=en |access-date=28 May 2024 |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528222628/https://books.google.com/books?id=h0QKqCA-QHIC&newbks=0&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Randhir |last2=Singh |first2=Shubhranshu |date=2019-08-15 |title=The forgotten third chamber of Parliament |url=https://openthemagazine.com/columns/column/forgotten-third-chamber-parliament/ |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en-GB |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817072328/https://openthemagazine.com/columns/column/forgotten-third-chamber-parliament/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During his tenure as Chancellor of the Chamber of Princes, Singh fought for the rights of princely states in various jurisdictional and administrative matters.<ref name=":4" /> However, his proposals were rejected by the [[British Raj]] and even the larger 21-gun-salute states did not join him in his efforts.<ref name=":4" /> In one of the elections for the chancellorship, Singh's cousin [[Udai Bhan Singh]], the Maharaj-[[Rana (title)|Rana]] of Dholpur, challenged him and was defeated.<ref name=":6" /> Prior to the election, Singh wrote to Udai Bhan, stating that Udai Bhan would cause a family feud if he continued to challenge Singh, his cousin, in the elections.<ref name=":6" /> Despite Udai Bhan having the support of the British Raj's political departments, including that of the [[Residencies of British India|British Residents]] in Indian States, Singh managed to win the election by using his wealth to secure votes and even provided his election canvassing committee with the use of his private plane to court support from other rulers.<ref name=":6" />

=== Military support ===
[[File:Imperial War Cabinet, 1918.jpg|thumb|249x249px|The [[British Empire]]'s [[Imperial War Cabinet]] in 1918. Singh is seated second from left]]
Singh served on the [[General Staff]] in France, Belgium, Italy and Palestine in the [[First World War]] as an honorary [[lieutenant-colonel]], and was promoted honorary [[major general]] in 1918 and honorary [[lieutenant-general]] in 1931. During the First World War, Singh also served on the [[Imperial War Cabinet]] in 1918 and on the [[Imperial War Conference]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Imperial War Cabinet |url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw283236/The-Imperial-War-Cabinet |access-date=29 May 2024 |website=National Portrait Gallery |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101090649/https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw283236/The-Imperial-War-Cabinet |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Vijay |date=26 September 2017 |title=Maharajas 'helped British in WW-I' |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/maharajas-helped-british-in-ww-i-473528 |access-date=29 May 2024 |website=The Tribune |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528221802/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/maharajas-helped-british-in-ww-i-473528 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was awarded 43 medals during the First World War.<ref name=":1" /> Most of the buildings of the [[Chail Military School]], in Himachal Pradesh, were donated by Singh to the [[Government of India]].

== Sports ==
Singh was noted both as a sportsman and a patron of sports. He was captain of the [[Indian national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] that visited England in 1911,<ref>{{cite news |date=29 June 2019 |title=How the British forged the first Indian cricket team |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-48659324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629233244/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-48659324 |archive-date=29 June 2019 |access-date=30 June 2019 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> and played in 27 [[first-class cricket]] matches between 1915 and 1937.<ref>{{cite web |title=Royalty on the cricket field |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/691775 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404042858/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/691775 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |access-date=18 May 2018 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> For the season of 1926/27, he played as member of the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharaja of Patiala Profile: Overview |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/maharaja-of-patiala-32680 |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520072759/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/maharaja-of-patiala-32680 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was selected as the captain of India on its first Test tour of England in 1932, but dropped out for reasons of health two weeks before departure and [[Natwarsinhji Bhavsinhji]], the Maharaja of [[Porbandar State|Porbandar]], took over.

Singh had a key role in the founding of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI), the national [[Sports governing body|sports administration]] body for [[cricket in India]], and he donated the [[Ranji Trophy]] in honour of Maharaja [[Ranjitsinhji]] of [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About BCCI: History |url=https://www.bcci.tv/about/history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017174201/https://www.bcci.tv/about/history |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=Board of Control for Cricket in India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Sudipta |date=2020-04-09 |title=Maharaja Bhupinder Singh and his patronage towards sports in India |url=https://delhipostnews.com/maharaja-bhupinder-singh-and-his-patronage-towards-sports-in-india/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512114429/https://delhipostnews.com/maharaja-bhupinder-singh-and-his-patronage-towards-sports-in-india/ |archive-date=12 May 2024 |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=Delhi Post |language=en-US }}</ref> Singh's [[cricket]] and [[polo]] teams, Patiala XI and Patiala Tigers, were among the best in India.<ref name=":0" /> He also served as the President of the [[Indian Olympic Association]] from 1928 to 1938.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pritam |first=Norris |date=6 October 2024 |title=A mess of Olympic proportions |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/a-mess-of-olympic-proportions-3221452 |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

== Extravagance ==
Singh is largely noted and remembered for his extravagance. During his life, Singh developed a reputation for being a generous host, throwing lavish parties, and entertaining doctors, artists and people of repute from around the world.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Arora |first=Amrtansh |date=2023-03-23 |title=Maharaja Bhupinder Singh, patron saint of Patiala peg who used Sikh identity to his advantage |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/maharaja-bhupinder-singh-patron-saint-of-patiala-peg-who-used-sikh-identity-to-his-advantage/1464098/ |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604082528/https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/maharaja-bhupinder-singh-patron-saint-of-patiala-peg-who-used-sikh-identity-to-his-advantage/1464098/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He was noted for collecting various items, including cars, jewels, medals, paintings, watches, wines, and spending sprees in Europe.<ref name=":0" />[[File:A group photograph of Bhupinder Singh, the Maharaja of Patiala (reg. 1900-1938) with the cricketer Sir Ranjitsinhji Vibhaji Jadeja, known as Ranji, and other guests and servants. Patiala, circa 1910.jpg|thumb|A group photograph of Singh (seated right) with the cricketer, Maharaja [[Ranjitsinhji]] of [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]], known as Ranji, (seated near left) and other guests and servants. Patiala, circa 1910]]

In 1925, Singh placed the largest single order to [[Cartier (jeweler)#Royalty|Cartier]] to date: the [[Patiala Necklace]], worth {{INRConvert|1000|m|year=1925|to=USD EUR}}.<ref name="pat1">{{Cite web |last=Manmohan |first=Nutan |date=2022-11-05 |title=From Bahadur Shah Zafar to the Nizam of Hyderabad, a jewellery brand for the royals |url=https://theprint.in/feature/from-bahadur-shah-zafar-to-the-nizam-of-hyderabad-a-jewellery-brand-for-the-royals/1197972/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=30 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930003440/https://theprint.in/feature/from-bahadur-shah-zafar-to-the-nizam-of-hyderabad-a-jewellery-brand-for-the-royals/1197972/ |url-status=live }}</ref> One of his wives, Maharani Bakhtawar Kaur, presented [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] of the [[List of British royal consorts|United Kingdom]] with a necklace on behalf of the Ladies of India during the [[Delhi Durbar#Durbar of 1911|Delhi Durbar of 1911]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Emerald and diamond choker |url=http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/microsites/dressfortheoccasion/object.asp?exhibs=BPSO2006jewellery&item=5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721160611/http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/microsites/dressfortheoccasion/object.asp?exhibs=BPSO2006jewellery&item=5 |archive-date=21 July 2013 |access-date=15 February 2013 |publisher=Royal Collection}} Although he was married five times, his favourite wife was his third wife, Maharani Vimal Kaur Sahiba of Ubbewal.</ref> He was also known for an exceptional collection of [[medal]]s, believed to be the world's largest at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jangveer |date=29 February 2004 |title=A medal for collecting medals |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040229/spectrum/main7.htm |access-date=28 May 2024 |website=The Tribune |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029090129/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040229/spectrum/main7.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Singh also owned a fleet of 44 [[Rolls-Royce Motor Cars|Rolls-Royce]] cars.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Dhar |first=Shobita |date=2015-04-05 |title=Royal Royce tales |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/royal-royce-tales/articleshow/46810553.cms |access-date=2024-05-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527233113/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/royal-royce-tales/articleshow/46810553.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He was the first Indian to own a private plane and built an [[Patiala Airport|airstrip in Patiala]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2023 |title=This player was first Indian cricketer to buy private jet; not Virat Kohli, MS Dhoni, Kapil Dev, Sachin Tendulkar |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-this-player-was-first-indian-cricketer-buy-private-jet-virat-kohli-dhoni-kapil-dev-tendulkar-bhupinder-singh-3057523 |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=4 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904030642/https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-this-player-was-first-indian-cricketer-buy-private-jet-virat-kohli-dhoni-kapil-dev-tendulkar-bhupinder-singh-3057523 |url-status=live }}</ref> He also owned properties in [[Mumbai]] and [[Juhu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1937 |title=Sale of the Immovable Properties owned by His Highness the Maharaja of Patiala in Bombay and Juhu |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/archives/sale-immovable-properties-owned-his-highness-maharaja-patiala-bombay-and-juhu |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=Indian Culture |via=National Archives of India}}</ref>

== Personal life and family ==
Singh married ten times and had a harem of 350 concubines.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-21 |title=Bhupinder Singh of Patiala: The Maharaja Who Married 10 Times, Had 350 Concubines, And Sired 52 Children |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/lifestyle/people/bhupinder-singh-of-patiala-the-maharaja-who-married-10-times-had-350-concubines-and-sired-52-children-article-110311649 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527211126/https://www.timesnownews.com/lifestyle/people/bhupinder-singh-of-patiala-the-maharaja-who-married-10-times-had-350-concubines-and-sired-52-children-article-110311649 |url-status=live }}</ref> He fathered 88 children, 52 of whom survived to adulthood.<ref name=":2" />

=== Wives and concubines ===
{{Dynamic list|multiple=no}}

Some of Singh's wives and concubines are:
* Maharani [[Sri]] Bakhtawar Kaur Sahiba (1892–1960). Daughter of Sardar Gurnam Singh, Sardar Bahadur of [[Sangrur]], [[Order of British India|OBI]]. Married Bhupinder Singh in 1908.
* Maharani Jaswant Kaur. Her brother, [[Gian Singh Rarewala]], served as the first [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] of the former state of [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]] (PEPSU), and as the President of the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dulat |first=A. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XaigEAAAQBAJ |title=A Life in the Shadows: A Memoir |date=22 December 2022 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=978-93-5629-597-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2016 |title=Prominent Players |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/arts/prominent-players-318724/ |access-date=17 April 2025 |website=The Tribune}}</ref>
* Maharani Vimala Kaur Sahiba (original name Dhan Kaur) of Ubbewal (1906–1992). Married Maharaja Bhupinder Singh in 1920, [[Order of British India|OBI]].
* Maharani Yashoda Devi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-08 |title=Maharaja Bhupinder Singh Of Patiala: The Man Who Epitomised Living Life King Size |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/lifestyle/people/maharaja-bhupinder-singh-of-patiala-the-man-who-epitomised-living-life-king-size-article-109142553 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=14 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414234204/https://www.timesnownews.com/lifestyle/people/maharaja-bhupinder-singh-of-patiala-the-man-who-epitomised-living-life-king-size-article-109142553 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Maharani Manjula Devi of [[Darkoti]].
* 3 other wives who were members of the royal family of Darkoti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhole |first=Pradip |date=2017-10-17 |title=Bhupendra Singh (Maharaja of Patiala) and India's 1911 tour of England |url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/bhupendra-singh-maharaja-of-patiala-and-indias-1911-tour-of-england-652322/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Cricket Country |language=en-US |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525005919/https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/bhupendra-singh-maharaja-of-patiala-and-indias-1911-tour-of-england-652322 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Children ===
[[File:YadavindraSinghofPatiala1930s.png|thumb|266x266px|[[Yadavindra Singh]], Singh's eldest son and successor as the Maharaja of Patiala, circa 1930s]][[File:Manjula Devi of Darkoti, one of the wives of Maharaja Bhupinder Singh of Patiala, and their daughter, Naginder Kumari Khanna, one of the daughters of Maharaja Bhupinder Singh. Circa 1950s.jpg|thumb|221x221px|Manjula Devi of [[Darkoti]], one of Singh's wives, and their daughter, Naginder Kumari Khanna, circa 1950s. Naginder married [[Vipin Khanna]]. Darkoti was a [[Kachhwaha]] [[Rajput]] ruled [[princely state]], founded in the 11th century, whose rulers were directly descended from the ruling house of the [[Kingdom of Amber]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.1916 |title=Punjab States Gazetteer: Simla Hill States - 1910 |date=1911 |publisher=Civil and Military Gazette Press |volume=8 |pages=392–394}}</ref>]]

{{Dynamic list|multiple=no}}

Singh's children included:

* [[Yadavindra Singh]] (1914 – 1974). Yadvindra became the Maharaja on 23 March 1938. He was the last Maharaja of Patiala, agreeing to the incorporation of Patiala State into the newly [[History of India (1947–present)|independent India]] on 5 May 1948. Yadvindra later became a [[Sports governing body|sports administrator]] and [[diplomat]], serving in various roles, including as the Indian delegate to the [[United Nations General Assembly]], and as Indian Ambassador to [[Italy]] and later, to the [[Netherlands]]. His wife, [[Mehtab Kaur of Patiala|Mehtab Kaur]], was a politician who served as a [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] in both the [[Rajya Sabha]] and the [[Lok Sabha]].
* [[Bhalindra Singh]] (1919 – 1992). He was a sports administrator and politician. His positions included being a member of the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) and President of the [[Asian Games Federation]] and the [[Indian Olympic Association]]. He also served as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Patiala Assembly constituency]].<ref name=":43">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Punjab Vidhan Sabha Compendium of Who's Who of Members (1937–2017) (Updated till 25-10-2019) |url=https://punjabassembly.nic.in/images/docs/Vidhan%20Sabha%20Compendium.pdf |access-date=14 April 2024 |website=Punjab Vidhan Sabha |publisher=Punjab Vidhan Sabha Secretariat |page=63 |archive-date=30 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430063921/https://punjabassembly.nic.in/images/docs/Vidhan%20Sabha%20Compendium.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> He married Pushpa Kumari, the daughter of the ruler of [[Sahanpur]].<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Brentnall |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 |volume=1 |location=New Delhi |pages=33–34 |language=en}}</ref>
* Yadhuvansh Kumari (1922 – 2006). She married Govind Singh, the son of [[Raja]] [[Brijnath Singh]] of [[Maihar State|Maihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Tejinder |date=2018-05-27 |title=Jyoti Singh Opens Her Heart as Yadvi Opens on US Screens |url=https://www.america-times.com/jyoti-singh-opens-heart-yadvi-opens-us-screens/ |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=The America Times |language=en-US |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303121624/https://www.america-times.com/jyoti-singh-opens-heart-yadvi-opens-us-screens/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=25 August 2017 |title='Yadvi: The Dignified Princess': A one-dimensional real-life tale (IANS Review, Rating: **1/2) |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/yadvi-the-dignified-princess-a-one-dimensional-real-life-tale-ians-review-rating-1-2-117082500391_1.html |access-date=23 June 2024 |website=Business Standard |archive-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622224806/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/yadvi-the-dignified-princess-a-one-dimensional-real-life-tale-ians-review-rating-1-2-117082500391_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5oBWAAAAMAAJ |title=National Register of Private Records |date=1972 |publisher=National Archives of India |series=part 2 |location=New Delhi |page=96 |language=en |issue=1}}</ref>
* Raghavendra Singh (1923 – unknown). He was married to Sumitra Raje [[House of Holkar|Holkar]], the daughter of Maharaja [[Tukojirao Holkar III]] of [[Indore State|Indore]] and the sister of Maharaja [[Yashwant Rao Holkar II]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1954 |title=Representation from Raja Raghavendra Singh, brother of H.H. the Maharaja of Patiala against the Maharaja of Patiala |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/archives/representation-raja-raghavendra-singh-brother-hh-maharaja-patiala-against-maharaja-patiala |access-date=23 June 2024 |website=Indian Culture |page=5 |via=National Archives of India |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717215359/https://indianculture.gov.in/archives/representation-raja-raghavendra-singh-brother-hh-maharaja-patiala-against-maharaja-patiala |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Mrigendra Singh (1929 – 2014). He was a [[scholar]] and a [[musician]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapuria |first=Radha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hna6EAAAQBAJ |title=Music in Colonial Punjab: Courtesans, Bards, and Connoisseurs, 1800-1947 |date=2023-04-15 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-269292-4 |publication-place=Oxford |pages=317 |language=en |access-date=3 June 2024 |archive-date=6 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606212044/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hna6EAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Kailash Kumari Devi (1934 – 2004). She married [[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]], former [[List of chief ministers of Odisha|Chief Minister of Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarangi |first=Suresh Prasad |date=2017 |title=The Role of R.N. Singh Deo in the State Politics of Odisha in the Pre and Post-Independent Political Scenario: A Critical Study |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2017/April/engpdf/The_Role_of_R.N._Singh_Deo.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220124904/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2017/April/engpdf/The_Role_of_R.N._Singh_Deo.pdf |archive-date=20 February 2021 |access-date=28 May 2024 |website=Odisha Review |page=29 |issn=0970-8669}}</ref>
* Kunwar Devinder Singh (1936 – 2019).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sirhindi |first=Manish |date=2019-03-24 |title=Younger son of Maharaja of Patiala, Kunwar Devinder Singh passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/younger-son-of-maharaja-of-patiala-passes-away/articleshow/68552783.cms |access-date=2024-05-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528103852/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/younger-son-of-maharaja-of-patiala-passes-away/articleshow/68552783.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He married [[Amarjit Kaur]], a former [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|member of the Rajya Sabha]], former Chairperson of the Central Social Welfare Board under the [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]], and the daughter of [[Raghbir Singh (chief minister)|Raghbir Singh]], who served as Chief Minister of the former state of PEPSU.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2019 |title=Captain's uncle passes away |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/captain%E2%80%99s-uncle-passes-away-747770 |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 April 2013 |title=Amarinder's aunt ready to take on Preneet Kaur in LS elections |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/amarinder-s-aunt-ready-to-take-on-preneet-kaur-in-ls-elections/story-817lRVxTlh1MdsKrbUdy8K.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409181632/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/amarinder-s-aunt-ready-to-take-on-preneet-kaur-in-ls-elections/story-817lRVxTlh1MdsKrbUdy8K.html |archive-date=9 April 2025 |access-date=5 May 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Naginder Kumari Khanna (1937 – 2012). She married [[Vipin Khanna]], a businessman and financier who was noted for his business interests in the [[arms industry]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Rana |first=Mahendra Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yInZdHn-pKoC&dq=arvind+khanna+sangrur&pg=PA367 |title=India Votes: Lok Sabha & Vidhan Sabha Elections 2001-2005 |date=2006 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-647-6 |language=en |access-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413193202/https://books.google.com/books?id=yInZdHn-pKoC&dq=arvind+khanna+sangrur&pg=PA367 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":473">{{Cite web |last=MS |first=Nileena |date=2 November 2023 |title=How the Modi government is covering up two decades of defence corruption to save the Rafale deal |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/gupta-papers-rafale-deal-agusta-westland-sushen-gupta |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114152534/https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/gupta-papers-rafale-deal-agusta-westland-sushen-gupta |archive-date=14 November 2023 |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=The Caravan |language=en}}</ref>
* Amrit Kumari Khanna. She married Ravi Khanna, a former [[Indian Army]] [[Officer (armed forces)|officer]] and Vipin Khanna's brother.<ref name=":12">{{cite web |last1=Committee on Public Undertakings |date=13 December 1967 |title=Fifth Report on Contract Entered into by State Trading Corporation of India Limited (with M/s Oval Industries Inc., New York for Import of sulphur) pertaining to Ministry of Commerce |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/57463/1/copu_04_05_1967.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212212650/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/57463/1/copu_04_05_1967.pdf |archive-date=12 February 2022 |access-date=28 May 2024 |website=Parliament Digital Library |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |page=21}}</ref>
* Shailendra Kumari. She married Himmat Singh, the younger son Maharaja [[Umaid Singh]] of [[Kingdom of Marwar|Jodhpur]] and a member of the [[Rathore dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uUJuAAAAMAAJ |title=Mānavatā ke mukuṭamaṇi Mahārājā Ummedasiṃhajī |publisher=Jñāna |year=2005 |page=34 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Brentnall |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |date=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 |location=New Delhi |page=252 |language=en |access-date=12 June 2024 |archive-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612190152/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Princely_and_Noble_Families_of_the_F/ayYbAvECXQwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dhananajaya |url=https://archive.org/details/houseofmarwar0000sing |title=The House of Marwar |publisher=Lotus Collection, Roli Books |year=1994 |isbn=978-81-7436-002-1 |location=New Delhi |page=153}}</ref>
* Bhavenesh Kumari (d. 2023). She was a lawyer and a [[Supreme Court of India]] [[advocate]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhavenesh Kumari Patiala '50 |url=https://www.woodstockschool.in/alumni/distinguished-alumni/patiala/#:~:text=She%20was%20the%20first%20woman,landmark%20case%20in%20her%20career. |access-date=28 May 2024 |website=Woodstock School |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528000408/https://www.woodstockschool.in/alumni/distinguished-alumni/patiala/#:~:text=She%20was%20the%20first%20woman,landmark%20case%20in%20her%20career. |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3" />
* Kumudesh Bhandari. She married [[Romesh Bhandari]], a diplomat and administrator who served in various positions, including as [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]], [[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|Lieutenant Governor of Delhi]], and [[List of governors of Uttar Pradesh|Governor of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=Shri Romesh Bhandari |url=https://upgovernor.gov.in/en/post/shri-romesh-bhandari?brd=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127112841/http://upgovernor.gov.in/en/post/shri-romesh-bhandari?brd=1 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Raj Bhavan, Uttar Pradesh}}</ref>
* Kanwar Kumar Indira Singh. He owned [[Tea processing|tea estates]] and [[real estate]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rambani |first=Vishal |date=24 June 2015 |title=Land mafia cheats Patiala royal family scion |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/land-mafia-cheats-patiala-royal-family-scion/story-SWsy25j7ryPD3ufZNvaFpJ.html |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=27 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727144309/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/land-mafia-cheats-patiala-royal-family-scion/story-SWsy25j7ryPD3ufZNvaFpJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Virender |date=6 May 2024 |title=Rajinder Kaur And Another vs Yashodan Devi (Deceased) Through Lrs on 6 May, 2024 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/179625161/ |access-date=5 May 2025 |website=Indian Kanoon}}</ref>
* Danesh Kumari. She married Kumar Aman Singh, a member of the [[Bijawar State|Bijawar royal family]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jhala |first=Angma Dey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=feQvCgAAQBAJ |title=Courtly Indian Women in Late Imperial India |date=2015-10-06 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-31443-1 |location=Oxfordshire |language=en |access-date=23 June 2024 |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625111148/https://books.google.com/books?id=feQvCgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Dass |first=Jarmani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2yD5DwAAQBAJ |title=Maharaja |date=2020-08-26 |publisher=Penguin Random House India |isbn=978-93-5349-783-5 |location=New Delhi |language=en |access-date=23 June 2024 |orig-year=1970 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727100225/https://books.google.com/books?id=2yD5DwAAQBAJ |archive-date=27 July 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Brijindra Singh. He was a [[lieutenant colonel]] in the [[Indian Army]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1954 |title=Representation from Lt.Col Kunwar Brijindra Singh, the younger brother of H.H. Maharaja of Patiala regarding -1).Cut in his monthly allowance. 2). Restoration of Jewellery of his wife and his mother and a House in Chail. 3).Share from Trust fund of Rs.16 Lakhs for marriage of Members of H.H. family. |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/archives/representation-ltcol-kunwar-brijindra-singhthe-younger-brother-hh-maharaja-patiala-0 |access-date=30 June 2024 |website=Indian Culture |via=National Archives of India |archive-date=30 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630004924/https://indianculture.gov.in/archives/representation-ltcol-kunwar-brijindra-singhthe-younger-brother-hh-maharaja-patiala-0 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Kamlesh Kumari. She married Jasbir Singh, a businessman with business interests in real estate and transport.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bY2qUYx_oFEC |title=Indian and Pakistan Year Book and Who's who |publisher=Bennett, Coleman, Company |year=1952 |volume=38 |location=New Delhi |page=793 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Other relatives ===
Singh's younger brother was Birendra Singh.<ref name=":52">{{Cite book |last=Hawksley |first=Lucinda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3zMXAgAAQBAJ |title=The Mystery of Princess Louise: Queen Victoria's Rebellious Daughter |date=21 November 2013 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-4481-9211-3 |location=London |page=332 |language=en}}</ref> Birendra Singh's daughter and Singh's niece, Naresh Inder Kumari, married Hardev Singh Chhina, an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer who served as the [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name=":62">{{Cite web |date=18 August 2018 |title=Former Chief Secy Chhina dies at 98 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/former-chief-secy-chhina-dies-at-98-639226/ |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref name=":52" /> The son of Naresh Inder Kumari and Hardev Singh Chhina, Paramdev Singh Chhina, served as the Additional [[Advocate general (India)|Advocate General]] of Punjab.<ref name=":62" /> Singh's cousin was Udai Bhan Singh, the Maharaj-Rana of Dholpur.<ref name=":6" /> His cousin from the Patiala family, Mahesh Inder Singh, was a Member of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] and a Freemason who served as the [[Masonic lodge officer|Worshipful Master]] of the Masonic lodge in Patiala.<ref name=":44">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Punjab Vidhan Sabha Compendium of Who's Who of Members (1937–2017) (Updated till 25-10-2019) |url=https://punjabassembly.nic.in/images/docs/Vidhan%20Sabha%20Compendium.pdf |access-date=1 May 2025 |website=Punjab Vidhan Sabha |publisher=Punjab Vidhan Sabha Secretariat |page=262 |archive-date=30 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430063921/https://punjabassembly.nic.in/images/docs/Vidhan%20Sabha%20Compendium.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Jamil Hussain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NckzAAAAMAAJ |title=Pakistan Story |publisher=Zia H. Rizvi |year=1973 |page=22 |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable descendants ==
{{Dynamic list|multiple=no}}

Through his children, Singh has many notable descendants, including:
* [[Amarinder Singh]]
* [[Ananga Udaya Singh Deo]]
* [[Arvind Khanna]]
* [[Jagat Singh (politician)|Jagat Singh]]
* [[Kalikesh Narayan Singh Deo]]
* [[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]]
* [[Raj Raj Singh Deo]]
* [[Randhir Singh (sports administrator)|Randhir Singh]]
* [[Rajeshwari Kumari]]
* [[Raninder Singh]]

== Death ==
Singh's health began deteriorating, and he died on 23 March 1938 due to ill health.<ref name=":7" /> He was succeeded on the throne of [[Patiala State|Patiala]] by [[Yadavindra Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brunner |first=Michael Philipp |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Education_and_Modernity_in_Colonial_Punj/wwcLEAAAQBAJ |title=Education and Modernity in Colonial Punjab: Khalsa College, the Sikh Tradition and the Webs of Knowledge, 1880-1947 |date=2020-11-23 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-53514-8 |pages=62 |language=en}}</ref> To mark Singh's death, a state-wide [[hartal]] for five days was announced, during which all offices, schools, colleges, and other public institutions were to remain closed, and, throughout the period of mourning, flags at all forts and public buildings in the state were to be hoisted at [[half-mast]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhupinder State Press |first=Patiala |url=http://archive.org/details/extraordinary-hh-government-gazette-vol28-no53 |title=Extraordinary His Highness's Government Gazette, Patiala, Vol. No. 28, No. 53. |date=1938-03-23}}</ref>

== Titles ==
*1891–1900: [[Sri]] [[Yuvaraja]] [[Sahib]] Bhupinder Singhji
*1900–1911: [[His Highness]] Farzand-i-Khas-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia, Mansur-i-Zaman, Amir ul-Umara, [[Maharajadhiraja]] Raj Rajeshwar, 108 Sri Maharaja-i-Rajgan, [[Maharaja]] Bhupinder Singh, Mahendra Bahadur, Yadu Vansha Vatans Bhatti Kul Bushan, Maharaja of [[Patiala]]
*1911–1914: His Highness Farzand-i-Khas-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia, Mansur-i-Zaman, Amir ul-Umara, Maharajadhiraja Raj Rajeshwar, 108 Sri Maharaja-i-Rajgan, Maharaja Sir Bhupinder Singh, Mahendra Bahadur, Maharaja of Patiala, [[GCIE]]
*1914–1918: [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] His Highness Farzand-i-Khas-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia, Mansur-i-Zaman, Amir ul-Umara, Maharajadhiraja Raj Rajeshwar, 108 Sri Maharaja-i-Rajgan, Maharaja Sir Bhupinder Singh, Mahendra Bahadur, Maharaja of Patiala, GCIE
*1918–1921: [[Major-General]] His Highness Farzand-i-Khas-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia, Mansur-i-Zaman, Amir ul-Umara, Maharajadhiraja Raj Rajeshwar, 108 Sri Maharaja-i-Rajgan, Maharaja Sir Bhupinder Singh, Mahendra Bahadur, Maharaja of Patiala, GCIE, [[Knight Grand Cross of the British Empire|GBE]]
*1921–1922: Major-General His Highness Farzand-i-Khas-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia, Mansur-i-Zaman, Amir ul-Umara, Maharajadhiraja Raj Rajeshwar, 108 Sri Maharaja-i-Rajgan, Maharaja Sir Bhupinder Singh, Mahendra Bahadur, Maharaja of Patiala, [[GCSI]], GCIE, GBE
*1922–1931: Major-General His Highness Farzand-i-Khas-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia, Mansur-i-Zaman, Amir ul-Umara, Maharajadhiraja Raj Rajeshwar, 108 Sri Maharaja-i-Rajgan, Maharaja Sir Bhupinder Singh, Mahendra Bahadur, Maharaja of Patiala, GCSI, GCIE, [[GCVO]], GBE
*1931–1935: [[Lieutenant-General]] His Highness Farzand-i-Khas-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia, Mansur-i-Zaman, Amir ul-Umara, Maharajadhiraja Raj Rajeshwar, 108 Sri Maharaja-i-Rajgan, Maharaja Sir Bhupinder Singh, Mahendra Bahadur, Maharaja of Patiala, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO, GBE
*1935–1938: Lieutenant-General His Highness Farzand-i-Khas-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia, Mansur-i-Zaman, Amir ul-Umara, Maharajadhiraja Raj Rajeshwar, 108 Sri Maharaja-i-Rajgan, Maharaja Sir Bhupinder Singh, Mahendra Bahadur, Maharaja of Patiala, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO, GBE, [[Order of St. Gregory the Great|GCSG]]

==Honours==
[[File:Bhupinder Singh Patiala.jpg|right|thumb|Maharaja Bhupinder Singh]]

<div class="center">
(ribbon bar, as it would look today)

[[File:1000px ribbon bar of the Order of Maria Anna.svg|100px]]
[[File:Order of the Indian Empire Ribbon.svg|100px]]
[[File:Royal Victorian Order ribbon sm.jpg|100px]]

[[File:Order of the British Empire (Military) Ribbon.png|100px]]
[[File:Order of St John (UK) ribbon -vector.svg|100px]]
[[File:India General Service Medal 1909 BAR.svg|100px]]
[[File:1914 1915 Star ribbon bar.svg|100px]]

[[File:British War Medal BAR.svg|100px]]
[[File:Victory Medal MID ribbon bar.svg|100px]]
[[File:Med.DelhiDurbar1903.png|100px]]
[[File:King George V Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|100px]]

[[File:King George V Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg|100px]]
[[File:GeorgeVICoronationRibbon.png|100px]]
[[File:Cavaliere di Gran Croce OCI Kingdom BAR.svg|100px]]
[[File:EGY Order of the Nile - Grand Cordon BAR.svg|100px]]

[[File:BEL - Order of Leopold - Grand Cordon bar.svg|100px]]
[[File:GRE Order Redeemer 1Class.svg|100px]]
[[File:ESP Charles III Order GC.svg|100px]]
[[File:TCH Rad Bileho Lva 1 tridy (pre1990) BAR.svg|100px]]

[[File:Legion Honneur GC ribbon.svg|100px]]
[[File:Cavaliere di gran Croce Regno SSML BAR.svg|100px]]
[[File:Order of St. Gregory the Great.png|100px]]
[[File:Order of the Dannebrog S.K.svg|100px]]
</div>

{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}[[File:Seated painting of Maharaja Bhupinder Singh of Patiala State as a young prince, circa early 20th century.jpg|thumb|186x186px|Seated painting of Singh as a young prince]]

===British===
* [[Delhi Durbar Medal (1903)|Delhi Durbar Gold Medal]] – 1903
* [[Delhi Durbar Medal (1911)|Delhi Durbar Gold Medal]] – 1911
* [[King George V Coronation Medal]] – 1911
* Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (GCIE) – 1911
* [[1914 Star]]
* [[British War Medal]] – 1918
* [[Victory Medal (United Kingdom)|Victory Medal]] – 1918
* [[Mentioned in dispatches]] – 1919
* Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (GBE) – 1918
* Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Star of India]] (GCSI) – for war services, New Year Honours 1921<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32178 |date=1 January 1921 |page=5 |supp=y}}</ref>
* Knight Grand Cross of the [[Royal Victorian Order]] (GCVO) – 1922
* [[King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]] – 1935
* [[King George VI Coronation Medal]] – 1937
[[File:NLS Haig - Maharaja of Patiala visits the Western Front.jpg|thumb|<div class="center">Inspecting a [[BL 12 inch railway howitzer|BL 12-inch Railway Howitzer]] in France, August 1918</div>]]

===Foreign===
* Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Crown of Italy]] – 1918
* Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Nile]] of Egypt – 1918
* Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]] of Belgium – 1918
* Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Crown (Romania)|Order of the Crown]] of Romania – 1922
* Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Redeemer]] of Greece – 1926
* Grand Cross of the [[Order of Charles III]] of Spain – 1928
* Grand Cross of the [[Order of the White Lion]] of Czechoslovakia – 1930
* Grand Cross of the [[Legion d'Honneur]] of France – 1930 (Grand Officer – 1918)
* Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]] of Italy – 1935
* Grand Cross of the [[Order of St Gregory the Great]] of the Vatican – 1935
* Grand Cross of the [[Order of Dannebrog]] of Denmark

===Other===
*A [[Unani]] College, namely 'Bhupinder Tibbi College' was after his name at Patiala
* The [[Maharaja Bhupinder Singh Punjab Sports University]] was named after him in recognition of his contribution to the promotion of sports.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sports University to Be Named After Maharaja Bhupinder Singh |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/sports-university-to-be-named-after-maharaja-bhupinder-singh.html |access-date=13 February 2020 |work=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]] |date=31 July 2019 |language=en |archive-date=13 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213155756/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/sports-university-to-be-named-after-maharaja-bhupinder-singh.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bhupinder Singh of Patiala}}
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/34/34190/34190.html CricketArchive profile of Bhupinder Singh]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305005757/http://famoushotels.org/article/1133 The Maharja's Travel to Vienna, Austria]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060704172814/http://www.maharaja.freeserve.co.uk/patiala.html Maharaja of Patiala]
*[http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/p/patiala.html Genealogy of the rulers of Patiala] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030228135510/http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/p/patiala.html |date=28 February 2003 }}
*[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070509/himplus1.htm Article in Tribune on the Myth of Bhupinder's role in building Chail]
{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Phulkian Dynasty]]|12 October|1891|23 March|1938}}
{{s-reg|Maharaja of Patiala}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Maharaja Rajinder Singh|Rajinder Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Maharaja of Patiala]]| years=1900–1938}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Yadavindra Singh]]}}
{{s-civ}}
{{s-new| reason = [[Dorabji Tata|Sir Dorabji Tata]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Indian Olympic Association#IOA Presidents|President of the Indian Olympic Association]]|years = 1928–1938}}
{{s-aft| after = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh|Yadavindra Singh]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Bhupinder of Patiala}}
[[Category:1891 births]]
[[Category:1938 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Patiala State]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the White Lion]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Dannebrog]]
[[Category:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Gregory the Great]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Romania)]]
[[Category:Aitchison College alumni]]
[[Category:Southern Punjab cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricket administrators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers]]
[[Category:Members of the first Indian cricket team to tour England in 1911]]
[[Category:Northern India cricketers]]
[[Category:Patiala cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian Freemasons]]
[[Category:Indian sports executives and administrators]]
[[Category:British Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]

2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-22T11:35:17Z

Ghaiinfra:

{{Short description|Telangana Legislative Assembly election held in November, 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| type = legislative
| ongoing = no
| country = India
| election_date = 30 November 2023
| seats_for_election = All 119 seats in the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| previous_election = 2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 2018
| next_election = Next Telangana Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 2028
| opinion_polls = 2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election#Opinion polls
| outgoing_members = 2nd Telangana Assembly
| elected_members = 3rd Telangana Assembly
| majority_seats = 60
| registered = 32,618,257
| turnout = 23,474,306 (71.97%) {{Decrease}} 1.77%
| image_size = 120px
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Revanth_Reddy.png|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=17|oTop=6}}
| leader1 = [[Anumula Revanth Reddy]]
| party1 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| leader_since1 = 2021
| leaders_seat1 = [[Kodangal Assembly constituency|Kodangal]] (''won''), [[Kamareddy Assembly constituency|Kamareddy]] (''lost'')
| last_election1 = 19 seats, 28.43%
| seats1 = '''64'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 45
| popular_vote1 = '''9,235,833'''
| percentage1 = '''39.40%'''
| swing1 = {{increase}} 10.97 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao.png|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oRight=0|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| party2 = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
| leader_since2 = 2001
| leaders_seat2 = [[Gajwel Assembly constituency|Gajwel]] (''won''), [[Kamareddy Assembly constituency|Kamareddy]] (''lost'')
| last_election2 = 88 seats, 46.87%
| seats2 = 39
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 49
| popular_vote2 = 8,753,956
| percentage2 = 37.35%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 10.52 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=G.Kishan_Reddy.jpg|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=25|oTop=0}}
| leader4 = [[G. Kishan Reddy]]
| party4 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_since4 = 2023
| leaders_seat4 = ''Did not contest''{{efn|Reddy was the sitting MP for [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]]}}
| last_election4 = 1 seat, 6.98%
| seats4 = 8
| seat_change4 = {{increase}} 7
| popular_vote4 = 3,257,528
| percentage4 = 13.90%
| swing4 = {{increase}} 6.92 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Akbaruddin Owaisi Picture.jpg|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=20|oTop=5}}
| leader5 = [[Akbaruddin Owaisi]]
| party5 = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| leader_since5 = 1999
| leaders_seat5 = [[Chandrayangutta Assembly constituency|Chandrayangutta]] (''won'')
| last_election5 = 7 seats, 2.70%
| seats5 = 7
| seat_change5 = {{steady}} ''No change''
| popular_vote5 = 519,379
| percentage5 = 2.92%
| swing5 = {{decrease}} 0.09 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| map_image = {{Switcher|[[File:2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election results by constituency.svg|300px]]|Results by constituency (shaded)|[[File:2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly Election Result Map.svg|300px]]|Results by constituency (winners)}}
| map_caption =
| map2_image = India Telanagana State Legislative Assembly 2023.svg
| map2_size = 300px
| map2_caption = Structure of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] after the election
| title = [[List of chief ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister]]
| before_party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| before_election = [[K. Chandrashekhar Rao]]
| posttitle = [[List of chief ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister]] after election
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Revanth Reddy|A. Revanth Reddy]]
}}

The '''2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election''' was held on [[2023 elections in India|30 November 2023]] to elect all [[List of constituencies of the Telangana Legislative Assembly|119 members]] of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] for its third term. The votes were counted and the results were declared on 3 December 2023.

The [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) along with its ally [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) won a majority with 65 seats against the incumbent [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] (BRS)'s 39 seats. With a victory for the first time after the formation of Telangana, it strengthened the INC's position in southern India following its recent success in [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Livemint|date=2023-12-03|title=Telangana Election Results 2023 LIVE: Congress set to solidify its position in Southern India as party maintains lead|url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana-assembly-election-results-2023-live-updates-check-telangana-vidhan-sabha-chunav-gajwel-kamareddy-sircilla-kcr-11701530430692.html|access-date=2023-12-03|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209131738/https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana-assembly-election-results-2023-live-updates-check-telangana-vidhan-sabha-chunav-gajwel-kamareddy-sircilla-kcr-11701530430692.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The BRS and the outgoing chief minister [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]] suffered a major loss in the elections by losing in one of his contended seats after being in power for two terms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kurmanath |first=K. V. |date=2023-12-03 |title=Congress clinches Telangana; KCR defeated at Kamareddy |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/congress-clinches-telangana-kcr-defeated-at-kamareddy/article67601603.ece |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=BusinessLine |language=en |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205122803/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/congress-clinches-telangana-kcr-defeated-at-kamareddy/article67601603.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Background==
The tenure of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] was scheduled to end on 16 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Terms of the Houses |url=https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328103956/https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=2022-02-13 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}</ref> The [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|previous assembly elections]] were held in December 2018 and the incumbent Telangana Rashtra Samithi, which was later renamed as [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|Bharat Rashtra Samithi]], formed the [[Government of Telangana|state government]], with [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]] becoming the [[List of chief ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister]] for the second time.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2018-12-13|title=K Chandrashekar Rao takes oath as Telangana Chief Minister for 2nd time|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/131218/k-chandrashekar-rao-oath-taking-telangana-chief-minister-second-time.html|access-date=2022-02-13|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=13 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213121518/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/131218/k-chandrashekar-rao-oath-taking-telangana-chief-minister-second-time.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Schedule==
The election schedule was announced by the [[Election Commission of India]] on 9 October 2023.<ref name="Telangana goes to polls on Nov 30, counting on Dec 3">{{cite news |date=9 October 2023 |title=Telangana goes to polls on Nov 30, counting on Dec 3 |language=en |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-elections-2023-telangana-goes-to-polls-on-nov-30-counting-on-dec-3/article67398829.ece |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009075116/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-elections-2023-telangana-goes-to-polls-on-nov-30-counting-on-dec-3/article67398829.ece |archive-date=9 October 2023}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2023-10-19 |title=Telangana assembly elections 2023 schedule: Important dates, polling and results |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/telangana-election-dates-2023-ts-assembly-election-schedule-polling-results-nominations/articleshow/104274758.cms |access-date=2023-10-23 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024145810/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/telangana-election-dates-2023-ts-assembly-election-schedule-polling-results-nominations/articleshow/104274758.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Poll event
!Date
|-
|Notification date
|3 November 2023
|-
|Start of nomination
|3 November 2023
|-
|Last date for filing nomination
|10 November 2023
|-
|Scrutiny of nomination
|13 November 2023
|-
|Last date for withdrawal of nomination
|15 November 2023
|-
|Date of poll
|'''30 November 2023'''
|-
|Date of counting of votes
|'''3 December 2023'''
|}

== Election statistics ==
There are 15,871,493 male voters and 15,843,339 female voters while the number of transgender voters stood at 2,557. 2,202,168 voters were deleted across the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telangana Election 2023 Dates, Full Schedule, Results: All You Need to Know |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-polls/story/telangana-assembly-election-november-30-date-results-2446400-2023-10-09 |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029115029/https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-polls/story/telangana-assembly-election-november-30-date-results-2446400-2023-10-09 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A total of 2,290 candidates were in the fray, while 608 withdrew their nominations. The highest number of candidates in the electoral contest is from the [[Lal Bahadur Nagar Assembly constituency|L. B. Nagar]] constituency, with 48 candidates, and the least from [[Banswada Assembly constituency|Banswada]] and [[Narayanpet Assembly constituency|Narayanpet]] constituencies, each with 7 candidates.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-16 |title=Telangana elections {{!}} 2,290 candidates in fray, 608 withdraw nominations |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/telangana-assembly/telangana-elections-2290-candidates-in-fray-608-withdraw-nominations/article67539867.ece |access-date=2023-11-16 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130162902/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/telangana-assembly/telangana-elections-2290-candidates-in-fray-608-withdraw-nominations/article67539867.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2,290 candidates in fray, 608 withdraw nominations for Telangana polls |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/telangana/2290-candidates-in-fray-608-withdraw-nominations-for-telangana-polls-2773393 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116170445/https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/telangana/2290-candidates-in-fray-608-withdraw-nominations-for-telangana-polls-2773393 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Election Commission of India]] seized a total of ₹659.2 crore worth of cash and goods across the state, which were alleged to be used by contesting candidates to influence voters in the elections and conduct general electoral malpractice, in violation of the [[Model Code of Conduct]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-20 |title=Seven times more goods and cash to induce voters seized from five poll bound states as compared to 2018 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drugs-cash-liquor-worth-over-1760-crore-seized-in-five-poll-going-states-ec/article67553806.ece |access-date=2023-11-21 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121191050/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drugs-cash-liquor-worth-over-1760-crore-seized-in-five-poll-going-states-ec/article67553806.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-20 |title=EC seizes over ₹1760 crore from poll-bound states; Rajasthan, Telangana lead |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/ec-seizes-over-rs-1760-crore-from-poll-bound-states-rajasthan-telangana-lead-list-11700471226319.html |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121191051/https://www.livemint.com/elections/ec-seizes-over-rs-1760-crore-from-poll-bound-states-rajasthan-telangana-lead-list-11700471226319.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Parties and alliances==
<gallery mode="nolines" widths="220" heights="220">
File:2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election — Seat distribution of INC+.svg|Seat distribution of [[Indian National Congress|INC]]+
File:2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election — Seat distribution of NDA.svg|Seat distribution of [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
</gallery>

The [[Indian National Congress]] fought the elections in alliance with the [[Communist Party of India]], whereas the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] fought alongside the [[Jana Sena Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Telangana: Huge number of candidates from smaller parties, besides Independents cause worry among National as well as Regional Parties|url=https://newsonair.gov.in/Main-News-Details.aspx?title=Telangana:-Huge-number-of-candidates-from-smaller-parties,-besides-Independents-cause-worry-among-National-as-well-as-Regional-Parties,-including-BJP-and-Congress&id=471554|access-date=2023-11-24|website=newsonair.gov.in|archive-date=24 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124134449/https://newsonair.gov.in/Main-News-Details.aspx?title=Telangana:-Huge-number-of-candidates-from-smaller-parties,-besides-Independents-cause-worry-among-National-as-well-as-Regional-Parties,-including-BJP-and-Congress&id=471554|url-status=live}}</ref> The Telangana outfit of the [[Telugu Desam Party]] did not contest.

{|class="wikitable sortable" width="50%" style="text-align:center;
!colspan="4"|Alliance/Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!colspan="2"|Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|colspan="3"|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|[[File:Flag of Bharat Rashtra Samithi new.svg|50px]]
|
|[[K. Chandrashekhar Rao]]
|colspan="2"|119
|-
|Rowspan="2" {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|Rowspan="2"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]+<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2023-11-07 |title=Cong-Left seal deal: CPI to contest from one seat |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/cong-left-seal-deal-cpi-to-contest-from-one-seat/articleshow/105025771.cms |access-date=2023-11-17 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117164424/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/cong-left-seal-deal-cpi-to-contest-from-one-seat/articleshow/105025771.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|colspan="1"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[Revanth Reddy]]
|118
|rowspan="2"|119
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|colspan="1"|[[Communist Party of India]]
|[[File:CPI-banner.svg|50px]]
|[[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Kunamneni Sambasiva Rao]]
|1
|-
|Rowspan="2" {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Rowspan="2"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-11-05|title=NDA allies BJP, Jana Sena to go together in Telangana assembly polls|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nda-allies-bjp-jana-sena-to-go-together-in-telangana-assembly-polls/articleshow/104991881.cms|access-date=2023-11-17|issn=0971-8257|archive-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117164423/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nda-allies-bjp-jana-sena-to-go-together-in-telangana-assembly-polls/articleshow/104991881.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotos flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[G. Kishan Reddy]]
|111
|rowspan="2"|119
|-
|{{party color cell|Janasena Party}}
|colspan="1"|[[Janasena Party]]
|[[File:Janasena Party Flag.png|50px]]
|[[File:Indian election symbol glass tumbler.svg|50px]]
|N. Shankar Goud
|8
|-
|{{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| colspan="3" |[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|[[File:AIMIM FLAG.png|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Kite.svg|50px]]
|[[Akbaruddin Owaisi]]
| colspan="2" |9
|-
|{{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|colspan="3"|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|[[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|50px|BSP Flag]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|BSP elephant|50px]]
|[[R. S. Praveen Kumar]]
|colspan="2"|107
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:CPIM election symbol.png|50px]]
|[[Tammineni Veerabhadram]]
|colspan="2"|19
|}

==Candidates==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" | District
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}" |[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |[[Indian National Congress|INC+]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2023-11-22|title=Telangana Assembly Election 2023: Complete constituency-wise candidate list of BRS, Congress and BJP|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/telangana/news-telangana-assembly-election-2023-complete-constituency-wise-candidate-list-of-brs-congress-and-bjp-with-names-2023-11-22-903742|access-date=2023-11-22|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en|archive-date=22 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122103907/https://www.indiatvnews.com/telangana/news-telangana-assembly-election-2023-complete-constituency-wise-candidate-list-of-brs-congress-and-bjp-with-names-2023-11-22-903742|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-09|title=Telangana Elections 2023: Full list of BRS candidates and constituencies|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/telangana-elections-2023-full-list-of-brs-candidates-and-constituencies/3217475/|access-date=2023-11-24|website=Financialexpress|language=en|archive-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118053242/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/telangana-elections-2023-full-list-of-brs-candidates-and-constituencies/3217475/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Telangana Assembly Election 2023: Full List Of Party-Wise Candidates And Their Constituencies|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/telangana-assembly-election-2023-full-list-of-party-wise-candidates-and-their-constituencies-6501069/|access-date=2023-11-24|website=www.india.com|language=en|archive-date=16 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116095831/https://www.india.com/news/india/telangana-assembly-election-2023-full-list-of-party-wise-candidates-and-their-constituencies-6501069/|url-status=live}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-06|title=Telangana Elections 2023: Full List of Congress Candidates|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/telangana-elections-2023-full-list-of-congress-candidates-8650439.html|access-date=2023-11-24|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=24 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124123931/https://www.news18.com/elections/telangana-elections-2023-full-list-of-congress-candidates-8650439.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name="Telangana Elections 2023: Full list of Congress candidates">{{cite news |last1=Financial Express |title=Telangana Elections 2023: Full list of Congress candidates |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/telangana-elections-2023-full-list-of-congress-candidates/3273257/ |access-date=24 February 2024 |date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224120328/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/telangana-elections-2023-full-list-of-congress-candidates/3273257/ |archive-date=24 February 2024 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jana Sena Party names 8 candidates|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2023/nov/08/jana-sena-party-names-8-candidates-2631084.html|access-date=2023-11-24|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=24 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124125255/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2023/nov/08/jana-sena-party-names-8-candidates-2631084.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Komaram Bheem Asifabad district|Komaram Bheem Asifabad]]
!1
|[[Sirpur Assembly constituency|Sirpur]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Koneru Konappa]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Raavi Srinivas
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Palvai Harish Babu]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Mancherial district|Mancherial]]
!2
|[[Chennur Assembly constituency|Chennur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Balka Suman]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[G. Vivekanand]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Durgam Ashok
|-
!3
|[[Bellampalli Assembly constituency|Bellampalli]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Durgam Chinnaiah]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Gaddam Vinod Kumar|Gaddam Vinod]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|A. Sridevi
|-
!4
|[[Mancherial Assembly constituency|Mancherial]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Nadipelli Diwakar Rao|Nadipelli Divakar Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Kokkirala Premsagar Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Verabelli Raghunath
|-
|[[Komaram Bheem Asifabad district|Komaram Bheem Asifabad]]
!5
|[[Asifabad Assembly constituency|Asifabad]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Kova Laxmi]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ajmera Shyam
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ajmeera Athmaram Naik
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
!6
|[[Khanapur, Telangana Assembly constituency|Khanapur]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|Bhukya Johnson Rathod Naik
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Vedma Bhojju]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ramesh Rathod]]
|-
!7
|[[Adilabad Assembly constituency|Adilabad]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Jogu Ramanna]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kandi Srinivas Reddy
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Payal Shanker
|-
!8
|[[Boath Assembly constituency|Boath]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Anil Jadhav]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ade Gajender
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Soyam Bapu Rao]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Nirmal district|Nirmal]]
!9
|[[Nirmal Assembly constituency|Nirmal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Allola Indrakaran Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kuchadi Srihari Rao
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Alleti Maheshwar Reddy
|-
!10
|[[Mudhole Assembly constituency|Mudhole]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|Gaddigari Vittal Reddy
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Bhosle Narayan Rao Patil
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Rama Rao Pawar]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
!11
|[[Armur Assembly constituency|Armoor]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Asannagari Jeevan Reddy|Ashannagari Jeevan Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Prodduturi Vinay Kumar Reddy
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Paidi Rakesh Reddy]]
|-
!12
|[[Bodhan Assembly constituency|Bodhan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|Mohammed Shakeel Aamir
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[P. Sudarshan Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vaddi Mohan Reddy
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Kamareddy district|Kamareddy]]
!13
|[[Jukkal Assembly constituency|Jukkal]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|Hanmanth Shinde
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Thota Lakshmi Kantha Rao
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|T. Aruna Tara
|-
!14
|[[Banswada Assembly constituency|Banswada]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Pocharam Srinivas Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Eanugu Ravinder
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Endela Lakshminarayana]]
|-
|[[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
!15
|[[Yellareddy Assembly constituency|Yellareddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|Jajala Surender
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[K. Madan Mohan Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vaddepally Subhash Reddy
|-
| [[Kamareddy district|Kamareddy]]
!16
|[[Kamareddy Assembly constituency|Kamareddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[K. Chandrashekhar Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Anumula Revanth Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[K. V. Ramana Reddy]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
!17
|[[Nizamabad Urban Assembly constituency|Nizamabad Urban]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bigala Ganesh|Bigala Ganesh Gupta]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Mohammed Ali Shabbir]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Dhanpal Suryanarayana Gupta
|-
!18
|[[Nizamabad Rural Assembly constituency|Nizamabad Rural]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bajireddy Goverdhan]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Rekulapally Bhoopathi Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Dinesh Kulachari
|-
!19
|[[Balkonda Assembly constituency|Balkonda]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Vemula Prashanth Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sunil Kumar Muthyala
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Aleti Annapurna Devi|Aleti Annapurna]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Jagtial district|Jagtial]]
!20
|[[Koratla Assembly constituency|Korutla]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Kalvakuntla Sanjay]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Juvvadi Narasinga Rao
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Dharmapuri Arvind]]
|-
!21
|[[Jagtial Assembly constituency|Jagtial]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[M. Sanjay Kumar]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[T. Jeevan Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Boga Sravani
|-
!22
|[[Dharmapuri, Telangana Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Koppula Eshwar]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Adluri Laxman Rao
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sogala Kumar
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Peddapalli district|Peddapalli]]
!23
|[[Ramagundam Assembly constituency|Ramagundam]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Korukanti Chandar|Korukanti Chander]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Makkan Singh Raj Thakur]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kandula Sandhya Rani
|-
!24
|[[Manthani Assembly constituency|Manthani]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|Putta Madhu
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[D. Sridhar Babu]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Chandupatla Sunil Reddy
|-
!25
|[[Peddapalle Assembly constituency|Peddapalli]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Dasari Manohar Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Chinthakunta Vijaya Ramana Rao|Chintakunta Vijaya Ramana Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Dugyala Pradeep Rao
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
!26
|[[Karimnagar Assembly constituency|Karimnagar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|'''[[Gangula Kamalakar]]'''
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Purumalla Srinivas
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]
|-
!27
|[[Choppadandi Assembly constituency|Choppadandi]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Sunke Ravi Shankar]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Medipally Sathyam|Medipally Satyam]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bodiga Shobha
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajanna Sircilla district|Rajanna Sircilla]]
!28
|[[Vemulawada Assembly constituency|Vemulawada]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|Chalmeda Lakshmi Narasimha Rao
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Aadi Srinivas]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Chennamaneni Vikas Rao
|-
!29
|[[Sircilla Assembly constituency|Sircilla]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[K. T. Rama Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|K. K. Mahender Reddy
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rani Rudrama Reddy
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
!30
|[[Manakondur Assembly constituency|Manakondur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Rasamayi Balakishan|Erupula Rasamayi Balakishan]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Kavvampally Satyanarayana]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Arepally Mohan
|-
!31
|[[Huzurabad Assembly constituency|Huzurabad]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Kaushik Reddy|Padi Kaushik Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Vodithala Pranav
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Etela Rajender]]
|-
!32
|[[Husnabad Assembly constituency|Husnabad]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|Vodithela Sathish Kumar
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Ponnam Prabhakar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bomma Sriram Chakravarthy
|-
|[[Siddipet district|Siddipet]]
!33
|[[Siddipet Assembly constituency|Siddipet]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[T. Harish Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Poojala Harikrishna
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Doodi Srikanth Reddy
|-
|[[Medak district|Medak]]
!34
|[[Medak Assembly constituency|Medak]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Padma Devender Reddy|M. Padma Devender Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mynampally Rohit Rao
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Panja Vijay Kumar
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]]
!35
|[[Narayankhed Assembly constituency|Narayankhed]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Mahareddy Bhupal Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Patlolla Sanjeeva Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Jenawade Sangappa
|-
!36
|[[Andole Assembly constituency|Andole]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Chanti Kranthi Kiran]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Damodar Raja Narasimha|C. Damodar Raja Narasimha]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Babu Mohan]]
|-
|[[Medak district|Medak]]
!37
|[[Narsapur Assembly constituency|Narsapur]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Vakiti Sunitha Laxma Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Aavalu Raji Reddy
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Erragolla Murali Yadav
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]]
!38
|[[Zahirabad Assembly constituency|Zahirabad]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Koninty Manik Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Agam Chandra Sekhar
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ramchandra Raja Narasimha
|-
!39
|[[Sangareddy Assembly constituency|Sangareddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|Chinta Prabhakar
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Jagga Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Pulimamidi Raju
|-
!40
|[[Patancheru Assembly constituency|Patancheru]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Gudem Mahipal Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kata Srinivas Goud
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|T. Nandhishwar Goud
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Siddipet district|Siddipet]]
!41
|[[Dubbak Assembly constituency|Dubbak]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Kotha Prabhakar Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Cheruku Srinivas Reddy
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Raghunandan Rao]]
|-
!42
|[[Gajwel Assembly constituency|Gajwel]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[K. Chandrashekhar Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Tumkunta Narsa Reddy
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Etela Rajender]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Medchal-Malkajgiri district|Medchal-Malkajgiri]]
!43
|[[Medchal Assembly constituency|Medchal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Malla Reddy|Chamakura Malla Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Thotakura Vajresh Yadav
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Yenugu Sudharshan Reddy
|-
!44
|[[Malkajgiri Assembly constituency|Malkajgiri]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Marri Rajasekhar Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Mynampally Hanumantha Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[N. Ramchander Rao]]
|-
!45
|[[Quthbullapur Assembly constituency|Quthbullapur]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[K. P. Vivekanand Goud]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kolan Hanmanth Reddy
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Kuna Srisailam Goud]]
|-
!46
|[[Kukatpally Assembly constituency|Kukatpally]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Madhavaram Krishna Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Bandi Ramesh
|{{party name with color|Jana Sena Party}}
|Mummareddy Prem Kumar
|-
!47
|[[Uppal Assembly constituency|Uppal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bandari Lakshma Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|M. Parmeshwar Reddy
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[N. V. S. S. Prabhakar]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
!48
|[[Ibrahimpatnam Assembly constituency|Ibrahimpatnam]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Manchireddy Kishan Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Malreddy Ranga Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Nomula Dayanand Goud
|-
!49
|[[Lal Bahadur Nagar Assembly constituency|L. B. Nagar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Devireddy Sudheer Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Madhu Goud Yaskhi|Madhu Yaskhi Goud]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sama Ranga Reddy
|-
!50
|[[Maheshwaram Assembly constituency|Maheshwaram]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Sabitha Indra Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kichannagiri Laxma Reddy
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Andela Sriramulu Yadav
|-
!51
|[[Rajendranagar (Assembly constituency)|Rajendranagar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[T. Prakash Goud]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kasturi Narendar
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Tokala Srinivas Reddy
|-
!52
|[[Serilingampally Assembly constituency|Serilingampally]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Arekapudi Gandhi]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|V. Jagadeeshwar Goud
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ravi Kumar Yadav
|-
!53
|[[Chevella Assembly constituency|Chevella]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Kale Yadaiah]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Pamena Bheembharat
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|K. S. Ratnam
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Vikarabad district|Vikarabad]]
!54
|[[Pargi Assembly constituency|Pargi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|K. Mahesh Reddy
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[T. Ram Mohan Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Booneti Maruthi Kiran
|-
!55
|[[Vikarabad Assembly constituency|Vikrabad]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|Anand Methuku
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Gaddam Prasad Kumar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Peddinti Naveen Kumar
|-
!56
|[[Tandur Assembly constituency|Tandur]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Pilot Rohith Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Buyyani Manohar Reddy
|{{party name with color|Jana Sena Party}}
|Nemuri Shankar Goud
|-
| rowspan="15" |[[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]]
!57
|[[Musheerabad Assembly constituency|Musheerabad]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Muta Gopal]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Anjan Kumar Yadav]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Poosa Raju
|-
!58
|[[Malakpet Assembly constituency|Malakpet]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|Teegala Ajith Reddy
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Shaikh Akbar
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Samreddy Surender Reddy
|-
!59
|[[Amberpet Assembly constituency|Amberpet]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[K. Venkatesh (Telangana)|K. Venkatesh]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rohin Reddy
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Krishna Yadav
|-
!60
|[[Khairatabad Assembly constituency|Khairatabad]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Danam Nagender]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|P. Vijaya Reddy
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Chintala Ramachandra Reddy]]
|-
!61
|[[Jubilee Hills Assembly constituency|Jubilee Hills]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Maganti Gopinath]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Mohammed Azharuddin]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Lankala Deepak Reddy
|-
!62
|[[Sanathnagar Assembly constituency|Sanathnagar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Talasani Srinivas Yadav]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Kota Neelima]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Marri Shashidhar Reddy]]
|-
!63
|[[Nampally Assembly constituency|Nampally]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Anand Kumar Gond|Anand Kumar Goud]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mohammed Feroz Khan
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rahul Chandra
|-
!64
|[[Karwan Assembly constituency|Karwan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|Aindala Krishnaiah
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Osman Bin Mohammed Al Hajiri
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Amar Singh
|-
!65
|[[Goshamahal Assembly constituency|Goshamahal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|Nand Kishore Vyas
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mogili Sunitha
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[T. Raja Singh]]
|-
!66
|[[Charminar Assembly constituency|Charminar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|Ibrahim Lodi
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mohammed Mujeebulla Shareef
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Megha Rani
|-
!67
|[[Chandrayangutta Assembly constituency|Chandrayangutta]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|M. Sitharam Reddy
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Boya Nagesh
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|K. Mahendra
|-
!68
|[[Yakutpura Assembly constituency|Yakutpura]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|Sama Sunder Reddy
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|K. Ravi Raju
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Veerendra Yadav
|-
!69
|[[Bahadurpura Assembly constituency|Bahadurpura]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|Ali Baqri
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rajesh Kumar Pulipati
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Y. Naresh Kumar
|-
!70
|[[Secunderabad Assembly constituency|Secunderabad]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[T. Padma Rao Goud]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Adam Santosh Kumar
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Mekala Sarangapani
|-
!71
|[[Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency|Secunderabad Cantt.]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Lasya Nanditha|G. Lasya Nanditha]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[G. V. Vennela]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ganesh Narayan
|-
|[[Vikarabad district|Vikarabad]]
!72
|[[Kodangal Assembly constituency|Kodangal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|Patnam Narendra Reddy
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Anumula Revanth Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bantu Ramesh Kumar
|-
|[[Narayanpet district|Narayanpet]]
!73
|[[Narayanpet Assembly constituency|Narayanpet]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|S. Rajender Reddy
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Chittem Parnika Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|K. Rathang Pandu Reddy
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
!74
|[[Mahbubnagar Assembly constituency|Mahbubnagar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[V. Srinivas Goud]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Yennam Srinivas Reddy
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|A. P. Mithun Kumar Reddy
|-
!75
|[[Jadcherla Assembly constituency|Jadcherla]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[C. Laxma Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|J. Anirudh Reddy
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Chittaranjan Das
|-
!76
|[[Devarkadra Assembly constituency|Devarkadra]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|Alla Venkateshwar Reddy
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Gavinolla Madhusudan Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Konda Prashant Reddy
|-
|[[Narayanpet district|Narayanpet]]
!77
|[[Makthal Assembly constituency|Makthal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Chittem Rammohan Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Vakiti Srihari]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Jalandhar Reddy
|-
|[[Wanaparthy district|Wanaparthy]]
!78
|[[Wanaparthy Assembly constituency|Wanaparthy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Singireddy Niranjan Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Tudi Megha Reddy
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Anugna Reddy
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Jogulamba Gadwal district|Jogulamba Gadwal]]
!79
|[[Gadwal Assembly constituency|Gadwal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bandla Krishna Mohan Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Saritha Thirupathaiah]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Boya Shiva
|-
!80
|[[Alampur Assembly constituency|Alampur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|Vijayudu
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|S. A. Sampath Kumar
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Perumallu Rajgopal
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Nagarkurnool district|Nagarkunool]]
!81
|[[Nagarkurnool Assembly constituency|Nagarkurnool]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|Marri Janardhan Reddy
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Kuchkulla Rajesh Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Jana Sena Party}}
|Vanga Lakshman Goud
|-
!82
|[[Achampet Assembly constituency|Achampet]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Guvvala Balaraju]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Chikkudu Vamshi Krishna]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Devani Sathish Madiga
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
!83
|[[Kalwakurthy Assembly constituency|Kalwakurthy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Gurka Jaipal Yadav]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kasireddy Narayan Reddy
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Talloju Achary
|-
!84
|[[Shadnagar Assembly constituency|Shadnagar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Anjaiah Yadav Yelganamoni]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|K. Shankaraiah
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ande Babaiah
|-
|[[Nagarkurnool district|Nagarkunool]]
!85
|[[Kollapur Assembly constituency|Kollapur]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Beeram Harshavardhan Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Jupally Krishna Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Aelleni Sudhakar Rao
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
!86
|[[Devarakonda Assembly constituency|Devarakonda]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Ravindra Kumar Ramavath]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Nenavath Balu Naik]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kethavath Lalu Naik
|-
!87
|[[Nagarjuna Sagar Assembly constituency|Nagarjuna Sagar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Nomula Bhagath Yadav]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Kunduru Jayaveer Reddy|Kunduru Jayaveer]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kankanala Niveditha Reddy
|-
!88
|[[Miryalaguda Assembly constituency|Miryalaguda]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Nallamothu Bhaskar Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Bathula Laxma Reddy
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sadineni Srinivas
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Suryapet district|Suryapet]]
!89
|[[Huzurnagar Assembly constituency|Huzurnagar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Shanampudi Saidireddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Nalamada Uttam Kumar Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Challa Srilatha Reddy
|-
!90
|[[Kodad Assembly constituency|Kodad]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bollam Mallaiah Yadav]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Nalamada Padmavathi Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Jana Sena Party}}
|Mekkala Sathish Reddy
|-
!91
|[[Suryapet Assembly constituency|Suryapet]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Guntakandla Jagadish Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Ramreddy Damodar Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sankineni Venkateswara Rao
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
!92
|[[Nalgonda Assembly constituency|Nalgonda]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|Kancharla Bhupal Reddy
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Komatireddy Venkat Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Madagani Srinivas Goud
|-
!93
|[[Munugode Assembly constituency|Munugode]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Kusukuntla Prabhakar Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Komatireddy Raj Gopal Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Chalamalla Krishna Reddy
|-
|[[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri]]
!94
|[[Bhongir Assembly constituency|Bhongir]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Pailla Shekar Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Kumbam Anil Kumar Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Gudur Narayana Reddy
|-
|[[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
!95
|[[Nakrekal Assembly constituency|Nakrekal]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Chirumarthi Lingaiah]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Vemula Veeresham]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Nakarakanti Mogulaiah
|-
|[[Suryapet district|Suryapet]]
!96
|[[Thungathurthi Assembly constituency|Thungathurthi]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Gadari Kishore]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Mandula Samuel|Mandula Samual]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kadiyam Ramachandraiah
|-
|[[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri]]
!97
|[[Alair Assembly constituency|Alair]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Gongidi Sunitha]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Beerla Ilaiah]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Padala Srinivas
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Jangaon district|Jangoan]]
!98
|[[Jangaon Assembly constituency|Jangaon]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Palla Rajeshwar Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kommuri Pratap Reddy
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Arutla Dashmanth Reddy
|-
!99
|[[Ghanpur Station Assembly constituency|Ghanpur Station]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Kadiyam Srihari]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Singhapuram Indira
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Gunde Vijayarama Rao
|-
!100
|[[Palakurthi Assembly constituency|Palakurthi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Errabelli Dayakar Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Yeshashwani Memidila
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Lega Rammohan Reddy
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Mahabubabad district|Mahabubabad]]
!101
|[[Dornakal Assembly constituency|Dornakal]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|D. S. Redya Naik
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Jatoth Ram Chandru Naik
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bhukya Sangeetha
|-
!102
|[[Mahabubabad Assembly constituency|Mahabubabad]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|Banoth Shankar Nayak
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Murali Naik
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Jathoth Hussain Naik
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Warangal district|Warangal]]
!103
|[[Narsampet Assembly constituency|Narsampet]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[P. Sudarshan Reddy|Peddi Sudarshan Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Donthi Madhava Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|K. Pulla Rao
|-
!104
|[[Parkal Assembly constituency|Parkal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|Challa Dharma Reddy
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Revuri Prakash Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|P. Kali Prasad Rao
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Hanamkonda district|Hanamkonda]]
!105
|[[Warangal West Assembly constituency|Warangal West]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Dasyam Vinay Bhasker]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Naini Rajender Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rao Padma
|-
!106
|[[Warangal East Assembly constituency|Warangal East]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|Nannapuneni Narendar
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Konda Surekha]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Errabelli Pradeep Rao
|-
!107
|[[Waradhanapet Assembly constituency|Waradhanapet]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|Aroori Ramesh
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[K. R. Nagaraj|K. R. Naga Raju]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kondeti Sridhar
|-
|[[Jayashankar Bhupalpally district|Jayashankar Bhupalpalle]]
!108
|[[Bhupalpalle Assembly constituency|Bhupalpalle]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Gandra Venkata Ramana Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Gandra Satyanarayana Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Chandupatla Keerthi Reddy
|-
|[[Mulugu district|Mulugu]]
!109
|[[Mulug Assembly constituency|Mulug]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bade Nagajyothi]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Seethakka]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Azmeera Prahlad Naik
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhadradri Kothagudem district|Bhadradri Kothagudem]]
!110
|[[Pinapaka Assembly constituency|Pinapaka]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|Kantha Rao Rega
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Payam Venkateswarlu]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Podiyam Balaraju
|-
!111
|[[Yellandu Assembly constituency|Yellandu]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Haripriya Banoth]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Koram Kanakaiah]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Dharavath Ravinder Naik]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Khammam district|Khammam]]
!112
|[[Khammam Assembly constituency|Khammam]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Puvvada Ajay Kumar]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Thummala Nageswara Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Janasena Party}}
|Miryala Ramakrishna
|-
!113
|[[Palair Assembly constituency|Palair]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|Kandala Upender Reddy
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Ponguleti Srinivas Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Nunna Ravikumar
|-
!114
|[[Madhira Assembly constituency|Madhira]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|Kamal Raju Lingala
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Perumarpally Vijaya Raju
|-
!115
|[[Wyra Assembly constituency|Wyra]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Banoth Madanlal]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Maloth Ramdas]]
|{{party name with color|Jana Sena Party}}
|Tejavath Sampath Nayak
|-
!116
|[[Sathupalli Assembly constituency|Sathupalli]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Sandra Venkata Veeraiah]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Matta Ragamayee]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ramalingeshwar Rao
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Bhadradri Kothagudem district|Bhadradri Kothagudem]]
!117
|[[Kothagudem Assembly constituency|Kothagudem]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Vanama Venkateshwara Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Kunamneni Sambasiva Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Jana Sena Party}}
|Lakkineni Surendar Rao
|-
!118
|[[Aswaraopeta Assembly constituency|Aswaraopeta]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Mecha Nageswara Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Jare Adinarayana]]
|{{party name with color|Jana Sena Party}}
|M. Umadevi
|-
!119
|[[Bhadrachalam Assembly constituency|Bhadrachalam]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Tellam Venkata Rao|Dr. Tellam Venkata Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Podem Veeraiah]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kunja Dharma Rao
|}

== Issues ==
=== Kaleshwaram project ===
INC leader [[Rahul Gandhi]] called the [[Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project]], the flagship scheme of the [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] government in [[Telangana]], the "ATM of [[K. Chandrashekar Rao|KCR's]] family".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telangana: Kaleshwaram project is KCR's ATM: Rahul Gandhi at Mahila Sadassu in Telangana |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/telangana-assembly-elections/kaleshwaram-project-is-kcrs-atm-rahul-gandhi-at-mahila-sadassu-in-telangana/articleshow/104909296.cms |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |archive-date=3 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203235023/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/telangana-assembly-elections/kaleshwaram-project-is-kcrs-atm-rahul-gandhi-at-mahila-sadassu-in-telangana/articleshow/104909296.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He made those remarks after visiting the [[Lakshmi Barrage|Medigadda Barrage]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=R. Ravikanth |date=2023-11-02 |title=Rahul Gandhi visits 'sunken pillars' at Medigadda barrage of Kaleshwaram project |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/telangana-assembly/rahul-gandhi-visits-sunken-pillars-at-medigadda-barrage-of-kaleshwaram-project/article67488377.ece |access-date=2023-11-16 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116164953/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/telangana-assembly/rahul-gandhi-visits-sunken-pillars-at-medigadda-barrage-of-kaleshwaram-project/article67488377.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> which had come under scrutiny of the National Dam Safety Authority after six piers in its seventh block showed signs of damage and leakage.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Useless": Central Panel Slams Telangana Dam, KCR's Party Hits Back |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/medigadda-barrage-sinking-kaleswaram-irrigation-project-telangana-assembly-election-multiple-failures-useless-central-panels-report-on-telangana-dam-4541863 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116164952/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/medigadda-barrage-sinking-kaleswaram-irrigation-project-telangana-assembly-election-multiple-failures-useless-central-panels-report-on-telangana-dam-4541863 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-04 |title=NDSA report on Medigadda faults design, construction & operation |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ndsa-report-on-medigadda-faults-design-construction-operation/articleshow/104955074.cms |access-date=2023-11-16 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116164952/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ndsa-report-on-medigadda-faults-design-construction-operation/articleshow/104955074.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Dharani portal ===
The Dharani Portal, an Integrated land records system launched by the incumbent [[Second K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|BRS government]] as part of its land reform scheme, to aid farmers in the distribution of the [[Rythu Bandhu scheme]], has been contested by opposition parties, who alleged that it was created with the purpose of grabbing the land of poor farmers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KCR's Land Records Portal 'Dharani' Is Latest Poll Issue In Telangana |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/telangana-polls-kcrs-land-records-portal-dharani-is-latest-poll-issue-in-telangana-4562939 |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117045408/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/telangana-polls-kcrs-land-records-portal-dharani-is-latest-poll-issue-in-telangana-4562939 |url-status=live }}</ref> The BJP chief, [[J. P. Nadda]], vowed that the portal would be abolished if the BJP came to power,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-10 |title=Telangana polls: BRS government's Dharani portal becomes issue, KCR terms it flawless; BJP, Congress vow to abolish it |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/telangana-polls-brs-governments-dharani-portal-becomes-issue-kcr-terms-it-flawless-bjp-congress-vow-to-abolish-it/articleshow/105116688.cms |access-date=2023-11-17 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117121804/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/telangana-polls-brs-governments-dharani-portal-becomes-issue-kcr-terms-it-flawless-bjp-congress-vow-to-abolish-it/articleshow/105116688.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-26 |title=BJP will scrap Dharani portal, if voted to power in Telangana: JP Nadda |url=https://www.newstap.in/telangana/bjp-will-scrap-dharani-portal-if-voted-to-power-in-telangana-jp-nadda-1482259 |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=www.newstap.in |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117045406/https://www.newstap.in/telangana/bjp-will-scrap-dharani-portal-if-voted-to-power-in-telangana-jp-nadda-1482259 |url-status=live }}</ref> while the INC promised that they would replace the existing portal with an improved version called 'Bhu Bharati'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-11 |title=Congress will come up with portal more efficient than Dharani: Revanth Reddy in Bellampalli |url=https://www.newstap.in/telangana/congress-will-come-up-with-portal-more-efficient-than-dharani-revanth-reddy-in-bellampalli-1504107 |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=www.newstap.in |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117045405/https://www.newstap.in/telangana/congress-will-come-up-with-portal-more-efficient-than-dharani-revanth-reddy-in-bellampalli-1504107 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-02 |title=Decoding Politics: What is Telangana's Dharani website that is in the middle of BRS-Congress spat? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/telangana-dharani-brs-congress-9010821/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117050723/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/telangana-dharani-brs-congress-9010821/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-06 |title=Congress comes out with Dharani Declaration with a host of solutions to the present problems |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/congress-comes-out-with-dharani-declaration-with-a-host-of-solutions-to-the-present-problems/article67050250.ece |access-date=2023-11-17 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117045406/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/congress-comes-out-with-dharani-declaration-with-a-host-of-solutions-to-the-present-problems/article67050250.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Incidents ==
===Assassination attempt===
On 30 October 2023, an unidentified man stabbed [[Kotha Prabhakar Reddy]], [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] for [[Medak Lok Sabha constituency|Medak]], in the stomach while posing as if to shake hands with him during a campaign in [[Siddipet district]]. He was apprehended by others in the crowd and put into police custody.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KCR Party MP Stabbed While Campaigning In Telangana, Hospitalised |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kotha-prabhakar-reddy-stabbed-kcr-party-mp-stabbed-while-campaigning-in-telangana-4527438 |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117051851/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kotha-prabhakar-reddy-stabbed-kcr-party-mp-stabbed-while-campaigning-in-telangana-4527438 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-30 |title=KCR party MP Kotha Prabhakar Reddy stabbed while campaigning in Telangana's Siddipet |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telangana-assembly-election-brs-mp-kotha-prabhakar-reddy-stabbed-while-campaigning-in-siddipet-101698657947678.html |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117051852/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telangana-assembly-election-brs-mp-kotha-prabhakar-reddy-stabbed-while-campaigning-in-siddipet-101698657947678.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Other===
On 16 November 2023, a person, carrying two bullets, was arrested at a public meeting in [[Narsapur Assembly constituency|Narsapur]]. Incumbent [[List of chief ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister of Telangana]], [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]] was in attendance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-17 |title=Hyderabad: Man held for carrying bullets at KCR public meeting in Narsapur |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/hyderabad-man-held-for-carrying-bullets-at-kcr-public-meeting-in-narsapur-838335 |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121193034/https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/hyderabad-man-held-for-carrying-bullets-at-kcr-public-meeting-in-narsapur-838335 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-16 |title=Police Find Two Bullets at CM KCR's Meeting |url=https://www.m9.news/short/police-find-two-bullets-at-cm-kcrs-meeting/ |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=M9.news |language=en-US |archive-date=9 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409170914/https://www.m9.news/short/police-find-two-bullets-at-cm-kcrs-meeting/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bullets at CM KCR s Rally: YouTube Channel Reporter.? |url=http://www.indiaherald.com/Breaking/Read/994650086/Bullets-at-CM-KCRs-Rally-YouTube-Channel-Reporter |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=indiaherald.com |language=en |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121193053/https://www.indiaherald.com/Breaking/Read/994650086/Bullets-at-CM-KCRs-Rally-YouTube-Channel-Reporter |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Campaigns ==
=== Bharat Rashtra Samithi===

Bharat Rashtra Samithi president and Chief Minister [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]] launched the party campaign at an election meeting in [[Husnabad]] on 15 October 2023, where he announced the party manifesto.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sridhar |first=P. |date=2023-10-15 |title=KCR kickstarts BRS election campaign, exhorts party cadres to popularise manifesto |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/kcr-kickstarts-brs-election-campaign-exhorts-party-cadres-to-popularise-manifesto/article67423939.ece |access-date=2023-10-16 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016060831/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/kcr-kickstarts-brs-election-campaign-exhorts-party-cadres-to-popularise-manifesto/article67423939.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandrashekhar |first=B. |date=2023-10-14 |title=KCR to launch 2023 poll campaign from his lucky venue — Husnabad — on Sunday |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/kcr-to-launch-2023-poll-campaign-from-his-lucky-venue-husnabad-on-sunday/article67421287.ece |access-date=2023-10-16 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015070342/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/kcr-to-launch-2023-poll-campaign-from-his-lucky-venue-husnabad-on-sunday/article67421287.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Manifesto====
Bharat Rashtra Samithi (BRS) president and Chief Minister [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]] released his party's manifesto on 15 October 2023.<ref name="BRS promises monthly honorarium of ₹3,000 for women, superfine rice supply through PDS in manifesto">{{cite news |date=15 October 2023 |title=BRS promises monthly honorarium of ₹3,000 for women, superfine rice supply through PDS in manifesto |language=en-IN |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/telangana-assembly/brs-chief-kcr-releases-the-partys-manifesto-for-telangana-assembly-elections-2023/article67423344.ece |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016071006/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/telangana-assembly/brs-chief-kcr-releases-the-partys-manifesto-for-telangana-assembly-elections-2023/article67423344.ece |archive-date=16 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="KCR Releases BRS Manifesto For Telangana Assembly Elections at Telangana Bhavan">{{cite news |date=16 October 2023 |title=KCR Releases BRS Manifesto For Telangana Assembly Elections at Telangana Bhavan |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/151023/kcr-releases-brs-manifesto-for-telangana-assembly-elections-at-pragath.html |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016072333/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/151023/kcr-releases-brs-manifesto-for-telangana-assembly-elections-at-pragath.html |archive-date=16 October 2023}}</ref>

'''Social security pension''': Pensions currently stands at ₹2,016, will be increased to ₹3,016 in the first year after the [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]] returns to power, and then be raised incrementally up to ₹5,000 in the next four years.

'''Rythu Bandhu scheme''': [[Rythu Bandhu]] scheme in which farmers get ₹10,000 per annum per acre, the payments will be enhanced gradually to ₹16,000 per annum over the next five years.

'''Gas cylinder''': After returning to power [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]] will give each gas cylinder at ₹400 to 'eligible beneficiaries' and the remaining cost will be borne by the state government.

'''Arogya Sri health scheme''': ₹1,500,000 health insurance cover to all eligible beneficiaries under the 'Arogya Sri' health scheme, increasing it from the present ₹500,000.

'''Housing''': House sites would be provided to the poor who have no house in the state. The current housing policy will continue.

'''Rice distribution''': Distribute of fine rice through Fair Price shops soon after the party comes to power.

=== Indian National Congress ===
Former President and General Secretary of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]], [[Rahul Gandhi]] and [[Priyanka Gandhi]] launched the Congress campaign at Mulugu on 18 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-18 |title=Rahul Gandhi, Priyanka Gandhi Vadra kick off Congress campaign for Telangana Assembly polls; launch bus yatra |url=https://www.news9live.com/state/telangana/rahul-gandhi-priyanka-gandhi-vadra-kick-off-congress-campaign-for-telangana-assembly-polls-launch-bus-yatra-2324591 |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=News9live |language=en-US |archive-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124125940/https://www.news9live.com/state/telangana/rahul-gandhi-priyanka-gandhi-vadra-kick-off-congress-campaign-for-telangana-assembly-polls-launch-bus-yatra-2324591 |url-status=live }}</ref> The bus yatra lasted three days and covered eight constituencies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rahul Gandhi and Priyanka Gandhi Vadra to launch campaign in poll-bound Telangana with bus yatra on October 18 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/congress-leaders-rahul-gandhi-and-priyanka-gandhi-vadra-to-launch-campaign-in-poll-bound-telangana-with-bus-yatra-on-october-18/cid/1974101 |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=Telegraph India |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021073016/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/congress-leaders-rahul-gandhi-and-priyanka-gandhi-vadra-to-launch-campaign-in-poll-bound-telangana-with-bus-yatra-on-october-18/cid/1974101 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Subsequently, on 30 October 2023 and 3 November 2023, [[Telangana Jana Samithi]] and [[YSR Telangana Party]] respectively announced that they would not contest state elections and instead support the Congress.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-03 |title=Sharmila's YSR Telangana Party not to contest elections, to support Congress |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/telangana-assembly/sharmilas-ysr-telangana-party-not-to-contest-elections-to-support-congress/article67492828.ece |access-date=2023-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103161708/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/telangana-assembly/sharmilas-ysr-telangana-party-not-to-contest-elections-to-support-congress/article67492828.ece |archive-date=3 November 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaiswal |first=Arushi |date=2023-10-30 |title=Telangana Jana Samiti to support Congress in next month Assembly elections |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/telangana/hyderabad-telangana-jana-samiti-support-congress-assembly-elections-m-kodandaram-revanth-reddy-brs-kcr-bjp-latest-updates-2023-10-30-900338 |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121194453/https://www.indiatvnews.com/telangana/hyderabad-telangana-jana-samiti-support-congress-assembly-elections-m-kodandaram-revanth-reddy-brs-kcr-bjp-latest-updates-2023-10-30-900338 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Manifesto ====
Former Congress president [[Sonia Gandhi]] unveiled the party's six guarantees at a rally in [[Tukkuguda]] on 17 September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Congress unveils six guarantees for poll-bound Telangana |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/congress-unveils-six-guarantees-for-poll-bound-telangana-101694974676273.html |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014152218/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/congress-unveils-six-guarantees-for-poll-bound-telangana-101694974676273.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title='My dream is to see…': Sonia Gandhi as she announces 6 guarantees for Telangana |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/my-dream-to-see-sonia-gandhi-as-she-announces-6-guarantees-for-telangana-101694959030264.html |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014174959/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/my-dream-to-see-sonia-gandhi-as-she-announces-6-guarantees-for-telangana-101694959030264.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=LPG cylinder for Rs 500, free bus travel: 6 guarantees by Congress in Telangana |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana-assembly-polls-2023/story/lpg-cylinder-for-rs-500-free-bus-travel-6-guarantees-by-congress-in-telangana-2436939-2023-09-17 |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=India Today |date=17 September 2023 |language=en |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016071320/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana-assembly-polls-2023/story/lpg-cylinder-for-rs-500-free-bus-travel-6-guarantees-by-congress-in-telangana-2436939-2023-09-17 |url-status=live }}</ref>

'''Agriculture''': Farmers and agricultural labourers will receive ₹15,000 and ₹12,000 in financial assistance each year. Bonus of ₹500 per quintal for paddy above minimum support price.

'''Electricity''': 200 free electrical units to all households under the Gruha Jyothi scheme.

'''Housing''': Under the Indiramma Idlu scheme, a piece of land and ₹500,000 for the construction of a house will be provided to the homeless poor. 250 sq. yards plot for families of martyrs of the [[Telangana movement]].

'''Seniors''': ₹4,000 monthly pension for the elderly, widows and others as well as and ₹1,000,000 worth Rajiv Arogyasri insurance cover for poor under the Cheyutha scheme.

'''Women''': Under the Mahalakshmi scheme, women shall receive ₹2,500 every month in financial assistance, gas cylinders for ₹500, and free travel in [[Telangana State Road Transport Corporation|RTC]] buses.

'''Old pension scheme''':
Reimplementation of the Old Pension Scheme, which it did in Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh and Karnataka.

'''Youth''': Vidya Bharosa Card worth ₹500,000 to students for pursuing higher education and establishment of Telangana International School in every mandal (block).

=== Bharatiya Janata Party ===
Bharatiya Janata Party leader [[Amit Shah]] launched the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP's]] campaign at a public meeting in [[Adilabad]] on 10 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amit Shah to kick-start poll campaign in Telangana |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/telangana/amit-shah-to-kick-start-poll-campaign-in-telangana-2719686 |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021073014/https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/telangana/amit-shah-to-kick-start-poll-campaign-in-telangana-2719686 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Nitin |date=2023-10-10 |title=Telangana Elections 2023: Amit Shah launches BJP's campaign with Adilabad rally, attacks KCR, Congress {{!}} News – India TV |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/telangana/hyderabad-telangana-elections-2023-amit-shah-campaign-adilabad-rally-intellectuals-meet-bjp-leaders-nizamabad-central-tribal-university-pm-modi-2023-10-10-897098 |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=India TV |language=en |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015110333/https://www.indiatvnews.com/telangana/hyderabad-telangana-elections-2023-amit-shah-campaign-adilabad-rally-intellectuals-meet-bjp-leaders-nizamabad-central-tribal-university-pm-modi-2023-10-10-897098 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Manifesto ====
[[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Union Home Minister]] [[Amit Shah]] unveiled the [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Telangana|BJP Telangana]]'s manifesto for Telangana Assembly elections in the name of “Sakala Janula Saubhagya Telangana" on 18 November 2023 in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name="BJP’s manifesto for Telangana dodges anti-freebies policy, promises several sops">{{cite news |date=18 November 2023 |title=BJP's manifesto for Telangana dodges anti-freebies policy, promises several sops |language=en-IN |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/bjps-manifesto-for-telangana-dodges-anti-freebies-policy-promises-several-sops/article67548286.ece |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119100244/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/bjps-manifesto-for-telangana-dodges-anti-freebies-policy-promises-several-sops/article67548286.ece |archive-date=19 November 2023}}</ref>

'''Gas Cylinder''': The beneficiaries of the Ujjwala Yojana will be given four gas cylinders per year for free.

'''Uniform Civil Code (UCC)''': Once the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] forms government in Telangana, it will, within 6 months, bring the [[Uniform Civil Code]] (UCC) in the State.

'''Hyderabad Liberation Day''': Hyderabad Liberation Day (September 17) and the Razakar Vibhishika Smriti Divas (August 27) will "be celebrated officially by the Government"

'''Zero-tolerance against corruption''': Investigate all the cases of corruption through a system headed by the retired Supreme Court judge. It will appoint committee headed by a retired Supreme Court judge to go into alleged corruption by [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]] government.

'''Education & Employment''': Those pursuing degree or professional courses will be given free laptops for college girl students, 10 lakh jobs for women, party will ensure that employment is provided to 2.5 youth in the next five years in the state.

'''Reservation''': Abolish unconstitutional religion-based reservations

'''Aada Bidda Bharosa''': Fixed deposit scheme for a girl child at her birth, under which ₹200,000 can be redeemed when she turns 21.

== Surveys and polls ==
=== Opinion polls ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px;"
|+Seat share
! rowspan="2" |Polling agency
! rowspan="2" |Date published
! rowspan="2" |Sample size
! rowspan="2" |Margin of error
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| bgcolor="grey" |
! rowspan="2" |Majority
|-
![[Bharat Rashtra Samiti|BRS]]
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
!Others
|-
|[[ABP News]]-[[CVoter]]<ref name="October opinion poll">{{Cite web |title=Telangana Opinion Poll 2023: A BRS-Congress Faceoff In KCR-Ruled State? Know Survey Findings |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/telangana-election-opinion-poll-2023-abp-cvoter-survey-vote-seat-sharing-kaun-banega-mukhyamantri-bjp-congress-brs-dtp-1634722 |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=ABP Live |date=9 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010050651/https://news.abplive.com/elections/telangana-election-opinion-poll-2023-abp-cvoter-survey-vote-seat-sharing-kaun-banega-mukhyamantri-bjp-congress-brs-dtp-1634722 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|9 October 2023
|11,928
|±3—5%
|43-55
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |'''48-60'''
|5-11
|5-11
!Hung
|-
|ABP News-CVoter<ref name="November opinion poll">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-04 |title=Telangana Opinion Poll 2023: Can Congress Wrest Power From BRS? Know Survey Findings |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/telangana-assembly-election-opinion-polls-2023-live-updates-brs-congress-abp-cvoter-survey-seats-vote-share-results-1640451 |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105060511/https://news.abplive.com/elections/telangana-assembly-election-opinion-polls-2023-live-updates-brs-congress-abp-cvoter-survey-seats-vote-share-results-1640451 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|4 November 2023
|9,631
|±3—5%
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}" |'''49-61'''
|43-55
|5-11
|4-10
!Hung
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px;"
|+Vote share
! rowspan="2" |Polling agency
! rowspan="2" |Date published
! rowspan="2" |Sample size
! rowspan="2" |Margin of error
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| bgcolor="grey" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
![[Bharat Rashtra Samiti|BRS]]
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
!Others
|-
|[[ABP News]]-[[CVoter]]<ref name="October opinion poll" />
|9 October 2023
|11,928
|±3—5%
|38%
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |'''39%'''
|16.3%
|7.4%
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |'''1%'''
|-
|ABP News-CVoter<ref name="November opinion poll" />
|4 November 2023
|9,631
|±3—5%
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}" |'''40.5%'''
|39.4%
|14.3%
|5.8%
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}" |'''1.1%'''
|}

===Exit polls===
Exit polls were released on 30 November 2023.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=KCR In Trouble In Telangana As Congress Surges Ahead: NDTV Poll Of Polls |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/telangana-exit-polls-kcr-in-trouble-in-telangana-as-congress-gains-ground-suggest-exit-polls-4621560 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201011016/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/telangana-exit-polls-kcr-in-trouble-in-telangana-as-congress-gains-ground-suggest-exit-polls-4621560 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-30 |title=Exit Poll Telangana: Neck-and-neck fight between Congress and BRS |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/telangana-exit-polls-2023-neck-and-neck-fight-between-congress-and-brs/articleshow/105629752.cms |access-date=2023-11-30 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130224045/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/telangana-exit-polls-2023-neck-and-neck-fight-between-congress-and-brs/articleshow/105629752.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-30 |title=Telangana Exit Polls 2023: Trouble for KCR's BRS As Pollsters Predict Good Numbers for Congress |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/telangana-exit-poll-results-2023-who-will-win-assembly-elections-bjp-congress-trs-other-parties-8683767.html |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130161625/https://www.news18.com/elections/telangana-exit-poll-results-2023-who-will-win-assembly-elections-bjp-congress-trs-other-parties-8683767.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px;"
! rowspan="2" |Polling agency
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Others}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Majority
|-
![[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
![[Indian National Congress|INC+]]
![[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
!Others
|-
|[[Republic TV]]-Matrize
|46-56
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |'''58-68'''
|4-9
|5-7
!Hung
|-
|Jan Ki Baat
|40-55
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |'''48-64'''
|7-13
|4-7
!Hung
|-
|[[India TV]]-CNX
|31-47
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |'''63-79'''
|2-4
|5-7
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |'''INC'''
|-
|[[ABP News]]-[[CVoter]]
|38-54
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |'''49-65'''
|5-13
|5-9
!Hung
|-
|News 24-Today's Chanakya
|24-42
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |'''62-80'''
|2-12
|5-11
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |'''INC'''
|-
|[[TV9 Bharatvarsh]]-Polstrat
|48-58
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |'''49-59'''
|5-10
|6-8
!Hung
|-
|[[Times Now]]-ETG
|37-45
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |'''60-70'''
|6-8
|5-7
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |'''INC'''
|-
|[[India Today]]-Axis My India
|34-44
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |'''63-73'''
|4-8
|5-8
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |'''INC'''
|-
|NDTV Poll of Polls<ref name=":5" />
|44
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |'''62'''
|7
|6
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |'''INC'''
|-
!Actual Results
!39
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |'''65'''
!8
!7
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |'''INC'''
|}

==Results==

The Congress with its ally, the CPI got a clear majority by winning 65 seats. It defeated the incumbent BRS which secured 39 seats. BJP won 8 and AIMIM retained its 7 seats in the Greater Hyderabad region. The [[Jana Sena Party]] (JSP), which contested in 8 seats as a partner of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], lost all of them. [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP) and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)) lost in all the contested seats. And the vote share of [[AIMIM]] is comparatively less due to less voter turnout in their seats.

===Vote share and Seat share===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Vote share by party
| label1 = Indian National Congress
| value1 = 39.40
| color1 = #00BFFF
| label2 = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| value2 = 37.35
| color2 = #FF0274
| label3 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| value3 = 13.90
| color3 = #FF9933
| label4 = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| value4 = 2.22
| color4 = #136B4B
| label5 = None of the Above
| value5 = 0.73
| color5 = black
| label6 = Others
| value6 = 6.40
| color6 = grey
}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Seat share by Party
| label1 = Indian National Congress
| value1 = 53.78
| color1 = #00BFFF
| label2 = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| value2 = 32.77
| color2 = #FF0274
| label3 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| value3 = 6.72
| color3 = #FF9933
| label4 = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| value4 = 5.88
| color4 = #136B4B
| label5 = Communist Party of India
| value5 = 0.84
| color5 = #D70000
}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Source:<ref>{{Cite news|title=AC wise voters information|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/telangana/2023/AC_Wise_Voters_Information.pdf|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
!colspan="4" rowspan="2" |Alliance/Party
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
!colspan="3"|Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]+
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|9,235,833
|39.40
|{{Increase}} 10.97
|118
|64
|{{Increase}} 45
|-
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|{{formatnum:80336}}
|0.34
|{{Decrease}} 0.06
|1
|1
|{{Increase}} 1
|-
|colspan="2" style="background:#E5F8FF"|Total
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|9,316,169
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|39.74
|style="background:#E5F8FF"| {{Increase}} 10.91
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|119
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|65
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|{{Increase}} 46
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|colspan="3"|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|8,753,956
|37.35
|{{Decrease}} 9.52
|119
|39
|{{Decrease}} 49
|-
|rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|rowspan="3" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|3,257,528
|13.90
|{{Increase}} 6.92
|111
|8
|{{Increase}} 7
|-
|{{Party color cell|Janasena Party}}
|[[Jana Sena Party]]
|59,001
|0.25
|{{Increase}} 0.25
|8
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|colspan="2" style="background:#fef3E8"|Total
|style="background:#fef3E8"|3,316,529
|style="background:#fef3E8"|14.15
|style="background:#fef3E8"|{{Increase}} 7.17
|style="background:#fef3E8"|119
|style="background:#fef3E8"|8
|style="background:#fef3E8"|{{Increase}} 7
|-
|{{Party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|colspan="3"|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|519,379
|2.22
|{{Decrease}} 0.49
|9
|7
|{{Steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Other}}
|colspan="3"|[[#Parties and alliances|Other parties]]
|848,086
|3.62
|{{Decrease}} 6.65
|933
|0
|{{Decrease}} 3
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
|513,873
|2.19
| {{Decrease}} 1.06
|991
|0
|{{Decrease}} 1
|-
|bgcolor="black"|
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|171,953
|0.73
|{{Decrease}} 0.36
!colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!23,439,945
!100.00
!N/A
!2290
!119
!N/A
|-
|colspan="10"|
|-
!colspan="10"|Vote statistics
|-
|colspan="4"|Valid votes
|
|
!colspan="4" rowspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
|colspan="4"|Invalid votes
|
|
|-
|colspan="4"|'''Votes cast/Turnout'''
|'''2,34,74,306'''
|'''71.97'''
|-
|colspan="4"|Abstentions
|
|
|-
|colspan="4"|'''Registered voters'''
|'''3,26,18,257'''
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
|}

[[Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee|Telangana PCC]] president [[Revanth Reddy]] was widely credited with the success of his party in the polls.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Revanth Reddy Changed The Game For Congress In Telangana|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/revanth-reddy-telangana-assembly-election-2023-how-revanth-reddy-changed-the-game-for-congress-in-telangana-4628533|access-date=2023-12-03|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203143734/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/revanth-reddy-telangana-assembly-election-2023-how-revanth-reddy-changed-the-game-for-congress-in-telangana-4628533|url-status=live}}</ref> Congress state in-charge Masoor Khan stated that [[Rahul Gandhi]]'s [[Bharat Jodo Yatra]] worked in favour in the Congress in Telangana.<ref>{{Citation|title=Video: Telangana Election Results: Rahul Gandhi's 'Bharat Jodo Yatra' Worked For Congress: Mansoor Khan|url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/news/telangana-election-results-rahul-gandhi-s-bharat-jodo-yatra-worked-for-congress-mansoor-khan-743010|access-date=2023-12-03|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203143734/https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/news/telangana-election-results-rahul-gandhi-s-bharat-jodo-yatra-worked-for-congress-mansoor-khan-743010|url-status=live}}</ref> The Congress' landslide victory in neighbouring [[Karnataka]] a few months earlier was also emphasised as a major boost for the Congress in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-03|title=What Congress got right in its sole spark, Telangana|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/what-congress-got-right-telangana-assembly-elections-9052393/|access-date=2023-12-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203143329/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/what-congress-got-right-telangana-assembly-elections-9052393/|url-status=live}}</ref> Congress party poll strategist Sunil Kanugolu was also highlighted in the media for his efforts.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-03|title=Who is Sunil Kanugolu, Congress poll strategist responsible for historic win in Telangana? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-is-sunil-kanugolu-congress-poll-strategist-responsible-for-historic-win-in-telangana-election-results-2023-kcr-101701596907844.html|access-date=2023-12-03|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

According to an analysis in [[The Hindu]], strong anti-incumbency generated due to the failure to fill government jobs, the arrogant attitude of the Chief Minister, discrepancies in the cash transfer and welfare schemes, general corruption, voter fatigue, [[land grabbing]] charges faced by 30-40 BRS MLAs, and Chandrasekhar Rao's “bold” and early decision of fielding most of the BRS MLAs, including those with a dubious track record helped the Congress in winning the election.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Congress's great resurgence in Telangana|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-congresss-great-resurgence-in-telangana/article67604337.ece|date=2023-12-05|work=The Hindu|url-access=subscription|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205105307/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-congresss-great-resurgence-in-telangana/article67604337.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Results by region ===
Out of the total of 25 seats in the Greater Hyderabad region, [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]] won 16, followed by [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]] with 7. [[Indian National Congress|INC]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] secured one seat each. The INC's victory was on account of its performance in north and south Telangana.

Out of the total of 51 seats in the North Telangana region, [[Indian National Congress|congress]] won 33, followed by [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]] with 10. [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] secured 7 seats in this region. The INC's victory was on account of its performance in north and south Telangana. [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]] only contested in Greater Hyderabad.<ref name=":6" />

Out of the total of 43 seats in the South Telangana region, [[Indian National Congress|congress]] won 30, followed by [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]] with 13. [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] did not win any seat in this region. The INC's victory was on account of its performance in north and south Telangana. [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]] only contested in Greater Hyderabad.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |title=2023 Telangana Assembly elections - Winds of change in Telangana |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/telangana-assembly/2023-telangana-assembly-elections-winds-of-change-in-telangana/article67605464.ece?art=package |last=Shastri |first=Sandeep |date=2023-12-05 |work=The Hindu |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 December 2023 |access-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205083844/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/telangana-assembly/2023-telangana-assembly-elections-winds-of-change-in-telangana/article67605464.ece?art=package |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan=3 class="wikitable" |Region
! rowspan=3 class="wikitable" |Seats
| colspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| colspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}" |
| colspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| colspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}" |
|-
! colspan=2 class="wikitable" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]+
! colspan=2 class="wikitable" |[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
! colspan=2 class="wikitable" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
! colspan=2 class="wikitable" |[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|-
! Seats
! Vote (%)
! Seats
! Vote (%)
! Seats
! Vote (%)
! Seats
! Vote (%)
|-
! Hyderabad
| 25
| 1
| 25.53
| style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;" |16
| 38.97
| 1
| 20.92
| 7
| 19.79
|-
! North
| 51
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |33
| 41.26
| 10
| 34.64
| 7
| 15.66
| colspan="2" | ''Did not contest''
|-
! South
| 43
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |30
| 45.86
| 13
| 39.29
| 0
| 7.69
| colspan="2" | ''Did not contest''
|}

===Results by district===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" class="wikitable" |District
! rowspan="2" class="wikitable" |Seats
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}" |
|-
! class="wikitable" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]+
! class="wikitable" |[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
! class="wikitable" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! class="wikitable" |[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|-
![[Komaram Bheem Asifabad district|Komaram Bheem Asifabad]]
!2
|0
|1
|1
|0
|-
![[Mancherial district|Mancherial]]
!3
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |3
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
!3
|1
|1
|1
|0
|-
![[Nirmal district|Nirmal]]
!2
|0
|0
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |2
|0
|-
![[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
!6
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |3
|1
|2
|0
|-
![[Kamareddy district|Kamareddy]]
!3
|1
|1
|1
|0
|-
![[Jagtial district|Jagtial]]
!3
|1
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;" |2
|0
|0
|-
![[Peddapalli district|Peddapalli]]
!3
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |3
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
!5
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |3
|2
|0
|0
|-
![[Rajanna Sircilla district|Rajanna Sircilla]]
!2
|1
|1
|0
|0
|-
![[Siddipet district|Siddipet]]
!3
|0
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;" |3
|0
|0
|-
![[Medak district|Medak]]
!2
|1
|1
|0
|0
|-
![[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]]
!5
|2
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;" |3
|0
|0
|-
![[Medchal-Malkajgiri district|Medchal-Malkajgiri]]
!5
|0
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;" |5
|0
|0
|-
![[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
!8
|3
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;" |5
|0
|0
|-
![[Vikarabad district|Vikarabad]]
!4
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |4
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[Hyderabad district (India)|Hyderabad]]
!15
|0
|7
|1
|7
|-
![[Narayanpet district|Narayanpet]]
!2
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |2
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
!3
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |3
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[Wanaparthy district|Wanaparthy]]
!1
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |1
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[Jogulamba Gadwal district|Jogulamba Gadwal]]
!2
|0
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;" |2
|0
|0
|-
![[Nagarkurnool district|Nagarkurnool]]
!3
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |3
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
!6
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |6
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[Suryapet district|Suryapet]]
!4
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |3
|1
|0
|0
|-
![[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district|Yadadri Bhuvanagiri]]
!2
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |2
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[Jangaon district|Jangaon]]
!3
|1
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;" |2
|0
|0
|-
![[Mahabubabad district|Mahabubabad]]
!2
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |2
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[Warangal district|Warangal]]
!2
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |2
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[Hanamkonda district|Hanamkonda]]
!3
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |3
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[Jayashankar Bhupalpally district|Jayashankar Bhupalpalle]]
!1
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |1
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[Mulugu district|Mulugu]]
!1
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |1
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[Bhadradri Kothagudem district|Bhadradri Kothagudem]]
!5
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |4
|1
|0
|0
|-
![[Khammam district|Khammam]]
!5
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |5
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Total
!119
!65
!39
!8
!7
|}

=== Results by Region ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Region
!Seats
! colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! colspan="2" |[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
! colspan="2" |[[BJP]]
! colspan="2" |[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
!OTH
|-
|Northern Telangana
|49
|'''30'''
|{{Increase}} 18
|11
|{{Decrease}} 24
|07
|{{Increase}} 07
|00
|{{Steady}}
|01
|-
|Greater Hyderabad
|39
|10
|{{Increase}} 05
|'''21'''
|{{Decrease}} 05
|01
|{{Steady}}
|07
|{{Steady}}
|00
|-
|Southern Telangana
|31
|'''24'''
|{{Increase}} 18
|07
|{{Decrease}} 20
|00
|{{Steady}}
|00
|{{Steady}}
|00
|-
!Total
!119
!64
!{{Increase}} 45
!39
!{{Decrease}} 49
!08
!{{Increase}} 07
!07
!{{Steady}}
!01
|}

=== Results by constituency ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" |District<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India, State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Telangana; 10 - Detailed Results |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/telangana/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner<ref name="Telangana election results 2023: Full list of winners constituency wise">{{cite news |last1=The Economic Times |date=3 December 2023 |title=Telangana election results 2023: Full list of winners constituency wise |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/telangana-assembly-elections/telangana-assembly-election-2023-constituency-wise-full-winner-list-brs-aimim-tdp-bjp-congress-candidates/articleshow/105690405.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207043327/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/telangana-assembly-elections/telangana-assembly-election-2023-constituency-wise-full-winner-list-brs-aimim-tdp-bjp-congress-candidates/articleshow/105690405.cms |archive-date=7 December 2023 |access-date=7 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Telangana Assembly Elections: Know your MLA">{{cite news |last1=Telangana Today |first1= |date=4 December 2023 |title=Telangana Assembly Elections: Know your MLA |url=https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-assembly-elections-know-your-mla |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209172226/https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-assembly-elections-know-your-mla |archive-date=9 December 2023 |access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref>
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="3" |Margin
|-
! No.
! Name
! Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! Votes
!%
|-
|[[Komaram Bheem Asifabad district|Asifabad]]
!1
|[[Sirpur Assembly constituency|Sirpur]]
|[[Palvai Harish Babu]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|63,702
|34.09
|[[Koneru Konappa]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|60,614
|32.43
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |3,088
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Mancherial district|Mancherial]]
!2
|[[Chennur Assembly constituency|Chennur]] (SC)
|[[G. Vivekanand|Gaddam Vivekanand]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|87,541
|57.51
|[[Balka Suman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|50,026
|32.86
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|37,515
|-
!3
|[[Bellampalli Assembly constituency|Bellampalli]] (SC)
|[[Gaddam Vinod Kumar|Gaddam Vinod]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|82,217
|57.96
|[[Durgam Chinnaiah]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|45,339
|31.96
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|36,878
|-
!4
|[[Mancherial Assembly constituency|Mancherial]]
|[[Kokkirala Premsagar Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,05,945
|55.03
|Verabelli Raghunath
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|39,829
|20.69
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|66,116
|-
|[[Komaram Bheem Asifabad district|Asifabad]]
!5
|[[Asifabad Assembly constituency|Asifabad]] (ST)
|[[Kova Laxmi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|83,036
|44.97
|Ajmera Shyam
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|60,238
|32.62
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|22,798
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
!6
|[[Khanapur, Telangana Assembly constituency|Khanapur]] (ST)
|[[Vedma Bhojju]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|58,870
|33.79
|Johnson Naik Bhukya
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|54,168
|31.09
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|4,702
|-
!7
|[[Adilabad Assembly constituency|Adilabad]]
|[[Payal Shankar|Payal Shanker]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|67,608
|35.84
|[[Jogu Ramanna]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|60,916
|32.29
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |6,692
|-
!8
|[[Boath Assembly constituency|Boath]] (ST)
|[[Anil Jadhav]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|76,792
|44.13
|[[Soyam Bapu Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|53,992
|31.03
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|22,800
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Nirmal district|Nirmal]]
!9
|[[Nirmal Assembly constituency|Nirmal]]
|[[Alleti Maheshwar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,06,400
|54.03
|[[Allola Indrakaran Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|55,697
|28.28
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |50,703
|-
!10
|[[Mudhole Assembly constituency|Mudhole]]
|[[Rama Rao Pawar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|98,252
|48.59
|Gaddigari Vittal Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|74,254
|36.72
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |23,999
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
!11
|[[Armur Assembly constituency|Armur]]
|[[Paidi Rakesh Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|72,658
|44.90
|Prodduturi Vinay Kumar Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|42,989
|26.56
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |29,669
|-
!12
|[[Bodhan Assembly constituency|Bodhan]]
|[[P. Sudarshan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|66,963
|38.95
|Mohammed Shakil Aamir
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|63,901
|37.17
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3,062
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Kamareddy district|Kamareddy]]
!13
|[[Jukkal Assembly constituency|Jukkal]] (SC)
|[[Thota Laxmi Kantha Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|64,489
|39.19
|Hanmant Shinde
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|63,337
|38.49
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1,152
|-
!14
|[[Banswada Assembly constituency|Banswada]]
|[[Pocharam Srinivas Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|76,278
|47.65
|Eanugu Ravinder Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|52,814
|32.99
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|23,464
|-
|[[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
!15
|[[Yellareddy Assembly constituency|Yellareddy]]
|[[K. Madan Mohan Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|86,989
|47.07
|Jajala Surendar
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|62,988
|34.08
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|24,001
|-
| [[Kamareddy district|Kamareddy]]
!16
|[[Kamareddy Assembly constituency|Kamareddy]]
|[[K. V. Ramana Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|66,652
|34.55
|[[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao|K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|59,911
|31.06
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |6,741
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
!17
|[[Nizamabad Urban Assembly constituency|Nizamabad Urban]]
|[[Dhanpal Suryanarayana Gupta]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|75,240
|40.82
|[[Mohammed Ali Shabbir]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|59,853
|32.47
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |15,387
|-
!18
|[[Nizamabad Rural Assembly constituency|Nizamabad Rural]]
|[[Rekulapally Bhoopathi Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|78,378
|40.19
|[[Bajireddy Goverdhan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|56,415
|28.93
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|21,963
|-
!19
|[[Balkonda Assembly constituency|Balkonda]]
|[[Vemula Prashanth Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|70,417
|40.28
|Muthyala Sunil Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|65,884
|37.68
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|4,533
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Jagtial district|Jagtial]]
!20
|[[Koratla Assembly constituency|Korutla]]
|[[Kalvakuntla Sanjay]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|72,115
|39.28
|[[Dharmapuri Arvind]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|61,810
|33.67
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|10,305
|-
!21
|[[Jagtial Assembly constituency|Jagtial]]
|[[M. Sanjay Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|70,243
|39.83
|[[T. Jeevan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|54,421
|30.86
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|15,822
|-
!22
|[[Dharmapuri, Telangana Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]] (SC)
|[[Adluri Laxman Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|91,393
|50.30
|[[Koppula Eshwar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|69,354
|38.17
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|22,039
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Peddapalli district|Peddapalli]]
!23
|[[Ramagundam Assembly constituency|Ramagundam]]
|[[Makkan Singh Raj Thakur]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|92,227
|60.28
|[[Korukanti Chandar|Korukanti Chandar Patel]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|35,433
|23.16
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|56,794
|-
!24
|[[Manthani Assembly constituency|Manthani]]
|[[Dudilla Sridhar Babu|Duddilla Sridhar Babu]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,03,822
|52.82
|Putta Madhukar
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|72,442
|36.86
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|31,380
|-
!25
|[[Peddapalle Assembly constituency|Peddapalli]]
|[[Chinthakunta Vijaya Ramana Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,18,888
|57.17
|[[Dasari Manohar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|63,780
|30.67
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|55,108
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
!26
|[[Karimnagar Assembly constituency|Karimnagar]]
|[[Gangula Kamalakar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|92,179
|40.12
|[[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|89,016
|38.74
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|3,163
|-
!27
|[[Choppadandi Assembly constituency|Choppadandi]] (SC)
|[[Medipally Sathyam|Medipally Satyam]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|90,395
|49.62
|[[Sunke Ravi Shankar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|52,956
|29.07
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|37,439
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajanna Sircilla district|Rajanna Sircilla]]
!28
|[[Vemulawada Assembly constituency|Vemulawada]]
|[[Aadi Srinivas]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|71,451
|41.03
|Chalimeda Lakshmi Narasimha Rao
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|56,870
|32.66
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|14,581
|-
!29
|[[Sircilla Assembly constituency|Sircilla]]
|[[K. T. Rama Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|89,244
|47.28
|K. K. Mahender Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|59,557
|31.56
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|29,687
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
!30
|[[Manakondur Assembly constituency|Manakondur]] (SC)
|[[Kavvampally Satyanarayana]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|96,773
|52.08
|[[Rasamayi Balakishan|Erupula Balakishan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|64,408
|34.66
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|32,365
|-
!31
|[[Huzurabad Assembly constituency|Huzurabad]]
|[[Kaushik Reddy|Padi Kaushik Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|80,333
|38.38
|[[Etela Rajender]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|63,460
|30.32
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|16,873
|-
!32
|[[Husnabad Assembly constituency|Husnabad]] (SC)
|[[Ponnam Prabhakar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,00,955
|48.84
|Voditela Satish Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|81,611
|39.48
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|19,344
|-
|[[Siddipet district|Siddipet]]
!33
|[[Siddipet Assembly constituency|Siddipet]]
|[[T. Harish Rao|Thanneeru Harish Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|1,05,514
|58.17
|Pujala Hari Krishna
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|23,206
|12.79
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|82,308
|-
|[[Medak district|Medak]]
!34
|[[Medak Assembly constituency|Medak]]
|[[Mynampally Rohit|Mynampally Rohith]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|87,126
|46.63
|[[Padma Devender Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|76,969
|41.19
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|10,157
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]]
!35
|[[Narayankhed Assembly constituency|Narayankhed]]
|[[Patlolla Sanjeeva Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|91,373
|47.09
|[[Mahareddy Bhupal Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|84,826
|43.72
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|6,547
|-
!36
|[[Andole Assembly constituency|Andole]] (SC)
|[[Damodar Raja Narasimha|C. Damodar Raja Narasimha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,14,147
|53.65
|Chanti Karanthi Kiran
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|85,954
|40.40
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|28,193
|-
|[[Medak district|Medak]]
!37
|[[Narsapur Assembly constituency|Narsapur]]
|[[Vakiti Sunitha Laxma Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|88,410
|44.64
|Aavula Raji Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|79,555
|40.17
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|8,855
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]]
!38
|[[Zahirabad Assembly constituency|Zahirabad]] (SC)
|[[Koninty Manik Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|97,205
|46.49
|A. Chandrasekhar Rao
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|84,415
|40.37
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|12,790
|-
!39
|[[Sangareddy Assembly constituency|Sangareddy]]
|[[Chinta Prabhakar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|83,112
|44.32
|[[Jagga Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|74,895
|39.94
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|8,217
|-
!40
|[[Patancheru Assembly constituency|Patancheru]]
|[[Gudem Mahipal Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|1,05,387
|38.06
|Kata Srinivas Goud
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|98,296
|35.50
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|7,091
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Siddipet district|Siddipet]]
!41
|[[Dubbak Assembly constituency|Dubbak]]
|[[Kotha Prabhakar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|97,879
|56.01
|[[Raghunandan Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|44,366
|25.39
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|53,513
|-
!42
|[[Gajwel Assembly constituency|Gajwel]]
|[[K Chandrashekar Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|1,11,684
|48.05
|[[Etela Rajender]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|66,653
|28.68
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|45,031
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Medchal-Malkajgiri district|Medchal-Malkajgiri]]
!43
|[[Medchal Assembly constituency|Medchal]]
|[[Malla Reddy|Chamakura Malla Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|1,86,017
|46.44
|Thotakura Vajresh Yadav
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,52,598
|38.10
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|33,419
|-
!44
|[[Malkajgiri Assembly constituency|Malkajgiri]]
|[[Marri Rajasekhar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|1,25,049
|47.12
|[[Mynampally Hanumanth Rao]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|75,519
|28.45
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|49,530
|-
!45
|[[Quthbullapur Assembly constituency|Quthbullapur]]
||[[K. P. Vivekanand Goud|K. P. Vivekanand]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|1,87,999
|46.80
|[[Kuna Srisailam Goud]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,02,423
|25.50
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|85,576
|-
!46
|[[Kukatpally Assembly constituency|Kukatpally]]
|[[Madhavaram Krishna Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|1,35,636
|54.08
|Bandi Ramesh
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|65,248
|26.02
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|70,387
|-
!47
|[[Uppal Assembly constituency|Uppal]]
|[[Bandari Lakshma Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|1,32,927
|48.33
|Mandumula Parameshwar Reddy
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|83,897
|30.51
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|49,030
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
!48
|[[Ibrahimpatnam Assembly constituency|Ibrahimpatnam]]
|[[Malreddy Ranga Reddy]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|1,26,506
|50.92
|Manchireddy Kishan Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|89,806
|36.14
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|36,700
|-
!49
|[[Lal Bahadur Nagar Assembly constituency|L. B. Nagar]]
|[[Devireddy Sudheer Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|1,11,380
|37.74
|Sama Ranga Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|89,075
|30.18
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|22,305
|-
!50
|[[Maheshwaram Assembly constituency|Maheshwaram]]
|[[Sabitha Indra Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|1,25,578
|40.99
|Andela Sriramulu Yadav
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|99,391
|32.45
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|26,187
|-
!51
|[[Rajendranagar Assembly constituency|Rajendranagar]]
|[[T. Prakash Goud]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|1,21,734
|37.09
|Thokala Srinivas Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|89,638
|27.31
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|32,096
|-
!52
|[[Serilingampally Assembly constituency|Serilingampally]]
|[[Arekapudi Gandhi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|1,57,332
|43.97
|Jagadeeswar Goud
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,10,780
|30.96
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|46,552
|-
!53
|[[Chevella Assembly constituency|Chevella]] (SC)
|[[Kale Yadaiah]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|76,218
|38.73
|Beem Bharath Pamena
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|75,950
|38.59
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|268
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Vikarabad district|Vikarabad]]
!54
|[[Pargi Assembly constituency|Pargi]]
|[[T. Ram Mohan Reddy|Tammannagari Ram Mohan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|98,536
|48.93
|K. Mahesh Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|74,523
|37.01
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|24,013
|-
!55
|[[Vikarabad Assembly constituency|Vicarabad]] (SC)
|[[Gaddam Prasad Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|86,885
|49.85
|Methuku Anand
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|73,992
|42.46
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|12,893
|-
!56
|[[Tandur Assembly constituency|Tandur]]
|[[B. Manohar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|84,662
|48.32
|[[Pilot Rohith Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|78,079
|44.56
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|6,583
|-
| rowspan="15" |[[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]]
!57
|[[Musheerabad Assembly constituency|Musheerabad]]
|[[Muta Gopal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|75,207
|49.07
|[[Anjan Kumar Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|37,410
|24.41
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|37,797
|-
!58
|[[Malakpet Assembly constituency|Malakpet]]
|[[Ahmed Bin Abdullah Balala]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|55,805
|42.27
|Shaik Akbar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|29,699
|22.50
|style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}} ; color:white;" |26,106
|-
!59
|[[Amberpet Assembly constituency|Amberpet]]
|[[Kaleru Venkatesh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|74,416
|50.80
|Chenaboyanna Krishna Yadav
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|49,879
|34.05
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|24,537
|-
!60
|[[Khairatabad Assembly constituency|Khairatabad]]
|[[Danam Nagender]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|67,368
|43.48
|P. Vijaya Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|45,358
|29.28
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|22,010
|-
!61
|[[Jubilee Hills Assembly constituency|Jubilee Hills]]
|[[Maganti Gopinath]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|80,549
|43.94
|[[Mohammed Azharuddin]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|64,212
|35.03
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|16,337
|-
!62
|[[Sanathnagar Assembly constituency|Sanathnagar]]
|[[Talasani Srinivas Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|72,557
|56.57
|[[Marri Shashidhar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|30,730
|23.96
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|41,827
|-
!63
|[[Nampally Assembly constituency|Nampally]]
|[[Mohammad Majid Hussain]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|62,185
|40.83
|Mohammed Feroz Khan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|60,148
|39.49
|style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}} ; color:white;" |2,037
|-
!64
|[[Karwan Assembly constituency|Karwan]]
|[[Kausar Mohiuddin]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|83,388
|47.42
|Amar Singh
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|41,402
|23.55
|style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}} ; color:white;" |41,986
|-
!65
|[[Goshamahal Assembly constituency|Goshamahal]]
|[[T. Raja Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|80,182
|54.08
|Nand Kishore Vyas
|{{Party name with colour|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|58,725
|39.61
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |21,457
|-
!66
|[[Charminar Assembly constituency|Charminar]]
|[[Mir Zulfeqar Ali]]
|{{party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|49,103
|50.05
|Megha Rani Agarwal
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|26,250
|26.76
|style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}} ; color:white;" |22,853
|-
!67
|[[Chandrayangutta Assembly constituency|Chandrayangutta]]
|[[Akbaruddin Owaisi]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|99,776
|64.89
|Muppi Seetharam Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|18,116
|11.78
|style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}} ; color:white;" |81,660
|-
!68
|[[Yakutpura Assembly constituency|Yakutpura]]
|[[Jaffer Hussain]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|46,153
|32.86
|Amjed Ullah Khan
|{{Party name with color|Majlis Bachao Tehreek}}
|45,275
|32.24
|style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}} ; color:white;" |878
|-
!69
|[[Bahadurpura Assembly constituency|Bahadurpura]]
|[[Mohammed Mubeen]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|89,451
|62.24
|Mir Inayath Ali Baqri
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|22,426
|15.60
|style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}} ; color:white;" |67,025
|-
!70
|[[Secunderabad Assembly constituency|Secunderabad]]
|[[T. Padma Rao Goud]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|78,223
|55.42
|Adam Santosh Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|32,983
|23.37
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|45,240
|-
!71
|[[Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency|Secunderabad Cantt.]] (SC)
|[[Lasya Nanditha|G. Lasya Nanditha]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|59,057
|47.43
|Sri Ganesh Narayan
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|41,888
|33.64
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|17,169
|-
|[[Vikarabad district|Vikarabad]]
!72
|[[Kodangal Assembly constituency|Kodangal]]
|[[Anumula Revanth Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,07,429
|55.05
|Patnam Narender Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|74,897
|38.38
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|32,532
|-
|[[Narayanpet district|Narayanpet]]
!73
|[[Narayanpet Assembly constituency|Narayanpet]]
|[[Chittem Parnika Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|84,708
|46.31
|S. Rajender Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|76,757
|41.97
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7,951
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
!74
|[[Mahbubnagar Assembly constituency|Mahbubnagar]]
|[[Yennam Srinivas Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|87,227
|48.04
|[[V. Srinivas Goud]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|64, 489
|37.72
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|18,738
|-
!75
|[[Jadcherla Assembly constituency|Jadcherla]]
|[[Janampalli Anirudh Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|90,865
|50.30
|Charlakola Laxma Rreddy
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|75,694
|41.90
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|15,171
|-
!76
|[[Devarkadra Assembly constituency|Devarkadra]]
|[[Gavinolla Madhusudan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|88,551
|45.31
|Alla Venkateswar Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|87,159
|44.60
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1,392
|-
|[[Narayanpet district|Narayanpet]]
!77
|[[Makthal Assembly constituency|Makthal]]
|[[Vakiti Srihari]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|74,917
|39.88
|Chittem Ram Mohan Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|57,392
|30.55
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|17,525
|-
|[[Wanaparthy district|Wanaparthy]]
!78
|[[Wanaparthy Assembly constituency|Wanaparthy]]
|[[Tudi Megha Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,07,115
|50.25
|[[Singireddy Niranjan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|81,795
|38.37
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|25,320
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Jogulamba Gadwal district|Jogulamba Gadwal]]
!79
|[[Gadwal Assembly constituency|Gadwal]]
|[[Bandla Krishna Mohan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|94,097
|43.79
|[[Saritha Thirupathaiah]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|87,061
|40.52
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|7,036
|-
!80
|[[Alampur Assembly constituency|Alampur]] (SC)
|[[Vijayudu]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|1,04,060
|52.88
|S. A. Sampath Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|73,487
|37.34
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|30,573
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Nagarkurnool district|Nagarkunool]]
!81
|[[Nagarkurnool Assembly constituency|Nagarkurnool]]
|[[Kuchkulla Rajesh Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|87,161
|47.21
|Marri Janardhan Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|81,913
|44.37
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|5,248
|-
!82
|[[Achampet Assembly constituency|Achampet]] (SC)
|[[Chikkudu Vamshi Krishna]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,15,337
|58.96
|[[Guvvala Balaraju]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|66,011
|33.74
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|49,326
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
!83
|[[Kalwakurthy Assembly constituency|Kalwakurthy]]
|[[Kasireddy Narayan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|75,858
|37.41
|Talloju Achary
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|70,448
|34.75
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|5,410
|-
!84
|[[Shadnagar Assembly constituency|Shadnagar]]
|[[K. Shankaraiah]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|77,817
|39.79
|Yelganamoni Anjaiah
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|70,689
|36.15
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7,128
|-
|[[Nagarkurnool district|Nagarkunool]]
!85
|[[Kollapur Assembly constituency|Kollapur]]
|[[Jupally Krishna Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|93,609
|48.70
|[[Beeram Harshavardhan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|63,678
|33.13
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|29,931
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
!86
|[[Devarakonda Assembly constituency|Devarakonda]] (ST)
|[[Nenavath Balu Naik]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,11,344
|52.06
|[[Ravindra Kumar Ramavath]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|81,323
|38.02
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|30,021
|-
!87
|[[Nagarjuna Sagar Assembly constituency|Nagarjuna Sagar]]
|[[Kunduru Jayaveer Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,19,831
|59.30
|Nomula Bhagath Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|63,982
|31.66
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|55,849
|-
!88
|[[Miryalaguda Assembly constituency|Miryalaguda]]
|[[Bathula Laxma Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,14,462
|59.08
|[[Nallamothu Bhaskar Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|65,680
|33.90
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|48,782
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Suryapet district|Suryapet]]
!89
|[[Huzurnagar Assembly constituency|Huzurnagar]]
|[[N. Uttam Kumar Reddy|Nalamada Uttam Kumar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,16,707
|54.21
|[[Shanampudi Saidireddy|Shanampudi Saidi Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|71,819
|33.36
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|44,888
|-
!90
|[[Kodad Assembly constituency|Kodad]]
|[[N. Padmavathi Reddy|Nalamada Padmavathi Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,25,783
|60.19
|[[Bollam Mallaiah Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|67,611
|32.35
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|58,172
|-
!91
|[[Suryapet Assembly constituency|Suryapet]]
|[[Guntakandla Jagadish Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|75,143
|36.36
|Damodar Reddy Ramreddy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|70,537
|34.13
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|4,606
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
!92
|[[Nalgonda Assembly constituency|Nalgonda]]
|[[Komatireddy Venkat Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,07,405
|52.64
|Kancharla. Bhupal Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|53,073
|26.01
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|54,332
|-
!93
|[[Munugode Assembly constituency|Munugode]]
|[[Komatireddy Raj Gopal Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,19,624
|51.21
|[[Kusukuntla Prabhakar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|79,034
|33.83
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|40,590
|-
|[[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri]]
!94
|[[Bhongir Assembly constituency|Bhongir]]
|[[Kumbam Anil Kumar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,02,742
|52.40
|[[Pailla Shekar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|76,541
|39.04
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|26,201
|-
|[[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
!95
|[[Nakrekal Assembly constituency|Nakrekal]] (SC)
|[[Vemula Veeresham]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,33,540
|60.97
|[[Chirumarthi Lingaiah|Chirumarthy Lingaiah]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|64,701
|29.54
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|68,839
|-
|[[Suryapet district|Suryapet]]
!96
|[[Thungathurthi Assembly constituency|Thungathurthi]] (SC)
|[[Mandula Samuel]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,29,535
|57.53
|[[Gadari Kishore]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|78,441
|34.84
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|51,094
|-
|[[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri]]
!97
|[[Alair Assembly constituency|Alair]]
|[[Beerla Ilaiah]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,22,140
|57.41
|[[Gongidi Suntiha|Gongidi Sunitha]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|72,504
|34.08
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|49,636
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Jangaon district|Jangoan]]
!98
|[[Jangaon Assembly constituency|Jangaon]]
|[[Palla Rajeshwar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|98,975
|48.61
|Kommuri Pratap Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|83,192
|40.86
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|15,783
|-
!99
|[[Ghanpur Station Assembly constituency|Ghanpur Station]] (SC)
|[[Kadiyam Srihari]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|1,01,696
|47.13
|Singhapuram Indira
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|93,917
|43.53
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|7,779
|-
!100
|[[Palakurthi Assembly constituency|Palakurthi]]
|[[Mamidala Yashaswini Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,26,848
|57.62
|[[Errabelli Dayakar Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|79,214
|35.98
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|47,634
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Mahabubabad district|Mahabubabad]]
!101
|[[Dornakal Assembly constituency|Dornakal]] (ST)
|[[Jatoth Ram Chander Naik]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,15,587
|60.01
|Dharamsoth Redya Naik
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|62,456
|32.42
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|53,131
|-
!102
|[[Mahabubabad Assembly constituency|Mahabubabad]] (ST)
|[[Murali Naik Bhukya]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,16,644
|55.46
|[[Banoth Shankar Naik]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|66,473
|31.6
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|50,171
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Warangal district|Warangal]]
!103
|[[Narsampet Assembly constituency|Narsampet]]
|[[Donthi Madhava Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,04,185
|50.73
|[[P. Sudarshan Reddy|Peddi Sudarshan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|85,296
|41.53
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|18,889
|-
!104
|[[Parkal Assembly constituency|Parkal]]
|[[Revuri Prakash Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|72,573
|38.46
|Challa. Dharma Reddy.
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|64,632
|34.25
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7,941
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Hanamkonda district|Hanamkonda]]
!105
|[[Warangal West Assembly constituency|Warangal West]]
|[[Naini Rajender Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|72,649
|43.50
|Dasyam Vinay Bhasker
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|57,318
|34.32
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|15,331
|-
!106
|[[Warangal East Assembly constituency|Warangal East]]
|[[Konda Surekha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|67,757
|39.47
|Errabelli Pradeep Kumar Rao
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|52,105
|30.35
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|15,652
|-
!107
|[[Waradhanapet Assembly constituency|Waradhanapet]] (SC)
|[[K. R. Nagaraj]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,06,696
|48.77
|Aroori Ramesh
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|87,238
|39.88
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|19,458
|-
|[[Jayashankar Bhupalpally district|Jayashankar Bhupalpalle]]
!108
|[[Bhupalpalle Assembly constituency|Bhupalpalle]]
|[[Gandra Satyanarayana Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,23,116
|54.55
|[[Gandra Venkata Ramana Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|70,417
|31.20
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|52,699
|-
|[[Mulugu district|Mulugu]]
!109
|[[Mulug Assembly constituency|Mulug]] (ST)
|[[Seethakka]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,02,267
|54.52
|[[Bade Nagajyothi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|68,567
|36.55
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|33,700
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhadradri Kothagudem district|Bhadradri Kothagudem]]
!110
|[[Pinapaka Assembly constituency|Pinapaka]] (ST)
|[[Payam Venkateswarlu]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|90,510
|56.61
|Kantha Rao Rega
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|56,004
|35.03
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|34,506
|-
!111
|[[Yellandu Assembly constituency|Yellandu]] (ST)
|[[Koram Kanakaiah]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,09,171
|61.22
|[[Haripriya Banoth|Banoth Hari Priya]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|51,862
|29.08
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|57,309
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Khammam district|Khammam]]
!112
|[[Khammam Assembly constituency|Khammam]]
|[[Thummala Nageswara Rao|Tummala Nageswara Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,36,016
|57.58
|[[Puvvada Ajay Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|86,635
|36.67
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|49,381
|-
!113
|[[Palair Assembly constituency|Palair]]
|[[Ponguleti Srinivasa Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,27,820
|58.94
|Kandala Upender Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|71,170
|32.82
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|56,650
|-
!114
|[[Madhira Assembly constituency|Madhira]] (SC)
|[[Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,08,970
|55.49
|Lingala Kamal Raju
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|73,518
|37.44
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|35,452
|-
!115
|[[Wyra Assembly constituency|Wyra]] (ST)
|[[Ramdas Maloth]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|93,913
|55.44
|[[Banoth Madanlal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|60,868
|35.93
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|33,045
|-
!116
|[[Sathupalli Assembly constituency|Sathupalli]] (SC)
|[[Matta Ragamayee]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,11,245
|51.66
|[[Sandra Venkata Veeraiah]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|91,805
|42.63
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|19,440
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Bhadradri Kothagudem district|Bhadradri Kothagudem]]
!117
|[[Kothagudem Assembly constituency|Kothagudem]]
|[[Kunamneni Sambasiva Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|80,336
|42.75
|[[Jalagam Venkat Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|53,789
|28.62
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;" |26,547
|-
!118
|[[Aswaraopeta Assembly constituency|Aswaraopeta]] (ST)
|[[Jare Adinarayana]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|74,993
|55.05
|[[Mecha Nageswara Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|46,088
|33.83
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|28,905
|-
!119
|[[Bhadrachalam Assembly constituency|Bhadrachalam]] (ST)
|[[Tellam Venkata Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|53,252
|45.08
|[[Podem Veeraiah]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|47,533
|40.24
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|5,719
|}

==Aftermath==
[[All India Congress Committee]] (AICC) named [[Revanth Reddy]] as the leader of Congress Party in Telangana, following the elected MLAs' resolution authorizing the AICC to nominate the leader, paving way for him to become the [[Chief Minister of Telangana]].<ref name="third term CM">{{Cite news |title=Revanth Reddy To Be Sworn In As Telangana Chief Minister Tomorrow |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/revanth-reddy-to-be-sworn-in-as-telangana-chief-minister-tomorrow-4640509 |date=2023-12-07 |work=NDTV |access-date=8 December 2023 |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608112704/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/revanth-reddy-to-take-oath-as-telangana-chief-minister-today-sonia-gandhi-rahul-gandhi-to-attend-4640509 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 7 December 2023, he took oath as the [[List of chief ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister of Telangana]], thus making him the second person to hold the post.{{Efn|He is the 2nd person to serve as CM, while being the 3rd CM of the state, as K. Chandrashekar Rao served two terms.}}

==Bypolls==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" |District
! colspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" |Margin
|-
! No.
! Name
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
! %
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
! %
|-
|rowspan=4 |[[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]]
!rowspan=2 |71
|rowspan=2 |[[Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency|Secunderabad Cantt.]] (SC)
|[[Sri Ganesh (politician)|Sri Ganesh]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|53,651
|40.86
|T. N. Vamsha Tilak
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|40,445
|30.80
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};Color:White;"|13,206
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 13 May 2024 following the death of the incumbent member [[G. Lasya Nanditha]] from Bharat Rashtra Samithi on 23 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Lasya Nanditha, BRS MLA, killed in road mishap in Hyderabad |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telangana-brs-mla-from-secunderabad-cantonment-killed-in-road-mishap-101708655575987.html |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=13 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513061225/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telangana-brs-mla-from-secunderabad-cantonment-killed-in-road-mishap-101708655575987.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!rowspan=2 |61
|rowspan=2 |[[Jubilee Hills Assembly constituency|Jubilee Hills]]
|[[Naveen Yadav]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|98,988
|50.83
|Maganti Sunitha
|{{Party name with colour|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|74,259
|38.13
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};Color:White;"|24,729
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 11 November 2025 following the death of the incumbent member [[Maganti Gopinath]] from Bharat Rashtra Samithi on 8 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-14 |title=Jubilee Hills, Nuapada By-Election Results 2025 Highlights: Congress’ Naveen Yadav wins in Jubilee Hills bypoll; BJP’s Jay Dholakia in Nuapada |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/telangana-jubilee-hills-odisha-nuapada-by-election-result-2025-live-updates-bypolls-counting-eci-10363927/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[2023 elections in India]]
* [[Elections in Telangana]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|group=lower-greek}}
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywiseresult-S29.htm Election Commission of India] - Trends and Results December 2023

{{Telangana elections}}

[[Category:2023 State Assembly elections in India|Telangana]]
[[Category:2020s in Telangana|Legislative Assembly election]]
[[Category:November 2023 in India|Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Telangana]]

Million Dollar Arm

2026-03-20T07:16:53Z

Ghaiinfra: slightly updated intro per standard format and improved wording based on references

{{Short description|2014 film by Craig Gillespie}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Million Dollar Arm
| image = Million Dollar Arm poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Craig Gillespie]]
| producer = Michael Mandt Neil Mandt [[Joe Roth]] [[Mark Ciardi]] Gordon Gray
| writer = [[Tom McCarthy (director)|Tom McCarthy]]
| starring = [[Jon Hamm]] [[Aasif Mandvi]] [[Bill Paxton]] [[Suraj Sharma]] [[Lake Bell]] [[Alan Arkin]]
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cinematography = [[Gyula Pados]]
| editing = [[Tatiana S. Riegel]]
| studio = [[Walt Disney Pictures]] [[Roth/Kirschenbaum Films|Roth Films]] Mayhem Pictures
| distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2014|05|06|[[El Capitan Theatre]]|2014|05|16|United States}}
| runtime = 124 minutes<ref>{{cite web|title=''MILLION DOLLAR ARM'' (PG)|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/million-dollar-arm-film|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529052220/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/million-dollar-arm-film|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 29, 2014|work=[[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]]|publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=May 28, 2014|access-date=May 28, 2014}}</ref>
| country = United States
| language = {{ubl|
* English
* Hindi
}}
| budget = $25 million<ref>{{cite news |last=Lang |first=Brent |title=Disney Throws a Box Office Curve with 'Million Dollar Arm' |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/disney-throws-a-box-office-curve-with-million-dollar-arm-1201180903/|access-date=May 15, 2014|newspaper=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=May 14, 2014}}</ref>
| gross = $38.4 million<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=milliondollararm.htm |title=Million Dollar Arm (2014) |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=November 28, 2015}}</ref>
}}

'''''Million Dollar Arm''''' is a 2014 American [[Biographical film|biographical]] [[Sports film|sports]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Craig Gillespie]] and produced by [[Walt Disney Pictures]] from a screenplay written by [[Tom McCarthy (director)|Tom McCarthy]]. The film is based on the true story of baseball pitchers [[Rinku Singh (baseball)|Rinku Singh]] and [[Dinesh Patel]] who were discovered by sports agent [[J. B. Bernstein]] after winning a reality show competition.

The film stars [[Jon Hamm]] as J. B. Bernstein, [[Bill Paxton]] as [[pitching coach]] [[Tom House]], [[Suraj Sharma]] as Singh, [[Madhur Mittal]] as Patel, and [[Alan Arkin]]. The film's music is composed by [[A. R. Rahman]]. Produced by [[Joe Roth]], [[Mark Ciardi]], and Gordon Gray, the film was released theatrically on May 16, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Million Dollar Arm|url=http://www.wdsmediafile.com/media/MillionDollarArm/writen-material/MillionDollarArm5374f0e9ce53f.pdf|publisher=The Walt Disney Studios|access-date=6 June 2014|quote=Directed by Craig Gillespie from a screenplay written by Tom McCarthy, Walt Disney Pictures' drama "Million Dollar Arm" stars Jon Hamm, Aasif Mandvi, Bill Paxton, Suraj Sharma, Lake Bell and Alan Arkin.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Disney Dates Jon Hamm Sports Pic 'Million Dollar Arm' For May 2014 |url=https://deadline.com/2013/08/million-dollar-arm-release-date-may-16-2014-disney-jon-hamm-566936/ |access-date=August 19, 2013|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=August 19, 2013}}</ref> ''Million Dollar Arm'' grossed $39.2 million.

==Plot==
[[Sports agent]] [[J. B. Bernstein]] and his business partner Ash Vasudevan have formed their own struggling company in [[Los Angeles]], but all J. B.'s clients have retired, and he is unable to reel in star [[NFL]] player Popo Vanuatu. Desperate for new clients, J. B. realizes the potential for untapped [[baseball]] talent among [[cricket]] players in [[India]]. He and Ash approach investor Mr. Chang with a proposal — "Million Dollar Arm", an Indian talent contest to find two winning [[pitcher]]s who will be flown to the U.S. and coached to become [[Major League Baseball]] prospects. J. B. secures Chang's funding by agreeing that the winners will be ready for a major league tryout in one year.

Veteran [[Pitch (baseball)|pitching]] coach [[Tom House]] warns that baseball is too different from [[Bowling (cricket)|cricket bowling]], but J. B. convinces him to take on the challenge of coaching the winners. In [[Mumbai]], J. B. is guided by local businessman Vivek and hires enthusiastic Amit Rohan as his interpreter, and bonds over [[Skype]] with his tenant back home, Brenda. Joined by Ray Poitevint, a curmoudgeonly major league scout, they hold tryouts in numerous cities until two winners emerge — [[Rinku Singh (wrestler)|Rinku Singh]] and [[Dinesh Patel]].

Vivek reminds J. B. that this is a life-changing opportunity for the boys, who bid an emotional farewell to their families. They and Amit are flown to the U.S., and J. B. is disappointed to learn Brenda has a boyfriend. Rinku, Dinesh, and Amit are kicked out of their hotel after being overwhelmed by the elevator, forcing J. B. to invite them to stay at his home. Never having played baseball before, the boys struggle with House's training and feel neglected by J. B. as he tries to keep his company afloat.

Invited to a party thrown by Popo, J. B. takes the boys and Amit, but is forced to them home when Amit gets drunk after mistaking a margarita for punch and Rinku becomes sick from [[overeating]]; they both vomit inside J. B.'s [[Porsche]], and by the time he gets back to the party, Popo has already signed with someone else. Brenda helps him realize he needs to invest in the boys' wellbeing, and he trades his car in for a [[Dodge Caravan]]. Spending more time with the boys as their English and baseball skills improve, J. B. and a newly single Brenda share a kiss.

Under pressure from Chang, who demands that the boys demonstrate their progress at a well-publicized tryout, J. B. lashes out at Brenda. Various media outlets, including [[ESPN]] and ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'', join major league scouts to see the boys pitch in [[Tempe, Arizona]], with their families and Vivek watching in India. The tryout is a disaster as Rinku and Dinesh, nervous and underprepared, fail to impress anyone. Chang congratulates J. B. on a successful publicity stunt and extends their deal, but declares that Rinku and Dinesh are done.

Refusing to abandon Rinku and Dinesh for the sake of Million Dollar Arm's success, J. B. organizes another tryout, without Chang's support. J. B. is unable to interest any scouts, but Ray arranges for him to meet the head scout for the [[Pittsburgh Pirates]], who missed the first tryout and agrees to come. Amit, Dinesh, and Rinku prepare a romantic backyard date for Brenda and J. B., who insists the boys relax and have fun with their second chance. Amit delivers an inspiring speech to Rinku and Dinesh, who impress Chang and the scouts with accurate 90+ mph [[fastballs]].

An epilogue reveals footage of the real Rinku and Dinesh, who were offered contracts by the Pirates, becoming the first Indian athletes signed by a major American sports league; Amit returned to India to coach baseball; and J. B. and Brenda started a family, and continued Million Dollar Arm.

==Cast==

* [[Jon Hamm]] as [[J. B. Bernstein|J.B.]]
* [[Aasif Mandvi]] as Ash
* [[Bill Paxton]] as [[Tom House]]
* [[Suraj Sharma]] as [[Rinku Singh (wrestler)|Rinku]]
* [[Lake Bell]] as Brenda
* [[Alan Arkin]] as Ray Poitevint
* [[Madhur Mittal]] as [[Dinesh Patel|Dinesh]]
* [[Pitobash Tripathy]] as Amit Rohan (Deepesh Solanki)
* [[Tzi Ma]] as [[Will Chang|Chang]]
* [[Darshan Jariwala]] as Vivek
* [[Sudev Nair]] as News Anchor
* [[Gregory Alan Williams|Greg Alan Williams]] as Doug
* [[Allyn Rachel]] as Theresa
* [[Rey Maualuga]] as Popo

[[ESPN]] personalities [[Jayson Stark]], [[Karl Ravech]], and [[Steve Levy]], journalist [[Ken Rosenthal]], and retired [[Major League Baseball]] players [[Barry Larkin]] and [[Curt Schilling]] have [[cameo appearance]]s in the film.

==Production==
In 2008, television sports producers and brothers Neil and Michael Mandt began documenting the training and tryouts that Singh and Patel were undergoing at the [[University of Southern California|USC]] campus. Using original footage they had shot, they created a nine-minute trailer as a presentation piece for a projected movie about the two players. In December 2008, the Mandts began a collaboration with producers [[Mark Ciardi]], Gordon Gray and [[Joe Roth]]. In early 2009, the screen rights to Singh and Patel's life story were purchased by [[Sony Pictures Entertainment]] for development at [[Columbia Pictures]], which hired [[Mitch Glazer]] to write a screenplay.<ref name=deadline2010>{{cite news|last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|title=Sony Sparks To 'Million Dollar Arm' Pitch|url=https://deadline.com/2010/04/sony-sparks-to-million-dollar-arm-pitch-36786/|access-date=June 16, 2013|website=Deadline Hollywood |date=April 29, 2010}}</ref>

The project was eventually put in [[Turnaround (filmmaking)|turnaround]] and in 2010, producers Roth and Ciardi set the film up at [[Walt Disney Pictures]]. Upon acquiring the film, Disney hired [[Tom McCarthy (director)|Tom McCarthy]] to write a script.<ref>{{cite news|last=McClintock|first=Pamela|title=Tom McCarthy to Pen Disney Sports Drama 'Million Dollar Arm' (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/tom-mccarthy-pen-disney-sports-97425|access-date=June 16, 2013|newspaper=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=February 8, 2011}}</ref> In May 2012, [[Jon Hamm]] was hired to play [[J. B. Bernstein]].<ref name=HammCast>{{cite news|last=Kit|first=Borys|title=Jon Hamm to Star in Sports Drama 'Million Dollar Arm'|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/jon-hamm-mad-men-million-dollar-arm-322663|access-date=June 16, 2013|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=May 9, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|title='Mad Men's Jon Hamm To Play Sports Deal Maker In Disney's 'Million Dollar Arm'|url=https://deadline.com/2012/05/mad-mens-jon-hamm-to-play-sports-deal-maker-in-disneys-million-dollar-arm-269303/|access-date=June 16, 2013|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=May 9, 2012}}</ref> [[Alan Arkin]]<ref name=Arkin>{{cite news | last = McNary | first = Dave|title=Alan Arkin Joins 'Million Dollar Arm' |url=https://variety.com/2013/film/news/alan-arkin-joins-million-dollar-arm-exclusive-1200350403/|access-date=June 16, 2013|newspaper=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=April 11, 2013}}</ref> and [[Suraj Sharma]]<ref name=Sharma>{{cite news|last=Sneider|first=Jeff|title='Life of Pi' Star Suraj Sharma Joins Jon Hamm in Disney's 'Million Dollar Arm' |url=https://www.thewrap.com/movies/column-post/life-pi-star-suraj-sharma-winds-million-dollar-arm-exclusive-86276|access-date=June 16, 2013|publisher=[[TheWrap.com]] |date=April 17, 2013}}</ref> were hired in April 2013, with [[Allyn Rachel]] joining the cast the following month.<ref name=Rachel>{{cite news|last=McNary|first=Dave|title=Allyn Rachel Joins 'Million Dollar Arm' | url=https://variety.com/2013/film/news/allyn-rachel-joins-million-dollar-arm-exclusive-1200433976/|access-date=June 16, 2013|newspaper=Variety|date=May 1, 2013}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began on May 30, 2013 with filming taking place in [[Mumbai]], [[Atlanta]], and Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite web|last=Goldberg|first=Matt|title=Production Begins on 'Million Dollar Arm' Starring Jon Hamm, Suraj Sharma, and Madhur Mittal|url=https://collider.com/million-dollar-arm-synopsis/|publisher=Collider|access-date=June 16, 2013|date=May 30, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Disney's Million Dollar Arm Begins Production|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=104903|publisher=[[ComingSoon.net]]|access-date=June 16, 2013|date=May 30, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Shree Misra|first=Iti|title=Million Dollar Arm shooting gets over on a good note|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hollywood/news-interviews/Million-Dollar-Arm-shooting-gets-over-on-a-good-note/articleshow/20258456.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128104536/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-25/news-interviews/39520967_1_million-dollar-arm-suraj-sharma-craig-gillespie|url-status=live|archive-date=November 28, 2013|access-date=August 30, 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=May 25, 2013}}</ref>

===Music===
{{Main|Million Dollar Arm (soundtrack)}}
[[A. R. Rahman]] composed the [[Film score|film's score]]. The soundtrack album was digitally released by [[Walt Disney Records]] on May 13, 2014<ref>{{cite press release|title=Walt Disney Records Set To Release Academy Award-Winning Composer A. R. Rahman's Million Dollar Arm Soundtrack|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/walt-disney-records-set-to-release-academy-award-winning-composer-a-r-rahmans-million-dollar-arm-soundtrack-2014-05-05|access-date=13 May 2014|publisher=Walt Disney Records via PR Newswire|date=May 13, 2014}}</ref> whereas the CD release was released on May 19, 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last=Farleyon|first=Christopher John|title='Slumdog' Composer Steps Up To Bat for 'Million Dollar Arm'|url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB20001424052702303417104579541642477521178|access-date= May 6, 2014|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=May 5, 2014}}</ref>

==Release==
The first [[Trailer (promotion)|trailer]] was released on December 23, 2013 and attached theatrically with ''[[Saving Mr. Banks]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=McNary|first=Dave|title=Disney Pitching First Trailer for Jon Hamm's 'Million Dollar Arm'|url=https://variety.com/2013/film/news/jon-hamm-million-dollar-arm-1200991059/|access-date=7 May 2014|newspaper=Variety|date=23 December 2013}}</ref> Disney heavily promoted the film through its [[ESPN]] division, with [[Bill Simmons]] being credited an executive producer on the film.<ref name=THRESPN>{{cite news|last=Emery|first=Debbie|title=ESPN's 'Baseball Tonight' to Broadcast Live From the 'Million Dollar Arm' Premiere (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/espns-baseball-tonight-broadcast-live-699980|access-date=May 28, 2014|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=April 30, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Emery|first=Debbie|title=ESPN's 'Baseball Tonight' Makes Its Red Carpet Debut at the 'Million Dollar Arm' Premiere|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/espns-baseball-tonight-makes-red-702051|access-date=May 28, 2014|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=May 7, 2014}}</ref> The film was fully screened at [[National Association of Theatre Owners|CinemaCon]] in March 2014, wherein [[The Walt Disney Studios (division)|Walt Disney Studios]] chairman [[Alan F. Horn|Alan Horn]] claimed that it was the highest-tested film during his tenure at either Disney or [[Warner Bros.]], including the [[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)|first ''Harry Potter'']] film.<ref>{{cite news|author=Pete Hammond|title=Disney's Alan Horn Says 'Million Dollar Arm' Is Highest Testing Movie He's Ever Had|url=https://deadline.com/2014/03/cinemacon-disneys-alan-horn-says-million-dollar-arm-is-highest-testing-movie-hes-ever-had-704969/|access-date=March 28, 2014|website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> The film held its world premiere at the [[El Capitan Theatre]] on May 6, 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jon Hamm Hits a Home Run at 'Million Dollar Arm' Premiere|first=Debbie|title=Jon Hamm Hits a Home Run at 'Million Dollar Arm' Premiere|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/jon-hamm-hits-a-home-701916|access-date= May 7, 2014|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date= May 6, 2014}}</ref>

===Home media===
''Million Dollar Arm'' was released by [[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment]] on [[Blu-ray Disc]] and DVD on October 7, 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Million Dollar Arm Blu-ray|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=14452|access-date=July 14, 2014|date=July 11, 2014}}</ref>

==Reception==

===Box office===
''Million Dollar Arm'' grossed $36.5 million in North America and $2.8 million in other territories for a total gross of $39.2 million, against a budget of $25 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=milliondollararm.htm |title=Million Dollar Arm (2014) |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=May 22, 2015}}</ref>

In its opening weekend, the film grossed $10.5 million, finishing in fourth place at the box office behind fellow new release ''[[Godzilla (2014 film)|Godzilla]]'' ($95.1 million), as well as ''[[Neighbors (2014 film)|Neighbors]]'' ($25.2 million) and ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man 2]]'' ($16.8 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=2014&wknd=20&p=.htm|title=Weekend Box Office Results for May 16-18, 2014 - Box Office Mojo|website=www.boxofficemojo.com}}</ref>

===Critical response===

The film [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reports that prior to release ''Million Dollar Arm'' received a 65% approval rating from critics, based on 145 reviews with an [[Weighted mean|average score]] of 6.00/10. The site's consensus reads: "Pleasant to a fault, ''Million Dollar Arm'' is a middle-of-the-plate pitch that coasts on Jon Hamm's considerable charm without adding any truly original curves to Disney's inspirational sports formula."<ref name="rt">{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/million_dollar_arm/|title=Million Dollar Arm (2014)|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]]|access-date=May 13, 2025}}</ref> [[Metacritic]] gave the film a score of 56 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".<ref>{{cite web |title=Million Dollar Arm |url= https://www.metacritic.com/movie/million-dollar-arm |publisher= [[CBS Interactive]] [[Metacritic]] | access-date=October 12, 2014}}</ref> Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home - CinemaScore|url=https://www.cinemascore.com/|access-date=February 1, 2022|publisher=[[CinemaScore]]}}</ref>

Scott Foundas of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' described the film as a "sharp, slickly produced addition to the Disney sports movie canon [that] works as both a stirring underdog tale and as a revealing look at the expanding global footprint of the American sports-entertainment machine." Foundas also praised McCarthy's screenplay and Gillespie's direction, elaborating that they "put across the movie's many cliches with a certain verve, and find room for unexpected detours and grace notes in an overall familiar trajectory."<ref>{{cite news|last=Foundas|first=Scott|title=Film Review: 'Million Dollar Arm'|url=https://variety.com/2014/film/reviews/film-review-million-dollar-arm-1201167439/|access-date=May 15, 2014|newspaper=Variety|date=30 April 2014}}</ref> Michael Rechtshaffen of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' also praised the film, writing, "Dutifully covering all the requisite inspirational sports movie/fish-out-of-water bases yet still managing to throw a few fresh curves into the mix, Disney's ''Million Dollar Arm'' assuredly hits a home run."<ref>{{cite news|last=Michael|first=Rechtshaffen|title=Million Dollar Arm: Film Review|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/million-dollar-arm/review/697908|access-date=May 15, 2014|newspaper=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=20 April 2014}}</ref> Chris Nashawaty of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' gave the film a "B−" grade, comparing it to ''[[Jerry Maguire]]'', and calling Hamm's performance one of the film's highlights.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nashawaty|first=Chris|title=Million Dollar Arm (2014)|url=https://ew.com/article/2014/06/03/million-dollar-arm-movie/|access-date=May 15, 2014|newspaper=Entertainment Weekly|date=May 14, 2014}}</ref>

[[Alonso Duralde]] of ''[[The Wrap]]'' criticized the film's predictability and excessive sentimentality.<ref>{{cite news|last=Duralde|first=Alonso|title='Million Dollar Arm' Review: Jon Hamm Gets a Walk to First in Sentimental Underdog Tale|url=https://www.thewrap.com/million-dollar-arm-review-jon-hamm-sentimental-baseball-drama|access-date=May 15, 2014|publisher=[[TheWrap.com]]|date=30 April 2014}}</ref>

The [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] placed ''Million Dollar Arm'' on its shortlist of potential nominees for the [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]] and [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] (for "Million Dollar Dream", "Spreading the Word/Makhna", and "[[We Could Be Kings]]"), but ultimately was not nominated for either award.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 12, 2014 |url=http://www.oscars.org/news/114-original-scores-2014-oscar-race |title=114 Original Scores in 2014 Oscar Race|publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |access-date=December 12, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=December 12, 2014 |url=http://www.oscars.org/news/79-original-songs-vie-2014-oscar |title=79 Original Songs Vie for 2014 Oscar|publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |access-date=December 12, 2014 }}</ref>

===Accolades===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col"| Ref(s)
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[2014 Teen Choice Awards|Teen Choice Awards]]
| colspan="2"| [[Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie – Drama|Choice Movie: Drama]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite web|last1=Nordyke|first1=Kimberly|title=Teen Choice Awards: The Complete Winners List|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/teen-choice-awards-2014-winners-724423|work=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=August 17, 2014|date=August 10, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| Choice Movie Actor: Drama
| [[Jon Hamm]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of baseball films]]
{{Portal bar|Baseball|Film|United States}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://movies.disney.com/million-dollar-arm}} at [[Disney.com]]
* {{IMDb title|1647668}}
* {{mojo title|milliondollararm|Million Dollar Arm}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|million_dollar_arm|Million Dollar Arm}}
* {{Metacritic film|title=Million Dollar Arm}}
* [http://www.blogtalkradio.com/saja/2008/11/26/baseball-india Call-in web radio show with Dinesh Patel, Rinku Singh and JB Bernstein, November 2008]

{{Craig Gillespie}}
{{Pittsburgh Pirates}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Million Dollar Arm}}
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 biographical drama films]]
[[Category:2010s sports drama films]]
[[Category:2014 sports films]]
[[Category:American baseball films]]
[[Category:American biographical drama films]]
[[Category:American sports drama films]]
[[Category:2014 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Baseball in India]]
[[Category:Biographical films about sportspeople]]
[[Category:Films about competitions]]
[[Category:Films about cricket in India]]
[[Category:Films set in 2008]]
[[Category:Films set in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Films set in Malibu, California]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Atlanta]]
[[Category:Films shot in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Sports films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Walt Disney Pictures films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Craig Gillespie]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Films produced by Joe Roth]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Indian people]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of baseball players]]
[[Category:2014 drama films]]
[[Category:2014 English-language films]]
[[Category:2014 American films]]
[[Category:Films about Major League Baseball]]
[[Category:English-language biographical drama films]]
[[Category:English-language sports drama films]]

Neola Pereira

2026-03-18T08:58:57Z

Ghaiinfra: Put up new data more to come

{{short description|Indian environmentalist (born 2000)}}
{{infobox person
| name = Neola Pereira
| image = Portrait of Neola Pereira.jpg
| caption = Pereira in 2023
| birth_name = Neola Sybil Pereira
| birth_place = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]], India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|4|18|df=y}}
| education = [[Regina Mundi High School]] ([[S.S.C]])
| occupation = [[Environmental activist]]
| movement = [[Save Mollem]]
| years_active = 2019–2021
| known_for = Opposing environmental concerns in [[Goa]]
| module = {{Listen
|embed = yes
| filename = Lisboa by Lorna- –Neola Sybil Pereira Cover.ogg
| title = Neola Pereira's voice
| description =
"[[Lorna Cordeiro#Discography|Lisboa]]" by [[Lorna Cordeiro]]: A [[cover version|cover]] performed by Pereira at the Creative Canvas 2017 in [[Pilar, Goa]]}}
}}

'''Neola Sybil Pereira''' (born 18 April 2000) is an Indian [[environmental activist]] known for her [[advocacy]] against environmental concerns in the coastal state of [[Goa]]. She is actively involved in the Chicalim Youth Farmers Club (CYFC) and has played a significant role in the [[Save Mollem]] campaign. Pereira, along with the youth, has been vocal in opposing three linear projects; [[Double-track railway|double tracking]], the expansion of the national highway, and the transmission of power lines through the [[Western Ghats]].

==Early life and education==
Neola Sybil Pereira was born on 18 April 2000 to Santana Pereira and Maria Dolly Santiago in [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2000 |title=Directorate of Planning, Statistics and Evaluation and Office of the Chief Registrar of births and deaths |url=https://rbd.goa.gov.in/Certificate/CertificateSelect_goaonline.aspx |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=Goa Online}}</ref> She is the third of three children and has two elder brothers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pereira |first=Neola |date=23 January 2014 |title=Neola Pereira updated her cover photo |url=https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=1126252791619080&substory_index=1126252791619080&id=100006794375322&sfnsn=wiwspmo&mibextid=RUbZ1f |access-date=10 October 2023 |website=Facebook}}</ref> Pereira hails from [[Chicalim]].<ref name=":2" /> She attended [[Regina Mundi High School]], where she served as the captain of Hayes [[House system|House]] during the 2015–2016 [[academic year]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2015 – Page 6 – Regina Mundi School |url=https://reginamundischool.com/2015/page/6/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In that same year, Pereira, alongside Meera Roka, led the Hayes House to secure victory in the Inter-house championship for the third consecutive time during the annual sports event.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regina Mundi High School – Page 8 – Regina Mundi School |url=https://reginamundischool.com/author/reginamundi/page/8/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |language=en-GB}}</ref> In April 2021, she pursued her studies as an undergraduate specializing in business at a particular educational institution, the name of which has not been disclosed.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

As of December 2022, Pereira is a student based in [[Chennai]], India, with aspirations of joining the [[Indian Administrative Service]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=The Giving Tree initiative |url=https://sfxchicalim.org/posts/the-giving-tree-initiative/ |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=St Francis Xavier Church, Chicalim}}</ref>

==Activism (2020–2021)==
{{See also|Save Mollem}}
On 21 November 2020, the Chicalim Youth Farmers Club (CYFC) expressed their opposition to three infrastructure projects in Mollem: the expansion of railway tracks, the widening of [[National Highway 748 (India)|National Highway NH4A]], and the construction of a [[Overhead power line|high-tension power line]]. The CYFC threatened to take to the streets and withhold support for the government in the upcoming [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]]s unless their concerns were addressed. Pereira demanded the removal of the [[Railway Protection Force]] (RPF) and the discontinuation of land acquisition in Velsao, [[South Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Listen to our voices or we hit the streets, youth warn government |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Listen-to-our-voices-or-we-hit-the-streets-youth-warn-government/167816 |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=oHeraldo |date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=2023-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009191012/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Listen-to-our-voices-or-we-hit-the-streets-youth-warn-government/167816 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Pereira placed significant emphasis on the [[Sagar Mala project]]'s commitment to generating ample employment prospects for young individuals. However, the specific initiatives associated with the project were appraised as detrimental, leading to widespread resistance from the younger demographic.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-21 |title=CYFC opposes three linear projects {{!}} Goemkarponn - Goa News |url=https://goemkarponn.com/cyfc-opposes-three-linear-projects/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=goemkarponn.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009185240/https://goemkarponn.com/cyfc-opposes-three-linear-projects/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Concerns were raised by activists who expressed apprehension regarding the efforts to enhance the railway infrastructure within the coastal state of [[Goa]]. These activists asserted that such endeavors may indicate a strategic intention to transform the region into a prominent center for [[coal production]] and distribution.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian woman leads fight to save forest |url=https://www.scmp.com/video/asia/3130328/young-female-activist-leads-fight-save-forests-and-biodiversity-southwestern |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=South China Morning Post |archive-date=2022-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707072652/https://www.scmp.com/video/asia/3130328/young-female-activist-leads-fight-save-forests-and-biodiversity-southwestern |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:NH748 Mollem Goa.jpg|thumb|[[Skyline]] view from the NH748 of the Mollem forests in 2021]]
On January 22, 2021, a cohort of young individuals called upon the Central Empowered Committee (CEC), an entity established by the [[Supreme Court of India]], to recommend the [[Rescission (contract law)|rescission]] of clearances granted to three linear projects located within the [[Mollem, Goa|Mollem]] forests. Among the representatives who advocated for this cause were Pereira, Shirly Fernandes, Gabriella D'Cruz, Prifa Xavier, Hyacinths Aguiar, Myron Lucas, Romeo Dias, Mathson Miranda, and Darina Lobo. The group sought to capture the attention of the CEC and draw its focus towards the potential [[Ramification (botany)|ramification]]s of these projects, which they believed would cause significant environmental and [[Environmental degradation|ecological damage]]. Additionally, they expressed concerns that the local community would not derive any benefits from the projects, while their [[ancestral home]]s were at risk of demolition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Petition SC to revoke clearances to 3 linear projects, youth tell CEC |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/petition-sc-to-revoke-clearances-to-3-linear-projects-youth-tell-cec/64697.html |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2021, an event took place involving Pereira and a vibrant [[flash mob]] dedicated to a crucial cause: the preservation of a jeopardized [[wildlife reserve]]. This endeavor was part of a larger movement driven by the youth of India, who were increasingly taking the lead in advocating for environmental concerns, much to the [[consternation]] of the country's authorities. Pereira firmly believed that the responsibility of safeguarding the environment extends beyond the realm of [[environmentalist]]s alone. She undertook an extended campaign opposing a governmental initiative that involved the expansion of railway tracks, the widening of a highway, and the construction of an electricity transmission line that would traverse [[Mollem National Park]]. This park played a crucial role as the natural habitat for endangered tigers and other important feline species.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=AFP |title=Meet Neola Pereira, the 20-year old fighting for Goa's forests |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/meet-neola-pereira-the-20-year-old-fighting-for-goas-forests-974907.html |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Pereira expressed her initial surprise about actively engaging in the battle against [[fossil fuels]]. In February, [[Disha Ravi]], a 22-year-old activist focusing on climate issues, was apprehended by the authorities on [[sedition]] charges. The accusation against Ravi entailed her alleged involvement in creating a "toolkit" aimed at aiding the coordination of protests, which was subsequently shared on social media platforms, including with [[Greta Thunberg]], a Swedish activist. Pereira, who had been personally detained by the police in December, admired Ravi and views her as an inspirational figure. Pereira emphasized the desire of young women, including herself, to not only pursue careers but also to utilize their voices for effecting meaningful change.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Neola Pereira alongwith a group of environmentalists.jpg|thumb|Pereira (extreme left) along with a group of environmentalists, including notable individuals [[Claude Alvares]] and [[Norma Alvares]] in 2021.]]
In 2021, Pereira expressed a clear view that the Mollem campaign was undeniably linked to [[climate change]]. She emphasized that the act of [[tree felling]] in Mollem had aggravated the situation. She remarked that the current circumstances were unprecedented, and if such actions continued, the problem would exacerbate further. Additionally, she mentioned the fortunate timing of the harvest in [[Chicalim]] on 14 November, but acknowledged that many farmers across the state encountered difficulties due to unseasonal rainfall.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The weather is changing and how |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/The-weather-is-changing-and-how/183590 |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=oHeraldo |date=6 December 2021 |archive-date=2021-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209043526/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/The-weather-is-changing-and-how/183590 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2021, it was reported that Pereira was actively preparing for a protracted struggle and downplaying concerns regarding potential repression. Pereira recounted an incident of detainment that occurred in December 2020, where law enforcement officials boarded a privately owned bus carrying protestors and instructed the driver to transport them to a police station. Pereira vividly described the situation as a state of [[entrapment]] and emphasized their desperate pleas for assistance. Shortly thereafter, Pereira and their companions began live-streaming the event on [[Instagram]], attracting an audience of over 200,000 viewers and inspiring others to offer support. Pereira asserted that the government was apprehensive due to the significant outreach they had achieved, stating, "I am very confident in my ability to emerge victorious from this struggle."<ref name=":0" />

During an interview with ''[[O Heraldo]]'', Pereira expressed her aspirations for the community. She emphasized the importance of [[environmental education]] and highlighted that one does not need to be an [[environmentalist]] to care about the environment. Pereira believed that it is the collective responsibility of all individuals to prioritize environmental concerns. To address this issue, she actively engaged with people she encountered and undertook various initiatives aimed at resolving environmental challenges.<ref name=":1" />

The [[Save Mollem]] campaign garnered widespread backing from various demographics, including retirees, church attendees, and particularly the younger generation, owing to its adept utilization of internet-based strategies. Notably, a "[[Jerusalema]]" dance challenge was enthusiastically embraced by hundreds of individuals throughout [[Goa]]. Mariano Proenca, a 68-year-old [[clergyman]] who participated in one of Pereira's demonstrations, reminisced about his childhood experiences of Goa's natural beauty. Expressing concern, he lamented that ongoing development projects were jeopardizing the preservation of nature, thereby depriving future generations of the opportunity to appreciate its splendor.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
[[File:Neola Pereira at Creative Canvas.jpg|thumb|Pereira during a performance at the Creative Canvas 2017 in [[Pilar, Goa]].]]
Pereira is a [[vocalist]]. On 14 October 2018, she achieved the position of 2nd runner-up in the teenage category at the 'Nightingale of Goa' competition, an event dedicated to recognizing original [[Konkani language|Konkani]] solo singing. The competition, organized by the Pilar Music Academy of the [[Pilar Fathers]], took place at the Ravindra Bhavan in [[Margao]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Fernandes, SFX |first=Fr. Dr. Elvis |title=Fr. Agnel's Call |publisher=Xaverian Publication Society |year=2018 |edition=53 |location=Pilar, Goa |pages=28}}</ref>

Pereira draws profound inspiration from the words of [[Robert Swan]], a British [[adventurer]], who highlighted the significant risk posed to the planet when individuals rely on the belief that someone else will take responsibility for its preservation. This quote resonated deeply with Pereira and ignited her personal commitment to combating environmental challenges. Engaging in collaborative efforts with intellectuals and fellow nature enthusiasts, Pereira's initial motivation evolved into a passion to safeguard the environment and secure a [[sustainable future]] for generations to come.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How green is my land. Or not: Warriors of the soil speak |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/How-green-is-my-land-Or-not-Warriors-of-the-soil-speak/175844 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=oHeraldo |date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=2021-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622140059/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/How-green-is-my-land-Or-not-Warriors-of-the-soil-speak/175844 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==2020 detainment==
On 19 December 2020, Pereira, accompanied by a group of 35 individuals, including minors, embarked on a private bus journey from [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]] to [[Panjim]] with the objective of attending a peaceful function during the occasion of [[Goa Liberation Day]]. Pereira had expressed the importance of reaching the location by 2:00 pm to ensure the successful conclusion of the entire program prior to the commencement of the then [[President of India]] [[Ram Nath Kovind]]'s event. However, before reaching their intended destination, the group encountered a contingent of law enforcement officials who halted the bus and assumed control of the situation. This intervention was carried out by four male police officers and a female [[Constable#India|constable]] who accompanied the group during the incident.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Madaik |first=Devyani |date=2020-12-23 |title=Youngsters, Minors Unlawfully Detained On Goa Liberation Day, Parents Condemn Police Action, To Stage Silent Protest |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/protestandinjustice/parents-condemn-goa-police-action-for-unlawfully-detaining-against-youngsters-minors-on-liberation-day-25633 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=thelogicalindian.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530034201/https://thelogicalindian.com/protestandinjustice/parents-condemn-goa-police-action-for-unlawfully-detaining-against-youngsters-minors-on-liberation-day-25633 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In numerous accounts, individuals expressed their inquiries to the law enforcement authorities regarding the grounds for their apprehension and the specific legal provisions from the [[Indian Penal Code]] (IPC) under which they were being held. Regrettably, they were met with silence as no official response was provided. Pereira recounted the events, stating that their journey was directed towards the northernmost region, with [[Pernem]] as their imminent destination. Many of them were actively streaming their experiences on various social media platforms, and in a plea to their audience, they sought assistance and support.<ref name=":3" />

The progress of the bus was halted when an individual parked his bicycle in the middle of the road. As a result of the ensuing traffic congestion, concerned individuals inquired the police regarding the destination of the young passengers, particularly the children. Regrettably, the police refrained from providing any response and proceeded to transport the individuals to the police station. The individual responsible for obstructing the road pursued the bus to ensure that the young passengers were being taken back to their original pick-up location.<ref name=":3" />

[[File:Agassaim Police Station.jpg|thumb|[[Façade]] of Agaçaim Police Station]]
Eventually, the police conveyed the group to the [[Agaçaim]] police station. Pereira expressed her disappointment with the lack of communication from the police officers, stating, "The officers remained unresponsive. Some of our young members fell ill during the journey, and although we requested water, they did not provide us with any." Following an extensive period of being driven around in the police bus, the group was subsequently transported to the [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] police station.<ref name=":3" />

In response to numerous appeals, the police decided to release the individuals. Pereira expressed her dissatisfaction, emphasizing that they were treated unfairly and labeled as terrorists despite not being involved in any acts of [[terrorism]]. Several of those detained had no affiliation with the campaign or group in any capacity. While an official statement from the department regarding the incident was undisclosed, a high-ranking police officer informed the media that the detentions were carried out for security purposes. The authorities took action as a precautionary measure to prevent potential disruptions to public order and safety.<ref name=":3" />

In anticipation of increased security measures during the President's visit, prior notification was given to the organizers, requesting them not to hold protests in [[Panjim]] and suggesting alternative locations within Goa. However, despite the request, the organizers proceeded with demonstrations in Panjim, as confirmed by a senior official. The subsequent detention of individuals, including minors, caused significant discontent among the local population. Consequently, the parents of those detained made the decision to stage a [[peaceful protest]] at the original location, demanding an apology from the police.<ref name=":3" />

==Other work==
Pereira is an active participant in the Chicalim Parish Youth group of [[List of parishes of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman#Mormugao Deanery|St. Francis Xavier Church]] in [[Chicalim]]. In 2019, she had the opportunity to take part in an event called Youth Connect, organized by the Diocesan Youth Centre. This overnight program took place at the St. Joseph Vaz Spiritual Renewal Centre, located in [[Old Goa]]. Accompanied by her companion, Cedric, Pereira joined a gathering of more than 133 young individuals from various regions of [[Goa]] who attended the event.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicalim Parish Youth attend DYC Youth Connect |url=https://sfxchicalim.org/posts/chicalim-parish-youth-attend-dyc-youth-connect/ |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=St Francis Xavier Church, Chicalim}}</ref>

[[File:Chicalim Church by JoeGoaUk.jpg|thumb|St. Francis Xavier Church in 2014]]
In 2019, Pereira actively participated during the inception of a [[philanthropic]] initiative called "The Giving Tree." This initiative was spearheaded by the youth group affiliated with St. Francis Xavier Church in Chicalim. The primary aim of this charitable endeavor was to provide assistance to families experiencing financial hardships during the festive Christmas season by presenting gifts to [[underprivileged children]].<ref name=":4" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pereira, Neola}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Youth activists]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Activists from Goa]]

Kasturi (1980 film)

2026-03-10T19:53:44Z

Ghaiinfra: general corrected page per sources and improved wording after review

{{short description|1980 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kasturi
| image = Kasturi (1980).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Bimal Dutt]]
| producer =
| writer =
| starring = [[Nutan]] [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Parikshit Sahni]] [[Sadhu Meher]] [[Shreeram Lagoo]]
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cinematography = [[K. K. Mahajan]]
| released = {{Film date|1980}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
}}

'''''Kasturi''''' is a 1980 Indian Hindi-language film directed by [[Bimal Dutt]], starring [[Nutan]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Parikshit Sahni]], [[Sadhu Meher]] and [[Shreeram Lagoo]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-14 |title=Mithun Chakraborty REVEALS he never asked anybody to give work to his kids in Bollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mithun-chakraborty-reveals-he-never-asked-anybody-to-give-work-to-his-kids-in-bollywood/articleshow/114216928.cms |access-date=2026-03-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-08 |title=Mithun Chakraborty, on Padma Bhushan honor, says, 'Everyone was getting the award, so why not me?' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mithun-chakraborty-on-padma-bhushan-honor-says-everyone-was-getting-the-award-so-why-not-me/articleshow/114049632.cms |access-date=2026-03-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The music is composed by Uttam Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kasturi Movie Trailer, Star Cast, Release Date, Box Office, Movie Review {{!}} Kasturi Movie budget and Collection {{!}} Kasturi |url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/movie/kasturi-1 |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=www.indianfilmhistory.com |language=en}}</ref>

It was released on 14 November 1980.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/kasturi/movieshow/66731136.cms |title=Kasturi Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |access-date=2026-03-10 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0978626|Kasturi}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Hindi}}

[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1980 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]
[[Category:Best Hindi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Dominic Kokkat

2026-03-10T10:32:33Z

Ghaiinfra: Done - done

{{Short description|Indian Syro-Malabar Catholic prelate (1932–2026)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = [[Bishop]]
| honorific-prefix = His Excellency
| name = Dominic Kokkat
| honorific-suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| title = [[Eparchy of Gorakhpur|Bishop Emeritus of Gorakhpur]]
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| church =
| archdiocese = [[Archeparchy of Faridabad|Faridabad]]
| province =
| metropolis =
| diocese = Gorakhpur
| see =
| elected =
| appointed = 19 June 1984
| term =
| term_start =
| quashed =
| term_end = 15 July 2006
| predecessor = Position established
| opposed =
| successor = [[Thomas Thuruthimattam]]
| other_post =
| previous_post =
| ordination = 4 October 1960
| ordained_by =
| consecration = 4 October 1984
| consecrated_by = [[Joseph Parecattil]], [[Antony Padiyara]] and [[Patrick Paul D’Souza]]
| cardinal =
| created_cardinal_by =
| rank =

| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1932|02|23}}
| birth_place = Vaikom, Travancore, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2026|01|25|1932|02|23}}
| death_place = [[Gorakhpur]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| buried =
| nationality =
| religion =
| residence =
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation =
| profession =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| motto = ''God is my Light and my Salvation''<ref>[https://www.gorakhpurdiocese.in/bishops/bishop-dominic-kokkat-cst Bishop Dominic Kokkat CST]</ref>
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_alt =

| other =
}}

'''Dominic Kokkat''' [[Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux|C.S.T.]] (23 February 1932 – 25 January 2026) was an Indian [[Syro-Malabar Church|Syro-Malabar Catholic]] prelate.

== Biography ==
Kokkat joined the ''[[Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux|Little Flower Congregation]]'' in 1953. He attended seminaries in [[Kandy]], Sri Lanka and in [[Pune]]. On 4 October 1960, he received the sacrament of priestly ordination and from then on worked for his order in various positions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dominic Kokkat |url=https://gcatholic.org/redirect/redirect-p.htm?3366 |url-status=live |access-date=26 January 2026 |website=gcatholic.org}}</ref>

[[Pope John Paul II]] appointed him on 19 June 1984 as the first bishop of the [[eparchy of Gorakhpur]]. The Archbishop Emeritus of [[Ernakulam]], Cardinal [[Joseph Parecattil]], consecrated him bishop on 4 October of the same year in the [[St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Cathedral Basilica, Ernakulam|Cathedral Basilica of St. Mary in Ernakulam]]. His co-consecrators were the Archbishop of Changanacherry, [[Antony Padiyara]], and the [[Diocese of Waikato and Taranaki|Bishop of Varanasi]], [[Patrick Paul D'Souza]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bishop Dominic Kokkat |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bkokkat.html|website=Catholic-Hierarchy|access-date=26 January 2026}}</ref>

Due to his devotion to Therese of Lisieux and his own religious experiences, he founded the ''Congregation of the Little Sisters of St. Therese'' (LST) in 1988. On 15 July 2006, Kokkat resigned from his office due to age.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bishop Dominic Kokkat CST |url=https://www.gorakhpurdiocese.in/bishops/bishop-dominic-kokkat-cst |access-date=26 January 2026 |website=Catholic Diocese of Gorakhpur }}</ref>

Kokkat died at Fatima Hospital in [[Gorakhpur]], on 25 January 2026, at the age of 93.<ref>{{Cite web |first4=Little Flower Congregation With: 0 |date=25 January 2026 |title=Little Flower Congregation mourns death of its first bishop |url=https://mattersindia.com/2026/01/little-flower-congregation-mourns-death-of-its-first-bishop/ |access-date=26 January 2026 |website=Matters India |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef | before=Position established}}
{{s-ttl | title=Bishop of Gorakhpur|years=1984–2006}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Thomas Thuruthimattam]]}}
{{end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kokkat, Dominic}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope John Paul II]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar bishops]]

Madampi

2026-03-03T21:32:29Z

Ghaiinfra: brief refined citations and corrected details per standard format

{{About|the Malayalam film|the aristocratic title|Madampi (Nair title)}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Madambi
| image = Madampi.jpg
| director = [[B. Unnikrishnan]]
| producer = B. C. Joshi
| writer = [[B. Unnikrishnan]]
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Ajmal Ameer]] [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] [[Kavya Madhavan]] [[Mallika Kapoor]]
| narrator = [[Suresh Gopi]]
| editing = [[Manoj (film editor)|Manoj]]
| cinematography = Vijay Ulaganath
| music = [[M. Jayachandran]]
| studio = Surya Cinemas
| distributor = Vaisakha Release
| released = {{Film date|2008|07|04|df=y}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget = 
| gross = ₹ 15.5 Crore
}}
'''''Madampi''''' ({{Translation|Feudal Lord}}) is a 2008 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action drama]] film written and directed by [[B. Unnikrishnan]]. It stars [[Mohanlal]], [[Ajmal Ameer]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Kavya Madhavan]], and [[Mallika Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2008/07/04/stories/2008070450480100.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100826094857/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2008/07/04/stories/2008070450480100.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 26 August 2010 |title= Of banks and bankers |last= Nagarajan |first= Saraswathy |date= 4 July 2008 |work= [[The Hindu]] |accessdate= 2009-03-11}}</ref> The film was released on 4 July 2008.

== Plot ==
Gopalakrishna Pillai is a ruthless [[loan shark]] and the wealthiest person in a village called Elavattam in [[Pathanamthitta district]]. People consider him to be cold and money-minded, without having any emotional bond even towards his mother, Devaki, or his younger brother Ramakrishnan.

As the story moves along, we learn more about the hero. He is considered heartless, as he threw out his father, Madhava Menon, when he was a teenager, for his father's wayward lifestyle. His mother hates him for doing that and his brother hates him as he does not let him pursue his dream of being an actor and never gives him any freedom. His main antagonists are Sreedharan and his younger brothers. Jayalakshmi is a bank manager, who is seen as a threat to Gopalakrishnan's money-lending business.

It turns out that Ramakrishnan is in love with a girl from Gopalakrishnan's rival family. Though, Gopalakrishnan arranges the marriage forgetting the rivalry, he asks his brother to repay him the expenses he incurred for the wedding and prompts the newlyweds to sleep separately. With this, he becomes the most hated person to his brother and mother. Frustrated, Ramakrishnan leaves the house and joins his in-laws against Gopalakrishnan by saying that his money-lending business is illegal.

Ramakrishnan accuses his brother of possessing and appropriating the family wealth exclusively for himself. He gives false information to the Income Tax Department and files a suit against him in court. In the climax, it is revealed by Gopalakrishnan's advocate that Gopalakrishnan has kept his hard-earned wealth in the name of his younger brother and was always hard on him just to make him responsible. It also is revealed that his father was not thrown out, but committed suicide in [[Madurai]] due to his debts. The story ends happily as the brothers reunite and everyone apologises to Gopalakrishnan.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Mohanlal]] as Puthanveetil Gopalakrishna Pillai
** Ashwin as Young Gopalakrishnan
* [[Ajmal Ameer]] as Puthanveetil Ramakrishna Pillai
** Adwaith Shaji as Young Ramakrishnan
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Kottilakathu Sreedharan
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Madhava Menon, Gopalakrishnan's and Ramakrishnan's father
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Advocate Mohan Kumar
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as Keedam Vasu
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Karayogam President Chandran Nair
* [[Kavya Madhavan]] as Jayalakshmi
** Swathi Sunil Kumar as Young Jayalakshmi
* [[Mallika Kapoor]] as Shymala, Parameswaran's daughter and Ramakrishnan's wife
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Puthanveetil Devakiyamma, Gopalakrishnan's and Ramakrishnam's mother
* [[Vijayakumar (Malayalam actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Aravindan, Kottilakathu Parameswaran's second son
* Kiran Raj as Raghu, Parameswaran's youngest son
* [[V. K. Sreeraman]] as Kottilakathu Parameswaran Kurup
* [[M. R. Gopakumar]] as Kottilakathu Raghavan, Parameswaran's younger brother
* [[Kozhikode Narayanan Nair]] as Saghavu Kumaran
* [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] as Justice Sukumara Kurup (Cameo)
* [[Biju Pappan]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Vincent
* Deepika Mohan as Raghavan's wife
* Lakshmipriya as Lakshmi, Mohan Kumar's wife
* [[Krishna Praba]] as Bhavani
* [[Sivaji Guruvayoor]] as Keshavan, Jayalakshmi's father
* Tony Sigimon as Appu, Mohan Kumar's son
{{colend}}

==Production==
The filming was completed on 4 June 2008 in [[Ottapalam]]. Mohanlal had 47 days of shoot.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohanlal completes Madambi|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mohanlal-completes-madambi-news-malayalam-kkftyBgfehgsi.html|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=25 June 2019|date=5 June 2008}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Madampi
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[M. Jayachandran]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 20 June 2008
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Filmi]]
| length = 21:40
| label = [[Satyam Audios]]
| producer = B. C. Joshi
| prev_title = Anthiponvettam
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[Parthan Kanda Paralokam]]
| next_year =
}}

The film has four songs composed by [[M. Jayachandran]]. The lyrics are by [[Gireesh Puthenchery]] and [[Anil Panachooran]] (''Jeevitham Oru'').<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/15/stories/2008071550430200.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080718225024/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/15/stories/2008071550430200.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 18 July 2008 |title= Tale of two fighting families |last= Jayakumar |first= G. |date= 15 July 2008 |work= [[The Hindu]] |accessdate= 2009-03-11}}</ref> The songs "Amma Mazhakarinu" and "Kalyanakacheri" were chartbusters.

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Track !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration !! Other notes
|-
| 1 || "Amma Mazhakkarinu" || [[K. J. Yesudas|Dr. K. J. Yesudas]] || 4.03 || [[Raga]]: Navakouns [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director]] [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer - Malayalam|Filmfare Award for Best Singer]] [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist - Malayalam|Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist]]
|-
| 2 || "Kalyanakacheri" || [[Shankar Mahadevan]] || 4.27 || [[Raga]]: [[Bilahari]] [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director]] [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer]]
|-
| 3 || "Ente Sharike" || Sudeep Kumar, [[Roopa Revathi]] || 4.30 ||
|-
| 4 || "Jeevitham Oru" || [[Mohanlal]] || 1.07 ||
|-
| 5 || "Amma Mazhakkarinu" || [[Shweta Mohan]] || 4.03 || [[Raga]]: Navakouns
|-
| 6 || "Ente Sharike" || Sudeep Kumar || 4.30 ||
|}

==Box office==
The film collected {{INR}}1.37 crore from 61 screens in its first weekend (3 days) from Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14713618&cid=14625530|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618102733/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14713618&cid=14625530|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 June 2014|title=Kerala Box Office (July 4 to 6)|work=[[Sify]]|date=11 July 2008|access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> It was made on a budget of {{INR}} 3.5 crores. The film got {{INR}} 1 crore 90 lakhs as distribution share, {{INR}} 1 crore 8 lakhs as satellite and video rights, {{INR}} 9 lakhs as audio rights, and {{INR}} 25 lakhs as overseas right. It got a gross collection of {{INR}} 7.5 crores within 30 days. The film collected {{INR}}100 million in total.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malluforum.com/about13461_Madambi_rules_the_box_office_this_weekend.html|title=Madampi rules Box office}}</ref> The movie ran for more than 100 days in major centres.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/news/2008/madambi-160-days-171008.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021144137/http://www.filmibeat.com/|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 October 2014|title=Madampi 160 days celebrations}}</ref> ''Madampi'' became one of the highest-grossing Malayalam films of the year.<ref>{{cite web|title=2008- Top 5 Films at the box-office|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/2008-top-5-films-at-the-box-office-imagegallery-1-movies-jdwmUrgbfdbsi.html|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=25 June 2019}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Awards==
;[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
* [[M. Jayachandran]] – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] (Kalyanakacheri, Amma Mazhakkarinu)
* [[Shankar Mahadevan]] – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] (Kalyanakacheri)

;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
* [[K. J. Yesudas|Dr. K. J. Yesudas]] – [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer - Malayalam|Best Male Playback Singer]] (Amma Mazhakkarinu)
* [[Gireesh Puthenchery]] – [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist - Malayalam|Best Lyricist]] (Amma Mazhakkarinu)

;[[Asianet Film Award]]
* Best Actor – [[Mohanlal]]

;[[Vanitha Film Awards]]
*Best Actor – Mohanlal

;AMMA (Dubai) Award
* Best Actor – Mohanlal

==See also==
* [[Madampi (Nair title)|Madampi]] – aristocratic title equivalent to "[[lord]]" in English

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|1263795|Madampi}}

[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. Jayachandran]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ottapalam]]
[[Category:Films shot at Varikkasseri Mana]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. Unnikrishnan]]

Mistake (2023 film)

2026-03-03T09:21:57Z

Ghaiinfra: minor expanded page and added references

{{Short description|2023 Telugu film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mistake
| image =
| caption =
| director = Bharrath Komalapati
| writer = Bharrath Komalapati
| producer = Abhinav Sardhar
| starring = {{Plain list|
* Abhinav Sardhar
* Ajay Kumar Kathurvar
*Sujith Kumar
*Teja Ainampudi
* Karishma Kumar
}}
| cinematography = Jasthi Hari
| editing = Vijay Mukthavarapu
| music = Mani Zenna
| studio = ASP Media House
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|08|4|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Mistake''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[thriller film]] directed by Bharrath Komalapati and produced by Abhinav Sardhar, who co-stars alongside Ajay Kumar Kathurvar, Sujith Kumar, Teja Ainampudi, and Karishma Kumar.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*Abhinav Sardhar
*Ajay Kathurvar as Agasthya
*Sujith Kumar as Mahadev Sharma "Dev"
*Teja Ainampudi as Karthik
* Karishma Kumar
* Taniya Kalrra as Sweety
* Priya Paul as Mitra
* Nayan Sarika as Parvathy
*[[Raja Ravindra]] as Mitra's father
*[[Sameer (Telugu actor)|Sameer]]
}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Mani Zenna and features the song "Taquero Mucho" sung by [[L. V. Revanth]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-16 |title=Mistake: ఒక్క పాటకోసం 40 మంది లిల్లీపుట్స్.. ఆకట్టుకుంటున్న 'మిస్టేక్' మూవీ సాంగ్.. |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/taquero-mucho-lyrical-song-from-mistake-movie-singer-revanth-abhinav-sardhar-sunny-komalapati-mani-zenna-597358.html |access-date=2023-07-26|work=[[TV9 Telugu]]|language=te}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Saketh of [[10TV]] gave a positive review.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|author=Saketh |date=4 August 2023 |title=Mistake : ‘మిస్టేక్’ మూవీ రివ్యూ.. ఒక్క మిస్టేక్‌తో భలే నవ్వించి థ్రిల్ ఫీల్ అయ్యేలా చేశారుగా.. |url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/abhinav-sardar-mistake-movie-review-and-audience-rating-681106.html |access-date=10 February 2026 |website=[[10TV]] |language=te |quote=ఒక్క మిస్టేక్‌తో భలే నవ్వించి థ్రిల్ ఫీల్ అయ్యేలా చేశారుగా.. |trans-quote=They made us laugh and feel thrilled with just one mistake..}}</ref> Critics from [[Sakshi (newspaper)|''Sakshi'']], [[NTV (India)|NTV]] and ''[[Asianet News]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mistake Movie Review And Rating: మిస్టేక్ రివ్యూ - Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/mistake-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-1722104 |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/abhinav-sardars-mistake-movie-review-and-rating-in-telugu-419601.html|title=Mistake Review: మిస్టేక్ రివ్యూ|language=te|date=4 August 2023|website=NTV }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/movie-reviews/mistake-movie-review-and-rating-arj-rytsl7|title=రివ్యూః `మిస్టేక్‌` మూవీ రివ్యూ, రేటింగ్‌.. సినిమా ఎలా ఉందంటే?|website=Asianet News|language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt15548528|title=Mistake}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]

{{Telugu-film-stub}}

Upendra Rai

2026-03-02T05:22:58Z

Ghaiinfra: Added Basic Entry First Draft!

{{short description|Indian journalist and writer (born 1972)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Upendra Rai
| image = Upendra Rai.jpg
| caption = Upendra Rai in 2016
| birth_name = Upendra Rai<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/accred_index.aspx?Sel=4&PSel=1|title=Media Accreditation|publisher=}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1982|01|16}}
| birth_place = [[Sherpur, Ghazipur]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = [[University of Lucknow]] [[SVKM's NMIMS]]
| occupation = CEO & Editor-in-Chief, Sahara News Network
| years_active = 1997–present
| agent =
| title =
| spouse = Dr. Rachana, Professor, JIIT, M.Sc., [[IIT Roorkee]], Ph.D., [[IIT Bombay]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiit.ac.in/prof-rachana|title=PROF. RACHANA|publisher=jiit.ac.in|accessdate=30 July 2021}}</ref>
}}

'''Upendra Rai ''' (born 16 January 1982) is an Indian journalist and writer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/accred_index.aspx?Sel=4&PSel=1|title=Media Accreditation|publisher=}}</ref> He is Chairman & Managing Director and Editor-in-Chief of [[Bharat Express]] News Network.<ref>{{cite web | title=Upendra Rai to set up media venture - Bharat Express - Exchange4media | date=17 October 2022 | url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/upendra-rai-to-set-up-media-venture-bharat-express-123111.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Deepak Chaurasia to host prime time show on upcoming news channel 'Bharat Express' - Exchange4media | date=17 November 2022 | url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/deepak-chaurasia-to-host-prime-time-show-on-upcoming-news-channel-bharat-express-123729.html }}</ref>
Earlier he was working as CEO and Editor-in-Chief at Sahara India Media.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.samachar4media.com/industry-briefing-news/a-news-about-senior-journalist-upendra-rai-51889.html|title=वरिष्ठ पत्रकार उपेंद्र राय के बारे में आई ये बड़ी खबर|publisher=samachar4media.com|accessdate=9 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.samachar4media.com/industry-briefing-news/senior-journalist-upendra-rai-got-big-responsibility-in-sahara-india-media-52308.html|publisher=samachar4media.com|title=सहारा में बदला वरिष्ठ पत्रकार उपेंद्र राय का रोल|accessdate=25 November 2019}}</ref> He has worked as CEO and Editor-in-Chief at [[Tehelka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exchange4media.com/print/upendra-rai-joins-tehelka-as-ceo-and-editor-in-chief_64418.html|title=Upendra Rai joins Tehelka as CEO and Editor-in-Chief}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samaylive.com/editorial/378624/solutions-coming-out-of-new-ideas.html|title=नजरिया : नये विचारों से निकलेगा समाधान - Editorial News - Samay Live|publisher=}}</ref> Earlier he has also been with Sahara News Network as its Group CEO and Editor-in-Chief, looking after the functioning of [[Sahara Samay Channel]] along with Samay UP/ Uttarakhand, Samay Bihar/Jharkhand, Samay MP/CG, Samay Rajasthan, [[Aalami Samay]] and Rashtriya Sahara Hindi Daily.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newshour.press/news/upendra-rai-back-with-sahara-group-rejoins-as-ceo-of-sahara-media/|title=Upendra Rai back with Sahara Group, Rejoins as CEO of Sahara Media|date=6 November 2015|publisher=}}</ref> He resigned from Sahara News Network in June 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/court-refuses-scribes-cbi-custody-sends-14-days-jail/|title = Court refuses scribe's CBI custody, sends him to 14-days in jail|date = 9 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/hc-grants-bail-to-upendra-rai-in-money-laundering-case-119071201165_1.html|publisher=business-standard.com|title=HC grants bail to Upendra Rai|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=12 July 2019|accessdate=29 July 2019|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> and started his own media house, 'The Printlines Media Group' as its chairman and Editor-in Chief.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://navoditbhaskar.com/post/87223|title=Renowned journalist Upendra Rai established his own Media Gr|accessdate=21 March 2018|archive-date=8 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508135001/http://navoditbhaskar.com/post/87223|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life==
Upendra Rai was born in the village [[Sherpur, Ghazipur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/ghazipur/cask-bridge-between-sherpur-gahmar-hindi-news|title=शेरपुर-गहमर के बीच पीपा पुल|publisher=amarujala.com|accessdate=7 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ghazipuraajkal.com/%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%90/|title=शेरपुर के लिए बन गया यह ऐतिहासिक दिन|publisher=ghazipuraajkal.com|accessdate=7 September 2017|archive-date=7 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907213512/http://www.ghazipuraajkal.com/%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%90/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He got his early education at village Sherpur & Inter College [[Mohammadabad, Ghazipur|Mohammadabad]], [[Ghazipur]], Uttar Pradesh and completed his graduation from [[University of Lucknow]]. He moved to [[Mumbai]] to pursue his career as Chief of Bureau of Rashtriya Sahara. In Mumbai he got Master of Business Administration from [[SVKM's NMIMS]].

==Career==

He started his career as a correspondent in the year 1997 with Sahara News Network while pursuing his graduation at [[University of Lucknow]]. In October 2002 he joined Star News (Now ABP News) then in August 2004 he joined [[Network 18]] where he worked as the member of launching team of [[CNBC Awaaz]]/[[CNBC TV18]]. He later joined Star News again (renamed [[ABP News]]) in October 2005 as Principal Correspondent, where he did path-breaking stories related to Taxation, Business, Politics and Entertainment. In November 2009 he moved to Sahara News Network as Editor and News Director.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/25922_Sanjeev-Srivastava-to-be-CEO-and-editor-in-chief-Sahara-News-Media|title=Sanjeev Srivastava to be CEO and editor-in-chief, Sahara News Media|publisher=}}</ref> However he left Sahara News Network in 2016 and started working as CEO and editor-in-chief of Tehelka.<ref>{{ Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-print-news/upendra-rai-joins-tehelka-as-ceo-and-editor-in-chief-64418.html|publisher=exchange4media.com|title=Upendra Rai joins Tehelka as CEO and Editor-in-Chief|date=11 May 2016 |accessdate=29 July 2019}}</ref> In September 2019 he came back to the fold of Sahara News Network again as its Senior Advisor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/noted-journalist-upendra-rai-appointed-as-senior-advisor-sahara-india-group-99870.html|title=Upendra Rai appointed as Senior Advisor, Sahara India Group=| date=29 September 2019 |publisher=exchange4media.com|accessdate=9 October 2019}}</ref>

Upendra Rai did many big stories while working with Star News (ABP News). He unearthed dmat account scandal in October 2005. Likewise, he broke the story of stud farm owner Hasan Ali in January 2007, which resulted in government agencies actions on Ali.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northblocksouthblock.com/small-steps-on-the-journey-to-the-big-leap/|title=Small Steps on the Journey to the big Leap|publisher=northblocksouthblock.com|accessdate=4 November 2019}}</ref>

==Hastakshep==
Upendra Rai hosted a show Hastakshep on Sahara Samay. Hastakshep played a bridge between government and society discussing the issues affecting the masses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.lokmat.com/business/hastakshep-a-milestone-in-indian-journalism-upendra-rai |title=Hastakshep, a milestone in TV show | accessdate= 6 August 2020}}</ref>
Hastakshep was launched 35 years back as Saturday supplement of Rashtiya Sahara where renowned analyst of economy, polity, current affairs and other subjects contribute with their well researched and articulated write-ups. Each edition of Hastakshep carries a special topic where scholars of various school of thought contribute with theirs different opinions and analysis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.lokmat.com/business/hastakshep-a-milestone-in-indian-journalism-upendra-rai |title=Hastakshep, a milestone in TV show | accessdate= 6 August 2020}}</ref>

In February 2020 Sahara News Network launched a T.V. show Hastakshep keeping with same taste, tradition and format. Hastakshep has recently been in news for its series of interviews through skype and mojo, abiding the sop of COVID-19 lock down.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.lokmat.com/business/hastakshep-a-milestone-in-indian-journalism-upendra-rai |title=Hastakshep, a milestone in TV show | accessdate= 8 August 2020}}</ref>

==Awards==
* Star Achiever Award in 2006
* Star Patrakar Ratna Award in 2007
* [[Indian Television Academy Awards]] for best reporting among Hindi news channels, 2007 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://ntawards.indiantelevision.com/winners_list.htm|title=The NT AWARDS - NTAwards Winners List|publisher=|access-date=2 April 2017|archive-date=18 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718215826/http://ntawards.indiantelevision.com/winners_list.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Lions Gold Awards by [[Lions Clubs International]], Mumbai, 2008
* Lions Gold Awards by [[Lions Clubs International]], Mumbai, 2009
* Bharosa Patrakar Samman with [[Javed Akhtar]], 2010 <ref>Sukrwar, Hindi monthly magazine, July 2010</ref>
* National Integration Award, Hubli, Karnataka, December 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GwugaqGSXnk|title=National Integration Award|website=[[YouTube]] |date=14 December 2010 }}</ref>
* National Excellence Award, World Book of Records, London, 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northblocksouthblock.com/senior-scribe-upendra-rai-honoured-for-fearless-journalism/|title=Senior scribe Upendra Rai honoured for 'fearless journalism'|publisher=northblocksouthblock.com|accessdate=9 October 2019}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tehelka.com Tehelka]
* [http://tehelkahindi.com Tehelka Hindi]
* [http://www.samaylive.com Samay Live]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Upendra}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Journalists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Ghazipur]]
[[Category:Indian investigative journalists]]

Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation

2026-02-28T08:50:17Z

Ghaiinfra:

{{Short description|Municipal organisation of Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation
| logo = Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation.jpg
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = mr
| coa_pic =
| coa_res = 150px
| coa_alt =
| coa-pic =
| coa-res =
| house_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| foundation = 1 January 1992
| body = CIDCO
| leader1_type = Municipal Commissioner
| leader1 = Kailash Shinde<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/navi-mumbai/shinde-assumes-charge-as-navi-mumbai-municipal-commissioner/articleshow/108719174.cms.ece|title=Shinde assumes charge as Navi Mumbai municipal commissioner|access-date=4 Dec 2024|work=The Times of India|date=23 March 2024}}</ref>
| leader2_type = Mayor
| leader2 = Sujata Patil
| party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader3_type = Deputy Mayor
| leader3 = Dashrath Bhagat
| party3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader4_type = Leader of Opposition
| leader4 = Vijay Choughule
| party4 =
| structure1 = India Maharashtra Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation 2026.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| members = 111
| last_election1 = [[2025–26 Maharashtra local election|15 January 2026]]<ref>{{cite web |title=BMC, 28 other municipal corporations to go for polls on January 15; result on January 16 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/maharashtra/maharashtra-bmc-28-other-municipal-corporations-to-go-for-polls-on-january-15-result-on-january-16-latest-updates-2025-12-15-1021804 |publisher=India TV News |date=15 December 2025}} </ref>
| next_election1 = 2031
| political_groups1 = '''Government (65)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (65)
''' Opposition (46)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (42)
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (UBT)|2}}
:*{{Party legend|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|1}}
:* {{Party legend|Independent|1|shortname=IND}}
| website = {{url|https://www.nmmc.gov.in/}}
| session_room =
| session_res = 300px
| meeting_place = Ground Floor, Sector-15 A, Palm Beach Junction, CBD Belapur,
[[Navi Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] - 400614
}}

The '''Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation''' (NMMC) is the municipal organisation of [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. On 17 December 1991 NMMC was constituted. NMMC came in to existence on January 1, 1992.<ref>{{cite web |title=:: Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.nmmc.gov.in/navimumbai/history1540201195 |website=www.nmmc.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>


== Headquarters ==
NMMC is considered one of the most efficient Municipal Corporation in [[India]].
Till 2014, the NMMC was headquartered in an eight storied building in [[CBD Belapur]]. In 2014, construction of a new civic building was complete and NMMC decided to lease out the old premises after moving into the new one.<ref name="oldoffice">{{cite news|title=NMMC's old office to be rented out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/navi-mumbai/NMMCs-old-office-to-be-rented-out/articleshow/30700177.cms |first=Sanjay |last=Bannerjee |date=20 February 2014 |work=[[Times of India]] |location=Navi Mumbai |access-date=28 September 2014}}</ref>
The new NMMC headquarters is located at Killa Junction at CBD Belapur and is reported to have the tallest [[Flag of India|National Flag of India]] at a height of 225 feet.<ref name="records">{{cite news|title=Navi Mumbai: New civic building set to create records of sorts |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-navi-mumbai-new-civic-building-set-to-create-records-of-sorts-1957281 |first=Rahul |last=Tawade |date=26 January 2014 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Navi Mumbai (Belapur) |access-date=28 September 2014}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = center

| image1 = Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation-005.jpg
| width1 = 200
| alt1 =
| caption1 =

| image2 = Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation-002.jpg
| width2 = 175
| alt2 =
| caption2 =

| image3 = Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation-003.jpg
| width3 = 190
| alt3 =
| caption3 =
}}

== Elections ==
=== 2026 ===
{|class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! S. No.
! Party name
! Party symbol
! Number of Councillors
! Change
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white"|'''1.'''
| align="center"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']]
| [[File:BJP flag.svg|80px]]
| align="center"| '''65'''
| align="center"| {{increase}} '''59'''
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}};color:white"|'''2.'''
| align="center"| [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|'''SHS''']]
| [[File:Logo of Shiv Sena.svg|60px]]
| align="center"| '''42'''
| align="center"| {{new}}
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (UBT)}};color:white"|'''3.'''
| align="center"| [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|'''SS(UBT)''']]
| [[File:SS(UBT) flag.png|80px]]
| align="center"| '''2'''
| align="center"| {{new}}
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}};color:white"|'''4.'''
| align="center"| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|'''MNS''']]
| [[File:Maharashtra Navnirman Sena Official Flag.jpg|80px]]
| align="center"| '''1'''
| align="center"| {{increase}} '''1'''
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Independent politician}};color:black"|'''5.'''
| align="center"| [[Independent politician|'''IND''']]
| [[File:No flag.svg|80px]]
| align="center"| '''1'''
| align="center"| {{decrease}} '''4'''
|-
! colspan=3| Total Wards !! colspan=2|111
|-
|}

=== 2015 ===
{|class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! S. No.
! Party name
! Party symbol
! Number of Councillors
! Change
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}};color:white"|'''1.'''
| align="center"| [[Nationalist Congress Party|'''NCP''']]
| [[File:Flag of Nationalist Congress Party.svg|80px]]
| align="center"| '''52'''
| align="center"| {{decrease}} '''3'''
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}};color:white"|'''2.'''
| align="center"| [[Shiv Sena|'''SS''']]
| [[File:Shiv Sena flag.jpg|80px]]
| align="center"| '''38'''
| align="center"| {{increase}} '''22'''
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};color:white"|'''3.'''
| align="center"| [[Indian National Congress|'''INC''']]
| [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|80px]]
| align="center"| '''10'''
| align="center"| {{decrease}} '''3'''
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white"|'''4.'''
| align="center"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']]
| [[File:BJP flag.svg|80px]]
| align="center"| '''6'''
| align="center"| {{increase}} '''5'''
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Independent politician}};color:black"|'''5.'''
| align="center"| [[Independent politician|'''IND''']]
| [[File:No flag.svg|80px]]
| align="center"| '''5'''
| align="center"| {{increase}} '''1'''
|-
! colspan=3| Total Wards !! colspan=2|111
|-
|}

=== 2010 ===
{|class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! S. No.
! Party name
! Party symbol
! Number of Councillors<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mahasec.com/marathi/results.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=4 April 2014 |archive-date=29 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529095752/http://www.mahasec.com/marathi/results.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
! Change
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}};color:white"|'''1.'''
| align="center"| [[Nationalist Congress Party|'''NCP''']]
| [[File:Flag of Nationalist Congress Party.svg|80px]]
| align="center"| '''55'''
| align="center"| {{steady}}
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}};color:white"|'''2.'''
| align="center"| [[Shiv Sena|'''SS''']]
| [[File:Shiv Sena flag.jpg|80px]]
| align="center"| '''16'''
| align="center"| {{steady}}
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};color:white"|'''3.'''
| align="center"| [[Indian National Congress|'''INC''']]
| [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|80px]]
| align="center"| '''13'''
| align="center"| {{steady}}
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Independent politician}};color:black"|'''4.'''
| align="center"| [[Independent politician|'''IND''']]
| [[File:No flag.svg|80px]]
| align="center"| '''4'''
| align="center"| {{steady}}
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white"|'''5.'''
| align="center"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']]
| [[File:BJP flag.svg|80px]]
| align="center"| '''1'''
| align="center"| {{steady}}
|-
! colspan=3| Total Wards !! colspan=2|89
|-
|}

==Upcycling==
The Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation in collaboration with Green Society Forum has created various murals by Upcycling different types of waste. It has been done to create an awareness amongst the residents, working people and visitors on 4 R's Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and [[Upcycling|Retain]]

[[Electronic waste|E-Waste]]: '''Mother India Board''': [[Waste Management]] by giving new life to [[Electronic waste|e-waste]] i.e. [[upcycling]], it has Developed two Mother India Boards by using non functional mother boards of Laptops. The first one is installed is Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation Headquarter, Palm Beach Road, Belapur in the NMMC's Solid Waste Management Directors cabin and second one in Swachhta Park, Nisarg Udyan, [[Kopar Khairane]]

[[Scrap|Metal Waste]]: '''Kinetic Art Sculpture''': As NMMC has a biggest Industrial Zone. [[Scrap|Metal Waste]] and or [[scrap]] is produced at a very large quantity. Considering the fact and to spread the awareness on upcycling scrap, Kinetic Art Sculpture has been developed and installed at Swachhta Park, Nisarg Udyan, [[Kopar Khairane]].

[[Plastic pollution|Plastic Waste]]: '''Recycledelic FIFA Mural''': Not limiting to one waste form the NMMC moved ahead and developed 'Recycledelic FIFA Mural' under [[Swachh Bharat Mission|Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]] (Swachh Navi Mumbai Mission) and presented another new life form for the [[Plastic pollution|plastic waste]] to ensure proper awareness on [[Waste Management]] and [[upcycling]]. With the vision to transform Navi Mumbai into Zero waste, Eco Friendly, [[Smart Cities Mission|Smart Art City]]. The monument has been made using more than 7000 used Plastic Bottle Caps. The caps were collected from across the Navi Mumbai city in 5 days. The monument was developed in 10 Days. The round shaped mural is 6.5 Feet Diameter and weighs around 250 kg.

'''Junk Music''': Creating Revolution Band by [[Upcycling|upcyling]] used Water Bottles, Garbage Bins etc. and Played Music from Junk and performed live at Mayor Mini Marathon, [[Palm Beach Marg|Palm Beach Road]], Navi Mumbai.

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Na11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Na12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Na13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://www.nmmc.gov.in Official site of NMMC]

{{Municipal Corporations in Maharashtra}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Navi Mumbai]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1992]]

BGS National Public School, Hulimavu, Bengaluru

2026-02-22T03:43:18Z

Ghaiinfra: Put Up The Stub With Sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = BGSp National Public School, Hulimavu
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| motto_translation =
| location = [[Bangalore]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|12.8791|77.5993|display=inline,title}}
| other_name =
| former_name =
| type =
| established = {{Start date|2006|06|22|df=y}}
| opened =
| closed =
| district =
| grades =
| superintendent =
| staff =
| faculty =
| gender = 
| age_range = 
| enrollment = 
| campus_size =
| campus_type =
| team_name =
| newspaper =
| colors = 
| communities =
| feeder_schools =
| website = {{URL|http://bgsnps.edu.in/}}
| principal = Malini M. Dutta
| footnotes =
}}

'''BGS National Public School''' is a [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] affiliated school located in the [[Hulimavu]] suburb of [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cbseaff.nic.in/cbse_aff/schdir_Report/AppViewdir.aspx?affno=830209|title=Details of school affiliated to CBSE|publisher=Central Board of Secondary Education|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226211832/http://cbseaff.nic.in/cbse_aff/schdir_Report/AppViewdir.aspx?affno=830209|archivedate=2018-02-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/Students-showcase-their-talent-at-annual-day-celebrations/article13986661.ece|title=Students showcase their talent at annual day celebrations|date=8 January 2016|accessdate=26 February 2018|work=The Hindu|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312001121/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/Students-showcase-their-talent-at-annual-day-celebrations/article13986661.ece|archivedate=12 March 2018}}</ref> school is sala;;a;a;;a;a;a;a;

==Recognition==
Education Today ranked BGS National Public School as the top CBSE school in Bangalore and second highest in India, after Kothari International School.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.educationtoday.co/school-rankings/school-ranking-details.php?id=22|title=BGS National Public School|last=EducationToday.co|website=Educationtoday.co|language=en|access-date=2018-02-26|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227034817/http://www.educationtoday.co/school-rankings/school-ranking-details.php?id=22|archivedate=2018-02-27}}</ref> The academic director, S. A. Nair, has also received recognition.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/international-recognition-for-bgs-nps-academic-director/article8419439.ece|title=International recognition for BGS NPS academic director|date=2016-04-01|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-02-26|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312001121/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/international-recognition-for-bgs-nps-academic-director/article8419439.ece|archivedate=2018-03-12}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Private schools in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Karnataka]]

Alfred D'Cruz

2026-02-18T21:10:08Z

Ghaiinfra: Put Up Some Data From Scratch

{{orphan|date=February 2026}}
{{Short description|Indian journalist (1921–2012)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Alfred D'Cruz
| image = Alfred D'Cruz.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1921|11|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Saligao]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2012|06|01|1921|11|23|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bandra]], [[Mumbai]], India
| education = [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] Honours in English Literature)
| occupation = {{hlist|Journalist|historian|author}}
| employer = {{unbulleted list|''[[The Times of India]]''|''[[The Sunday Observer]]''|''[[Kuwait Times]]''}}
| known_for = First Indian sub-editor of ''The Times of India''
| notable_works = ''Saligao: Focus on a Picturesque Goan Village'' (1973)
| children = 4
| awards =
}}
'''Alfred D'Cruz''' (23 November 1921 – 1 June 2012) was an Indian journalist, historian, and author. He is noted for being the first Indian to be employed as a sub-editor at ''[[The Times of India]]'' in 1947, where he worked for four decades.<ref name="TOIMumbai">{{Cite news |date=2012-06-22 |title=Veteran journalist Alfred D'Cruz passed away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/veteran-journalist-alfred-dcruz-passed-away/articleshow/14324803.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref><ref name="DaijiTribute">{{Cite web |last=D'Cruz |first=Sunil |title=A Tribute to Alfred D'Cruz on his First Death Anniversary |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=219790 |website=Daijiworld |access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref> He was also an editor at ''[[The Sunday Observer]]'' and the ''[[Kuwait Times]]''.<ref name="TheGoan">{{Cite web |title=Remembering author, historian & journalist late Alfred D'Cruz on his birth centenary |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/remembering-author-historian-journalist-late-alfred-d%E2%80%99cruz-on-his-birth-centenary/91725.html |website=The Goan EveryDay |date=2022-11-23 |access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
D'Cruz was born on 23 November 1921 in the village of [[Saligao]] in [[Bardez]], [[Goa]].<ref name="DaijiTribute" /><ref name="TheGoan" /> Born underweight and in poor health, he was not expected to survive infancy, but he lived to an advanced age.<ref name="TheGoan" /> He completed his education at [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]], earning a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A. (Hons)]] degree in English Literature. During his time as a student from 1942 to 1947, he was inspired by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Lokmanya Tilak]] to participate in the [[Quit India Movement]] and the student [[Satyagraha]] against British colonial rule.<ref name="DaijiTribute" />

==Career==
===''The Times of India''===
In 1947, D'Cruz was hired by Sir Francis Low, the British editor of ''The Times of India'', making him the only Indian sub-editor among the British staff at the time.<ref name="TOIIndia">{{Cite news |date=2012-06-22 |title=TOI's 'first' Indian scribe passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tois-first-indian-scribe-passes-away/articleshow/14327372.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref> On 15 August 1947, he wrote the front-page headline "India wakes up to a new life" to mark the [[Independence of India|nation's independence]].<ref name="DaijiTribute" />
He served as the Chief Sub-Editor of the newspaper until 1982, overseeing the production of daily editions and working with colleagues such as [[R. K. Laxman]], [[Mario Miranda]], and [[Girilal Jain]].<ref name="TOIMumbai" /><ref name="DaijiTribute" /> He was the only journalist to substitute for [[Behram Contractor]] (known as "Busybee") in writing the "Round & About" column for the ''[[Evening News of India]]''.<ref name="TOIMumbai" />
After retiring from the daily news desk, D'Cruz continued with the Times Group as the editor of ''The Times of India Directory and Year Book'' (including ''Who's Who in India'').<ref name="DaijiAward">{{Cite web |title=Panaji: Alfred D'Cruz honoured with Laxmidas Borkar Memorial Award |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/chan/sponsoredDisplay.aspx?sID=4076 |website=Daijiworld |date=2014-02-25 |access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref> In 1985, he produced a special supplement titled "Down the corridors of Times" to commemorate the newspaper's 147th anniversary, which detailed the history of the publication.<ref name="DaijiAward" />

===Later career===
Following his tenure at ''The Times of India'', D'Cruz worked as the News Editor for ''The Sunday Observer'' in Mumbai from 1986 to 1989.<ref name="DaijiTribute" /> At the age of 67, he moved to the [[Middle East]] to join the ''Kuwait Times'' as an Assistant Editor. He was working at the newspaper's desk during the [[Invasion of Kuwait]] by Iraq in 1990 and was responsible for breaking the news of the invasion to the international community.<ref name="TheGoan" /> D'Cruz was later evacuated on a relief flight after living in tents in the [[Jordan]]ian desert with other Indian expatriates.<ref name="TheGoan" />

==Literary works==
D'Cruz co-authored the book ''Saligao: Focus on a Picturesque Goan Village'' (1973), which was released during the centenary celebrations of the Mae de Deus church. The book, featuring illustrations by [[Mario Miranda]], documents the history and culture of his native village and has been included in the collections of the [[Library of Congress]] and several universities in the United States.<ref name="DaijiAward" /><ref name="DaijiTribute" /> He also wrote a history of St. Theresa's Parish in [[Bandra]], where he resided.<ref name="TheGoan" />

==Personal life and death==
D'Cruz was married and had four children: a son, Sunil, and three daughters. One of his daughters, Susheela Soares, also worked at ''The Times of India''.<ref name="TOIMumbai" />
He died on 1 June 2012 in Bandra, Mumbai, at the age of 91.<ref name="TOIMumbai" />

==Awards==
* Lifetime Achievement Award for Excellence in Journalism: Awarded posthumously by the Journalist Association of India (JAI) in September 2012.<ref name="DaijiTribute" />
* [[Laxmidas Borkar]] Memorial Award: Awarded posthumously by the Bori Development Trust in 2014.<ref name="DaijiAward" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:D'Cruz, Alfred}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Journalists from Goa]]
[[Category:Writers from Goa]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]
[[Category:The Times of India journalists]]

Fazil Rashid

2026-02-18T16:31:13Z

Ghaiinfra:

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1996)}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Fazil Rashid
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|12|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderpora, Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling =
| role = Wicket-keeper

| club1 =
| year1 =
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =

| date = 1 November 2018
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1136215.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Fazil Rashid''' (born 11 December 1996) is an Indian [[cricket]]er.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1136215.html |title=Fazil Rashid |access-date=1 November 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut for [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu & Kashmir]]in the [[2017–18 Vijay Hazare Trophy]] on 11 February 2018.<ref name="LA">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1118762.html |title=Group D, Secunderabad, Feb 11 2018, Vijay Hazare Trophy |access-date=11 November 2020 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for Jammu & Kashmir in the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy]] on 1 November 2018.<ref name="FC">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1156947.html |title=Elite, Group C, Ranji Trophy at Jaipur, Nov 1-4 2018 |access-date=1 November 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut on 11 November 2019, for Jammu & Kashmir in the [[2019–20 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]].<ref name="T20">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205766.html |title=Group E, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy at Surat, Nov 11 2019 |access-date=11 November 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1136215}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rashid, Fazil}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Srinagar]]
{{India-cricket-bio-1996-stub}}

Malka Jaan

2026-02-11T13:10:35Z

Ghaiinfra: Creating Some Data Added Tags

{{Short description|Indian singer and dancer (1855 – 1907)}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Malka Jaan
| image =
| image_size =
| landscape =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| alias =
| birth_name = Adeline Victoria Hemmings
| birth_date = 1855
| birth_place = [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]] (Present day [[Prayagraj]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1907|1855}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[British Raj|British India]] (Present day [[Kolkata]], [[India]])
| genre = [[Ghazal]], [[thumri]], [[dadra]]
| occupation = Musician, dancer
| in =
| years_active = 1883{{endash}}1907
| associated_acts = [[Gauhar Jaan]] (daughter)
| module =
| module2 =
}}

'''Malka Jaan''' (born: '''Adeline Victoria Hemmings'''; 1855 – 1907) was an Indian courtesan (tawaif), singer, poet and Kathak dancer who was active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref name=TheHindustanTimes/> She was known as ''Malka Jaan of Calcutta'' and ''Malka Jaan of Benaras''. She was a prominent figure in the cultural life of [[Varanasi|Banaras]] and later [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], and is best known as the mother and early musical guru of [[Gauhar Jaan]], a pioneering recording artist of [[India]].<ref name=TheDailyStar/>

== Early life ==
Malka Jaan was born Adeline Victoria Hemmings, the daughter of a British soldier and a local Hindu woman named Rukmini.<ref name=TheDailyStar/> She was born in [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] since childhood she was a talented singer and dancer from a young age. In 1872, she married Robert William Yeoward, a factory engineer of [[Armenians in India|Armenian descent]]. The couple had a daughter, Eileen Angelina Yeoward, in 1873 in [[Azamgarh]].<ref name=TheDailyStar>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/the-story-gauhar-jaan-1941589|title=The story of Gauhar Jaan|website=The Daily Star|date=August 8, 2020}}</ref> The marriage ended in 1879 due to her husband's affair, and Victoria and her daughter faced financial hardship.<ref name=SouthAsian>{{cite web|url=http://www.the-south-asian.com/Oct2003/Gauhar_Jan.htm|title=My name is Gauhar Jan, First dancing girl, Calcutta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517083302/http://www.the-south-asian.com/Oct2003/Gauhar_Jan.htm |archive-date=17 May 2008|date=October 2003|website=the-south-asian.com website|author=Suresh Chandvankar|access-date=6 November 2024}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 1881, after her divorce, Victoria and her daughter moved to Banaras (now [[Varanasi]]).<ref name=SouthAsian/> They were mentored by a Muslim nobleman named Khursheed.<ref name=SouthAsian/> In Banaras, Victoria and Eileen converted to Islam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/gauhar-jaan-honoured-with-google-doodle-on-145th-birth-anniversary/articleshow/64741473.cms?from=mdr|title=Gauhar Jaan honoured with Google doodle on 145th birth anniversary|website=The Economic Times|date=June 26, 2018}}</ref> Victoria adopted the name Malka Jaan, and her daughter was renamed Gauhar Jaan.<ref name=SouthAsian/> Malka Jaan, already trained in music and dance, became a well-regarded courtesan in the city.<ref name=SouthAsian/> To distinguish herself from other popular performers with the same name, she was known as "Badi" (elder) Malka Jaan.<ref name=SouthAsian/>

Malka Jaan relocated to Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]]) in 1883 and quickly established herself in the court of Nawab [[Wajid Ali Shah]] at [[Matiaburj]]. Malka Jaan became one of the city's most celebrated performers between the 1870s and 1890s.<ref name="Tribune2008">{{cite news |last1=Nevile |first1=Pran |date=13 April 2008 |title=Melodies on record |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080413/spectrum/main1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227025222/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080413/spectrum/main1.htm |archive-date=27 February 2022 |access-date=6 November 2024 |newspaper=The Tribune (Chandigarh) newspaper}}</ref><ref name="Tribune">(Pran Nevile) [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020526/spectrum/main7.htm The importance of being Gauhar Jan] The Tribune (Chandigarh) newspaper, Published 26 May 2002, Retrieved 8 November 2024</ref> Within three years, she had purchased a building at 24 Chitpore Road (now Rabindra Sarani), which became a cultural hub for music and poetry.<ref name=TheHindustanTimes/> She was a noted poet (Sahib-e Divan poet) and published a collection of Urdu poems titled Makhzan-e-Ulfat-e-Malka Jan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-26 |script-title=bn:নবাবদের বাইজি নয় রাজনীতির পাপিয়ারা ভয়ঙ্কর |url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/editorial/2020/02/26/505619 |access-date=2025-04-13 |work=Bangladesh Pratidin |language=bn}}</ref>

As a successful musician and courtesan, Malka Jaan oversaw her daughter Gauhar Jaan's extensive musical training.<ref name=TheHindustanTimes/> Gauhar received instruction in various classical and light classical forms from renowned masters at their home in Calcutta.<ref name=TheHindustanTimes/> Under her mother's guidance, Gauhar Jaan learned Kathak dance, Hindustani classical music (including thumri and khayal), Bengali kirtan, and Rabindra Sangeet.<ref name=TheHindustanTimes>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/indias-first-singing-superstar-gauhar-jaan-challenged-viceroy-crorepati-who-had-personal-train-lata-mangeshkar-md-rafi-101737447807239.html|title=India's first crorepati singer challenged Viceroys, travelled by personal train, out-earned Lata Mangeshkar, Md Rafi|website=The Hindustan Times|date=January 21, 2025}}</ref> Malka Jaan ensured that Gauhar was fully trained and poised to begin her own career.<ref name=TheHindustanTimes/> Gauhar gave her first performance in the royal court of Darbhanga in 1888 and became a court musician.<ref name=TheHindustanTimes/>

== Personal life ==
At the age of 15, she met Robert William Yeoward, an engineer of Armenian descent, who fell in love with her and married her in 1872.<ref name=SouthAsian/> The couple had a daughter, Eileen Angelina Yeoward, born in [[Azamgarh]] in 1873 but the marriage ended in 1879.<ref name=SouthAsian/>

== Death ==
Malka Jaan died around 1907.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2016/Mar/16/the-story-of-indias-first-dancing-girl-912049.html|title=The Story of India's First Dancing Girl|website=The News Indian Express|date=March 15, 2016}}</ref> Her death was a significant turning point in her daughter's life.<ref name="Sampath">{{cite book|author=Vikram Sampath|title=My Name is Gauhar Jaan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZpSaAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT120|publisher=Rupa Publications|isbn=978-81-291-2233-9|pages=120–122}}</ref>

== Contemporaries ==
There were four singing contemporaries of Malka Jaan with first names pronounced the same way as hers and sometimes spelled in English in different ways. The name Malka Jaan was common among courtesans (tawaif) in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and there were several prominent singers with this name. The title "Badi" (elder) was prefixed to her name to distinguish her from other contemporary performers who shared the name Malka Jaan. The most famous Malka Jaans of that era were:

* Malka Jaan of Agra a contemporary of Gauhar Jaan, she was renowned for her powerful, full-throated style of thumri singing. She recorded for the Gramophone Company and was a court musician for Nawab Wajid Ali Shah.
* Malka Jaan of Mulk Pukhraj another famous courtesan and singer of the time
* Malka Jaan of Chulbuli a nautch girl who also left recorded discs.
* Malka Jaan of Gaya a performer who also made recordings.

== Inspiration and honours ==
[[Begum Akhtar]] in her early days wanted to pursue a career in Hindi films, but after listening to the singing of Malka Jaan and her daughter Gauhar Jaan, she gave up the idea completely and devoted herself to learning [[Hindustani classical music]], in fact, her first teacher was Ustad [[Imdad Khan]], who accompanied the mother-daughter duo, Malka Jaan and Gauhar Jaan, on [[sarangi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nrcw.nic.in/shared/sublinkimages/209.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 April 2009|date=19 March 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410014918/http://nrcw.nic.in/shared/sublinkimages/209.htm |title=Begum Akhtar (1914–1974) – Begum Akhtar Profile|website= NRCW, Government of India website|access-date=4 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2022/10/28/begum-akhtar-profile-urdu-ghazals/|title=Begum Akhtar: A Glance Into The Music And Life Of The 'Mallika-e-Ghazal'|website=Feminism In India|date=October 28, 2022}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
She is remembered for her contributions to Urdu poetry and as an accomplished performer in her own right.<ref name=TheHindustanTimes/> Her voice was recorded by The Gramophone Company, and her mansion was a celebrated cultural salon. Beyond her musical talents, Badi Malka Jaan was also a poet who wrote in Urdu. Her collection of verses, Makhzan-e-ulfat-e-Malka, has been rediscovered and published.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Recording-Gauhar-Jaan/article16300480.ece|title=Recording Gauhar Jaan|website=The Hindu|date=May 13, 2010}}</ref> Her most enduring legacy, however, is her role in shaping and mentoring her daughter, [[Gauhar Jaan]], who would go on to become a national icon and [[India]]'s first recording superstar.<ref name=TheHindustanTimes/> It was in their Calcutta home on Chitpore Road that the young Gauhar Jaan received training from some of the best masters of the time.<ref name=TheHindustanTimes/>

== In popular culture ==
* In 2019, ''My name is Gauhar Jaan'', a theatre play based on her and her daughter Gauhar Jaan's life in which the role of Malka Jaan was portrayed by [[Neena Kulkarni]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thetheatretimes.com/review-of-gauhar-a-peep-into-a-bygone-eras-history-emotions-and-reality/|title=Review of "Gauhar": A Peep Into a Bygone Era's History, Emotions and Reality|website=The Theatre Times|date=May 15, 2024}}</ref>
* In 2024, ''[[Heeramandi]]'' an Indian Hindi-language period drama television series created and directed by [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] the role of Malka Jaan was played by [[Manisha Koirala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/tawaifs-sex-workers-sanjay-leela-bhansali-heeramandi-9316484/|title=The British reduced all tawaifs to sex workers – so has Sanjay Leela Bhansali in Heeramandi|website=The News Indian Express|date=May 15, 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Discogs artist|Malka Jan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaan, Malka}}
[[Category:1855 births]]
[[Category:1907 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Kathak dancers]]
[[Category:Singers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian people of Armenian descent]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Women Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Singers from British India]]
[[Category:Dancers from British India]]
[[Category:Indian courtesans]]

Chennai Egmore railway station

2026-02-10T22:03:13Z

Ghaiinfra: revised

{{Short description|Railway station in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Chennai Egmore
| native_name = Chennai Elumbur
| other_name =
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Chennai Egmore facade panorama.jpg
| image_caption = Chennai Egmore railway station
| address = Gandhi-Irwin Road, [[Egmore]], [[Chennai]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0780|N|80.2616|E|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]
| system = {{ubl|[[Indian Railways]]|[[Chennai Suburban Railway]]}}
| line = {{ubl| [[Chennai Egmore–Thanjavur main line]] |[[South Line, Chennai Suburban]] }}
| platform = 11
| tracks = 12
| other = {{ric|Chennai Metro}} {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Green|croute}} [[Egmore metro station|Egmore]]
| structure = At-grade
| depth =
| levels = 1
| parking = Available
| accessible = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MS<ref>{{cite web |title=Station Code Index |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2023-24/Station_Code_Index.pdf |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216225807/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2023-24/Station_Code_Index.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2024 |page=5 |date=2023–24}}</ref>
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Chennai}}
}}
| opened = {{start date and age|1880}} (station) {{start date and age|11 June 1908}} (terminal building)
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| elevation = {{cvt|8|m}}
| architect = {{ubl|[[Henry Irwin]] |E. C. Bird}}
| architectural_style = {{ubl |[[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] |[[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo Saracenic]] |[[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]]}}
| original = [[South Indian Railway]]
| status = Active
| electrified = 1931
| mpassengers =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{ubl|120 [[Express trains in India|Mail/Express]]|442 [[Chennai Suburban|Suburban]]/[[Multiple units of India|MU]]}} per day (2022)
| map_type = India Chennai#Tamil Nadu#India
| map_caption = Location in Chennai##Location in Tamil Nadu##Location in India
| image_size =
}}

'''Chennai Egmore''' (also known as '''Chennai Elumbur''', formerly '''Madras Egmore''') (station code: '''MS'''), is a major [[Railway stations in Chennai|railway station]] in [[Chennai]], India. It is classified as a [[Categorization of Indian Railway stations by commercial importance|NSG–1]] category station and comes under the purview of the [[Chennai railway division]] of the [[Southern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Southern Railway List of Stations |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=1 |date=1 April 2023}}</ref> It is situated in the neighbourhood of [[Egmore]], with the main entrance situated on Gandhi-Irwin road and the rear entrance on [[EVR Periyar Salai|Poonamallee high road]]. It caters to inter-city [[Express trains in India|express trains]], [[Multiple units of India|multiple units]], and [[Chennai suburban|suburban]] services.

The station served as the terminus of the [[South Indian Railway Company]] in Madras since the 1880s. The construction of the terminal building began in September 1905 and it was officially opened on 11 June 1908. The building is built in [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo Saracenic]] style. In 1951, the station became part of the Southern Railway zone of the Indian Railways.

==History==
[[File:02Madras Egmore Station.jpg|thumb|left|Egmore station in 1913]]

The site of the railway station hosted a fortified redoubt in the early 18th century, and later housed a [[sanatorium]], and an [[orphanage]] in the mid 18th century. By the late 19th century, part of the land was owned by [[Pulney Andy]] (1831–1909), one of the first Indians to earn a medical degree in the United Kingdom.<ref name="Hist">{{cite web |last=V |first=Sriram |title=Chennai Landmark – The Egmore Station |work=Madras Musings |date=25 November 2014 |url=https://sriramv.com/2014/11/25/chennai-landmark-the-egmore-station/ |access-date=8 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=S. |last=Muthiah |date=27 October 2012 |orig-year=19 September 2010 |title=Whither this National Library? |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article696892.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=21 June 2019}}</ref> The [[South Indian Railway]] (SIR) was established in 1874 through the amalgamation of three railway companies that existed in the [[Madras Presidency]]. Egmore became the company's terminus in Madras by the 1880s. An increase in traffic led to plans for the construction of a full-fledged terminus in the early 1900s.<ref name="Hist"/> The station was planned on a {{cvt|2.5|acre}} plot of land, of which {{cvt|1.8|acre}} was owned by Andy. After initial reluctance, Andy sold the land for approximately {{INRconvert|0.1|m|year=1904}} in 1904.<ref name="Hist"/><ref name="Heritage">{{cite web |last=Pain |first=Paromita |title=Heritage tracks |work=[[Business Line]] |date=27 June 2008 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/life/2008/06/27/stories/2008062750030200.htm |access-date=8 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416180606/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/life/2008/06/27/stories/2008062750030200.htm |archive-date=16 April 2014}}</ref>

[[File:Chennai_Egmore_station,_Second_Entrance2.jpg|thumb|left|Rear entrance added in 2006]]

The terminal building was designed by British architects [[Henry Irwin]] and E. C. Bird. It measured {{cvt|300|ft}} by {{cvt|70|ft}}, and was constructed by [[T. Samynada Pillai]]. The construction of the station began in September 1905 and was completed in 1908 at a cost of {{INRconvert|1.7|m|year=1908}}.<ref name="Hist"/><ref name="Heritage"/><ref name="Red">{{cite web |title =Red-letter day for Southern Railway |date=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/11/stories/2008061160021800.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613114239/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/11/stories/2008061160021800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 June 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 June 2012}}</ref> The station was opened to the public on 11 June 1908, and initially relied on [[diesel generators]] for electricity.<ref name="South">{{cite web |last=Muthiah |first=S. |title=Egmore and the South |date=16 June 2008 |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/06/16/stories/2008061650520500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620165303/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/06/16/stories/2008061650520500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 June 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=29 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Muthiah |first=S. |title=The railway of the Deep South |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 May 2010 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article425584.ece |access-date=28 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117021454/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article425584.ece |archive-date=17 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Krishnaswamy |first=Murali N. |title=Chugging on . . . a hundred years hence |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 June 2008 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-youngworld/chugging-on-a-hundred-years-hence/article1443993.ece |access-date=28 September 2019}}</ref> The station underwent developments in 1930, and became part of the first [[Railway electrification|electrified]] suburban line established in 1931.<ref name="Hist"/><ref name="South"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1401880179452-mas--general-info.pdf|title=Chennai division|work=[[Southern Railway zone]], [[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> A signal cabin at the station was opened in 1935, after the suburban line between [[Chennai Beach railway station|Madras Beach]] and {{stnlnk|Tambaram}} was electrified.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hinson |first=John |title=Madras Egmore: South Indian Railway |work=The Signal Box |url=http://www.signalbox.org/overseas/india/madrasegmore.htm |access-date=9 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020418214138/http://www.signalbox.org/overseas/india/madrasegmore.htm |archive-date=18 April 2002 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the nationalisation of the railways in 1951, the station became part of the [[Southern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]], and emerged as a major terminal for trains to the south of the state.<ref name="Hist"/><ref name="Heritage"/> The station was expanded in 1980, and the tracks were converted into [[broad gauge]] in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/07/stories/2008060757850200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610214331/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/07/stories/2008060757850200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 June 2008|title=One hundred years of tireless travel ... still chugging with charm|date=7 June 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=24 May 2011}}</ref> The [[Chennai suburban|suburban]] trains continued to operate on meter gauge until 2004 when a new suburban terminal was added to the station.<ref name="Hist"/><ref name="Heritage"/> In 2006, a second entrance was established on the [[EVR Periyar Salai|Poonamallee High road]] at a cost of {{INRConvert|115.3|m|year=2006}}.<ref name="Red"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Vydhianathan |first=S. |title=Second terminal at Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M. G. Ramachandran Central Railway Station proposed |location=Chennai |date=26 October 2004|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/26/stories/2004102610770100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041201070212/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/26/stories/2004102610770100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 December 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 November 2012}}</ref> In 2013, [[Track ballast|ballast]]-less tracks were laid along the terminus.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ayyappan |first=V. |title=Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M. G. Ramachandran Central Railway Station, Chennai Egmore Railway Station to get washable tracks |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 February 2013 |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2013/02/14&PageLabel=5&EntityId=Ar00504&ViewMode=HTML |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113404/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2013/02/14&PageLabel=5&EntityId=Ar00504&ViewMode=HTML |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=17 February 2013}}</ref> In the early 2020s, it was one of the stations selected for upgradation under the [[Amrit Bharat Station Scheme|Amrit Bharat]] scheme of the Indian Railways,<ref>{{cite news |title=Amrit Bharat Stations |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1897980 |access-date=8 April 2024 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=10 February 2023 }}</ref> and underwent major renovation as a part of the scheme.<ref name="PR">{{cite press release|url=
https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=12916&id=0,4,268|title=Chennai Egmore Redevelopment works move at swift pace|date=26 December 2022|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[Indian Railways]]}}</ref>

==Design==
The station lies on a {{cvt|2.5|acre}} plot of land on Gandhi-Irwin road in [[Egmore]].<ref name="Hist"/> It is situated between two [[Overpass|flyovers]] on either side of the road.<ref name="South"/> The station building is spread over {{cvt|135406|m2}}, and was designed in [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] and [[Indo-Saracenic architecture]] with elements of [[Dravidian architecture]]. It was notable for early use of [[concrete]] during the construction.<ref name="Hist"/><ref name="PR"/> The building had a three-span roof structure, with a large dome atop of it. It had carved motifs on the pillars and brackets, which were based on Dravidian temple architecture. The building has been constructed using [[brick]], [[granite]], and [[sandstone]], which gives contrasting appearance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://madrasmusings.com/vol-32-no-23/heritage-watch-egmore-station-then-now-and-in-future/|title=Egmore station then and now|work=Madras Musings|access-date=1 June 2025|date=16 March 2023}}</ref> The building had [[stained glass]] windows and was earlier equipped with wooden stairways to move across platforms.<ref name="Hist"/>

== Network and services ==
The station is classified as a [[Categorization of Indian Railway stations by commercial importance|NSG–1]] category station and comes under the purview of the [[Chennai railway division]] of the [[Southern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Southern Railway List of Stations |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=1 |date=1 April 2023}}</ref> It is located on the [[Chennai Egmore–Thanjavur main line]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1444728316895-A4SMap-2015.pdf|title=Southern Railway Route Map|publisher=[[Southern Railway zone]], [[Indian Railways]]|access-date=12 August 2023|archive-date=12 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812121221/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1444728316895-A4SMap-2015.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> It also forms part of the [[South Line, Chennai Suburban|South Line]] of the [[Chennai suburban]] rail network that extends from [[Chennai Beach railway station|Chennai Beach]] towards [[Tambaram railway station|Tambaram]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya0/0/9/1/8/592918/0/linemap.pdf|title=Chennai rail network|work=Indiarailinfo|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, the station handles about 120 [[Express trains in India|Mail/Express]] trains and 442 [[Suburban rail|Suburban]]/[[Multiple units of India|Multiple Units]] daily.<ref name="PR"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Venugopal |first=Vasudha |title=Display boards at station fail to show the way |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 February 2013 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/display-boards-at-station-fail-to-show-the-way/article4379567.ece |access-date=11 February 2013}}</ref> While the station serves as a major terminus for trains operating towards the central and southern Tamil Nadu, a few services operate from the station to other destinations in India, by connecting with the [[Gudur–Chennai section]] of the [[Howrah–Chennai main line]] via Chennai Beach station.<ref name="Red"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Train Timings at Chennai Egmore|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1341216868714-ms-mas.pdf|work=[[Southern Railway zone]], [[Indian Railways]]|access-date=20 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Egmore to remain railway hub |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 December 2011 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article2736904.ece |access-date=31 December 2011}}</ref> Beginning in the early 2010s, Indian Railways terminated few of the services at Tambaram railway station to reduce congestion at the station.<ref>{{cite news |last=Malavan |first=K. |title=Tambaram 3rd Rail Terminus update |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 January 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article2816286.ece |access-date=20 January 2012}}</ref>

==Facilities==
There are 11 platforms in the station.<ref name="Heritage"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/779?date=undefined&src=&dest=undefined&locoClass=undefined&bedroll=undefined&stptype=0&|title=Chennai Egmore|work=Indiarailinfo|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> In 2019–20, platforms five to nine were extended.<ref name="IE">{{cite web |title=Egmore railway station to have better services for commuters |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=26 November 2019 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/nov/26/egmore-to-have-better-services-for-commuters-2067180.html |access-date=24 October 2020}}</ref> The station has a train care centre attached to it, which houses the trains terminating at the station.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ayyappan |first=V. |title=Passengers panic as pests overrun dirty train bogies |date=29 October 2012 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-29/chennai/34797147_1_sleeper-coaches-bogies-pests-and-rodents |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103150228/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-29/chennai/34797147_1_sleeper-coaches-bogies-pests-and-rodents |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> There are 16 air-conditioned dormitories, 14 retiring rooms, and three waiting halls for passengers.<ref name="IE"/>

In April 2012, the Government Railway Police and the [[Railway Protection Force]] released a plan in which a [[helpline]] was launched and the station was divided into three sectors, for the deployment of security personnel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Railway police launches two helplines |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 May 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3371573.ece |access-date=25 November 2012}}</ref> The station has an Integrated Security Surveillance System implemented in 2012, which consists of a set of [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] cameras installed around the station.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chennai: Suburban railway stations to come under CCTV surveillance |work=[[IBN Live]] |date=18 July 2012 |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/chennai-suburban-railway-stations-to-come-under-cctv-surveillance/272054-62-130.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111231320/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/chennai-suburban-railway-stations-to-come-under-cctv-surveillance/272054-62-130.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 November 2013 |access-date=14 January 2014}}</ref> The station has been divided into two zones for cleaning and maintenance–the first six platforms fall under zone I and the remaining platforms fall under zone II.<ref>{{cite news |last=Varma |first=M. Dinesh |title=New agency undertakes cleaning of Egmore station |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 December 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/new-agency-undertakes-cleaning-of-egmore-station/article4171806.ece |access-date=13 December 2012}}</ref>

== Connectivity ==
There is a bus shelter at the southern entrance at the Gandhi-Irwin road and a bus terminus near the northern entrance on the Poonamallee High road. Bus services are operated by the state-run [[Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)|Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]. There is a multi-storey parking lot attached to the station.<ref name="IE"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Madhavan |first=D. |title=Whenners Road hit by 'pothole plague' |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 October 2019 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/whenners-road-hit-by-pothole-plague/article29603406.ece |access-date=24 October 2020}}</ref> Pre-paid taxi and autorickshaw services are also available from the station.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ayyappan |first=V. |title=One more prepaid autorickshaw counter opened at Egmore Railway Station |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 August 2014 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/One-more-prepaid-autorickshaw-counter-opened-at-Egmore-railway-station/articleshow/39417907.cms |access-date=24 October 2020}}</ref> The [[Egmore metro station]] on the [[Green Line (Chennai Metro)|Green Line]] of the [[Chennai Metro]] serves the station.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.chennaimetrorail.gov.in/linemap.php|title =Chennai Metro Rail Line Map|url-status =dead|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140713212247/http://chennaimetrorail.gov.in/linemap.php|archive-date =13 July 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
* {{anl|Chennai Central railway station}}
* {{anl|Heritage structures in Chennai}}
{{Portal bar|India|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Chennai Egmore railway station}}

{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, South West|Chennai Egmore|Park Town, Chennai|Chetput|4|4.32}}
{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, South|Chennai Egmore|Park Town, Chennai|Chetput|4|4.32}}
{{Chennai topics|left}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1908]]
[[Category:Chennai railway division]]
[[Category:Heritage sites in Chennai]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]
[[Category:Chennai Suburban Railway stations]]

Maharaja Jitendra Narayan Medical College and Hospital

2026-02-07T12:52:29Z

Ghaiinfra:

{{Short description| Medical College in Coochbehar, West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Maharaja Jitendra Narayan Medical College and Hospital
| image = [[File:Coochbehar Government Medical College and Hospital Logo.png|200px]]
| type = [[Government]] [[Medical school|Medical College]] & [[Hospital]]
| established = {{start date and age|22 February 2018}}
| principal = Dr. Nirmal Kumar Mandal
| city = [[Coochbehar]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|26.3214429|N|89.4657036|E|format=dms|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| affiliations = [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| academic_affiliations = [[National Medical Commission]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.mjnmch.ac.in/}}
}}

'''Maharaja Jitendra Narayan Medical College and Hospital (MJNMCH)''' (previously, '''[[Cooch Behar|Coochbehar]] Government Medical College & Hospital'''), is a full-fledged tertiary referral Government Medical college cum hospital. It was established in the year 2018. The college imparts the degree Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS). Nursing and para-medical courses (under [[State Medical Faculty of West Bengal]]) are also offered. The college is affiliated to [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]] and is recognised by the [[National Medical Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Colleges, National Medical Commission|url=https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/for-students-to-study-in-india/list-of-college-teaching-mbbs/}}</ref> The MJN hospital associated with the college is one of the largest hospitals in the [[Coochbehar]]. The selection to the college is done on the basis of merit through [[National Eligibility and Entrance Test]]. Paramedical Admission is done on basis of merit through [[State Medical Faculty of West Bengal Entrance Examination|SMFWBEE]] Exam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Medical Faculty of West Bengal |url=https://smfwb.in/govtinstitutions.html |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=smfwb.in}}</ref>

==Courses==
Maharaja Jitendra Narayan Medical College & Hospital (MJNMCH), Cooch Behar, West Bengal undertakes education and training of 150 students MBBS courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/state-gets-5-more-med-colleges-with-650-seats-1-awaits-mci-nod/articleshow/69604868.cms|title = West Bengal gets five more medical colleges with 650 seats; one awaits MCI nod | Kolkata News - Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Medical Courses - mjnmch.ac.in |url=https://www.mjnmch.ac.in/courses/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=www.mjnmch.ac.in}}</ref>

*1. MBBS: with the capacity of 150 seats
*2. Paramedical courses (DMLT, DOPT, DOTT)
*3. GNM Nursing

==Hospital==
Previously the hospital was known as MJN Hospital, Coochbehar. It was a district hospital. It is the largest government hospital of Coochbehar. The hospital contains outpatient system and indoor patient system with around 500 beds. It has separate Medicine, Surgery, Paediatric and Gynaecology ward. Matrima is a separate building for the pregnant mother and newborn. This building contains Gynae casualty room, Gynae OT, Prenatal area, postnatal area, SNCU, PICU with adequate nursing staff and modern medical technology. Medicine and Surgery department have separate male and female wards. Hospital also has own modern radiology department with XRAY, USG, CT, and MRI. The name of the present Principal and superintendent of the hospital (MSVP) is Dr. Nirmal Kumar Mandal and Dr. Souradeep Ray,respectively.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* College Website [https://www.mjnmch.ac.in/]

{{Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Health Sciences}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Affiliates of West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2019]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in India]]

{{India-hospital-stub}}
{{Kolkata-university-stub}}

Saharanpur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-31T18:59:35Z

Ghaiinfra: Added Basic Entry W/ Infobox!

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Saharanpur {{Small|UP-1}}
|established = 1952-present
|electors =18,55,510<ref>{{Cite web| title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | date=2024-05-25 | publisher=Election commission of India | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525141320/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-date=2024-05-25}}</ref>
|reservation =None
|party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
|alliance =[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|mp =[[Imran Masood]]
|incumbent_image =File:Imran Masood.jpg
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Saharanpur.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Saharanpur Lok Sabha constituency
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
|state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|assembly_cons =[[Behat Assembly constituency|Behat]] [[Saharanpur Nagar Assembly constituency|Saharanpur Nagar]] [[Saharanpur Assembly constituency|Saharanpur]] [[Deoband Assembly constituency|Deoband]] [[Rampur Maniharan Assembly constituency|Rampur Maniharan]]
}}
'''Saharanpur Lok Sabha constituency''' ({{IPA|hi|səɦaːɾən̪.pʊɾ}}) is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] ([[Lower house]] of the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]]) constituencies in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name=" Lok Sabha constituencies ">{{cite news|title= Lok Sabha constituencies |publisher=[[Parliament of India]] official website|access-date=28 October 2019|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.htm}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Saharanpur Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] segments.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|1
|[[Behat Assembly constituency|Behat]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
|[[Umar Ali Khan]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|3
|[[Saharanpur Nagar Assembly constituency|Saharanpur Nagar]]
|[[Rajiv Gumber]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|4
|[[Saharanpur Assembly constituency|Saharanpur]]
|[[Ashu Malik]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|5
|[[Deoband Assembly constituency|Deoband]]
|[[Brijesh Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|6
|[[Rampur Maniharan Assembly constituency|Rampur Maniharan]] (SC)
|[[Devendra Kumar Nim]]
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{{Pie chart
| caption = [[Indian National Congress]] is the most successful political party in [[Saharanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saharanpur]] Lok Sabha elections.
| value1 = 38.89
| label1 = [[Indian National Congress|'''INC''']] (7 terms)
| color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| value2 = 16.67
| label2 = [[Bahujan Samaj Party|'''BSP''']] (3 terms)
| color2 = {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| value3 = 16.67
| label3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']] (3 terms)
| color3 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| value4 = 11.11
| label4 = [[Janata Dal|'''JD''']] (2 terms)
| color4 = #00FF00
| value5 = 5.56
| label5 = [[Janata Party|'''JP''']] (1 term)
| color5 = blue
| value6 = 5.56
| label6 = [[Janata Party (Secular)|'''JP(S)''']] (1 term)
| color6 = #0ef4e1
| value7 = 5.56
| label7 = [[Samajwadi Party|'''SP''']] (1 term)
| color7 = {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}
}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Ajit Prasad Jain]]
| rowspan="7" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="7" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Sunder Lal]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Ajit Prasad Jain]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Sunder Lal]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1967|1967]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rasheed Masood]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]
|[[Yashpal Singh (politician)|Yashpal Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rasheed Masood]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Nakli Singh]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]
|[[Mansoor Ali Khan (Politician)|Mansoor Ali Khan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]
|[[Rasheed Masood]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]
|[[Jagdish Singh Rana]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]
|[[Raghav Lakhanpal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]
|[[Haji Fazlur Rehman]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Imran Masood]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Saharanpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Imran Masood]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 5,47,967
|percentage = 44.03
|change = {{increase}}27.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Raghav Lakhanpal]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 4,83,425
|percentage = 39.33
|change = {{decrease}}0.59
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Majid Ali
|votes = 1,80,353
|percentage = 14.67
|change = {{decrease}}27.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 4,566
|percentage = 0.37
|change = {{increase}}0.02
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 64,542
|percentage = 5.24
|change = {{increase}}3.41
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,29,455
|percentage = 66.26
|change = {{decrease}}4.61
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Saharanpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Haji Fazlur Rehman]]
|votes = 5,14,139
|percentage = 41.72
|change = {{increase}}22.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Raghav Lakhanpal]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 491,722
|percentage = 39.9
|change = {{increase}}0.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Imran Masood]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 207,068
|percentage = 16.8
|change = {{decrease}}17.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 4,284
|percentage = 0.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 22,417
|percentage = 1.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,23,348
|percentage = 70.83
|change = {{decrease}}3.41
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Saharanpur]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf | title=General Election of India 2014, Constituencywise detail result|publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=23 September 2015 |page=342}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Raghav Lakhanpal]]
|votes = 4,72,999
|percentage = 39.59
|change = {{increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Imran Masood]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 4,07,909
|percentage = 34.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jagdish Singh Rana]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 2,35,033
|percentage = 19.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shazaan Masood
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 52,765
|percentage = 4.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Hansraj Saini
|votes = 4,068
|percentage = 0.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sheshraj
|votes = 4,057
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Yogesh Kumar Dahiya
|votes = 3,065
|percentage = 0.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Prof. Ratan Singh
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|votes = 1,366
|percentage = 0.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 11,084
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 65,090
|percentage = 5.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,94,649
|percentage = 74.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election, 1998]]: [[Saharanpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Nakli Singh]]
|votes = 2,75,103
|percentage = 32.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kanshi Ram]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 2,15,267
|percentage = 25.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rasheed Masood]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,49,751
|percentage = 17.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mohammad Irshad
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 1,43,243
|percentage = 17.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = National Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Dr. Masood Ahmad
|votes = 18,574
|percentage = 2.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 59,836
|percentage = 7.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,37,748
|percentage = 67.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Saharanpur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
* {{note|Numbernotserial|}} Number (#) in the Assembly Segments table is the "Assembly Segment" number, not a serial number.
* {{note|01st & 02nd Lok Sabha|}} During [[1st Lok Sabha|1st]] & [[2nd Lok Sabha]]s, Saharanpur Lok Sabha constituency was not in existence and was a combination of different constituencies.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==External links==
*http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS241.htm?ac=1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519035557/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS241.htm?ac=1 |date=19 May 2014 }}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Saharanpur division topics}}

{{Coord|29.97|77.55|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Saharanpur district]]

Ashok M. Raichur

2026-01-29T00:56:39Z

Ghaiinfra: Put Up New Page More To Come

{{independent sources|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Ashok M. Raichur
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1966|4|8}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Materials engineering]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | [[University of South Africa]] | [[University of Johannesburg]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur]] | [[University of Kentucky]] |[[University of Nevada, Reno]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[Nanomedicine|nanostructured capsules]]
| awards = {{ublist| 2003 [[Department of Biotechnology|DBT]] Biotech Process Development and Commercialization Award | 2003 [[Ministry of Steel|MoSM]] [[National Metallurgists' Day (NMD) Awards|National Metallurgists Day Award]] | 2005 [[Government of Karnataka|GoK]] Prof. Satish Dhawan Young Engineers Award | 2007 MRSI Medal | 2009 [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS Prize]] }}
|website = {{URL|https://materials.iisc.ac.in/~amr/Welcome.html}}
}}
'''Ashok M. Raichur''' is an Indian materials scientist, nanotechnologist and a professor at the Department of Materials Engineering of the [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[Bangalore]]. Known for his studies on the use of [[nanotechnology]] for biomedical and environmental applications, Raichur is a former [[Alexander von Humboldt Fellow]] and a life member of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]. The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to biosciences, in 2009.

== Biography ==
Raichur graduated in engineering from [[Malaviya Regional Engineering College]] in 1990 and earned an MS at the [[University of Kentucky]] in 1992.<ref name="Faculty profile">{{Cite web |url=http://materials.iisc.ernet.in/~amr/About_Me.html |title=Faculty profile |date=2018-01-20 |website=materials.iisc.ernet.in |language=en |access-date=2018-01-20 |archive-date=26 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226072138/http://materials.iisc.ernet.in/~amr/About_Me.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> His doctoral studies were at the [[University of Nevada, Reno]] and after securing a PhD in 1996, he worked at the same institution for his post-doctoral work as a research associate.<ref name="Biography on Controlled Release Society Indian Chapter">{{Cite web |url=http://www.crsic.org/pdf/ashok-raichur-bio.pdf |title=Biography on Controlled Release Society Indian Chapter |date=2018-01-20 |access-date=20 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121071456/http://www.crsic.org/pdf/ashok-raichur-bio.pdf |archive-date=21 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1997, Raichur joined the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc) as an assistant professor at the department of materials engineering in 1997 where he holds the position of a professor since 2009, while serving as an associate faculty of the Bioengineering Program as well as the Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR) of IISc.<ref name="Faculty – Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.icwar.iisc.ernet.in/people/faculty/ |title=Faculty – Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR) |date=2018-01-20 |website=www.icwar.iisc.ernet.in |language=en-US |access-date=2018-01-20}}</ref> In between, he served the IISc as an associate professor from 2003 to 2009, as an associate faculty of the Materials Research Center during 2007–10 and as the associate chairman of the Center for Scientific and Industrial Consultancy from 2006 to 2011. He is also a Professor  at the [[University of South Africa]] and a former visiting professor at the [[University of Johannesburg]] (2012–14).<ref name="Faculty profile" /><ref name="Visiting professor establishes new water treatment methods at UJ Institute for Nanotechnology and Water">{{Cite news |url=https://www.uj.ac.za/newandevents/Pages/Visiting-professor-establishes-new-water-treatment-methods-at-UJ-Institute-for-Nanotechnology-and-Water.aspx |title=Visiting professor establishes new water treatment methods at UJ Institute for Nanotechnology and Water |work=University of Johannesburg News |access-date=2018-01-20 |language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Raichur's research focuses on [[biomedical]] and environmental applications of [[nanotechnology]] and he leads a group of scientists at IISc who are involved in the development of [[polyelectrolyte]] capsules for gene and drug delivery and nanostructured multilayers for sensing applications, [[nanoparticle]] synthesis and their dispersions with the help of [[biosurfactants]].<ref name="RESEARCH GROUP OF ASHOK M. RAICHUR">{{Cite web |url=https://materials.iisc.ac.in/~amr/Welcome.html |title=RESEARCH GROUP OF ASHOK M. RAICHUR |date=2018-01-20 |website=materials.iisc.ernet.in |language=en |access-date=2018-01-20}}</ref> In 2014, he led the team that developed a nanocapsule made of [[biopolymers]] which was capable of delivering drugs at specific target sites, such as cancer cells.<ref name="Nanocapsules: IISc develops system to deliver drugs to cancer-affected cells">{{Cite news |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/nanocapsules-iisc-develops-system-to-deliver-drugs-to-canceraffected-cells/1296408/0/ |title=Nanocapsules: IISc develops system to deliver drugs to cancer-affected cells |work=The Financial Express |access-date=2018-01-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> The drug delivery system developed by them was composed of a drug molecule that resisted premature release or degradation and released the drug at target site with the help of local physiological cues.<ref name="System to deliver drugs to individual cells developed">{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/system-to-deliver-drugs-to-individual-cells-developed/articleshow/44707069.cms |title=System to deliver drugs to individual cells developed |date=2014-10-08 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=2018-01-20}}</ref> It was reported that the capsule walls had a cross-linked [[layer by layer]] assembly which enabled it to hold large quantities of drugs.<ref name="IISc develops system to deliver drugs to individual cells">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/iisc-develops-system-to-deliver-drugs-to-individual-cells/article6480820.ece |title=IISc develops system to deliver drugs to individual cells |last=PTI |date=2014-10-08 |work=The Hindu Business Line |access-date=2018-01-20 |language=en}}</ref> He has also developed a [[catalytic]] method for cleaning water using nanoparticles which destroyed the organic contaminants in the water.<ref name="Visiting professor establishes new water treatment methods at UJ Institute for Nanotechnology and Water" /> Besides, he has contributed chapters to books.<ref name="DialloFromer2014">{{cite book|author1=Mamadou S. Diallo|author2=Neil A. Fromer|author3=Myung S. Jhon|title=Nanotechnology for Sustainable Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UnvABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89|date=16 April 2014|publisher=Springer Science & Business|isbn=978-3-319-05041-6|pages=89–}}</ref>

Raichur is a member of the PI Committee of the National Programme on Technology Enhance Learning (NPTEL), an educational project funded by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] of the Government of India.<ref name="PI Committee of NPTEL">{{Cite web |url=http://nptel.ac.in/pdf/picmeeting/Sept%2018%2009.pdf |title=PI Committee of NPTEL |date=2018-01-20 |website=NPTEL |access-date=2018-01-20}}</ref> He is a life member of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]], the Association of Separation Scientists and Technologists (ASSET), and the Materials Research Society of India.<ref name="The National Academy of Sciences, India - Life Members">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/lifemem.asp?RsFilter=R |title=The National Academy of Sciences, India - Life Members |website=www.nasi.org.in |access-date=2018-01-20}}</ref><ref name="Asset Life Members">{{Cite web |url=http://www.asset.org.in/life_members2.html |title=Asset Life Members |date=2018-01-20 |website=www.asset.org.in |access-date=2018-01-20}}</ref><ref name="MRSI Newsletter">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mrsi.org.in/downloads/newsletters/April-2004.pdf |title=MRSI Newsletter |date=2018-01-20 |website=Materials Research Society of India |access-date=2018-01-20}}</ref>

==Awards==
Raichur received the Biotech Process Development and Commercialization Award of the [[Department of Biotechnology]] in 2003,<ref name="Faculty profile" /> the same year as he received the [[National Metallurgists' Day (NMD) Awards|National Metallurgists Day Award]] of the [[Ministry of Steel|Ministry of Steel and Mines]] of the Government of India.<ref name="NMD Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iim-india.net/uploads/award/1504863778.pdf |title=NMD Awards |date=2018-01-20 |website=Indian Institute of Metals |access-date=2018-01-20}}</ref> He held [[Alexander von Humboldt Fellow]]ship during 2004–05 and was selected for the Prof. Satish Dhawan Young Engineers Award by the [[Government of Karnataka]] in 2005.<ref name="KSCST : State Awards - 2004 & 2005">{{Cite web |url=http://www.kscst.org.in/awards_2004_05/awards2004_05.htm |title=KSCST : State Awards - 2004 & 2005 |website=www.kscst.org.in |access-date=2018-01-20}}</ref><ref name="Basic sciences to get a boost">{{Cite web |url=http://icast.org.in/news/2006/aug06/aug18ha.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121071352/http://icast.org.in/news/2006/aug06/aug18ha.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=21 January 2018 |title=Basic sciences to get a boost |date=2018-01-20 |website=icast.org.in |access-date=2018-01-20}}</ref> Two years later, he received the 2007 MRSI Medal of the Materials Research Society of India.<ref name="MRSI Awards and Honours">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mrsi.org.in/awardshonours.php |title=MRSI Awards and Honours |date=2018-01-20 |website=Materials Research Society of India |access-date=2018-01-20}}</ref> The [[Department of Biotechnology]] (DBT) of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2009.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development">{{Cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=2017-11-20 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Chapters ===
* {{cite book|author1=Mamadou S. Diallo|author2=Neil A. Fromer|author3=Myung S. Jhon|title=Nanotechnology for Sustainable Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UnvABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89|date=16 April 2014|publisher=Springer Science & Business|isbn=978-3-319-05041-6|pages=89–}}

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Krishna |last2=Tripathy |first2=Jasaswini |last3=Datey |first3=Akshay |last4=Chakravortty |first4=Dipshikha |last5=Raichur |first5=Ashok M. |date=2015-03-05 |title=Mesoporous silica–chondroitin sulphate hybrid nanoparticles for targeted and bio-responsive drug delivery |journal=New Journal of Chemistry |language=en |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=1754–1760 |doi=10.1039/c4nj01430h |issn=1369-9261|url=http://eprints.iisc.ac.in/51326/2/new_jou_che-39_3_1754_2015.pdf }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Raichur |first1=Ashok |last2=Thomas |last3=Radhakrishnan |last4=Gnanadhas |last5=Chakravortty |first5=Dipshikha |date=2013-01-11 |title=Intracellular delivery of doxorubicin encapsulated in novel pH-responsive chitosan/heparin nanocapsules |journal=International Journal of Nanomedicine |language=English |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=267–273 |doi=10.2147/ijn.s37737|pmid=23345974 |pmc=3548417 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Anandhakumar |first1=S. |last2=Vijayalakshmi |first2=S. P. |last3=Jagadeesh |first3=G. |last4=Raichur |first4=Ashok M. |date=2011-09-28 |title=Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis: Novel Route for Laser Triggering of Polyelectrolyte Capsules |journal=ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=3419–3424 |doi=10.1021/am200651t |pmid=21861501 |issn=1944-8244}}

== See also ==
{{portal|India|Biology|Medicine}}
* [[Drug delivery]]
* [[Biomolecule]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://materials.iisc.ac.in/~amr/Welcome.html}}

{{N-BIOS Laureates 1999–2009}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raichur, Ashok M.}}
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian materials scientists]]
[[Category:Indian nanotechnologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:University of Kentucky alumni]]
[[Category:University of Nevada, Reno alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Johannesburg]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of South Africa]]
[[Category:1966 births]]

Ashim Kumar Majhi

2026-01-02T20:06:31Z

Ghaiinfra: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1963)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ashim Kumar Majhi অসীম কুমার মাঝি
| image =
| caption = Ashim Kumar Majhi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1963|2|20}}
| birth_place = [[Jirat]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], [[West Bengal]]
| residence = [[Jirat]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], [[West Bengal]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Balagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|MLA of Balagarh Vidhan Sabha Constituency]]
| constituency = Balagarh 191
| term_start1 = 2011
| term_end1 = 2021
| predecessor1 = Bhuban Pramanick
| successor1 = [[Manoranjan Byapari]]
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alma_mater = *Passed Madhyamik from Jirat Colony High School

*Passed Higher Secondary from Balagarh High School in the year 1982
*B.Com Graduate from [[Kalna College]], affiliated to [[University of Burdwan]] in the year 1986
| spouse =
| children = 1
| website =
}}
'''Ashim Kumar Majhi''', is an Indian politician, born in [[Jirat]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] was elected as [[Balagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|MLA of Balagarh Vidhan Sabha Constituency]] in [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] in 2011 and 2016,<ref>[http://myneta.info/westbengal2011/index.php?action=show_winners&sort=default List of Winners in West Bengal 2011]</ref><ref>[http://myneta.info/westbengal2016/index.php?action=show_winners&sort=default List of Winners in West Bengal 2016]</ref> as an [[All India Trinamool Congress]] candidate.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN Assembly succession box
| state= WB
| constituency= Balagarh
| before= Bhuban Pramanick (CPI-M)
| after=
| years= 2011– }}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Majhi, Ashim Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Politicians from Hooghly district]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Air-Ink

2025-12-30T06:05:17Z

Ghaiinfra: Put Up New Article More To Come

{{Short description|Brand of ink}}
{{Notability|Companies|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = AIR-INK
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_padding =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| trading_name =
| type = Private
| industry = [[Material Science]], [[Industrial inks]]
| founded = 2016
| founder = MIT Media Lab
| hq_location_city = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
| hq_location_country = U.S.
| area_served =
| key_people = Anirudh Sharma, Nikhil Kaushik,
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/talks/anirudh_sharma_ink_made_of_air_pollution|title=air-ink home page|date=8 February 2019 }}</ref>
| products = 'Kaalink,' Pens, industrial inks, [[spray paints]], markers
| brands =
| production =
| production_year = 
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year =
| website = {{URL|www.graviky.com/}}
}}

'''AIR-INK''' is a proprietary brand of [[ink]] and composites products made by condensing carbon-based gaseous effluents generated by air pollution due to [[incomplete combustion]] of [[fossil fuels]].<ref name="dwell">{{cite journal |title=Pollution ink |journal=[[Dwell (magazine)|Dwell]] |year=2019 |issue=2 |page=34 }}</ref> Founded by Graviky Labs, a spin-off group of [[MIT Media Lab]], AIR-INK produces its materials through a step-by-step process which primarily involves capturing of emissions, separation of [[carbon]] from the emissions, and then mixing of this carbon with different types of oils and solutions to achieve advanced material properties. It uses a patented device and technique called 'KAALINK' to carry out the filtration of soot, which contains carbon and other polluting agents like [[heavy metals]] and [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon]].

AIR-INK is marketed as a solution to air pollution and its negative effects on human life, by allowing the print industry to offset its carbon. Dubbed as "the first ink made out of recycled air pollution," its products were used in June 2016 in association with [[Heineken]] to create [[street art]] and [[murals]] in Hong Kong's [[Sheung Wan]] district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.graviky.com/air-ink.html|title=Kaalink}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 30–50 minutes of car pollution can supply enough carbon to fill one AIR-INK pen.

==History==
Anirudh Sharma, the founder of Graviky Labs, first conceived the idea of AIR-INK during an experiment at MIT, while designing a printer that could print with carbon [[nanoparticle]]s. Sharma and his team spent close to three years researching how to purify and repurpose carbon soot from auto and factory emissions, a major contributor to air pollution and global carbon footprint.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.in/This-company-is-turning-car-exhaust-into-inks-and-paints/articleshow/53834554.cms|title=This company is turning car exhaust into inks and paints|work=Business Insider}}</ref> In 2013, the Fluid Interfaces research group, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology demonstrated the process of converting carbon residue into ink for use in an inkjet cartridge.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fluid.media.mit.edu/projects/kaala-printer-prints-uses-pollution-ink |title=KAALINK-RECYCLING AIR POLLUTION TO BLACK INK KAALA PRINTER-RECYCLING AIR POLLUTION TO BLACK INK |publisher=Fluid Interface research group}}</ref>

In 2016, AIR-INK products were given to graphic artists in Hong Kong, which is known for its high air pollution,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2015/04/21/natpkg-open-mic-hong-kong-pollution.cnn|title='I barely can breathe': Hong Kong's pollution problem - CNN Video|date=21 April 2015 }}</ref> who were requested to paint murals. An artist who participated in this campaign said of the product, "genius, and deserves a chance."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/27/arts/air-ink-painting-with-pollution/index.html|title=Here's how to paint with pollution|first=Zahra |last=Jamshed|publisher=CNN|date=28 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/this-artists-ink-is-made-from-air-pollution-1785366606|title=This Ink For Artists Is Made From Air Pollution|first=Jennifer|last=Ouellette|date=17 August 2016 }}</ref>

==Technology==
Soot composed of 2.5-micrometer [[black carbon]] particles found in petrol or diesel [[Exhaust gas|carbon emissions]] is captured from the [[tailpipe]]s of cars and diesel generators through a device called 'Kaalink.' A separate ensures that carbon particulate is recycled into safe inks without heavy metals/toxins<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iflscience.com/environment/these-pens-use-ink-made-out-of-recycled-air-pollution/ |title=These Pens Use Ink Made Out Of Recycled Air Pollution |publisher=IFL Science |date=17 August 2016}}</ref> A single Air Ink pen contains 30–50 minutes of air pollution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://spectrum.mit.edu/continuum/an-artful-solution-for-capturing-pollution/|title=An Artful Solution for Capturing Pollution - MIT Spectrum|date=28 July 2018 }}</ref> The emissions from 2,500 hours of driving one standard diesel vehicle produces about 150 litres of ink.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://inhabitat.com/new-graffiti-ink-made-from-pollution-hits-the-streets-of-hong-kong/ |title=New graffiti ink made from pollution hits the streets of Hong Kong |publisher=inhabitat |date=21 June 2016}}</ref>

==='Kaalink'===
Kaalink is a cylindrical device that is retrofitted into a diesel generators' exhaust system or exhaust pipe to collect the emissions. It can collect up to 93% of the total exhaust, which is then processed to remove heavy metals and carcinogens.<ref name="dwell"/> The end-product from this device is a purified carbon-based pigment. Kaalink has been tested on cars, trucks, motorcycles and fishing boats in [[Bangalore]] and Hong Kong. The company now has started to work on capturing pollution from static sources of emission such as diesel generators.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://observers.france24.com/en/20160819-converting-tailpipe-carbon-emissions-ink |title=Turning car emissions into ink |publisher=France24 |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> Third party polluters also send in their PM2.5 pollution to Graviky's recycling warehouses.

Some critics have proposed this device will act similar to a [[diesel particulate filter]], which has been shown to increase back pressure on the engine, thereby marginally affecting the efficiency of the engine, resulting in a loss of power, decreased mileage, and increased {{chem|CO|2}} emissions.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/2010-01-0535/ |chapter=Dependence of Fuel Consumption on Engine Backpressure Generated by a DPF |publisher=SAE.org |date=12 April 2010|doi=10.4271/2010-01-0535 |title=SAE Technical Paper Series |last1=Mikulic |first1=Ingo |last2=Zhan |first2=Reggie |last3=Eakle |first3=Scott |volume=1 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

{{refbegin}}

* {{Cite magazine| issn = 1059-1028| last = Stinson| first = Liz| title = Hey Eco-Warriors: Now You Can Buy Ink Made of Car Exhaust| magazine = Wired| access-date = 15 September 2019| date = 7 February 2017| url = https://www.wired.com/2017/02/hey-eco-warriors-now-can-buy-ink-made-car-exhaust/}}

{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{URL|www.graviky.com/|Graviky Labs}}

[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Emissions reduction]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Inks]]
[[Category:Kickstarter-funded products]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Karnataka]]

Ek Jind Ek Jaan

2025-12-29T04:55:48Z

Ghaiinfra: New - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ek Jind Ek Jaan
| image =
| caption =
| writer =
| starring = [[Raj Babbar]] [[Nagma]] [[Aryan Vaid]] Mighty Gill [[Deep Dhillon]] Donny Kapoor Kuldip Sharma [[Ritu Shivpuri]] [[Arun Bakshi]]
| director = Chitraarth Vikram Maini
| producer = Deepak Maini
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| released = {{Film date|2006}}
| runtime =
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| music = [[Uttam Singh]]
| country = India
| budget =
}}

'''''Ek Jind Ek Jaan''''' is a 2006 Indian Punjabi-language film directed by Chitraarth and Vikram Maini. The film stars [[Raj Babbar]], [[Nagma]] and [[Aryan Vaid]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20061223/saturday/antenna.htm|title=PUNJABI ANTENNA: A mixed fare this year|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=23 December 2006}}</ref>

==Plot==
Sukhi (Raj Babbar) and Gurjeet (Ritu Shivpuri) become engaged, but trouble brews when the to-be bride discovers that her intended has no desire to procreate. You see, Sukhi has already taken on the responsibility of raising his young step-siblings which he feels will be more than enough child rearing for one lifetime. Gurjeet does not seem to be overjoyed by the prospect of raising someone else’s children. Rather than shatter Gurjeet’s dreams of starting a brood of her own, Sukhi decides that it is best to call off the marriage, despite Gurjeet’s brother Kundan (Deep Dhillon)’s offer to pay to have the step-kiddies shipped to a far off hostel (how thoughtful) so that the couple would not have to deal with them. Kundan is not pleased that Sukhi is refusing to retract his un-engagement to his sister and vow’s that the man is destined to be abandoned by his siblings once they have grown up.

===15 years later===
The little ones have grown up. Guddi (Prabhleen)…Channi (Mighty Gill)…and above all, Karma (Aryan Vaid)…Guddi and Channi have become well educated, with Guddi now a college student and Channi a medical student at Hero DMC Clinic.

On the other hand, having spent his childhood bunking school, the handsome, but educationally unmotivated Karma finds himself working a dead-end, low wage delivery job…Since childhood, slacker Karma has harbored a love for [[Nimmi]] (Nagma). Sadly, Nimmi and her family went away to the city many years ago and Karma has neither seen nor heard from her since. In flashback we see the young Karma (Ranvijay) and Nimmi (Rittu) as best friends. While Sukhi is seeing Nimmi and her family off at the train station for their move to the big city in hopes of a better life, young Karma is off trying to scrape up enough money to buy Nimmi a going away present, a set of red bangles which she specifically had wished for. Since Sukhi, a farmer, and Nimmi’s dad Dhanwant Singh (Arun Bakshi), a tongawala, are good friends they decide to fix the marriage of the two children right then and there, thus little Nimmi leaves on a happy note. Karma, with the red bangles, arrives at the station long after the train has departed and thus is unable to gift his friend the jewelry that he worked all day long to buy. Back to "15 Years Later" we find that Karma is still pining away for Nimmi. Seeing this, Sukhi decides it is time to reconnect with Dhanwant Singh and family and he sets off for the big, bad metropolis. What Sukhi does not realize yet is that Dhanwant has become a rich, successful, and uncaring capitalist who now has no intention of allowing his daughter to marry Karma, who he considers a penniless grunt. Humiliated, Sukhi returns to the village and tries to keep the disappointing news from Karma. But Karma finds out and decides to go to the city to find out what’s what with Nimmi.

Posing as an unemployed stranger he manages to worm his way into a washerman job at Singh’s palatial home, thanks to Dhanwant’s kind wife, who has no idea that the new employee is the now grown-up little boy who had been her daughter Nimmi’s best friend. Into the scene walks Nimmi, all grown up and acting pricey. Her attitude does not deter Karma, who still loves her. Nimmi, however, now has a fiancée, a beefy tennis player named Pal (Sameep Kang). Karma refuses to accept defeat and, while still posing as a household servant, vows to learn why Nimmi has forgotten him and taken another. But when he is in danger of losing Nimmi for good, he reveals the truth about who he is during Nimmi and Pal’s engagement party.

Will Nimmi remember Karma? And if so, would her father ever allow her to marry him? Will Pal break Karma’s instrument? And if so, how will Karma and Nimmi ever make sweet music together? Will Sukhi ever get over his insult at the hands of his former friend, Dhanwant? And will his step siblings really abandon him as Kundan had predicted? And what of Channi and Guddi? Will these two siblings develop plotlines of their own?

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable"
! '''Star:'''
! '''Character:'''
|-
| [[Raj Babbar]]
| Sukhdev Singh
|-
| [[Ritu Shivpuri]]
| Gurjeet
|-
| [[Nagma]]
| Nimmi Kang
|-
| [[Aryan Vaid]]
| Karamvir Singh
|-
|[[Arun Bakshi]]
|Dhanwant Singh Kang
|-
| Kulbir Badesron
| mother of Nimmi
|-
|[[Deep Dhillon]]
| Kundan Singh
|-
| Mighty Gill
| Channi Singh
|-
|[[Gurpreet Ghuggi]]
|
|-
| [[Satwant Kaur]]
| Nimmi's mother
|-
| Harbhajan Jabbal
|
|-
| Sumeep Kang
| Pal Jindal
|-
| Donny Kapoor
| Matto D. Singh
|-
| Jatinder Kaur
|
|-
| [[B.N. Sharma]]
| Subedar Kapoor Singh
|-
| [[Prabhleen Sandhu]]
| Guddi
|}
== Soundtrack ==
Singer [[Pawni Pandey]] made her debut with the song "Cheecho Cheech Ganeriyan".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/pawni-pandey-says-digitisation-has-increased-competition-in-the-music-industry/story-uzjNk70OC6WM2Phu3QyPSL.html|title=Pawni Pandey says digitisation has increased competition in the music industry|date=31 March 2017}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Manish Gajjar of ''[[BBC]]'' wrote that "This is a heart warming Punjabi story of relationships, love and revenge".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2006/11/ek_jind_ek_jaan_preview.shtml|title=Ek Jind Ek Jaan|work=[[BBC]]|date=20 November 2006|last=Gajjar|first=Manish}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1024645/ IMDB]
*[http://music.punjabcentral.com/album/?album=3932 Soundtracks]

[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2000s Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:2006 Indian films]]

Riopa guentheri

2025-12-16T04:01:27Z

Ghaiinfra: Put up a entry with sources

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{speciesbox
| image = Günther's Writhing Skink Lygosoma guentheri by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN5376 (20).jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>[[species:Chelmala Srinivasulu|Srinivasulu C]], [[species:Bhargavi Srinivasulu|Srinivasulu B]] (2013). "''Lygosoma guentheri'' ". The [[IUCN]] Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T172624A1354299. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T172624A1354299.en. Downloaded on 02 April 2020.</ref>
| genus = Riopa
| species = guentheri
| authority = ([[Wilhelm Peters|W. Peters]], 1879)<ref name="RDB">{{EMBL species|genus=Riopa|species=guentheri}} www.reptile-database.org.</ref>
| synonyms = *''Eumeces punctatus'' {{small|[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1864}} (''[[nomen nudum]]'')
*''Eumeces Güntheri'' {{small|W. Peters, 1879}} (''nomen substitutum'')
*''Lygosoma guentheri'' {{small|— [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1887}}
*''Riopa guentheri'' {{small|— [[Malcolm Arthur Smith|M.A. Smith]], 1935}}
*''Lygosoma guentheri'' {{small|— [[:fr:Indraneil Das|Das]], 1996}}
*''Riopa guentheri'' {{small|— [[species:Elyse S. Freitas|Freitas]] et al., 2019}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="RDB"/>
}}

'''''Riopa guentheri''''', commonly known as '''Günther's supple skink''' and '''Günther's writhing skink''', is a [[species]] of [[lizard]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Scincidae]]. The species is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[India]].<ref name="RDB"/>

==Etymology==
The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]], ''guentheri'', is in honor of [[Germany|German]]-born [[British people|British]] [[Herpetology|herpetologist]] [[Albert Günther]].<ref>[[species:Bo Beolens|Beolens, Bo]]; [[species:Michael Watkins|Watkins, Michael]]; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (''Lygosoma guentheri'', pp. 110-111).</ref>

==Geographic range==
''R. guentheri'' has been known to occur in localities of erstwhile [[Bombay Presidency]] such as [[Matheran]], [[Sholapur]], [[Kurduwadi]], [[Belgaum]], and [[Uttara Kannada]].<ref name="RDB"/>

==Habitat==
The preferred natural [[habitat]] of ''R. guentheri'' is [[forest]], at altitudes of {{cvt|50|–|1,800|m|ft}}.<ref name=iucn/>

==Diet==
''R. guentheri'' [[Predation|preys]] upon ants, termites, and other insects.<ref name=iucn/>

==Reproduction==
The [[Modes of reproduction|mode of reproduction]] of ''R. guentheri'' is unknown.<ref name="RDB"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger GA]] (1887). ''Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second Edition. Volume III. ... Scincidæ ....'' London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 575 pp. + Plates I-XL. (''Lygosoma guentheri'', pp. 311–312).
*Boulenger GA (1890). ''The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia''. London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xviii + 541 pp. (''Lygosoma guentheri'', pp. 209–210).
*[[Albert Günther|Günther ACLG]] (1864). ''The Reptiles of British India''. London: The Ray Society. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xxvii + 452 pp. + Plates I-XXVI. (''Eumeces punctatus'', p. 93).
*[[Wilhelm Peters|Peters W]] (1879). "''Neue oder weniger bekannte Eidechsenarten aus der Familie der Scinci'' (Eumeces Güntheri, Euprepes notabilis, Ablepharus rutilus)". ''Sitzungs-Berichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin'' '''1879''' (3): 35–37. ("''Eumeces Güntheri'' ", new name, p. 36). (in [[German language|German]] and [[Latin]]).
*[[Malcolm Arthur Smith|Smith MA]] (1935). ''The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. II.—Sauria''. London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiii + 440 pp. + Plate I + 2 maps. (''Riopa guentheri'', pp. 319–320).

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3007070}}

[[Category:Riopa]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1879]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Wilhelm Peters]]
[[Category:Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN]] 

{{Lygosominae-stub}}

West Patel Nagar

2025-11-29T22:20:57Z

Ghaiinfra: add page also and updated info based on references

{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = West Patel Nagar
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = District Subdivision
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India New Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.6505|N|77.1691|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Delhi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[North Delhi Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 110008
| registration_plate =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = New Delhi
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Patel Nagar
| blank4_name_sec1 = Current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Raaj Kumar Anand]]

| blank5_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[North Delhi Municipal Corporation]]
| blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
| blank6_info_sec1 = [[Meenakshi Lekhi]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''West Patel Nagar''' is a place in [[Central Delhi|West Delhi]]. It covers the Western Part of the [[Patel Nagar]] Area.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> In the past West Patel Nagar was counted in [[Central Delhi]] but due continues City expansion West Patel Nagar and its Sub division colonies like New Ranjit Nagar or Baljeet Nagar come under [[West Delhi]]. However, among the three divisions of [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi|Municipal Corporation Of Delhi(MCD)]], North, South and East, West Patel Nagar falls under [[North Delhi Municipal Corporation|MCD-North]]

==Area==
The PIN Code of West Patel Nagar is 110008. This area is surrounded by the following colonies:

*[[East Patel Nagar]] – EAST
*[[South Patel Nagar]] – SOUTH
*Shadi Kham Pur – SOUTH
*Baljit Nagar – WEST
*Baba Farid puri – NORTH
*Anand Parbat – NORTH
*Guru Nanak Nagar – SOUTH
*New Ranjeet Nagar – West-South

District areas of West Patel Nagar and its sub division New Ranjeet Nagar change time to time because of expansion of city.
For example:

*It comes Under Central Delhi district if you select/search area by Postal Office (oldest way of mapping city and country)
*It comes under New Delhi district if you select/search by voter ID website (little more modern map of India)
*It comes under West delhi district if you apply for latest district service like marriage certificate or apply for driving licence (latest and future map plan for Delhi due to rapid expansion of city).

The main hospital in this region is [http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_health/Health/Home/Hospitals/Sardar+Vallabh+Bhai+Patel+Hospital Sardar Patel Hospital]. This is a Government Hospital.

The main cinema hall in this region is [[INOX Leisure Limited|Satyam Cineplex]], New Ranjeet Nagar. It is a multiplex cinema hall. Earlier there used to be another hall in the region by the name of Vivek Cinema. But later Vivek Cinema was demolished for construction of [[Patel Nagar metro station|Patel Nagar Metro Station]].

[https://www.jaypeehotels.com/siddharth-new-delhi Jaypee Siddharth Hotel] is a [[five-star hotel]] located at the Eastern part of one end of East Patel Nagar. It is the nearest five-star hotel to this area.

==Metro station==
There are two [[Delhi Metro|metro stations]] in or near West Patel Nagar: [[Patel Nagar metro station|Patel Nagar]] and [[Shadipur metro station|Shadipur]]. The Shadipur Metro Station is suitable for travelling to some parts of West Patel Nagar, Baljit Nagar, Shadi Kham Pur, Guru Nanak Nagar and Baba Farid Puri.
Patel Nagar metro station is suitable for travelling to some parts of South Patel Nagar, East Patel Nagar, West Patel Nagar and Baba Farid Puri.

==Politics==
West Patel Nagar comes under the jurisdiction of [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi Lok Sabha Constituency]]. The current [[Member of Parliament|MP]] is [[Meenakshi Lekhi]] of [[Bhartiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janata Party(BJP)]].
As far as [[Vidhan Sabha]] is concerned, West Patel Nagar falls under [[Patel Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Patel Nagar constituency]]. The current [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] is [[Raaj Kumar Anand]] of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]]. He succeeded [[Hazari Lal Chauhan]], who also was a part of Aam Aadmi Party.

==External links==
{{Neighborhoods of Delhi}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]
[[Category:West Delhi district]]
[[Category:Memorials to Vallabhbhai Patel]]

Durgadutta Chunnilal Sagar Mal Post Graduate College, Mau

2025-11-11T03:08:20Z

Ghaiinfra: Info - done

{{Short description|Educational institute in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Durgadutta Chunnilal Sagarmal Khandelwal Post Graduate College, Mau
|type =
|image = Durgadatta chunnilal mau.png
|motto =
|established = 1964
|principal = Prof. Sharvesh Pandey<ref name=" DCS ">{{cite news|title=DCS|publisher=College website|url=http://www.dcskmau.com/staff.php//}}</ref>
|location = [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]], Uttar Pradesh, India
|campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
|affiliations = [[Maharaja Suhel Dev State University]], [[Azamgarh Uttar Pradesh]].
|website = [http://www.dcskmau.com/ www.dcskmau.com]
}}
{{coord|25.93|83.56|display=title}}
'''Durgadutta Chunnilal Sagarmal Khandelwal Post Graduate College''' or Simply '''DCSK''' is an educational institution in [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in India.<ref name=" INFO ">{{cite news|title=INFO|publisher=College website|url=http://dcskmau.com/notice/2.pdf|access-date=17 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827135136/http://dcskmau.com/notice/2.pdf|archive-date=27 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=" DCSK ">{{cite news|title=DCSK|publisher=College website|url=http://www.dcskmau.com/}}</ref>

== Departments ==
The departments offering courses include:

*Physics
*Chemistry
*Mathematics
*Zoology
*Botany
*Journalism and Mass Communicating
*Economics
*Political Science
*History
*Geography
*Sociology
*Psychology
*Education
*English
*Hindi
*Urdu
*Sanskrit

==See also==
* [[List of universities in India]]
* [[Universities and colleges in India]]
* [[Education in India]]
* [[Distance Education Council]]
* [[University Grants Commission (India)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.dcsjmau.org/}}

[[Category:Postgraduate colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mau]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Guṇabhadra (Jain monk)

2025-10-11T06:33:10Z

Ghaiinfra: Stub.

{{Short description|8th/9th-century CE Indian Jain monk}}
{{for|the Buddhist monk|Guṇabhadra (Buddhist monk)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Acharya Gunabhadra
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Digambara]]
| era = 9th–10th century CE
| teacher = [[Jinasena]], [[Gunasena]]
| works = Uttarapurana (co-author of the Mahapurana)
| image = File:Uttarapuran.jpg
| disciples = [[Lokasena]]
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Acharya Guṇabhadra''' (9th–10th century CE) was a Digambar Jain monk and scholar. He is known as the co-author of the ''[[Mahapurana (Jainism)|Mahapurana]]'', a major Sanskrit epic of Jain literature. A disciple of [[Jinasena|Acharya Jinasena]], He is also noted to have studied under [[Gunasena|Acharya Gunasena]], one of the senior disciples of Jinasena.<ref>Nagarajaiah 1999, p. 53-55</ref><ref>Upadhye 1965, pp. 35–38</ref> he is credited with continuing and completing the Jain narrative tradition during the [[Rashtrakuta]] period.<ref>Dundas, Paul. ''The Jains''. 2nd ed., Routledge, 2002, p. 85.</ref>

== Life ==
Guṇabhadra was associated with the Digambar tradition and was active during the later part of the Rashtrakuta period.<ref>Nagarajaiah 1999, p. 43-45</ref> He was a direct disciple of Acharya Jinasena, who composed the ''[[Adipurana]]'' and part of the [[Mahapurana (Jainism)|Mahapurana]]. After Jinasena’s Nirvana, Gunabhadra completed the remaining portion of the epic, the ''Uttarapurana''.<ref>Upadhye 1965, pp. 40–45</ref><ref>Jaini, Padmanabh S. ''The Jaina Path of Purification''. University of California Press, 1979, pp. 295–296.</ref>

== Works ==

=== Uttarapurana ===
Guṇabhadra is credited with the authorship of the ''[[Uttarapurana]]'', which constitutes the second half of the Jain [[Mahapurana (Jainism)|Mahapurana]]. While his teacher [[Jinasena|Acharya Jinasena]] composed the [[Adipurana]], Guṇabhadra completed the narrative with the Uttarapurāṇa, covering the lives of the remaining [[Tīrthaṅkaras]]. The text is regarded as an important source for Jain mythology, ethics, and hagiography.<ref>Jaini 1979, p. 118</ref><ref>Nagarajaiah 1999, p. 55-60</ref><ref>Upadhye 1965, pp. 48-52</ref>

The combined [[Mahapurana (Jainism)|Mahapurana]] (''Adi'' + ''Uttara'') became a model for later [[Jain]] Purāṇic literature and had a lasting impact on Jain culture in both [[Sanskrit]] and [[Kannada]] traditions.<ref>Dundas 2002, p. 27</ref><ref>Cort John E 2010, p. 30-32</ref>

== Legacy ==
Guṇabhadra is noted for his literary contributions, particularly his role in preserving Jain doctrine through narrative texts. He is credited with the authorship of the [[Uttarapurana]], which, together with the Ādi Purāṇa, constitutes the Mahāpurāṇa, an important work in the Digambara Jain tradition.<ref>Upadhye 1965, pp. 58-60</ref><ref>Nagarajaiah 1999, p. 60-62</ref>

== See also ==
* ⁠[[Jainism in Karnataka]]
* ⁠[[Mahapurana (Jainism)]]
* ⁠[[Uttarapurana]]

== References ==
<references/>

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last=Jaini |first=Padmanabh S. |title=The Jaina Path of Purification |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=1979 |isbn=9780520034945 |oclc=4779344 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/isbn/0520034948 |access-date=20 August 2025}}
* {{cite book |last=Cort |first=John E. |title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=2010 |isbn=9780195385021 |oclc=316835730 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/isbn/9780195385021 |access-date=20 August 2025}}
* ⁠{{cite book |last=Dundas |first=Paul |title=The Jains |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=2002 |edition=2nd |isbn=0-203-39827-0 |oclc=252916273 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/isbn/0203398270 |access-date=7 August 2025}}
* {{cite book |last=Upadhye |first=A. N. |chapter=Jinasena and his Literary Contributions |title=Jaina Sahitya aur Itihasa |publisher=Mysore University Publications |location=Mysore |year=1965 |oclc=3115715 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/3115715 |access-date=20 August 2025}}
* ⁠{{cite book |last=Nagarajaiah |first=Hampa |title=Jainism in Southern Karnataka |publisher=Sapna Book House |location=Bangalore |year=1999 |oclc=45166444 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45166444 |access-date=7 August 2025}}

{{Jain Gurus}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Digambara monks]]
[[Category:9th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:Indian Jain monks]]
[[Category:Jain acharyas]]
[[Category:Jain writers]]
[[Category:Rashtrakuta dynasty]]

Italgacha

2025-08-22T02:55:55Z

Ghaiinfra:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Italgacha
|official_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood
|image_skyline = Italgacha Rd.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Italgacha Road
|pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
|pushpin_mapsize =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
|subdivision_name4 = {{Bulleted list|[[Jai Hind metro station|Jai Hind]]|[[Jessore Road metro station|Jessore Road]]|[[Dum Dum Cantonment metro station|Dum Dum Cantonment]]}}
| subdivision_type5 = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway|Railway Station]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Dum Dum Cantonment railway station|Dum Dum Cantonment]]
|government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
|governing_body = [[Dum Dum Municipality]]
|established_title = 
|established_date =
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|demographics_type1 = Languages
|demographics1_title1 = Official
|demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5:30
|coordinates = {{coord|22.6473|N|88.4284|E|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 700079
|area_code_type = Telephone code
|area_code = +91 33
|registration_plate = WB
|blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
|blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Italgacha''' is a locality in [[Dum Dum]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/introducing_kmda_011393|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|publisher=KMDA|access-date=28 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/map_of_kma_c1fed8|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Area Map|publisher=KMDA|access-date=28 January 2025}}</ref> Adjoined localities are [[Nalta, Dum Dum|Nalta]], [[Manikpur, Dum Dum|Manikpur]] and [[Motilal Colony]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sylhetiyouthwelfareassociation.wordpress.com/2013/10/11/dum-dum-cantonment/|title=History of Dum Dum Cantonment|publisher=|access-date=28 Feb 2025}}</ref>

==Geography==
===Post office===
Italgacha has a delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700079 in the Kolkata North Division of Kolkata district in Calcutta region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://typeindia.com/listing/italgacha-post-office-kolkata-west-bengal/|title=Italgacha Post Office|access-date=20 Feb 2025}}</ref>

===Police station===
Dum Dum police station under [[Barrackpore Police Commissionerate]] has jurisdiction over Italgacha areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://barrackporecitypolice.in/|title=Barrackpore Police Commissionerate|website=barrackporecitypolice.in|access-date=20 Feb 2025}}</ref>

==Markets==
Markets in or near Italgacha area are:
* Kumarpara Market
* 1 no. Airport Market

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Geography of West Bengal]]

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/Dum Dum}}
*[https://dumdummunicipality.wordpress.com/ Dum Dum Municipality website]
{{North 24 Parganas District}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

{{North24Parganas-geo-stub}}

Telugu Chodas

2025-08-12T15:24:19Z

Ghaiinfra: expanded content

#REDIRECT [[List of Telugu chodas]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Mahadayi Water Disputes Tribunal

2025-07-31T01:36:12Z

Ghaiinfra: Creating The Info W/ Sources

{{Short description|Indian tribunal}}
The ''' Mahadayi Water Disputes Tribunal (MWDT)''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wrmin.nic.in/forms/list.aspx?lid=370 |title=Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India |access-date=2017-05-23 |archive-date=2017-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511053310/http://wrmin.nic.in/forms/list.aspx?lid=370 |url-status=dead }}</ref> also referred to as the Mhadei Water Disputes Tribunal,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/mhadei-water-dispute-tribunal-halts-maharashtra-works-on-virdi-dam/|title = Mhadei Water Dispute Tribunal halts Maharashtra works on Virdi dam|date = 11 February 2015}}</ref><ref>[https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Goa/Mhadei-Water-Dispute-topmost-priority-Parrikar/112765.html Mhadei Water Dispute top most priority]heraldgoa.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221133503/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Goa/Mhadei-Water-Dispute-topmost-priority-Parrikar/112765.html |date=2020-02-21 }}</ref> is a tribunal that adjudicates the dispute over [[Mandovi River|River Mhadei]] water allocation.<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/karnataka-bullying-over-mhadei-river-diversion-alleges-goa-government-578186 Karnataka Bullying over Mhadei River Diversion, Alleges Goa Government]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Goa-opposes-Virdi-dam-before-Mhadei-Water-Dispute-Tribunal/articleshow/36165684.cms Goa opposes Virdi dam before Mhadei Water Dispute Tribunal]</ref><ref>[http://www.thegoan.net/story.php?id=1073 Mhadei Water Tribunal gets into action]</ref>

The sharing of the waters of this river is a cause of dispute between the governments of [[Karnataka]] and [[Goa]]. The Karnataka government proposes to divert some water from the Mahadayi river to the [[Malaprabha River]] basin as part of [[the Kalasa-Banduri Nala project]], as approximately 188 [[tmcft]] of water at 75% dependability is available in the river. Mahadayi Water Tribunal under [[Interstate River Water Disputes Act]] has been constituted to decide the sharing of the river waters by the riparian states. In August 2018, Mahadayi Water Tribunal verdict permitted Goa to use 24 tmcft (excluding the 9.395 tmcft prevailing uses), Karnataka to use 5.4 tmcft (including 3.9 tmcft for export outside the basin) and Maharashtra to use 1.33 tmcft for consumptive purposes.<ref name=mah>{{cite web|url=http://mowr.gov.in/acts-tribunals/current-inter-state-river-water-disputes-tribunals/mahadayimandovi-river|title=Mahadayi water dispute tribunal report (pages 2693 to 2706, Volume XII)|accessdate=17 August 2018}}</ref> The tribunal assessed the water generated in the river catchment area of Karnataka and Maharashtra as 32.11 tmcft and 7.21 tmcft respectively at 75% dependability. The tribunal has apportioned only 40.125 tmcft of Mandovi river water for consumptive uses among the three riparian states.<ref name=mah/> Karnataka approached the Supreme Court alleging injustice is done in allocation of water to the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mahadayi-row-karnataka-petitions-sc-challenging-tribunal-decision-water-allocation-91461|title=Mahadayi row: Karnataka petitions SC challenging tribunal decision on water allocation |date=13 November 2018 |accessdate=14 November 2018}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/supreme-court-lets-karnataka-implement-mahadayi-order-11582266326999.html|title=Supreme Court lets Karnataka implement Mahadayi order |date=21 February 2020 |accessdate=21 February 2020}}</ref>

Central government issued a gazette notification on 27 February 2020 permitting the Karnataka state to draw 13.42 tmcft of water from the Mahadayi river out of which 8 tmcft is for power generation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cwc.gov.in/sites/default/files/16gazette-notification-dated-27.02.2020award-and-final-decision-mahadayi-water-dispute-tribunal.pdf|title=Gazette notification of "Mahadayi Water Disputes Tribunal" |accessdate=28 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/ktaka-cm-hails-centre-for-notification-on-river-water-share/1747292|title=Karnataka CM hails Centre for notification on river water |accessdate=28 February 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Quasi-judicial bodies of India}}

[[Category:Water in India]]
[[Category:Indian tribunals]]
[[Category:Inter-state disputes in India]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

Iyyapanthangal metro station

2025-07-23T08:30:51Z

Ghaiinfra: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Yellow Line (Chennai Metro)#Stations]]

{{r to list entry}}

Amaravati Seed Capital Road

2025-07-20T07:23:58Z

Ghaiinfra: Put Up New Stub W/ Refs

{{Short description|Ongoing arterial flyover road project}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox road
|country=IND
| name = Amaravati Seed Capital Road
| image = Seed Access Road from Vijayawada West Bypass.jpg
| map =
| length_km = 21
| length_ref =
| established =
| allocation =
| direction_a = West
| terminus_a = [[Dondapadu]]
| junction =
| direction_b = East
| terminus_b = Kanakadurga Varadhi junction ([[National Highway 16 (India)|National Highway 16]])
}}

'''Amaravati Seed Capital Road (E3)''' is an ongoing arterial [[Flyover (road)|flyover]] road project and a part of ''Amaravati Seed Access Road Network'' to connect the city of [[Vijayawada]] with [[Amaravati]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Eight-lane road to connect Vijayawada, Amaravati|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-10-17/Eight-lane-road-to-connect-Vijayawada-Amaravati/259214|accessdate=17 January 2017|work=The Hans India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Staff Reporter|title=Seed capital access roads in tendering stage|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Seed-capital-access-roads-in-tendering-stage/article17291422.ece|accessdate=3 May 2017|work=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref> It is built by the [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority]] (APCRDA) with an estimated cost of {{INRConvert|2.3|b}} and has a total length of {{Convert|21|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=High-speed road to Amaravati|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/260616/high-speed-road-to-amaravati.html|access-date=29 June 2016|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=26 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=AP government clips wings of CRDA|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/AP-government-clips-wings-of-CRDA/articleshow/51818302.cms|accessdate=29 June 2016|work=The Times of India|date=14 April 2016}}</ref>

== Construction ==
The phase–I was proposed to be constructed the road for a length of {{Convert|18.3|km|abbr=on}} between [[Dondapadu]] and [[Venkatapalem]] by the end of 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=CM allots first lot of plots in Amaravati|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/cm-allots-first-lot-of-plots-in-amaravati/article8774385.ece|accessdate=29 June 2016|work=The Hindu|date=26 June 2016|language=en-IN}}</ref> It was completed by 2018, while the remaining segment from Venkatapalem to [[Undavalli]] faced delays due to opposition from some farmers and political leaders. The [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] is planning to construct a {{cvt|320|m}} long cable bridge as part of third phase of the project. This phase includes a {{cvt|3.5|km}} stretch from [[Prakasam Barrage]] to [[Manipal Hospitals|Manipal Hospital]], which will connect the Seed Access Road to National Highway 16 at [[Kanaka Durga Varadhi|Kanakadurga Varadhi]]. It has an estimated budget of {{INRConvert|5.93|b}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-22 |title=Andhra Pradesh government plans 320-metre-long cable bridge in Amaravati |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-government-plans-320-metre-long-cable-bridge-in-amaravati/articleshow/121322140.cms |access-date=2025-05-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Amaravati topics}}

[[Category:Roads in Amaravati]]
[[Category:Proposed roads in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Vijayawada]]

Mohas Hanuman Mandir

2025-07-17T18:53:01Z

Ghaiinfra: Creating Initial Entry First Draft

{{Short description|Hanuman temple in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name=Mohas Hanuman Mandir
|deity=[[Lord Hanuman]]
|location=Mohas Village
|district=[[Katni]]
|state=[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|country=India
}}

'''Mohas Hanuman Mandir''' is a [[Hanuman]] [[temple]] located in Mohas village, which is 35 km away from [[Katni]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India.<ref name=:0/>

Mohas village's people believe that by eating the herbs found in the temple, broken bones get healed by the blessings of the God.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://bansalnews.com/mohas-hanuman-mandir-mp-katni-mohas-hanuman-mandir-mp-ka-haddi-jodne-wala-chamtkari-mandir-rvs/|title=मप्र के इस मंदिर में बूटी चबाते ही जुड़ जाती है टूटी हड्डी,चमत्‍कार या कुछ और..|first=Bansal|last=News|date=29 September 2023}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=MP News: मुहांस में विराजे हड्डी जोड़ भगवान हनुमान, सीताराम भजने के बाद मिलते है दर्शन, चल पड़ते हैं विकलांग |url=https://www.amarujala.com/madhya-pradesh/hanuman-jayanti-2024-madhya-pradesh-katni-muhas-hanuman-mandir-faith-history-all-you-need-to-know-2024-04-23 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-04-04 |title=Hanuman Janmotsav 2023 : कटनी में एक ऐसा हनुमान मंदिर है जहां बूटी खाने से जुड़ जाती हैं टूटी हड्डियां |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/katni-there-is-a-hanuman-temple-in-katni-where-broken-bones-are-joined-by-eating-herbs-8040190 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi}}</ref>

==History==
Mohas village's people believe that Adhari Lal Patel was the father of the priest of the temple, Sarman Patel, was suggested by a sage in the forest to do good to the people by providing them some herbs. So, he started giving herbs to people. The place where he gave herbs later developed to a temple.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/temples/broken-bone-fixed-here-in-hanuman-mandir-in-katni-madhya-pradesh-3008565|title=हनुमान जी का चमत्कारी मंदिर, जहां अपने आप जुड़ जाती है टूटी हुई हड्डियां|date=25 June 2018|website=Patrika News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punjabkesari.in/dharm/news/hanuman-temple-in-mohas-604246|title=हनुमान जी के इस मंदिर में होता है हर टूटे अंग का इलाज, डॉक्टर भी हैं हैरान! - mobile|date=10 April 2017|website=punjabkesari}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jansatta.com/religion/this-temple-of-katni-district-in-mp-is-famous-as-bone-connecting-hanuman-mandir/829820/|title='हड्डी जोड़ने वाले हनुमान' के रूप में विख्यात है कटनी जिले का यह मंदिर!|date=26 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/astro/religion-rituals/pilgrimage/this-famous-hanuman-temple-is-known-for-treatment-of-fracture/articleshow/91322375.cms|title=यहां हनुमानजी जोड़ देते हैं टूटी हुई हड्डी, जानिए कहां होता है यह चमत्‍कार|website=Navbharat Times}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Hanuman temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Katni]]
{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}
{{MadhyaPradesh-stub}}

Banjara (film)

2025-07-12T22:00:12Z

Ghaiinfra: minor cleanup formatting for accuracy additionally and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

#REDIRECT [[Banjara_(disambiguation)#Entertainment]]{{R from incomplete disambiguation}}

Part XI of the Constitution of India

2025-06-26T00:00:21Z

Ghaiinfra: brief fixed intro after review and cleaned formatting

#REDIRECT [[Constitution of India#Structure]]

{{R with history}}

Vishnupada Temple

2025-05-24T18:43:03Z

Ghaiinfra: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Vishnupad Temple]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Theertharapuram

2025-05-18T18:38:26Z

Ghaiinfra: Added Some Details Initial Version!

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Missing information|census data|date=February 2025}}

'''Theertharapuram''' (also known as '''Anaikutiyur''') is a small village located near the comparatively larger village of [[Avudaiyanoor]]. It is located in [[Tenkasi district]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Theertharapuram is situated in the foothills of Western Ghats, between the cities of [[Tirunelveli]] and [[Tenkasi]]. The village is 15 km (9.3 mi) east of Tenkasi and 45 km (28 mi) west of Tirunelveli. These two cities also have the closest large railway stations.

== History ==
The village was founded by Anaikannu Nadar. All current residents are descendants from him.

== Education ==
There are no educational institutions in this village. The closest school is Punitha Arulappar Higher Secondary School in [[Avudaiyanoor]], which is about a 10 minute walk from here.

== Demographics ==
The population consists of Hindus and Christians. Hindus are the majority of the population.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Coord|8.87986|77.39231|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Tirunelveli district]]

National Highway 527E (India)

2025-03-05T21:26:15Z

Ghaiinfra: Creating Some Stub Initial Version

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox road
| country = IND

|map =
|map_custom=yes
|map_notes=
|ahn=
| length_km = 46.45
| direction_a = North
| direction_b = South
| terminus_a = [[Darbhanga]]
| terminus_b = [[Rosera]]
| junction =
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route =
| next_route =
| states = [[Bihar]]
| destinations =
|image_notes=
}}

'''National Highway 527E''', commonly called '''NH 527E''', is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in the state of [[Bihar]] in [[India]]. It is a [[Spur route|secondary]] route of [[National Highway 27 (India)|National Highway 27]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/198081.pdf|title=New National Highways notification - GOI|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520130035/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/198081.pdf|archive-date=20 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf|title=New National highways notification by Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812194639/https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf|archive-date=12 August 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH27 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Bihar]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

List of tourist attractions in Mysore

2025-02-03T17:27:54Z

Ghaiinfra: update references and updated info for clarity

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
[[File:MysorePalace1.JPG|thumb|[[Mysore Palace]]]]
[[File:Horse Cart in Mysore.JPG|thumb|Horse carriage in Mysore]]
[[File:Karanji Mansion in Mysore which now serves as the Postal Training Institute.jpg|thumb|Karanji Mansion or PTC, Nazrabad]]
'''[[Mysore]]''' was the previous capital city in the state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is the headquarters of the [[Mysore district]] and [[Mysore division]] and lies about {{convert|140|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} southwest of [[Bengaluru]], the capital of Karnataka. The city covers an area of {{convert|128.42|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} and is situated at the base of the [[Chamundi Hills]].
Mysore is one of the most prominent tourist areas of [[India]], known as the '''Palace City of India'''.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.mysoretourism.org/
|title=Welcome to the Palace City, City of Kings
|access-date=2008-02-20
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507091213/http://www.mysoretourism.org/
|archive-date=7 May 2018
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.mysooru.com/mysorepalace.html
|title=Mysore Palace Mysore — The city of Palaces
|access-date=2008-02-20
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.india-journeys.com/mysore.html
|title=Mysore — Palace City Guide, Palace City Mysore Guide, Mysore Palace
|access-date=2008-02-20
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061019042729/http://www.india-journeys.com/mysore.html
|archive-date=19 October 2006
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> The [[Mysore Palace]] in the city is the most visited place in [[India]], above [[Red Fort]], [[Qutb Minar]], and even the [[Taj Mahal]] as of 2006. The [[New York Times]] recently listed Mysore as one of the 31 must-see places on Earth for two consecutive years.<ref name="most">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/17/stories/2007081755371000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017032724/http://hindu.com/2007/08/17/stories/2007081755371000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-10-17|title= Mysore Palace beats Taj Mahal in popularity|author=R. Krishna Kumar|date=2007-08-17|access-date=2008-02-20|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

== Attractions ==
[[File:Schematic tourist map of Mysore.jpg|thumb|Schematic tourist map of Mysore]]

=== Palaces ===
* '''[[Mysore Palace]]''' is a palace situated in the centre of the city. It was the official residence of the former royal family of Mysore and also housed the durbar (royal offices).
* '''[[Lalitha Mahal]]''' is the second largest palace in Mysore. It is located near the Chamundi Hills, east of the city. The architect of this palace was E. W. Fritchley. The palace was built by Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV in 1921 for the exclusive stay of the [[Viceroy of India]]. The palace is pure white in color and is built in the style of Italian palazzos with twin ionic columns and domes. It also has a sprawling terrace and landscaped gardens.
* '''[[Jaganmohan Palace]]''' was built in 1861 by Krishnaraja Wodeyar III in a predominantly Hindu style to serve as an alternate palace for the royal family. This palace housed the royal family when the older Mysore Palace burned down due to a fire. The palace has three floors and has stained glass shutters and ventilators. It has housed the Sri Jayachamarajendra Art Gallery since the year 1915. The collections exhibited here include paintings from the famous Indian painter, [[Raja Ravi Varma]], the [[Russia]]n painter Svetoslav Roerich, and many paintings of the Mysore painting style.
[[File:Jagan mohan palace2.jpg|Jaganmohana Palace, Mysore|200px|thumb|right]]

* '''[[Jayalakshmi Vilas|Jayalakshmi Vilas Mansion]]''' was built in 1905 by Chamaraja Wodeyar for his eldest daughter, Jayalakshmi Devi. This mansion has three wings and contains a series of twin Corinthian and ionic columns, regal pediments, and oval ventilators. The mansion was originally built with a cost of Rs. 7 lakhs. This mansion was acquired by the Mysore University to house its post-graduate campus. It was then renovated in 2002 from funding provided by Infosys Foundation. The main hall in this mansion is the Kalyana Mantapa, which has an eight-petal shaped dome with stained glass windows with a gold-plated Kalasha (tower) at the top. A new gallery called Writer's Gallery has been created in the Kalyana Mantapa hall that will exhibit the personal items, photographs, awards and writings of renowned writers of Kannada. A special illumination system has also been added to this heritage structure. This mansion is said to be the first university museum complex in the country.

=== Gardens ===
* The '''[[Brindavan Gardens]], Srirangapatna, [[Mandya district]]''' are show gardens that have a beautiful botanical park, full of fountains, as well as boats in the river beneath the dam. Diwans of Mysore planned and built the gardens in connection with the construction of the dam. Display items include a musical fountain. Various biological research departments are housed here. There is a guest house for tourists as well. It is situated at [[Krishna Raja Sagara]] (KRS) dam [[Mandya district]].

[[File:Brindavan Garden Fountains in Night.jpg|thumb|right|Brindavan Garden Fountains at night]]

*'''[[JALBAGH]] '''in Belagola, located 10 km from Mysore on KRS main road. is one of the world's first reflection gardens. It contains artistic sculptures and a park with natural water bodies and water landscapes, large historical monuments, and information about all the habitats consisting in and around the surroundings. It sometimeshosts art and light shows. Lo
* '''Happy Man Park''' The Happy Man Park near [[Kamakshi]] Hospital, some three kilometers from the railway station, is popular among children and parents. The park is quite compact in size but contains a mini zoo and many hens and ducks roam around the lawns freely. The park is landscaped with a stream and wooden bridges. Music is played through loudspeakers scattered around the park. The main attraction of the park is a statue of a ‘Happy Man’ with a pot belly representing the "Laughing Buddha" or "Budai", a Maitreya (future Buddha) .
* '''Butterfly park in Karanji lake''' This consists of a medium-sized bird park, boating, and a children's play area.
* '''Parks, gardens, and children play areas'''. Mysore has about 180 parks and playgrounds. Most of the residential areas have their own small parks: e.g. Ambedkar Park in Jayanagar, a southern city district has a 500-metre perimeter footpath, etc. The newly built Andolana Circle Park has a walking track that takes around five minutes a go around. This park is near Kuvempu Nagar in South Mysore. But many Mysoreans go to walk around the many lakes which pepper the landscape such as the central Kukkarahalli Kere by the university where the journey around is about 4.5 kilometres. Another is the Lingambudhi Kere which has a walkway with bamboo forests and on average takes more than 20 minutes for a go around. This park is in a desirable neighbourhood to the southwest called Rama Krishna Nagar, 5 km from the city centre.

=== Museums ===
[[File:CSI Church, Mysore Suburban Bus Station Area.jpg|thumb|St.Bartholomew Church, Mysore]]
* '''[[Mysore Sand Sculpture Museum]]:''' With 115 truckloads of sand and with more than 150 huge sculptures, this museum showcases more than 16 themes of the Heritage of Mysore.
* '''[[Regional Museum of Natural History Mysore|Regional Museum of Natural History]]:''' This museum is located on the banks of the [[Karanji lake]] in Mysore and has exhibits related to biological diversity, ecology, and geology of Southern India.<ref name="nathist">An overview of the [[Regional Museum of Natural History Mysore|Regional Museum of Natural History]] is provided by {{cite web | author=National Informatics Centre | url=http://nmnh.nic.in/mysore.htm | title=Regional Museum of Natural History, Mysore | work=Online Webpage of National Museum of Natural History | publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India | access-date=2007-04-10}}</ref>
* '''[[Folk Lore Museum Mysore|Folk Lore Museum]]:''' This museum is located on the [[University of Mysore]] campus and exhibits over 6500 folk art and crafts from all over the state of Karnataka.<ref name="folk">An overview of the [[Folk Lore Museum Mysore|Folk Lore Museum]] is provided by {{cite web|url=http://www.karnatakatourism.org/sites/mysore.html|title=Mysore|work=Online Webpage of Karnataka Tourism Department|publisher=Tourism Department, Government of Karnataka|access-date=2007-04-10 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070228104913/http://www.karnatakatourism.org/sites/mysore.html  |archive-date = 2007-02-28}}</ref>
* '''[[Railway Museum Mysore|Rail Museum]]:''' This museum is located near the Mysore Railway station and is the second of its kind established in India after the one at [[Delhi]]. This museum exhibits ancient locomotives and carriages, some of which are still in working condition. Photographs and books related to railways are also present.<ref name="rail">An overview of the [[Railway Museum Mysore|Rail Museum]] is provided by {{cite news | author=Staff Correspondent | url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/06/03/stories/2004060309430300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040604182414/http://www.hindu.com/2004/06/03/stories/2004060309430300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2004-06-04 | title=Mysore Rail Museum celebrates silver jubilee | access-date=2007-04-10 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=2004-06-03}}</ref>

[[File:Rail museum mysore.JPG|200px|thumb|Rail Museum at Mysore]]

* '''Wax Museum - Melody World''' : This museum is based on music and musical instruments and exhibits over 100 life-size wax statues and over 1500 musical instruments categorised in various bands and stage settings. Representing Stone Age to Modern instruments, some of the genres displayed are Indian classical (north and south), Punjabi bhangra, south Indian, jazz, rock, and Middle Eastern music. It was established in October 2010.

[[File:Chamundi-hills.jpg|thumb|Chamundi temple]]

=== Places of worship ===
* '''[[Chamundi Hills]]''' is close to the palace city of Mysore. Its average elevation is 1,000 meters. A panoramic view of the city is seen from the top of the hills, including views of the Lalitha Mahal palace, Mysore Palace, Karanji and Kukkarahalli lakes. On Sunday evenings and during the [[Mysore Dasara|Dasara]] festival, the illuminated Mysore Palace glitters.

[[File:Philomena Church Mysore.JPG|thumb|The St. Philomena's Church in [[Mysore]]]]

* '''[[St. Philomena's Church, Mysore|St. Philomena's Church]]''' is a church built in honor of [[St. Philomena]] in the city of Mysore. It was constructed in 1956 using a [[Neo Gothic]] style and its architecture was inspired by the [[Cologne Cathedral]] in [[Germany]]. In 1926, Sir T. Thumboo Chetty who was the Huzur Secretary to the [[Maharaja of Mysore]], [[Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar]], obtained a relic of the saint Philomena, after writing to Peter Pisani, [[Apostolic Delegate]] of the [[East Indies]]. This relic was handed over to Father Cochet who approached the king to assist him in constructing a church in honor of [[St. Philomena]]. The Maharaja of Mysore laid the foundation stone of the church on 28 October 1933. In his speech on the day of the inauguration, the Maharaja is said to have quoted, "The new church will be strongly and securely built upon a double foundation — Divine compassion and the eager gratitude of men..." The construction of the church was completed under Bishop Rene Fuga's supervision. The relic of St. Philomena is preserved in a catacomb below the main altar.
* '''[[St. Bartholomew's Church, Mysore|St. Bartholomew's Church]]''', was built on the land donated by the Maharaja of Mysore, Krishnaraja Wodeyar III (1799–1868),<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/127952/F A historic church in Mysore]</ref> and consecrated in 1830. The church was constructed in 1832 with contributions from military officers and civilians. In 1847, the church was affiliated to the [[Anglican]] denomination and was handed over to the [[Madras Presidency|Madras Government]] in 1852.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040930164113/http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/18/stories/2004091806040300.htm Celebrating 175 years of Bartholomew Church]</ref>
* '''Infant Jesus Shrine''' is located at Pushpashrama in [[Naidu Nagar]] some five kilometres from Mysore palace. The gateway of the church stands 30 feet high. There is a grotto on the right side containing a life-sized statue of Jesus as an infant. The church is built in an octagonal diamond shape with granite stone. There are three large teakwood doors to enter the church. There are carvings of St. Teresa and St. John on the right side door. The left side entrance has carvings of St. Therese and St. Edith Sterin. The altar has a globe and a tree. The church has fourteen stained windows decorated with pictures. There is a small chapel on the back of the church on the mezzanine floor.
*[[Nanjangud]] The shiva temple at Nanjungudu is also called "Dakshina kashi." It is about 20 km away from the [[Mysore Palace|Mysore palace]] .

=== Wildlife ===
* '''[[Mysore Zoo]]''' was established under royal patronage in 1892, making it one of the oldest zoos in the world.. Located on the outskirts of Mysore, the zoo is home to a wide range of wild species. The official name for the zoo is Shri Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens, although it is known most commonly by its shortened name.

[[File:Elephant indian.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Elephant and calf in the Mysore Zoo]]

* '''[[Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary]], [[Mandya]] district''' is a small bird sanctuary that is 0.67 km2 in area and comprises six islets on the banks of the [[Kaveri]] River. The islets were created when a dam across the Kaveri river was built in the 18th century. The ornithologist [[Dr. Salim Ali]] observed that the isles formed an important nesting ground for birds, and persuaded the [[Wodeyar]] kings of Mysore to declare the area a wildlife sanctuary in 1940. The islands are host to numerous small mammals, including [[bonnet macaque]], colonies of [[flying fox]]es, and common small mammals like the [[common palm civet]], the [[Indian gray mongoose]], and the monitor lizard. The mugger crocodile or marsh crocodile is a common inhabitant of the riverine reed beds. About 180 types of birds<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mysorenature.org/around-mysore/mandya-sector/ranganathittu-bird-sanctuary/bird-checklist|title=Mysore Nature - Bird Checklist}}</ref> have been observed here. Breeding water birds include the [[painted stork]], [[Asian openbill stork]], [[common spoonbill]], [[woolly-necked stork]], [[black-headed ibis]], [[black-headed ibis]], [[lesser whistling duck]], [[Indian shag]], [[stork-billed kingfisher]], and other common birds like [[egrets]], [[cormorants]], [[Oriental darter]], and [[herons]]. The [[great stone plover]], and the [[river tern]] also nest here. The park is home to a large flock of [[streak-throated swallow]]s.

=== Libraries ===

* The '''[[Oriental Research Institute Mysore|Oriental Research Institute]]''', formerly known as the Oriental Library and established in 1891, contains over 33,000 palm leaf manuscripts .
* [[Jayaprakash Nagar Mysore]] has a library with a collection of English and Kannada books, as well as a mini stadium, an open-air auditorium, a yoga centre and a 500-meter walking tack. The library is adjacent to a garden with a view of the Chamundi Hills.

== Around Mysore ==

[[File:Open billed Stork at the Ranganathittu bird sanctuary.jpg|thumb|upright|Open billed storks at Ranganathittu bird sanctuary]]
[[File:Keshava temple at Somanathapura, Mysore district.jpg|thumb|upright|Chennakeshava temple at Somanathapura]]
[[File:Shivanasamudram FullView.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Shivanasamudra Falls]]]]

* '''[[Shivanasamudra Falls]]''' is the second-largest waterfall in [[India]] and the sixteenth largest in the world.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.cauvery.com/
|title=Shivasamudra Falls
|access-date=2006-11-11
}}</ref> It is situated on the banks of the river Kaveri and is the location of the first hydro-electric power station in Asia, which was set up in 1902.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/19/stories/2007071959390300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228150337/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/19/stories/2007071959390300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-02-28|date=2007-07-19|access-date=2008-02-15|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Shivanasamudra Falls comes alive|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> This is a segmented waterfall. Segmented waterfalls occur where the water flow is broken into two or more channels before dropping over a cliff, resulting in multiple side-by-side waterfalls. It has an average width of 849 meters, a height of 90 m, and an average water output volume of 934 cubic meters/sec. Gaganachukki on the left is a large horsetail waterfall<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.pbase.com/yardbird/image/20445327
|title=Gaganachukki falls photo of horsetail
|access-date=2006-11-10
}}</ref> and Barachukki (also spelled ''Bharachukki'') in the centre is a jagged crashing cascading waterfall. During the monsoons this waterfall grows enormous, perhaps a thousand feet in width. The right waterfall is the Bharachukki.<ref name="waterfall">{{cite web
|url=http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=149
|title=World Waterfall Database
|access-date=2006-11-09
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114204057/http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=149
|archive-date=14 November 2006
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> Asia's first hydro-electric power station, still functional, is located at the waterfall.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.cauvery.com/shivasamudram.html
|title=Shivanasamudra is also famous for its hydro power station, which was started in 1902 by Sheshadri Ayyar, a dewan of Mysore. This is said to be the first hydro power station in Asia. It supplied power to Bangalore in 1906 and then to Kolar Gold Fields and Mysore.
|publisher=cauvery.com/shivasamudram.html
|access-date=2008-02-22
}}</ref> This station was commissioned by the [[List of Diwans of Mysore|Diwan]] of [[Mysore kingdom|Mysore]], Sir [[K. Seshadri Iyer]]. The electricity produced here was initially used in the [[Kolar Gold Fields]]. Thus, [[Kolar Gold Fields]] became the first town in [[Asia]] to get hydro-electricity.

[[File:GoldenTemple2.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Inside the Golden Temple at [[Bylakuppe]]]]
* '''[[Bylakuppe]]''' is the location of "Lugsum Samdupling" (established in 1961) and "Dickyi Larsoe" (established in 1969), two adjacent Tibetan refugee settlements, in the west of the Mysore district. It consists of a number of small camps/agricultural settlements close to each other, and has a number of monasteries, nunneries, and temples in all the form of the major Tibetan Buddhist traditions. Most notable among them are the large educational monastic institution [[Sera Monastery|Sera]], the smaller Tashilunpo monastery (both in the Gelukpa tradition), and the [[Namdroling monastery]] (in the [[Nyingma]] tradition). Particularly well known among the temples is the Golden Temple, which is also a major tourist spot in the area.
*[[Male Mahadeshwara Hills]] is a temple of the Mahadeshwara God, who stayed there in the 14th century and was a guru. It is about 180 km away from the city, located at [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagar district /ಚಾಮರಾಜನಗರ.]]

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="180px" heights="180px" class="center" caption="">
Image:Temple Office near Jagmohan Palace.jpg|Temple Office near Jagamohan Palace
Image:Lalitha mahal mysore ml wiki.JPG|[[Lalitha Mahal]], Mysore
Image:Myspalbang.jpg|Entrance to the Ambavilas Palace, commonly known as [[Mysore Palace]]
Image:Mahisha statue at the Chamundeswari Temple, Mysuru, Karnataka, India (2007).jpg|Statue of [[Mahishasura]] atop the [[Chamundi Hills]]
Image:Karanji_lake_pic.jpg|Karanji lake in Mysore
Image:RanganathaTemple.jpg| [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangapatna|Ranganatha Temple]]
Image:Adolescent Painted Stork flock at Ranganathittu bird sanctuary.jpg|Painted stork colony, Ranganathittu
Image:Temple Sculpture Talakadu.jpg|Sculpture from [[Talakadu]] Lord Shiva Temple.
Image:Talakadu Temple.jpg|Temple recovered from sand dunes at Talakadu
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Ooty]]
* [[Culture of Mysore]]
* [[Bangalore]]
* [[Karnataka]]
* [[Tourist attractions in Bangalore]]
* [[Tourism in Karnataka]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mysore topics}}
{{Tourism in India}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Mysore}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tourist Attractions In Mysore}}
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mysore| ]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in India by populated place|Mysore]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Karnataka|Mysore]]
[[Category:Mysore-related lists]]

Albadi

2025-01-19T14:33:55Z

Ghaiinfra: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Kundapur]]

Gabbar Poonchwala

2024-11-22T21:53:08Z

Ghaiinfra: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Sitcom]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = Rajan Waghdhare
| creative_director =
| presenter = 
| starring = [[Tunisha Sharma]]
| judges = 
| voices = 
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes =
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| location = 
| cinematography =
| editor = 
| camera =
| runtime = 
| company = Lost Boy Peoductions
| budget =
| network = [[Disney Channel India]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2016|1|11|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2016|4|4|df=y}}
| related = 
}}

'''''Gabbar Poonchwala''''' is an Indian [[sitcom]] which premiered on [[Disney Channel India]] from 11 January 2016 to 4 April 2016. The story is about a dog, Gabbar, who can speak [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] with the boy called Mihir who found him in the playground. It aired on 11 January 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.adgully.com/disney-channel-to-start-2016-with-a-bang-64734.html|title=Disney Channel to start 2016 with a bang! |website=Adgully.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.adgully.com/disney-channel-to-launch-a-unique-and-exciting-show-gabbar-poonchwala-64763.html|title=Disney Channel to launch a unique and exciting show, Gabbar Poonchwala! |website=Adgully.com}}</ref>

== Characters ==
* Akash Dhanija as Gabbar "Poonchwala" (Voice role)
* [[Nihar Gite]] as Mihir Khanna
* [[Sanjeev Rathore]] as Sunil Khanna, Father of Mihir
* [[Eva Shirali]] as Gauri Khanna, Mother of Mihir
* [[Sharad Joshi]] as Amar Khanna, Elder Brother of Mihir
* [[Pankaj Kansra]] as Dimple Aunty, Neighbour and mother of Sanya
* [[Tunisha Sharma]] as Sanya, Amar's Girlfriend & Dimple aunty's Daughter.)
* [[Hitesh Dave]] as Maharaj
*[[Ritesh M M Shukla]] as Bhola

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Disney Channel India Original Series}}

[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television series about talking animals]]
[[Category:Television shows about dogs]]
[[Category:Disney Channel (Indian TV channel) original programming]]

Partur railway station

2024-09-07T06:42:38Z

Ghaiinfra: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Secunderabad–Manmad line]]

Satya Vijaya Nagaram

2024-08-22T03:36:22Z

Ghaiinfra:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Satya Vijaya Nagaram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12|41|30|N|79|20|02|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruvanamalai district|Tiruvanamalai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5671
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Satya Vijaya Nagaram''' (also known as '''S. V. Nagaram'''), is a [[census town]] in [[Tiruvanamalai district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The town is named after [[Satya Vijaya Tirtha]], peetadhipathi of [[Uttaradi Matha]] whose Moola Brindavana (tomb) is in this town. The town was established by [[Arni Jagir|rulers of Arni]] who were devout followers of [[Uttaradi Matha]] and [[Madhva Sampradaya]].{{Sfn|Naqvī|Rao|2005|p=780}}

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Satyavijayanagaram had a population of 5671. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Sathiyavijayanagaram has an average literacy rate of 68%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 78%, and female literacy is 57%. In Satyavijayanagaram, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|title=A Thousand Laurels--Dr. Sadiq Naqvi: Studies on Medieval India with Special Reference to Deccan, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DV9uAAAAMAAJ|first1=Ṣādiq|last1=Naqvī|first2=V. Kishan|last2=Rao|publisher=Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture & Archaeology, Osmania University|year=2005}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tiruvannamalai district]]

{{Tiruvannamalai-geo-stub}}