Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Surendra Mehta

2026-05-07T14:12:51Z

GeorgiannaStrand: new.

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1959)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

{{Infobox officeholder
|image=File:Surendra Mehta Bihar.jpg
| name = Surendra Mehta
| office = Minister of Animal and Fisheries Resources 
[[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start = 20 November 2025
| term_end = 15 April 2026
|predecessor = [[Renu Devi]]
|successor = [[Samrat Choudhary]]
| office3 = Minister of Sports 
[[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start3 = 15 March 2024
| term_end3 = 20 November 2025
| predecessor3 = [[Samrat Choudhary]]
|successor3 = [[Shreyasi Singh]]
| office1 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2020
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Ramdeo Rai]]
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[Bachhwara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bachhwara]]
| term_start2 = 2010
| term_end2 = 2015
| predecessor2 = Srikrishna Prasad Singh
| successor2 = [[Amita Bhushan]]
| constituency2 = [[Begusarai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Begusarai]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|05|05|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |title=बिहार विधान सभा सचिवालय - सप्तदश बिहार विधान सभा मे माननीय सदस्यों की जन्म तिथि एवं टर्मवार सूची |url=https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/priority%20List.pdf |website=Bihar Vidhan Sabha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427090929/https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/priority%20List.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| occupation = Politician
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Surendra Mehta''' is an Indian politician from Bihar and the current minister of Animal and fisheries and formerly [[Department of Sports, Government of Bihar]]. He is a second term Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]].

== Political career ==
Mehta had contested his first election in [[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]] from [[Barauni Assembly constituency|Barauni]] against Rajendra Prasad Singh of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] and had lost by 4957 votes. He contested from [[Begusarai Assembly constituency|Begusarai]] in [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]] and defeated his nearest rival Upendra Prasad Singh of [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]] by 19,618 votes. He lost in [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]] from [[Begusarai Assembly constituency|Begusarai]] to [[Amita Bhushan]] of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] by 16,531 votes. In [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]] he had won from [[Bachhwara Assembly constituency|Bachhwara]] by 484 votes against [[Awadhesh Kumar Rai|Awadhesh Rai]] of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surendra Mehata Election Result Bachhwara Live: Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Election Results 2020 Surendra Mehata Bachhwara Seat |url=https://www.news18.com/bihar-assembly-elections-2020/surendra-mehata-bachhwara-candidate-s04a142c01/}}</ref> He was inducted into [[Ninth Nitish Kumar ministry|Nitish Kumar cabinet]] on 15 March 2024 and was allotted the Department of Sports.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-21 |title=इस जाति से पहली बार मंत्री बना तो क्षेत्र में लोगों ने फूलों से लाद दिया, मालाओं से गाड़ी सजाई, स्वागत में खड़े रहे केंद्रीय मंत्री |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/bihar/begusarai-dhanuk-caste-mla-surendra-mehta-reached-his-constituency-begusarai-bachhwara-after-becoming-minister-received-warm-welcome-8168614.html |access-date= |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehata, Surendra}}
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

V. K. Sanoj

2026-05-06T14:35:00Z

GeorgiannaStrand: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. K. Sanoj
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the Kerala Legislative Assembly
| term_start = May 2026
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Mattannur (State Assembly constituency)|Mattannur]]
| predecessor = [[K. K. Shailaja]]
| successor =
| birth_name = V. K. Sanoj
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1983}}
| birth_place = [[Kuthuparamba]], [[Kannur district]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| spouse = (Senior Sub Editor, Deshabhimani)
| father = Padmanabhan M.
| occupation = Politician, Social Worker
| education = Graduate
}}

'''V. K. Sanoj''' (born 1983) is an Indian politician serving as the member of the legislative assembly (MLA) for the [[Mattannur (State Assembly constituency)|Mattannur]] constituency.<ref name="ECI_Mattannur" /> A leader of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], he is the state secretary of the [[Democratic Youth Federation of India]] (DYFI) Kerala State Committee.

== Personal life ==
V. K. Sanoj was born to Padmanabhan M. and is a resident of Kuthuparamba in Kannur district. He is married; his spouse works as a Senior Sub Editor at ''Deshabhimani'' in Kannur.<ref name="MyNeta_Sanoj" />

== Political career ==
Sanoj rose through the ranks of the [[Student Federation of India]] (SFI) and later became a prominent leader of the DYFI. In the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]], he was selected by the CPI(M) to contest from the Mattannur seat, a major party stronghold previously represented by former health minister [[K. K. Shailaja]].

== Election results ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|+ 2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election: Mattannur
|-
! scope="col" style="width:130px" | Party
! scope="col" style="width:220px" | Candidate
! scope="col" style="width:80px" | Votes
! scope="col" style="width:50px" | %
! scope="col" style="width:50px" | ±%
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | '''[[CPI(M)]]'''
| style="text-align:left" | '''V. K. Sanoj'''
| '''81,456'''
| '''52.61'''
| '''-18.36'''
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| style="text-align:left" | Chandran Thillankeri
| 67,288
| 43.46
| +19.38
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[BJP]]
| style="text-align:left" | Biju Elakkuzhi
| 17,815
| 11.51
| +4.10
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:left" | Margin of victory
! 14,168
! 9.15
!
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:left" | Total valid votes
! 1,54,821
!
!
|}
<ref name="ECI_Mattannur" />

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="ECI_Mattannur">{{cite web |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results May-2026 - Mattannur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S1115.htm |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref>
<ref name="MyNeta_Sanoj">{{cite web |title=V. K. Sanoj (CPI-M): Affidavit Information |url=https://www.myneta.info/Kerala2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=178 |publisher=Association for Democratic Reforms |access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref>
}}

[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Kerala-politician-stub}}

M. Roopakala

2026-05-01T20:03:21Z

GeorgiannaStrand: Adding A Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = 
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 15 May 2018
| predecessor = [[Y. Ramakka]]
| successor =
}}
'''M. Roopakala Shashidhar''' (born 20 June 1979) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. She is a member of the 2023 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Kolar Gold Field Assembly constituency|Kolar Gold Fields constituency]] in [[Kolar district]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-14 |title=Karnataka Assembly Election Results 2023: Full list of winners - India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-assembly-polls-2023/story/karnataka-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-2378524-2023-05-13 |access-date=2024-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514043110/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-assembly-polls-2023/story/karnataka-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-2378524-2023-05-13 |archive-date=14 May 2023 }}</ref> She won on an [[Indian National Congress]] ticket.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roopakala M |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/roopakala-m |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref> She defeated Ashwini Sampangi of BJP by 50,467 votes. In January 2024, she was appointed the chairperson of the Karnataka Handicrafts Industrial Development Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-27 |title=To placate, keep dissent in check, Congress govt in Karnataka appoints board, corporation chiefs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/to-placate-keep-dissent-in-check-congress-govt-in-karnataka-appoints-board-corporation-chiefs-9129710/ |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=27 January 2024 |title=Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120155042/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-date=20 January 2025 |access-date=20 January 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="34 MLAs appointed as heads to govt.-owned boards and corporations in Karnataka">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=26 January 2024 |title=34 MLAs appointed as heads to govt.-owned boards and corporations in Karnataka |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/34-mlas-appointed-as-heads-to-govt-owned-boards-and-corporations-in-karnataka/article67780204.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731093326/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/34-mlas-appointed-as-heads-to-govt-owned-boards-and-corporations-in-karnataka/article67780204.ece |archive-date=31 July 2024 |access-date=20 January 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="34 MLAs given chairman posts for boards and corps, Haris BDA chairman">{{cite news |date=27 January 2024 |title=34 MLAs given chairman posts for boards and corps, Haris BDA chairman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/34-mlas-given-chairman-posts-for-boards-and-corporations-haris-bda-chairman/articleshow/107175062.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120154826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/34-mlas-given-chairman-posts-for-boards-and-corporations-haris-bda-chairman/articleshow/107175062.cms |archive-date=20 January 2025 |access-date=20 January 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Roopakala is the daughter of [[K. H. Muniyappa|K.H. Muniyappa]], a seven-time Member of Parliament.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-14 |title=Karnataka assembly elections 2023 results: Amid twists & turns, families taste victory |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-assembly-elections-2023-results-amid-twists-turns-families-taste-victory/articleshow/100220311.cms |access-date=2024-03-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She finished her post-graduation in arts from Karnataka State Open University in 2016. Her husband Shashidhar J. E. works as a director in the Karnataka assembly secretariat.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-02 |title=Husband alleges bid to harmKGF MLA's poll prospects |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/husband-alleges-bid-to-harmkgf-mlas-poll-prospects/articleshow/99920884.cms |access-date=2024-03-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Her father Muniyappa, agreed to be dropped from the current Congress ministry to contest the 2024 Lok Sabha elections from Kolar, provided his daughter Roopakala is accommodated in the cabinet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=K H Muniyappa among 3 ministers in Congress ticket shortlist |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/muniyappa-among-3-ministers-in-cong-ticket-shortlist-2881163 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | date=2024-03-07 |title=LS polls: Congress likely to field 3 Ministers in reserved constituencies |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/ls-polls-congress-likely-to-field-3-ministers-in-reserved-constituencies/article67924909.ece |access-date=2024-03-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
In June 2023, inaugurating the government Shakti scheme of free travel for women, she drove a bus for a short distance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=MLA Roopakala drives bus in KGF |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/mla-roopakala-drives-bus-in-kgf-1226939.html |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> After criticism for allowing the MLA to drive the bus, KSRTC Kolar division ordered an inquiry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goudar |first=Mahesh M. |date=2023-06-13 |title=KGF MLA Roopakala draws criticism for driving KSRTC bus during launch of Shakti scheme |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/karnataka/kgf-mla-roopakala-driving-ksrtc-bus-shakti-launch/ |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref> She declared assets worth Rs.8 [[crore]] before the assembly elections.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roopakala M(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- KOLAR GOLD FIELD(KOLAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/karnataka2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=5916 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roopakala, M.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]

Indian Information Service

2026-04-28T13:44:36Z

GeorgiannaStrand:

{{Short description|Government of India civil Service}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{infobox
| title = Indian Information Service
| headerstyle = background:#87CEFA; color:#001#001#001;
| image = [[File:Emblem of India (navy blue).svg|150px]]
| caption = [[Emblem of India]]
| header1 = Service Overview
| label2 = Abbreviation
| data2 = IIS
| label3 = Formed
| data3 = {{Start date and age|1960||}}
| label5 = Country
| data5 = {{Flag|India}}
| label6 = Training Grounds
| data6 = *[[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]]
*[[Film and Television Institute of India]]
| label7 = Cadre Controlling Authority
| data7 = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]
| label8 = Legal Personality
| data8 = Governmental: [[Civil Service]]
| label9 = General Nature
| data9 =
| label10 = Cadre Size
| data10 =
| label11 = Association
| data11 = Indian Information Service Association
| header12 = Top most post in the cadre
| label13 = Principal Director General
| data13 = [[Shri]] Jaideep Bhatnagar ('''IIS''')
| header14 = Head of the Civil Services
| label15 = [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]]
| data15 = [[T. V. Somanathan]] [[Indian Administrative Service|(IAS)]]
}}
The '''Indian Information Service''' ('''IIS''') ({{langx|hi|भारतीय सूचना सेवा}}) is the central [[civil service]] under Group A<ref name="IIS Service Profile">{{cite web|title=The Service Profile of Indian Information Service|url=http://mib.nic.in/WriteReadData/documents/Service_Profile_for_IIS.pdf|work=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-date=29 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329093246/http://mib.nic.in/WriteReadData/documents/Service_Profile_for_IIS.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://dopt.gov.in/sites/default/files/SCHEDULE-1.pdf Complete Civil Service Schedule of the Civil Services Group A of India]." '' Civil Service Group A – Government of India'' 1 January 2011.</ref> and Group B<ref name="IIS Service Profile"/><ref>[http://dopt.gov.in/sites/default/files/SCHEDULE-2.pdf Complete Civil Service Schedule of the Central Civil Services Group B of India]." ''Central Civil Service Group B – Government of India'' 1 January 2011.</ref> of the [[Central Civil Services of India|Central Civil Services]] of the [[executive branch]] of the [[Government of India]].

Indian Information Service officers are the media managers of the [[Government of India]]. They act as a vital communication link between the Government and the people by way of disseminating information and communicating various Government policies and schemes to the public at large; and also collecting and providing valuable feedback to the Government for policy formulation.

Most IIS officers work in various media units which are under [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] such as [[DD News]], [[All India Radio]], [[Press Information Bureau]], [[Bureau of Outreach and Communication|Central Bureau of Communication]] etc. During their tenure in [[Press Information Bureau]], they are posted with various Ministries as spokespersons to handle the Ministry's information and communication needs and help in policy formulation.

IIS officers are also posted as spokespersons to various constitutional bodies such as [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]], [[Election Commission of India]] and statutory bodies such as [[Central Bureau of Investigation]]. Besides postings all over India, an IIS officer also gets posted to a few foreign assignments under the [[Prasar Bharati]].

== History ==
'''Indian Information Service (IIS)''' was established as an organized central service named '''Central Information Service (CIS)''' on 1 March 1960. Prior to 1960, these posts were staffed by officers recruited separately by each media unit. In 1987, '''CIS''' was bifurcated into '''IIS Group 'A'''' and '''IIS''' '''Group 'B'.'''

== Recruitment ==
IIS Group-A officers are selected through two modes,
# Direct recruitment through [[Civil Services Examination]] conducted by the [[Union Public Service Commission]] for recruitment to the various [[Civil Services of India|Civil Services of the Government of India]], including the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS), [[Indian Foreign Service]] (IFS) and [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) among others.
# And also through promotion to IIS Group-A from the Senior Grade officers of IIS Group-B.

== Privatization ==
With the exponential increase of private electronic and print media, and with the universal access to social media, the role of IIS officers has sharply shrunk in the recent years. The IIS officers have also not been able to keep abreast with the competition. The government is currently considering privatizing the broadcasting in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/handle/123456789/426270 |title=Parliament Digital Library: PRIVATISATION OF PRASAR BHARATI |publisher=Eparlib.nic.in |date=2002-04-18 |accessdate=2022-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/privatisation-only-solution/articleshow/34657221.cms?from=mdr | title=Privatisation only solution | newspaper=The Economic Times }}</ref>

== Training ==
After the officers are allocated the Service depending on their rank and preferences in the [[Civil Services Examination]], they undergo a three months Foundation Course at [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration]] [[Mussoorie]]. This is followed by nine months of professional training at [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]], [[New Delhi]]. During the training period there is also a 3-week training module for IIS Officer Trainees at [[Film and Television Institute of India]] Pune. Thereafter, an IIS Probationer undergoes one year On-Job-Training, during which he/she is attached to various media units under [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] such as-
[[File:The Minister of State for Information & Broadcasting, Col. Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore in a group photograph at the valedictory function of the 65th Diploma Course in Development Journalism conducted by the Indian Institute (1).jpg|thumb|The 2015 batch of IIS officers before IIMC with the Minister of State for Information & Broadcasting, Col. Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore]]
* [[Press Information Bureau]]
* [[All India Radio]]
* [[DD News]]
* [[Registrar of Newspapers for India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rni.nic.in/|title=OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR OF NEWSPAPERS FOR INDIA|website=rni.nic.in|access-date=2017-02-13}}</ref>
* [[Publications Division (India)|Publications Division]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publicationsdivision.nic.in/|title=Publications Division|website=publicationsdivision.nic.in|access-date=2017-02-13}}</ref>
* '''New Media Wing''' of [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]
* '''Central Bureau of Communication''' (merger of Song and Drama Division, Directorate of Field Publicity<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome To DFP Website |url=http://www.dfp.nic.in/ |access-date=2017-02-13 |website=dfp.nic.in |archive-date=27 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127122509/http://www.dfp.nic.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.davp.nic.in/|title=.:: Directorate of Advertising & Visual Publicity (Ministry of Information & Broadcasting) ::.|website=davp.nic.in|access-date=2017-02-13}}</ref> in 2017)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Central Bureau of Communication {{!}} Ministry of Information Broadcasting |url=https://cbcindia.gov.in/ |access-date=2023-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=.:: About Us – Bureau of Outreach & Communication ::. |url=https://davp.nic.in/about_us_new.html |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=davp.nic.in}}</ref> – 23 Regional Outreach Bureau (ROB) and 148 Field Outreach Bureau are there under CBC.
* [[Electronic Media Monitoring Centre]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://emmc.gov.in/Default.aspx|title=Electronic Media Monitoring Centre|website=emmc.gov.in|access-date=2017-02-13|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221064725/http://emmc.gov.in/Default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Career progression ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2025}}
After successful completion of the two years of probation, an IIS officer is posted to a media unit depending on the vacancy and requirement. During the various roles of his or her career, in Directorate hierarchy, an IIS officer progresses through following designations in ascending order of seniority-
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+ Ranks, designations, and positions held by Indian Information Service (IIS) officers in their career
|-
! Grade / Scale (Level on Pay Matrix)
! Posting in Indian Information Service
! Position in Government of India
! Position in [[Order of precedence in India]]
! Pay Scale (Basic Pay)
|-
| Apex Scale (Pay Level 17)
| style="text-align:center;" | Director General of Information
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{Centre|23}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|225.0|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Higher Administrative Grade + (Pay Level 16)
| style="text-align:center;" | Principal Director General
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Additional Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{Centre|25}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|205.4|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|224.4|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Higher Administrative Grade (Pay Level 15)
| style="text-align:center;" | Director General
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Additional secretary to the Government of India|Additional Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{Centre|25}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|182.2|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|224.1|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Senior Administrative Grade (Pay Level 14)
| style="text-align:center;" | Additional Director General
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{Centre|26}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|144.2|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|218.2|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Selection Grade (Pay Level 13)
| style="text-align:center;" | Director
| style="text-align:center;" | Director
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|123.1|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|215.9|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Junior Administrative Grade (Pay Level 12)
| style="text-align:center;" | Joint Director
| style="text-align:center;" | Deputy Secretary
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|78.8|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|209.2|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Senior Time Scale (Pay Level 11)
| style="text-align:center;" | Deputy Director
| style="text-align:center;" | Under Secretary
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|67.7|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|208.7|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Junior Time Scale (Pay Level 10)
| style="text-align:center;" | Assistant Director 
Entry-level (Probationer)
| style="text-align:center;" | Assistant Secretary
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|56.1|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|177.5|k|lk=on}}
|-
|}

== Work profile ==
By its very nature of handling the information and communication, the Service enjoys a great diversity in its nature of work and responsibilities. The Ministry of I&B lists the functions of an IIS officer in its official mandate as:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mib.nic.in/sites/default/files/Service_Profile_for_IIS.pdf|title=Mandate of IIS Officer|access-date=3 July 2017|archive-date=18 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518212218/http://www.mib.nic.in/sites/default/files/Service_Profile_for_IIS.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* To plan and execute the media strategy to provide publicity to various programmes/schemes of the Government for the welfare of the people across the country.
* Organisation of press conferences and visual publicity campaigns for disseminating information to the people on the various activities and policies of the [[Government of India]] through various tools of mass communication.
* Control, supervision and guidance to News Services units of [[All India Radio]] and [[DD News]] including regional news units.
* To look after administration and coordination work of PIB headquarters and day to day publicity works of the Government.
* To guide, supervise and control the field publicity units of the Central Government spread across the country and to issue timely directions for effective monitoring and evaluation of field units.
* To monitor the complex legal issues involved in the verification of titles, registration and circulation for Newspapers in India.

== See also ==
* [[Press Information Bureau]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mainpage.aspx|title=Press Information Bureau|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2017-02-13}}</ref>
* [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]
* [[National Media Centre, New Delhi]]
* [[Ofcom]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Public Services of India}}

[[Category:Central Civil Services (India)]]
[[Category:Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]]

Dheeraj and East Coast

2026-04-26T01:33:39Z

GeorgiannaStrand: Put Up A Pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2009}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Dheeraj and East Coast LLC
|image = Scdgif.gif
|image_size = 150px
|formation = 1978
|headquarters = [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]]
|membership =
|leader_title = [[Managing Director]]
|leader_name = Dheeraj Wadhwan
|key_people =
|website = {{URL|http://www.dheerajeastcoast.com/}}
}}

'''Dheeraj and East Coast LLC''' or simply '''DEC''' is a [[real estate developer]] based in [[Dubai]] in [[United Arab Emirates]]. This [[company]] is a joint venture between Dheeraj Constructions, based in [[India]] (mostly [[Mumbai]]) and East Coast LLC, based in [[Dubai]] City. The company has got experience of about 60 years with each other, according to media reports. Recently DEC acquired nearly 21 projects in the [[United Arab Emirates]] which are worth US$1.7 billion. These projects are mostly located in Dubai in areas like [[Dubai Marina]], [[Business Bay]], [[Culture Village]] and [[Developments in Dubai#Jumeirah Village|Jumeirah Village]].

Most of their projects in Dubai have been cancelled or left incomplete leaving investors in huge debts

==Awards==
This company won the ''Developer’s Commitment to Efficient [[Buildings]]'' award at the [[Middle East]] Awards 2000 organised by ITP Business Publishing which is based in [[United Arab Emirates]] in the [[Middle East]].<ref>[http://www.dheerajeastcoast.com/content/news_detail.aspx?NewsID=72 DEC LLC won Developer’s Commitment to Efficient Buildings award in 2008].Retrieved on 1 October 2009.</ref>

==Sponsorship==
DEC LLC started sponsoring [[Cricket]] in T20 after signing as official [[Sponsor (commercial)|sponsor]] for the [[Black Caps]], [[New Zealand]]'s National [[cricket]] team. It also sponsors [[Victorian Bushrangers]], the domestic cricket team of [[Australia]] and [[Mumbai Indians]] of the [[Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite news|title=13 March 2010|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/4-sponsors-for-Mumbai-Indians/articleshow/5678104.cms|accessdate=14 May 2013|newspaper=4 sponsors for Mumbai Indians}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Real Estate Development]]
*[[Real Estate]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.dheerajeastcoast.com/ Official site of DEC]

[[Category:Real estate companies of the United Arab Emirates]]

Rambalak Mahto

2026-04-20T09:31:28Z

GeorgiannaStrand: made initial details v1...

{{Short description|Longest serving Advocate General of Bihar (died 2020)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ram Balak Mahto
| honorific_suffix =
| image = File:Rambalak Mahto.png
| caption = Ram Balak Mahto
| birth_date = {{birth date|1924|01|27|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Bihar
| alma_mater =
| office = Former [[Advocate General]] of Bihar<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119115258/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/news/former-bihar-advocate-general-ram-balak-mahato-passes-away-nitish-kumar-and-governor-expressed-condolences-127860886.html|title=बिहार के पूर्व महाधिवक्ता रामबालक महतो की हृदयगति रुकने से निधन, राज्यपाल और मुख्यमंत्री ने व्यक्त की शोक संवेदना|website=Dainik Bhaskar|archive-date=19 November 2020|accessdate=30 October 2020|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/news/former-bihar-advocate-general-ram-balak-mahato-passes-away-nitish-kumar-and-governor-expressed-condolences-127860886.html |quote=Trans: He became the Advocate General of the state six times. He held this position the most number of times. Apart from these, Kanhaiya Prasad Verma became Advocate General 2 times. First became Advocate General in 1980. He held the post of Advocate General for the second time from 1985-89, the third time from 1990-93 and the fourth time from 2010-2015. After this, he became the state's advocate for the fifth time and the sixth time in 2015 }}</ref>
| occupation = Lawyer
| spouse =
| children = Shri Birendra Prasad [ MLA from [[Teghra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]]
Shri Ajay [Senior Advocate, Patna High Court]
| term_start1 = 1980
| term_end1 = 1984
| term_start2 = 1985
| term_end2 = 1989
| term_start3 = 1990
| term_end3 = 1993
| term_start4 = 2010
| term_end4 = 2015
| term_start5 = 2015
| term_end5 = 2020
| appointer1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
}}
'''Ram Balak Mahto''' was the longest serving [[Advocate general (India)|advocate general]] of the state of [[Bihar]]. He was the chief legal advisor of Bihar's Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]]. Between 1937 and 2020, only 20 advocate generals were appointed to act as representative of state government in legal matters, and out of them, Mahto alone was appointed six times, becoming the longest-serving advocate general. He served both Nitish Kumar and [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] led government, and was first appointed to the post in the year 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/bih-pat-hmu-ram-balak-mahato-became-advocate-general-5180213-nor.html|title=छठी बार महाधिवक्ता बन राम बालक महतो ने रचा इतिहास|website=Dainik Bhaskar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104225753/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/bih-pat-hmu-ram-balak-mahato-became-advocate-general-5180213-nor.html|access-date=2020-10-30|archive-date=2020-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-cms-legal-advisor-and-longest-serving-advocate-general-ram-balak-mahto-no-more/articleshow/78935189.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430214550/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-cms-legal-advisor-and-longest-serving-advocate-general-ram-balak-mahto-no-more/articleshow/78935189.cms?from=mdr |title=Bihar CM's legal advisor and longest serving advocate general Ram Balak Mahto no more|website=Times of India|access-date=30 October 2020|archive-date=30 April 2021}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Mahto served as advocate general during the tenure of six chief ministers of Bihar. He was appointed for the first time in the premiership of [[Bindeshwari Dubey]] in 1980. Later, he also served under Indian National Congress rule with [[Bhagwat Jha Azad]] and [[Satyendra Narayan Sinha]] as chief ministers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-attorney-general-rambalak-mahto-said-priority-is-to-reconcile-with-the-judiciary-13215176.html|title=साक्षात्कार : न्यायपालिका के साथ सामंजस्य पहली प्राथमिकता : महाधिवक्ता|website=Jagan.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114142128/https://m.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-attorney-general-rambalak-mahto-said-priority-is-to-reconcile-with-the-judiciary-13215176.html|access-date=2020-10-30|archive-date=2020-11-14|url-status=live|quote=Rambalak Mahato has discharged the responsibility of Advocate General during the six Governments of the state. For the first time, he was appointed Advocate General from 5 April 1985 to 11 December 1989 during the tenure of Congress Chief Minister Bindeshwari Dubey. After that, the tenures of Congress Chief Ministers Bhagwat Jha Azad and Satyendra Narayan Sinha remained in office from 12 April 1990 to 1 December 1993. He was also the Advocate General during the tenure of Chief Minister Lalu Prasad in the RJD government.}}</ref> Mahto served as legal advisor of Lalu Prasad Yadav and secured the candidacy of one of his sons, Virendra Kumar, for Teghra Vidhan Sabha constituency from [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]. Being successful in the elections of 2015, his son joined [[Janata Dal (United)]] in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/one-more-rjd-mla-joins-jdu-ahead-of-polls/articleshow/77879324.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430214208/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/one-more-rjd-mla-joins-jdu-ahead-of-polls/articleshow/77879324.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=30 April 2021 |title=Bihar: One more RJD MLA joins JD(U) ahead of polls|website=Times of India|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> The interregnum in the career of Mahto came when [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]] replaced him with D.K Sinha as advocate general; however, Nitish reappointed him once again after taking charge as chief minister in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-attorney-general-rambalak-mahto-said-priority-is-to-reconcile-with-the-judiciary-13215176.html|title=साक्षात्कार : न्यायपालिका के साथ सामंजस्य पहली प्राथमिकता : महाधिवक्ता|website=Jagan.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114142128/https://m.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-attorney-general-rambalak-mahto-said-priority-is-to-reconcile-with-the-judiciary-13215176.html|access-date=2020-10-30|archive-date=2020-11-14|url-status=live|quote=He was also the Advocate General in the coalition government led by Nitish Kumar with the support of BJP and continues to hold the post with the support of JDU. During his tenure, Chief Minister Jitan Ram Manjhi had appointed DK Sinha as Advocate General, removing him from the post, but did not take charge. While assuming power after Manjhi, Nitish again made Rambalak Mahato the advocate general. }}</ref> He won many important cases for the Government of Bihar and played an important role in controversial cases like that of [[Mohammad Shahabuddin (Indian politician)|Mohammad Shahabuddin]], the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] leader accused of the infamous acid attack case of [[Siwan District|Siwan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/bihar-govt-to-approach-sc-for-cancellation-of-shahabuddins-bail-295131|title=Bihar govt to approach SC for cancellation of Shahabuddin's bail|website=The Tribune|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114143047/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/bihar-govt-to-approach-sc-for-cancellation-of-shahabuddins-bail-295131|access-date=2020-10-30|archive-date=2020-11-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/siwan-acid-attack-case-patna-high-court-upholds-life-sentence-of-mohammad-shahabuddin-4820713/|title=Siwan acid attack case: Patna High Court upholds life sentence of Mohammad Shahabuddin|website=Indian Express|date=30 August 2017|access-date=2020-10-30|archive-date=2020-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107060609/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/siwan-acid-attack-case-patna-high-court-upholds-life-sentence-of-mohammad-shahabuddin-4820713/|url-status=live}}</ref>

He died in October 2020 at the age of 98. He was suffering from heart disease for a long time.<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114142753/https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/begusarai/story-former-advocate-general-ram-balak-mahato-merged-in-panchatatva-3595981.html|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/begusarai/story-former-advocate-general-ram-balak-mahato-merged-in-panchatatva-3595981.html |title=पंचतत्व में विलीन हुए पूर्व महाधिवक्ता राम बालक महतो|website=live hindustan|access-date=14 November 2020|archive-date=14 November 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/mahto-to-fight-legal-battles-for-govt-again/cid/1331500|title= Mahto to fight legal battles for govt again|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430215009/https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/mahto-to-fight-legal-battles-for-govt-again/cid/1331500|archive-date=30 April 2021|accessdate=30 October 2020|website=Telegraph (India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ram_Balak_Mahto}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Advocates general for Indian states]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:1924 births]]

Shivdev Singh

2026-04-17T22:34:25Z

GeorgiannaStrand: bio.

{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Shivdev Singh
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Shivdev Singh.jpg
| caption = Shivdev Singh c.1942
| office =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| president1 =
| prime_minister1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| president2 =
| prime_minister2 =
| birth_date = 20 December 1919
| death_date = 29 December 1993 (aged 74)
| birth_place =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[RAF Cranwell]]
| nickname =
| allegiance = {{flag|British India}} (1940–1947) {{flag|India}} (1947–1973)
| branch = {{air force|British India}} {{air force|India}}
| rank =
| service_years = 1940-1973
| unit = [[No. 3 Squadron IAF]] [[No. 4 Squadron IAF]] [[No. 6 Squadron IAF]] [[No. 12 Squadron IAF]]
| commands =
| battles = [[World War II]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
| awards =
| relations =
| blank1 =
| data1 =
}}

[[Air marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] '''Shivdev Singh''' (20 December 1919 - 29 December 1993) was a senior officer in the [[Indian Air Force]]. During the [[Second World War]] he was among the first [[24 Indian pilots]] selected from the Indian Air Force's 4th Pilot's Course to be seconded to the United Kingdom for operational training and squadron service with the [[Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve]] (RAFVR).

Singh later played a significant role in planning and overseeing the air operations during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].

==Early life and education==
Shivdev Singh was born on 20 December 1919.<ref name=BR.Dev>{{cite web |title=Service Record for Air Marshal Shivdev Singh 1595 F(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/1595 |website=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=13 November 2022 |language=en-gb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226193637/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/1595|archive-date=26 December 2022}}</ref>

==Military career==
===Second World War===
[[File:Indian pilots arrival in London, 1940.png|thumb|left|Indian pilots arrival at a London train station, 1940]]
[[File:Sqn Ldr Shivdev Singh and Flt Lt Asghar Khan, WWII Mission Planning (1945).jpg|thumb|right|Squadron Leader Shivdev Singh, second from left, flanked by a [[British Indian Army]] officer, while Flight Lieutenant [[Asghar Khan]], third from the left, is flanked by a [[Wing Commander]] during a mission planning session, [[World War II]], 1945]]
During the [[Second World War]], Singh was among the first [[24 Indian pilots]] selected from the Indian Air Force's 4th Pilot's Course to be seconded to the United Kingdom for operational training and squadron service with the [[Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve]] (RAFVR).<ref name=Nair2019.2>{{cite book |last1=Nair |first1=K. S. |title=The Forgotten Few; The Indian Air Force in World War II |date=2019 |publisher=Harper Collins |location=Noida, UP |isbn=978-93-5357-067-5 |pages=42–70 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7SufDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA42|chapter= 2. 1939-40: War in Europe |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Chowdhry2018>{{cite book |last1=Chowdhry |first1=Mohindra S. |title=Defence of Europe by Sikh Soldiers in the World Wars |date=2018 |publisher=Troubador Publishing Ltd |location=Leicestershire |isbn=978-1788037-983 |pages=329–383 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=twFQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA365 |language=en |chapter=7. Sikhs in the Second World War}}</ref> From 12 July 1941 to 23 December 1941 he was squadron pilot to [[RAF Harwell]].<ref name=BR.Dev/>

Singh was commissioned as a flight officer on 1 February 1942.<ref name=BR.Dev/> As a bomber pilot, he flew 22 operational missions over Germany.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian soldiers {{!}} Making Britain |url=https://www5.open.ac.uk/research-projects/making-britain/taxonomy/term/385 |website=www5.open.ac.uk |access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref><ref name=Gupta2022>{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Anchit |date=3 December 2022 |title=The Inspiring Journey of the 4th Pilot Course |url=https://iafhistory.in/2022/12/03/trailblazers-in-the-skies-the-inspiring-journey-of-the-4th-pilot-course/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531061050/https://iafhistory.in/2022/12/03/trailblazers-in-the-skies-the-inspiring-journey-of-the-4th-pilot-course/ |archive-date=31 May 2025 |access-date=31 May 2025 |website=#IAFHistory}}</ref> He was appointed co-pilot to [[Drummond Wilson]], serving with him on one raid in a [[Short Stirling]].<ref name=Singh2021>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Ranveer |date=2021 |title=The Shadows of Empire: British Imperial and Sikh History on the Streets of Westminster, London |url=https://alittlehistoryofthesikhs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/RavSingh_SRJ_V6N1_Formatted_Final.pdf |journal=Sikh Research Journal |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=75–76 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324203107/https://alittlehistoryofthesikhs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/RavSingh_SRJ_V6N1_Formatted_Final.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="Godmanchester">{{cite web |title=The Godmanchester Stirling - Pilot Officer Shiv Dev Singh |url=http://www.thegodmanchesterstirling.co.uk/the-godmanchester-stirling1/additional-crewmen/14-pilot-officer-shiv-dev-singh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614083916/https://www.thegodmanchesterstirling.co.uk/the-godmanchester-stirling1/additional-crewmen/14-pilot-officer-shiv-dev-singh |archive-date=14 June 2025 |access-date=28 May 2025 |website=www.thegodmanchesterstirling.co.uk}}</ref> In March 1942 he transferred to [[RAF Middle East Command]].<ref name=Singh2021/> From there, he was subsequently posted to Egypt.<ref name=Singh2021/>

During the [[Burma campaign (1944–1945)]] in March 1945 Singh, then in [[No. 3 Squadron IAF]], led a large wing formation flight over [[Japanese occupation of Burma|Japanese-occupied Burma]], contributing to the capture of Rangoon in May 1945.<ref name=Singh2021/><ref>{{cite news |title=North Mandalay clear of Japs |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/19450316/111/0008 |access-date=5 June 2025 |work=Civil & Military Gazette |date=16 March 1945 |location=Lahore |page=8|url-access=subscription|via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]}}</ref> After 18 months in Burma he was reassigned to New Guinea.<ref name=Singh2021/> He served as the Commanding Officer of [[No. 12 Squadron IAF|No. 12 Squadron]] in Agra from 6 December 1946.<ref name=BR.Dev/>

===Post independence===
Singh was appointed as the Station Commander of 4 Wing in Agra from 15 August 1947 to mid-October 1948.<ref name=BR.Dev/> Throughout April 1951 he attended the [[RAF Staff College, Andover|Royal Air Force Staff College]] in [[Andover, Hampshire|Andover]], UK.<ref name=BR.Dev/> Following this, he served as the Air Advisor at the [[India House, London|High Commission of India]] in London from November 1948 to late-April 1950.<ref name=BR.Dev/> Upon returning to India, he was the Station Commander at Air Force Station [[Jalahalli]], [[Bengaluru]], from June 1951 to the end of January 1953.<ref name=BR.Dev/> He then served as the Senior Air Staff Officer at Operational Command in Delhi from 25 January 1953 to 1 September 1954.<ref name=BR.Dev/>

Singh was appointed Director of Organisation at [[Air HQ Communication Squadron, Indian Air Force|Air Headquarters]] in Delhi from early March 1955 to the end of May 1958.<ref name=BR.Dev/> He was the Air Officer Commanding of No. 1 Operational Group ([[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]]) in Calcutta from 27 May 1958 to early December 1959, and later the Air Officer Commanding of Advance Headquarters, Operational Command in [[Simla]] from January 1960 to January 1963.<ref name=BR.Dev/> He then served as the Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Eastern Air Command in Calcutta from January 1963 to 9 June 1963, Central Air Command in Calcutta from June 1963 to March 1966, and Western Air Command in Delhi from March 1966 to the end of July 1969.<ref name=BR.Dev/>

From July 1969 until his retirement on 31 March 1973, Singh served as the [[Air marshal (India)|Vice Chief of Air Staff]] at the [[Indian Air Force]] Headquarters in Delhi.<ref name=BR.Dev/> During this period, he played a key role in planning and managing air operations in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].<ref name=BR.Dev/><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DdohlIUDakUC&pg=RA10-PA10 |title=Sainik Samachar |publisher=Director of Public Relations, Ministry of Defence |year=1970 |pages=10 |language=en}}</ref> After retirement, he was appointed as the Commodore Commandant of No. 12 Squadron in June 1976.<ref name=BR.Dev/>

==Death==
Singh died on 29 December 1993.<ref name=BR.Dev/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Leivers |first1=Roger |title=Stirling to Essen: The Godmanchester Stirling : a Bomber Command Story of Courage and Tragedy |date=2017 |publisher=Fighting High |isbn=978-0-9934152-8-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyMungAACAAJ|language=en}}

==External links==
*{{YouTube|KQx_j5UkyAI|Arrival at London, 8 October 1940}} ([[Pathé News|British Pathé]])
*{{cite web |title=15 Squadron Stirling I N6067 LS-E Sq/Ldr. Mathew D.H. Wilson, Beck Lodge Farm, Mildenhall |url=https://aircrewremembered.com/wilson-mathew-drummond.html |website=Aircrew Remembered site |access-date=4 June 2025 |language=en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Shivdev}}
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Indian military aviators]]
[[Category:24 Indian pilots]]
[[Category:Indian World War II pilots]]
[[Category:World War II fighter pilots]]
[[Category:People of the India–Pakistan war of 1947–1948]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Air Force College Cranwell]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian military personnel]]

Palvai Harish Babu

2026-04-16T05:54:50Z

GeorgiannaStrand: made basic pg more to come...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Palvai Harish Babu
| image =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Sirpur Assembly constituency|Sirpur]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Koneru Konappa]]
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party = *[[Indian National Congress]] (2018 - 2021)
*
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|07|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rebbena]], [[Bejjur mandal]], [[Komaram Bheem Asifabad district]], [[Telangana]]
| spouse =
}}
'''Palvai Harish Babu''' is an Indian politician from Telangana. He won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Sirpur Assembly constituency]] in [[Komaram Bheem Asifabad district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S291.htm |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Harish Babu did his MBBS from Osmania Medical College Hyderabad in 2004, MS Orthopedics from Sri Ramachandra University Chennai in 2010, DNB Orthopedics from National Board of Examination New Delhi in 2011.

== Career ==
Babu is the son of Palvai Purushottam Rao who won as an Independent MLA in 1989 and 1994, and he also contested the 1999 elections before he was shot dead by Peoples War group. Later, his mother Palvai Rajyalakshmi contested as a TDP candidate and won in the [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Palvai Rajyalaxmi |url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/2010/001_03_Palvai_Rajyalaxmi.pdfA |access-date=August 2, 2024 |website=ceotelangana.nic.in}}</ref> After a long time, Palvai Harish won from Sirpur Assembly constituency as a BJP candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sirpur, Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Sirpur में Dr.palvai Harish Babu ने 3088 मतों सेहासिल की जीत |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/sirpur-telangana-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830680-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=आज तक |date=3 December 2023 |language=hi}}</ref> He was Sirpur-Kagaznagar constituency in-charge.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2019-09-18 |title=Farmers stage dharna demanding urea in Kagaznagar |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/farmers-stage-dharna-demanding-urea-in-kagaznagar-565046 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

Babu was appointed BJP Legislature Party chief whip on 14 February 2024.<ref name="Aleti to Head BJLP, 7 of 8 BJP MLAs Get LP posts, Raja Singh Left Out">{{cite news |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=14 February 2024 |title=Aleti to Head BJLP, 7 of 8 BJP MLAs Get LP posts, Raja Singh Left Out |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/aleti-to-head-bjlp-7-of-8-bjp-mlas-get-lp-posts-raja-singh-left-out-882183 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215003610/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/aleti-to-head-bjlp-7-of-8-bjp-mlas-get-lp-posts-raja-singh-left-out-882183 |archive-date=15 February 2024 |access-date=7 March 2024 |work=}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babu, Palvai Harish}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]

{{Telangana-BJP-politician-stub}}

Mayang Imphal Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:48:46Z

GeorgiannaStrand: Adding Stub

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mayang Imphal
| mla = [[Kongkham Robindro Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| state = [[Manipur]]
| district = [[Imphal West district|Imphal West]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:32053}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 23
}}
'''Mayang Imphal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)''' is one of the 60 constituencies in the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] of [[Manipur]], a north-eastern state of [[India]]. Mayang Imphal is also part of [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/manipur/assembly-constituencies/mayang-imphal.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Mayang Imphal Assembly Constituency]</ref>

== Extent ==
Mayang Imphal is the 23rd among 60 constituencies of Manipur. It consists of 41 parts namely: 1 - Samushang Shantipur, 2 - Kokchai, 3 - Mutum Yangbi, 4 - Mayang Imphal Konchak Awang Leikai, 5 - Mayang Imphal Konchak Makha Leikai, 6 - Mayang Imphal Konchak Mayai Leikai, 7 - Mayang Imphal Konchak (A), 8 - Mayang Imphal Konchak (B), 9 - Mayang Imphal Thana Awang Leikai Sorok Maning, 10 - Mayang Imphal Thana Sorok Mamang and Bazar Mamang, 11 - Mayang Imphal Thana Mamang (A), 12 - Mayang Imphal Thana Mamang (B), 13 - Chirai, 14 - Mayang Imphal Thana Khunou I.B. Awang, 15 - Mayang Imphal Thana Khunou I.B. Makha, 16 - Chabung Company, 17 - Chabung Company Makha Leikai, 18 - Mayang Imphal Wangkhei Leikai (A), 19 - Mayang Imphal Wangkhei Leikai (B), 20 - Bengoon, 21 - Bengoon Loukok Leikai, 22 - Bengoon Yangbi Leikai, 23 - Bengoon Awang Leikai, 24 - Bengoon Maning & Makha Leikai, 25 - Bengoon Mayai Leikai, 26 - Uchiwa Wangbal, 27 - Uchiwa Awang Leikai, 28 - Uchiwa Mayai Leikai (A), 29 - Uchiwa Mayai Leikai (B), 30 - Hangoon, 31 - Heiyel, 32 - Thongam, 33 - Phoubakchao Awang Leikai, 34 - Phoubakchao Makha Leikai, 35 - Komlakhong Makha Leikai (A), 36 - Komlakhong Makha Leikai (B), 37 - Laphupat Tera Khunou (A), 38 - Laphupat Tera Awang Leikai, 39 - Laphupat Tera, 40 - Laphupat Tera Khunou (B), and 41 - Khordak.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CEO, Manipur {{!}} Electoral Roll |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/eroll |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=ceomanipur.nic.in}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election!!Member!!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[C. Rajmohon]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Abdul Latip]]
|-
| [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| Abdul Latip
|{{Full party name with color|Manipur People's Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[Khumujam Amutombi Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[Meinam Nilachandra Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Khumujam Amutombi Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| Meinam Nilachandra Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| Khumujam Amutombi Singh
|-
| [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| Meinam Nilchandra Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Federal Party of Manipur}}
|-
| [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| Dr. [[Khumujam Ratan Kumar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| Dr. Khumujam Ratan Kumar Singh
|-
| [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Kongkham Robindro Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| Kongkham Robindro Singh

|-
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|47.73}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|55.40}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.90}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|37.99}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Federal Party of Manipur}}|30.75}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|27.55}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|32.13}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|40.95}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Janata Party}}|36.15}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|36.51}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|36.44}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1972|1972]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|29.15}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|33.17}}
}}
=== Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Mayang Imphal<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kongkham Robindro Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,642 |percentage=47.73% |change=-7.68% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Khumujam Ratankumar Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,513 |percentage=27.75% |change=-16.39% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Urikhimbam Ramesh Singh |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=7,374 |percentage=24.04% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,129 |percentage=19.98% |change=8.72% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,679 |percentage=95.71% |change= 0.76% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,053 |change =10.79% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= -7.68% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Mayang Imphal<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kongkham Robindro Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,221 |percentage=55.40% |change=49.93% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Khumujam Ratankumar Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,127 |percentage=44.14% |change=0.24% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,094 |percentage=11.26% |change=7.91% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,473 |percentage=94.96% |change= 2.74% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,932 |change =13.13% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 11.51% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Mayang Imphal<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Khumujam Ratankumar Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,353 |percentage=43.90% |change=5.91% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kongkham Manglem Singh |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=9,562 |percentage=40.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Meinam Khagemba |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=2,377 |percentage=10.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bogimayum Moulana Abdus Salam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,292 |percentage=5.48% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=791 |percentage=3.35% |change=-1.21% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,584 |percentage=92.22% |change= -0.81% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,575 |change =9.36% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 5.91% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Mayang Imphal<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Khumujam Ratankumar Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,265 |percentage=37.99% |change=12.10% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maulana Abdus Salam |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=7,272 |percentage=33.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Meinam Nilchandra Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=5,927 |percentage=27.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Iboton Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=194 |percentage=0.89% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=993 |percentage=4.56% |change=4.15% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,756 |percentage=93.03% |change= -0.16% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,386 |change =16.70% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Federal Party of Manipur |swing= 7.24% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Mayang Imphal<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Meinam Nilchandra Singh |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=5,688 |percentage=30.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Salam |party=Manipur National Conference |votes=5,612 |percentage=30.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kh. Amutombi Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,789 |percentage=25.89% |change=-1.66% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Iboton Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=2,325 |percentage=12.57% |change=-14.44% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=76 |percentage=0.41% |change=-0.14% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,499 |percentage=93.19% |change= -1.74% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,039 |change =5.80% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Federal Party of Manipur |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.39% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Mayang Imphal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Khumujam Amutombi Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,780 |percentage=27.55% |change=-4.58% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Meinam Nilchandra Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=4,685 |percentage=27.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Salam |party=Samata Party |votes=4,138 |percentage=23.85% |change=18.21% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Iboton Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,971 |percentage=11.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Jabar |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=754 |percentage=4.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chanambam Biren |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=470 |percentage=2.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Heigrujam Shyam Singh |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=170 |percentage=0.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Heikrujam Nikunja Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=155 |percentage=0.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thongam Nando Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=114 |percentage=0.66% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=95 |percentage=0.55% |change=-5.00% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,349 |percentage=94.21% |change= -0.72% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,940 |change =3.40% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -4.58% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Mayang Imphal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Meinam Nilchandra Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,488 |percentage=32.13% |change=-0.50% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amutombi Khumujam Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=4,541 |percentage=26.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Salam |party=Independent politician |votes=4,336 |percentage=25.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Jugin Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,674 |percentage=9.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ch. Budhichandra |party=Samata Party |votes=963 |percentage=5.64% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=947 |percentage=5.55% |change=-2.77% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,078 |percentage=94.93% |change= 7.15% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,318 |change =-17.48% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Dal |swing= -8.82% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Mayang Imphal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Khumujam Amutombi Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=7,907 |percentage=40.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Meinam Nilchandra Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,301 |percentage=32.63% |change=-0.39% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Latip]] |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=5,100 |percentage=26.41% |change=-3.54% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,606 |percentage=8.32% |change=5.19% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,308 |percentage=87.78% |change= 3.90% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,198 |change =20.56% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal |loser=Janata Party |swing= 4.80% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Mayang Imphal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Meinam Nilchandra Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=5,426 |percentage=36.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khumukcham Amutombi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,957 |percentage=33.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Latip]] |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=4,495 |percentage=29.95% |change=25.64% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Rajen Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=130 |percentage=0.87% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=469 |percentage=3.13% |change=-11.05% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,008 |percentage=83.88% |change= 0.46% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,413 |change =18.99% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= -0.35% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Mayang Imphal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Khunujam Amutombi |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=4,569 |percentage=36.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Latip]] |party=Janata Party |votes=2,795 |percentage=22.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Meinam Nilchandra Singh |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=2,779 |percentage=22.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Oinam Thambalngou |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,752 |percentage=14.00% |change=-17.31% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Alimuddin |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=539 |percentage=4.31% |change=-32.13% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Rajauddin |party=Independent politician |votes=81 |percentage=0.65% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,774 |percentage=14.17% |change=9.05% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,515 |percentage=83.42% |change= -1.50% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,475 |change =31.00% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= 0.07% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Mayang Imphal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Latip]] |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=3,512 |percentage=36.44% |change=11.39% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khaidem Mangol Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,018 |percentage=31.31% |change=13.36% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thongram Iboyaima Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,443 |percentage=25.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thokchom Tomchou |party=Independent politician |votes=574 |percentage=5.96% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=494 |percentage=5.13% |change=1.02% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,638 |percentage=84.91% |change= -0.90% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,813 |change =19.95% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= 7.28% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Mayang Imphal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Latip]] |party=Independent politician |votes=2,391 |percentage=29.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khaidem Gulamjat Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,054 |percentage=25.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khaidem Mangol Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,472 |percentage=17.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yumkhaimbam Kumad |party=Independent politician |votes=1,311 |percentage=15.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khoiram Tolangou |party=Indian National Congress |votes=973 |percentage=11.86% |change=-11.49% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=337 |percentage=4.11% |change=-2.25% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,201 |percentage=85.81% |change= 0.14% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,848 |change =-36.62% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= -4.01% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Mayang Imphal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Rajmohon |party=Independent politician |votes=4,253 |percentage=33.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Gulamjat |party=Independent politician |votes=3,438 |percentage=26.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Toyaima |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,995 |percentage=23.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suleiman |party=Independent politician |votes=2,136 |percentage=16.66% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=815 |percentage=6.36% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,822 |percentage=85.67% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,539 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Mayang Imphal]]
* [[Imphal West district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Manipur Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|24.60|93.87|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Imphal West district]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Manipur]]

Soraba Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:36:04Z

GeorgiannaStrand: stub.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Soraba
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 116
| map_image = 116-Sorab constituency.svg
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Shimoga district|Shimoga]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shimoga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shimoga]]
| established = 1966
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:195341}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| mla = [[Madhu Bangarappa]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soraba Election Result 2023 LIVE: Soraba MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/sorab-assembly-elections-ka-116/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
| party = [[Indian National Congress ]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Kumar Bangarappa]]
}}

'''Soraba Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Shimoga district]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan="7" | [[Sarekoppa Bangarappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Sanghata Socialist Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || {{Full party name with color|Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1996 elections in India#Karnataka|1996 By-election]] || rowspan="3" | [[Kumar Bangarappa]]
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[Hartalu Halappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[Madhu Bangarappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Kumar Bangarappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Madhu Bangarappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Soraba <ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Madhu Bangarappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 98,912 |percentage = 60.30% |change = {{increase}}46.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Kumara Bangarappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 54,650 |percentage = 33.32% |change = {{decrease}}12.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basuru Chandregowdru |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 6,477 |percentage = 3.95% |change = {{decrease}}33.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,010 |percentage = 0.62% |change = {{decrease}}0.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 44,262 |percentage = 26.98% |change = {{increase}}18.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 164,249 |percentage = 84.08% |change = {{decrease}}0.57 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 164,036}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 195,341 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.81 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}14.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Soraba <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/karnataka/sorab-election-result/|title=Soraba (GEN) |website=www.news18.com |publisher=[[News18 India]] |location=India |accessdate=31 Jul 2021 }}</ref><ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kumar Bangarappa]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 72,091 |percentage = 46.15% |change = {{increase}}42.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Madhu Bangarappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 58,805 |percentage = 37.65% |change = {{decrease}}4.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raju. M. Talluru |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,721 |percentage = 13.91% |change = {{decrease}}10.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,039 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,286 |percentage = 8.51% |change = {{decrease}}6.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 156,284 |percentage = 84.65% |change = {{increase}}2.58 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 156,194}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 184,621 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.31 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}3.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Soraba <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Madhu Bangarappa]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 58,541 |percentage = 42.60% |change = {{increase}}41.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Halappa |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 37,316 |percentage = 27.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Kumara Bangarappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,176 |percentage = 24.14% |change = {{decrease}}2.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chikkavali Nagarajagowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,226 |percentage = 3.80% |change = {{decrease}}39.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Bheemappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,514 |percentage = 1.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavanyappa. G |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,343 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Gurumurthy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,081 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Chandrappagowda |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 1,026 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Satyanarayana |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 940 |percentage = 0.68% |change = {{increase}}0.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,225 |percentage = 15.45% |change = {{decrease}}1.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 141,194 |percentage = 82.07% |change = {{increase}}5.39 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 137,407}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 172,039 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.80 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}0.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Soraba <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Hartalu Halappa]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 53,552 |percentage = 43.36% |change = {{increase}}11.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Kumara Bangarappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,499 |percentage = 26.31% |change = {{decrease}}17.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Madhu Bangarappa |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 31,135 |percentage = 25.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. R. Shivalinga Swamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,588 |percentage = 2.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. G. Parashurama |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,041 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh Wodiyar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 981 |percentage = 0.79% |change = {{decrease}}1.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kotresh. M. E |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 959 |percentage = 0.78% |change = {{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Satyanarayana |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 753 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,053 |percentage = 17.05% |change = {{increase}}5.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 123,521 |percentage = 76.68% |change = {{decrease}}0.05 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 123,508}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,081 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.06 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Soraba <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kumar Bangarappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 44,677 |percentage = 43.43% |change = {{decrease}}0.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Madhu Bangarappa]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 32,748 |percentage = 31.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavanyappa. G |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,209 |percentage = 17.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. R. Shivalinga Swamy |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,432 |percentage = 2.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ishwarappa Naik |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,160 |percentage = 2.10% |change = {{increase}}0.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basur Chandrappa Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 992 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kiran Kumar. R. G |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 916 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devaraja. S. G |party = Urs Samyuktha Paksha |votes = 745 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,929 |percentage = 11.60% |change = {{decrease}}2.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 102,943 |percentage = 76.73% |change = {{increase}}0.57 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 102,879}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,166 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Soraba <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kumar Bangarappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,773 |percentage = 43.93% |change = {{increase}}36.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. B. Prakash |party = Independent politician |votes = 26,278 |percentage = 29.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ishwarappa Naik |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 13,675 |percentage = 15.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Manjunatha |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,003 |percentage = 4.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basur Chandrappa Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,170 |percentage = 2.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Dakappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,684 |percentage = 1.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Yusuf |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,684 |percentage = 1.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,495 |percentage = 14.16% |change = {{decrease}}29.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 91,968 |percentage = 76.16% |change = {{increase}}11.62 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 88,267}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,700 |percentage = 4.02% |change = {{increase}}2.56 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,764 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.44 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |swing = {{decrease}}15.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1996 elections in India#Karnataka|1996 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Soraba <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeNov1996/index.htm |title=Bye Elections - 1996 - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kumar Bangarappa]] |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 44,689 |percentage = 59.33% |change = {{increase}}7.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. R. Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 12,108 |percentage = 16.07% |change = {{increase}}8.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basur Chandrappa Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,140 |percentage = 10.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Channaverappa Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 5,866 |percentage = 7.79% |change = {{increase}}2.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pani Rajappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,519 |percentage = 6.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,581 |percentage = 43.26% |change = {{increase}}22.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 74,622 |percentage = 64.54% |change = {{decrease}}14.35 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,322}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,091 |percentage = 1.46% |change = {{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,626 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.05 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |swing = {{increase}}7.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Soraba <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sarekoppa Bangarappa]] |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 45,641 |percentage = 51.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basur Chandrappa Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 27,171 |percentage = 30.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Bangarappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 6,339 |percentage = 7.22% |change = {{increase}}3.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Edur Parasuramppa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 4,525 |percentage = 5.15% |change = {{decrease}}49.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pani Rajappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 3,529 |percentage = 4.02% |change = {{decrease}}31.57 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,470 |percentage = 21.02% |change = {{increase}}1.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 89,387 |percentage = 78.89% |change = {{decrease}}0.49 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 87,853}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,533 |percentage = 1.72% |change = {{decrease}}3.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,304 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.38 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Soraba <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sarekoppa Bangarappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,648 |percentage = 54.68% |change = {{decrease}}10.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Edooru Parashuramappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 27,107 |percentage = 35.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sudheer |party = Janata Party |votes = 3,813 |percentage = 5.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. R. Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,543 |percentage = 3.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. K. Manjunatha Gowda |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 821 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,541 |percentage = 19.09% |change = {{decrease}}15.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,030 |percentage = 79.38% |change = {{increase}}4.41 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 76,171}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,859 |percentage = 4.82% |change = {{increase}}3.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,823 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.58 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}10.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Soraba <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sarekoppa Bangarappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,102 |percentage = 64.84% |change = {{increase}}29.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prapulla Madhukar |party = Janata Party |votes = 17,491 |percentage = 29.77% |change = {{decrease}}34.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. V. Rudrappa Gowda |party = Lokdal |votes = 1,857 |percentage = 3.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Masthar Kariyappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 958 |percentage = 1.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,611 |percentage = 35.07% |change = {{increase}}6.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,714 |percentage = 74.97% |change = {{decrease}}4.64 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,763}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 951 |percentage = 1.59% |change = {{decrease}}0.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,650 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.10 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}0.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Soraba <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sarekoppa Bangarappa]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 37,081 |percentage = 64.33% |change = {{increase}}45.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kagodu Thimmappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,559 |percentage = 35.67% |change = {{increase}}18.97 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,522 |percentage = 28.66% |change = {{decrease}}12.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,654 |percentage = 79.61% |change = {{increase}}0.19 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,640}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,014 |percentage = 1.73% |change = {{decrease}}0.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,679 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.46 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}3.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Soraba <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sarekoppa Bangarappa]] |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 32,426 |percentage = 60.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Nagappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 10,131 |percentage = 18.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Channaverappa Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,965 |percentage = 16.70% |change = {{decrease}}14.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. S. Chandrasekhara |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,741 |percentage = 3.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,295 |percentage = 41.53% |change = {{increase}}26.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,962 |percentage = 79.42% |change = {{increase}}1.61 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,687}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,275 |percentage = 2.32% |change = {{increase}}2.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,207 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.09 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Samyukta Socialist Party |swing = {{increase}}14.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Soraba <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sarekoppa Bangarappa]] |party = Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 22,537 |percentage = 46.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. C. Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,243 |percentage = 31.16% |change = {{decrease}}5.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. K. Rudrappa Naik |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 11,133 |percentage = 22.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,294 |percentage = 14.91% |change = {{decrease}}11.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,289 |percentage = 77.81% |change = {{increase}}0.83 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 48,913}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,628 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.82 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Samyukta Socialist Party |loser = Sanghata Socialist Party |swing = {{decrease}}16.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Soraba <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sarekoppa Bangarappa]] |party = Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 25,724 |percentage = 62.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. P. Eswarappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,990 |percentage = 36.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 569 |percentage = 1.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,734 |percentage = 26.00% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,952 |percentage = 76.98% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,283}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,798 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Sanghata Socialist Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Shimoga district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|14.38|75.09|display=title}}

[[Category:Shimoga district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1966]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Mysore State]]

Yanai Paagan

2026-04-15T18:25:31Z

GeorgiannaStrand: new.

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yanai Paagan
| image = Yanai Paagan.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[M. A. Thirumugam]]
| producer = [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Ayyapillai
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Udaykumar]] [[B. Saroja Devi]] [[P. S. Veerappa]] [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]
| narrator =
| music = K. V. Mahadevan
| cinematography = C. V. Moorthi
| editing = [[M. A. Thirumugam]], Mariappan, Balu Rao
| studio = [[Devar Films]]
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1960|10|19|ref1=<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1960 – யானை பாகன் – தேவர் பிலிம்ஸ் |trans-title=1960 – Yaanai Paagan – Devar Films |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1960-cinedetails42.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170508020614/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1960-cinedetails42.asp |archive-date=8 May 2017 |access-date=8 May 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 166 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
}}
'''''Yaanai Paagan''''' ({{translation|[[Mahout]]}}) is a 1960 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[adventure film]] directed by [[M. A. Thirumugam]]. The film stars [[Udaykumar]] and [[B. Saroja Devi]]. It was released on 19 October 1960.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=July 2022}}
== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Udaykumar]] as Shankar
*[[B. Saroja Devi]]
*[[P. S. Veerappa]]
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Valli
*[[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]
*[[S. V. Subbaiah]]
*[[S. D. Subbulakshmi]]
*[[Kuladeivam Rajagopal|V. R. Rajagopal]] as Skandan
*[[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]
}}

== Dubbed versions ==
The film was dubbed into Telugu and released in 1961 as ''Evaru Donga'' and into Hindi, also released in 1961, as ''Mahavat''.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]] while the lyrics were penned by [[A. Maruthakasi]], Kovai Kumaradevan, Puratchidasan and [[Alangudi Somu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 1960 |title=Yanai Paagan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – Single |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/yanai-paagan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-single/1444296257 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531020044/https://music.apple.com/in/album/yanai-paagan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-single/1444296257 |archive-date=31 May 2019 |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=210 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyricist !! Length
|-
| "Aambalaikku Pombala Avasiyandhaan" || A. L. Raghavan & L. R. Eswari || Alangudi Somu || 03:26
|-
| "Sengani Vaai Thirandhu Sirithiduvai" || Sirkazhi Govindarajan & P. Susheela || rowspan=2|Puratchidasan || 06:11
|-
| "Paadupatta Thozhilaali Pasikudhendraan" || P. Leela & group || 02:42
|-
| "Pandhiyile Mattum Munne" || A. L. Raghavan, L. R. Eswari & group || rowspan=4|A. Maruthakasi || 06:34
|-
| "Nenjinile Inbam Konjiduthe" || P. Susheela ||02:53
|-
| "Thulli Vizhum Aruviyai Pol" || T. M. Soundararajan & P. Susheela || 03:43
|-
| "Yaarukku Anjaame Kaariyathai" || K. Jamuna Rani || 02:27
|-
| "Padhinaarum Niraiyaadha" || T. M. Soundararajan || rowspan=2|Kovai Kumaradevan || 03:29
|-
| "Uyarvu Thaazhvu Illaamale" || P. Susheela & group || 03:46
|}

== Reception ==
''[[The Indian Express|The Sunday Standard]]'' appreciated the locations, cinematography and performances of the cast.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 1960 |title=Yaanaippaagan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vzY-6mMDyDUC&dat=19601106&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express|The Sunday Standard]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar}}
{{M. A. Thirumugam}}
[[Category:1960 films]]
[[Category:1960 adventure films]]
[[Category:1960 Indian films]]
[[Category:1960 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about elephants]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. A. Thirumugam]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Indian adventure films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language adventure films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Ramany vs Ramany

2026-04-11T21:49:52Z

GeorgiannaStrand: made initial post added tags

{{Short description|Tamil Comedy Show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ramany vs Ramany season 2.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption = Season 2 - DVD cover
| genre = [[Sitcom]]
| creator = [[Kavithalayaa Productions|Min Bimbangal]]
| based_on =
| developer =
| story = [[Bala Kailasam|B. Kailasam]] C. J. Bhaskar (Part 1 dialogues) Usha Subramanian (Part 2 dialogues) Gopu Babu Bharat Gopu Vigneshwari Suresh Prashanth (Part 3 dialogues)
| screenplay = Naga (Part 1)
| director = [[Naga (director)|Naga]]
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] [[Vasuki Anand]] [[Ram G]] [[Devadarshini]]
| judges =
| voices =
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer = Rehaan
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 76
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Parts 1 and 2: [[Geetha Kailasam|Geeta B. Kailasam]] Part 3: Pushpa Kandaswamy Kandaswamy Bharathan
| editor = Part 3: Ramamoorthy S T.Ravikumar
| cinematography = Part 1: R. Narayan Kumar, B. Ulaganathan Part 2: Anand Babu Part 3: N. Sathish Kumar
| camera =
| runtime = 20-27 minutes
| company = [[Kavithalayaa Productions|Min Bimbangal]]
| network = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| released = {{Start date|1998}}
| network2 = [[Raj TV]]
| released2 = {{Start date|2001}}
| network3 = [[aha (streaming service)|aha]]
| released3 = {{Start date|2022}}
| related =
}}
'''''Ramany vs Ramany''''' (also spelled as '''''Ramani vs Ramani''''') is a [[Tamil-language]] [[sitcom]] directed by [[Naga (director)|Naga]] and produced by [[K. Balachander]] under the banner of [[Kavithalayaa Productions|Min Bimbangal]].<ref name="Ramany">{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=10 February 2022 |title='Ramany vs Ramany' works due to its relatability, says Ram G |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tamil-hit-serial-ramany-vs-ramany-gets-a-new-avataar/article38406144.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213091115/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tamil-hit-serial-ramany-vs-ramany-gets-a-new-avataar/article38406144.ece |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=13 February 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="Balachander">{{Cite web |last=விஜயலட்சுமி |first=பா. |date=8 March 2017 |title=சஹானா, ப்ரேமி, ரமணி, அங்கயற்கண்ணி' - கே.பாலசந்தர் கண்ட புதுமைப்பெண்கள்! |trans-title=`Sahana, Premi, Ramani, Angayarkanni '- K. Balachander created modern women! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/83037-a-few-female-leads-of-kbalachandars-tv-serials |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218055017/https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/83037-a-few-female-leads-of-kbalachandars-tv-serials |archive-date=18 February 2022 |access-date=18 February 2022 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> It is recognized as the first ever Tamil sitcom.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2022 |title=Irai to Mad Company, Aha announces new Tamil originals |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/feb/13/irai-to-mad-company-aha-announces-new-tamil-originals-29714.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214092102/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/feb/13/irai-to-mad-company-aha-announces-new-tamil-originals-29714.html |archive-date=14 February 2022 |access-date=18 February 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The series humorously depicts the daily life of a married couple, both named Ramany, highlighting their interpersonal clashes and quirky adventures. The narrative revolves around Mr. Ramany, an innocent sales representative, and Mrs. Ramany, a dissatisfied housewife who frequently laments her husband's shortcomings.<ref name="release">{{Cite web |date=23 February 2022 |title=Tamil sitcom Ramany vs. Ramany's season 3 to stream on an OTT platform |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-sitcom-ramany-vs-ramanys-season-3-to-stream-on-an-ott-platform/articleshow/89772058.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223160413/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-sitcom-ramany-vs-ramanys-season-3-to-stream-on-an-ott-platform/articleshow/89772058.cms |archive-date=23 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Ramany" />

The series originally aired in two seasons. The first season, starring [[Anand Sai|Vasuki Anand]] and [[Babloo Prithiveeraj|Prithvi Raj]], premiered on Sun TV in 1998 and consisted of 25 episodes.<ref name="Ramany" /><ref name="Balachander" /> The second season, featuring [[Ram G]] and [[Devadarshini]], aired on [[Raj TV]] in 2001 with a total of 51 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2022 |title='நகைச்சுவை பாணியில் குடும்பப் பிரச்சினைகள்' - மீண்டும் சின்னத்திரைக்கு வரும் 'ரமணி vs ரமணி' |trans-title='Comedy Style Family Issues' - 'Ramani vs Ramani' coming back to the big screen |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/758738-ramani-vs-ramani-shooting-goes-on-full-swing.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127130955/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/758738-ramani-vs-ramani-shooting-goes-on-full-swing.html |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=18 February 2022 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref name="Ramany" /> Both seasons were later re-telecast on [[Vasanth TV]] and uploaded to [[Kavithalayaa Productions|Kavithalayaa]]'s YouTube channel, where they gained a renewed audience and popularity.<ref name="Ramany" />

In 2022, a third season titled ''[[Ramany vs Ramany 3.0]]'' was released as a web series on [[aha (streaming service)|aha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2022 |title="ரமணி Vs ரமணி" திரைத்தொடர் மீண்டும் புதிய வடிவத்தில் |trans-title=Ramany and Ramany returns in new form |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/ramani-vs-ramani-movie-series-is-back-with-a-new-season-titled-ramani-vs-ramani-3-0-379997 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213021850/https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/ramani-vs-ramani-movie-series-is-back-with-a-new-season-titled-ramani-vs-ramani-3-0-379997 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=13 February 2022 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref name="All time">{{Cite web |date=21 January 2022 |title=வெப் சீரிஸாக வெளிவருகிறது மக்களின் ஆல் டைம் பேவரைட் சீரியல்! |trans-title=All time favorite serial returning as web series! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-upcoming-web-series-ramani-vs-ramani-comdey-drama-series-season-3-sre-ghta-670993.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213032424/https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-upcoming-web-series-ramani-vs-ramani-comdey-drama-series-season-3-sre-ghta-670993.html |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=13 February 2022 |website=[[News18]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> Vasuki Anand and Ram G reprised their roles from the earlier seasons, while Devadarshini did not return.<ref name="Ramany" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2022 |title=அங்கீகாரம் கொடுத்த சீரியலில் நடிக்க மறுத்த தேவதர்ஷினி - காரணம் என்ன தெரியுமா? |trans-title=Devadarshini refused to act in a recognized serial – Do you know the reason? |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-devadarshini-says-no-to-ramani-vs-ramani-serial-devadarshini-family-man-scs-689819.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211071120/https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-devadarshini-says-no-to-ramani-vs-ramani-serial-devadarshini-family-man-scs-689819.html |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=18 February 2022 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref> The season marked the show's transition to digital platforms, with the first episode premiering on 4 March 2022.<ref name="release" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=வெப் சீரிஸாக மாறும் 90-களின் கிளாசிக் நகைச்சுவைத் தொடர்! |trans-title=90s Classic Comedy Series That Will Become A Web Series! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-ramany-vs-ramany-serial-remade-as-web-series-and-available-on-aha-ott-ghta-scs-702471.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225094203/https://www.instagram.com/p/CZ1nCi1lHsv/embed/captioned/?cr=1&v=14&wp=466&rd=https%3A%2F%2Ftamil.news18.com&rp=%2Fnews%2Fentertainment%2Ftelevision-zee-tamil-sathya-serial-vishnu-to-pair-with-rachitha-for-idhu-solla-marandha-kadhai-in-colors-tamil-ghta-scs-703545.html |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==

=== Season 1 ===
[[File:Ramany vs Ramany season 1.jpg|thumb|220px| Season 1 - DVD cover]]The story centers on Mr. Ramany ([[Babloo Prithiveeraj|Prithivi Raj]]), the youngest child in a family with three older sisters. As the much-anticipated male child, he enjoys a privileged position in the family, which sparks jealousy among his sisters. Raised in a strict household with a father who enforces military-like discipline and a mother who constantly lectures as a primary school teacher, Mr. Ramany longs to escape his family environment and dreams of moving to the [[United States]].

However, his plans are thwarted when his family insists he marries a woman with the same name, Ramany (Vasuki), who has briefly lived in the United States. Despite their shared name, the two are vastly different individuals with conflicting personalities and aspirations. The marriage, arranged by their families, leads to a comical dynamic as the couple struggles with their incompatibilities and frequent disagreements. The series humorously portrays their everyday life, exploring the challenges and quirks of their relationship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Tv Serial Ramany Vs. Ramany Part 1 |url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Tamil/tv-serials/ramany-vs-ramany-part-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131060231/https://nettv4u.com/about/Tamil/tv-serials/ramany-vs-ramany-part-1 |archive-date=31 January 2022 |access-date=31 January 2022 |website=Nettv4u}}</ref>

=== Season 2 ===

Season 2 focuses on the comedic daily life of a middle-class household led by Mrs. Ramany ([[Devadarshini]]) and her husband Mr. Ramany ([[Ram G]]), along with their young daughter Ramya. The story explores the couple's longing for the carefree days of their early marriage and the ways their lives have evolved after becoming parents. Mr. Ramany, a humorous and innocent sales representative, frequently finds himself in troublesome situations, often requiring Mrs. Ramany to intervene and resolve them. Mrs. Ramany, a typical Tamil housewife, navigates the challenges of managing their household and often expresses frustration over her husband's lack of ambition, reminiscing about the better suitors she could have married. Despite her complaints, her practical nature helps the family overcome various challenges.

Their daughter Ramya serves as the voice of reason, often providing sensible insights during ridiculous situations. Nair, a family friend, lives in the outhouse for a nominal rent and frequently becomes entangled in the family's affairs. Uncle Chandhru, a well-meaning but overconfident man, often lands in trouble due to his limited knowledge. Adding to the humour are Mrs. Ramany's mother and the gossip-loving maid, Kamala, who contribute to the household's lively atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Tv Serial Ramany Vs Ramany Part 2 |url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Tamil/tv-serials/ramany-vs-ramany-part-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131060233/https://nettv4u.com/about/Tamil/tv-serials/ramany-vs-ramany-part-2 |archive-date=31 January 2022 |access-date=31 January 2022 |website=Nettv4u}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Season 1 ===
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] as Mr.Ramany
*[[Vasuki Anand|Vasuki]] as Mrs. Ramany
* [[Poovilangu Mohan]] as Mr. Ramany's father
*Mythily
*Gnanam
*Sreenivasan
*Judge Rajagopal
*[[Chetan (actor)|Chetan]] as a thief/Sarathy
*Vivek
*Durga
*Thadi Balaji as Dr. Babu/Odissi dance shoot director (episodes 2,18)
*M. V. Raman
*Telephone Venkatraman
*Samuel
*[[Benjamin (actor)|Benjamin]] as Lawyer Krishnamoorthy (episode 7)
*Jayanthi
*[[Kavithalaya Krishnan|Krishnan]] as Police officer (episode 10)
*R.K.D. Srinivasan
*Sambantham
*Rani
*Vinai
*[[Deepa Venkat]] as Lavanya, Mrs. Ramany's cousin sister (episode 15)
*Ramachandran
*Malini
*Sureshwar
*Ragavesh
*Priya Gariyali
*[[Riyaz Khan]] as Suresh, Mrs. Ramany's cousin brother (episodes 19,20)
*Hanumanthu

{{Colend}}

=== Season 2 ===
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Ram G]] as Mr. Ramany
* [[Devadarshini]] as Mrs. Ramany
* Nair Raman as Nair
* Sreenivasan as Chandramoulli
* Shobana as Kamala
* Baby Ranjitha as Ramya (Ramanys' daughter)
* [[Poovilangu Mohan]] as Renigunta Venkatrama Reddy (Mr. Ramany's boss) (episodes 20, 38, 43)
* M.Bhanumati as Sharada, Mrs.Ramany's mother
* [[Ajay Rathnam]] as Radhakrishnan, Mrs. Ramany's childhood friend (episodes 10,19)
* [[Kavithalaya Krishnan|Krishnan]] as tennis player/film director (episodes 17, 45)
* [[Samuthirakani]] as Sales representative/Census taker/Director/Groom (episodes 11,31,45,51)
* Sadhasivam as Ramany's father
* Ramachandran as Dharmarajan/Hari Babu (episodes 33,34)
* [[Benjamin (actor)|Benjamin]] as Uttama Ulaganathan/man at the bus stop (episodes 33,34,37)
* Thadi Balaji as M.N. Dharmarajan (episode 41)
* S Gnanavel
* [[Mohan Vaidya (singer)|Mohan Vaidya]] as Mr. Ramany's uncle "Paatu Chittappa" (episode 21)
* Muthu Subramanium
* Brindha
* Ganesh Babu
* Karpagam
* Krishna
* Tharika as Chandra (episode 15)
* Thaatsayani
* Rangarajan
* Preeth
* Rushario
* Valli Nayagam
* T. K. S. Chandran as Doctor Reinsein Aayiravatham (episodes 27,32,37,45)
* Telephone Venkatraman
* Gnanavel
* Hari
* Rajesh
* Vijayapriya
* Ezhilarasi
* Mahesh
* 'Mimicry' Giri
* Kantha Rao
* Ganesan
* "Mittai" Shanmugam
* Vairavaraj
* Citizen Sivakumar
* Usha
* Mathiazhagan
* Amar
* Dhandapani
* Radhakrishnan
{{Colend}}

=== Season 3 ===
{{main|Ramany vs Ramany 3.0}}
*Ram G as Mr. Ramany
*Vasuki Anand as Mrs. Ramany

== Production ==
{{Quote box
| width = 28%
| align = Right
| quote = "After ''[[Marmadesam]]'', I wanted to relax a little bit and that is how ''Ramani Vs Ramani'' happened. It is a story that would be universally relatable. Like in my house, I fight with my wife and then we would patch up. In retrospect, the whole incident would be funny. Kailasam and I had many such experiences between us (laughs)"
| source = Naga on the sitcom, 2019.<ref name=CE>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=30 June 2019 |title=The master of mystery – An exclusive interview with Naga, the creator of Marmadesam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/jun/30/the-master-of-mystery---an-exclusive-interview-with-naga-the-creator-of-marmadesam-12640.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026081852/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/jun/30/the-master-of-mystery---an-exclusive-interview-with-naga-the-creator-of-marmadesam-12640.html |archive-date=2019-10-26 |access-date=2022-02-13 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
}}
Naga, the show's director, conceptualized the series as a relatable and comedic portrayal of married life. Renowned filmmaker K. Balachander produced the series, adding to its appeal with his banner Min Bimbangal.<ref name="CE" />

The series' popularity was initially driven by its originality and humour, making it a standout amidst Tamil television's melodramatic offerings. Its re-telecast on Vasanth TV and availability on Kavithalayaa's YouTube channel revived interest among a new generation of viewers.<ref name="Ramany" />

== Reception and legacy ==
''Ramany vs Ramany'' is celebrated for its witty writing, engaging characters, and universal appeal. It became one of the most beloved Tamil sitcoms, maintaining its charm through repeated telecasts and a successful reboot. The show is considered a pioneering effort in Tamil television comedy, influencing subsequent sitcoms in the region.<ref name="All time" /><ref name="Ramany" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Raj TV shows}}
{{Sun TV shows}}

[[Category:Raj TV television series]]
[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:1990s Tamil-language television series]]
[[Category:2000s Tamil-language television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy television series]]

Ruhullah Khan of Poonch

2026-04-10T10:30:06Z

GeorgiannaStrand: made the pg w/ infobox...

{{Short description|19th-century ruler of Poonch}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Ruhullah Khan
| title = [[Ghazi (warrior)|Ghazi]] [[Vizier|Wazir]]
| titletext =
| more =
| type =
| module = {{Infobox military person|embed = yes|battles = {{hidden||{{Tree list}}
* '''[[Afghan–Sikh Wars]]'''
** Battle of Rajauri
** [[Battle of Kashmir (1814)|Battle of Tosha Maidan Pass]]
** Siege of Bahramgalla {{Tree list/end}} |- |headerstyle=background:#dbdbdb |style=text-align:center; }}}}
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| moretext =
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Poonch Jagir|Poonch]]
| reign = 1797 – 1819
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| predecessor = Amir Khan
| regent =
| reg-type =
| successor = Mir Baz Khan
| spouse =
| spouse-type =
| issue = Amir Khan
| full name =
| house = [[List of Gujjar clans|Sangu]]
| house-type = Dynasty
| father = Sami Mittha
| mother =
| birth_date = 18th century
| birth_place = [[Muzaffarabad]], [[Durrani Empire]] {{small|(present-day [[Azad Kashmir]], [[Pakistan]])}}
| death_date = 1819
| death_place = [[Poonch Jagir|Poonch]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| signature_type =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| signature =
}}
'''Ruhullah Khan''' ({{Langx|pa|{{nastaliq|رُوحُ اللّٰہ خان}}|Rūḥullāh Khān}}) (died 1819) was the [[Raja]] of [[Poonch Jagir|Poonch]] from 1797 to 1819. He is known for his fierce resistance against the campaigns of [[Ranjit Singh]] in [[Kashmir]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Fooq Mohammd-ud Din |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.278165 |title=Tarikh I Aqwam I Poonch Kashmir |date=1936 |publisher=Publisher Zaffer Brothers Tajiran Kutub Lahore}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ruhullah Khan belonged to the Sangu clan of [[Muslim Gujjars|Gujjars]]. During the reign of Raja Rustam Khan, his father Sami Mittha, migrated from [[Muzaffarabad]] and settled in Poonch, and Ruhullah entered into the service of Raja Rustam Khan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/tarekhay-dogra |title=TAREKHAY DOGRA}}</ref>

== Rise to power ==
During the reign of Raja Bahadur Khan, Ruhullah rose to such prominence that he was appointed the post of [[Vizier|Wazir]]. In 1797, Abdullah Khan, the [[Nazim]] of [[Kashmir]], attacked Poonch and appointed Wazir Ruhullah Khan as its ruler.<ref name=":0" />

== Reign ==
Ruhullah Khan's son, Amir Khan, assumed the kingship of Poonch, while Ruhullah Khan continued to serve as [[Vizier|Wazir]] during his son's reign.<ref name=":0" />

===Conflict with the Sikhs===
Ruhullah Khan promised assistance to [[Raja Aghar Khan|Raja Agar Khan]] of [[Rajouri]] in case of a Sikh invasion.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTk9AQAAMAAJ&dq=Ruhula+Khan&pg=PA97 |title=The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and Its Dependencies |date=1816 |publisher=Black, Parbury, & Allen |pages=97 |language=en}}</ref> In 1813, [[Ranjit Singh]] attacked [[Rajauri]], and Ruhullah Khan with all his available troops, proceeded to aid Agar Khan. A battle ensued, which remained undecided, and, in consequence, [[Ranjit Singh]]'s troops returned to [[Lahore]] without success.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ali |first=Shahamet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSvJTJMfvVYC |title=The Siks and Afghans, in Connexion with India and Persia, Immediately Before and After the Death of Runjeet Singh |date=1847 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1814, [[Ranjit Singh]] sent letters to Ruhullah Khan and [[Raja Aghar Khan|Aghar Khan]], calling upon them to present themselves to him immediately, and informing them that in case they made delay they would be made to suffer, for then he would first turn them out and proceed to conquer [[Kashmir]] afterwards; but Ruhullah Khan pleaded engagements with [[Kashmir]]. On the 29th of July, Ruhullah Khan approached and commenced a desultory fire on the Sikh position and [[Ranjit Singh]] was compelled to fall back on Mandi with a loss of above 600 men, with several principal leaders, and was stripped of nearly all of his baggage. The Poonch [[Raja]] then attacked and besieged the Bahramgalla Fort. He established such entrenchments around the fort that no water or grain could reach the [[Kiladar|Qilahdar]], Diwan Singh, from outside, who had nothing else but grain left with him, and therefore grew helpless and felt hard-pressed, and was thus forced to surrender the fort. Ruhullah Khan also destroyed an immense number of the retreating enemy. It was stated that out of the company of the [[Sikhs]], which had gone over to the mountains for bringing about the evacuation of the fort, only two men had returned and nothing was known about the whereabouts of the rest.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=One Qizilbash |url=https://archive.org/details/events-at-the-court-of-ranjit-singh-1935 |title=Events At The Court Of Ranjit Singh, 1810-1817 (1935) |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ram |first=Kirpa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FcUBAAAAMAAJ&q=Kashmir+expedition+1814 |title=Gulabnama of Diwan Kirpa Ram: A History of Maharaja Gulab Singh of Jammu & Kashmir |date=1977 |publisher=Light & Life Publishers |language=en|page=66}}</ref>

In recognition of his services, [[Azim Khan]], Governor of [[Kashmir]], granted Ruhullah Khan a robe of honour, a bejeweled turban, and 50,000 rupees in cash.<ref name=":2" />

== Death ==
Ruhullah Khan died in 1819 and was succeeded by his grandson Mir Baz Khan. [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] historian [[Muhammad Din Fauq]] described Ruhullah Khan as a remarkable and brave ruler.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{morecat|date=August 2025}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1819 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajas]]
[[Category:People from Poonch District, India]]

Suchendra Prasad

2026-04-05T04:20:00Z

GeorgiannaStrand: stub

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1973)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suchendra Prasad
| image = Suchendra Prasad.jpg 
| caption = Suchendra Prasad (''[[Beru (film)|Beru]]'', 2005 Kannada film)
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1973}}
| birth_place = [[Karnataka]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active =
| education = [[Master of Arts]], [[Bachelor of Laws]]
| spouse = {{marriage |Mallika Prasad Sinha|2002|2006|end =div}}
| partner = [[Pavitra Lokesh]] (2007–2018)
| children = 2
}}

'''K. Suchendra Prasad''' (born 1973) is an Indian actor of film, stage, and television.

==Career==
Before beginning his career in [[Kannada cinema]], he worked as theater actor with playwrights including [[B. V. Karanth]] and D. R. Ankur. During this time, he also directed, choreographed, composed music for films, television and radio, and wrote plays.<ref name=ff1>{{cite web|title=Intl. Docu. Films' Festival 2012 — Suchendra Prasad|url=http://film-festival.tripod.com/id17.html|publisher=film-festival.tripod.com/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070722180645/http://film-festival.tripod.com/id17.html|archivedate=22 July 2007}}</ref>

Known for his work in [[parallel cinema]], he first received recognition for his performance in the 1999 film ''[[Kanooru Heggadithi]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Prashanth G. N.|title=Letting silences speak|url=http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2004/10/06/stories/2004100600820300.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-10-06|accessdate=20 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041222001830/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/10/06/stories/2004100600820300.htm|archive-date=22 December 2004}}</ref> His ex-partner [[Pavithra Lokesh]] and brother-in-law [[Adi Lokesh]] are also actors.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aadi Lokesh is the brother of Pavithra Lokesh|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know-/Aadi-Lokesh-is-the-brother-of-Pavithra-Lokesh/articleshow/45574773.cms|work=The Times of India|accessdate=23 April 2017|date=19 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Chowdhary|first1=Y. Sunita|title=Balancing parallel cinema|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/balancing-parallel-cinema/article7003898.ece|work=The Hindu|accessdate=23 April 2017|date=17 March 2015}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Actor===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Kanooru Heggadithi]]'' (1999)...Hoovayya
* ''[[Beru (film)|Beru]]'' (2005)...Raghunandan
* ''[[Thutturi]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Avva (film)|Avva]]'' (2008)
* ''Varasdara'' (2008)
* ''[[Jolly Days (film)|Jolly Days]]'' (2009)...College Principal
* ''[[Parole (2010 film)|Parole]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Bettada Jeeva]]'' (2011) ...Shivaramu
* ''Suicide'' (2011)
* ''[[Gaggara]]'' (2011) (Tulu)...Shankara<ref>{{cite web|title=Tulu film makes entry into BIFFES|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article235609.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204045200/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article235609.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 February 2016|website=The New Indian Express|accessdate=11 September 2016}}</ref>
* ''[[Shyloo]]'' (2011)...Bhaskar
* ''[[Ball Pen (film)|Ball Pen]]'' (2012)...Srinivasaiah
* ''[[Bheema Theeradalli]]'' (2012)...Shashikant Desai
* ''[[Drama (2012 film)|Drama]]'' (2012)...Shalivahana
* ''[[Attahasa]]'' (2013)...DCF Srinivas
* ''[[Election (2013 film)|Election]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Madarangi]]'' (2013)
* ''Bhairavi'' (2013)
* ''[[Tony (2013 film)|Tony]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Gharshane]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Haggada Kone]]'' (2014)...Jailor
* ''[[Simhadri (2014 film)|Simhadri]]'' (2014)...Prakash Gowda
* ''[[Kwatle Satisha]]'' (2014)... Doctor
* ''[[Drishya]]'' (2014)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A |title=Ravichandran Shines in this Well-crafted Drama |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2014/Jun/21/ravichandran-shines-in-this-well-crafted-drama-627009.html |access-date=30 March 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=21 June 2014}}</ref>
* ''[[Raja Rajendra]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Rhaatee]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Daksha (film)|Daksha]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Vidaaya]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Plus (film)|Plus]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Ganga (2015 film)|Ganga]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Vascodigama]]'' (2015)
* ''1944'' (2016)
* ''[[Badmaash (2016 film)|Badmaash]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Lee (2017 film)|Lee]]'' (2017)
* ''Marali Manege'' (2017)
* ''[[Bharjari]]'' (2017)
* ''Hombanna'' (2017)
* ''[[Raju Kannada Medium]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Krishna Tulasi]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Buckasura]]'' (2018)
* ''Kannadakkagi Ondannu Otthi'' (2018)
* ''[[Ananthu Vs Nusrath]]'' (2018)
* ''Kannada Deshadol'' (2018)
* ''[[Paradesi C/o London]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Chemistry of Kariyappa]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Ammana Mane]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Face 2 Face (2019 Indian film)|Face 2 Face]]'' (2019)
* ''Majjige Huli'' (2019)
* ''[[Aadi Lakshmi Puraana]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Ranganayaki (2019 film)|Ranganayaki Volume 1: Virginity]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Shakeela (film)|Shakeela]]'' (2020; Hindi)
* ''[[Roberrt]]'' (2021)...Thanu's father
* ''[[Lanke (film)|Lanke]]'' (2021)
* ''[[James (2022 film)|James]]'' (2022)...Jessie's father
* ''[[Wheelchair Romeo]]'' (2022)...Prasad
* ''[[O (2022 film)|O]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Mayanagari]]'' (2023)
* ''Guns and Roses'' (2025)...Rajesh Varma
* ''[[Timmana Mottegalu]]'' (2025)...Vijay Kumar
* ''Jaganmathe Akkamahadevi'' (2026)
* ''Sarkari Shale H8'' (2026)
* ''Calendar'' (2026)
{{div col end}}

===Dubbing artist===
*Pawan Singh - ''Wrong Number'' (2003)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5561908}}

{{authority control}}

{{More categories |date=July 2024}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Suchendra}}
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]

Abdul Hamid Khan (general)

2026-03-29T17:40:27Z

GeorgiannaStrand:

{{redirect|General Abdul Hamid Khan|other people named Abdul Hamid Khan|Abdul Hamid Khan (disambiguation)}}
{{short description|Pakistani general}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[General (Pakistan)|General]]
| name = Abdul Hamid Khan
| honorific_suffix = [[Civil decorations of Pakistan|HQA]] [[Sitara-e-Pakistan|SPk]] [[Sitara-i-Quaid-i-Azam|SQA]]
| birth_date = 29 April 1917<ref name="ReferenceA">The Half Yearly Indian Army List April 1946</ref>
| birth_place = [[Pyin Oo Lwin|Maymyo]], [[British rule in Burma|Burma Province]], British India {{small|(present-day [[Myanmar]])}}
| death_date = {{death year and age|1984|1917|}}
| death_place = [[Combined Military Hospital Rawalpindi|Combined Military Hospital]], [[Rawalpindi]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan
| death_cause =
| resting_place = [[Lahore Cantonment]], Punjab
| office = 5th [[Chief of Staff (Pakistan Army)|Chief of Staff of the Pakistan Army]]
| predecessor = [[Bakhtiar Rana]]
| successor = [[Sawar Khan]] {{small|(As [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (Pakistan)|Vice Chief of Army Staff]])}}
| president = [[Yahya Khan]]
| term_start = 25 March 1969
| term_end = 20 December 1971
| office2 = [[Interior Minister of Pakistan]]
| predecessor2 = [[Afzal Rahman Khan]]
| successor2 = [[Abdur Rashid Khan (politician)|Abdur Rashid Khan]]
| president2 = [[Yahya Khan]]
| deputy2 = Ghulam Umar
| term_start2 = 25 March 1969
| term_end2 = 20 August 1969
| native_name = {{nobold|{{nq|عبد الحمید خاں}}}}
| native_name_lang = pnb
| image = General Abdul Hamid Khan.webp
| caption = Official Military portrait {{circa|1971}}
| nickname = ''Ham''
| allegiance = {{flag|British India}} {{small|(1939–1947)}} {{PAK}} {{small|(1947–1971)}}
| branch = {{flagicon|British India|army}} [[British Indian Army]] {{Army|Pakistan}}
| serviceyears = 1939 – 1971
| rank = [[General (Pakistan)|General]]
| current position =
| commands = [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Staff of the Army]] [[I Corps (Pakistan)|I Corps]] GOC, [[11th Infantry Division (Pakistan)|11th Infantry Division]] 6th Baloch Regiment 3rd Baloch Regiment
| unit = [[10th Baluch Regiment|10th]] [[Baloch Regiment]]
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[World War II]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
** [[Battle of Kasur (1965)|Battle of Kasur]]
* [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
**[[Operation Searchlight]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
**[[Operation Chengiz Khan]]
{{tree list/end}}
| mawards = [[File:Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam (1957-76).png|50px]] [[Civil decorations of Pakistan|Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam]] [[File:Sitara-e-Pakistan (SPk) (1957-86).png|50px]] [[Civil decorations of Pakistan|Sitara-e-Pakistan]] [[File:Sitara-e-Quaid-e-Azam (1957-76).png|50px]] [[Civil decorations of Pakistan|Sitara-e-Quaid-e-Azam]] [[File:Order of Crown (Imperial Iran).png|50px]] [[Order of the Crown (Iran)|Order of the Crown]]
| laterwork =
| children = 3
| relations = Maj-Gen Tariq Hamid (son)
| alma_mater = [[Indian Military Academy]] [[Staff College, Quetta]]
| nationality = [[British subject]] (1917–1947) Pakistani (1947 onwards)
| birth_name = Abdul Hamid Khan
}}
'''Abdul Hamid Khan'''{{efn|
*{{langx|pnb|{{nq|عبد الحمید خاں}}}}
*{{Langx|ur|{{nq|عبد الحمید خان}}}}
}} (29 April 1917 – 1984) was a Pakistani [[General (Pakistan)|military general]] who served as the [[de facto]] [[Commander-in-Chief (Pakistan Army)|Commander-in-Chief]] of the [[Pakistan army]] from 1969 to 1971. He led the Army during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and the subsequent [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|Indo-Pakistani War]] in 1971. He was also the [[Chief Martial Law Administrator|Deputy Chief Martial Law Administrator]] under [[Yahya Khan]].

He is considered a chief architect of the 1971 [[Bangladesh genocide]], during the Bangladesh Liberation War, alongside Yahya Khan and [[Tikka Khan]].<ref>Riza, Maj Gen Shaukat. (1990). ''The Pakistan Army 1966-71''. Rawalpindi: Services Book Club 1990.</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Abdul Hamid Khan was born on 29 April 1917 in [[Pyin Oo Lwin|Maymyo]], [[British rule in Burma|Burma]] to a [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi]]-[[Kashmiri Muslims|Kashmiri]] father and a [[Burmese people|Burmese]] mother. His father was an [[Colonial Service|administrative]] officer from [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]] working for the [[British Indian Government]] in [[British rule in Burma|Burma]].<ref name=":0" /> Hamid Khan never publicly identified his mother who was a [[Maid|house servant]] from [[Mandalay]].<ref name="ReferenceA" />

Growing up in the colonial environment of Burma, Khan was exposed to a structured, disciplined life from an early age, which influenced his later career. He completed his early education in [[Mandalay]]<ref name=":1" /> before moving to India to pursue higher studies. He attended the [[Indian Military Academy]], [[Dehra Dun]]. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant on the Special List 15 July 1939.<ref name=":2" />

== Career ==
=== Early career ===
After being commissioned in July 1939, Hamid Khan was initially attached to the [[Somerset Light Infantry]] for experience from 11 August 1939.<ref name=":2">''July 1940 Indian Army List''.</ref> His date of commission was later antedated to 28 August 1938 and he was promoted to lieutenant 28 November 1940. He was admitted to the [[British Indian Army]] 27 August 1940. He was appointed acting captain then temporary captain on 23 December 1940.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> He had been posted to 3rd battalion [[10th Baluch Regiment]] by October 1942. He saw action in [[Italian campaign (World War II)|Italy]] towards the end of the war.<ref>''October 1942 Indian Army List Most Secret edition''.</ref>

He was promoted to war substantive captain and temporary major 3 February 1944. He was briefly an acting lieutenant-colonel 15 August to 18 October 1945. He had attended a wartime staff course.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

During the [[partition of India]], he opted for [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] and joined the newly created [[Pakistan Army]], in 1947 he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel and became commanding officer of 6th battalion, [[Baloch Regiment|Baluch Regiment]], he commanded from April 1948 to November 1948. Later he was appointed commanding officer of 3rd battalion, Baluch Regiment, he served in this post from November 1948 to December 1949.<ref>Riza, Maj Gen Shaukat. ''The Pakistan Army 1947-49'' Rawalpindi: Services Book Club 1989.</ref>

===1965 war===
{{Main|India–Pakistan war of 1965}}

During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965 Indo-Pakistani War]], then Major General Khan served as the [[General Officer Commanding]] (GOC) of [[11th Infantry Division (Pakistan)|11th Infantry Division]] at [[Kasur District|Kasur]]. This division in addition to 10th Infantry Division under Major General Sarfaraz Khan repelled the [[Battle of Ichogil Bund|Indian thrust at Lahore]] on 6 September 1965. Following victory at the [[Battle of Kasur (1965)|Battle of Kasur]], his division pushed the Indians back to the border and captured the district of [[Khemkaran]] in [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]], though further advances were checked. He then was able to repel multiple counter-attacks by the [[Indian Army]] in an effort to retake [[Khemkaran]].<ref>Riza, Maj Gen Shaukat. (1984). ''The Pakistan Army: War 1965''. Rawalpindi: Services Book Club 1990.</ref><ref>{{cite web | first=Ravi | last=Rikhye | url=http://orbat.com/site/cimh/india/assaluttar.html | title=The Battle of Assal Uttar: Pakistan and India 1965 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113405/http://orbat.com/site/cimh/india/assaluttar.html | archivedate=2016-03-04 | work=Pakistan Orbat | date=24 February 2002}}</ref>

===Yahya Khan dictatorship===
{{Main|Bangladesh Liberation War|India–Pakistan war of 1971|Bangladesh genocide}}

After the [[Indo-Pak war of 1965]], Khan was promoted to lieutenant general and served as the commander of [[I Corps (Pakistan)|I Corps]], Pakistan's primary strike formation and a strategically important garrison town near the Indian border. Then based in [[Kharian]] (it is currently based in [[Mangla]]) his appointment as corps commander placed him in charge of key military operations and enhanced his prominence in the army hierarchy.<ref>[http://www.profile-bengal.com/0505_66_army_high_command.htm "Changes in the Army High Command"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122045608/http://www.profile-bengal.com/0505_66_army_high_command.htm|date=2008-11-22}} "British High Commission", 5 May 1966.</ref>

Khan was a close and trusted ally of [[Yahya Khan|General Yahya Khan]], with their friendship tracing back to their early years in the military.<ref name=":3" /> Both officers shared a long-standing association, having served together in various capacities throughout their careers. This camaraderie and trust played a significant role in Hamid Khan’s rise through the ranks, particularly during Yahya Khan’s tenure as the Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army and later as President of Pakistan.<ref name=":0" />

In March 1969, Pakistan experienced [[1968–69 Pakistan revolution|severe political unrest]]
and street protests against the regime of [[Ayub Khan|President Ayub Khan]], largely driven by dissatisfaction with his policies and governance. Amid this chaos, [[Yahya Khan|General Yahya Khan]], the then Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army, removed Ayub and imposed martial law on 25 March 1969. Yahya took over as President of Pakistan, and in recognition of his loyalty and leadership, Lt. Gen. Khan was appointed to multiple roles.<ref name=":4">{{Citation |last=Kazi |first=Dr. Ghulam Nabi |title=Pakistan’s Smallest Cabinet Ever |date=2008-05-21 |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/pimu/2510812824/ |access-date=2025-01-26}}.</ref><ref name=":5" />

After martial law was imposed by General [[Yahya Khan]] on 25 March 1969, Lt Gen Hamid Khan was made the Chief of Staff (COS) of the Pakistan Army and Deputy Martial Law Administrator (DMLA) of the country.<ref name=":5" /> During that time he briefly held the cabinet portfolio of [[Interior Minister of Pakistan|Home Affairs]] for four months. He was promoted to full general in August 1969 and was appointed the [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|chief of staff of the Army]] or in another sense the [[de facto]] [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army|commander-in-chief of the army]] in place of Yahya as he was the president.

Hamid Khan was a central figure in Yahya's [[military dictatorship|military government]] along with several active duty military officials:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Yahya Khan administration
|-
! Ministers !!Portrait !![[Cabinet of Pakistan|Ministries and departments]] !! [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Inter-services]]
|-
|[[General Yahya Khan]]<ref name=":4" />||[[File:General Yahya Khan.png|50px]]||[[President of Pakistan|President]] and [[Chief Martial Law Administrator]] [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Pakistan)|Information and Broadcasting]] [[Law Minister of Pakistan|Law]] and [[Ministry of Justice (Pakistan)|Justice]] [[Foreign Minister of Pakistan|Foreign]] and [[Defence Minister of Pakistan|Defence]] || {{Army|PAK}}
|-
|General Abdul Hamid Khan<ref name=":4" />||[[File:General Abdul Hamid Khan.webp|50px]]|| Deputy [[Chief Martial Law Administrator|CMLA]] [[Interior Minister of Pakistan|Interior]] and [[Ministry of States and Frontier Regions|Kashmir Affairs]] || {{Army|PAK}}
|-
|Vice-Admiral [[Syed Mohammad Ahsan]]<ref name=":4" />|| || Deputy [[Chief Martial Law Administrator|CMLA]] [[Finance Minister of Pakistan|Finance]] and [[Planning Commission (Pakistan)|Planning Commission]] [[Ministry of Statistics (Pakistan)|Statistics]], [[Ministry of Commerce (Pakistan)|Commerce]], and [[Industry Minister of Pakistan|Industry]] || [[File:Naval Jack of Pakistan.svg|20px]] [[Pakistan Navy]]
|-
|[[Air Marshal Nur Khan]]<ref name=":4" />||[[File:Noor khan.jpg|50px]] || Deputy [[Chief Martial Law Administrator|CMLA]] [[Ministry of Communications (Pakistan)|Communications]] and [[Ministry of Health (Pakistan)|Health]] [[Ministry of Labour (Pakistan)|Labour]] and [[Ministry of Science and Technology (Pakistan)|Science and Technology]]|| {{Air force|PAK}}
|}

As head of the army and the military operations during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and the [[India–Pakistan war of 1971]],<ref name=":3">{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Robert M. |title=Old Friend of President |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/09/archives/old-friend-of-president.html |access-date=10 January 2025 |website=[[The New York Times]] |publisher=}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{cite web |last1=Hughes |first1=Thomas L. |author-link=Thomas L. Hughes |date=26 March 1969 |title=Pakistan: Martial Law "Who's Who" |url=http://www.profile-bengal.com/0326_69_intelligence_note.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923072142/http://www.profile-bengal.com/0326_69_intelligence_note.htm |archive-date=23 September 2008 |access-date=10 January 2025 |website= |series=The American Papers - Secret and Confidential India.Pakistan.Bangladesh Documents 1965-1973 |publisher=}}</ref> he played a central role in directing Pakistan's Western front campaigns.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Riaz |author-link=Riaz Ahmed (academic) |title=The General's General: The Life and Times of General Abdul Hamid Khan |date=1993 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> He oversaw the launch of [[Operation Chengiz Khan]], a preemptive strike on Indian airbases, aimed at crippling Indian airpower and initiating hostilities. Despite extensive planning, the operation inflicted only limited damage.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Guttman |first1=Jon |title=Lessons Learned from Operation Chenghiz Khan |url=https://www.historynet.com/lessons-learned-from-operation-chenghiz-khan/?r |access-date=10 January 2025 |website=[[HistoryNet]] |publisher=}}</ref>

On the Western front, General Hamid Khan commanded key offensives, including the assault towards [[Firozpur|Ferozepur]] and ordered the offensive in [[Battle of Chumb|Chhamb]] under [[Iftikhar Khan Janjua|Major General Iftikhar Janjua]], which resulted in territorial gains. He also directed the attempted advance towards [[Longewala]], though this effort was ultimately repelled by Indian forces.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cohen |first1=Stephen P. |author-link=Stephen P. Cohen |title=The Pakistan Army |date=2004 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>

Hamid Khan oversaw the [[II Corps (Pakistan)|II Corps]] offensive into the Indian Punjab. The plan involved advancing from [[Bahawalnagar]] towards [[Bathinda]] and [[Ludhiana]]. Under his directive, major elements of the 1st Armored Division began mobilization on December 15, 1971. Small advancements were made by Pakistani troops. However, due to subsequent orders to halt movements, the offensive was delayed and ultimately did not proceed before the ceasefire on December 17, 1971.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Riza |first1=Maj Gen Shaukat |title=The Pakistan Army 1966-71 |date=1990 |publisher=Services Book Club |location=Rawalpindi}}</ref> His leadership during the conflict, while marked by bold initiatives, has been subject to scrutiny in post-war analyses.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mohan |first1=Vijay |title=First day of 1971 War |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/anniversary/first-day-of-1971-war |access-date=10 January 2025 |website=[[Tribune India]] |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ziring |first=Lawrence |author-link=Lawrence Ziring |date=1974 |title=Militarism in Pakistan: The Yahya Khan Interregnum |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30171339 |journal=[[Asian Affairs]] |volume=1 |issue=6 |pages=402–420 |issn=0092-7678}}</ref>

He was also one of the chief architects of the [[Bangladesh genocide]], which took place during the Bangladesh Liberation War, alongside Yahya Khan and [[Tikka Khan]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Tormenting 71 |publisher=jonmojuddho |year=1975}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
He is portrayed by [[Hobby Dhaliwal]] in the 2023 Indian film ''[[IB71|IB 71]]'', which is based on the [[1971 Indian Airlines hijacking]].<ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=Cr5Poqkosyq |user=tseries.official |title=Pakistan General, Abdul Hamid Khan - The man who had only one goal- to change India's fate. |author=[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] |date=May 6, 2023}}</ref> In the 2026 Indian film ''[[Border 2]]'', he is portrayed by Soumyarka Gupta.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=[[Border 2]] |date=2026 |last=Singh |first=Anurag |author-link=Anurag Singh (director) |type=Motion picture |language=hi |publisher=[[T-Series Films]], [[J. P. Dutta|J. P. Films]]}}</ref>

== Awards and decorations ==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="4" |{{ribbon devices|ribbon=Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam (1957-76).png|width=100}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Pakistan (SPk) (1957-86).png|width=100}} {{ribbon devices|ribbon=Sitara-e-Quaid-e-Azam (1957-76).png|width=100}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War Ribbon.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Pakistan Independence Medal 1947.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Republic Medal 1956 (Pakistan).png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of Crown (Imperial Iran).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=India General Service Medal (1936).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=1939–1945 Star.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Africa Star 1945 with Rosette.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Italy Star 1945.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Defence Medal BAR.svg|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon - War Medal.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=QE II Coronation Medal 1953.png|width=130}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Hilal-e-]][[Civil decorations of Pakistan|Quaid-e-Azam]]'''
''(Crescent of the Great Leader)''

''(HQA)''
| colspan="2" |'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Sitara-e-Pakistan]]'''
''(Star of Pakistan)''

''(SPk)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Sitara-e-]][[Civil decorations of Pakistan|Quaid-e-Azam]]'''
''(Star of the Great Leader)''

''(SQA)''
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War]]'''
''(War Star 1965)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War]]'''
''(War Medal 1965)''
|'''[[Pakistan Medal|Pakistan Tamgha]]'''
''([[Pakistan Medal]])''

'''1947'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Jamhuria]]'''
''(Republic Commemoration Medal)''

'''1956'''
|-
|[[Order of the Crown (Iran)|'''Order of the Crown''']]
''([[Pahlavi Iran]])''
|'''[[India General Service Medal (1936)|India General Service Medal]]'''
'''[[India General Service Medal (1936)|(1936)]]'''

'''[[Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)|North West Frontier 1937–39]] Clasp'''
|'''[[1939-1945 Star]]'''
|'''[[Africa Star]]'''
''(with [[Africa Star#Clasps|Rosette]])''
|'''[[Italy Star]]'''
|'''[[Defence Medal (United Kingdom)|Defence Medal]]'''
|'''[[War Medal 1939–1945|War Medal]]'''
'''[[War Medal 1939–1945|1939-1945]]'''
|'''[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal|Queen Elizabeth II]]'''
'''[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal|Coronation Medal]]'''

'''(1953)'''
|}

=== Foreign Decorations ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" style="background:#006400; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" |'''Foreign Awards'''
|-
! rowspan="6" |'''{{flag|UK}}'''
|'''[[1939-1945 Star]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=1939–1945 Star.png|width=130}}
|-
|'''[[Africa Star]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Africa Star 1945.png|width=130}}
|-
|'''[[Italy Star]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Italy Star 1945.png|width=130}}
|-
|'''[[Defence Medal (United Kingdom)|Defence Medal]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Defence Medal BAR.svg|width=130}}
|-
|'''[[War Medal 1939-1945]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon - War Medal.png|width=130}}
|-
|'''[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=QE II Coronation Medal 1953.png|width=130}}
|-
!'''{{flag|Imperial Iran}}'''
|'''[[Order of the Crown (Iran)|Order of the Crown]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of Crown (Imperial Iran).png|width=130}}
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160816211333/http://www.bangla2000.com/bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/default.shtm Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report]

{{start box}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box |title=[[Interior Minister of Pakistan]]
|years=1969
|before=[[Afzal Rahman Khan]]|
after=[[Sardar Abdur Rashid Khan]]}}
{{end}}

{{Pakistan Army Staff Chief}}
{{Interior Minister of Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Abdul Hamid}}
[[Category:Pakistani generals]]
[[Category:Generals of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Baloch Regiment officers]]
[[Category:Indian Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:10th Baluch Regiment officers]]
[[Category:Perpetrators of the Bangladesh genocide]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Commanders-in-chief of the Pakistan Army]]
[[Category:People from Mandalay]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Burmese descent]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Punjabi people by ethnicity]]
[[Category:Military leaders of the India–Pakistan war of 1965]]
[[Category:Generals of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Interior ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Quaid-i-Azam]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Rawalpindi]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Lahore]]

Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh

2026-03-25T11:03:42Z

GeorgiannaStrand:

{{Short description|Urdu-speaking citizens of East Pakistan in Bangladesh awaiting repatriation to Pakistan}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=October 2016}}
{{Weasel|date=June 2021}}
}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{infobox ethnic group|
| group = Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh
| image = Map of the Distribution of Urdu-Speaking Bihari Communities in Bangladesh.png
| caption = A map showing the distribution of stranded Pakistani communities in Bangladesh.
| population = 300,000–600,000<ref name=BBC/><ref name="Express Tribune"/><ref name=Tribune/>
| regions = [[Bangladesh]]
| religions = [[Islam]]
| languages = [[Urdu]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| related_groups = [[Muhajir (Pakistan)]], Other [[Indo-Aryans|Indo-Aryan]] peoples
| native_name = {{Nastaliq|محصور پاکستانی}} {{lang|bn|উদ্বাস্তু পাকিস্তানি}} {{lang|hi|फंसे पाकिस्तानी}}
| native_name_lang = ur
}}

'''Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|محصور پاکستانی}}|mahsūr pākistānī}}; {{langx|bn|উদ্বাস্তু পাকিস্তানি|udbāstu pākistāni}}) are [[Biharis|Bihari]] [[Urdu-speaking]] [[Muhajir (Pakistan)|Muhajirs]] who emigrated from present-day [[India]] (then part of [[British Raj]]), and settled in East Pakistan (now [[Bangladesh]]) following the [[partition of India]] in 1947.<ref>{{cite news |title=Stranded Pakistanis Dreaming of Deliverance |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/13/world/stranded-pakistanis-dreaming-of-deliverance.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=13 May 2000 |access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref><ref name=BBC1>{{cite news |title=Vote for 'stranded Pakistanis' |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3003949.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |date=6 May 2003 |access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="The Guardian">{{cite news |title='Stranded Pakistanis' living in camps in Bangladesh – in pictures |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/gallery/2014/aug/11/stranded-pakistanis-camps-bangladesh-bihari-in-pictures |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=11 August 2014 |access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=SC rejects plea for repatriation of stranded Pakistanis |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1173194/sc-rejects-plea-for-repatriation-of-stranded-pakistanis |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=1 April 2015 |access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="Express Tribune">{{cite news |title=SC rejects plea regarding repatriation of stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/861834/sc-rejects-plea-regarding-repatriation-of-stranded-pakistanis-in-bangladesh/ |newspaper=[[The Express Tribune]] |date=31 March 2015 |access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Repatriation of stranded Pakistanis |url=http://www.daily-sun.com/print/editorial/2015/02/22/489052 |newspaper=Daily Sun |location=[[Dhaka]] |date=22 February 2015 |access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref>

This identification can encompass several groups of people. The first among them are [[Bihari Muslims]]. Although, most of this population belonged to the [[Bihar Province]] of British Raj, there are many from other Indian states such as [[West Bengal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|U.P. (United Provinces)]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Claire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZ_hCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96 |title=The Bengal Diaspora: Rethinking Muslim migration |last2=Chatterji |first2=Joya |last3=Jalais |first3=Annu |date=2015-11-06 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-33593-1 |language=en}}</ref> There are still others, who had settled in what is now known as Bangladesh in the late 19th century. The second term of reference for this group coined by themselves after the creation of Bangladesh is "Stranded Pakistanis". In Urdu media in Pakistan and elsewhere this was translated as "Mehsooreen" (محصورین) or the "Besieged".{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}

Biharis who were minors in 1971 when Bangladesh became independent, or born later, were [[Statelessness|stateless]] until 2008 when a judgement by the [[High Court Division|Dhaka High Court]] gave them right to Bangladeshi citizenship. The judgment does not cover refugees who were adults at the time of [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref name=BBC>{{cite news |title=Citizenship for Bihari refugees |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7407757.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |date=19 May 2008 |access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref>
In March 2015, the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan]] said that more than 170,000 Biharis had been repatriated to Pakistan and the remaining 'stranded Pakistanis' are not its responsibility but rather the responsibility of Bangladesh.<ref name=Tribune>{{cite news |title=Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh not Pakistan's responsibility, FO tells SC |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/861364/stranded-pakistanis-in-bangladesh-not-pakistans-responsibility-fo-tells-sc/ |newspaper=[[The Express Tribune]] |date=30 March 2015 |access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref>

==Background ==
In 1971, when the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] broke out between [[West Pakistan]] and [[East Pakistan]], the Biharis were widely accused by Bengalis to have sided with West Pakistan, opposed the Bengali demand of making Bengali an official language. East Pakistan became the independent state of [[Bangladesh]]. During the war, there were many attacks on the Bihari community as they were seen as symbols of West Pakistani domination.<ref>[http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=77103 Chronology for Biharis in Bangladesh - Minorities at Risk, University of Maryland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602055513/http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=77103 |date=2 June 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/22/archives/bengalis-hunt-down-biharis-who-aided-foe.html |title=Bengalis Hunt Down Biharis, Who Aided Foe |last=Rangan |first=Kasturi |date=22 December 1971 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2 February 2018}}</ref> These attacks included rape, murder, and looting.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Untold Stories of the Independence War in Bangladesh |url=https://jacobinmag.com/2021/04/independence-war-bangladesh-pakistan-india |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=jacobinmag.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Engr Imtiaz Alam |date=2019-12-15 |title=HISTORY: THE FALL OF DHAKA FROM BIHARI EYES |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1522385 |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Refugee crisis==
Due to their initial pro-Pakistan stance and severe persecution in Bangladesh, the Biharis were consistent in their wish to be repatriated to Pakistan. Initially, 83,000 Biharis (58,000 former civil servants and military personnel), members of divided families and 25,000 hardship cases were evacuated to Pakistan. The remaining Biharis were now left behind as the [[Pakistan Army]] and Pakistani civilians evacuated, and they found themselves unwelcome in both countries. The Pakistani government, at the time, was "struggling to accommodate thousands of Afghan refugees".<ref name="BBC2002"/> Additionally, the Pakistani government believed that since Bangladesh was still the [[successor state]] of East Pakistan, it had to fulfil its duty in absorbing these refugees just as the erstwhile West Pakistan did with the many millions of refugees (incidentally, including some [[Bengalis]]) who fled to West Pakistan. Some groups in Pakistan have urged the Pakistan government to accept the Biharis, which is also a key talking point of the [[Mohajir Qaumi Movement Pakistan|Muttahida Qaumi Movement]].<ref>[http://www.arabnews.com/?page=4&section=0&article=75378&d=28&m=12&y=2005&pix=world.jpg&category=World PRC Wants Urgent Steps for Biharis’ Repatriation - Arab News]</ref><ref>[http://www.dawn.com/2004/02/08/nat6.htm MQM demands issuance of CNICs to Biharis-2004 : Dawn]</ref>

In an agreement in 1974, Pakistan accepted 170,000 Bihari refugees; however, the repatriation process subsequently stalled.<ref>[http://www.safhr.org/refugee_watch18_4.htm Bangladesh State and the Refugee Phenomenon : South Asian forum for Human Rights - The Bihari Refugees]</ref>

Post-independence Bangladesh scorned the Biharis for supporting the Pakistan Army. With neither country offering citizenship, the Biharis were stateless. Organisations like [[Refugees International]] urged the governments of Pakistan and Bangladesh to "grant citizenship to the hundreds of thousands of people who remain without effective nationality".<ref>[http://www.refugeesinternational.org/content/publication/detail/7828/ Citizens of Nowhere: The Stateless Biharis of Bangladesh - Refugees International 2006 report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614045741/http://www.refugeesinternational.org/content/publication/detail/7828/ |date=14 June 2007 }}</ref>

In 2006, a report estimated between 240,000 and 300,000 Biharis lived in 66 crowded camps in [[Dhaka]] and 13 other regions across Bangladesh.<ref>Refugees International (see below)</ref> In 2003, a case came before a high court in which ten Biharis were awarded citizenship according to the court's interpretation of the constitution. Subsequently, however, little progress was made in expanding that ruling to others. Many Pakistanis and international observers believe the plight of the Biharis has been politicised with political parties giving the refugees false hopes and impractical expectations. In recent years, several court rulings in Bangladesh have awarded citizenship to Biharis living in Bengali refugee camps, as the majority of these refugees were born there. International observers believe that Bangladesh, as the successor state needs to fulfil its international obligations and grant citizenship to this ''officially stateless'' ethnic group or arrange for the peaceful repatriation to their native state of Bihar, over the border in India from where they originally hail.

In a visit to Bangladesh in 2002, Pakistani president [[Pervez Musharraf]] said while he had every sympathy for the plight of thousands of people in Bangladesh known as 'stranded Pakistanis', he could not allow them to emigrate to Pakistan as Pakistan was in no position to absorb such a large number of refugees.<ref name="BBC2002">{{cite news |title=Musharraf wraps up Bangladesh visit |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2163374.stm |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040504181328/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2163374.stm |archive-date=4 May 2004 |date=31 July 2002 |url-status=live |quote=The president said while he had every sympathy for the plight of thousands of people in Bangladesh known as 'stranded Pakistanis', he could not allow them to emigrate to Pakistan. The president said he would do everything possible to resolve the issue, but at the moment, Pakistan is still struggling to accommodate thousands of Afghan refugees.}}</ref> He encouraged his Bengali counterpart not to politicise the issue and accept the refugees as citizens being the successor state of East Pakistan. Pakistani government officials have threatened to deport the more than 1.5 million illegal Bengali refugees living in its country if the issue is not resolved acceptably.<ref name="BBC2002" />

==Bangladeshi citizenship==
In May 2003, a High Court ruling in Bangladesh allowed ten Biharis to obtain citizenship and voting rights;<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3003949.stm Vote for 'stranded Pakistanis' - BBC News 6 May 2003]</ref> the ruling also exposed a generation gap amongst Biharis, with younger Biharis tending to be "elated" with the ruling but with many older people "despair[ing] at the enthusiasm" of the younger generation.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2941974.stm Mixed feelings over Bihari ruling - BBC News 28 May 2003]</ref> Many Biharis now seek greater civil rights and citizenship in Bangladesh.<ref>[http://www.refugeesinternational.org/content/article/detail/8245 Bangladesh: Stateless Biharis Grasp for a Resolution and Their Rights -Refugees International] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321134045/http://www.refugeesinternational.org/content/article/detail/8245 |date=21 March 2007 }}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
* ''Of Martyrs and Marigolds'', a novel by Aquila Ismail, highlights the atrocities committed by [[Mukti Bahini|Bengali nationalists]] against [[Biharis]] during the Bangladesh Liberation War.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zehra |first1=Batool |title=The other side of history |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/340653/the-other-side-of-history/ |newspaper=The Express Tribune |date=26 February 2012 |access-date=30 December 2015}}</ref>
* In 2007, prominent Bangladeshi filmmaker [[Tanvir Mokammel]] made a documentary film titled ''[[Swapnabhumi|The Promised Land]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title="The Promised Land": Tanvir Mokammel's moving documentary on Biharis |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-13583 |access-date=29 April 2019 |work=The Daily Star |date=30 November 2007}}</ref> The film highlights the current stateless status of Biharis and their despair of not being able to settle in Pakistan, which they see as a betrayal of the Pakistani government.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Swapnabhumi |url=https://www.idfa.nl/industry/tags/project.aspx?id=eeca2322-0efb-435c-9797-ccfb24898de2 |website=[[The International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam]] |access-date=17 December 2015}}</ref>
* [[Salman Rushdie|Salman Rushdie's]] acclaimed fiction novel ''[[Midnight's Children]]'' details the atrocities of the Bangladesh Liberation War and Genocide, specifically in the beginning of Book 3; his protagonist [[Saleem Sinai]] takes a farcical part in [[Operation Searchlight]] as a human bloodhound.

==See also==
* [[Al-Badr (East Pakistan)]]
* [[Al-Shams (East Pakistan)]]
* [[Bangladesh–Pakistan relations]]
* [[Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh]]
* [[Bengalis in Pakistan]]
* [[1971 Bangladesh genocide]]
* [[Dhakaia Urdu]]
* [[North Bengal Province]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.statelesspeopleinbangladesh.net/home.php Stateless people In Bangladesh]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4E0FUhDReQo The Forgotten People: Bihari Refugees of Bangladesh, UCANews]
* [https://www.shabdankan.com/2022/05/hindi-story-on-stranded-pakistanis-by-madhu-kankaria.html Hindi Story on Stranded Pakistanis by Madhu Kankaria, Shabdankan]

{{Immigration to Bangladesh}}
{{Bangladesh Liberation War}}
{{Bangladesh–Pakistan relations}}

[[Category:Bangladeshi people of Pakistani descent|*]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi people of Indian descent|*]]
[[Category:Aftermath of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi Biharis]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Muhajir communities]]
[[Category:Muhajir history]]
[[Category:Pakistani diaspora in Asia]]
[[Category:Statelessness|Pakistanis in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–Pakistan relations]]

K. J. Shah

2026-03-21T11:00:19Z

GeorgiannaStrand: Starting A Info Initial Version!

{{Short description|Indian philosopher and professor}}
'''K. J. 'Kanti' Shah''' (1922–1994) was a 20th century Indian philosopher and professor at [[Karnataka University]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Girish Karnad’s remarks leave philosopher’s family seething |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/girish-karnads-remarks-leave-philosophers-family-seething/article4466614.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 March 2013 |archive-date=3 March 2013 |access-date=18 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303175932/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/girish-karnads-remarks-leave-philosophers-family-seething/article4466614.ece |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

==Biography==

Shah was born in [[Gujarat]], India. He received a [[Bachelor of Arts]] from the School of Economics and Sociology at the [[University of Bombay]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Berkman |editor1-first=John |editor2-last=Teichmann |editor2-first=Roger |title=Anscombe on Wittgenstein: Reminiscences of a Philosophical Friendship |date=2025 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=224}}</ref> He attended [[Cambridge University]] in the latter half of the 1940s where he was taught by [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Weiss |editor1-first=Daniel H. |editor2-last=Andrejč |editor2-first=Gorazd |title=Interpreting Interreligious Relations with Wittgenstein: Philosophy, Theology and Religious Studies |date=2019 |publisher=Brill |page=47}}</ref> His lectures notes were later compiled with those of A. C. Jackson and [[Peter Geach]] and published as ''Wittgenstein's Lectures on Philosophical Psychology, 1946–47''. While at Cambridge he got to know the author [[Iris Murdoch]] who he discussed Wittgenstein with.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Horner |editor1-first=Avrl |editor2-last=Rowe |editor2-first=Anne |title=Living on Paper: Letters from Iris Murdoch, 1934–1995 |date=2016 |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=103}}</ref> Iris Murdoch mentions Kanti Shah in her Journal (no. 15, 1992–96 at the Iris Murdoch Collections, Kingston University Archives).<ref>Journal no. 15, 1992–96, p. 39, KUAS202/1/15 at the Iris Murdoch Collections, Kingston University Archives</ref> In 1948 he travelled to [[County Galway]] in [[Ireland]] to visit Wittgenstein.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=McGuinness |editor1-first=Brian |title=Wittgenstein in Cambridge: Letters and Documents 1911 - 1951 |date=2008 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=431}}</ref>

As was the case with his other students, Wittgenstein had a significant impact on Shah, who reportedly picked up some of his speaking manerisms.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Karnad |first1=Girish |title=This Life At Play: Memoirs |date=2021 |publisher=Fourth Estate}}</ref> They use to go on long walks to together. On one occasion Wittgenstein asked him if he was a Muslim or a Hindu. Shah informed him that he was a [[Jain]], to which Wittgenstein asked if it was true that the Jains believed that the enlightened ones all come together on a rock to meditate when they die. This embarrassed Shah who told him "I don't believe in these foolish things now". Wittgenstein was furious and scolded Shah that "You think you are very clever, Shah, you think you know more than these ancestors of yours who have thought about these things for thousands of years?". This remark had a profound impact on him and inspired Shah to dedicate his life to understanding his ancestor's intellectual and spiritual traditions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gandhi |first1=Ramchandra |title=Two Cheers for Tolerance |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |date=Summer 2007 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=146-151 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23006054}}</ref>

His work focused on [[Indian philosophy]], particularly the [[Gandhism|political philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Parel |first1=Anthony J. |title=Pax Gandhiana: The Political Philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=17}}</ref> whose grandson [[Ramchandra Gandhi]] he befriended. Among his friends he also counted [[Ramaswamy R Iyer]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Iyer |first1=Ramaswamy R. |title=Chomsky and Wittgenstein A Short Reflection |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=48 |issue=44 |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2013/44/commentary/chomsky-and-wittgenstein.html}}</ref> who dedicated his book ''Towards Water Wisdom: Limits, Justice, Harmony'' to his memory.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Iyer |first1=Ramaswamy R. |title=Towards Water Wisdom: Limits, Justice, Harmony |date=2007 |publisher=Sage Publications}}</ref> The book ''Word and Sentence; Two Perspectives: Bhartrhari and Wittgenstein'', a collection of essays discussing [[Bhartrhari]] and Wittgenstein, was the product of a seminar organised by Shah on this topic. It is dedicated to his memory.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Das |first1=Veena |title=A life in books |journal=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute |date=2015 |volume=21 |issue=1 |url=https://rai.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9655.12159}}</ref>

==Selected Bibliography==
* ''[https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.13273/page/513/mode/2up Some Presuppositions of Gandhi's Thought]'' (1969) in S.C. Biswas (ed.), ''Gandhi: Theory and Practice, Social Impact and Contemporary Relevance'' (Indian Institute of Advanced Study), pp. 513-31.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/cmhh_indian-philosophical-quarterly-vol-4-no-1-1978-ed-by-s.-s.-barlingay-pune-university-of-pune-2/page/101 Conflict and Consensus: Some Considerations]'' (1978) in ''Indian Philosophical Quarterly'', Vol 4 No 1, pp. 101-7.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/lnwo_indian-philosophical-quarterly-vol-7-no-1-2-3-4-1980-ed-by-s.-s.-barlingay-pune-university-of-p/page/327/mode/2up The Emergency — The Way Out]'' (1980) in ''Indian Philosophical Quarterly'', Vol 7, No 3, pp. 327-37.
* ''[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/006996678101500106 Of artha and the Arthaśāstra]'' (1981) in ''[[Contributions to Indian Sociology]]'', Vol. 15, No. 1-2), 55-73.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/gandhisphilosoph0000unse/page/n7/mode/2up Foreword]'' (1983) in V. S. Hegde, ''Gandhi's Philosophy of Law'' (Concept Publishing Company).
* ''In Search of Development'' (1984) in ''Indian Philosophical Quarterly'', Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 5-13.
* ''Word and Sentence; Two Perspectives: Bhartrhari and Wittgenstein'' (2002) in Sibajiban Bhattacharyya (ed.) ''Word and Sentence; Two Perspectives: Bhartrhari and Wittgenstein'' (Sahitya Akademi).

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book |last=Wittgenstein |first=Ludwig |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=y5QMEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA39&dq=kj+kanti+shah&ots=c2R0VwSbUl&sig=mfx47laqsL-3vnvgkrs558I-PMs#v=onepage&q=kj%20kanti%20shah&f=false |title=Lezioni di psicologia filosofica Vol. II: Dagli appunti (1946-47) di Kanti J. Shah |date=2020-12-03 |publisher=Mimesis |isbn=978-88-575-7546-9 |language=de}}

[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian political philosophers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Karnatak University]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:People from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Students of Ludwig Wittgenstein]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]

{{India-philosopher-stub}}

Brahmanical Magazine

2026-03-20T13:34:27Z

GeorgiannaStrand: fixed issues

{{Short description|Early 19th-century Indian reformist magazine}}
The '''''Brahmanical Magazine''''' was an [[English language|English-language]] publication founded by the Indian reformer [[Raja Rammohan Roy]].<ref name="cali">{{cite web|title=History of Mass Media|url=http://www.universityofcalicut.info/cuonline/exnotif/ex4235.pdf|work=University of Calicut|accessdate=16 October 2016|archive-date=18 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618230520/http://www.universityofcalicut.info/cuonline/exnotif/ex4235.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was first published in 1821<ref>{{cite web|title=Raja Ram Mohan Roy |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper4/raja-ram-mohan-roy|work=Drishti|accessdate=3 September 2020 |date=17 August 2020}}</ref> aimed to counteract the effects of missionary propaganda.<ref name="cali"/> During its brief existence, the magazine produced a total of twelve issues<ref name="cali"/> before ceasing publication later that same year.<ref>{{cite web | title=Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s 250th birth anniversary: | website=insightsonindia.com| date=23 May 2022 | url=https://www.insightsonindia.com/2022/05/23/raja-ram-mohan-roys-250th-birth-anniversary/ | access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite book|author=M Tawhidul Anwar|year=2012|chapter=Press and Politics|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Press_and_Politics|editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A.|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second|publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brahmanical Magazine}}
[[Category:Defunct magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Defunct political magazines]]
[[Category:English-language magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1821]]
[[Category:Magazines disestablished in 1821]]
[[Category:Political magazines published in India]]
{{italic title}}
{{poli-mag-stub}}

Aligarh Muslim University

2026-03-09T19:56:39Z

GeorgiannaStrand: added info

{{Short description|Public university in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Aligarh Muslim University
| image_size = 200px
| image = Aligarh Muslim University logo.png
| caption = Official [[Seal (emblem)|seal]] of AMU
| motto = ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʻallam al-insān-a mā lam yaʻlam}}''
| mottoeng = Taught man what he knew not (Qur'an 96:5)
| founders = [[Sir Syed Ahmed Khan]]
| established = {{Start date and age|1875}}
| type = [[Public University|Public]] [[Research university|research]] [[university]]
| budget = {{INRConvert|1036|c}} (2019–20)<ref>{{cite web |title=Details of Expenditure - Classification for Budget Estimates 2019-20 |url=https://api.amu.ac.in/storage//file/10132/file_management/1608550072.pdf |website=Aligarh Muslim University |access-date=30 March 2021 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407214554/https://api.amu.ac.in/storage//file/10132/file_management/1608550072.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| chancellor = Vacant
| vice_chancellor = [[Naima Khatoon]]
| head_label = [[Visitor]]
| head = [[President of India]]
| students = 39,367
| undergrad = 12,610<ref name=NIRFData>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020|title=NIRF India – Aligarh Muslim University|url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2020/pdf/University/IR-O-U-0496.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918231713/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2020/pdf/University/IR-O-U-0496.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2020 |access-date=16 January 2021|website=}}</ref>
| postgrad = 5,756<ref name=NIRFData />
| doctoral = 252<ref name=NIRFData />
| city = [[Aligarh]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = Urban
| campus_size = {{convert|1155|acre}}
| former_name = [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]] (1875–1919)
| colours = {{color box|#15701B}}{{color box|#FFFFFF}}{{color box|#980E21}}
| other_name = '''AMU'''
| website = {{URL|amu.ac.in}}
| logo = File:AMU-logo-2.svg
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]], [[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]], [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| affiliation = [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|NIRF]]
| academic_affiliations = [[Association of Commonwealth Universities|ACU]], [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]], [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]], [[Bar Council of India|BCI]], [[Central Council of Indian Medicine|CCIM]], [[Council of Architecture|COA]], [[Dental Council of India|DCI]], [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|DGCA]], [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]], [[Indian Nursing Council|INC]], [[National Council for Teacher Education|NCTE]], [[Pharmacy Council of India|PCI]], [[World Education Services|WES]]
| sporting_affiliations = [[National Cadet Corps (India)|NCC]], [[National Service Scheme|NSS]]
| coordinates = {{coord|27.9150|78.0788|type:edu_region:IN-UP|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}
{{Aligarh Movement}}

'''Aligarh Muslim University''' is a [[Collegiate university|collegiate]], [[Central university (India)|central]], and [[Research university|research]] [[university]] located in [[Aligarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]], which was originally established by [[Sir Syed Ahmad Khan]] as the [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]] in 1875.<ref name=Raychaudhuri2021>{{cite book |last1=Raychaudhuri |first1=Sreerup |title=The Roots and Development of Particle Physics in India |date=2021 |publisher=Springer |location=Switzerland |isbn=978-3-030-80305-6 |pages=19–52 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JBQ-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 |language=en |chapter=3. Reformers and educators |access-date=17 April 2023 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417033435/https://books.google.com/books?id=JBQ-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Devine1998">{{cite book |last1=Devine |first1=Mary Elizabeth |last2=Summerfield |first2=Carol |title=International Dictionary of University Histories |date=1998 |publisher=Routledge |location=Chicago |isbn=1884964230 |pages=18–20 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tntEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |language=en |chapter=Aligarh Muslim University |access-date=17 April 2023 |archive-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509191521/https://books.google.com/books?id=tntEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |url-status=live }}</ref> Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College became Aligarh Muslim University in 1920, following the [[Aligarh Muslim University Act]].<ref name=Raychaudhuri2021/>

The university offers more than 300 courses in traditional and modern branches of education. It is an [[Institutes of National Importance|Institute of National Importance]] and is listed in the [[Union List]] under the Seventh Schedule of the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bestcolleges.indiatoday.in/universities-details/2/aligarh-muslim-university|title=Aligarh Muslim University offers more than 300 courses in the traditional and modern branches of education.}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Aligarh Muslim University}}
[[File:Sir Syed1.jpg|thumb|right|Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, the founder of Aligarh Muslim University]]
[[File:Bab-e-Sayyad.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Bab-e-Syed, entrance to the university]]

===Funding===
The university was established as the [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]] in 1875 by [[Sir Syed Ahmad Khan]].<ref name=Raychaudhuri2021/><ref name="Moj2015">{{cite book|author=Muhammad Moj|title=The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TLi2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47|year=2015|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-78308-388-6|pages=47–|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204203433/https://books.google.com/books?id=TLi2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47|archive-date=4 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> It began to function on 24 May 1875.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmYjnGDHPFwC|title=Cementing Ethics with Modernism: An Appraisal of Sir Sayyed Ahmed Khan's Writings|date=2010|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=9788121210478|language=en|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226053738/https://books.google.com/books?id=kmYjnGDHPFwC|archive-date=26 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> A movement was associated with Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and the college came to be known as the [[Aligarh Movement]], which pushed to materialise the need for establishing a modern education system for the Indian Muslim populace.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/syed-ahmad-khan-and-aligarh-movement-1444624799-1|title=Syed Ahmad Khan and Aligarh Movement|website=Jagranjosh.com|date=12 October 2015|access-date=7 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821090515/http://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/syed-ahmad-khan-and-aligarh-movement-1444624799-1|archive-date=21 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> He considered competence in English and Western sciences necessary skills for maintaining Muslims' political influence. Khan's vision for the college was based on his visit to [[Oxford University]] and [[Cambridge University]], and he wanted to establish an education system similar to the British model.<ref name="amu history">{{cite web|title=AMU History|url=http://www.amu.ac.in/amuhistory.jsp|publisher=Aligarh Muslim University|access-date=30 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414124657/http://www.amu.ac.in/amuhistory.jsp|archive-date=14 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

A committee was formed by the name of foundation of Muslim College and asked people to fund generously. Then Viceroy and Governor General of India [[Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook|Thomas Baring]] gave a donation of {{INR}}10,000 while the Lt. Governor of the North Western Provinces contributed {{INR}}1,000, and by March 1874 funds for the college stood at {{INR}}1,53,920 and 8 [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]].<ref name=":0" /> Maharaja Mahindra Singh Saab Bahadur of Patiala contributed {{INR}}58,000 while Raja Shambhu Narayan of Benaras donated {{INR}}60,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/amu-toasts-its-links-with-bhu-on-sir-syeds-bi-centenary-1548129.html|title=AMU Celebrates Its Links With BHU on Sir Syed's Bi-centenary|website=www.news18.com|date=16 October 2017 |access-date=2 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709064544/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/india/amu-toasts-its-links-with-bhu-on-sir-syeds-bi-centenary-1548129.html|archive-date=9 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Donations also came in from the Maharaja of [[Vizianagaram]] as well.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.frontline.in/the-nation/history-of-aligarh-muslim-university/article8523802.ece|title=History of Aligarh Muslim University|date=27 April 2016|work=Frontline|access-date=22 October 2017|language=en|archive-date=26 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826071824/http://www.frontline.in/the-nation/history-of-aligarh-muslim-university/article8523802.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The college was [[List of academic institutions formerly affiliated to the University of Calcutta|initially affiliated]] to the [[University of Calcutta]] for the matriculate examination but became an affiliate of [[Allahabad University]] in 1885.<ref name=":0" /> The seventh [[Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad]], HEH [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]] made a remarkable donation of {{INR}}5,00,000 to this institution in the year 1918.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://missiontelangana.com/nizam-gave-funding-for-temples-and-hindu-educational-institutions/| title = Nizam gave funding for temples, and Hindu educational institutions| publisher = missiontelangana| date = 28 May 2013| access-date = 8 July 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180708074635/http://missiontelangana.com/nizam-gave-funding-for-temples-and-hindu-educational-institutions/| archive-date = 8 July 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = https://archive.siasat.com/news/nizam-gave-funding-temples-hindu-educational-institutions-436976|title = Nizam gave funding for temples, Hindu educational institutions|newspaper = siasat|date = 10 September 2010|access-date = 26 April 2020|archive-date = 12 June 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140114/https://archive.siasat.com/news/nizam-gave-funding-temples-hindu-educational-institutions-436976/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/14147-why-we-need-minority-character-for-aligarh-muslim-university-jamia-or-hamdard|title=Nothing is more disgraceful for a nation than to throw into the oblivion its historical heritage and the works of its ancestors|date=12 April 2016|access-date=26 April 2020|archive-date=9 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709094521/http://www.milligazette.com/news/14147-why-we-need-minority-character-for-aligarh-muslim-university-jamia-or-hamdard|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Establishment as university ===
[[File:Aligarh Muslim University Masjid.jpg|thumb|200px|Mosque at the Aligarh Muslim University]]

Around 1900, the Muslim University Association was formed to spearhead efforts to transform the college into a university. The Government of India informed the association that a sum of rupees thirty lakhs should be collected to establish the university. Therefore, a Muslim University Foundation Committee was started and it collected the necessary funds. The contributions were made by Muslims as well as non-Muslims.<ref name="Azeez Basha">{{cite web |title = S. Azeez Basha And Anr vs Union Of India on 20 October, 1967 |author = Express Tribune |url = https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1801897/ |access-date = 1 January 2020 |archive-date = 24 July 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200724203614/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1801897/ |url-status = live }}</ref> [[Mohammad Ali Mohammad Khan]] and [[Aga Khan III]] had helped in realising the idea by collecting funds for building the Aligarh Muslim University.<ref name="Aga Khan">{{cite web |title = To sir with love: Aga Khan III – a tireless advocate for female education |author = Express Tribune |date = 2 November 2013 |url = http://tribune.com.pk/story/625925/to-sir-with-love-aga-khan-iii-a-tireless-advocate-for-female-education/ |access-date = 17 April 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140419020621/http://tribune.com.pk/story/625925/to-sir-with-love-aga-khan-iii-a-tireless-advocate-for-female-education/ |archive-date = 19 April 2014 |url-status = live }}</ref> With the MAO College as a nucleus, the Aligarh Muslim University was then established by the [[Aligarh Muslim University Act]], 1920.<ref name="amu history" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amu.ac.in/aboutamu.htm |title=Aligarh Muslim University |publisher=Amu.ac.in |access-date=8 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901221823/http://www.amu.ac.in/aboutamu.htm |archive-date=1 September 2011 }}</ref> In 1927, the [[Ahmadi School for the Visually Challenged, Aligarh Muslim University]] was established and in the following year, a medical school was attached to the university. The college of [[unani medicine]], Ajmal Khan Tibbya College, was established in 1927, and the Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College Hospital was established later in 1932.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.amu.ac.in/aktclibrary.jsp?did=10240 | title=History of Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College, Faculty of Unani Medicine, AMU | publisher=Aligarh Muslim University | access-date=2 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820054116/https://www.amu.ac.in/aktclibrary.jsp?did=10240 | archive-date=20 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh|Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College And Hospital]] was established in 1962 as a part of the university.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.amu.ac.in/principal.jsp?did=10146 | title=Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College | publisher=Aligarh Muslim University | access-date=2 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510202250/https://www.amu.ac.in/principal.jsp?did=10146 | archive-date=10 May 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> In 1935, the [[Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology]] was also established as a constituent of the university.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.amu.ac.in/principal.jsp?did=10147 | title=Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology | publisher=Aligarh Muslim University | access-date=2 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411235304/https://www.amu.ac.in/principal.jsp?did=10147 | archive-date=11 April 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Before 1939, faculty members and students supported an all-India nationalist movement, but after 1939, political sentiment shifted towards support for a Muslim separatist movement. Students and faculty members supported [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] and the university came to be a center of the [[Pakistan Movement]].<ref>[[Mushirul Hasan]], "Nationalist and Separatist Trends in Aligarh, 1915–47," ''Indian Economic and Social History Review,'' (January 1985) 22#1 pp. 1–33</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/649960/flashback-aligarh-university-a-glorius-legacy|title=Flashback: Aligarh University – a glorius legacy|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=6 August 2011|access-date=21 May 2020|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124101127/https://www.dawn.com/news/649960/flashback-aligarh-university-a-glorius-legacy|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Women's education===
[[Sheikh Abdullah (educationalist)|Sheikh Abdullah]] ("Papa Mian") is the founder of the Women's College of Aligarh Muslim University and had pressed for women's education, writing articles while also publishing a monthly women's magazine, ''Khatoon''. To start the college for women, he had led a delegation to the Lt. Governor of the United Provinces while also writing a proposal to [[Sultan Jahan, Begum of Bhopal]]. Begum Jahan had allocated a grant of {{INR}}100 per month for the education of women. On 19 October 1906, he successfully started a school for girls with five students and one teacher at a rented property in Aligarh.<ref name="papamian"/> The foundation stone for the girls' hostel was laid by him and his wife, [[Waheed Jahan Begum]] ("Ala Bi"), after struggles on 7 November 1911.<ref name="papamian"/> Later, a high school was established in 1921, gaining the status of an intermediate college in 1922, finally becoming a constituent of the Aligarh Muslim University as an undergraduate college in 1937.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.amu.ac.in/principal.jsp?did=10148 | title=History of Women's College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh | publisher=Aligarh Muslim University | access-date=2 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411235258/https://www.amu.ac.in/principal.jsp?did=10148 | archive-date=11 April 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> Later, Abdullah's daughters also served as principals of the women's college.<ref name="papamian">{{cite news | url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/the-other-sheikh-abdullah/ | title=The Other Sheikh Abdullah | work=The Greater Kashmir | date=22 May 2015 | access-date=2 October 2019 | author=Khan, Showkat Nayeem | archive-date=8 March 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308191128/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/the-other-sheikh-abdullah/ | url-status=live }}</ref> One of his daughters was Mumtaz Jahan Haider, during whose tenure as principal [[Abul Kalam Azad|Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad]] had visited the university and offered a grant of {{INR}}9,00,000. She was involved in the establishment of the Women's College, organised various extracurricular events, and reasserted the importance of education for Muslim women.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2019/06/13/mumtaz-jahan-haider-principal-aligarh/ |title=Mumtaz Jahan Haider: The First Principal Of Women's College Aligarh |last=Alvi |first=Albeena |date=13 June 2019 |work=Feminism in India |access-date=2 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621165611/https://feminisminindia.com/2019/06/13/mumtaz-jahan-haider-principal-aligarh/ |archive-date=21 June 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The professional courses are run with a co-educational system. Female students are accommodated in six well established halls of residence, where they have all facilities of living and studies. The hostels inside these halls are equipped with reading rooms, common rooms, sports facilities, and dining halls.

===Minority institution status===
Aligarh Muslim University is considered to be an institution of national importance, under the seventh schedule of the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(35).pdf |title=Seventh Schedule (Article 246) List 1 - Union List |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117202534/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(35).pdf |archive-date=17 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol9p21b.htm |title=Constituent Assembly of India - Volume IX |date=30 August 1949 |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073051/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol9p21b.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1967, a constitution bench of the Supreme Court had held that the university is not a minority educational institution protected under the Indian constitution; the verdict had been given in a case to which the university was not a party.<ref name="minority1">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/amu-issue-referred-to-constitution-bench/article26252401.ece | title=AMU issue referred to Constitution Bench | work=The Hindu | date=12 February 2019 | access-date=2 October 2019 | archive-date=7 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107232120/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/amu-issue-referred-to-constitution-bench/article26252401.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> In 1981, an amendment was made to the Aligarh Muslim University Act, following which in 2006 the [[Allahabad High Court]] struck down the provision of the act which accorded the university minority educational institution status.<ref name="minority2">{{cite news | url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/minority-status-to-aligarh-muslim-university-supreme-court-refers-issue-to-7-judge-bench-2034103.html | title=Minority Status to Aligarh Muslim University to be Decided by Supreme Court's 7-judge Bench | work=News18 | date=12 February 2019 | access-date=2 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213125133/https://www.news18.com/news/india/minority-status-to-aligarh-muslim-university-supreme-court-refers-issue-to-7-judge-bench-2034103.html | archive-date=13 February 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2016, the Indian government stated that it would not appeal against the decision.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/amu-row-centre-to-withdraw-upas-appeal-push-for-non-minority-status-316246-2016-04-04|title=AMU row: Centre to withdraw UPAs appeal, push for non-minority status|website=indiatoday.intoday.in|date=4 April 2016 |access-date=4 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610130325/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/amu-row-centre-to-withdraw-upas-appeal-push-for-non-minority-status/1/634704.html|archive-date=10 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/modi-government-seeks-more-time-from-sc-to-file-application-in-aligarh-muslim-university-case/articleshow/51682504.cms|title=Modi government seeks more time from SC to file application in Aligarh Muslim University case |newspaper=The Economic Times|date=4 April 2016|access-date=4 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629162009/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/modi-government-seeks-more-time-from-sc-to-file-application-in-aligarh-muslim-university-case/articleshow/51682504.cms|archive-date=29 June 2016|url-status=live|last1=Rautray|first1=Samanwaya}}</ref> In February 2019, the issue was referred by the [[Supreme Court of India]] to a constitution bench of seven judges.<ref name="minority2"/><ref name="minority1"/>

In November 2024, seven-judge bench of the Supreme Court, by a 4:3 majority, overruled a previous 1967 judgement in the case of S. Azeez Basha vs. Union of India. The 1967 ruling had stated that an institution established by a statute, such as the Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), could not claim minority status. The Supreme Court verdict overturned this precedent, paving the way for AMU to potentially assert its rights as a minority institution. However, the final determination of AMU's minority status will be decided by a separate bench, which will examine the specific provisions of the AMU Act.<ref name="min1">{{Cite web |last=Bawa |first=Anmol Kaur |date=8 November 2024 |title=Minority Status Not Lost Merely Because Institution Was Created By Statute; AMU Minority Claim To Be Decided Based On Who Established It : Supreme Court By 4: 3 |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/minority-status-not-lost-merely-because-institution-was-created-by-statute-amu-minority-claim-to-be-decided-based-on-who-established-it-supreme-court-by-4-3-274599 |access-date=9 November 2024 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=8 November 2024 |title=Minority status: Aligarh Muslim University celebrates 'historic' Supreme Court verdict |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-verdict-on-amu-minority-status-university-celebrates-historic-verdict/article68846196.ece |access-date=9 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Main campus==
{{multiple images
| perrow=2/2
| total_width=250px
| align=right
| direction=horizontal
| image1=Secondary_Section_Building%2C_Minto_Circle_.jpg
| image2=Victoria gate.jpg
| image3=SirSyedHouse.jpg
| image4= Central Mosque, Aligarh Muslim University.jpg
| footer= Clockwise: Syedna Taher Saifuddin School, Victoria Gate, Central Mosque, Sir Syed House
}}

The campus of Aligarh Muslim University is spread over 467.6 hectares in the city of Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh. The nearest railway station is the [[Aligarh Junction railway station|Aligarh Junction]].

It is a residential university, with most of the staff and students residing on the campus. There are 19 halls of residence for students (13 for boys and 6 for girls) with 80 hostels.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aligarh Muslim University :: Home|url=https://www.amu.ac.in/ourfact.jsp|access-date=26 November 2020|website=www.amu.ac.in|archive-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620154855/https://www.amu.ac.in/ourfact.jsp|url-status=live}}</ref> The halls are administered by a provost and a number of teacher wardens who look after different hostels. Each hall maintains a dining hall, a common room with facilities for indoor games, a reading room, a library, sports clubs and a literary and cultural society.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aligarh Muslim University {{!}}{{!}} Hostel|url=https://www.amu.ac.in/hostel.jsp|access-date=26 November 2020|website=www.amu.ac.in|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030135416/https://www.amu.ac.in/hostel.jsp|url-status=live}}</ref> The halls are named after people associated with the Aligarh Movement and the university.

Sir Syed Hall is the oldest hall of the university. It houses many heritage buildings, such as Strachey Hall, Mushtaq Manzil, Asman Manzil, Nizam Museum and Lytton Library, Victoria Gate, and [[Sir Syed Mosque|Jama Masjid]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aligarh Muslim University {{!}}{{!}} Halls|url=https://www.amu.ac.in/amuhalls.jsp?did=10090|access-date=26 November 2020|website=www.amu.ac.in|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119130646/https://www.amu.ac.in/amuhalls.jsp?did=10090|url-status=live}}</ref>

The campus also maintains a cricket ground, Willingdon Pavilion, a synthetic hockey ground and a park, Gulistan-e-Syed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 November 2019|title=North Zone Intervarsity Tournament begins at AMU|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/north-zone-intervarsity-tournament-begins-at-amu/|access-date=26 November 2020|website=India Education Diary|language=en-US|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226010638/https://indiaeducationdiary.in/north-zone-intervarsity-tournament-begins-at-amu/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other notable buildings in the campus includes the [[Maulana Azad Library]], [[Moinuddin Ahmad Art Gallery, Aligarh Muslim University|Moinuddin Ahmad Art Gallery]], Kennedy Auditorium, [[Musa Dakri Museum]], the Cultural Education Centre, [[Siddons Union Club|Siddons Debating Union Hall]] and Sir Syed House.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aligarh Muslim University {{!}}{{!}} Sir Syed Academy|url=https://www.amu.ac.in/ssacademy.jsp?did=10019&lid=About%20Us|access-date=26 November 2020|website=www.amu.ac.in|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809114315/https://www.amu.ac.in/ssacademy.jsp?did=10019&lid=About%20Us|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Aligarh Muslim University {{!}}{{!}} Musa Dakri Museum|url=https://www.amu.ac.in/museum.jsp|access-date=26 November 2020|website=www.amu.ac.in|archive-date=10 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010231728/https://www.amu.ac.in/museum.jsp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Aligarh Muslim University time capsule update|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/aligarh-muslim-university-time-capsule-update/cid/1790983|access-date=26 November 2020|website=www.telegraphindia.com|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121070614/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/aligarh-muslim-university-time-capsule-update/cid/1790983|url-status=live}}</ref>

The main university gate is called Bab-e-Syed. In 2020 a new gate called Centenary Gate was built to celebrate the centenary year of the university.<ref>{{Cite news|title=AMU VC urged to name centenary gate after Sardar Patel or Ambedkar or Ashfaqullah Khan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/amu-vc-urged-to-name-centenary-gate-after-sardar-patel-or-ambedkar-or-ashfaqullah-khan/articleshow/78311143.cms|access-date=26 November 2020|website=The Times of India|date=25 September 2020|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201065633/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/amu-vc-urged-to-name-centenary-gate-after-sardar-patel-or-ambedkar-or-ashfaqullah-khan/articleshow/78311143.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Organisation and administration==
===Governance===
The university's formal head is the [[Chancellor (education)|chancellor]], though this is a titular figure, and is not involved with the day-to-day running of the university. The chancellor is elected by the members of the [[University Court]]. The university's chief executive is the [[Vice-Chancellor (education)|vice-chancellor]], appointed by the [[President of India]] on the recommendation of the court. The court is the supreme governing body of the university and exercises all the powers of the university, not otherwise provided for by the Aligarh Muslim University Act, and the statutes, ordinances and regulations of the university.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.amu.ac.in/registrarsection.jsp?did=10071&lid=Governing%20Bodies |title = Aligarh Muslim University || Registrar Section |publisher = Amu.ac.in |access-date = 1 October 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151006233622/http://www.amu.ac.in/registrarsection.jsp?did=10071&lid=Governing%20Bodies |archive-date = 6 October 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref>

In 2018, [[Mufaddal Saifuddin]] was elected chancellor and Ibne Saeed Khan, the former [[Nawab of Chhatari]], was elected the pro-Chancellor. Syed Zillur Rahman was elected honorary treasurer.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 December 2018|title=AMU court elects Chancellor, Pro Chancellor and Treasurer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/amu-court-elects-chancellor-pro-chancellor-and-treasurer/articleshow/66910186.cms|access-date=23 December 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803102949/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/amu-court-elects-chancellor-pro-chancellor-and-treasurer/articleshow/66910186.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 May 2017, Tariq Mansoor assumed office as the 39th vice-chancellor of the university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amu.ac.in/dshowfacultydata.jsp?did=52&eid=10058907|website=Aligarh Muslim University|title=Aligarh Muslim University || Department Page|access-date=21 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611024035/http://www.amu.ac.in/dshowfacultydata.jsp?did=52&eid=10058907|archive-date=11 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Faculties===
[[File:Student_Union_Hall,_Aligarh_Muslim_University.jpg|thumb|Student Union Hall, Aligarh Muslim University]]

Aligarh Muslim University's academic departments are divided into 13 faculties:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aligarh Muslim University - Faculties|url=https://www.amu.ac.in/faculties.jsp|access-date=25 November 2020|website=www.amu.ac.in|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125204146/https://www.amu.ac.in/faculties.jsp|url-status=live}}</ref>

* Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
* Faculty of Arts
* Faculty of Commerce
* Faculty of Engineering and Technology
* Faculty of Law
* Faculty of Life Sciences
* Faculty of Medicine
* Faculty of Management Studies and Research
* Faculty of Science
* Faculty of Social Sciences
* Faculty of Theology
* Faculty of International Studies
* Faculty of Unani Medicine

===Colleges===
Aligarh Muslim University maintains 7 colleges:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aligarh Muslim University - Colleges|url=https://www.amu.ac.in/colleges.jsp|access-date=25 November 2020|website=www.amu.ac.in|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101181241/https://www.amu.ac.in/colleges.jsp|url-status=live}}</ref>

* Academic Staff College
* Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College
* Community College
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh|Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College]]
* Women's College
* Zakir Hussain College of Engineering & Technology
* Ziauddin Ahmad Dental College

The university also maintains 15 centres, 3 institutes, and 10 schools, including [[Minto Circle]] and the [[Ahmadi School for the Visually Challenged, Aligarh Muslim University|Ahmadi School for the Visually Challenged]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.amu.ac.in/faculties.jsp |title = Aligarh Muslim University – Faculties |publisher = Amu.ac.in |access-date = 1 October 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150909043449/http://www.amu.ac.in/faculties.jsp |archive-date = 9 September 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> The university's [[Faculty of Theology, Aligarh Muslim University|Faculty of Theology]] has two departments, one for the [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] school of thought and another for the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] school of thought.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/ugc-s-audit-report-on-amu-demonstrates-its-ignorance-of-law/story-d736JowcfiGH1sAm33iGVM.html |title=UGC's audit report on AMU demonstrates its ignorance of law |last=Mustafa |first=Faizan |date=23 November 2017 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=2 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128235502/https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/ugc-s-audit-report-on-amu-demonstrates-its-ignorance-of-law/story-d736JowcfiGH1sAm33iGVM.html |archive-date=28 January 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Centres===
Aligarh Muslim University has established three centres at [[Malappuram]] ([[Kerala]]), [[Murshidabad]] ([[West Bengal]]) and [[Kishanganj]] ([[Bihar]]), while a site has been identified for [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] ([[Maharashtra]]) centre.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 November 2018|first=Shruti|last=Ganapatye|title=Aligarh Muslim University renews idea for campus in state|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/aligarh-muslim-university-renews-idea-for-campus-in-state/articleshow/66483651.cms|access-date=25 November 2020|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en|archive-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620213522/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/aligarh-muslim-university-renews-idea-for-campus-in-state/articleshow/66483651.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mp.amu.ac.in">{{cite web|url=http://mp.amu.ac.in/Information%20Bulletin_malapuram.pdf |publisher=Aligarh Muslim University - |title=Special Brochure for AMU Murshidabad and Malappuram Centres |access-date=19 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812234440/http://mp.amu.ac.in/Information%20Bulletin_malapuram.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2012 }}</ref>

*[[Aligarh Muslim University Malappuram Centre]], Kerala
*[[Aligarh Muslim University: Murshidabad Centre]], West Bengal
*[[AMU Kishanganj Centre|Aligarh Muslim University: Kishanganj Centre]], Bihar

== Academics ==
[[File:Hostel,_aligargh_Muslim_University,_Aligarh.jpg|thumb|Hostel, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh]]

===Courses===
Aligarh Muslim University offers over 300 degrees and is organised around 12 faculties offering courses in a range of technical and vocational subjects as well as interdisciplinary subjects. In 2011, it opened two new centres in West Bengal and Kerala for the study of MBAs and Integrated Law. The university has around 28,000 students and a faculty of almost 1,500 teaching staff. Students are drawn from all states in India and several different countries, with most of its international students coming from Africa, West Asia and Southeast Asia. Admission into the university is entrance-test based.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 September 2020|title=Aligarh Muslim University|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/aligarh-muslim-university|access-date=25 November 2020|website=Times Higher Education (THE)|language=en|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127015650/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/aligarh-muslim-university|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Strachey Hall, Aligarh Muslim University, 25 September 2025.jpg|thumb|Strachey Hall, Aligarh Muslim University, India]]

===Rankings===
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = University and College

| ARWU_W_2022 = 801–900
| THE_W_2024 = 601-800
| THES_A_2024 = 193
| THES_E_2022 = 251–300
| QS_W_2023 = 1001–1200
| QS_A_2023 = 271–280

| NIRF_O_2024 = 16
| NIRF_U_2024 = 8
| NIRF_R_2024 = 25

| NIRF_E_2024 = 33

| NIRF_L_2024 = 12

| NIRF_B_2024 = 70

| NIRF_M_2024 = 27

| NIRF_A_2024 = 14

| NIRF_D_2024 = 18
}}

Internationally, AMU was ranked 1001–1200 in the ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'' of 2023<ref name=Rankings_QS_W_2023/> and 271–280 in Asia.<ref name=Rankings_QS_A_2023/> It was ranked 801–1000 in the world by the ''[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]'' of 2023,{{cn|date=July 2025}} 201–250 in Asia in 2022{{cn|date=July 2025}} and 251–300 among emerging economies.<ref name=Rankings_THES_E_2022/> AMU was also ranked 901–1000 in the ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]'' of 2022.<ref name=Rankings_ARWU_W_2022/>

In India, AMU was ranked 16th overall by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2024 and 8th among universities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF Ranking 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

Among government engineering colleges, the Zakir Hussain College of Engineering and Technology, the engineering college of the university, was ranked 33rd by the ''National Institutional Ranking Framework'' among engineering colleges in 2024.<ref name="Rankings_NIRF_E_2024" />

The [[Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh|Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College]], the medical school of the university, has been ranked 28th by ''National Institutional Ranking Framework'' in 2023.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

===Libraries===
{{Main|Maulana Azad Library}}

[[File:Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University.jpg|thumb|left|Maulana Azad Library, AMU]]
The Maulana Azad Library is the primary library of the university, consisting of a central library and over 100 departmental and college libraries. It houses royal decrees of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperors such as Babur, Akbar and Shah Jahan.<ref name="intoday1">{{cite web |url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/best-universities/2012/story/20120528-india-today-universities-rankings-2012-aligarh-muslim-university-758441-2012-05-17 |title = AMU at 5th spot on India Today Universities Rankings 2012 |date = 18 May 2012 |publisher = Indiatoday.intoday.in |access-date = 1 October 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120521174913/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-today-universities-rankings-2012-aligarh-muslim-university/1/189328.html |archive-date = 21 May 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref> The foundation of the library was laid in 1877 at the time of establishment of the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College by [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton]], then viceroy of India, and it was named after him as Lytton Library. The present seven-storied building was inaugurated by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first prime Minister of independent India, in 1960; and the library was named after [[Abul Kalam Azad]], popularly known as Maulana Azad, the first education minister of the independent India.<ref name="intoday1" /><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.amu.ac.in/amulib.jsp?did=10066&lid=About%20the%20Library |title = Aligarh Muslim University || M.A. Library |publisher = Amu.ac.in |access-date = 1 October 2015 |archive-date = 7 December 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201207171458/https://www.amu.ac.in/amulib.jsp?did=10066&lid=About%20the%20Library |url-status = live }}</ref>

The social science cyber library was inaugurated by [[Pranab Mukherjee]], then President of India, on 27 December 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title = President of India inaugurates XXXVII Indian Social Science Congress |url = http://www.batori.in/national/2013/12/27/president-of-india-inaugurates-xxxvii-indian-social-science-congress/ |website = Batori.in |date = 27 December 2013 |publisher = batori |access-date = 1 October 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151002104809/http://www.batori.in/national/2013/12/27/president-of-india-inaugurates-xxxvii-indian-social-science-congress/ |archive-date = 2 October 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> In 2015, it was accredited with the [[International Organization for Standardization]] certification.<ref>{{cite news |title = Aligarh Muslim University 'cyberary' gets ISO certification |url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/aligarh-muslim-university-cyberary-gets-iso-certification-115062600474_1.html |newspaper = Business Standard India |date = 26 June 2015 |access-date = 1 October 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151002080345/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/aligarh-muslim-university-cyberary-gets-iso-certification-115062600474_1.html |archive-date = 2 October 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref>

===Satellite Project===
The AMU Robo Club in November 2021 started working on the university's first satellite project. The project "SS AMU SAT" named after the university's founder Sir Syed Ahmed Khan,<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=20 October 2009|title=Sir Syed Ahmed Khan: His Life And Contribution|language=en-IN|work=ummid.com|url=https://www.ummid.com/news/October/20.10.2009/sir_sayyad_life_and_vision.htm|access-date=28 October 2023|archive-date=28 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028142858/https://www.ummid.com/news/October/20.10.2009/sir_sayyad_life_and_vision.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> was submitted to Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre (IN-SPACe) for its approval in January 2023. IN-SPACe approved the project on 28 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=28 October 2023|title=AMU satellite project named after Sir Syed Ahmad Khan gets IN-SPACe nod|language=en-IN|work=ummid.com|url=https://ummid.com/news/2023/october/28-10-2023/amu-satellite-project-named-after-sir-syed-ahmad-khan-gets-in-space-nod.html|access-date=28 October 2023|archive-date=28 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028142839/https://ummid.com/news/2023/october/28-10-2023/amu-satellite-project-named-after-sir-syed-ahmad-khan-gets-in-space-nod.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Student life==
===Traditions===
[[Sherwani]] is worn by male students of the university and is a traditional attire of the university. It is required to be worn during official programs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2012jun16/lt_gen_zameeruddin_shah_reviving_%25E2%2580%2598sherwani_culture%25E2%2580%2599_amu.html#.VwVXX0997IU|title=Is Lt Gen Zameeruddin Shah reviving 'Sherwani Culture' in AMU?|website=TwoCircles.net|access-date=6 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014235422/http://twocircles.net/2012jun16/lt_gen_zameeruddin_shah_reviving_%25E2%2580%2598sherwani_culture%25E2%2580%2599_amu.html#.VwVXX0997IU|archive-date=14 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The university provides sherwanis at a subsidised price.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/for-amu-students-wearing-sherwani-no-issue/1111631/|title=For AMU students, wearing sherwani no issue |website=archive.indianexpress.com|date=5 May 2013 |access-date=6 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504224610/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/for-amu-students-wearing-sherwani-no-issue/1111631/|archive-date=4 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In early 2013, [[Zameer Uddin Shah]], the then Vice-Chancellor of the university, insisted that male students have to wear sherwani if they wanted to meet him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/689270/this-isnt-the-first-time-the-aligarh-muslim-university-vc-has-said-something-outrageous|title=This isn't the first time the Aligarh Muslim University VC has said something outrageous|last=Bhalla|first=Sahil|website=Scroll.in|date=11 November 2014 |language=en-US|access-date=6 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417174009/http://scroll.in/article/689270/this-isnt-the-first-time-the-aligarh-muslim-university-vc-has-said-something-outrageous|archive-date=17 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The AMU Tarana, or anthem, was composed by poet and university student [[Majaz]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=AMU Tarana or Anthem|url=https://www.amu.ac.in/pdf/taranaeng.pdf|website=Aligarh Muslim University|access-date=25 November 2020|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125003656/https://www.amu.ac.in/pdf/taranaeng.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> It is an abridged version of Majaz's 1933 poem "Narz-e-Aligarh".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Read full nazm by Asrarul Haq Majaz|url=https://www.rekhta.org/nazms/nazr-e-aligadh-sarshaar-e-nigaah-e-nargis-huun-paa-basta-e-gesu-e-sumbul-huun-asrarul-haq-majaz-nazms|access-date=25 November 2020|website=Rekhta}}</ref> In 1955, Khan Ishtiaq Mohammad, a university student, composed the song and it was adopted as the official anthem of the university. The song is played during every function at the university along with the National Anthem.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 October 2015|first=Eram|last=Agha|title=Majaz's Tarana gets a remix|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/Majazs-Tarana-gets-a-remix/articleshow/49427341.cms|access-date=25 November 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430012050/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/Majazs-Tarana-gets-a-remix/articleshow/49427341.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Dhaba culture and canteen within campus flourish by students in evening time , tea is the most preferable beverage.

===Students' Union===
{{Main|Aligarh Muslim University Students' Union}}

[[Aligarh Muslim University Students' Union]] (AMUSU) is the university-wide representative body for students at the university. It is an elected body.

===Clubs and societies===
The university has sports and cultural clubs functioning under its aegis. The [[Siddons Union Club]] is the debating club of the university.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amusu.in/the-siddons-union-club/|title=The Siddons Union Club|date=20 February 2019|access-date=31 October 2019|archive-date=3 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003085103/https://www.amusu.in/the-siddons-union-club/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was established in the year 1884 and was named after [[Henry George Impey Siddons]], the first principal of the MAO college.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/AMU-A-students-union-with-no-party-allegiance/articleshow/44927377.cms|title=AMU: A students' union with no party allegiance |date=24 October 2014|first=Eram |last=Agha |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=11 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811202442/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/AMU-A-students-union-with-no-party-allegiance/articleshow/44927377.cms|archive-date=11 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> It has hosted politicians, writers, Nobel laureates, players and journalists, including the [[Dalai Lama]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Abul Kalam Azad]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/hall-of-free-speech-at-centre-of-portrait-row/cid/1344249|title=Hall of free speech at centre of portrait row|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=25 September 2019|archive-date=25 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925075253/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/hall-of-free-speech-at-centre-of-portrait-row/cid/1344249|url-status=live}}</ref> Sporting clubs include the [[Cricket Club, Aligarh Muslim University]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=je7DBAAAQBAJ|title=A Corner of a Foreign Field: The Indian History of a British Sport|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|date=2014|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=9789351186939|language=en|access-date=6 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528205243/https://books.google.com/books?id=je7DBAAAQBAJ|archive-date=28 May 2016|url-status=live|edition=New and Updated}}</ref> and the [[Muslim University Riding Club]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/galloping-to-glory/article1491063.ece|title=Galloping to glory|date=26 February 2011|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=6 April 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Cultural Education Centre, Aligarh Muslim University.jpg|thumb|Cultural Education Centre, Aligarh Muslim University]]

The Cultural Education Centre of the University hosts clubs run by teachers and students jointly for imparting various skills in the students, such as the Drama club, the Literary Club, the Club for Short Evening Courses, the Film Club, the Music Club and the Fine Arts Club.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amu.ac.in/centres/cultural-education-centre/cultural-clubs|title=Cultural Education Centre|work=Aligarh Muslim University|date=n.d.|access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref>The Raleigh Literary Society of the university hosts competitive events, plays, and performances,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://thetheatretimes.com/contemporary-adaptations-amus-raleigh-literary-societys-waiting-godot-hayadavana/ | title=Political Adaptations: Raleigh Literary Society's "Waiting for Godot" and "Hayadavana" | work=The Theatre Times | date=8 December 2016 | access-date=2 October 2019 | author=Siddiqui, Mohammad Asim | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914173404/https://thetheatretimes.com/contemporary-adaptations-amus-raleigh-literary-societys-waiting-godot-hayadavana/ | archive-date=14 September 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.aapkatimes.com/raleigh-literary-society-of-amu-organises-a-series-of-competitions/ | title=Raleigh Literary Society of AMU organises a series of competitions | work=Aapka Times | date=25 February 2017 | access-date=2 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102014148/http://www.aapkatimes.com/raleigh-literary-society-of-amu-organises-a-series-of-competitions/ | archive-date=2 November 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> including performances of [[Shakespeare]]'s plays.<ref name= "Raleigh">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/aligarh-and-its-shakespeare-wallahs/article8505088.ece | title=Aligarh and its Shakespeare wallahs | work=The Hindu | date=22 April 2016 | access-date=2 October 2019 | author=Siddiqui, Mohammad Asim | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424103813/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/aligarh-and-its-shakespeare-wallahs/article8505088.ece | archive-date=24 April 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref> The society is named after [[Shakespeare]] critic [[Walter Raleigh (professor)|Sir Walter Raleigh]], who served as the English professor at the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College from 1885 to 1887.<ref name= "Raleigh"/>

The [[The Law Society (Aligarh Muslim University)|Law Society]] of the Department of Law was founded in 1894 as a non-profit student organisation. The society publishes law reviews and organises events, both academic and social, from annual fest to freshers social and farewell party for final year students.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amu.ac.in/lawsociety.jsp?did=10206&lid=About|title=Aligarh Muslim University || Law Society|website=www.amu.ac.in|access-date=30 November 2019|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412065953/https://www.amu.ac.in/lawsociety.jsp?did=10206&lid=About|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/aligarh-muslim-university-vice-chancellor-releases-law-society-review-and-newsletter/|title=Aligarh Muslim University Vice Chancellor releases Law Society Review and Newsletter|work=India Education Diary Bureau|date=1 November 2019|access-date=30 November 2019|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124152424/https://indiaeducationdiary.in/aligarh-muslim-university-vice-chancellor-releases-law-society-review-and-newsletter/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Cultural festivals===
Every year the various clubs of the university organise their own cultural festivals. Two notable fests are the University Film Club's [[Filmsaaz]] and the Literary Club's [[AMU Literary Festival]].

===Old Boys' Association===
Old Boys' Association is the alumni network of the university. It was established in the year 1898 and has had statutory recognition under AMU, Act 1920.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://amuoldboysassociation.com/|title=Official website AMU Old Boys Association {{!}} Alumni aligarh Muslim University|website=amuoldboysassociation.com|access-date=12 February 2020|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218060132/http://www.amuoldboysassociation.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Notable alumni and faculty==
{{Main|List of Aligarh Muslim University alumni|Category:Academic staff of Aligarh Muslim University|List of Chancellors and Vice-Chancellors of Aligarh Muslim University}}

Following is a list of alumni of the university.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prominent Alumni Aligarh Muslim University |url=https://www.amu.ac.in/pdf/Alumni.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713225953/http://www.amu.ac.in/pdf/Alumni.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2015 |access-date=14 June 2023 |website=www.amu.ac.in}}</ref>

* Alumni from the field of literature and cinema include [[Syed Mujtaba Ali]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beaninspirer.com/syed-mujtaba-ali-pioneer-language-movement/|title=Syed Mujtaba Ali – the Pioneer of the Language Movement | BeAnInspirer|date=13 September 2017|access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127170629/https://www.beaninspirer.com/syed-mujtaba-ali-pioneer-language-movement/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.thedailystar.net/literature/syed-mujtaba-ali-rebel-5464|title = Syed Mujtaba Ali as a Rebel|date = 7 March 2015|access-date = 11 February 2021|archive-date = 22 April 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210422133226/https://www.thedailystar.net/literature/syed-mujtaba-ali-rebel-5464|url-status = live}}</ref>
* Alumni from the field of politics include [[Tufail Ahmad Manglori|Maulvi Syed Tufail Ahmad Manglori]], Indian independence activist and historian;<ref name="TMG2013">{{cite web |title=Syed Tufail Ahmad Manglori |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/1-community-news/9629-syed-tufail-ahmad-manglori/ |publisher=[[The Milli Gazette]] |access-date=3 November 2020 |language=en |date=26 November 2013 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121044049/https://www.milligazette.com/news/1-community-news/9629-syed-tufail-ahmad-manglori/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]], third president of India;<ref>{{cite web |title = Encyclopædia Britannica- Biography |url = https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zakir-Husain |website = Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date = 1 October 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151002025213/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zakir-Husain |archive-date = 2 October 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]], twelfth vice-president of India;<ref>{{cite web |title = Hamid Ansari: From diplomat to Vice-President |url = http://www.firstpost.com/politics/hamid-ansari-from-diplomat-to-vice-president-409707.html |website = Firstpost |date = 8 August 2012 |access-date = 1 October 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161104155745/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/hamid-ansari-from-diplomat-to-vice-president-409707.html |archive-date = 4 November 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> [[Arif Mohammad Khan]], twenty-second governor of Kerala;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/arif-mohammad-khan-a-good-orator/story-ewIGCiWZmQXb7T76e2D8NP.html|title=Arif Mohammad Khan a good orator|date=3 September 2019|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=3 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903203220/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/arif-mohammad-khan-a-good-orator/story-ewIGCiWZmQXb7T76e2D8NP.html|archive-date=3 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Anwara Taimur]] the first and yet only female chief minister of the Indian state of [[Assam]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sevendiary.com/anwara-taimur-lady-cm-assam/|title=Anwara Taimur – The First Lady CM of Assam|website=sevendiary.com|date=21 February 2013|access-date=1 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713231116/http://sevendiary.com/anwara-taimur-lady-cm-assam/|archive-date=13 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sheikh Abdullah]] and [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]], respectively third and sixth chief minister of the Indian state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]];<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah | encyclopedia=Britannica | publisher=Britannia | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sheikh-Muhammad-Abdullah | access-date=3 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331034648/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sheikh-Muhammad-Abdullah | archive-date=31 March 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/the-life-and-career-of-mufti-mohammad-sayeed-302599-2016-01-07 | title=The life and career of Mufti Mohammad Sayeed | work=India Today | date=7 January 2016 | access-date=3 October 2019 | location=Jammu | archive-date=3 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003022817/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/the-life-and-career-of-mufti-mohammad-sayeed-302599-2016-01-07 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* Alumni from the field of science include [[Bushra Ateeq]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sameer |date=28 September 2020 |title=AMU alumnus Dr Bushra Ateeq wins India's highest science award |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/amu-alumnus-dr-bushra-ateeq-wins-indias-highest-science-award-1985178/ |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=The Siasat Daily – Archive |language=en-US |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115123924/https://archive.siasat.com/news/amu-alumnus-dr-bushra-ateeq-wins-indias-highest-science-award-1985178/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Alumni from the field of sports include [[Dhyan Chand]], [[Lala Amarnath]] and [[Zafar Iqbal (field hockey)|Zafar Iqbal]]<ref>{{cite web |title = Some hearts still beat for hockey here |url = https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/qaiser-mohammad-ali/story/some-hearts-still-beat-for-hockey-here-132917-2011-04-29 |website = India Today |date = 30 April 2011 |access-date = 1 October 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151002114830/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/some-hearts-still-beat-for-hockey-here/1/136704.html |archive-date = 2 October 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> and Iranian footballers [[Majid Bishkar]] and [[Jamshid Nassiri]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Somnath|last=Sengupta|date=9 November 2018|url=http://www.goaldentimes.org/majid-bishkar-and-jamshid-nassiri/|title=Majid Bishkar And Jamshid Nassiri : Indian Football's Iconic Iranian Duo|work=Goalden Times|accessdate=26 June 2021|archive-date=14 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214204839/https://www.goaldentimes.org/majid-bishkar-and-jamshid-nassiri/}}</ref>
* Other notable alumni include Indian historian [[Mohammad Habib]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.amu.ac.in/amuhalls.jsp?did=10081 | title=Mohammad Habib Hall | publisher=Aligarh Muslim University | access-date=2 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411205252/https://www.amu.ac.in/amuhalls.jsp?did=10081 | archive-date=11 April 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> French mathematician [[André Weil]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.math.sunysb.edu/~aknapp/BorelOnWeil.pdf|title=Borel, Armand|access-date=1 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005022714/http://www.math.sunysb.edu/~aknapp/BorelOnWeil.pdf|archive-date=5 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Mufti Mohammad Sayeed – A suave politician|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/mufti-mohammad-sayeed-a-suave-politician/|website = The Indian Express|date = 7 January 2016|access-date = 7 January 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160109232503/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/mufti-mohammad-sayeed-a-suave-politician/|archive-date = 9 January 2016|url-status = live}}</ref>
* [[Yasin Mazhar Siddiqi]] – Muslim scholar and historian who served as director of the Institute of Islamic Studies<ref>{{Cite web |title=پروفیسر ڈاکٹر محمد یسینٰ مظہر صدیقی کی سیرت نگاری – IRI – Islamic Research Index – Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad |url=https://iri.aiou.edu.pk/indexing/?p=23536 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916180656/https://iri.aiou.edu.pk/indexing/?p=23536 |archive-date=2020-09-16 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=iri.aiou.edu.pk |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Kafeel Ahmad Qasmi]] – former chairman of the department of Arabic and former dean of the faculty of arts, AMU<ref name="Amīn">{{cite web|last=Mayurbhanji|first=Muhammad Rūhul Amīn|title=Prof. Maulana Sayed Kafeel Ahmed Qasmi: Biographical Sketch|url=https://qindeelonline.com/sayyad-kafeel-ahmad-qasmi/|website=qindeelonline.com|publisher=Qandeel Online|date=16 September 2023|access-date=6 October 2023|language=ur|archive-date=24 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924171623/https://qindeelonline.com/sayyad-kafeel-ahmad-qasmi/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* The 1963 film ''[[Mere Mehboob]]'', directed by [[H. S. Rawail]] starring Rajendra Kumar, Sadhana, and Ashok Kumar, was shot on the campus.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Mohammad Asim |title='Aligarh' goes beyond Aligarh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/aligarh-goes-beyond-aligarh/article8309888.ece |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=3 March 2016 |language=en-IN |archive-date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226141621/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/aligarh-goes-beyond-aligarh/article8309888.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The 1966 film ''[[Nai Umar Ki Nai Fasal]]'' was also filmed on the campus.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Tigmanshu-Dhulia-to-shoot-at-Aligarh-Muslim-University/articleshow/32078314.cms |title = Tigmanshu Dhulia to shoot at Aligarh Muslim University? |publisher = Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date = 15 March 2014 |access-date = 1 October 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160204203433/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Tigmanshu-Dhulia-to-shoot-at-Aligarh-Muslim-University/articleshow/32078314.cms |archive-date = 4 February 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref>
* The 2015 film ''[[Aligarh (film)|Aligarh]]'' portrays the struggles faced by [[Ramchandra Siras]], a homosexual professor from the university.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/aligarh-review-a-subtle-strong-film-on-human-rights-and-democracy/story-onV213G1c1Iky2Y8xVeG9J.html|title=Aligarh review: Manoj Bajpayee touches your heart, changes perceptions|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=25 February 2016|access-date=26 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324153127/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/aligarh-review-a-subtle-strong-film-on-human-rights-and-democracy/story-onV213G1c1Iky2Y8xVeG9J.html|archive-date=24 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|first=Aijaz|last=Ahmad|title=Aligarh Muslim University: An Educational and Political History, 1920–47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXEmrgEACAAJ|year=2015|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|isbn=978-1-5085-3673-4}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Graff |first=Violette|title=Aligarh's Long Quest for 'Minority' Status: AMU (Amendment) Act, 1981|journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=11 August 1990 |volume=25 |issue=32 |pages=1771–1781|jstor = 4396615}}
*{{Cite journal |last1=Hasan |first1=Mushirul |last2=Qadri |first2=Mohd. Afzal Husain |title=Nationalist and separatist trends in Aligarh, 1915–47 |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |date=1 March 1985 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=1–33 |doi=10.1177/001946468502200101|s2cid=144414983 }}
*[[Syed Mujtaba Ali]] Bangladeshi Writer
*{{Cite journal |last1=Minault |first1=Gail |last2=Lelyveld |first2=David |title=The Campaign for a Muslim University, 1898–1920 |year=1974|journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=145–189 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00005448|jstor=311636}}
*{{Cite news |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/history-of-aligarh-muslim-university/article8523802.ece |title=History of Aligarh Muslim University |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |date=13 May 2016 |work=The Frontline |access-date=2 October 2019}}
* {{Cite thesis|last=Ahmed|first=Fakhar Uddin Ali|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/10603/67546|title=Arabic studies in educational institutions of Assam since 1947|publisher=[[Gauhati University]]|year=2010|location=India|pages=208–211}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website}}

{{Aligarh Muslim University}}
{{Universities in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Aligarh division topics}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University| ]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1875]]
[[Category:Central universities in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Islamic universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:1875 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Aligarh]]
[[Category:Universities in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Aligarh Movement]]

Dhanya Rajendran

2026-03-08T06:53:08Z

GeorgiannaStrand: adding some info w/ refs - done

{{short description|Indian journalist}}
{{Indian patronymic|Dhanya|Rajendran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dhanya Rajendran
| image = Dhanya Rajendran.jpg
| alt = This is a waist length photograph of a brown woman with long hair. Her hands are placed close to her body. She is wearing a white kurta and red lipstick. She is smiling at the camera. There are trees in the background.
| caption = Dhanya Rajendran at the 15th annual meeting of The Network of Women in Media in Bangalore, February 2020
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Journalist
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Dhanya Rajendran''' is an Indian journalist and the co-founder and editor-in-chief of ''[[The News Minute]]''. She previously worked with ''[[Times Now]]'' and ''[[The New Indian Express]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nammabengaluruawards.org/portfolio/smt-dhanya-rajendran/|title=Smt. Dhanya Rajendran|website=NAMMA BENGALURU AWARDS|language=en-US|access-date=14 March 2020|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215213747/http://nammabengaluruawards.org/portfolio/smt-dhanya-rajendran/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life and education ==
Dhanya Rajendran was born and grew up in [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]]. She was educated at Kanikkamatha Convent School, Palakkad, and at [[Government Victoria College, Palakkad]]. She is an alumna of The Asian College of Journalism in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/people/growing-by-the-minute/101754|title=Growing by the minute|website=www.fortuneindia.com|date=8 May 2018 |language=en|access-date=2020-03-14|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607074615/https://www.fortuneindia.com/people/growing-by-the-minute/101754|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
Dhanya Rajendran started her career by working for Kerala's first 24-hour news channel India Vision in 2003. In 2004, she moved to New Indian Express in Chennai. She subsequently moved to working for Times Now as a reporter in 2005 and went on to become its bureau chief of South India. Along with her husband Vignesh Vellore and [[Chitra Subramaniam]], she then went on to co-found ''The News Minute'', a digital news website focussing on the news coverage of the southern states of India in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/the-news-minute-editor-dhanya-rajendran-fortune-list|title=TNM's Editor Dhanya Rajendran Named in Fortune's 40 Under 40|date=23 March 2018|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=14 March 2020|archive-date=2 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402235057/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/the-news-minute-editor-dhanya-rajendran-fortune-list|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/people/growing-by-the-minute/101754|title=Growing by the minute|website=www.fortuneindia.com|date=8 May 2018 |language=en|access-date=14 March 2020|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607074615/https://www.fortuneindia.com/people/growing-by-the-minute/101754|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sandip Sen|date=2019-09-02|title=Interview – Dhanya Rajendran, The News Minute|url=https://indianprinterpublisher.com/blog/2019/09/02/interview-dhanya-rajendran-the-news-minute/|access-date=2020-06-11|website=Indian Printer & Publisher|language=en-US|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611073711/https://indianprinterpublisher.com/blog/2019/09/02/interview-dhanya-rajendran-the-news-minute/|url-status=live}}</ref> Dhanya is also a member of The Network for Women in Media, India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Byteing Back: Dhanya Rajendran Counters Online Abuse|url=https://samsn.ifj.org/byteing-back-dhanya-rajendran-counters-online-abuse/|access-date=2020-06-11|website=SAMSN|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611073713/https://samsn.ifj.org/byteing-back-dhanya-rajendran-counters-online-abuse/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Dhanya once remarked at while she always knew she wanted to be on television, it was a coverage of the [[H. D. Deve Gowda|Devagowda]] Government falling down, by [[Barkha Dutt]] and [[Rajdeep Sardesai]], where they were angry on the behalf of he Indian people, that inspired her to pursue journalism. She said media struck her as a space where she could speak up for other people, at the [[Wayanad Literature Festival]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DIdcl4i_FH8 |title=WLF 2024 {{!}} Prakash Raj in Conversation with Dhanya Rajendran {{!}} Art and Politics |date=2025-01-10 |last=WLF {{!}} Wayanad Literature Festival |access-date=2025-11-12 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

=== Facing online harassment as a woman journalist ===
Dhanya Rajendran has often had to face online harassment on account of her work. In 2017, she faced a barrage of abuse on [[Twitter]] — all for expressing an opinion about ''[[Sura (film)|Sura]]'', a 2010 Tamil film she did not like. Her opinion about the film starring [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], a popular Tamil actor, angered his fans. Dhanya's phone crashed after it could not handle close to 31,000 tweets spread across a couple of minutes. #PublicityBeepDhanya—a hashtag was created just to abuse Rajendran— started trending. And choicest of abuses laden with sexual harassment followed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyo.in/variety/dhanya-rajendran-twitter-trolls-sura-vijay-tamil-cinema-sexism/story/1/18827.html|title=The News Minute editor harassed online for comparing Tamil film to Jab Harry Met Sejal|website=www.dailyo.in|access-date=14 March 2020|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922150819/https://www.dailyo.in/variety/dhanya-rajendran-twitter-trolls-sura-vijay-tamil-cinema-sexism/story/1/18827.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/dhanyarajendran/status/894450195601145856?lang=en|title=Is this kind of trolling unorganised? Definitely, not. Tweet was sent before 6 pm asking me to wait. And they started the hashtag at 6 pmpic.twitter.com/lwpYYQmyRM|last=Rajendran|first=Dhanya|date=6 August 2017|website=@dhanyarajendran|language=en|access-date=14 March 2020|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207021509/https://twitter.com/dhanyarajendran/status/894450195601145856?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/bangalore-news/journalist-dhanya-rajendran-trolled-for-comment-on-actor-vijay-over-63-000-tweets-1735398|title=Journalist Dhanya Rajendran Trolled For Comment On Actor Vijay, Over 63,000 Tweets|website=NDTV.com|access-date=14 March 2020|archive-date=1 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901153325/https://www.ndtv.com/bangalore-news/journalist-dhanya-rajendran-trolled-for-comment-on-actor-vijay-over-63-000-tweets-1735398|url-status=live}}</ref>

Dhanya Rajendran filed a complaint with the cyber crime branch of the Chennai police. In response, an FIR was filed under IPC sections 354 D (stalking), 506(1) (criminal intimidation), 507 (criminal intimidation by an anonymous communication), 509 (insulting the modesty of women), section 67 of IT Act (publishing obscene material), section 4 of TN Prohibition of Harassment of Women Act, and section 6 of the Indecent Representation of Women Act.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/fir-self-proclaimed-vijay-fans-issuing-sexual-threats-tnm-editor-dhanya-rajendran-66520|title=FIR on self-proclaimed Vijay fans for issuing sexual threats to TNM Editor Dhanya Rajendran|website=www.thenewsminute.com|date=9 August 2017 |access-date=14 March 2020|archive-date=18 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918100041/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/fir-self-proclaimed-vijay-fans-issuing-sexual-threats-tnm-editor-dhanya-rajendran-66520|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[M. K. Stalin]], the leader of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] also an issued a statement against the misogynistic threats.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/journalist-dhanya-rajendran-bullied-social-media-comment-actor-vijay|title=Journo Dhanya Rajendran Bullied On Social Media For Comment On Actor|last=Gupta|first=Poorvi|date=9 August 2017|website=SheThePeople TV|language=en-US|access-date=14 March 2020|archive-date=2 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402235103/https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/journalist-dhanya-rajendran-bullied-social-media-comment-actor-vijay/|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite deleting the original tweet, the violence continued. The Network for Women in Media, India and [[International Federation of Journalists]] issued statements in support of Dhanya Rajendran and condemned the online harassment she had to face.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://samsn.ifj.org/indian-editor-trolled-abused-tweet-movie/|title=Virulent trolling of Indian editor after Tweet|date=8 August 2017|website=SAMSN Digital Hub – International Federation of Journalists (IFJ)|access-date=14 March 2020|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611073754/https://samsn.ifj.org/indian-editor-trolled-abused-tweet-movie/|url-status=live}}</ref> Finally Vijay issued a statement asking his fans to stop the online harassment against Rajendran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/846706/tamil-actor-vijay-asks-fans-not-to-abuse-bengaluru-journalist-for-criticising-his-film|title=Tamil actor Vijay asks fans not to abuse Bengaluru journalist for criticising his film|author=Scroll Staff|website=Scroll.in|date=9 August 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=14 March 2020|archive-date=10 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810045405/https://scroll.in/latest/846706/tamil-actor-vijay-asks-fans-not-to-abuse-bengaluru-journalist-for-criticising-his-film|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Chennai police investigated Ramkumar, one of the accused, a Vijay fan and a Tamil Nadu resident in connection with the online harassment. He apologised for his deed after the police met his mother and the denial of his bail by the [[Madras High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/dhanyarajendran/status/899989079864913920?lang=en|title=Ramkumar says they were told I am an Ajith fan and so they started the abuse. He explains how he ran for days, afraid he would be arrested|last=Rajendran|first=Dhanya|date=22 August 2017|website=@dhanyarajendran|language=en|access-date=14 March 2020|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207021544/https://twitter.com/dhanyarajendran/status/899989079864913920?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vijay-fan-investigated-for-trolling-journalist-dhanya-rajendran-posts-apology-video/story-pI81d0nFOKk5p3mmGUqTvL.html|title=Vijay fan investigated for trolling journalist Dhanya Rajendran posts apology video|date=23 August 2017|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=14 March 2020|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808103118/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vijay-fan-investigated-for-trolling-journalist-dhanya-rajendran-posts-apology-video/story-pI81d0nFOKk5p3mmGUqTvL.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=The Hindu Net Desk|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/man-posts-apology-video-for-trolling-dhanya-rajendran/article19544590.ece|title=Man posts video apology for trolling 'The News Minute' editor|date=23 August 2017|work=The Hindu|access-date=14 March 2020|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111234740/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/man-posts-apology-video-for-trolling-dhanya-rajendran/article19544590.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

When she reported about godman [[Nithyananda|Swami Nityananda]] being accused of sexual abuse, she had to face sexualized harassment on social media from the followers of Nithyananda's cult.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/dhanya.vellore/posts/10155002594479065|title=Dhanya Rajendran|website=www.facebook.com|language=en|access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref> In response to her reportage, the followers made several news videos by calling her choicest of abuses including [[presstitute]], anti-national among others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nithyanandatruth.org/2017/09/08/a-response-to-newsminute-and-dhanya-rajendran-what-presstitutes-look-like/|title=A Response to NewsMinute and Dhanya Rajendran – What Presstitutes Look Like|last1=Sharabheshwaran|first1=Sri Nithya|last2=a|website=nithyanandatruth.org|language=en-US|access-date=14 March 2020|archive-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228233754/http://nithyanandatruth.org/2017/09/08/a-response-to-newsminute-and-dhanya-rajendran-what-presstitutes-look-like/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Dhanya Rajendran has been vocal about online harassment faced by women journalists on the field. Immediately after former chief minister of Tamil Nadu [[J. Jayalalithaa|J Jayalalitha]]'s death, she wrote a piece about how she was molested by one of her security men when she was out to do stories around election coverage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/iron-lady-soft-heart-when-jayalalithaa-showed-me-she-cared-53958|title=The iron lady with a soft heart: When Jayalalithaa showed me that she cared|website=www.thenewsminute.com|date=7 December 2016 |access-date=14 March 2020|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922091413/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/iron-lady-soft-heart-when-jayalalithaa-showed-me-she-cared-53958|url-status=live}}</ref> She reacted strongly against the harassment faced by women journalists reporting about the entry of women in [[Sabarimala]]. In 2019, she issued a strong statement in support of women journalists protesting against harassment of the secretary of the Thiruvananthapuram Press Club against a woman journalist by saying: “''If you touch one of us, we will retaliate. No longer your fiefdom.''” <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/women/trivandrum-arrest-sexual-harassment|title=Trivandrum Press Club Secretary Arrested for Sexually Harassing Journalist|website=The Wire|access-date=14 March 2020|archive-date=7 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207151337/https://thewire.in/women/trivandrum-arrest-sexual-harassment|url-status=live}}</ref> She has also come out in support of women sharing their stories during the [[Me Too movement|Me too]] movement in India by consistently featuring several stories about the issue and also speaking out about it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/ramnath-goenka-awards-celebrating-excellence-in-the-field-of-journalism-5523898/|title=Ramnath Goenka Awards: Celebrating excellence in the field of journalism|date=7 January 2019|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=14 March 2020|archive-date=16 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116062005/https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/ramnath-goenka-awards-celebrating-excellence-in-the-field-of-journalism-5523898/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Against sensationalism ===
Dhanya Rajendran has also come out against [[sensationalism]] in news media by reflecting upon her own experiences as a journalist and the pressures that compel journalists to resort to digging out voyeuristic information in cases related to 'sexual abuse'. She has said that journalists should exercise restraint and shouldn't publish graphic details of a sexual crime since it is not of use to anyone, least of all to the victim or the survivor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Let's not be vultures: The News Minute's Dhanya Rajendran pens a powerful post|url=https://www.dailyo.in/voices/journalism-rape-media-ethics-dhanya-rajendran/story/1/15763.html|access-date=2020-06-11|website=www.dailyo.in|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611074804/https://www.dailyo.in/voices/journalism-rape-media-ethics-dhanya-rajendran/story/1/15763.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Awards and accolades ==
Dhanya Rajendran has amassed several awards in her career. She was named as one of India's best entrepreneurs in ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' magazine's 40 under 40 list in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-23|title=TNM's Editor Dhanya Rajendran Named in Fortune's 40 Under 40|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/the-news-minute-editor-dhanya-rajendran-fortune-list|access-date=2020-06-11|website=The Quint|language=en|archive-date=2 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402235057/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/the-news-minute-editor-dhanya-rajendran-fortune-list|url-status=live}}</ref> Rajendran was also awarded Namma Bengaluru media person of the year in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nammabengaluruawards.org/awardees/|title=Awardees|website=NAMMA BENGALURU AWARDS|language=en-US|access-date=14 March 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225161116/http://www.nammabengaluruawards.org/awardees/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajendran, Dhanya}}
[[Category:Indian newspaper journalists]]
[[Category:Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Master Kapuram

2026-03-05T02:45:09Z

GeorgiannaStrand: minor fixed article based on references and updated info per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Master Kapuram
| image =
| caption =
| writer = [[Gollapudi Maruti Rao]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = Sri Gayatri Kala Chitra Unit
| screenplay = P. N. Ramachandra Rao
| producer = Vijay Y. T. Naidu
| director = [[P. N. Ramachandra Rao]]
| starring = [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] [[Sudha Rani|Gayatri]]
| music = [[Raj–Koti]]
| cinematography = Padma Kumar
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| studio = Sri Gayatri Kala Chitra
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1990|9|24}}
| runtime = 137 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Master Kapuram''''' is a 1990 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]], produced by Vijay and Y. T. Naidu under the Sri Gayathri Kala Chitra banner and directed by [[P. N. Ramachandra Rao]]. It stars [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] and [[Sudha Rani|Gayatri]] with music composed by [[Raj–Koti]]. The film is a remake of the Malayalam film ''[[Sasneham]]''. The movie was predominantly shot in [[Horsley Hills]] and surrounding towns.The film won two [[Nandi Awards]].

==Plot==
The film begins with two school teachers, David, a [[Christian]], & Geeta, an orthodox [[Brahmin]] [[Hindu]] girl, wedlock in an interreligious marriage. Hence, their families have ostracized them, but they lead a delightful life by respecting two traditions. Geeta conceives and gives birth to a baby boy. David notifies two families, and they visit to view the newborn. The couple's heart fills with joy & excitement about acquiring folks. Soon, divergences emerge of their lifestyles & customs. Day by day, it is haywire by religious strife esteeming their own. David & Geeta agonize over getting tramped by the narcissists but remain steadfast in their shared goal. However, the mean men forcibly attempt to obtain the kid into their creed and conduct a ritual of [[Baptism]] & [[Nāmakaraṇa]]. Amidst the chaos, Geeta is vexed & transcends caste, who titles the child as Kranti at [[Mahatma Gandhi]] 's statue. The ego clash arises between the couple about the decision, stating the baby is their right. They split, and the knaves have new cracks when Geeta seeks self-sacrifice. David is conscious of the family's duplicity and rushes to secure Geeta with his idealization. At the very worst, the blockheads' superstition over the religion continues for the kid. Whereat, David rebukes proclaiming the eminence of mankind and declares their decision to raise their child ideally that defies societal norms & prejudices. At last, David proclaims to get rid of their life and always welcomes them as a people of humanity. Finally, the movie ends happily with the couple's reunion.

==Cast==
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as David
*[[Sudha Rani|Gayatri]] as Geeta
*[[Gollapudi Maruthi Rao]] as George
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Paidaiah
*[[Suthi Velu]] as Simham
*[[Raavi Kondala Rao]] as Godavari Sastry
*Dr. Siva Prasad as Chengal Rao
*Badi Tataji as Kuppaiah
*[[Radha Kumari]] as Veroni
*Lakshmi Kanakala as Meenakshamma
*Chandrika as Kokila
*Prameela as Lucie
*Jaya Vijaya as David's mother
*[[Y. Vijaya]] as Rose Mary

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Master Kapuram
| type = film
| artist = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1990
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 13:49
| label = LEO Audio
| producer = [[Raj-Koti]]
| prev_title = Papa Kosam
| prev_year = 1990
| next_title = [[Magaadu (1990 film)|Magaadu]]
| next_year = 1990
}}

Music composed by [[Raj–Koti]]. Lyrics were written by [[Veturi]]. Music released on LEO Audio Company.{{Cn|date=May 2024}}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S.No !!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Mallelo Manchamesuko"
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
|4:33
|-
|2
|"Neeve Prema Neede Prema"
|Mano, Chitra
|4:49
|-
|3
|"Rende Rendu Kulalu"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|4:27
|}

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]] - 1990<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
*[[Nandi Award for Best Male Comedian|Best Male Comedian]] - [[Suthivelu]]
*[[Nandi Award for Best Dialogue Writer|Best Dialogue Writer]] - [[Gollapudi Maruti Rao]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt1606287}}

[[Category:1990 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raj–Koti]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. N. Ramachandra Rao]]

List of members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council

2026-03-04T10:13:50Z

GeorgiannaStrand:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
This is a '''list of current and past members from the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]] State'''. The state elects members for a term of six years. 30 members are indirectly elected by the state legislators. 22 members are elected from Local Authorities Constituency, 7 from Graduates Constituency and 7 from Teachers Constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/legislative/election/volume%202/THE%20DELIMITATION%20OF%20COUNCIL%20CONSTITUENCIES%202%5B(MAHARASHTRA)%5D%20ORDER,%201951.pdf |title=The Delimitation of Council Constituencies 2 (Maharashtra) Order, 1951|publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India}}</ref> The Governor of Maharashtra nominated up to 12 members from eminent people from various fields.

==Members of Maharashtra Legislative Council ==
Alphabetical list by last name

''The list is incomplete''.
* Star (*) represents current members from MH State.
* MLA - Members of Legislative Assembly (of Maharashtra State)
* LA - Local Authorities
* GR - Graduates
* TA - Teachers
* NOM - Nominated by Governor of Maharashtra State
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="width:200px" |Member
! colspan="2" |Party
!Constituency
!Term start
!Term end
!Term(s)
!Notes
|-
|[[Sandip Joshi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|20-Mar-2025
|13-May-2026
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Pravin Datke]]
|-
|[[Dadarao Keche]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|20-Mar-2025
|13-May-2026
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Gopichand Padalkar]]
|-
|[[Sanjay Kenekar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|20-Mar-2025
|13-May-2026
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Ramesh Karad]]
|-
|[[Chandrakant Raghuwanshi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|20-Mar-2024
|7-Jul-2028
|4
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Aamshya Padavi]]
|-
|[[Sanjay Khodke]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|20-Mar-2025
|27-Jul-2030
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Rajesh Vitekar]]
|-
|Chitra Kishor Wagh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|NOM
|16-Oct-2024
|15-Oct-2030
|1
|
|-
|[[Vikrant Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|NOM
|16-Oct-2024
|15-Oct-2030
|1
|
|-
|Babusingh Maharaj Rathod
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|NOM
|16-Oct-2024
|15-Oct-2030
|1
|
|-
|[[Hemant Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|NOM
|16-Oct-2024
|15-Oct-2030
|1
|
|-
|[[Manisha Kayande]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|NOM
|16-Oct-2024
|15-Oct-2030
|2
|
|-
|[[Pankaj Bhujbal]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|NOM
|16-Oct-2024
|15-Oct-2030
|1
|
|-
|[[Idris Naikwadi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|NOM
|16-Oct-2024
|15-Oct-2030
|1
|
|-
|[[Pankaja Munde]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2024
|27-Jul-2030
|1
|
|-
|[[Yogesh Tilekar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2024
|27-Jul-2030
|1
|
|-
|[[Parinay Phuke]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2024
|27-Jul-2030
|2
|
|-
|[[Sadabhau Khot]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2024
|27-Jul-2030
|2
|
|-
|[[Amit Gorkhe]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2024
|27-Jul-2030
|1
|
|-
|[[Krupal Tumane]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2024
|27-Jul-2030
|1
|
|-
|[[Bhavana Gawali]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2024
|27-Jul-2030
|1
|
|-
|[[Rajesh Vitekar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2024
|23-Nov-2024
|1
|Elected to [[Pathri Assembly constituency|Pathri Assembly]] in [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|[[Shivaji Rao Garje]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2024
|27-Jul-2030
|1
|
|-
|[[Milind Narvekar]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SS(UBT)]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2024
|27-Jul-2030
|1
|
|-
|[[Pradnya Rajeev Satav|Pradnya Satav]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2024
|27-Jul-2030
|2
|
|-
|[[Jagannath Abhyankar]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SS(UBT)]]
|Mumbai TR
|08-Jul-2024
|07-Jul-2030
|1
|
|-
|[[Kishor Darade]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|Nashik TR
|08-Jul-2024
|07-Jul-2030
|2
|
|-
|[[Anil Parab]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SS(UBT)]]
|Mumbai GR
|08-Jul-2024
|07-Jul-2030
|4
|
|-
|[[Niranjan Davkhare]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Konkan GR
|08-Jul-2024
|07-Jul-2030
|3
|
|-
|[[Dnyaneshwar Mhatre]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Konkan TR
|08-Feb-2023
|07-Feb-2029
|1
|
|-
|[[Vikram Vasantrao Kale|Vikram Kale]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Aurangabad TR
|08-Feb-2023
|07-Feb-2029
|4
|
|-
|[[Sudhakar Adbale]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Nagpur TR
|08-Feb-2023
|07-Feb-2029
|1
|
|-
|[[Dhiraj Lingade]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Amravati GR
|08-Feb-2023
|07-Feb-2029
|1
|
|-
|[[Satyajeet Tambe]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Nashik GR
|08-Feb-2023
|07-Feb-2029
|1
|
|-
|[[Pravin Darekar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2022
|07-Jul-2028
|2
|
|-
|[[Ram Shinde]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2022
|07-Jul-2028
|1
|
|-
|Uma Khapre
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2022
|07-Jul-2028
|1
|
|-
|Shrikant Bharatiya
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2022
|07-Jul-2028
|1
|
|-
|[[Prasad Lad]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2022
|07-Jul-2028
|2
|
|-
|[[Sachin Ahir]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2022
|07-Jul-2028
|1
|
|-
|[[Aamshya Padavi]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2022
|23-Nov-2024
|1
|Elected to [[Akkalkuwa Assembly constituency|Akkalkuwa Assembly]] in [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|[[Ramraje Naik Nimbalkar]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2022
|07-Jul-2028
|3
|
|-
|[[Eknath Khadse]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2022
|07-Jul-2028
|1
|
|-
|[[Bhai Jagtap]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2022
|07-Jul-2028
|3
|
|-
|[[Sunil Shinde]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|Mumbai LA
|02-Jan-2022
|01-Jan-2028
|1
|
|-
|[[Rajhans Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Mumbai LA
|02-Jan-2022
|01-Jan-2028
|1
|
|-
|[[Amrish Patel]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Dhule-Nandurbar LA
|02-Jan-2022
|01-Jan-2028
|4
|
|-
|[[Chandrashekhar Bawankule]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Nagpur LA
|02-Jan-2022
|23-Nov-2024
|1
|Elected to [[Kamthi Assembly constituency|Kamthi Assembly]] in [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|Vasant Khandelwal
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Akola-Washim-Buldhana LA
|02-Jan-2022
|01-Jan-2028
|1
|
|-
|[[Satej Patil]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Kolhapur LA
|02-Jan-2022
|01-Jan-2028
|2
|
|-
|[[Pradnya Rajeev Satav|Pradnya Satav]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|23-Nov-2021
|27-Jul-2024
|1
|By-election due to the death of [[Sharad Ranpise]]
|-
|Jayant Asgaonkar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Pune TR
|07-Dec-2020
|06-Dec-2026
|1
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-05 |title=MLC polls: Jolt for BJP, MVA wins four of six seats |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mlc-polls-jolt-for-bjp-mva-wins-4-of-6-seats/articleshow/79574034.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|Kiran Sarnaik
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Amravati TR
|07-Dec-2020
|06-Dec-2026
|1
|
|-
|[[Abhijit Wanjarri]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Nagpur GR
|07-Dec-2020
|06-Dec-2026
|1
|
|-
|[[Satish Chavan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Aurangabad GR
|07-Dec-2020
|06-Dec-2026
|3
|
|-
|[[Arun Lad]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Pune GR
|07-Dec-2020
|06-Dec-2026
|1
|
|-
|[[Amrish Patel]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Dhule-Nandurbar LA
|05-Dec-2020
|01-Jan-2022
|3
|
|-
|[[Ranjitsinh Mohite-Patil|Ranjitsinh Mohite Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|14-May-2020
|13-May-2026
|2
|
|-
|[[Pravin Datke]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|14-May-2020
|23-Nov-2024
|1
|Elected to [[Nagpur Central Assembly constituency|Nagpur Central Assembly]] in [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|[[Gopichand Padalkar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|14-May-2020
|23-Nov-2024
|1
|Elected to [[Jat Assembly constituency|Jat Assembly]] in [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|[[Ramesh Karad]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|14-May-2020
|23-Nov-2024
|1
|Elected to [[Latur Rural Assembly constituency|Latur Rural Assembly]] in [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|[[Uddhav Thackeray]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|14-May-2020
|13-May-2026
|1
|
|-
|[[Neelam Gorhe]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|14-May-2020
|13-May-2026
|4
|
|-
|[[Shashikant Shinde]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|14-May-2020
|13-May-2026
|1
|
|-
|[[Amol Mitkari]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|14-May-2020
|13-May-2026
|1
|
|-
|[[Rajesh Rathod]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|14-May-2020
|13-May-2026
|1
|
|-
|[[Dushyant Chaturvedi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|Yavatmal LA
|05-Feb-2020
|05-Dec-2022
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Tanaji Sawant]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-05 |title=MVA pips BJP again, wins Ytl MLC bypoll |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/mva-pips-bjp-again-wins-ytl-mlc-bypoll/articleshow/73960809.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|Sanjay Dound
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|24-Jan-2020
|07-Jul-2022
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of Rajesh [[Dhananjay Munde]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-01-14 |title=NCP's Sanjay Daund files nomination for Maharashtra Council bypoll |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/ncps-sanjay-daund-files-nomination-for-maharashtra-council-bypoll/articleshow/73247961.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ambadas Danve]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|Aurangabad-Jalna LA
|30-Aug-2019
|29-Aug-2025
|1
|
|-
|[[Prithviraj Deshmukh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|07-Jun-2019
|24-Apr-2020
|1
|By-election due to the death of [[Shivajirao Deshmukh]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-28 |title=Prithviraj Deshmukh BJP's nominee for bypoll |url=https://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/280519/prithviraj-deshmukh-bjps-nominee-for-bypoll.html |access-date= |website=The Asian Age}}</ref>
|-
|[[Arun Adsad]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|24-Sep-2018
|24-Apr-2020
|1
|By-election due to the death of [[Pandurang Fundkar]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP's Adsad elected unopposed to Maharashtra Legislative Council |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-s-adsad-elected-unopposed-to-maharashtra-legislative-council-1348323-2018-09-24 |access-date= |website=India Today |language=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nilay Naik]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2018
|27-Jul-2024
|1
|
|-
|[[Ram Patil Ratolikar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2018
|27-Jul-2024
|1
|
|-
|[[Ramesh Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2018
|27-Jul-2024
|1
|
|-
|[[Vijay Girkar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2018
|27-Jul-2024
|3
|
|-
|[[Anil Parab]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2018
|27-Jul-2024
|3
|
|-
|[[Manisha Kayande]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2018
|27-Jul-2024
|1
|
|-
|[[Sharad Ranpise]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2018
|23-Sep-2021
|3
|Died<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-23 |title=Maharashtra: Senior Congress leader Sharad Ranpise dies at 71 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/maharashtra-senior-congress-leader-sharad-ranpise-dies-at-71/articleshow/86461219.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Wajahat Ather Mirza]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2018
|27-Jul-2024
|1
|
|-
|[[Babajani Durani]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2018
|27-Jul-2024
|2
|
|-
|[[Jayant Prabhakar Patil|Jayant Patil]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWPI]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2018
|27-Jul-2024
|4
|
|-
|[[Mahadev Jankar]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|RSP]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2018
|27-Jul-2024
|2
|
|-
|[[Kapil Patil (Lok Bharati)|Kapil Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Mumbai TR
|08-Jul-2018
|07-Jul-2024
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=MLC polls: Sena keeps Mumbai graduates seat, BJP wrests Konkan graduates from NCP |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/maharashtra/story/mlc-polls-sena-keeps-mumbai-graduates-seat-bjp-wrests-konkan-graduates-from-ncp-1272816-2018-06-29 |access-date= |website=India Today |language=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kishor Darade]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Nashik TR
|08-Jul-2018
|07-Jul-2024
|1
|
|-
|[[Vilas Potnis]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|Mumbai GR
|08-Jul-2018
|07-Jul-2024
|1
|
|-
|[[Niranjan Davkhare]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Konkan GR
|08-Jul-2018
|07-Jul-2024
|2
|
|-
|[[Suresh Dhas]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Osmanabad-Latur-Beed LA
|22-Jun-2018
|21-Jun-2024
|1
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-05-24 |title=Maharashtra MLC polls: BJP, Sena win two seats each; NCP retains one |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maha-mlc-polls-bjp-sena-win-two-seats-each-ncp-retains-one/articleshow/64304217.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pravin Pote]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Amravati LA
|22-Jun-2018
|21-Jun-2024
|2
|
|-
|[[Ramdas Ambatkar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Wardha-Chandrapur-Gadhchiroli LA
|22-Jun-2018
|21-Jun-2024
|1
|
|-
|[[Narendra Darade]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|Nashik LA
|22-Jun-2018
|21-Jun-2024
|1
|
|-
|[[Viplav Bajoria|Viplove Bajoria]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|Parbhani-Hingoli LA
|22-Jun-2018
|21-Jun-2024
|1
|
|-
|[[Aniket Tatkare]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Raigad-Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg LA
|22-Jun-2018
|21-Jun-2024
|1
|
|-
|[[Prasad Lad]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|07-Dec-2017
|07-Jul-2022
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Narayan Rane]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress-NCP loses by 136 votes to BJP's Prasad Lad in Maharashtra Legislative Council by-poll |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/congress-ncp-loses-nine-votes-bjp-prasad-lad-maharashtra-legislative-council-bypoll-1102804-2017-12-07 |access-date= |website=India Today |language=}}</ref>
|-
|Balaram Patil
| style="background-color:{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWPI]]
|Konkan TR
|08-Feb-2017
|07-Feb-2023
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-07 |title=Maharashtra legislative council elections: BJP, Cong, NCP win a seat each |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/maharashtra-legislative-council-elections-bjp-cong-ncp-win-a-seat-each/story-WSvHM6PCn3QzsSSDluCNcM.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vikram Vasantrao Kale|Vikram Kale]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Aurangabad TR
|08-Feb-2017
|07-Feb-2023
|3
|
|-
|[[Nago Ganar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Nagpur TR
|08-Feb-2017
|07-Feb-2023
|2
|
|-
|[[Ranjit Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Amravati GR
|08-Feb-2017
|07-Feb-2023
|2
|
|-
|[[Sudhir Tambe]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Nashik GR
|08-Feb-2017
|07-Feb-2023
|3
|
|-
|[[Chandulal Patel]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Jalgaon LA
|06-Dec-2016
|05-Dec-2022
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Legislative Council Elections: BJP-Shiv Sena alliance win 3 seats, Congress-2, NCP 1 {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/maharashtra-legislative-council-elections-bjp-shiv-sena-alliance-win-3-seats-congress-2-ncp-1-1659099/ |access-date= |website=www.india.com |language=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Parinay Phuke]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Bhandara-Gondia LA
|06-Dec-2016
|05-Dec-2022
|1
|
|-
|[[Tanaji Sawant]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|Yavatmal LA
|06-Dec-2016
|24-Oct-2019
|1
|Elected to [[Paranda Assembly constituency|Paranda Assembly]] in [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[Mohanrao Kadam]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Sangli-Satara LA
|06-Dec-2016
|05-Dec-2022
|1
|
|-
|[[Amarnath Rajurkar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Nanded LA
|06-Dec-2016
|05-Dec-2022
|2
|
|-
|[[Anil Shivajirao Bhosale|Anil Bhosale]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Pune LA
|06-Dec-2016
|05-Dec-2022
|2
|
|-
|[[Ravindra Phatak]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|Thane-Palghar LA
|09-Jun-2016
|08-Jun-2022
|1
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-06-06 |title=Sena's Ravindra Phatak wins Thane MLC polls |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/senas-ravindra-phatak-wins-thane-mlc-polls/articleshow/52618105.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pravin Darekar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2016
|07-Jul-2022
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Council polls: Narayan Rane among 10 candidates elected unopposed |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-maharashtra-council-polls-narayan-rane-among-10-candidates-elected-unopposed-2219613 |access-date= |website=DNA India |language=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vinayak Mete]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2016
|07-Jul-2022
|4
|
|-
|[[R. N. Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2016
|02-Jan-2022
|1
|Died<ref>{{Cite web |title=भाजपा विधान परिषद सदस्य आरएन सिंह का प्लेन में निधन |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur/story-bjp-legislative-council-member-rn-singh-died-in-the-plane-5477595.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan |language=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sujitsingh Thakur]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2016
|07-Jul-2022
|1
|
|-
|[[Sadabhau Khot]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2016
|07-Jul-2022
|1
|
|-
|[[Subhash Desai]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2016
|07-Jul-2022
|2
|
|-
|[[Diwakar Raote]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2016
|07-Jul-2022
|4
|
|-
|[[Ramraje Naik Nimbalkar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2016
|07-Jul-2022
|2
|
|-
|[[Dhananjay Munde]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2016
|24-Oct-2019
|3
|Elected to [[Parli Assembly constituency|Parli Assembly]] in [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[Narayan Rane]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2016
|21-Sep-2017
|1
|Resigned<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-21 |title=Senior Congress leader Narayan Rane resigns from party |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/senior-maharashtra-congress-leader-narayan-rane-resigns-from-party-mlc-bjp-shiv-sena-devendra-fadnavis-4854438/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ramdas Kadam]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|Mumbai LA
|02-Jan-2016
|01-Jan-2022
|2
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-12-30 |title=Maharashtra Legislative Council polls: Congress wins 3, Shiv Sena 2, others bag 1 seat each |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/maharashtra-legislative-council-polls-congress-wins-3-shiv-sena-2-others-bag-1-seat-each/articleshow/50380461.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bhai Jagtap]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Mumbai LA
|02-Jan-2016
|01-Jan-2022
|2
|
|-
|[[Amrish Patel]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Dhule-Nandurbar LA
|02-Jan-2016
|01-Oct-2019
|2
|defected to [[BJP]]
|-
|[[Girish Vyas]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Nagpur LA
|02-Jan-2016
|01-Jan-2022
|1
|
|-
|[[Gopikishan Bajoria]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|Akola-Washim-Buldhana LA
|02-Jan-2016
|01-Jan-2022
|3
|
|-
|[[Satej Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Kolhapur LA
|02-Jan-2016
|01-Jan-2022
|1
|
|-
|Arun Jagtap
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Ahmednagar LA
|02-Jan-2016
|01-Jan-2022
|2
|
|-
|Prashant Paricharak
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Solapur LA
|02-Jan-2016
|01-Jan-2022
|1
|
|-
|[[Smita Wagh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|30-Jan-2015
|24-Apr-2020
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Vinod Tawde]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=BJP accommodates allies in three out of four MlC seats |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/india/bjp-accommodates-allies-in-three-out-of-four-mlc-seats.html |access-date= |website=The Pioneer |language=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mahadev Jankar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|RSP]]
|MLA's
|30-Jan-2015
|27-Jul-2018
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Ashish Shelar]]
|-
|[[Subhash Desai]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|30-Jan-2015
|07-Jul-2016
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|[[Vinayak Mete]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|30-Jan-2015
|07-Jul-2016
|3
|defected from [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|[[Sunil Tatkare]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|14-Aug-2014
|27-Jul-2018
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Vinayak Raut]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-08-14 |title=Sunil Tatkare elected unopposed to Maharashtra Legislative Council |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sunil-tatkare-elected-unopposed-to-maharashtra-legislative-council/articleshow/40270313.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|Dattatraya Sawant
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Pune TR
|20-Jul-2014
|19-Jul-2020
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-06-26 |title=Modi wave doesn't help BJP in MLC elections |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Modi-wave-doesnt-help-BJP-in-MLC-elections/articleshow/37218113.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Shrikant Deshpande]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Amravati TR
|20-Jul-2014
|19-Jul-2020
|1
|
|-
|[[Anil Sole]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Nagpur GR
|20-Jul-2014
|19-Jul-2020
|1
|
|-
|[[Chandrakant Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Pune GR
|20-Jul-2014
|24-Oct-2019
|2
|Elected to [[Kothrud Assembly constituency|Kothrud Assembly]] in [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[Satish Chavan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Aurangabad GR
|20-Jul-2014
|19-Jul-2020
|2
|
|-
|[[Gurumukh Das Jagwani]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Jalgaon LA
|11-Jul-2014
|05-Dec-2016
|2
|By-election due to the resignation of Manish Jain<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bye-election to the Maharashtra Legislative Council from Jalgaon Local Authorities' Constituency |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=105529 |access-date= |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rahul Narwekar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|NOM
|10-Jun-2014
|09-Jun-2020
|1
|
|-
|[[Prakash Gajbhiye]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|NOM
|10-Jun-2014
|09-Jun-2020
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2014-06-09 |title=Ten New Members of Maharashtra Legislative Council Members Sworn in |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2014/Jun/09/ten-new-members-of-maharashtra-legislative-council-members-sworn-in-622987.html |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express |language=}}</ref>
|-
|Vidya Chavan
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|NOM
|10-Jun-2014
|09-Jun-2020
|1
|
|-
|Ramrao Wadkule
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|NOM
|10-Jun-2014
|14-Oct-2019
|1
|Resigned<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-10-14 |title=ऐन विधानसभा निवडणुकीत राष्ट्रवादीला धक्का, आमदार रामराव वडकुते यांचा राजीनामा |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/politics/ncp-mla-ramrao-wadkute-resign-and-may-join-bjp-tomorrow-125717.html |access-date= |website=TV9 Marathi |language=}}</ref>
|-
|Jagannath Shinde
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|NOM
|10-Jun-2014
|09-Jun-2020
|1
|
|-
|Khawaja Baig
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|NOM
|10-Jun-2014
|09-Jun-2020
|
|
|-
|Anandrao Patil
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|NOM
|10-Jun-2014
|11-Sep-2019
|1
|Resigned<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2019-09-10 |title=Blow to Congress as Prithviraj Chavan aide to join BJP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/blow-to-congress-as-prithviraj-chavan-aide-to-join-bjp/article29386877.ece |access-date= |work=The Hindu |language= |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|Ramhari Rupanwar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|NOM
|10-Jun-2014
|09-Jun-2020
|1
|
|-
|Husna Bano Khalife
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|NOM
|10-Jun-2014
|09-Jun-2020
|
|
|-
|Husna Bano Khalife
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|NOM
|10-Jun-2014
|09-Jun-2020
|
|
|-
|[[Anant Gadgil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|NOM
|16-Jun-2014
|15-Jun-2020
|1
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-06-16 |title=Gadgil, Kawade nominated to Maharashtra Council in Governor's quota |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/gadgil-kawade-nominated-to-maharashtra-council-in-governors-quota/articleshow/36673690.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jogendra Kawade]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Peoples Republican Party}}" |
|[[Peoples Republican Party|PRP]]
|NOM
|16-Jun-2014
|15-Jun-2020
|
|
|-
|[[Shivajirao Deshmukh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-2014
|14-Jan-2019
|
|Died<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-15 |title=Congress stalwart Shivajirao Deshmukh dies at 84 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/congress-stalwart-shivajirao-deshmukh-dead-5538836/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Chandrakant Raghuwanshi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-2014
|01-Oct-2019
|3
|Resigned<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-10-01 |title=काँग्रेसला धक्का; विधानपरिषद सदस्य चंद्रकांत रघुवंशींचा राजीनामा |url=https://sarkarnama.esakal.com/aurangabad/congress-mla-chandrakant-raghuwanshi-join-shivsena-43170 |access-date= |website=Sarkarnama News |language=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Harising Nasaru Rathod|Harising Rathod]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-2014
|24-Apr-2020
|
|
|-
|Anand Rajendra Thakur
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-2014
|24-Apr-2020
|1
|
|-
|Hemant Takle
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-2014
|24-Apr-2020
|2
|
|-
|[[Kiran Pawaskar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-2014
|24-Apr-2020
|3
|
|-
|[[Pandurang Fundkar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-2014
|31-May-2018
|3
|Died<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-05-31 |title=Maharashtra Agriculture minister Pandurang Fundkar dies at 67 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-agriculture-minister-pandurang-fundkar-dead/articleshow/64394206.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vinod Tawde]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-2014
|20-Oct-2014
|3
|Elected to [[Borivali Assembly constituency|Borivali Assembly]] in [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
|[[Neelam Gorhe]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-2014
|24-Apr-2020
|3
|
|-
|[[Subhash Zambad]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Aurangabad-Jalna LA
|30-Aug-2013
|29-Aug-2019
|1
|
|-
|[[Dhananjay Munde]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|02-Sep-2013
|07-Jul-2016
|2
|defected from [[BJP]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-09-03 |title=Munde vs Munde: Gopinath loses to nephew Dhananjay in MLC election |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/munde-vs-munde-gopinath-loses-to-nephew-dhananjay-in-mlc-election/articleshow/22240399.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Syed Muzaffar Hussain]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|07-Feb-2013
|07-Jul-2016
|2
|By-election due to the resignation of <ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-02-07 |title=Congress candidate Muzaffar Husain was elected unopposed to the Maharashtra state legislative council on Thursday. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/congress-candidate-muzaffar-husain-was-elected-unopposed-to-the-maharashtra-state-legislative-council-on-thursday-/articleshow/18383689.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Manikrao Thakare]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2012
|27-Jul-2018
|2
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-07-14 |title=11 candidates set to get elected unopposed to Maharashtra Council |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/11-candidates-set-to-get-elected-unopposed-to-maharashtra-council/articleshow/14907479.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|Sanjay Satishchandra Dutt
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2012
|27-Jul-2018
|3
|
|-
|[[Sharad Ranpise]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2012
|27-Jul-2018
|2
|
|-
|Jaidevrao Gaikwad
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2012
|27-Jul-2018
|1
|
|-
|[[Amarsinh Pandit]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2012
|27-Jul-2018
|1
|
|-
|Narendra Annasaheb Patil
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2012
|27-Jul-2018
|1
|
|-
|[[Vijay Girkar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2012
|27-Jul-2018
|2
|
|-
|[[Ashish Shelar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2012
|20-Oct-2014
|1
|Elected to [[Vandre West Assembly constituency|Vandre West Assembly]] in [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
|[[Anil Parab]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2012
|27-Jul-2018
|2
|
|-
|[[Vinayak Raut]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2012
|16-May-2014
|1
|Elected to [[Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg Lok Sabha constituency|Ratnagiri Lok Sabha]] in [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[Jayant Prabhakar Patil|Jayant Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWPI]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2012
|27-Jul-2018
|3
|
|-
|[[Kapil Patil (Lok Bharati)|Kapil Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Mumbai TR
|08-Jul-2012
|07-Jul-2018
|2
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 July 2012 |title=Maharashtra Council polls: Davkhare, Sawant, Patil win |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/maharashtra-council-polls-davkhare-sawant-patil-win-112070400603_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref>
|-
|Apoorva Hiray
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Nashik TR
|08-Jul-2012
|07-Jul-2018
|1
|
|-
|[[Deepak Sawant]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|Mumbai GR
|08-Jul-2012
|07-Jul-2018
|3
|
|-
|[[Niranjan Davkhare]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Konkan GR
|08-Jul-2012
|07-Jul-2018
|1
|
|-
|[[Diliprao Deshmukh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Osmanabad-Latur-Beed LA
|22-Jun-2012
|21-Jun-2018
|3
|
|-
|[[Pravin Pote]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Amravati LA
|22-Jun-2012
|21-Jun-2018
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-08 |title=Council polls: NCP scores big while complacent Cong suffers {{!}} Freepress Journal |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/council-polls-ncp-scores-big-while-complacent-cong-suffers |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308234756/http://www.freepressjournal.in/council-polls-ncp-scores-big-while-complacent-cong-suffers |archive-date=8 March 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|Mitesh Bhangdiya
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Wardha-Chandrapur-Gadhchiroli LA
|22-Jun-2012
|21-Jun-2018
|1
|
|-
|Jayant Jadhav
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Nashik LA
|22-Jun-2012
|21-Jun-2018
|2
|
|-
|[[Babajani Durrani]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Parbhani-Hingoli LA
|22-Jun-2012
|21-Jun-2018
|1
|
|-
|[[Anil Tatkare]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Raigad-Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg LA
|01-Jun-2012
|31-May-2018
|2
|
|-
|[[Prithviraj Chavan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|04-May-2011
|20-Oct-2014
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of Sanjay Satishchandra Dutt
|-
|[[Kiran Pawaskar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|21-Feb-2011
|24-Apr-2014
|2
|defected from [[Shiv Sena]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-02-21 |title=Former Shiv Sainik wins election on NCP ticket |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Former-Shiv-Sainik-wins-election-on-NCP-ticket/article15453684.ece |access-date=2024-04-08 |work=The Hindu |language= |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|Jayant Jadhav
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Nashik LA
|28-Feb-2011
|21-Jun-2012
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Vasant Pawar]]
|-
|Ramnath Mote
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Konkan TR
|06-Dec-2010
|05-Dec-2016
|2
|
|-
|[[Vikram Vasantrao Kale|Vikram Kale]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Aurangabad TR
|06-Dec-2010
|05-Dec-2016
|2
|
|-
|[[Nago Ganar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Nagpur TR
|06-Dec-2010
|05-Dec-2016
|1
|
|-
|[[Ranjit Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Amravati GR
|06-Dec-2010
|05-Dec-2016
|1
|
|-
|[[Sudhir Tambe]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Nashik GR
|06-Dec-2010
|05-Dec-2016
|2
|
|-
|Manish Jain
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Jalgaon LA
|06-Dec-2010
|28-Feb-2014
|1
|Resigned<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Rajendra Jain
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Bhandara-Gondia LA
|06-Dec-2010
|05-Dec-2016
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-22 |title=Polls for 6 Council seats on November 19, counting on November 22 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/polls-for-6-council-seats-on-november-19-counting-on-november-22-3095713/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=}}</ref>
|-
|Sandeep Bajoriya
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Yavatmal LA
|06-Dec-2010
|05-Dec-2016
|1
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-11-30 |title=NCP bags 2 legislative council seats |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ncp-bags-2-legislative-council-seats/articleshow/7014011.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|Prabhakar Gharge
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Sangli-Satara LA
|06-Dec-2010
|05-Dec-2016
|1
|
|-
|[[Amarnath Rajurkar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Nanded LA
|06-Dec-2010
|05-Dec-2016
|1
|
|-
|[[Anil Shivajirao Bhosale|Anil Bhosale]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Pune LA
|06-Dec-2010
|05-Dec-2016
|1
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-11-14 |title=Anil Bhosale all set to win unopposed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/anil-bhosale-all-set-to-win-unopposed/articleshow/6921723.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vasant Davkhare]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Thane-Palghar LA
|09-Jun-2010
|08-Jun-2016
|4
|
|-
|Dipti Chaudhari
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2010
|07-Jul-2016
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Congress-NCP wins 7 Maharashtra council seats |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/cong-ncp-win-7seats-in-mlc-polls/20100611.htm |access-date= |website=Rediff |language=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Husain Dalwai]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2010
|03-Aug-2011
|2
|Elected to [[Rajya Sabha]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-23 |title=Comfortable win for Dalwai |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/comfortable-win-for-dalwai/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=}}</ref>
|-
|Sanjay Satishchandra Dutt
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2010
|11-Mar-2011
|2
|Resigned<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-12 |title=Cong takes safe option, MLC quits for Chavan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/cong-takes-safe-option-mlc-quits-for-chavan/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ramraje Naik Nimbalkar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2010
|07-Jul-2016
|1
|
|-
|Prakash Bhinsale
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2010
|07-Jul-2016
|1
|
|-
|[[Vinayak Mete]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2010
|19-Oct-2014
|2
|defected to [[BJP]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-19 |title=Vinayak Mete disqualified as MLC |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/vinayak-mete-disqualified-as-mlc/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Shobha Fadnavis]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2010
|07-Jul-2016
|1
|
|-
|[[Dhananjay Munde]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2010
|02-Jul-2013
|1
|defected to [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gopinath Munde's nephew Dhananjay quits BJP, joins NCP |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/gopinath-mundes-nephew-dhananjay-quits-bjp-joins-ncp-168907-2013-07-01 |access-date= |website=India Today |language=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Diwakar Raote]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2010
|07-Jul-2016
|3
|
|-
|Vijay Sawant
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2010
|07-Jul-2016
|
|
|-
|[[Anil Tatkare]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Raigad-Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg LA
|26-Mar-2010
|31-May-2012
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Bhaskar Jadhav]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-03-27 |title=Konkan bypoll: NCP confident of Anil Tatkare's win |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/konkan-bypoll-ncp-confident-of-anil-tatkares-win/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vandana Chavan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Pune LA
|26-Mar-2010
|05-Dec-2010
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Laxman Pandurang Jagtap|Laxman Jagtap]]
|-
|[[Ramdas Kadam]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|Mumbai LA
|02-Jan-2010
|01-Jan-2016
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-04 |title=Sena leader Ramdas Kadam among 7 members to take oath as MLC |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/sena-leader-ramdas-kadam-among-7-members-to-take-oath-as-mlc/story-4tmisnKI6mlSJy5FubclJM.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bhai Jagtap]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Mumbai LA
|02-Jan-2010
|01-Jan-2016
|1
|
|-
|[[Amrish Patel]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Dhule-Nandurbar LA
|02-Jan-2010
|01-Jan-2016
|1
|
|-
|[[Rajendra Mulak]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Nagpur LA
|02-Jan-2010
|01-Jan-2016
|1
|
|-
|[[Gopikishan Bajoria]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|Akola-Washim-Buldhana LA
|02-Jan-2010
|01-Jan-2016
|2
|
|-
|[[Mahadev Mahadik]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Kolhapur LA
|02-Jan-2010
|01-Jan-2016
|3
|
|-
|Arun Jagtap
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Ahmednagar LA
|02-Jan-2010
|01-Jan-2016
|1
|
|-
|Deepakrao Salunkhe
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Solapur LA
|02-Jan-2010
|01-Jan-2016
|1
|
|-
|[[Sudhir Tambe]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Nashik GR
|18-Dec-2009
|05-Dec-2010
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Pratap Narayanrao Sonawane|Pratap Sonawane]]
|-
|[[Manikrao Thakare]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|20-Jun-2009
|27-Jul-2012
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Govindrao Adik]]
|-
|Ashok Mankar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Nagpur LA
|19-Jan-2009
|01-Jan-2010
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of Sagar Meghe<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-01-19 |title=BJP's Mankar wins Mah Legislative Council by-poll |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/bjp-s-mankar-wins-mah-legislative-council-by-poll-28641 |access-date= |website=Mid-day |language=}}</ref>
|-
|Madhu Jain
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|24-Oct-2008
|07-Jul-2010
|1
|By-election due to the disqualification of Navnath Avhad<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |date=24 October 2008 |title=Jain wins by narrow margin in Legislative Council by-election |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/jain-wins-by-narrow-margin-in-legislative-council-by-election/articleshow/15863712.cms |access-date= |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=}}</ref>
|-
|Bhagwan Salunkhe
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Pune TR
|20-Jul-2008
|19-Jul-2014
|1
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-05-14 |title=Gear up for graduate constituency polls: Deputy chief minister Ajit Pawar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/gear-up-for-graduate-constituency-polls-deputy-chief-minister-ajit-pawar/articleshow/35085142.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|Vasantrao Khotare
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Amravati TR
|20-Jul-2008
|19-Jul-2014
|
|
|-
|[[Nitin Gadkari]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Nagpur GR
|20-Jul-2008
|16-May-2014
|4
|Elected to [[Nagpur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagpur Lok Sabha]]
|-
|[[Chandrakant Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Pune GR
|20-Jul-2008
|19-Jul-2014
|1
|
|-
|[[Satish Chavan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Aurangabad GR
|20-Jul-2008
|19-Jul-2014
|1
|
|-
|[[Ranajagjitsinha Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-2008
|24-Apr-2014
|2
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-03-27 |title=Cong suffers setback in council polls |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cong-suffers-setback-in-council-polls/articleshow/2902977.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|Hemant Takle
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-2008
|24-Apr-2014
|1
|
|-
|[[Sanjaykaka Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-2008
|25-Feb-2014
|
|resigned<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-02-25 |title=NCP MLC Sanjay Patil joins BJP, says "harassed" in party |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ncp-mlc-sanjay-patil-joins-bjp-says-harassed-in-party/articleshow/31005575.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-04-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Shivajirao Deshmukh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-2008
|24-Apr-2014
|1
|
|-
|Jaiprakash Chhajed
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-2008
|24-Apr-2014
|1
|
|-
|[[Pandurang Fundkar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-2008
|24-Apr-2014
|2
|
|-
|[[Vinod Tawde]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-2008
|24-Apr-2014
|2
|
|-
|[[Neelam Gorhe]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-2008
|24-Apr-2014
|2
|
|-
|[[Kiran Pawaskar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-2008
|07-Jan-2011
|1
|defected to [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-06 |title=Shiv Sena union leader resigns, likely to join NCP |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/shiv-sena-union-leader-resigns-likely-to-join-ncp/story-SKYzcoEuCzAQ3OpZPaagbO.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mohan Joshi (politician)|Mohan Joshi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|NOM
|13-Mar-2008
|12-Mar-2014
|1
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2014 |title=Maharashtra: 21 MLCs to retire in next 2 months |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/maharashtra-21-mlcs-to-retire-in-next-2-months-114021900229_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref>
|-
|Subhash Chavan
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|NOM
|13-Mar-2008
|12-Mar-2014
|1
|
|-
|Alka Desai
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|NOM
|13-Mar-2008
|12-Mar-2014
|1
|
|-
|Suresh Navle
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|NOM
|13-Mar-2008
|12-Mar-2014
|1
|
|-
|Charan Singh Sapra
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|NOM
|13-Mar-2008
|12-Mar-2014
|1
|
|-
|M M Sheikh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|NOM
|13-Mar-2008
|12-Mar-2014
|
|
|-
|[[Fouzia Khan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|NOM
|13-Mar-2008
|12-Mar-2014
|2
|
|-
|Vidya Chavan
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|NOM
|13-Mar-2008
|12-Mar-2014
|
|
|-
|Ram Pandagale
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|NOM
|13-Mar-2008
|12-Mar-2014
|1
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 August 2014 |title=NCP MLC joins Sena, calls Maha's ruling alliance anti-dalit |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ncp-mlc-joins-sena-calls-maha-s-ruling-alliance-anti-dalit-114081300682_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vijaysinh Mohite–Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|NOM
|13-Mar-2008
|12-Mar-2014
|1
|
|-
|Ramesh Shendge
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|NOM
|13-Mar-2008
|12-Mar-2014
|1
|
|-
|Sumant Gaikwad
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|NOM
|13-Mar-2008
|12-Mar-2014
|1
|
|-
|Kishanchand Tanwani
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|Aurangabad-Jalna LA
|30-Aug-2007
|29-Aug-2013
|
|
|-
|[[Vikram Vasantrao Kale|Vikram Kale]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Aurangabad TR
|18-Dec-2006
|05-Dec-2010
|1
|By-election due to the death of Vasant Kale
|-
|Rajan Teli
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2006
|27-Jul-2012
|1
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 August 2006 |title=Eleven MLCs take oath as members of Upper House |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/08/01/eleven-mlcs-take-oath-as-members-of-upper-house-1154448673.html |work=One India}}</ref>
|-
|Sayed Quamruz Zama
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2006
|27-Jul-2012
|1
|
|-
|[[Govindrao Adik]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2006
|06-Mar-2009
|
|resigned<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-03-01 |title=Congress leader Govindrao Adik joins NCP |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/congress-leader-govindrao-adik-joins-ncp/articleshow/4208298.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|Ulhas Pawar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2006
|27-Jul-2012
|2
|
|-
|Usha Darade
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2006
|27-Jul-2012
|1
|
|-
|Arun Gujarathi
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2006
|27-Jul-2012
|1
|
|-
|Keshav Mankar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2006
|27-Jul-2012
|1
|
|-
|[[Pasha Patel]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2006
|27-Jul-2012
|1
|
|-
|Parshuram Uparkar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2006
|27-Jul-2012
|1
|
|-
|[[Jayant Prabhakar Patil|Jayant Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWPI]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2006
|27-Jul-2012
|2
|
|-
|Preetamkumar Shegaonkar
|style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}" |
|[[Republican Party of India (Athawale)|RPI(A)]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2006
|27-Jul-2012
|
|
|-
|[[Kapil Patil (Lok Bharati)|Kapil Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Mumbai TR
|08-Jul-2006
|07-Jul-2012
|1
|
|-
|Diliprao Sonawane
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Nashik TR
|08-Jul-2006
|07-Jul-2012
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-06-27 |title=Dilip Sonawane wins Nasik Teachers' seat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/dilip-sonawane-wins-nasik-teachers-seat/story-UrQ5lsffiFFzC2dfxnCAGM.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Deepak Sawant]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|Mumbai GR
|08-Jul-2006
|07-Jul-2012
|2
|
|-
|[[Sanjay Mukund Kelkar|Sanjay Kelkar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Konkan GR
|08-Jul-2006
|07-Jul-2012
|1
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 July 2006 |title=Sanjay Kelkar to be sworn-in as MLC on July 10 |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/07/09/sanjay-kelkar-to-be-sworn-in-as-mlc-on-july-10-1152469581.html |work=One India}}</ref>
|-
|[[Diliprao Deshmukh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Osmanabad-Latur-Beed LA
|22-Jun-2006
|21-Jun-2012
|2
|
|-
|Jagdish Gupta
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Amravati LA
|22-Jun-2006
|21-Jun-2012
|2
|
|-
|Zainuddin Zaveri
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Wardha-Chandrapur-Gadhchiroli LA
|22-Jun-2006
|21-Jun-2012
|1
|
|-
|[[Vasant Pawar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Nashik LA
|22-Jun-2006
|07-Oct-2010
|2
|Dieded<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-10-08 |title=MLC Vasant Pawar dies at airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mlc-vasant-pawar-dies-at-airport/articleshow/6710353.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Suresh Sakhabhau Deshmukh|Suresh Deshmukh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Parbhani-Hingoli LA
|22-Jun-2006
|21-Jun-2012
|2
|
|-
|[[Bhaskar Jadhav]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Raigad-Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg LA
|01-Jun-2006
|28-Oct-2009
|1
|Elected to [[Guhagar Assembly constituency|Guhagar Assembly]] in [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
|[[Suresh Sakhabhau Deshmukh|Suresh Deshmukh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Parbhani-Hingoli LA
|18-Mar-2005
|21-Jun-2006
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of Ramprasad Bordikar
|-
|Ramnath Mote
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Konkan TR
|06-Dec-2004
|05-Dec-2010
|1
|
|-
|Vasant Kale
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Aurangabad TR
|06-Dec-2004
|02-Feb-2006
|1
|Died
|-
|Vishwanath Daigavhane
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Nagpur TR
|06-Dec-2004
|05-Dec-2010
|
|
|-
|Bhaurao Tulshiram Deshmukh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Amravati GR
|06-Dec-2004
|05-Dec-2010
|
|
|-
|[[Pratap Narayanrao Sonawane|Pratap Sonawane]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Nashik GR
|06-Dec-2004
|16-May-2009
|2
|Elected to [[Dhule Lok Sabha constituency|Dhule Lok Sabha]] in [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[Gurumukh Das Jagwani]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Jalgaon LA
|06-Dec-2004
|05-Dec-2010
|1
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-12-03 |title=NCP wins Yavatmal, Gondia MLC seats |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ncp-wins-yavatmal-gondia-mlc-seats/articleshow/944449.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|Rajendra Jain
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Bhandara-Gondia LA
|06-Dec-2004
|05-Dec-2010
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biennial Elections to the Maharashtra Legislative Council from Local Authorities, Graduates' and Teachers' Constituencies. |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=66552 |access-date= |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|DR.N.P Hirani
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Yavatmal LA
|06-Dec-2004
|05-Dec-2010
|
|
|-
|Vilasrao Bhausaheb Shinde
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Sangli-Satara LA
|06-Dec-2004
|05-Dec-2010
|1
|
|-
|[[Kamalkishor Kadam]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Nanded LA
|06-Dec-2004
|05-Dec-2010
|2
|
|-
|[[Laxman Pandurang Jagtap|Laxman Jagtap]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Pune LA
|06-Dec-2004
|24-Oct-2009
|1
|Elected to [[Chinchwad Assembly constituency|Chinchwad Assembly]] in [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name="TOI-2004">{{cite news |date=2 Dec 2004 |title=NCP has last laugh in council poll |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/NCP-has-last-laugh-in-council-poll/articleshow/943884.cms |accessdate= |work= |publisher=The Times of India Pune}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vasant Pawar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Nashik LA
|30-Nov-2004
|21-Jun-2006
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Devidas Anandrao Pingale|Devidas Pingale]]
|-
|Sureshkumar Jethalia
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2004
|24-Oct-2009
|1
|Elected to [[Partur Assembly constituency|Partur Assembly]] in [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
|Sanjay Satishchandra Dutt
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2004
|07-Jul-2010
|1
|
|-
|[[Pratapsinh Mohite-Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2004
|07-Jul-2010
|2
|
|-
|[[Syed Muzaffar Hussain]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2004
|07-Jul-2010
|1
|
|-
|Shivaji Dattatray Patil
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2004
|07-Jul-2010
|2
|
|-
|[[Manda Vijay Mhatre|Manda Mhatre]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2004
|07-Jul-2010
|1
|
|-
|Navnath Avhad
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2004
|18-Jul-2008
|1
|Disqualified<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |title=MLC's membership cancelled |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/mlcs-membership-cancelled/articleshow/15832588.cms |access-date= |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=}}</ref><ref name="one2008">{{cite web |date=18 July 2008 |title=State legislative Council |url=http://www.oneindia.com/2008/07/18/state-legislative-council-cancels-navnath-avads-membership-1216379093.html |accessdate=8 December 2015 |website=One India}}</ref>
|-
|[[Prakash Shendge]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2004
|24-Oct-2009
|1
|Elected to [[Jat Assembly constituency|Jat Assembly]] in [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
|[[Diwakar Raote]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2004
|07-Jul-2010
|2
|<ref name="OneIn250408">{{cite web |date=25 April 2008 |title=Diwakar Raote is Sena's group leader in upper house |url=http://www.oneindia.com/2008/04/25/diwakar-raote-is-senas-group-leader-in-upper-house-1209123816.html |accessdate=8 December 2015 |website=www.oneindia.com |publisher=on 25 April 2008}}</ref>
|-
|[[Anil Parab]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-2004
|07-Jul-2010
|1
|
|-
|[[Vasant Davkhare]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Thane-Palghar LA
|09-Jun-2004
|08-Jun-2010
|3
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-06-09 |title=Davkhare enters state Council with a hat trick |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/davkhare-enters-state-council-with-a-hat-trick/articleshow/726858.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Arvind Sawant]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|Mumbai LA
|02-Jan-2004
|01-Jan-2010
|2
|
|-
|Madhukar Chavan
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Mumbai LA
|02-Jan-2004
|01-Jan-2010
|1
|
|-
|[[Chandrakant Raghuwanshi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Dhule-Nandurbar LA
|02-Jan-2004
|01-Jan-2010
|2
|
|-
|Sagar Meghe
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Nagpur LA
|02-Jan-2004
|28-Aug-2008
|1
|Resigned<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 August 2008 |title=Sagar Meghe's resignation accepted |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/08/28/sagar-meghes-resignation-accepted-1219937769.html |work=One India}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gopikishan Bajoria]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|Akola-Washim-Buldhana LA
|02-Jan-2004
|01-Jan-2010
|1
|
|-
|Mahadev Mahadik
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Kolhapur LA
|02-Jan-2004
|01-Jan-2010
|2
|
|-
|[[Yashwantrao Gadakh Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Ahmednagar LA
|02-Jan-2004
|16-Mar-2009
|2
|Resigned
|-
|[[Ranjitsinh Mohite-Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Solapur LA
|02-Jan-2004
|13-Aug-2009
|1
|Elected to [[Rajya Sabha]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-08-03 |title=Deshmukh, NCP's Adik, Mohite-Patil elected to Rajya Sabha |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/deshmukh-ncp-s-adik-mohite-patil-elected-to-rajya-sabha/story-6UlmLTzxPPjUWn1Nsy6nrM.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=}}</ref>
|-
|G. L. Ainapure
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Pune TR
|20-Jul-2002
|19-Jul-2008
|
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2002-06-27 |title=Patil defeats Jawdekar in MLC polls |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/patil-defeats-jawdekar-in-mlc-polls/articleshow/14204543.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|Vasantrao Khotare
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Amravati TR
|20-Jul-2002
|19-Jul-2008
|
|
|-
|[[Nitin Gadkari]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Nagpur GR
|20-Jul-2002
|19-Jul-2008
|3
|
|-
|Sharad Patil
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Pune GR
|20-Jul-2002
|19-Jul-2008
|1
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Shrikant Joshi
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Aurangabad GR
|20-Jul-2002
|19-Jul-2008
|1
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-06-27 |title=BJP wins Aurangabad seat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/bjp-wins-aurangabad-seat/articleshow/14201021.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|Shivaji Dattatray Patil
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|
|07-Jul-2004
|1
|By-election due to the death of Arun Mehta
|-
|[[Shivajirao Deshmukh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-2002
|24-Apr-2008
|
|
|-
|Sudhakar Gangane
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-2002
|24-Apr-2008
|1
|
|-
|[[Sharad Ranpise]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-2002
|24-Apr-2008
|1
|
|-
|[[Ranajagjitsinha Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-2002
|24-Apr-2008
|1
|
|-
|Sadashiv Pol
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-2002
|24-Apr-2008
|1
|
|-
|[[Pandurang Fundkar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-2002
|24-Apr-2008
|1
|
|-
|[[Vinod Tawde]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-2002
|24-Apr-2008
|1
|
|-
|[[Madhukar Sarpotdar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-2002
|24-Apr-2008
|1
|
|-
|[[Neelam Gorhe]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-2002
|24-Apr-2008
|1
|
|-
|M A Aziz
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|NOM
|21-Feb-2002
|20-Feb-2008
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 February 2008 |title=Cong receives 150 names for 12 MLC nominations |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/02/17/cong-receives-150-names-for-12-mlc-nominations-1203244394.html |work=One India}}</ref>
|-
|Sudha Joshi
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|NOM
|21-Feb-2002
|20-Feb-2008
|1
|
|-
|Ramesh Nikose
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|NOM
|21-Feb-2002
|20-Feb-2008
|1
|
|-
|Dhondiram Rathod
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|NOM
|21-Feb-2002
|20-Feb-2008
|
|
|-
|Dhanaji Sathe
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|NOM
|21-Feb-2002
|20-Feb-2008
|1
|
|-
|[[Sudhir Sawant]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|NOM
|21-Feb-2002
|20-Feb-2008
|1
|
|-
|[[Jitendra Awhad]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|NOM
|21-Feb-2002
|20-Feb-2008
|1
|
|-
|Gurunath Kulkarni
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|NOM
|21-Feb-2002
|20-Feb-2008
|1
|
|-
|[[Fouzia Khan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|NOM
|21-Feb-2002
|20-Feb-2008
|1
|
|-
|[[Vasantrao Balwantrao Chavan|Vasantrao Chavan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|NOM
|21-Feb-2002
|20-Feb-2008
|
|
|-
|Jagannath Shewale
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|NOM
|21-Feb-2002
|20-Feb-2008
|1
|
|-
|Girish Gandhi
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|NOM
|21-Feb-2002
|20-Feb-2008
|1
|
|-
|Ulhas Pawar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2000
|27-Jul-2006
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sena-backed independent Tyagi loses council election |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2000/jul/24sena2.htm |access-date= |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Govindrao Adik]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2000
|27-Jul-2006
|
|
|-
|Syed Khatib Natikuddin
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2000
|27-Jul-2006
|1
|
|-
|[[Vinayak Mete]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2000
|27-Jul-2006
|1
|
|-
|Vilas Avchat
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2000
|27-Jul-2006
|1
|
|-
|[[Deepak Sawant]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2000
|27-Jul-2006
|1
|
|-
|Kanhaiyalal Gidwani
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2000
|27-Jul-2006
|
|
|-
|Shantaram Karmalkar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2000
|27-Jul-2006
|1
|
|-
|[[Kanta Nalawade]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2000
|27-Jul-2006
|1
|
|-
|[[Jayant Prabhakar Patil|Jayant Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWPI]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2000
|27-Jul-2006
|1
|
|-
|Dayanand Mhaske
| style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}" |
|[[Republican Party of India (Athawale)|RPI(A)]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-2000
|27-Jul-2006
|
|
|-
|Sanjivani Raykar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Mumbai TR
|08-Jul-2000
|07-Jul-2006
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: NCP, BJP gain in Maharastra council polls |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2000/jun/19swati.htm |access-date= |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
|Nanasaheb Borste
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Nashik TR
|08-Jul-2000
|07-Jul-2006
|
|
|-
|[[Pramod Navalkar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|Mumbai GR
|08-Jul-2000
|07-Jul-2006
|3
|
|-
|[[Ashok Gajanan Modak|Ashok Modak]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Konkan GR
|08-Jul-2000
|07-Jul-2006
|
|
|-
|[[Diliprao Deshmukh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Osmanabad-Latur-Beed LA
|22-Jun-2000
|21-Jun-2006
|1
|
|-
|Jagdish Gupta
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Amravati LA
|22-Jun-2000
|21-Jun-2006
|1
|
|-
|[[Ramdas Tadas]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Wardha-Chandrapur-Gadhchiroli LA
|22-Jun-2000
|21-Jun-2006
|2
|
|-
|[[Devidas Anandrao Pingale|Devidas Pingale]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Nashik LA
|22-Jun-2000
|25-May-2004
|1
|Elected to [[Nashik Lok Sabha constituency|Nashik Lok Sabha]] in [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|Ramprasad Bordikar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Parbhani-Hingoli LA
|22-Jun-2000
|17-Oct-2004
|1
|Elected to [[Jintur Assembly constituency|Jintur Assembly]] in [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
|[[Anant Tare]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|Raigad-Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg LA
|01-Jun-2000
|31-May-2006
|1
|
|-
|[[Datta Meghe]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|NOM
|2000
|Jan-2002
|
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Vinayak Mete]]
|-
|Suresh Moreshwar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Konkan TR
|06-Dec-1998
|05-Dec-2004
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: Congress does well in state council elections |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/1998/nov/16maha.htm |access-date= |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
|
|
|
|Aurangabad TR
|06-Dec-1998
|05-Dec-2004
|
|
|-
|Vishwanath Daigavhane
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Nagpur TR
|06-Dec-1998
|05-Dec-2004
|
|
|-
|Bhaurao Tulshiram Deshmukh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Amravati GR
|06-Dec-1998
|05-Dec-2004
|
|
|-
|[[Pratap Narayanrao Sonawane|Pratap Sonawane]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Nashik GR
|06-Dec-1998
|05-Dec-2004
|1
|
|-
|Sharad Wani
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|Jalgaon LA
|06-Dec-1998
|05-Dec-2004
|1
|
|-
|[[Gopaldas Shankarlal Agrawal|Gopaldas Agrawal]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Bhandara-Gondia LA
|06-Dec-1998
|05-Dec-2004
|1
|
|-
|DR.N.P Hirani
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Yavatmal LA
|06-Dec-1998
|05-Dec-2004
|
|
|-
|Vishuanna Patil
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Sangli-Satara LA
|06-Dec-1998
|05-Dec-2004
|
|
|-
|[[Kamalkishor Kadam]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Nanded LA
|06-Dec-1998
|05-Dec-2004
|1
|
|-
|Ramkrishna More
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Pune LA
|06-Dec-1998
|02-Nov-2003
|
|Died<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-11-02 |title=Former state minister Ramkrishna More dead |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/former-state-minister-ramkrishna-more-dead/articleshow/263598.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[N. S. Pharande]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1998
|07-Jul-2004
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: Congress challenges Sena-BJP's might in RS elections |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/1998/jun/16maha.htm |access-date= |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pratapsinh Mohite-Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1998
|29-Sep-2003
|1
|Elected to [[Solapur Lok Sabha constituency|Solapur Lok Sabha]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP-Sena wins Solapur seat |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/29sola.htm |access-date= |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vijay Girkar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1998
|07-Jul-2004
|1
|
|-
|[[Diwakar Raote]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1998
|07-Jul-2004
|1
|
|-
|[[Vijay Wadettiwar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1998
|07-Jul-2004
|1
|
|-
|[[Ranjeet Deshmukh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1998
|07-Jul-2004
|1
|
|-
|[[Vasant Chavan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1998
|07-Jul-2004
|3
|
|-
|Arun Mehta
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1998
|19-Feb-2002
|3
|<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |date=2002-02-20 |title=Salvi, Mehta worked for workers' cause |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/salvi-mehta-worked-for-workers-cause/articleshow/1508626.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|Makhram Pawar
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}" |
|[[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh|BBM]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1998
|07-Jul-2004
|
|
|-
|Gangadhar Patne
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1998
|07-Jul-2004
|
|
|-
|[[Vasant Davkhare]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Thane-Palghar LA
|09-Jun-1998
|08-Jun-2004
|2
|
|-
|[[Sudhir Joshi (politician)|Sudhir Joshi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|Mumbai LA
|02-Jan-1998
|01-Jan-2004
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: Congress, BJP bag 2 seats each in local bodies poll |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/dec/31maha.htm |access-date= |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Husain Dalwai]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|Mumbai LA
|02-Jan-1998
|01-Jan-2004
|1
|
|-
|[[Chandrakant Raghuwanshi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Dhule-Nandurbar LA
|02-Jan-1998
|01-Jan-2004
|1
|
|-
|Balwantrao Dhoble
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Nagpur LA
|02-Jan-1998
|01-Jan-2004
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|Akola-Washim-Buldhana LA
|02-Jan-1998
|01-Jan-2004
|
|
|-
|Mahadev Mahadik
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Kolhapur LA
|02-Jan-1998
|01-Jan-2004
|1
|
|-
|[[Yashwantrao Gadakh Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Ahmednagar LA
|02-Jan-1998
|01-Jan-2004
|1
|
|-
|[[Subhash Deshmukh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Solapur LA
|02-Jan-1998
|01-Jan-2004
|1
|
|-
|
|
|
|Pune TR
|20-Jul-1996
|19-Jul-2002
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|Amravati TR
|20-Jul-1996
|19-Jul-2002
|
|
|-
|[[Nitin Gadkari]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Nagpur GR
|20-Jul-1996
|19-Jul-2002
|2
|
|-
|[[Prakash Javadekar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Pune GR
|20-Jul-1996
|19-Jul-2002
|2
|
|-
|[[Jaisingrao Gaikwad Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Aurangabad GR
|20-Jul-1996
|03-Mar-1998
|2
|Elected to [[Beed Lok Sabha constituency|Beed Lok Sabha]] in [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[Shishir Shinde]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-1996
|24-Apr-2002
|1
|<ref name="TOI-28022002">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=28 Feb 2002 |title=Hectic activity for council, RS polls |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Hectic-activity-for-council-RS-polls/articleshow/2302315.cms |accessdate= |publisher=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ravindra Mirlekar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-1996
|24-Apr-2002
|
|
|-
|Prakash Deole
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-1996
|24-Apr-2002
|
|
|-
|[[Anna Dange]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-1996
|24-Apr-2002
|2
|
|-
|Nishigandha Mogal
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-1996
|24-Apr-2002
|1
|
|-
|Lalsing Rathod
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-1996
|24-Apr-2002
|
|
|-
|[[Shivajirao Deshmukh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-1996
|24-Apr-2002
|
|
|-
|[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-1996
|24-Apr-2002
|1
|
|-
|Ramdas Phutane
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-1996
|24-Apr-2002
|
|
|-
|Shantaram Nandgaonkar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|NOM
|Jan-1996
|Jan-2002
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-11-18 |title=Sena-BJP alliance to lose majority in Maharashtra House |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sena-bjp-alliance-to-lose-majority-in-maharashtra-house/articleshow/1238486365.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|Jaiprakash Baviskar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|NOM
|Jan-1996
|Jan-2002
|
|
|-
|Nitin Shinde
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|NOM
|Jan-1996
|Jan-2002
|
|
|-
|[[Arvind Sawant]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|NOM
|Jan-1996
|Jan-2002
|
|
|-
|Balasaheb Salunke
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|NOM
|Jan-1996
|Jan-2002
|
|
|-
|Umesh Pawar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|NOM
|Jan-1996
|Jan-2002
|
|
|-
|Sandesh Kondvilkar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|NOM
|Jan-1996
|Jan-2002
|
|
|-
|Subhash Dapke
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|NOM
|Jan-1996
|Jan-2002
|
|
|-
|Shaligram Bassaiye
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|NOM
|Jan-1996
|Jan-2002
|
|
|-
|Veena Sharma
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|NOM
|Jan-1996
|Jan-2002
|
|
|-
|Indutai Nakade
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|NOM
|Jan-1996
|Jan-2002
|
|
|-
|[[Vinayak Mete]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|NOM
|Jan-1996
|21-Apr-2000
|1
|defected to [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=NCP in a tight spot after attack on Ketkar¿s home |url=http://asu.thehoot.org/story_popup/ncp-in-a-tight-spot-after-attack-on-ketkar-s-home-3153 |access-date= |website=asu.thehoot.org}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kripashankar Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-1994
|27-Jul-2000
|
|
|-
|[[Babanrao Dhakne]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-1994
|27-Jul-2000
|
|
|-
|[[Vasantrao Naik|Avinash Vasantrao Naik]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-1994
|27-Jul-2000
|
|
|-
|Krishnarao Bhegde
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-1994
|27-Jul-2000
|
|
|-
|Kishore Kashikar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-1994
|27-Jul-2000
|
|
|-
|Azhar Hussain
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-1994
|27-Jul-2000
|
|
|-
|Vidya Balose
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-1994
|27-Jul-2000
|
|
|-
|Anil Godane
| style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}" |
|[[Republican Party of India|RPI]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-1994
|27-Jul-2000
|
|
|-
|[[Hansraj Ahir]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-1994
|10-May-1996
|1
|Elected to [[Chandrapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chandrapur Lok Sabha]] in [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|Neela Desai
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-1994
|27-Jul-2000
|1
|
|-
|Venkappa Patki
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-1994
|27-Jul-2000
|
|
|-
|Sanjivani Raykar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Mumbai TR
|08-Jul-1994
|07-Jul-2000
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|Nashik TR
|08-Jul-1994
|07-Jul-2000
|
|
|-
|[[Pramod Navalkar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|Mumbai GR
|08-Jul-1994
|07-Jul-2000
|2
|
|-
|[[Ashok Gajanan Modak|Ashok Modak]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Konkan GR
|08-Jul-1994
|07-Jul-2000
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|Osmanabad-Latur-Beed LA
|22-Jun-1994
|21-Jun-2000
|
|
|-
|[[Vasudhatai Pundlikrao Deshmukh|Vasudhatai Deshmukh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Amravati LA
|22-Jun-1994
|07-Oct-1999
|
|Elected to [[Achalpur Assembly constituency|Achalpur Assembly]] in [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
|[[Ramdas Tadas]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Wardha-Chandrapur-Gadhchiroli LA
|22-Jun-1994
|21-Jun-2000
|1
|
|-
|S. T. Ahire
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Nashik LA
|22-Jun-1994
|21-Jun-2000
|
|
|-
|Rajani Satav
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Parbhani-Hingoli LA
|22-Jun-1994
|21-Jun-2000
|
|
|-
|Vijay Sawant
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Raigad-Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg LA
|01-Jun-1994
|31-May-2000
|
|
|-
|Arun Mehta
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|
|07-Jul-1998
|2
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Ramesh More]]
|-
|[[Ashok Chavan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1992
|07-Jul-1998
|1
|
|-
|Mushtaq Antulay
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1992
|07-Jul-1998
|
|
|-
|Madhukar Kimmatkar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1992
|07-Jul-1998
|
|
|-
|[[Jayant Shridhar Tilak]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1992
|07-Jul-1998
|
|
|-
|[[Vasant Chavan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1992
|07-Jul-1998
|2
|
|-
|Hasmukh Upadhyay
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1992
|07-Jul-1998
|2
|
|-
|Celine D'Silva
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1992
|07-Jul-1998
|
|
|-
|[[D B Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWPI]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1992
|07-Jul-1998
|1
|
|-
|[[Dharamchand Chordia]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1992
|07-Jul-1998
|1
|
|-
|[[Ramesh More]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1992
|29-May-1993
|1
|assassinated
|-
|[[Vasant Davkhare]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Thane-Palghar LA
|09-Jun-1992
|08-Jun-1998
|1
|
|-
|[[Sudhakar Deshmukh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|22-Jul-1991
|24-Apr-1996
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Datta Meghe]]
|-
|
|
|
|Pune TR
|20-Jul-1990
|19-Jul-1996
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|Amravati TR
|20-Jul-1990
|19-Jul-1996
|
|
|-
|[[Nitin Gadkari]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Nagpur GR
|20-Jul-1990
|19-Jul-1996
|1
|
|-
|[[Prakash Javadekar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Pune GR
|20-Jul-1990
|19-Jul-1996
|1
|
|-
|[[Jaisingrao Gaikwad Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Aurangabad GR
|20-Jul-1990
|19-Jul-1996
|1
|
|-
|[[Datta Meghe]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-1990
|15-Jun-1991
|3
|Elected to [[Nagpur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagpur Lok Sabha]] in [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[Ramrao Adik]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-1990
|24-Apr-1996
|3
|
|-
|
|
|
|MLA's
|25-Apr-1990
|24-Apr-1996
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|MLA's
|25-Apr-1990
|24-Apr-1996
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|MLA's
|25-Apr-1990
|24-Apr-1996
|
|
|-
|[[Anna Dange]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-1990
|24-Apr-1996
|
|
|-
|[[Vijay Mude]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-1990
|24-Apr-1996
|1
|
|-
|[[Dattaji Salvi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-1990
|24-Apr-1996
|
|<ref name="The Times of India"/>
|-
|[[Ramdas Athawale]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}" |
|[[Republican Party of India|RPI]]
|MLA's
|25-Apr-1990
|24-Apr-1996
|1
|
|-
|Baliram Hiray
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|NOM
|06-Jan-1990
|05-Jan-1996
|
|
|-
|[[T. M. Kamble]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|NOM
|06-Jan-1990
|05-Jan-1996
|
|
|-
|R. D. Nikam
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|NOM
|06-Jan-1990
|05-Jan-1996
|
|
|-
|Manohar Phalke
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|NOM
|06-Jan-1990
|05-Jan-1996
|
|
|-
|Nath Paullbudhe
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|NOM
|06-Jan-1990
|05-Jan-1996
|
|
|-
|[[Namdeo Dhondo Mahanor]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|NOM
|06-Jan-1990
|05-Jan-1996
|
|
|-
|[[Laxman Mane]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|NOM
|06-Jan-1990
|05-Jan-1996
|
|
|-
|Vijay More
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|NOM
|06-Jan-1990
|05-Jan-1996
|
|
|-
|A. R. Khan
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|NOM
|06-Jan-1990
|05-Jan-1996
|
|
|-
|Ram Tolani
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|NOM
|06-Jan-1990
|05-Jan-1996
|
|
|-
|Madhukar Wasnik
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|NOM
|06-Jan-1990
|05-Jan-1996
|
|
|-
|Yashodhara Bajaj
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|NOM
|06-Jan-1990
|05-Jan-1996
|
|
|-
|Keshavrao Rane
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|21-Oct-1988
|07-Jul-1992
|
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|[[Ishaq Jamkhanawala]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-1988
|27-Jul-1994
|
|
|-
|[[N. M. Kamble]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-1988
|27-Jul-1994
|
|
|-
|Vithal Dikonda
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-1988
|27-Jul-1994
|
|
|-
|Bajirao Shinde
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-1988
|27-Jul-1994
|
|
|-
|Krishnarao Pandav
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-1988
|27-Jul-1994
|
|
|-
|Narayan Munde
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-1988
|27-Jul-1994
|
|
|-
|Bhaskarrao Shinde
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-1988
|27-Jul-1994
|
|
|-
|Keshavrao Autade
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-1988
|27-Jul-1994
|
|
|-
|[[R. S. Gavai]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}" |
|[[Republican Party of India|RPI]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-1988
|27-Jul-1994
|
|
|-
|V Deshmukh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWPI]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-1988
|27-Jul-1994
|
|
|-
|[[Suryabhan Vahadane-Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA's
|28-Jul-1988
|27-Jul-1994
|2
|
|-
|[[Pramod Navalkar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|Mumbai GR
|08-Jul-1988
|07-Jul-1994
|1
|
|-
|Vasant Patwardhan
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Konkan GR
|08-Jul-1988
|07-Jul-1994
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|Osmanabad-Latur-Beed LA
|22-Jun-1988
|21-Jun-1994
|
|
|-
|[[Vasudhatai Pundlikrao Deshmukh|Vasudhatai Deshmukh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Amravati LA
|22-Jun-1988
|21-Jun-1994
|
|
|-
|Vasantrao Wankhede
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Wardha-Chandrapur-Gadhchiroli LA
|22-Jun-1988
|21-Jun-1994
|
|
|-
|Sabir Ahmed
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Nashik LA
|22-Jun-1988
|21-Jun-1994
|
|
|-
|Ratan Lal
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Parbhani-Hingoli LA
|22-Jun-1988
|21-Jun-1994
|
|
|-
|Vijay Sawant
| style="background-color:{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWPI]]
|Raigad-Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg LA
|01-Jun-1988
|31-May-1994
|
|
|-
|[[Shankarrao Chavan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1986
|26-Jun-1988
|
|Elected to [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Rajya Sabha]]
|-
|[[Jayant Shridhar Tilak]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1986
|07-Jul-1992
|
|
|-
|[[Vasant Chavan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1986
|07-Jul-1992
|1
|
|-
|[[Shrikant Jichkar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1986
|07-Jul-1992
|
|
|-
|Rohidas Patil
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1986
|07-Jul-1992
|
|
|-
|Leon D'Souza
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1986
|07-Jul-1992
|
|
|-
|Arun Mehta
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}" |
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)|IC(S)]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1986
|07-Jul-1992
|1
|
|-
|Muralidharanna Pawar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}" |
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)|IC(S)]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1986
|07-Jul-1992
|
|
|-
|Vitthalrao Hande
| style="background-color:{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWPI]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1986
|07-Jul-1992
|
|
|-
|Hasmukh Upadhyay
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1986
|07-Jul-1992
|1
|
|-
|Narayan Shripad Vaidya
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Pune GR
|1984
|1990
|1
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2020-12-05 |title=BJP's Pune bastion falls for 1st time in almost 2 decades |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/bjps-pune-bastion-falls-for-1st-time-in-almost-2-decades/articleshow/79570650.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Madhu Deolekar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Mumbai GR
|1982
|1988
|
|
|-
|[[Manohar Joshi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1980
|07-Jul-1986
|
|
|-
|[[Pramod Navalkar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1980
|07-Jul-1986
|
|
|-
|[[Wamanrao Mahadik]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|MLA's
|08-Jul-1980
|07-Jul-1986
|
|
|-
|[[Madhu Deolekar]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]]
|Mumbai GR
|1978
|1982
|
|
|-
|[[G P Pradhan]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}" |
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)|IC(S)]]
|Pune GR
|1978
|1984
|2
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|[[G P Pradhan]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]]
|Pune GR
|1972
|1978
|1
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|[[Uttamrao Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]]
|Nashik GR
|1972
|1978
|3
|
|-
|[[Uttamrao Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]]
|Nashik GR
|1966
|1972
|2
|
|-
|Vasudev Balwant Gogate
|style="background-color: {{party color|Hindu Mahasabha}}" |
|[[Hindu Mahasabha|HMS]]
|Pune GR
|1960
|1966
|
|
|-
|[[Uttamrao Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]]
|Nashik GR
|1954
|1955
|1
|
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Name (alphabetical by last name) !!Party !! Constituency !! Date of appointment !! Date of retirement !! Term !! Notes
|-
| [[Ramrao Adik]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || Elected by MLAs || 1978 || 1984 || 1 ||
|-
| [[Ramrao Adik]] || INC || Elected by MLAs || 1984 || 1990 || 2 ||
|-
|[[Aloo Jal Chibber]]|| INC || Elected by MLA ||1978||1984||2||Governor|-
|-
| [[Jagannath Sitaram Akarte]] || INC || Elected by MLAs || 1962 || 1968 || 1 ||
|-
| [[Yashwant Ambedkar]] || [[Republican Party of India|RPI]] || Electrical by MLAs || 1960 || 1966 || 1 ||
|-
| [[Sarojini Babar]]<ref name="AIR">{{cite web |title=75 YEARS OF MAHARASHTRA LEGISLATURE |url=http://www.newsonair.com/75-years-of-maharashtra-legislature.asp |accessdate=1 December 2015 |publisher=Aii India Radio}}</ref>|| [[Independent politician|Ind.]] || Nominated || || || 1 ||
|-
| [[Subhash Bhoir]] || NCP || Elected by MLAs || || || 1 ||
|-
| [[Tejsingrao Bhosale]]<ref name=TOI-231014>{{cite news|last1=Anparthi|first1=Anjaya|title=Despite having experience very few corporators become legislators|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Despite-having-experience-very-few-corporators-become-legislators/articleshow/44912685.cms|accessdate=8 December 2015|publisher=Times of India. Nagpur|date=23 Oct 2014}}</ref> || || || || || 1 ||
|-
| [[Madhu Dandavate]] || [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] || Elected by MLAs || 1970 || 1971 || 1 ||Elected to LS, Rajapur
|-
| [[B T Deshmukh]] || Ind || Amravati Teachers || 1996 || 2002 || 1 ||
|-
| [[R. S. Gavai]] || [[Republican Party of India|RPI]] || Elected by MLAs || 1964 || 1970 || 1 ||
|-
| [[R. S. Gavai]] || RPI || Elected by MLAs || 1970 || 1976 || 2 ||
|-
| [[R. S. Gavai]] || RPI || Elected by MLAs || 1976|| 1982 || 3 ||
|-
| [[R. S. Gavai]] || RPI || Elected by MLAs || 1982 || 1988|| 4 ||
|-
| [[Chandukaka Jagtap]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Jagtap bags MLC candidature|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Jagtap-bags-MLC-candidature/articleshow/509701.cms|accessdate=2 December 2015}}</ref> || NCP || Pune LA || 09/03/2004 || 01/01/2005 || 1 ||
|-
| [[Manohar Joshi]] || [[Shiv Sena|SS]] || Elected by MLAs || 1972 || 1980 || 1 ||
|-
| [[Manohar Joshi]] || [[Shiv Sena|SS]] || Elected by MLAs || 1988 || 1989 || 3 ||Res. Elected to MH Assembly
|-
| [[Sudhir Joshi (politician)|Sudhir Joshi]] || [[Shiv Sena|SS]] || Elected by MLAs || 1986 || 1992 || 1 ||
|-
| [[Sudhir Joshi (politician)|Sudhir Joshi]] || [[Shiv Sena|SS]] || Elected by MLAs || 1993 || 1999 || 2 ||
|-
| [[Pappu Kalani]]<ref name=one2008/> || NCP || Elected by MLAs || || 1999 || 1 ||
|-
| [[Shankar Ramchandra Kharat]] || Independent || || || || 1 ||
|-
| [[Gajanan Digambar Madgulkar]]<ref name=AIR/> || Ind || || || || 1 ||
|-
| [[Datta Meghe]] || INC || Elected by MLAs || 02/04/1978 || 1984 || 1 ||
|-
| [[Datta Meghe]] || INC || Elected by MLAs || 1984 || 1990 || 3 ||
|-
| [[Dhulappa Bhaurao Navale]] || INC || Satara-cum-Sangli || 1963 || 1969 || 1 ||
|-
| [[Dhulappa Bhaurao Navale]] || INC || Satara-cum-Sangli || 1969 || 1972 || 2 ||
|-
| [[V S Page]] || INC || Elected by MLAs || 1960 || 1966 || 1 ||
|-
| [[V S Page]] || INC || Elected by MLAs || 1966 || 1972 || 2 ||
|-
| [[V S Page]] || INC || Elected by MLAs || 1972 || 1978<ref name=vs-page>{{cite web|title=V. S. Page|url=http://sangli.nic.in/english/about_sangli/prominant_personality/v_s_page.aspx|publisher=Collector Office Sangli|accessdate=1 December 2015}}</ref> || 3 ||
|-
| [[Avinash Pande]] || INC || Elected by MLAs || || || 1 ||
|-
| [[Shakuntala Paranjpye]] || Independent || Nominated || 1958 || 1964 || 1 ||
|-
| [[Gulabrao Patil]] || INC || Elected by MLAs || 1983 || 1987 || 1 ||
|-
| [[Shivajirao Girdhar Patil]] || INC || Elected by MLAs || 1960 || 1967 || 1 ||
|-
| [[R. D. Pradhan]] || INC || Elected by MLAs || 1990 || 1996 || 1 ||
|-
| [[Linganna Pujari]] || INC || Mumbai LA || 1972 || 1978 || 1 ||
|-
| [[Prabhakar Sanzgiri]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI-M]] || Elected by MLAs || 1980 || 1986 || 1 ||
|-
| [[Rikhabchand Sharma]]<ref name=TOI-231014/> || INC || Elected by MLA || || 196x || 1 ||
|-
| [[Suryabhan Vahadane-Patil]]<ref name="info-e">{{cite web |title=Member Of legislative Council Maharashtra, Maharashtra MLC list 2012 |url=http://infoelections.com/infoelection/index.php/maharashtra/827-list-of-member-of-legislative-council-mlc-from-maharashtra.html |accessdate=27 December 2015}}</ref>|| BJP || Elected by MLAs || 1982 || 1988 || 1 ||
|-
| [[M G Vaidya]]<ref name=AIR/> || Ind. || Elected by MLAs || || || 1 ||
|-
| [[Rafiq Zakaria]]<ref name=AIR/><ref name="FPJ-2012">{{cite news |date=29 May 2012 |title=Council polls: NCP scores big while complacent Cong suffers |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/council-polls-ncp-scores-big-while-complacent-cong-suffers/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308234756/http://www.freepressjournal.in/council-polls-ncp-scores-big-while-complacent-cong-suffers |archivedate=8 March 2016 |accessdate=8 December 2015 |publisher=Free Press Journal}}</ref>|| INC || || || || 1 ||
|-

|| [[P T Madhale]] || [[Scheduled Castes Federation]] SCF || Vita-Sangli || Elected MLA || 1937 1957 ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://maharashtralegislature.org.in/ Maharashtra Legislature]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council}}
[[Category:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council| ]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Maharashtra|Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Lists of state legislators of Indian States|Maharashtra]]

Manmadha Leelai (1976 film)

2026-03-04T04:49:22Z

GeorgiannaStrand: Adding Data

{{short description|1976 film by K. Balachander}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Manmadha Leelai 1976 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Balachander]]
| writer = K. Balachander
| producer = P. R. Govindarajan J. Duraiswamy
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Kamal Haasan]]
* Aalam
}}
| cinematography = [[B. S. Lokanath]]
| editing = N. R. Kittu
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Kalakendra Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1976|02|27|ref1=}}
| runtime = 161 minutes<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |pages=428 |orig-date=1994}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Manmadha Leelai''''' ({{translation|Cupid's Tale}}) is a 1976 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Romantic comedy|romantic]] [[sex comedy]] film written and directed by [[K. Balachander]]. The film stars [[Kamal Haasan]] and Aalam. A number of actresses debuted in the Tamil industry through this film, including [[Hema Chaudhary]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Y. Vijaya]] among others. It was released on 27 February 1976.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 February 1976 |title=மன்மத லீலை |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_4_64/4.jp2/full/1000,1458/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126102608/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_4_64/4.jp2/full/1000,1458/0/default.jpg |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=26 January 2025 |work=Navamani |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> Though the film was criticised for its bold content when it was released, it has received cult status over the passing years and is considered a trendsetter.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=April 2023}}
The film explores the life journey of a wannabe [[Promiscuity#Male promiscuity|womaniser]], Madhu and his attempted affairs with various women where he fails invariably, including those who are married.

The main conflict is between Madhu and his wife Rekha. The many women he flirts with and those who flirt with him are doing so for many different reasons. One has a drunkard husband who has no interest in her; another is merely living her fantasy of being in an extramarital relationship through phone; and another is an ultra-modern hippie cultured woman. Madhu, however, does not manage to consummate with any of them. He confesses all his problems to his secretary Iyer, who resigns, unable to bear his torture. In the end, the now-pregnant Rekha finds out about Madhu's attempted philandering and decides to leave him, only to find out that her role-model father has had a lifelong affair with their long-term maidservant, which her mother has chosen to ignore. Seeing that men are no better and considering that her husband is yet to consummate, she decides to go back to her husband, who vows to become a reformed man.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Madhu<ref name="kalkionline" />
* Halam as Rekha<ref name="kalkionline" />
* [[Hema Chaudhary]] as Madhavi
* [[Jaya Prada]] as Kannagi
* [[Y. Vijaya]] as Bhargavi (Ms. Wrong Number)
* [[Reena (actress)|Reena]] as Anju
* [[Y. G. Mahendran]] as Petition Kodhandam
* [[Y. G. Parthasarathy]] as Rekha's father
* [[Radha Ravi]] (credited as M. R. R. Ravi)
* [[Kusalakumari|T. D. Kusalakumari]] as Rekha's mother
* [[Praveena Bhagyaraj]] (uncredited role)
}}

== Production ==
[[M. R. Radha]]'s son [[Radha Ravi]] made his acting debut with the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=8 March 2012 |title=Refrains, old and new |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/refrains-old-and-new/article2973933.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417115209/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/refrains-old-and-new/article2973933.ece |archive-date=17 April 2014 |access-date=5 November 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan |date=3 January 2015 |title=KB: Kollywood's Discovery Channel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kb-kollywoods-discovery-channel/article6751541.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501063135/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kb-kollywoods-discovery-channel/article6751541.ece |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=5 November 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The coat that [[Kamal Haasan]] wears prominently in the film was actually his brother [[Charuhasan]]'s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2020 |title='மன்மத லீலை' கோட் குறித்த சுவாரசியப் பின்னணி: கமல் பகிர்வு |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/553461-kamal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605170559/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/553461-kamal.html |archive-date=5 June 2020 |access-date=23 June 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manmatha Leelai Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/manmatha-leelai-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331062955/https://mossymart.com/product/manmatha-leelai-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan-3/ |archive-date=31 March 2023 |access-date=31 March 2023 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manmatha Leelai |url=https://gaana.com/album/manmatha-leelai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200329052354/https://gaana.com/album/manmatha-leelai |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref> The song "Naadham Ennum" is set in [[Shree ranjani]] raga,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=26 October 2012 |title=Six-note splendour |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/sixnote-splendour/article4034523.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129094848/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/sixnote-splendour/article4034523.ece |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=5 November 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> while "Hello My Dear" is set in [[Dharmavati]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=9 November 2012 |title=Twice as nice |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/twice-as-nice/article4081104.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823092407/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/twice-as-nice/article4081104.ece |archive-date=23 August 2019 |access-date=5 November 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:39
| title1 = Manaivi Amaivathellam
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| length1 = 4:29
| title2 = Naathamenum
| extra2 = [[Vani Jairam]]
| length2 = 4:12
| title3 = Hello My Dear Wrong Number
| extra3 = K. J. Yesudas, [[L. R. Eswari]]
| length3 = 4:22
| title4 = Manmadha
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length4 = 5:02
| title5 = Netru Oru Menagai
| extra5 = [[A. V. Ramanan]]
| length5 = 4:38
| title6 = Sugam Thanaa
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]]
| length6 = 3:56
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film struggled to get a censor certificate.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=10 July 2019 |title=When K Balachander wanted to write for OTT platforms |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kavithalayaa-productions-launches-its-youtube-channel/article28348625.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191105060030/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kavithalayaa-productions-launches-its-youtube-channel/article28348625.ece |archive-date=5 November 2019 |access-date=5 November 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' called it a problematic story but gets specialised by skill in creating characters and added that there is nothing special about it as a screenplay but Balachander has added innovation to the film by sticking the scenes quickly.<ref name="kalkionline" /> Naagai Dharuman of ''Navamani'' praised the acting, dialogues and direction.<ref>{{cite news |last=தருமன் |first=நாகை |date=29 February 1976 |title=மன்மத லீலை |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_4_67/4.jp2/full/1000,1439/0/default.jpg |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=Navamani |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Other versions ==
After [[Vijaya Bapineedu]] acquired the rights to dub the film in Telugu, he edited it down by more than {{convert|250|feet}}. Though Balachander was disappointed with the dubbed version, titled ''Manmadha Leela'', it fared better than the Tamil original.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri |date=14 November 2007 |title=Exclusive : Interview with Vijayabapineedu |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/vijayabapineedu_interview_2.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202083646/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/vijayabapineedu_interview_2.php |archive-date=2 December 2008 |access-date=26 March 2021 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |page=2}}</ref> This was the first of many dubbed Telugu films where Haasan's voice was dubbed by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pradeep |first=K. |date=26 March 2009 |title=Chit chat with S. P. Balasubramaniam |url=http://andhravilas.com/movienews.asp?id=90961&curPage=18 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707141241/http://andhravilas.com/movienews.asp?id=90961&curPage=18 |archive-date=7 July 2011 |access-date=1 October 2021 |website=Andhravilas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Murali |first=S. |date=25 September 2020 |title=S.P. Balasubrahmanyam: The end of an era |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sp-balasubrahmanyam-the-end-of-an-era/article32695994.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130195815/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sp-balasubrahmanyam-the-end-of-an-era/article32695994.ece |archive-date=30 January 2021 |access-date=26 March 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was dubbed in [[Hindi]] as ''Meethi Meethi Baatein'' (1977),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayan |first=Hari |date=21 November 2016 |title=Some lesser known SPB magic for you |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/Some-lesser-known-SPB-magic-for-you/article16670806.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201202321/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/Some-lesser-known-SPB-magic-for-you/article16670806.ece |archive-date=1 December 2016 |access-date=8 June 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=28 October 1979 |title=சினி மசாலா |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1979/oct/28-10-1979/p7.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220728035559/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1979/oct/28-10-1979/p7.jpg |archive-date=28 July 2022 |access-date=1 December 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=7 |language=ta}}</ref> which fared reasonably well.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Piousji |date=12 August 1979 |title=Khaas Baat |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99456/page/n705/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230220064105/https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99456/page/n705/mode/2up |archive-date=20 February 2023 |access-date=21 February 2023 |magazine=Sunday |pages=51 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> In the late 2000s, K. Balachander reached out to [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] about remaking the film. The actor's refusal meant that the project was dropped.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2023 |title=Takkar star Siddharth calls Kamal Haasan, the first and original pan-India star |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/takkar-star-siddharth-calls-kamal-haasan-the-first-and-original-pan-india-star/5186da3d9c621 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612135618/https://www.ottplay.com/news/takkar-star-siddharth-calls-kamal-haasan-the-first-and-original-pan-india-star/5186da3d9c621 |archive-date=12 June 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Even though the film stirred up controversies when it was released, it later became a cult classic,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V |date=8 July 2012 |title=New twist to old tales |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/New-twist-to-old-tales/articleshow/14732716.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616030833/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-08/news-interviews/32578169_1_kamal-haasan-thillu-mullu-films |archive-date=16 June 2013 |access-date=29 March 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and is considered a trendsetter.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=8 August 2012 |title=The '80s are back! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-08/news-interviews/33084599_1_sattam-oru-iruttarai-thillu-mullu-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616030816/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-08/news-interviews/33084599_1_sattam-oru-iruttarai-thillu-mullu-film |archive-date=16 June 2013 |access-date=29 March 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Kamal Haasan said, "it was an interesting subject. For that period it was unusual, a breaking down of the fidelity stereotypes".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shivkumar |first=S. |date=25 August 2005 |title=Set to score a perfect ten |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/08/25/stories/2005082501070100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060515114858/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/08/25/stories/2005082501070100.htm |archive-date=15 May 2006 |access-date=29 March 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="kalkionline">{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=21 March 1976 |title=மன்மத லீலை |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1976/mar/21-03-1976/p63.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220728035609/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1976/mar/21-03-1976/p63.jpg |archive-date=28 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=63 |language=ta}}</ref>
</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{K. Balachander}}

[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s sex comedy films]]
[[Category:1976 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:1976 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about adultery in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian sex comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Isai Paadum Thendral

2026-03-03T05:08:29Z

GeorgiannaStrand: Starting Some Details First Draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Isai Paadum Thendral
| image = Isai Paadum Thendral.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = [[Devaraj–Mohan|S. Devaraj]]
| screenplay = A. L. Narayanan
| story = [[Bhadran (director)|Bhadran]]
| producer = Rani Chakrapani
| starring = [[Sivakumar]] [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] Jayarekha
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = A. Somasundaram
| editing = B. Kandhasamy
| studio = N.C.Creations
| released = {{film date|1986|6|12|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Isai Paadum Thendral''''' ({{translation|The Musical Breeze}}) is a 1986 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[Devaraj–Mohan|S. Devaraj]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2019 |title=அனைத்துத் தரப்பினரையும் கவரும் குமாரபாளையம் கைக்குட்டைகள்!... |url=https://www.dinamani.com/thozil-malar-2019/2019/oct/16/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-3255360.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118115549/https://www.dinamani.com/thozil-malar-2019/2019/oct/16/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-3255360.html |archive-date=18 January 2023 |access-date=18 January 2023 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film stars [[Sivakumar]], [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] and Jayarekha. It is a remake of the 1982 [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Ente Mohangal Poovaninju]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2019 |title=Mohanlal the complete actor crossed 300 movies in last 40 years. |url=https://www.thecbcnews.com/mohanlal-the-complete-actor-crossed-300-movies-in-last-40-years/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421043200/https://www.thecbcnews.com/mohanlal-the-complete-actor-crossed-300-movies-in-last-40-years/ |archive-date=21 April 2023 |access-date=21 April 2023 |website=The CBC News India}}</ref> The film was released on 12 June 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Isai Padum Thendral (1986) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1025 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040820221655/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1025 |archive-date=20 August 2004 |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=இசை பாடும் தென்றல் / Isai Paadum Thendral (1986) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/isai-paadum-thendral |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115192325/https://screen4screen.com/movies/isai-paadum-thendral |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=April 2023}}
Mohan's father wants him to marry Menaka (Jayarekha) but Mohan (Sivakumar) likes Kalyani (Ambika). His father gives in to his demands but Menaka has other plans. On the marriage day, Menaka plots and murders Kalyani by putting poison in her milk which leaves Mohan depressed. After being coerced by his father, Mohan finally agrees to marry Menaka. During the first night, Mohan kills himself by mixing poison with the milk and reveals to Menaka that he knows that she killed Kalyani and he desperately killed himself so that she will lead the rest of her life in sadness. The film ends with Mohan breathing his last with the memories of Kalyani.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sivakumar]] as Mohan
*[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Kalyani
*Jayarekha as Menaka
*[[K. P. Ummer]]
*[[Janagaraj]] as a violin student<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=6 December 1998 |title=இந்த முகங்களை சங்கீத சபாக்களில் பார்த்தால் அட இவங்களா! என்று ஆச்சர்யப்பட வேண்டாம்... |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1998-12-06/page/n11/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230810160558/https://archive.org/details/kalki1998-12-06/page/n11/mode/2up |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=10 August 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=10–11 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
*[[Goundamani]]
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]]
*[[J. V. Ramana Murthi]]
*[[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] (Guest appearance)
}}

==Production==
The film was launched at Prasad Studios with the song recording of "Isai Paadu Nee".<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 1985 |title=இசை பாடும் தென்றல் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_299/5.jp2/full/1000,1382/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105092831/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_299/5.jp2/full/1000,1382/0/default.jpg |archive-date=5 January 2025 |access-date=5 January 2025 |work=Anna |pages=5 |language=Ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>
== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Isai Paadum Thendral Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/isai-paadum-thendral-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118115545/https://mossymart.com/product/isai-paadum-thendral-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=18 January 2023 |access-date=18 January 2023 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Isai Paadum Thendral (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/5JFYbcwgvNtfneDBOfbNTH |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230320083834/https://open.spotify.com/album/5JFYbcwgvNtfneDBOfbNTH |archive-date=20 March 2023 |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2019 |title=இளையராஜாவும் வைரமுத்துவும் பிரிந்த கதை! – நிஜத்தில் நடந்தது என்ன? |url=https://tamil.trendingonlinenow.in/story-of-ilayaraaja-and-vairamuthus-split/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230321073957/https://tamil.trendingonlinenow.in/story-of-ilayaraaja-and-vairamuthus-split/ |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=21 March 2023 |website=TON |language=ta}}</ref> The song "Isai Paadu Nee" is set to the [[Hindustani raga]] [[Jog (raga)|Jog]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |pages=133 |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}</ref> The [[Tyagaraja]] composition "Raghuvara Ninnu" also features in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=தங்க ரதத்தில் வந்த சின்னக் கண்ணன் தெய்வீக குரலால் இசை உலகின் மன்னன் |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-news/news/1654964 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421043842/https://www.dinamalar.com/district_detail.asp?id=1654964 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |access-date=21 April 2023 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2013 |title=தமிழ்த்திரை இசை யில் ராகங்கள் : [ 10 ] : T.சௌந்தர் |url=https://inioru.com/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%EF%BB%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220081707/https://inioru.com/%e0%ae%a4%e0%ae%ae%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%b4%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%a4%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%a4%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%b0%e0%af%88-%e0%ae%87%e0%ae%9a%e0%af%88%ef%bb%bf%e0%ae%af%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%b2%e0%af%8d-%e0%ae%b0%e0%ae%be%e0%ae%95/ |archive-date=20 February 2022 |access-date=21 April 2023 |website=Inioru |language=ta}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Endhan Kaikuttaiyai
| note1 =
| lyrics1 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Isai Paadu Nee
| note2 =
| lyrics2 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra2 = S. Janaki
| length2 =
| title3 = Raghuvara Ninnu
| note3 =
| lyrics3 = [[Tyagaraja]]
| extra3 = [[M. Balamuralikrishna]], K. J. Yesudas, S. Janaki
| length3 =
| title4 = Disco King
| note4 =
| lyrics4 = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| extra4 = K. J. Yesudas, Vani Jairam
| length4 =
| title5 = Vaazhaimaram Katti
| note5 =
| lyrics5 = [[Mu. Metha]]
| extra5 = K. J. Yesudas, S. Janaki
| length5 =
| title6 = Manasuloni
| note6 =
| lyrics6 = Tyagaraja
| extra6 = K. J. Yesudas, S. Janaki
| length6 =
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1986 Indian films]]
[[Category:1986 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Red panda

2026-02-28T15:49:22Z

GeorgiannaStrand: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Species of mammal in Asia}}
{{Other uses|Red Panda (disambiguation){{!}}Red Panda}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Pp-semi-indef}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Speciesbox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Pleistocene|Present}}
| image = Red Panda, Gentle Tree-Dweller of the Himalayas.jpg
| image_caption = ''A. f. fulgens'' in [[Langtang National Park]], Nepal
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn |title=''Ailurus fulgens'' |author=Glatston, A. |author2=Wei, F. |author3=Than Zaw |author4=Sherpa, A. |name-list-style=amp |article-number=e.T714A110023718 |date=2015 |errata=2017 |access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref name="iucn"/>
| display_parents = 3
| genus = Ailurus
| parent_authority = [[Frédéric Cuvier|F. Cuvier]], 1825
| species = fulgens
| authority = F. Cuvier, 1825
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision = ''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}} 
''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>
| range_map = RedPanda distribution.png
| range_map_alt = Map showing the range of the red panda, a narrow band along the Himalayas and southwest China, in red
| range_map_caption = Range of the red panda
| synonyms = {{species list
|Ailurus refulgens |[[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1840
|Ailurus ochraceus |[[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Hodgson]], 1847
|Ælurus fulgens |[[William Henry Flower|Flower]], 1871
}}
| synonyms_ref =<ref name="taxonomy"/>
}}

The '''red panda''' ('''''Ailurus fulgens'''''), also known as the '''lesser panda''', is a small [[mammal]] native to the [[eastern Himalayas]] and [[southwestern China]]. It has dense reddish-brown fur with a black belly and legs, white-lined ears, a mostly white muzzle and a ringed tail. Its head-to-body length is {{cvt|51|-|63.5|cm}} with a {{cvt|28|-|48.5|cm}} tail, and it weighs between {{cvt|3.2|and|15|kg}}. It is well adapted to climbing due to its flexible joints and curved semi-retractile claws.

The red panda was formally [[Species description|described]] in 1825. The two recognised subspecies, the Himalayan and the Chinese red panda, [[Genetic divergence|genetically diverged]] about 250,000 years ago. The red panda's place on the [[Phylogenetic tree|evolutionary tree]] has been debated, but modern genetic evidence places it in close affinity with [[Procyonidae|raccoon]]s, [[Mustelidae|weasel]]s, and [[Mephitidae|skunk]]s. It is not closely related to the [[giant panda]], which is a [[bear]], though both possess elongated wrist bones or "[[Sesamoid bone#Other animals|false thumbs]]" used for grasping [[bamboo]]. The evolutionary [[Lineage (evolution)|lineage]] of the red panda ([[Ailuridae]]) stretches back around {{mya|25|18}}, as indicated by extinct fossil relatives found in Eurasia and North America.

The red panda inhabits [[coniferous forests]] as well as [[temperate broadleaf and mixed forests]], favouring steep slopes with dense bamboo cover close to water sources. It is solitary and largely [[arboreal]]. It feeds mainly on [[bamboo shoot]]s and leaves, but also on fruits and blossoms. Red pandas mate in early spring, with the females giving birth to litters of up to four cubs in summer. It is threatened by [[poaching]] as well as [[habitat destruction|destruction]] and [[habitat fragmentation|fragmentation]] of habitat due to [[deforestation]]. The species has been listed as [[endangered species|Endangered]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] since 2015. It is protected in all [[Range state|range countries]].

[[Community-based conservation]] programmes have been initiated in [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]] and [[Northeast India|northeastern India]]; in China, it benefits from [[nature conservation]] projects. Regional [[captive breeding]] programmes for the red panda have been established in zoos around the world. It is featured in animated movies, video games, comic books and as the namesake of companies and music bands.

==Etymology==
The origin of the name ''panda'' is uncertain, but one of the most likely theories is that it derived from the [[Nepali language|Nepali]] word "ponya".<ref name=Introduction2022>{{cite book |author=Glatston, A. R. |year=2021 |chapter=Introduction |title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |editor=Glatston, A. R. |pages=xix–xxix |edition=Second |publisher=Academic Press |place=London |isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> The word {{lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''{{transliteration|ne|pajā}}'' or {{lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''{{transliteration|ne|pañjā}}'' means "ball of the foot" and "claws".<ref>{{cite book |author=Turner, R. L. |year=1931 |title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language |publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner |location=London |chapter=पञ्जा pañjā |page=359 |chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact |access-date=27 January 2022 |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes |url-status=live}}</ref> The Nepali words "nigalya ponya" has been translated as "bamboo-footed" and is thought to be the red panda's Nepali name; in English, it was simply called ''panda'', and was the only animal known under this name for more than 40 years; it became known as the ''red panda'' or ''lesser panda'' to distinguish it from the [[giant panda]], which was formally described and named in 1869.<ref name=Introduction2022/>

The genus name ''Ailurus'' is adopted from the [[Ancient Greek]] word {{linktext|αἴλουρος|lang=grc}} ''{{transliteration|grc|ailouros}}'' meaning 'cat'.<ref>{{cite book |author=Liddell, H. G. |author2=Scott, R. |name-list-style=amp |title=A Greek-English Lexicon |edition=Revised and augmented |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |year=1940 |chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek |chapter=αἴλουρος |access-date=21 February 2021 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[specific epithet]] ''fulgens'' is [[Latin]] for 'shining, bright'.<ref name=Introduction2022/><ref>{{cite book |author=Lewis, C. T. A. |author2=Short, C. |name-list-style=amp |title=Latin Dictionary |location=Oxford |year=1879 |edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten |publisher=Clarendon Press |chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la |chapter=fulgens |access-date=21 February 2021 |archive-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
[[File:Ailurus fulgens styani 59714096.jpg|left|thumb|''A. f. styani'' in western Yunnan, China]]
[[File:Anh48 0368 1.jpg|thumb|Watercolour painting of a red panda commissioned by [[Thomas Hardwicke]] {{circa|1820}}<ref name=Lowther2021>{{cite journal |author=Lowther, D. A. |year= 2021 |title= The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India |journal= Archives of Natural History |volume= 48 |issue=2 |pages=368–376 |doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728|s2cid= 244938631}}</ref>|alt=Watercolour of a red panda on branch with three separate depictions of the paws at the top]]

The red panda was [[Species description|described]] and named in 1825 by [[Frederic Cuvier]], who gave it its [[scientific name]] ''Ailurus fulgens''. Cuvier's description was based on [[zoological specimen]]s, including skin, paws, jawbones and teeth "from the mountains north of India", as well as an account by [[Alfred Duvaucel]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Cuvier, F. |year=1825 |chapter=Panda |page=LII 1–3 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII |editor1=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E. |editor2=Cuvier, F. |title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle |volume=5 |publisher=A. Belin |location=Paris |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Cuvier, G. |year=1829 |title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation |volume=1 |publisher=Chez Déterville|location= Paris |chapter=''Le Panda éclatant'' |page=138 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up |language=fr}}</ref> The red panda was described earlier by [[Thomas Hardwicke]] in 1821, but his paper was only published in 1827.<ref name="Introduction2022" /><ref>{{cite journal |author=Hardwicke, T. |year=1827 |title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains |journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London |volume=XV |pages=161–165 |url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up}}</ref> In 1902, [[Oldfield Thomas]] described a skull of a male red panda specimen under the name ''Ailurus fulgens styani'' in honour of [[Frederick William Styan]] who had collected this specimen in [[Sichuan]].<ref name="thomas_1902"/>

===Subspecies and species===
The modern red panda is the [[monotypic taxon|only recognised species]] in the genus ''Ailurus''. It is traditionally divided into two [[subspecies]]: the Himalayan red panda (''A. f. fulgens'') and the Chinese red panda (''A. f. styani''). The Himalayan subspecies has a straighter profile, a lighter coloured forehead and [[ochre]]-tipped hairs on the lower back and rump. The Chinese subspecies has a more curved forehead and sloping snout, a darker coat with a less white face and more contrast between the tail rings.<ref name="taxonomy"/>

In 2020, results of a genetic analysis of red panda samples showed that the red panda populations in the Himalayas and China were separated about 250,000 years ago. The researchers suggested that the two subspecies should be treated as distinct species. Red pandas in southeastern Tibet and northern Myanmar were found to be part of ''A. f. styani'', while those of southern Tibet were of ''A. f. fulgens'' in the strict sense.<ref name=Hu>{{Cite journal |last1=Hu|first1=Y. |last2=Thapa|first2=A. |last3=Fan |first3=H. |last4=Ma |first4=T. |last5=Wu|first5=Q. |last6=Ma|first6=S. |last7=Zhang|first7=D. |last8=Wang|first8=B. |last9=Li|first9=M. |last10=Yan|first10=L. |last11=Wei|first11=F. |name-list-style=amp |title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas |year=2020 |journal=Science Advances |volume=6 |issue=9 |article-number=eaax5751 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751 |pmid=32133395 |pmc=7043915 |bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H}}</ref> [[DNA sequencing]] of 132 red panda faecal samples collected in [[Northeast India]] and China also showed two distinct clusters indicating that the [[Brahmaputra River|Siang (Brahmaputra) River]] constitutes the boundary between the Himalayan and Chinese red pandas.<ref name="Joshi">{{cite journal |author1=Joshi, B. D. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Dalui, S. |author3=Singh, S. K. |author4=Mukherjee, T. |author5=Chandra, K. |author6=Sharma, L. K. |author7=Thakur, M. |year=2021 |title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species |journal=Mammalian Biology |volume=101 |issue=1 |pages=121–124 |doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y |s2cid=231811193}}</ref> They probably diverged due to [[glaciation]] events on the southern [[Tibetan Plateau]] in the [[Pleistocene]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Dalui, S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Singh, S. K. |author3= Joshi, B. D. |author4=Ghosh, A. |author5=Basu, S. |author6=Khatri, H. |author7=Sharma, L. K.|author8=Chandra, K. |author9=Thakur, M. |year=2021 |title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=65 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6 |pmid=33420314 |pmc=7794540 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Phylogeny===
The placement of the red panda on the [[evolutionary tree]] has been debated. In the early 20th century, various scientists placed it in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Procyonidae]] with [[raccoon]]s and their allies. At the time, most prominent biologists also considered the red panda to be related to the giant panda, which would eventually be found to be a [[bear]]. A 1982 study examined the similarities and differences in the skull between the red panda and the giant panda, other bears and procyonids, and placed the species in its own family [[Ailuridae]]. The author of the study considered the red panda to be more closely related to bears.<ref name="taxonomy">{{cite book |author=Groves, C. |year=2021 |chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus'' |title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |editor=Glatston, A. R. |pages=95–117 |edition=Second |publisher=Academic Press |place=London |isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> A 1995 [[mitochondrial DNA]] analysis revealed that the red panda has close affinities with procyonids.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Pecon-Slattery, J. |name-list-style=amp |author2=O'Brien, S. J. |year=1995 |title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') |journal=The Journal of Heredity |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=413–422 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615 |pmid=8568209}}</ref> Further genetic studies in 2005, 2018 and 2021 have placed the red panda within the [[clade]] [[Musteloidea]], which also includes Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ([[weasel]]s and relatives) and [[Mephitidae]] ([[skunk]]s and relatives).<ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal |author1=Flynn, J. J. |author2=Finarelli, J. A. |author3=Zehr, S. |author4=Hsu, J. |author5=Nedbal, M. A. |title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships |doi=10.1080/10635150590923326 |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=317–337 |year=2005 |pmid=16012099 |doi-access=free |name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal |author1=Law, C. J. |author2=Slater, G. J. |author3=Mehta, R. S. |name-list-style=amp |date=2018 |title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology |volume=67|issue=1 |pages=127–144 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Hassanin>{{cite journal|author1=Hassanin, A.|author2=Veron, G.|author3=Ropiquet, A.|author4=van Vuuren, B. J.|author5=Lécu, A.|author6=Goodman, S. M.|author7=Haider, J.|author8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE |volume=16|issue=2|article-number=e0240770|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770 |pmid=33591975 |pmc=7886153 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H |doi-access=free}}</ref>

{{Clade gallery
|main-caption = Phylogenetic relationship of the red panda based on analysis of
|header1 = Six genes from 76 Carnivora species<ref name="Flynn2005"/>
|header2 = 46 genes from 75 musteloid species<ref name="Law-2018"/>
|header3 = Mitogenomes from 220 mammal species<ref name=Hassanin/>
|align=left |width=370px |height=340px |width2=275px
|cladogram1 = {{clade |style=font-size:85%;line-height:85% |label1=[[Caniformia]]
|1={{clade
|1 =[[Canidae]] [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XI).jpg|60px|African golden wolf]]
|label2=[[Arctoidea]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Ursidae]] [[File:Recherches pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des mammifères (Pl. 50) (white background).jpg|50px|Giant panda]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Pinnipedia]] [[File:Cambridge Natural History Mammalia Fig 230 white background.jpg|70px|Common seal]]
|label2=[[Musteloidea]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Ailuridae]] [[File:Ailurus fulgens - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(white background).jpg|60px|Red panda]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Mephitidae]] [[File:Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen (Plate CXXI-) (white background).jpg|50px|Striped skunk]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Procyonidae]] |image1=[[File:Wild animals of North America, intimate studies of big and little creatures of the mammal kingdom (Page 410) (white background).jpg|50px|Common raccoon]]
|2=[[Mustelidae]] |image2=[[File:Fitch white background.png|60px|European polecat]]
}} }} }} }} }} }} }}
|cladogram2 = {{clade |style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%; |label1=[[Musteloidea]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Mephitidae]] [[File:Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen (Plate CXXI-) (white background).jpg|50px|Striped skunk]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Ailuridae]] [[File:Ailurus fulgens - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(white background).jpg|60px|Red panda]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Procyonidae]] |image1=[[File:Wild animals of North America, intimate studies of big and little creatures of the mammal kingdom (Page 410) (white background).jpg|50px|Common raccoon]]
|2=[[Mustelidae]] |image2=[[File:Fitch white background.png|60px|European polecat]]
}} }} }} }}
|cladogram3 = {{clade | style=font-size:85%;line-height:85% |label1=[[Caniformia]]
|1={{clade
|1 =[[Canidae]] [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XI).jpg|60px|African golden wolf]]
|label2=[[Arctoidea]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Ursidae]] [[File:Recherches pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des mammifères (Pl. 50) (white background).jpg|50px|Giant panda]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Pinnipedia]] [[File:Cambridge Natural History Mammalia Fig 230 white background.jpg|70px|Common seal]]
|label3=[[Musteloidea]]
|3={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Ailuridae]] |image1=[[File:Ailurus fulgens - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(white background).jpg|60px|Red panda]]
|2=[[Mephitidae]] [[File:Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen (Plate CXXI-) (white background).jpg|50px|Striped skunk]]
}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Procyonidae]] |image1=[[File:Wild animals of North America, intimate studies of big and little creatures of the mammal kingdom (Page 410) (white background).jpg|50px|Common raccoon]]
|2=[[Mustelidae]] |image2=[[File:Fitch white background.png|60px|European polecat]]
}} }} }} }} }} }} }}
{{clear}}

===Fossil record===
[[File:Simocyon batalleri head.jpg|right|thumb|Reconstructed skull and head of ''[[Simocyon]]'', a large carnivorous early relative of the modern red panda|alt=Drawing of a skull (above) and head (below) of an extinct animal]]
The family Ailuridae appears to have evolved in Europe in either the [[Late Oligocene]] or [[Early Miocene]], about {{mya|25|18}}. The earliest member ''[[Amphictis]]'' is known from its {{cvt|10|cm|in|frac=2}} skull and may have been around the same size as the modern species. Its [[dentition]] consists of sharp premolars and [[carnassial]]s (P4 and m1) and [[Molar (tooth)|molar]]s adapted for grinding (M1, M2 and m2), suggesting that it had a generalised [[carnivorous]] diet. Its placement within Ailuridae is based on the grooves on the side of its [[Canine tooth|canine teeth]]. Other early or [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] ailurids include ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' and ''[[Simocyon]]'', whose fossils have been found throughout Eurasia and North America dating from the [[Middle Miocene]], the latter of which survived into the [[Early Pliocene]]. Both have similar teeth to ''Amphictis'' and thus had a similar diet.<ref name="Salesa">{{cite book |author1=Salesa, M. J. |author2=Peigné, S. |author3=Antón, M. |author4=Morales, J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2021 |chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus'' |title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |editor=Glatston, A. R. |pages=15–29 |edition=Second |publisher=Academic Press |place=London |isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> The [[cougar|puma]]-sized ''Simocyon'' was likely a tree-climber and shared a "false thumb"—an extended wrist bone—with the modern species, suggesting the appendage was an adaptation to [[arboreal locomotion]] and not to feed on [[bamboo]].<ref name="Salesa"/><ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{cite journal |last1=Salesa |first1=M. J. |last2=Mauricio |first2=A. |last3=Peigné |first3=S. |last4=Morales |first4=J. |name-list-style=amp |title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas |journal=PNAS |year=2006 |volume=103 |pmid=16387860 |issue=2 |pmc=1326154 |pages=379–382 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102 |bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Later and more [[Apomorphy and synapomorphy|advanced]] ailurids are classified in the subfamily Ailurinae and are known as the "true" red pandas. These animals were smaller and more adapted for an [[omnivorous]] or [[herbivorous]] diet. The earliest known true panda is ''[[Magerictis]]'' from the Middle Miocene of Spain and known only from one tooth, a lower second molar. The tooth shows both ancestral and new characteristics having a relatively low and simple [[Crown (tooth)|crown]] but also a lengthened crushing surface with developed [[Cusp (anatomy)|tooth cusps]] like later species.<ref name="Wallace">{{cite book |author1=Wallace, S. C. |author2=Lyon, L. |name-list-style=amp |year=2021 |chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America |title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |editor=Glatston, A. R. |pages=31–52|edition=Second |publisher=Academic Press |place=London |isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Later ailurines include ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' which lived in eastern North America from the late Miocene to the Early Pliocene<ref name="Wallace"/><ref name="Wallace2004">{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=S. C. |last2=Wang |first2=X. |name-list-style=amp |date=2004 |title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America |journal=Nature |issue=7008 |pages=556–559 |volume=431 |doi=10.1038/nature02819 |pmid=15457257 |bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W |s2cid=4432191|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf }}</ref> and species of the genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' which first appear in Early Pliocene Europe, spreading across Eurasia into North America.<ref name="Wallace"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Tedford, R. H. |author2=Gustafson, E. P. |name-list-style=amp |title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus'' |journal=Nature |issue=5595 |pages=621–623 |volume=265 |doi=10.1038/265621a0 |year=1977 |bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T |s2cid=4214900}}</ref> These animals are classified as a [[sister taxon]] to the lineage of the modern red panda. In contrast to the herbivorous modern species, these ancient pandas were likely omnivores, with highly cusped molars and sharp [[premolar]]s.<ref name="Wallace"/><ref name="Wallace2004" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sotnikova |first1=M. V. |year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal |volume=42 |issue=1|pages=90–99|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S |s2cid=82000411}}</ref>

The earliest fossil record of the modern genus ''Ailurus'' dates no earlier than the [[Pleistocene]] and appears to have been limited to Asia. The modern red panda's lineage became adapted for a specialised bamboo diet, having molar-like premolars and more elevated cusps.<ref name="Wallace"/> The false thumb would secondarily gain a function in feeding.<ref name="Salesa"/><ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006"/>

===Genomics===
Analysis of 53 red panda samples from Sichuan and Yunnan showed a high level of [[genetic diversity]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Su, B. |author2=Fu, Y. |author3=Wang, Y. |author4=Jin, L. |author5=Chakraborty, R. |name-list-style=amp |year=2001 |title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=1070–1076 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878 |pmid=11371595 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The full [[genome]] of the red panda was sequenced in 2017. Researchers have compared it to the genome of the giant panda to learn the genetics of [[convergent evolution]], as both species have false thumbs and are adapted for a specialised bamboo diet despite having the digestive system of a carnivore. Both pandas show modifications to certain limb development genes ([[DYNC2H1]] and [[PCNT]]), which may play roles in the development of the thumbs.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hu|first1=Y. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Wu, Q. |author3=Ma, S. |author4=Ma, T. |author5=Shan, L. |author6=Wang, X. |author7=Nie, Y. |author8=Ning, Z. |author9=Yan, L. |author10=Xiu, Y. |author11=Wei, F. |year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114 |pmid=28096377 |pmc=5293045 |bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H |doi-access=free}}</ref> In switching from a carnivorous to a herbivorous diet, both species have reactivated taste receptor genes used for detecting [[Bitter (taste)|bitterness]], though the specific genes are different.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shan|first1=L. |last2=Wu|first2=Q. |last3=Wange|first3=L. |last4=Zhang|first4=L. |last5=Wei|first5=F. |year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation |journal=Integrative Zoology |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=152–159 |doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291 |pmid=29168616 |pmc=5873442 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>

==Description==
{{Multiple image |direction=vertical|align=right
|image1=Ailurus fulgens skull at the Beaty Biodiversity Museum.jpg|caption1=Red panda skull|alt1=Red panda skull
|image2=MC Kleiner Panda.jpg|caption2=Red panda face|alt2=Red panda face}}
The red panda's [[Animal coat|coat]] is mainly red or orange-brown with a black belly and legs. The muzzle, cheeks, brows and inner ear margins are mostly white while the bushy tail has red and [[Buff (colour)|buff]] ring patterns and a dark brown tip.<ref name="Fisher">{{cite book |author=Fisher |first=Rebecca E. |title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |publisher=Academic Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-12-823753-3 |editor=Glatston |editor-first=Angela R. |edition=2nd |place=London |pages=81–93 |chapter=Red Panda Anatomy |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2 |s2cid=243824295}}</ref><ref name="roberts+gittleman"/><ref name=Wozencraft>{{cite book |editor1=Xie, Y.|editor2=Smith, A. T.|editor3= Smith, D. E.|editor4= Hoffmann, R. S.|editor5= Wozencraft, W. C.|editor6=MacKinnon, J. R. |editor7=Lunde, D.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|author=Wozencraft, W. C.|contribution=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> The colouration appears to serve as [[camouflage]] in habitat with red [[moss]] and white [[lichen]]-covered trees. The [[guard hair]]s are longer and rougher while the dense [[Fur#Down hair|undercoat]] is fluffier with shorter hairs.<ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{cite journal |date=1984 |journal=Mammalian Species |pages=1–8 |doi=10.2307/3503840 |author1=Roberts, M. S. |author2=Gittleman, J. L. |name-list-style=amp |title=''Ailurus fulgens'' |issue=222 |jstor=3503840 |bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R |s2cid=253993605 |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf |access-date=1 December 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The guard hairs on the back have a circular cross-section and are {{cvt|47|–|56|mm|in}} long. It has moderately long [[whisker]]s around the mouth, lower jaw and chin. The hair on the soles of the paws allows the animal to walk in snow.<ref name="Fisher"/>

The red panda has a relatively small head, though proportionally larger than in similarly sized raccoons, with a reduced snout and triangular ears, and nearly evenly lengthed limbs.<ref name="Fisher"/><ref name="roberts+gittleman"/> It has a head-body length of {{cvt|51|–|63.5|cm}} with a {{cvt|28|–|48.5|cm}} tail. The Himalayan red panda is recorded to weigh {{cvt|3.2|–|9.4|kg}}, while the Chinese red panda weighs {{cvt|4|–|15|kg}} for females and {{cvt|4.2|–|13.4|kg}} for males.<ref name="Fisher" /> It has five curved [[Digit (anatomy)|digit]]s on each foot, each with curved semi-retractile claws that aid in climbing.<ref name="roberts+gittleman"/> The [[pelvis]] and hindlimbs have flexible joints, adaptations for an arboreal quadrupedal lifestyle.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Makungu|first1=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M. |last3=Groenewald |first3=H. B. |last4=Barrows|first4=M. |last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N. |year=2015 |title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography |journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=410–421 |doi=10.1111/ahe.12152 |pmid=25308447 |hdl=2263/50447 |s2cid=13035672 |name-list-style=amp|hdl-access=free }}</ref> While not [[Prehensile tail|prehensile]], the tail helps the animal balance while climbing.<ref name="roberts+gittleman"/>

The forepaws possess a "false thumb", which is an extension of a wrist bone, the radial [[sesamoid]] found in many carnivorans. This thumb allows the animal to grip onto bamboo stalks and both the digits and wrist bones are highly flexible. The red panda shares this feature with the giant panda, which has a larger sesamoid that is more compressed at the sides. In addition, the red panda's sesamoid has a more sunken tip while the giant panda's curves in the middle. These features give the giant panda more developed dexterity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Antón |first1=M. |last2=Salesa |first2=M. J. |last3=Pastor|first3=J. F. |last4=Peigné|first4=S. |last5=Morales|first5=J. |year=2006 |title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy |volume=209 |issue=6 |pages=757–764 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x |pmid=17118063 |pmc=2049003 |doi-access=free |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>

The red panda's skull is wide, and its lower jaw is robust.<ref name=Fisher/><ref name="roberts+gittleman"/> However, because it eats leaves and stems, which are not as tough, it has smaller chewing muscles than the giant panda. The digestive system of the red panda is only 4.2 times its body length, with a simple stomach, no noticeable divide between the [[ileum]] and [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]], and no [[caecum]].<ref name=Fisher/>

Both sexes have paired [[anal gland]]s that emit a secretion consisting of long-chain [[fatty acid]]s, [[cholesterol]], [[squalene]] and [[2-Piperidinone]]; the latter is the most odoriferous compound and is perceived by humans as having an ammoniacal or pepper-like odour.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wood |first1=W. F. |last2=Dragoo |first2=G. A. |last3=Richard |first3=M. J. |last4=Dragoo |first4=J. W. |year=2003 |title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens'' |journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology |volume=31 |issue=9 |pages=1057–1060 |doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W }}</ref>

== Distribution and habitat ==
[[File:Red Panda at Neora Valley National Park West Bengal India 2012.jpg|thumb|Red panda in [[Neora Valley National Park]]|alt=Red panda in a tree]]
The red panda inhabits [[Nepal]], the states of [[Sikkim]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in India, [[Bhutan]], southern [[Tibet]], northern [[Myanmar]] and China's [[Sichuan]] and [[Yunnan]] provinces.<ref name=iucn/> The global potential habitat of the red panda has been estimated to comprise {{cvt|47100|km2}} at most; this habitat is located in the [[temperate climate]] zone of the [[Himalayas]] with a mean annual temperature range of {{cvt|18|-|24|C|F}}.<ref name=Kandel_al2015>{{cite journal |author1=Kandel, K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Huettmann, F. |author3=Suwal, M. K. |author4=Regmi, G. R. |author5=Nijman, V. |author6=Nekaris, K. A. I. |author7=Lama, S. T. |author8= Thapa, A. |author9=Sharma, H. P. |author10=Subedi, T. R. |year=2015 |title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=181 |pages=150–161 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K }}</ref> Throughout this range, it has been recorded at elevations of {{cvt|2000-4300|m}}.<ref name=Mallick2010>{{cite journal |author=Mallick, J. K. |year=2010 |title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |volume=43 |pages=30–36 |url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |access-date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Dorji_al2012>{{cite journal |author1=Dorji, S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Rajaratnam, R. |author3=Vernes, K. |year=2012 |title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations |journal=Oryx |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=536–543 |doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780 |bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D |s2cid=84332758|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Thapa_al2020>{{cite journal |author1=Thapa, K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Thapa, G. J. |author3=Bista, D. |author4=Jnawali, S. R. |author5=Acharya, K. P. |author6=Khanal, K. |author7=Kandel, R. C. |author8=Karki Thapa, M. |author9=Shrestha, S. |author10=Lama, S. T. |author11=Sapkota, N. S. |year=2020 |title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=15 |issue=12 |article-number=e0243450 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450 |pmid=33306732 |pmc=7740865 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Dong_al2021>{{cite journal |author1=Dong, X. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Zhang, J. |author3=Gu, X. |author4=Wang, Y. |author5=Bai, W. |author6=Huang, Q. |year=2021 |title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=28 |article-number=e01705 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D }}</ref><ref name=Lin_al2021>{{cite book |title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |editor=Glatston, A. R. |year=2021 |publisher=Academic Press |location=London |edition=Second |isbn=978-0-12-823754-0 |chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar |author1=Lin, A. K. |author2=Lwin, N. |author3=Aung, S. S. |author4=Oo, W. N. |author5=Lum, L. Z. |author6=Grindley, M. |name-list-style=amp |pages=475–488 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475 |access-date=24 January 2022 |archive-date=29 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable floatright mw-collapsible"
|+ {{nowrap|Habitat of the red panda}}
!Country
!Estimated size<ref name=Kandel_al2015/>
|-
|Nepal ||{{cvt|22400|km2}}
|-
|China ||{{cvt|13100|km2}}
|-
|India ||{{cvt|5700|km2}}
|-
|Myanmar ||{{cvt|5000|km2}}
|-
| Bhutan ||{{cvt|900|km2}}
|-
|'''Total'''||{{cvt|47100|km2}}
|}
In Nepal, it lives in six protected area complexes within the [[Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests]] ecoregion.<ref name=Thapa_al2020/> The westernmost records to date were obtained in three [[Community forestry in Nepal|community forests]] in [[Kalikot District]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Shrestha, S. |author2=Lama, S. |author3=Sherpa, A. P. |author4=Ghale, D. |author5=Lama, S. T. |name-list-style=amp |year=2021 |title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=18156–18163 |doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Panchthar District|Panchthar]] and [[Ilam District]]s represent its easternmost range in the country, where its habitat in forest patches is surrounded by villages, livestock [[pasture]]s and roads.<ref name=Bista_al2021b/> The [[metapopulation]] in protected areas and [[wildlife corridor]]s in the [[Kangchenjunga]] landscape of Sikkim and northern West Bengal is partly connected through [[old-growth forest]]s outside protected areas.<ref name=Dalui_al2020>{{cite journal |author1=Dalui, S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Khatri, H. |author3=Singh, S. K. |author4=Basu, S. |author5=Ghosh, A. |author6=Mukherjee, T. |author7=Sharma, L. K. |author8=Singh, R. |author9=Chandra, K. |author10=Thakur, M. |year=2020 |title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=15446 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3 |pmid=32963325 |pmc=7508845 |bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D |doi-access=free}}</ref> Forests in this landscape are dominated by Himalayan oaks (''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' and ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]''), [[Betula utilis|Himalayan birch]], [[Abies densa|Himalayan fir]], [[Acer caesium|Himalayan maple]] with bamboo, ''[[Rhododendron]]'' and some [[Juniperus indica|black juniper]] shrub growing in the [[understorey]]s.<ref name=Mallick2010/><ref name=Panthi_al2012>{{cite journal |author1=Panthi, S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Aryal, A. |author3=Raubenheimer, D. |author4=Lord, J. |author5=Adhikari, B. |year=2012 |title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal |journal=Zoological Studies |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=701–709 |url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf |access-date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Khatiwara, S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Srivastava, T. |year=2014 |title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |volume=50 |pages=35–38 |url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |access-date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=13 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Bashir, T. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Bhattacharya, T. |author3=Poudyal, K. |author4=Sathyakumar, S. |year=2019 |title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=11 |issue=8 |pages=14056–14061 |doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Records in Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh's [[Pangchen Valley]], [[West Kameng district|West Kameng]] and [[Shi Yomi district]]s indicate that it frequents habitats with ''[[Yushania]]'' and ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'' bamboo, medium-sized ''Rhododendron'', [[Sorbus|whitebeam]] and [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] trees.<ref name=Dorji_al2012/><ref name=Chakraborty_al2015>{{cite journal |author1=Chakraborty, R. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Nahmo, L. T. |author3=Dutta, P. K. |author4=Srivastava, T. |author5=Mazumdar, K. |author6=Dorji, D. |year=2015 |title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India |journal=Mammalia |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=25–32 |doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105 |s2cid=87668179}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Megha, M. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Christi, S. |author4=Gopal, R. |author3=Kapoor, M. |author5=Solanki, R. |year=2021 |title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=19254–19262 |doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In China, it inhabits the [[Hengduan Mountains subalpine conifer forests]] and [[Qionglai-Minshan conifer forests]] in the [[Hengduan Mountains|Hengduan]], [[Qionglai Mountains|Qionglai]], [[Xiaoxiang Range|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]] and [[Liangshan Mountain]]s in Sichuan.<ref name=Dong_al2021/> In the adjacent Yunnan province, it was recorded only in the northwestern montane part.<ref name="Wei">{{cite journal |last1=Wei |first1=F. |last2=Feng |first2=Z. |last3=Wang |first3=Z. |last4=Hu |first4=J. |name-list-style=amp |title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China |journal=Biological Conservation |date=1999 |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=285–291 |doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Li, F. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Huang, X. Y. |author3=Zhang, X. C. |author4=Zhao, X. X. |author5=Yang, J. H. |author6=Chan, B. P. L. |year=2019 |title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=11 |issue=11 |pages=14402–14414 |doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The red panda prefers [[microhabitat]]s within {{cvt|70-240|m}} of water sources.<ref name=Wei_al2000>{{cite journal |author1=Wei, F. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Feng, Z. |author3=Wang, Z. |author4=Hu, J. |year=2000 |title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=448–455 |doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Dorji_al2011>{{cite journal |author1=Dorji, S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Vernes, K. |author3=Rajaratnam, R. |year=2011 |title=Habitat correlates of the Red Panda in the temperate forests of Bhutan |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=10 |article-number=e26483 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0026483 |pmid=22039497 |pmc=3198399 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...626483D |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Dendup2018/><ref name=Dendup_al2020>{{cite journal |author1=Dendup, P. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Humle, T. |author3=Bista, D. |author4=Penjor, U. |author5=Lham, C. |author6=Gyeltshen, J. |year=2020 |title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan |journal=Ecology and Evolution |volume=10 |issue=17 |pages=9444–9453 |doi=10.1002/ece3.6632 |pmid=32953073 |pmc=7487235 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D }}</ref> Fallen logs and [[tree stump]]s are important habitat features, as they facilitate access to bamboo leaves.<ref name=Zhang_al2006>{{cite journal |author1=Zhang, Z. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Wei, F. |author3=Li, M. |author4=Hu, J. |year=2006 |title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve |journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=231–235 |doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=86350625 }}</ref> Red pandas have been recorded to use steep slopes of more than 20° and stumps exceeding a diameter of {{cvt|30|cm|in|0}}.<ref name=Wei_al2000/><ref name=Dendup2018>{{cite journal |author1=Dendup, P. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Lham, C. |author3=Wangchuk, J. |author4=Tshering, K. |year=2018 |title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan |journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society |volume=3 |pages=1–13 |issn=2410-3861 |url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Red pandas observed in [[Phrumsengla National Park]] used foremost easterly and southerly slopes with a mean slope of 34° and a [[Canopy (biology)|canopy]] cover of 66 per cent that were overgrown with bamboo about {{cvt|23|m}} in height.<ref name=Dorji_al2011/> In [[Dafengding Nature Reserve]], it prefers steep south-facing slopes in winter and inhabits forests with bamboo {{cvt|1.5–2.5|m|ftin}} tall.<ref name=Zhou_al2013>{{cite journal |author1=Zhou, X. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Jiao, H. |author3=Dou, Y. |author4=Aryal, A. |author5=Hu, J. |author6=Hu, J. |author7=Meng, X. |year=2013 |title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China |volume=105 |issue=10 |pages=1425–1429 |journal=Current Science |url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf |access-date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve]], it inhabits mixed coniferous forest with a dense canopy cover of more than 75 per cent, steep slopes and a density of at least {{cvt|70|/m2|/sqft|disp=preunit|bamboo plants|bamboo plants}}.<ref name=Liu_al2021>{{cite journal |author1=Liu, X. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Teng, L. |author3=Ding, Y. |author4=Liu, Z. |year=2021 |title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China |journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology |volume=54 |issue=4 |doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725 |s2cid=238963119 |url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf |access-date=28 January 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In some parts of China, the red panda coexists with the giant panda. In [[Fengtongzhai National Nature Reserve|Fengtongzhai]] and [[Yele National Nature Reserve]]s, red panda microhabitat is characterised by steep slopes with lots of bamboo [[Culm (botany)|stem]]s, shrubs, fallen logs and stumps, whereas the giant panda prefers gentler slopes with taller but lesser amounts of bamboo and less habitat features overall. Such [[niche separation]] lessens competition between the two bamboo-eating species.<ref name=Wei_al2000/><ref name=Zhang_al2006/>

==Behaviour and ecology==
[[File:Tiergarten Schoenbrunn Kleiner Panda 2.jpg|thumb|Red panda sleeping in a tree|alt=A red panda lies sleeping on a high branch of a tree, with tail stretched out behind and legs dangling on each side of the branch]]
The red panda is difficult to observe in the wild,<ref name="Gebauer"/> and most studies on its behaviour have taken place in captivity.<ref>{{cite journal |name-list-style=amp |last1=Karki|first1=S. |last2=Maraseni |first2=T. |last3=Mackey|first3=B. |last4=Bista|first4=D. |last5=Lama |first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P. |last8=Koju |first8=A. P. |last9=Koju|first9=U. |last10=Shrestha|first10=A. |last11=Cadman|first11=T. |year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020) |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=781 |article-number=146659 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659 |pmid=33794452 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K |hdl=10072/403744 |s2cid=232763016}}</ref> The red panda appears to be both [[nocturnal]] and [[crepuscular]], [[Biphasic and polyphasic sleep|sleeping intermittently]] at night. It typically rests or sleeps in trees or other elevated spaces, stretched out prone on a branch with legs dangling when it is hot, and curled up with its hindlimb over the face when it is cold. It is adapted for climbing and descends to the ground head-first with the hindfeet holding on to the middle of the tree trunk. It moves quickly on the ground by trotting or bounding.<ref name="roberts+gittleman" />

===Social spacing===
Adult pandas are generally [[Solitary animal|solitary]] and [[Territory (animal)|territorial]]. Individuals mark their [[home range]] or territorial boundaries with urine, [[faeces]] and secretions from the [[anal gland|anal]] and surrounding glands. Scent-marking is usually done on the ground, with males marking more often and for longer periods.<ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> In China's [[Wolong National Nature Reserve]], the home range of a radio-collared female was {{cvt|0.94|km2}}, while that of a male was {{cvt|1.11|km2}}.<ref name="Reid1991">{{cite journal|last1=Reid|first1=D. G. |last2=Jinchu|first2=H. |last3=Yan|first3=H. |name-list-style=amp |year=1991 |title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=225 |issue=3 |pages=347–364 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x |bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R }}</ref> A one-year-long monitoring study of ten red pandas in eastern Nepal showed that the four males had median home ranges of {{cvt|1.73|km2}} and the six females of {{cvt|0.94|km2}} within a forest cover of at least {{cvt|19.2|ha}}. The females travelled {{cvt|419–841|m}} per day and the males {{cvt|660–1473|m}}. In the mating season from January to March, adults travelled a mean of {{cvt|795|m}} and subadults a mean of {{cvt|861|m}}.<ref name=Bista_al2021b>{{cite journal |author1=Bista, D. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Baxter, G. S. |author3=Hudson, N. J. |author4=Lama, S. T. |author5=Weerman, J. |author6=Murray, P. J. |year=2021 |title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda |journal=Movement Ecology |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=62 |doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z |pmid=34906253 |pmc=8670026 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B }}</ref> They all had larger home ranges in areas with low forest cover and reduced their activity in areas that were disturbed by people, livestock and dogs.<ref name=Bista_al2021>{{cite journal |author1=Bista, D. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Baxter, G. S. |author3=Hudson, N. J. |author4=Lama, S. T. |author5=Murray, P. J. |year=2021 |title=Effect of disturbances and habitat fragmentation on an arboreal habitat specialist mammal using GPS telemetry: a case of the red panda |journal=Landscape Ecology |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=795–809 |doi=10.1007/s10980-021-01357-w |pmid=34720409 |pmc=8542365 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Diet and feeding===
The red panda is largely herbivorous and feeds primarily on bamboo, mainly the genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'' and ''[[Chimonobambusa]]''.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Nijboer, J. |author2=Dierenfeld, E. S. |year=2021 |chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore |title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |editor=Glatston, A. R. |pages=225–238 |edition=Second |publisher=Academic Press |place=London |isbn=978-0-12-823753-3 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> It also feeds on fruits, blossoms, [[acorn]]s, eggs, birds and small mammals. Bamboo leaves may be the most abundant food item year-round and the only food they can access during winter.<ref name="ecology">{{cite book |author1=Wei, F. |author2=Thapa, A. |author3=Hu, Y. |author4=Zhang, Z. |year=2021 |chapter=Red Panda ecology |title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |editor=Glatston, A. R. |pages=329–351 |edition=Second |publisher=Academic Press |place=London |isbn=978-0-12-823753-3 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> In Wolong National Nature Reserve, leaves of the bamboo species ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' were found in nearly 94 per cent of analysed droppings, and its [[bamboo shoot|shoots]] were found in 59 per cent of the droppings found in June.<ref name="Reid1991"/>

The diet of red pandas monitored at three sites in [[Singalila National Park]] for two years consisted of 40–83 per cent ''[[Yushania maling]]'' and 51–91.2 per cent ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'' bamboos{{efn|''Arundinaria maling'' and ''A. aristata'' referred to in the source have since been reclassified to distinct genera occurring in Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} supplemented by bamboo shoots, ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'' fruits and seasonal berries.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pradhan|first1=S. |last2=Saha |first2=G. K. |last3=Khan|first3=J. A. |year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=11–18 |doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3 |bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> In this national park, red panda droppings also contained remains of [[silky rose]] and [[Rubus|bramble fruit]] species in the summer season, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' in the post-monsoon season, and ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', the whitebeam species ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' and [[tree rhododendron]] in both seasons. Droppings were found with 23 plant species including the [[stone oak]] species ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|Campbell's magnolia]], the chinquapin species ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', Himalayan birch, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'' and the [[holly]] species ''[[Ilex fragilis]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Roka, B. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Jha, A. K. |author3=Chhetri, D. R. |year=2021 |title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species |journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica |volume=7 |pages=425–439 |doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816 |s2cid=244942192 |url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/ |access-date=29 January 2022 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref> In Nepal's [[Rara National Park]], ''Thamnocalamus'' was found in all the droppings sampled, both before and after the [[monsoon]].<ref>{{cite journal |name-list-style=amp |last1=Sharma|first1=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E. |last3=Belant |first3=J. |year=2014 |title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal |journal=Hystrix |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=47–50 |doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> Its summer diet in [[Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve]] also includes some lichens and [[Berberis|barberries]].<ref name=Panthi_al2012/> In Bhutan's [[Jigme Dorji National Park]], red panda faeces found in the fruiting season contained seeds of [[Hedera nepalensis|Himalayan ivy]].<ref name=Dendup_al2020/>
[[File:Endangered Red Panda.jpg|thumb|Red panda feeding|alt=Red panda holding onto a plant and eating]]
The red panda grabs food with one of its front paws and usually eats sitting down or standing. When foraging for bamboo, it grabs the plant by the stem and pulls it down towards its jaws. It bites the leaves with the side of the [[cheek teeth]] and then shears, chews and swallows. Smaller food like blossoms, berries and small leaves are eaten differently, being clipped by the incisors.<ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Having the [[gastrointestinal tract]] of a carnivore, the red panda cannot properly digest bamboo, which passes through its gut in two to four hours. Hence, it must consume large amounts of the most nutritious plant matter. It eats over {{cvt|1.5|kg|lboz}} of fresh leaves or {{cvt|4|kg|lb|0}} of fresh shoots in a day with crude proteins and fats being the most easily digested. Digestion is highest in summer and fall but lowest in winter, and is easier for shoots than leaves.<ref name="wei_1999">{{cite journal |author=Wei, F. |author2=Feng, Z. |author3=Wang, Z. |author4=Zhou, A. |author5=Hu, J. |name-list-style=amp |title=Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=248 |issue=4 |pages=535–541 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01053.x |date=1999 |bibcode=1999JZoo..248..535W }}</ref> The red panda's [[metabolic rate]] is comparable to other mammals of its size, despite its poor diet.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Fei, Y.|author2=Hou, R.|author3=Spotila, J. R.|author4=Paladino, F. V.|author5=Qi, D.|author6=Zhang, Z. |name-list-style=amp |year=2017|title=Metabolic rate of the Red Panda, ''Ailurus fulgens'', a dietary bamboo specialist|journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=3 |article-number=e0173274 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0173274 |pmid=28306740|pmc=5356995|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1273274F|doi-access=free}}</ref> The red panda digests almost a third of [[dry matter]], which is more efficient than the giant panda digesting 17 per cent.<ref name="wei_1999"/> Microbes in the gut may aid in its processing of bamboo; the [[microbiota]] community in the red panda is less diverse than in other mammals.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kong, F. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Zhao, J. |author3=Han, S. |author4=Zeng, B. |author5=Yang, J. |author6=Si, X. |author7=Yang, B. |author8=Yang, M. |author9=Xu, H. |author10=Li, Y. |year=2014 |title=Characterization of the gut microbiota in the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=2 |article-number=e87885 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0087885 |pmid=24498390 |pmc=3912123 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...987885K |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Communication===
[[File:Red panda twittering.ogg|thumb|Sounds of red panda twittering]]
At least seven different vocalisations have been recorded from the red panda, comprising growls, barks, squeals, hoots, bleats, grunts and twitters. Growling, barking, grunting and squealing are produced during fights and aggressive chasing. Hooting is made in response to being approached by another individual. Bleating is associated with scent-marking and sniffing. Males may bleat during mating, while females twitter.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Qi|first1=D. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Zhou, H. |author3=Wei, W. |author4=Lei, M. |author5=Yuan, S. |author6=Qi, D. |author7=Zhang, Z. |year=2016|title=Vocal repertoire of adult captive red pandas (''Ailurus fulgens'') |journal=Animal Biology |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=145–155 |doi=10.1163/15707563-00002493}}</ref> During both [[Play (activity)#Other animals|play fighting]] and aggressive fighting, individuals curve their backs and tails while slowly moving their heads up and down. They then turn their heads while jaw-clapping, move their heads laterally and lift a forepaw to strike. They stand on their hind legs, raise the forelimbs above the head and then pounce. Two red pandas may "stare" at each other from a distance.<ref name="roberts+gittleman" />

===Reproduction and parenting===
[[File:Dortmund-Zoo-Kleiner Panda151930.jpg|thumb|Red panda tending its cub|alt=Red panda mother with cub]]
Red pandas are [[Photoperiodism#Animals|long-day]] breeders, reproducing after the [[winter solstice]] as daylight grows longer. Mating thus takes place from January to March, with births occurring from May to August. Reproduction is delayed by six months for captive pandas in the southern hemisphere. [[Oestrous]] lasts a day, and females can enter oestrous multiple times a season, but it is not known how long the intervals between each cycle last.<ref name=Curry>{{cite book |author=Curry, E. |year=2021 |chapter=Reproductive biology of the Red Panda |title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |editor=Glatston, A. R. |pages=119–138 |edition=Second |publisher=Academic Press |place=London |isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref>
[[File:Two Red Panda Cubs in the Tree 01.jpg|thumb|Two cubs perched in a tree in Langtang National Park, Nepal]]
As the reproductive season begins, males and females interact more, and will rest, move, and feed near each other. An oestrous female will spend more time marking and males will inspect her anogenital region. Receptive females make tail-flicks and position themselves in a [[lordosis behavior|lordosis]] pose, with the front lowered to the ground and the spine curved. [[copulation (zoology)|Copulation]] involves the male mounting the female from behind and on top, though face-to-face matings as well as belly-to-back matings while lying on the sides also occur. The male will grab the female by the sides with his front paws instead of biting her neck. Intromission is 2–25 minutes long, and the couple [[Social grooming|groom]] each other between each bout.<ref name=Curry/>

[[Gestation]] lasts about 131 days.<ref name=Roberts1979/> Prior to giving birth, the female selects a denning site, such as a tree, log or stump hollow or rock crevice, and builds a nest using material from nearby, such as twigs, sticks, branches, bark bits, leaves, grass and moss.<ref name=Gebauer>{{cite book |author=Gebauer, A. |year=2021 |chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development |title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |editor=Glatston, A. R. |pages=149–179 |edition=Second |publisher=Academic Press |place=London |isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> [[Litter (zoology)|Litters]] typically consist of one to four cubs that are born fully furred but blind. They are entirely dependent on their mother for the first three to four months until they first leave the nest. They nurse for their first five months.<ref name=Roberts1979>{{cite journal|last1=Roberts|first1=M. S.|last2=Kessler|first2=D. S. |name-list-style=amp |year=1979|title=Reproduction in Red pandas, ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora: Ailuropodidae) |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=188 |issue=2 |pages=235–249|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03402.x}}</ref> The bond between mother and offspring lasts until the next mating season. Cubs are fully grown at around 12 months and at around 18 months they reach [[sexual maturity]].<ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Two radio-collared cubs in eastern Nepal separated from their mothers at the age of 7–8 months and left their birth areas three weeks later. They reached new home ranges within 26–42 days and became residents after exploring them for 42–44 days.<ref name=Bista_al2021b/>

=== Mortality and diseases===
The red panda's lifespan in captivity reaches 14 years.<ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> They have been recorded falling prey to [[leopard]]s in the wild.<ref name="Yonzon"/> Faecal samples of red panda collected in Nepal contained parasitic [[protozoa]], [[amoebozoa]]ns, [[roundworm]]s, [[trematodes]] and [[tapeworms]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lama, S. T. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Lama, R. P. |author3=Regmi, G. R. |author4=Ghimire, T. R. |year=2015 |title=Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in free-ranging Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) in Nepal |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=7460–7464 |doi=10.11609/JoTT.o4208.7460-4 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Bista, D. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Shrestha, S. |author3=Kunwar, A. J. |author4=Acharya, S. |author5=Jnawali, S. R. |author6=Acharya, K. P. |year=2017 |title=Status of gastrointestinal parasites in Red Panda of Nepal |journal=PeerJ |volume=5 |article-number=e3767 |doi=10.7717/peerj.3767 |pmid=28894643 |pmc=5591639 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Roundworms, tapeworms and [[coccidia]] were also found in red panda scat collected in Rara and [[Langtang National Park]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Sharma, H. P. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Achhami, B. |year=2021 |title=Gastro-intestinal parasites of sympatric Red Panda and livestock in protected areas of Nepal |journal=Veterinary Medicine and Science |volume= 8|issue=2|pages=568–577 |pmid=34599791 |s2cid=238250774 |doi=10.1002/vms3.651 |pmc=8959333 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Fourteen red pandas at the [[Knoxville Zoo]] suffered from severe [[ringworm]], so the tails of two were [[Amputation|amputated]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kearns, K. S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Pollock, C. G. |author3=Ramsay, E. C. |year=1999 |title=Dermatophytosis in Red Pandas (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens''): a review of 14 cases |journal=Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=561–563 |jstor=20095922|pmid=10749446 }}</ref> [[Chagas disease]] was reported as the cause of death of a red panda kept in a [[Kansas]] zoo.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Huckins, G. L. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Eshar, D. |author3=Schwartz, D. |author4=Morton, M. |author5=Herrin, B. H. |author6=Cerezo, A. |author7=Yabsley, M. J. |author8=Schneider, S. M. |year=2019 |title=''Trypanosoma cruzi'' infection in a zoo-housed Red Panda in Kansas |journal=Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=752–755 |doi=10.1177/1040638719865926 |pmid=31342874 |pmc=6727118 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ''[[Amdoparvovirus]]'' was detected in the scat of six red pandas in the [[Sacramento Zoo]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Alex, C. E. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Kubiski, S. V. |author3=Li, L. |author4=Sadeghi, M. |author5=Wack, R. F. |author6=McCarthy, M. A. |author7=Pesavento, J. B. |author8=Delwart, E. |author9=Pesavento, P. A. |year=2018 |title=''Amdoparvovirus'' infection in Red Pandas (''Ailurus fulgens'') |journal=Veterinary Pathology |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=552–561 |doi=10.1177/0300985818758470 |pmid=29433401 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Eight captive red pandas in a Chinese zoo suffered from [[shortness of breath]] and [[fever]] shortly before they died of [[pneumonia]]; [[autopsy]] revealed that they had antibodies to the protozoans ''[[Toxoplasma gondii]]'' and ''[[Sarcocystis]]'' species indicating that they were [[intermediate hosts]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Yang, Y. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Dong, H. |author3=Su, R. |author4=Li, T. |author5=Jiang, N. |author6=Su, C. |author7=Zhang, L. |year=2019 |title=Evidence of Red Panda as an intermediate host of ''Toxoplasma gondii'' and ''Sarcocystis'' species |journal=International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife |volume=8 |pages=188–191 |doi=10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.02.006 |pmid=30891398 |pmc=6403407 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2019IJPPW...8..188Y }}</ref> A captive red panda in the [[Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding]] died of unknown reasons; an autopsy showed that its [[Mammalian kidney|kidneys]], [[liver]] and [[lung]]s were damaged by a bacterial infection caused by ''[[Escherichia coli]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Liu, S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Li, Y. |author3=Yue, C. |author4=Zhang, D. |author5=Su, X. |author6=Yan, X. |author7=Yang, K. |author8=Chen, X. |author9=Zhuo, G. |author10=Cai, T. |author11=Liu, J. |author12=Peng, X. |author13=Huo, R. |year=2020 |title=Isolation and characterization of uropathogenic ''Escherichia coli'' (UPEC) from Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') |journal=BMC Veterinary Research |volume=16 |issue=1 |page=404 |doi=10.1186/s12917-020-02624-9 |pmid=33109179 |pmc=7590469 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Threats ==
The red panda is primarily threatened by the [[habitat destruction|destruction]] and [[Habitat fragmentation|fragmentation]] of its habitat, the causes of which include increasing human population, [[deforestation]], the unlawful taking of [[Non-timber forest product|non-wood forest material]] and disturbances by herders and [[livestock]].<ref name="iucn" /> Trampling by livestock inhibits bamboo growth,<ref name="Yonzon">{{cite journal |author1=Yonzon, P. B. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Hunter, M. L. Jr.|title=Conservation of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' |journal=Biological Conservation |year=1991 |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1016/0006-3207(91)90104-H|bibcode=1991BCons..57....1Y }}</ref> and [[clearcutting]] decreases the ability of some bamboo species to regenerate.<ref name="glatston_1994"/> The cut timber stock in Sichuan alone reached {{cvt|2661000|m3}} in 1958–1960, and around {{cvt|3597.9|km2}} of red panda habitat were logged between the mid-1970s and late 1990s.<ref name="Wei"/> Throughout Nepal, the red panda habitat outside protected areas is negatively affected by solid waste, livestock trails and herding stations, and people collecting firewood and [[medicinal plants]].<ref name=Panthi_al2012/><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Acharya, K. P. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Shrestha, S. |author3=Paudel, P. K. |author4=Sherpa, A. P. |author5=Jnawali, S. R. |author6=Acharya, S. |author7=Bista, D. |year=2018 |title=Pervasive human disturbance on habitats of endangered Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the central Himalaya |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=15 |article-number=e00420 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00420|s2cid=92988737|doi-access=free |bibcode=2018GEcoC..1500420A }}</ref> Threats identified in Nepal's [[Lamjung District]] include grazing by livestock during seasonal [[transhumance]], human-made forest fires and the collection of bamboo as cattle [[fodder]] in winter.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Ghimire, G. |author2=Pearch, M. |author3=Baral, B. |author4=Thapa, B. |author5=Baral, R. |name-list-style=amp |year=2019 |title=The first photographic record of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) from Lamjung District outside Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=14576–14581 |doi=10.11609/jott.4828.11.12.14576-14581 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Vehicular traffic is a significant barrier to red panda movement between habitat patches.<ref name=Bista_al2021/>

[[Poaching]] is also a major threat.<ref name="iucn" /> In Nepal, 121 red panda skins were [[Confiscation|confiscated]] between 2008 and 2018. [[trapping|Traps]] meant for other wildlife have been recorded killing red pandas.<ref name=Bista_al2020>{{cite journal |author1=Bista, D. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Baxter, G. S. |author3=Murray, P. J. |year=2020 |title=What is driving the increased demand for red panda pelts? |journal=Human Dimensions of Wildlife |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=324–338 |doi=10.1080/10871209.2020.1728788 |bibcode=2020HDW....25..324B |s2cid=213958948}}</ref> In Myanmar, the red panda is threatened by hunting using guns and traps; since roads to the border with China were built starting in the early 2000s, red panda skins and live animals have been traded and smuggled across the border.<ref name=Lin_al2021/> In southwestern China, the red panda is hunted for its fur, especially for the highly valued bushy tails, from which hats are produced. The red panda population in China has been reported to have decreased by 40 per cent over the last 50 years, and the population in western Himalayan areas are considered to be smaller.<ref name="Wei" /> Between 2005 and 2017, 35 live and seven dead red pandas were confiscated in Sichuan, and several traders were sentenced to 3–12 years of imprisonment. A month-long survey of 65 shops in nine Chinese counties in the spring of 2017 revealed only one in Yunnan offered hats made of red panda skins, and red panda tails were offered in an online forum.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Xu, L. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Guan, J. |year=2018 |title=Red Panda market research findings in China |location=Cambridge |publisher=Traffic |url=http://www.trafficchina.org/sites/default/files/en_red_panda_briefing.pdf |access-date=28 January 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128151733/http://www.trafficchina.org/sites/default/files/en_red_panda_briefing.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Conservation ==
The red panda is listed in [[CITES Appendix I]] and protected in all range countries; hunting is illegal. It has been listed as [[Endangered species|Endangered]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] since 2008 because the global population is estimated at 10,000 individuals, with a decreasing population trend. A large extent of its habitat is part of protected areas.<ref name=iucn/>
{| class="wikitable sortable floatleft mw-collapsible"
|+ {{nowrap|Protected areas in red panda range countries}}
!Country
!Protected areas
|-
|Nepal ||[[Api Nampa Conservation Area]], [[Khaptad National Park]], [[Rara National Park]], [[Annapurna Conservation Area]], [[Manaslu Conservation Area]], [[Langtang National Park]], [[Gaurishankar Conservation Area]], [[Sagarmatha National Park]], [[Makalu Barun National Park]], [[Kanchenjunga Conservation Area]]<ref name=Thapa_al2020/>
|-
|India ||[[Khangchendzonga National Park]], [[Singalila National Park]], [[Varsey Rhododendron Sanctuary]], [[Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary]], [[Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary]], [[Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary]],<ref name=Dalui_al2020/> [[Namdapha National Park]]<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Datta, A. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Naniwadekar, R. |author3=Anand, M. O. |year=2008 |title=Occurrence and conservation status of small carnivores in two protected areas in Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |volume=39 |pages=1–10 |url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/a4542af18d00ad98aaec5ba17db81fb2?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |access-date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075842/http://nebula.wsimg.com/a4542af18d00ad98aaec5ba17db81fb2?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Bhutan ||[[Jigme Khesar Strict Nature Reserve]], [[Jigme Dorji National Park]], [[Wangchuck Centennial National Park]], [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park]], [[Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Phrumsengla National Park]], [[Jomotsangkha Wildlife Sanctuary]]<ref name=Dorji_al2012/>
|-
|Myanmar ||[[Hkakaborazi National Park]], [[Hponkanrazi Wildlife Sanctuary]],<ref name=Lwin_al2021>{{cite journal |author1=Lwin, Y. H. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Wang, L. |author3=Li, G. |author4=Maung, K. W. |author5=Swa, K. |author6=Quan, R. C. |year=2021 |title=Diversity, distribution and conservation of large mammals in northern Myanmar |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=29 |article-number=e01736 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01736 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2901736L }}</ref> [[Imawbum National Park]]<ref name=Lin_al2021/>
|-
|China ||[[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon|Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon Nature Reserve]] in Tibet,<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Li, X. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Bleisch, W. V. |author3=Liu, X. |author4=Jiang, X. |year=2021 |title=Camera-trap surveys reveal high diversity of mammals and pheasants in Medog, Tibet |journal=Oryx |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=177–180 |doi=10.1017/S0030605319001467 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Wolong National Nature Reserve]], [[Fengtongzhai National Nature Reserve|Fengtongzhai]] and [[Yele National Nature Reserve]]s, [[Dafengding Nature Reserve]] and [[Giant Panda National Park]] in Sichuan,<ref name="Reid1991"/><ref name=Wei_al2000/><ref name=Zhang_al2006/><ref name=Zhou_al2013/><ref name=Dong_al2021/> [[Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve]] in Yunnan<ref name=Liu_al2021/>
|}

A red panda [[anti-poaching]] unit and community-based monitoring have been established in Langtang National Park. Members of Community Forest User Groups also protect and monitor red panda habitats in other parts of Nepal.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Thapa, A. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Hu, Y. |author3=Wei, F. |year=2018 |title=The endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens''): Ecology and conservation approaches across the entire range |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=220 |pages=112–121 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2018.02.014 |url=|doi-access=free |bibcode=2018BCons.220..112T }}</ref> Community outreach programs have been initiated in eastern Nepal using information boards, radio broadcasting and the annual International Red Panda Day in September; several schools endorsed a red panda conservation manual as part of their [[curriculum|curricula]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bista, D. |year=2018 |title=Communities in frontline in Red Panda conservation, eastern Nepal |journal=The Himalayan Naturalist |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=11–12 |url=http://www.fonnepal.org/files/download/3Red%20panda%20conservation_theHimalayanNaturalist_Volume1Issue1May2018.pdf |access-date=28 February 2026 |archive-date=28 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128105554/http://www.fonnepal.org/files/download/3Red%20panda%20conservation_theHimalayanNaturalist_Volume1Issue1May2018.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Since 2010, [[community-based conservation]] programmes have been initiated in 10 districts in Nepal that aim to help villagers reduce their dependence on natural resources through improved herding and food processing practices and alternative income possibilities. The Nepali government ratified a five-year Red Panda Conservation Action Plan in 2019.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Sherpa, A. P. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Lama, S. T. |author3=Shrestah, S. |author4=Williams, B. |author5=Bista, D. |chapter=Red Pandas in Nepal: community-based approach to landscape-level conservation |year=2021 |title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |editor=Glatston, A. R. |pages=495–508 |edition=Second |publisher=Academic Press |place=London |isbn=978-0-12-823753-3 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00019-3 |s2cid=243829246 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA495 |access-date=1 February 2022 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327233132/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA495 |url-status=live }}</ref> From 2016 to 2019, {{cvt|35|ha}} of high-elevation [[rangeland]] in [[Merak, Bhutan]], was restored and fenced in cooperation with 120 herder families to protect the red panda forest habitat and improve communal land.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Millar, J. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Tenzing, K. |year=2021 |title=Transforming degraded rangelands and pastoralists' livelihoods in eastern Bhutan |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=D1–D7 |doi=10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00025.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Villagers in Arunachal Pradesh established two [[Indigenous and community conserved area|community conservation areas]] to protect the red panda habitat from disturbance and exploitation of forest resources.<ref name=Chakraborty_al2015/> China has initiated several projects to protect its environment and wildlife, including [[Grain for Green]], The Natural Forest Protection Project and the National Wildlife/Natural Reserve Construction Project. For the last project, the red panda is not listed as a key species for protection but may benefit from the protection of the giant panda and [[golden snub-nosed monkey]], with which it overlaps in range.<ref name=Wei_al2021>{{cite book |author1=Wei, F. |author2=Zhang, Z. |author3=Thapa, A. |author4=Zhijin, L. |author5=Hu, Y. |name-list-style=amp |year=2021 |chapter=Conservation initiatives in China |title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |editor=Glatston, A. R. |pages=509–520 |edition=Second |publisher=Academic Press |place=London |isbn=978-0-12-823753-3 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00021-1 |s2cid=243813871}}</ref>

=== In captivity ===
[[File:Red panda eating bamboo at Symbio Wildlife Park.webm|thumb|left|Red panda at [[Symbio Wildlife Park]]|alt=Video of captive red pandas standing on a tree and eating]]

The [[London Zoo]] received two red pandas in 1869 and 1876, the first of which was caught in [[Darjeeling]]. The [[Calcutta Zoo]] received a live red panda in 1877, the [[Philadelphia Zoo]] in 1906, and [[Artis Zoo|Artis]] and [[Cologne Zoo]]s in 1908. In 1908, the first captive red panda cubs were born in an Indian zoo. In 1940, the [[San Diego Zoo]] imported four red pandas from India that had been caught in Nepal; their first litter was born in 1941. Cubs that were born later were sent to other zoos; by 1969, about 250 red pandas had been exhibited in zoos.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jones, M. L. |year=2021 |chapter=A brief history of the Red Panda in captivity |title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |editor=Glatston, A. R. |pages=181–199 |edition=Second |publisher=Academic Press |place=London |isbn=978-0-12-823753-3 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00026-0|s2cid=243805749 }}</ref> The [[Taronga Conservation Society]] started keeping red pandas in 1977.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lewis, M. |year=2011 |title=Birth and mother rearing of Nepalese red pandas ''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'' at the Taronga Conservation Society Australia |journal=International Zoo Yearbook |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=250–258 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-1090.2011.00135.x}}</ref>

In 1978, a [[breed registry]], the ''International Red Panda Studbook'', was set up, followed by the Red Panda [[European Endangered Species Programme]] in 1985. Members of international zoos ratified a global master plan for the [[captive breeding]] of the red panda in 1993. By late 2015, 219 red pandas lived in 42 [[List of zoos in Japan|zoos in Japan]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Tanaka, A. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Ogura, T. |year=2018 |title=Current husbandry situation of Red Pandas in Japan |journal=Zoo Biology |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=107–114 |doi=10.1002/zoo.21407|pmid=29512188 }}</ref> The [[Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park]] participates in the Red Panda [[Species Survival Plan]] and kept about 25 red pandas by 2016.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kumar, A. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Rai, U. |author3=Roka, B. |author4=Jha, A. K. |author5= Reddy, P. A. |year=2016 |title=Genetic assessment of captive red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') population |journal=SpringerPlus |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=1750 |doi=10.1186/s40064-016-3437-1 |pmid=27795893 |pmc=5055525 |doi-access=free}}</ref> By the end of 2019, 182 European zoos kept 407 red pandas.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kappelhof, J. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Weerman, J. |year=2020 |title=The development of the Red panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' EEP: from a failing captive population to a stable population that provides effective support to in situ conservation |journal=International Zoo Yearbook |issue=1 |volume=54 |pages=102–112 |doi=10.1111/izy.12278 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Regional captive breeding programmes have also been established in North American, Australasian and South African zoos.<ref name="Introduction2022"/>

== Cultural significance ==
[[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159926 - Red Panda Ailurus fulgens.jpeg|thumb|Red panda on a 2009 stamp from India|alt=Stamp showing a red panda in a tree with some Hindi writing]]

The red panda's role in the culture and folklore of local people is limited. A drawing of a red panda exists on a 13th-century Chinese scroll.<ref name=GlatstonGebauer2021>{{cite book |title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |editor=Glatston, A. R. |year=2021 |publisher=Academic Press |location=London |edition=Second |isbn=978-0-12-823754-0 |chapter=People and Red Pandas: the Red Panda's role in economy and culture |author1=Glatston, A. R. |author2=Gebauer, A. |name-list-style=amp |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00002-8 |s2cid=243805192}}</ref> In Nepal's [[Taplejung District]], red panda claws are used for treating [[epilepsy]]; its skin is used in rituals for treating sick people, making hats, [[scarecrow]]s and decorating houses.<ref name=Bista_al2020 /> In western Nepal, [[Magars|Magar]] [[Shamanism|shaman]]s use its skin and fur in their ritual dresses and believe that it protects against evil spirits. People in central Bhutan consider red pandas to be [[reincarnation]]s of [[Buddhist monk]]s. Some tribal people in northeast India and the [[Yi people]] believe that it brings good luck to wear red panda tails or hats made of its fur.<ref name=GlatstonGebauer2021/> In China, the fur is used for local cultural ceremonies. At weddings, the bridegroom traditionally carries the hide. Hats made of red panda tails are also used by local newlyweds as a "good-luck charm".<ref name="Wei" />

The red panda was recognised as the [[List of Indian state animals|state animal]] of Sikkim in the early 1990s and was the [[mascot]] of the Darjeeling Tea Festival.<ref name="glatston_1994">{{cite book |ref=glatston1994 |author=Glatson, A. R. |publisher=IUCN/SSC Mustelid, Viverrid, and Procyonid Specialist Group |title=Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan for Procyonids and Ailurids. The Red Panda, Olingos, Coatis, Raccoons, and their Relatives |location=Gland, Switzerland |year=1994 |isbn=2-8317-0046-9 |pages=8, 12 |chapter=The Red Panda or Lesser Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') |chapter-url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1994-015_en.pdf#page=27 |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308071713/https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1994-015_en.pdf#page=27 |url-status=live }}</ref> It has been featured on stamps and coins issued by several red panda range states. [[Anthropomorphism|Anthropomorphic]] red pandas feature in [[animated movie]]s and TV series such as ''[[The White Snake Enchantress (film)|The White Snake Enchantress]]'', ''[[The Jungle Book (1989 TV series)|The Jungle Book: The Adventures of Mowgli]]'', ''Bamboo Bears'', ''[[Barbie as the Island Princess]]'', [[DreamWorks Animation|DreamWorks]]' ''[[Kung Fu Panda]]'' franchise, ''[[Aggretsuko]]'' and [[Disney/Pixar]]'s ''[[Turning Red]]'', and in several video games and comic books. It is the [[namesake]] of the [[Firefox]] browser and has been used as the namesake of music bands and of companies. Its appearance has been used for plush toys, t-shirts, postcards and other items.<ref name=GlatstonGebauer2021/>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons and category|Ailurus fulgens|Ailurus fulgens}}
*[https://redpandanetwork.org/ Red Panda Network] – a non-profit organization committed to the conservation of wild red pandas

{{Carnivora|C.}}
{{Musteloidea|Mea.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q41960|from2=Q19817309}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ailuridae]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Clawed herbivores]]
[[Category:EDGE species]]
[[Category:Endangered Fauna of China]]
[[Category:Fauna of Eastern Himalaya]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1825]]
[[Category:Mammals of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Mammals of China]]
[[Category:Mammals of India]]
[[Category:Mammals of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Mammals of Nepal]]
[[Category:Species that are or were threatened by habitat loss]]
[[Category:Species that are or were threatened by deforestation]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Frédéric Cuvier]]

Rahul Bhat

2026-02-25T22:08:08Z

GeorgiannaStrand: slightly cleanup intro per standard format additionally and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{distinguish|Rahul Bhatt}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rahul Bhat
| image = Rahul Bhat 1.jpg
| caption = Bhat in 2020
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| occupation = Actor, producer
| years active = 1998—present
}}

'''Rahul Bhat''' is an Indian actor who works in [[Hindi]] films. He began his career as a fashion model and participated in the [[Grasim Mr. India|Graviera Mr. India]] contest in 1998, and subsequently worked in several advertisements and music videos. He gained fame for his leading role in the television serial ''[[Heena (TV series)|Heena]]'' from 1998 to 2003. After starring in the films ''[[Yeh Mohabbat Hai]]'' (2002) and ''[[Nayee Padosan]]'' (2003), he took a sabbatical from acting and began producing television serials, including ''[[Meri Doli Tere Angana]]'' (2007–2008) and ''[[Tum Dena Saath Mera (2009 TV series)|Tum Dena Saath Mera]]'' (2009).

Bhat made his acting comeback with a leading role in [[Anurag Kashyap]]'s thriller film ''[[Ugly (film)|Ugly]]'' (2013), for which he received critical acclaim.<ref name="ffinterview"/> He has since appeared in ''[[Fitoor]]'' (2016), ''[[Daas Dev]]'' (2018), ''[[Section 375]]'' (2019), and Kashyap’s ''[[Dobaaraa]]'' (2022), and ''[[Kennedy (film)|Kennedy]]'' (2023). In 2025, he starred in the [[Netflix]] thriller series ''[[Black Warrant (TV series)|Black Warrant]]''.

==Life and career==
===Early life and work===
Bhat was born in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India into a [[Kashmiri Pandit]] family.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/runway-star-hits-stardust/story-6Q1VUMckkrzHNKJzBKBBfO.html|title=Runway star hits stardust|date=15 August 2003|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="firstpost18">{{cite web|last=Sinha|first=Seema|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rahul-bhat-on-daas-dev-cant-portray-devdas-the-way-dilip-kumar-shah-rukh-khan-did-4446489.html|title=Rahul Bhat on Daas Dev: Can't portray Devdas the way Dilip Kumar, Shah Rukh Khan did|date=26 April 2018|website=Firstpost|access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref>

Bhat began his career as a fashion model. In 1998, he participated in the [[Grasim Mr. India|Graviera Mr. India]] contest, where he won the Mr Photogenic award.<ref name="rediff01">{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/dec/14rahul.htm|title='I want to be where Amitabh Bachchan is'|last=Seth|first=Sheetal|date=14 December 2001|website=Rediff.com|access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020208/cth2.htm|title=Love in times of violence|date=8 February 2002|website=The Tribune|access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref> He did advertisements for [[Pond's]] and [[Breeze detergent]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune-times/no-ifs-for-this-bhatt/articleshow/4204674.cms|title=No ifs for this Bhatt|date=19 March 2002|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref> and appeared in music videos like "Soni Lag Gayee" with Pakistani singer [[Sajjad Ali]], and "Punjabi Munda" for [[Tips Industries]].<ref name="rediff01"/> He gained popularity for his role in ''[[Heena (TV series)|Heena]]'', a soap opera on [[Sony Entertainment Television]], which aired for five years from 1998 to 2003.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Suruchi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/no-goodbye-to-acting-rahul-bhatt/articleshow/6901162.cms|title=No goodbye to acting: Rahul Bhatt|date=11 November 2010|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Das|first=Anirban|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/no-time-for-tv-rahul-bhat/story-UtNRGo4uYXcBSPTx8jjHRK.html|title=No time for TV: Rahul Bhat|date=14 February 2015|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Misra|first=Iti Shree|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rahul-bhatt-now-the-film-industry-is-not-just-a-few-peoples-playground/articleshow/42188844.cms|title=Rahul Bhatt: Now the film industry is not just a few people's playground|date=11 September 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref>

Bhat had his first film role in the romantic drama ''[[Yeh Mohabbat Hai]]'' in 2002, directed by [[Umesh Mehra]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-new-improved-rahul-bhatt/articleshow/1195614177.cms|title=The new improved Rahul Bhatt|date=5 October 2001|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref> The film was not well received, but Priyanka Bhattacharya of [[Rediff.com]] found him “sincere” and [[Taran Adarsh]] of [[Bollywood Hungama]] opined that he had made a “decent debut”.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/feb/08yeh.htm|title=Love's labour lost|last=Bhattacharya|first=Priyanka|date=8 February 2002|website=Rediff.com|access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/yeh-mohabbat-hai/critic-review/yeh-mohabbat-hai-movie-review/|title=Yeh Mohabbat Hai Movie Review|last=Adarsh|first=Taran|date=7 February 2002|website=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref> The following year, he starred in the comedy ''[[Nayee Padosan]]'', in which he played dual roles of a Tamil man and a don.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/nayee-padosan/story-OA0vCAuwLRCdX0PJmLxGfO.html|title=Nayee Padosan|last=Chakravorty|first=Vinayak|date=7 June 2003|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref>

Disillusioned with the kind of roles he was being offered, Bhat took a sabbatical from acting.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-i-quit-acting-in-anger-rahul-bhat-2045116|title=I quit acting in anger: Rahul Bhat|last=Unnikrishnan|first=Chhaya|date=19 December 2014|newspaper=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref> He instead began his own production company Filmtonic Entertainment, under which he produced television soap operas such as ''[[Meri Doli Tere Angana]]'' (2007–2008), ''Chhukar Mere Man Ko'' (2007), and ''[[Tum Dena Saath Mera (2009 TV series)|Tum Dena Saath Mera]]'' (2009).<ref name="ffinterview">{{cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/im-not-cut-out-for-chamchagiri-8594.html|title=I'm not cut out for chamchagiri|last=Fernandes|first=Bradley|date=10 March 2015|magazine=Filmfare|access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-rahul-back-in-limelight-1095299|title=Rahul back in limelight|last=Poojary|first=Sapna|date=21 November 2013|newspaper=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref> He has said about this period, "I quit acting because I was angry. I did not want to do B and C grade projects. I wanted to work on good scripts and with committed filmmakers. But nothing came my way and that made me unhappy."<ref name="ffinterview"/>

===Return to acting===
[[File:Rahul Bhat at the Cannes Film Festival 2013 for his film "Ugly" (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|Bhat at the premiere of ''[[Ugly (film)|Ugly]]'' at the [[2013 Cannes Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/kashmiri-actor-rahul-bhat-proud-to-walk-cannes-red-carpet/215022 | title=Kashmiri actor Rahul Bhat proud to walk Cannes red carpet | publisher=[[Mid-Day]] | date=24 May 2013 | accessdate=8 January 2016 | author=PTI}}</ref>]]
The filmmaker [[Anurag Kashyap]] approached Bhat to play the part of a struggling actor whose daughter is kidnapped in his thriller film ''[[Ugly (film)|Ugly]]'' (2013).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/play/anurag-kashyap-says-he-is-bored-with-his-own-ideas/|title=Anurag Kashyap says he is bored with his own ideas|last=Ghosh|first=Sankhayan|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2 January 2015|access-date=8 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104190835/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/play/anurag-kashyap-says-he-is-bored-with-his-own-ideas/|archive-date=4 January 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> To prepare for his role, Bhat started consuming alcohol heavily and deprived himself of sleep to create dark circles around his character's face.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/i-became-harsh-on-myself-to-prepare-for-ugly-rahul-bhat/|title=I became harsh on myself to prepare for 'Ugly': Rahul Bhat|work=The Indian Express|date=25 December 2014|access-date=8 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612092342/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/i-became-harsh-on-myself-to-prepare-for-ugly-rahul-bhat/|archive-date=12 June 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> For a sequence, where Bhat had to cry, Kashyap kept talking to him for three hours and he eventually broke down and wept. The camera kept rolling during that period.<ref name=truth>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1141226/jsp/t2/story_5283.jsp|title=Ugly truth of Anurag|last=Upadhyay|first=Karishma|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=26 December 2014|access-date=8 December 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209043951/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1141226/jsp/t2/story_5283.jsp|archive-date=9 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''Ugly'' premiered in the [[Directors' Fortnight]] section of the [[2013 Cannes Film Festival]] where it received standing ovation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ugly receives a standing ovation at Cannes|url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/ugly-receives-a-standing-ovation-at-cannes-3210.html|work=[[Filmfare]]|date=22 May 2013|access-date=20 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603105218/http://www.filmfare.com/news/ugly-receives-a-standing-ovation-at-cannes-3210.html|archive-date=3 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/bollywood/news/a574621/anurag-kashyaps-ugly-wins-critical-acclaim-in-cannes/|title=Anurag Kashyap's Ugly wins critical acclaim in Cannes|last=Baker|first=Steven|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|date=30 May 2014|access-date=18 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627182756/http://www.digitalspy.com/bollywood/news/a574621/anurag-kashyaps-ugly-wins-critical-acclaim-in-cannes/|archive-date=27 June 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was also screened at the [[New York Indian Film Festival]] and the [[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140629/entertainment-bollywood/article/my-personal-life-nobodys-business-anurag-kashyap|title=My personal life is nobody's business: Anurag Kashyap|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=29 June 2014|access-date=8 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208175441/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140629/entertainment-bollywood/article/my-personal-life-nobodys-business-anurag-kashyap|archive-date=8 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-anurag-kashyap-s-ugly-to-open-new-york-indian-film-festival-1974366|title=Anurag Kashyap's 'Ugly' to open New York Indian film festival|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=1 April 2014|access-date=18 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404222808/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-anurag-kashyap-s-ugly-to-open-new-york-indian-film-festival-1974366|archive-date=4 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfilmfestival.org/ugly/|title=Ugly|publisher=[[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]]|access-date=25 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225203425/http://www.indianfilmfestival.org/ugly/|archive-date=25 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Arunava Chatterjee of ''[[India Today]]'' called ''Ugly'' a "pathbreaking crime fiction" and found Bhat to be “outstanding” in it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ugly-review-anurag-kashyap-232968-2014-12-26|title=Ugly review: It is a pathbreaking crime fiction|last=Chatterjee|first=Arunava|work=India Today|date=26 December 2014|access-date=17 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724093916/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ugly-review-anurag-kashyap/1/409021.html|archive-date=24 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Brian Clark of [[Screen Anarchy]] added that Bhat "does especially impressive work transitioning his character through some demanding plot twists and power shifts".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://screenanarchy.com/2013/05/cannes-2013-review-anurag-kashyaps-ugly-is-a-riveting-thriller-about-awful-things.html|title=Cannes 2013 Review: Anurag Kashyap's UGLY Is a Riveting Thriller About Awful Things|last=Clark|first=Brian|website=Screen Anarchy|date=17 May 2013|access-date=7 September 2022}}</ref>

Three years later in 2016, Bhat played a role opposite [[Katrina Kaif]] in the romantic drama ''[[Fitoor]]'' and alongside [[Priyanka Chopra]] in the crime film ''[[Jai Gangaajal]]''.<ref name="firstpost18"/><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/katrina-kaif-fitoor-rahul-bhat-aditya-roy-kapur-rekha-abhishek-kapoor-236409-2015-01-19 Rahul Bhat to star opposite Katrina Kaif in 'Fitoor']. India Today. Retrieved 19 January 2015.</ref> In a review for the latter film, Srijana Mitra Das of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that even in a small role, he had played his character's "radicalism with aplomb".<ref>{{cite news |title=Jai Gangaajal Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Jai-Gangaajal/movie-review/51256513.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |accessdate=4 March 2016}}</ref>

The following year, Bhat had a leading role in ''[[Union Leader (film)|Union Leader]]'', an Indian-Canadian drama about a chemical factory supervisor who raises the issue of worker's health and safety against an unsympathetic management.<ref name="firstpost18"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bird |first1=Cullen |title=Local filmmaker releasing Hindi-language feature film |url=http://www.fortmcmurraytoday.com/2017/09/08/local-filmmaker-releasing-hindi-language-feature-film |work=[[Fort McMurray Today]] |date=8 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909021230/http://www.fortmcmurraytoday.com/2017/09/08/local-filmmaker-releasing-hindi-language-feature-film |archive-date=9 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] wrote that Bhat had brought an "X factor to his performance" which exceeded the screenplay's limitations.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vetticad |first1=Anna MM |title=Union Leader movie review: Rahul Bhat, Tillotama Shome's film is simplistic but heartfelt |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/union-leader-movie-review-rahul-bhat-tillotama-shomes-film-is-simplistic-but-heartfelt-4310511.html |publisher=[[Firstpost]] |access-date=1 May 2020 |date=19 January 2018}}</ref>

Bhat starred in [[Sudhir Mishra]]’s romantic drama ''[[Daas Dev]]'' (2018), a retelling of [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]'s novel ''[[Devdas]]'' set in the political landscape of Uttar Pradesh, in which he played the lead role opposite [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] and [[Richa Chaddha]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sinha |first1=Seema |title=Daas Dev is a political story with Shakespearean treatment and strong romantic base, says Sudhir Mishra|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/daas-dev-is-a-political-story-with-shakespearean-treatment-and-strong-romantic-base-says-sudhir-mishra-4445043.html |publisher=[[Firstpost]] |access-date=2 September 2022 |date=25 April 2018}}</ref> In 2019, he appeared alongside Chaddha and [[Akshaye Khanna]] in the courtroom drama ''[[Section 375]]''. He played a Bollywood director accused of rape. [[Rajeev Masand]] wrote that he “does well as the arrogant director”.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/section-375-movie-review-akshaye-khanna-richa-chadhas-performances-make-for-compelling-courtroom-drama-2308555.html|title=Section 375 Movie Review: Akshaye Khanna, Richa Chadha's Performances Make for Compelling Courtroom Drama|last=Rajeev|first=Rajeev|date=14 September 2019|work=News18|access-date=14 September 2019}}</ref>

In 2021, Bhat starred in ''Man Naked'', an experimental single-shot short film.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rahul Bhat to play 40-year-old in Sanjeev Kaul's 'Man Naked'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/feb/11/rahul-bhat-to-play-40-year-old-in-sanjeev-kauls-man-naked-2262316.html |publisher=The New Indian Express |access-date=2 September 2022 |date=11 February 2021}}</ref> Bhat reunited with Anurag Kashyap in 2022, in ''[[Dobaaraa]]'', a remake of the Spanish mystery film ''[[Mirage (2018 film)|Mirage]]'', starring [[Taapsee Pannu]].<ref>{{cite news|title='Dobaaraa' movie review: Anurag Kashyap, Taapsee double the adrenaline|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dobaaraa-movie-review-anurag-kashyap-taapsee-double-the-adrenaline/article65784926.ece/|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 August 2022 |access-date=18 August 2022 |last1=Kumar |first1=Anuj }}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] found Bhat's to be the "most notable character" in the film and added that his "frayed good looks and exhausted manner infuse a much-needed comic edge into the film".<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nsoj24GXoZo|title=Dobaaraa Movie Review|access-date=7 September 2022|last=Chopra|first=Anupama|minutes=3.06|publisher=Film Companion}}</ref> He collaborated once again with Kashyap in the crime film ''[[Kennedy (film)|Kennedy]]'', which premiered at the [[2023 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|title= 76th Cannes Film Festival: Actor Rahul Bhat on filmmaker Anurag Kashyap's Kennedy, and working with Sunny Leone|url= https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/76th-cannes-film-festival-actor-rahul-bhatt-kennedy-interview-10584671.html |website=Money Control|access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref>

Bhat starred in [[Netflix]] thriller series ''[[Black Warrant (TV series)|Black Warrant]]'' in 2025, playing DSP Rajesh Tomar, a senior jailer at [[Tihar jail]]. [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' termed it his most "worthy role" since ''Ugly''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gupta|first=Shubhra|title=Black Warrant review: Insider account of Tihar Jail is gritty, as real as possible|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/black-warrant-review-insider-account-of-tihar-jail-is-gritty-as-real-as-possible-9771268/|date=10 January 2025|access-date=10 January 2025 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> [[Scroll.in]]'s Nandini Ramnath wrote that he "superbly portrays Tomar’s concentrated perversion".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|title='Black Warrant' review: Grim show about Tihar jailers rarely lets up|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1077635/black-warrant-review-grim-show-about-tihar-prison-life-rarely-lets-up|date=10 January 2025|access-date=10 January 2025 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref>

==Filmography==
[[File:Rahul bhat 2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Bhat in 2014]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Yeh Mohabbat Hai]]''
| Chaand Nawaab
|
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Nayee Padosan]]''
| Prabhu
|
|-
| 2013
| '' [[Ugly (film) |Ugly]]''
| Rahul Kapoor
|
|-
| 2016
|''[[Fitoor]]''
| Bilal
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Jai Gangaajal]]''
| Pawan
|
|-
| 2017
| '' [[Union Leader (film) |Union Leader]]''
| Jay Gohil
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Daas Dev]]''
| Devdas
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Section 375]]''
| Rohan Khurana
|
|-
| 2021
| ''Man Naked''
| Ronnie
| Short film
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Dobaaraa]]''
| Vikas Awasthi
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Kennedy (film)|Kennedy]]''
| Uday Shetty / Kennedy
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Notes
|-
|1997
|''[[Jai Hanuman (1997 TV series)|Jai Hanuman]]''
|Sujuti
|
|-
|1998–2003
| ''[[Heena (TV series)|Heena]]''
|Sameer
|
|-
|2002
|'' [[Draupadi_(TV_series) |Draupadi]]''
|[[Krishna]]
|
|-
|2007–2008
|''[[Meri Doli Tere Angana]]''
|{{dash}}
|Producer
|-
|2007
|''Chhukar Mere Man Ko''
|{{dash}}
|Producer
|-
|2009
|''[[Tum Dena Saath Mera (2009 TV series)|Tum Dena Saath Mera]]''
|{{dash}}
|Producer
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
| ''[[Black Warrant (TV series)|Black Warrant]]''
|DSP Rajesh Tomar
|
|-
|''[[Crime Beat]]''
|Binny Chaudhary
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* {{IMDb name|id=1178211|name= Rahul Bhat}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhat, Rahul}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri actors]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]
[[Category:Indian television producers]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Srinagar]]

Sainik School, Rewari

2026-02-22T20:07:18Z

GeorgiannaStrand: fix information additionally to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| image =
| name = Sainik School
| latin_name = Soldiers School
| motto = ''Gyan Sadbhawna Deshbhakti'' (Yes, We Can)
| established = 29 August 2008<ref>[http://www.ssrw.org/SAINIK%20SCHOOL%20GOTHRA.htm#About About Sainik School Rewari], SSR.</ref>
| type = [[Sainik School]]
| endowment =
| staff = 55
| faculty = 45<ref>[http://www.ssrw.org/Staff.htm#APTC SSR faculty], SSR.</ref>
| principal = Col
Soumyabrata Dhar <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ssrw.org/Staff.htm#Officer |title=Sainik School Rewari |access-date=27 December 2012 |archive-date=19 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019235645/http://www.ssrw.org/Staff.htm#Officer |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| enrollment =
| city = Gothra Tappa Khori
| state = [[Haryana]]
| country = [[India]]
| free_label =
| free_text =
| colors =
| mascot =
| affiliations = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]<ref>[http://sainikschoolsociety.org/introduction.html Introduction to SSR], SSR.</ref>
| website = http://www.ssrw.org/
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sainik School Rewari''', is located in village of Gothra Tappa Khori of Rewari District of [[Haryana]] state, is one of 33 [[Sainik School]]s in India.<ref>[http://www.sainikschoolsociety.org/listofsainik.html List of Sainisk Schools], SSS, accessed 1 July 2021.</ref><ref>[http://www.winentrance.com/sainik_school_india/sainik-school-rewari.html Rewari sainisk school], winentrance.com.</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/haryana-to-get-another-sainik-school-in-rewari/324656/0 Haryana gets another sainik school], Indian Express.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nvonews.com/2008/10/23/new-sainik-school-at-rewari/ |title=New Sainik School at Rewari | Northern Voices Online |access-date=2012-12-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216135807/http://nvonews.com/2008/10/23/new-sainik-school-at-rewari/ |archive-date=16 February 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Principal is Capt(IN) Brij Kishore, the Vice-Principal is Sqn Ldr Vandana Chaudhary & Adm Officer is Major Jai Singh Rathore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Staff |url=https://ssrw.org/staff/ |access-date=2025-08-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ssrw.org/Staff.htm#Officer Officers of SSR], SSR.</ref>

School is located at [[Gothara Tappa Khori]] on [[National Highway 11 (India)|NH-11]] Rewari-Narnaul highway.

== History ==

On 29th Aug 2008, Defence Minister of India, AK Antony, had inaugurated the school.

In Feb 2020, phase-I construction of the school was complete and [[Chief Minister of Haryana]], [[Manohar Lal Khattar]], approved INR 20.83 crore for the construction of phase-II which includes the internal roads, parking, [[rainwater harvesting]] system, boundary wall, street lights and security lights.<ref name=bis1>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/rs-2-083-lakh-for-2nd-phase-construction-of-rewari-s-sainik-school-120020900712_1.html Rs 2,083 lakh for 2nd phase construction of Rewari's Sainik School], Business Standard, 9 Feb 2020.</ref>

In Feb 2021, it as informed the pending minor construction work will be completed by 31 March 2021. Academic block was constructed at the cost of INR13.50 cr, mess block with INR 3 cr, hostel for 570 students with INR 9.15 cr, 12 feet high boundary wall with INR 4 cr, were complete. INR 19 cr tender for construction for roads and parking and other pending was issued on 3 March 2021.<ref name=bis2>[https://www.jagran.com/haryana/rewari-do-the-work-of-sainik-school-building-in-one-month-21372234.html एक माह में करें सैनिक स्कूल भवन निर्माण का कार्य संपन्न], Dainik Jargan, 15 Feb 2021.</ref>

==School information ==

=== Learning outcome ===

Joining [[National Defence Academy (India)|NDA]] is an ambition for most of the students. In Sept 2018, 40 cadets of Sainik School Rewari had passed the NDA written exam and proceeded to SSB Interview phase.

NDA selection is done in two stages: a single competitive examination for all three forces, followed by an interview conducted by the [[Services Selection Board]]. An entrance examination is conducted to select students.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ssrw.org/#About|title = HOME}}</ref>

==Other sainik schools in Haryana==

* [[Sainik School, Kunjpura]], first in haryana and among first five sainik schools in india was established in 1961.<ref>[http://www.freshnews.in/antony-to-lay-foundation-stone-of-sainik-school-today-61541 Antony to lay foundation stone of Sainik School today], freshnews.in.</ref>
* [[Sainik School, Matanhail]] at [[Matanhail]] in [[Jhajjar district]] was announced by the Haryana govt in 2018. Foundation stone was laid in 2003 by the then Defence Minister [[George Fernandez]], but no progress was made. In 2018, with the efforts of Haryana Finance Minister, [[Captain Abhimanyu]], the BJP govt of Haryana agreed to provide funds and 100 acre land in Matanhail and Rudiyawas villages for the establishment of this school.<ref>[https://prharyana.gov.in/en/matanhail-of-jhajjar-district-in-haryana-will-have-the-third-sainik-school-of-the-state-as-the-0 Matanhail Of Jhajjar District In Haryana Will Have The Third Sainik School Of The State As The Government Will Provide Land And Budget For Its Construction Soon.], Public Relations Haryana, Govt of Haryana, 2018.</ref> With this Haryana will be only state in India with 3 sainik schools.<ref name=rewss1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/haryanas-nod-to-land-budget-for-third-sainik-school/articleshow/65002121.cms Haryana’s nod to land, budget for third Sainik School], Times of India, July 2018.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indian Naval Academy]]
* [[List of boarding schools in India]]
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Haryana]]
* [[Rashtriya Indian Military College]]
* [[Sainik schools]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal bar|India|Education|School}}

* [http://www.ssrw.org/ Official website]
* [http://www.sainikschoolsociety.org Sainik Schools Society]

{{Indian military academies and colleges}}
{{Haryana}}

{{coord missing|Haryana}}

[[Category:Military education and training in India]]
[[Category:Sainik schools]]
[[Category:Military high schools in India]]
[[Category:Central Board of Secondary Education]]
[[Category:Military schools in India]]
[[Category:Rewari]]
[[Category:Schools in Haryana]]

List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly

2026-01-31T11:26:07Z

GeorgiannaStrand: quick fix information per sources and corrected details for accuracy

{{short description|None}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
| legislature = [[6th Chhattisgarh Assembly]]
| house_type = Unicameral
| term_limits = 5 years
| seats = 90 (SC - 10, ST - 29)
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
| last_election1 = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|November 2023]]
| meeting_place = Vidhan Sabha Bhavan, [[Raipur]], Chhattisgarh
| session_room =
| session_alt =
| website = https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in
}}
The [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]] is the [[unicameral]] state legislature of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].

The seat of the [[Legislative Assembly]] is at [[Raipur]], the capital of the state. The term of the Legislative Assembly is five years, unless dissolved earlier. Presently, it comprises 90 members who are directly elected from single-seat constituencies.

== Constituencies ==
[[File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Chhattisgarh.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|Map of assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]

The following are the constituencies of the [[Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |url=http://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |website=CEO Chhattisgarh |publisher=ECI |accessdate=24 July 2018}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Name
! Reservation
! District
! Lok Sabha constituency
! Electors (2023)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/assets/pdf%20files/AC%201-90%20Final%20Elector%20Count.pdf|title=AC 1-90 Final Electors Count CG Assembly Elections 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115132359/https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/assets/pdf%20files/AC%201-90%20Final%20Elector%20Count.pdf|archive-date=15 January 2024|publisher=OFFICE OF THE CHIEF ELECTORAL OFFICER, CHHATTISGARH}}</ref>
|-
! 1
| [[Bharatpur-Sonhat Assembly constituency|Bharatpur-Sonhat]]
| ST
| rowspan="2" | [[Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur district|Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Korba Lok Sabha constituency|Korba]]
| 176,696
|-
! 2
| [[Manendragarh Assembly constituency|Manendragarh]]
| rowspan="4" | None
| 134,947
|-
! 3
| [[Baikunthpur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Baikunthpur]]
| [[Koriya district|Koriya]]
| [[Korba Lok Sabha constituency|Korba]]
| 168,185
|-
! 4
| [[Premnagar Assembly constituency|Premnagar]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Surajpur district|Surajpur]]
| rowspan="8" | [[Sarguja Lok Sabha constituency|Sarguja]]
| 237,134
|-
! 5
| [[Bhatgaon Assembly constituency|Bhatgaon]]
| 236,803
|-
! 6
| [[Pratappur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Pratappur]]
| rowspan="4" | ST
| rowspan="3" | [[Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh|Balrampur, Chhattisgarh]]
| 231,709
|-
! 7
| [[Ramanujganj Assembly constituency|Ramanujganj]]
| 218,543
|-
! 8
| [[Samri Assembly constituency|Samri]]
| 218,557
|-
! 9
| [[Lundra Assembly constituency|Lundra]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Surguja district|Surguja]]
| 193,902
|-
! 10
| [[Ambikapur Assembly constituency|Ambikapur]]
| None
| 256,691
|-
! 11
| [[Sitapur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Sitapur]]
| rowspan="5" | ST
| 201,660
|-
! 12
| [[Jashpur Assembly constituency|Jashpur]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Jashpur district|Jashpur]]
| rowspan="8" | [[Raigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Raigarh]]
| 237,786
|-
! 13
| [[Kunkuri Assembly constituency|Kunkuri]]
| 205,625
|-
! 14
| [[Pathalgaon Assembly constituency|Pathalgaon]]
| 226,859
|-
! 15
| [[Lailunga Assembly constituency|Lailunga]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Raigarh district|Raigarh]]
| 204,520
|-
! 16
| [[Raigarh Assembly constituency|Raigarh]]
| None
| 257,432
|-
! 17
| [[Sarangarh Assembly constituency|Sarangarh]]
| SC
| 263,526
|-
! 18
| [[Kharsia Assembly constituency|Kharsia]]
| None
| 215,550
|-
! 19
| [[Dharamjaigarh Assembly constituency|Dharamjaigarh]]
| rowspan="2" | ST
| 212,825
|-
! 20
| [[Rampur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Rampur]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Korba district|Korba]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Korba Lok Sabha constituency|Korba]]
| 221,232
|-
! 21
| [[Korba Assembly constituency|Korba]]
| rowspan="2" | None
| 256,051
|-
! 22
| [[Katghora Assembly constituency|Katghora]]
| 214,882
|-
! 23
| [[Pali-Tanakhar Assembly constituency|Pali-Tanakhar]]
| rowspan="2" | ST
| 228,459
|-
! 24
| [[Marwahi Assembly constituency|Marwahi]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi district|Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi]]
| 197,952
|-
! 25
| [[Kota, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Kota]]
| rowspan="2" | None
| rowspan="8" | [[Bilaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Bilaspur]]
| 219,070
|-
! 26
| [[Lormi Assembly constituency|Lormi]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Mungeli district|Mungeli]]
| 228,487
|-
! 27
| [[Mungeli Assembly constituency|Mungeli]]
| SC
| 253,778
|-
! 28
| [[Takhatpur Assembly constituency|Takhatpur]]
| rowspan="4" | None
| rowspan="5" | [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh]]
| 243,812
|-
! 29
| [[Bilha Assembly constituency|Bilha]]
| 306,473
|-
! 30
| [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Bilaspur]]
| 251,210
|-
! 31
| [[Beltara Assembly constituency|Beltara]]
| 248,729
|-
! 32
| [[Masturi Assembly constituency|Masturi]]
| SC
| 305,620
|-
! 33
| [[Akaltara Assembly constituency|Akaltara]]
| rowspan="5" | None
| rowspan="6" | [[Janjgir–Champa district|Janjgir–Champa]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Janjgir–Champa Lok Sabha constituency|Janjgir–Champa]]
| 222,283
|-
! 34
| [[Janjgir-Champa Assembly constituency|Janjgir-Champa]]
| 212,602
|-
! 35
| [[Sakti Assembly constituency|Sakti]]
| 214,392
|-
! 36
| [[Chandrapur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Chandrapur]]
| 234,099
|-
! 37
| [[Jaijaipur Assembly constituency|Jaijaipur]]
| 249,202
|-
! 38
| [[Pamgarh Assembly constituency|Pamgarh]]
| rowspan="2" | SC
| 220,500
|-
! 39
| [[Saraipali Assembly constituency|Saraipali]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Mahasamund district|Mahasamund]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Mahasamund Lok Sabha constituency|Mahasamund]]
| 205,107
|-
! 40
| [[Basna Assembly constituency|Basna]]
| rowspan="3" | None
| 224,581
|-
! 41
| [[Khallari Assembly constituency|Khallari]]
| 217,389
|-
! 42
| [[Mahasamund Assembly constituency|Mahasamund]]
| 208,801
|-
! 43
| [[Bilaigarh Assembly constituency|Bilaigarh]]
| SC
| rowspan="4" | [[Baloda Bazar district|Baloda Bazar]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Janjgir–Champa Lok Sabha constituency|Janjgir–Champa]]
| 301,885
|-
! 44
| [[Kasdol Assembly constituency|Kasdol]]
| rowspan="8" | None
| 361,750
|-
! 45
| [[Baloda Bazar Assembly constituency|Baloda Bazar]]
| rowspan="9" | [[Raipur Lok Sabha constituency|Raipur]]
| 280,782
|-
! 46
| [[Bhatapara Assembly constituency|Bhatapara]]
| 252,829
|-
! 47
| [[Dharsiwa Assembly constituency|Dharsiwa]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Raipur district|Raipur]]
| 234,726
|-
! 48
| [[Raipur City Gramin Assembly constituency|Raipur City Gramin]]
| 349,371
|-
! 49
| [[Raipur City West Assembly constituency|Raipur City West]]
| 291,591
|-
! 50
| [[Raipur City North Assembly constituency|Raipur City North]]
| 202,204
|-
! 51
| [[Raipur City South Assembly constituency|Raipur City South]]
| 260,006
|-
! 52
| [[Arang Assembly constituency|Arang]]
| SC
| 231,375
|-
! 53
| [[Abhanpur Assembly constituency|Abhanpur]]
| rowspan="2" | None
| 214,002
|-
! 54
| [[Rajim Assembly constituency|Rajim]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Gariaband district|Gariaband]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Mahasamund Lok Sabha constituency|Mahasamund]]
| 228,453
|-
! 55
| [[Bindrawagarh Assembly constituency|Bindrawagarh]]
| rowspan="2" | ST
| 226,593
|-
! 56
| [[Sihawa Assembly constituency|Sihawa]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Dhamtari district|Dhamtari]]
| [[Kanker Lok Sabha constituency|Kanker]]
| 193,736
|-
! 57
| [[Kurud Assembly constituency|Kurud]]
| rowspan="3" | None
| rowspan="2" | [[Mahasamund Lok Sabha constituency|Mahasamund]]
| 208,888
|-
! 58
| [[Dhamtari Assembly constituency|Dhamtari]]
| 220,402
|-
! 59
| [[Sanjari Balod Assembly constituency|Sanjari Balod]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Balod district|Balod]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Kanker Lok Sabha constituency|Kanker]]
| 225,116
|-
! 60
| [[Dondi Lohara Assembly constituency|Dondi Lohara]]
| ST
| 221,829
|-
! 61
| [[Gunderdehi Assembly constituency|Gunderdehi]]
| rowspan="6" | None
| 244,682
|-
! 62
| [[Patan, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Patan]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Durg district|Durg]]
| rowspan="9" | [[Durg Lok Sabha constituency|Durg]]
| 217,319
|-
! 63
| [[Durg Gramin Assembly constituency|Durg Gramin]]
| 220,704
|-
! 64
| [[Durg City Assembly constituency|Durg City]]
| 227,843
|-
! 65
| [[Bhilai Nagar Assembly constituency|Bhilai Nagar]]
| 169,013
|-
! 66
| [[Vaishali Nagar Assembly constituency|Vaishali Nagar]]
| 251,284
|-
! 67
| [[Ahiwara Assembly constituency|Ahiwara]]
| SC
| 244,787
|-
! 68
| [[Saja Assembly constituency|Saja]]
| rowspan="2" | None
| rowspan="3" | [[Bemetara district|Bemetara]]
| 250,817
|-
! 69
| [[Bemetara Assembly constituency|Bemetara]]
| 247,204
|-
! 70
| [[Navagarh Assembly constituency|Navagarh]]
| SC
| 266,759
|-
! 71
| [[Pandariya Assembly constituency|Pandariya]]
| rowspan="2" | None
| rowspan="2" | [[Kabirdham district|Kabirdham]]
| rowspan="8" | [[Rajnandgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Rajnandgaon]]
| 316,340
|-
! 72
| [[Kawardha Assembly constituency|Kawardha]]
| 331,671
|-
! 73
| [[Khairagarh Assembly constituency|Khairagarh]]
| None
| rowspan="6" | [[Rajnandgaon district|Rajnandgaon]]
| 219,825
|-
! 74
| [[Dongargarh Assembly constituency|Dongargarh]]
| SC
| 209,950
|-
! 75
| [[Rajnandgaon Assembly constituency|Rajnandgaon]]
| rowspan="3" | None
| 211,705
|-
! 76
| [[Dongargaon Assembly constituency|Dongargaon]]
| 203,009
|-
! 77
| [[Khujji Assembly constituency|Khujji]]
| 191,582
|-
! 78
| [[Mohla-Manpur Assembly constituency|Mohla-Manpur]]
| rowspan="8" | ST
| 168,008
|-
! 79
| [[Antagarh Assembly constituency|Antagarh]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Kanker district|Kanker]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Kanker Lok Sabha constituency|Kanker]]
| 176,261
|-
! 80
| [[Bhanupratappur Assembly constituency|Bhanupratappur]]
| 203,467
|-
! 81
| [[Kanker Assembly constituency|Kanker]]
| 182,944
|-
! 82
| [[Keshkal Assembly constituency|Keshkal]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Kondagaon district|Kondagaon]]
| 207,062
|-
! 83
| [[Kondagaon Assembly constituency|Kondagaon]]
| rowspan="8" | [[Bastar Lok Sabha constituency|Bastar]]
| 189,137
|-
! 84
| [[Narayanpur Assembly constituency|Narayanpur]]
| [[Narayanpur district|Narayanpur]]
| 191,290
|-
! 85
| [[Bastar Assembly constituency|Bastar]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Bastar district|Bastar]]
| 167,919
|-
! 86
| [[Jagdalpur Assembly constituency|Jagdalpur]]
| None
| 206,226
|-
! 87
| [[Chitrakot Assembly constituency|Chitrakot]]
| rowspan="4" | ST
| 177,625
|-
! 88
| [[Dantewara Assembly constituency|Dantewara]]
| [[Dantewada district|Dantewada]]
| 192,806
|-
! 89
| [[Bijapur Assembly constituency|Bijapur]]
| [[Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh|Bijapur, Chhattisgarh]]
| 169,457
|-
! 90
| [[Konta Assembly constituency|Konta]]
| [[Sukma district|Sukma]]
| 166,912
|}
Ref: https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report

==References==
<references />

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh| ]]
[[Category:Lists of constituencies of legislative assemblies of Indian states|Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh-related lists|Constituencies]]

2026 Shooting League of India

2026-01-29T13:10:30Z

GeorgiannaStrand: Created New Pg and Citations

{{Short description|2026 season of Shooting League of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox tournament
| name = Shooting League of India
| image =
| caption =
| location =
| date = 16 – 26 February 2026
| administrator = [[National Rifle Association of India]]
| tournament_format =
| host = {{IND}}
| venues = [[Dr. Karni Singh Shooting Range]]
| participants =
| teams = [[#Teams|TBA]]
| champions =
| runners-up1 =
| runners-up2 =
| matches =
| attendance =
| top_scorer =
| stat1_label =
| stat1 =
| stat2_label =
| stat2 =
| stat3_label =
| stat3 =
| previous =
| next = [[2027 Shooting League of India|2027]]
}}
The '''2026 Shooting League of India''' will be the first season of the [[Shooting League of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Shooting League: NRAI Bets on SLI to Popularize Sport Nationwide |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/other-sports/india-s-shooting-dream-finding-its-range-3656682 |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> It will be held in 2026 with city-based teams.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-17 |title=IPL-styled Indian shooting league to be launched in November |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/iplstyled-indian-shooting-league-to-be-launched-in-november-101747495346844.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Format and venue==
===Format===
The first edition of Shooting League of India was supposed to be held at the [[Dr. CHINKA JEET SINGH Shooting Range]] in [[New Delhi]] from 20 November to 2 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-28 |title=India's shooting league gets international federation support: 'We are ready to receive attention' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/india-shooting-league-international-support-issf-sli-10155485/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Later, the league was postponed to 2026 to align with calendar alignment of international events.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2025-10-11 |title=Shooting League of India postponed to early 2026 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/shooting/shooting-league-of-india-sli-2026-postponed-february-tentative-dates-reason/article70151893.ece |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

Each franchise consists of 12 athletes, 6 men and 6 women. There can be up to 4 foreign players, 2 men and 2 women. At least two Indian juniors must be in the team and the purse per team is ₹1.20 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2025-06-25 |title=Shooting League of India 2025: Format, Pools, and Athlete Categories EXPLAINED |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/shooting/shooting-league-india-teams-format-schedule/article69734732.ece |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

The league will see mixed team matches and the categories include [[10 m air pistol]], [[25 m pistol]], [[10 m air rifle]], [[50 m rifle three positions]] as well as [[Trap shooting|trap]] and [[Skeet shooting|skeet]]. Each match will last only 25 minutes and will be a 16-pointer affair, as there will be no qualification.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-05-17 |title=NRAI president keen to make Shooting League of India viewer-friendly and a 'role model' for the sport |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/shooting/shooting-league-of-india-format-teams-franchises-dates-prize-money-nrai-president-kalikesh-singh-deo/article69587278.ece |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>

Statistics like heart rate monitors, SCATT shooting and more, giving the audience a glimpse of movement, release of the trigger, mannerisms, pressure, data and more using graphics, VR and biorhythms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Santadeep |date=2025-07-22 |title=NRAI president: Not to make an attempt with Shooting League of India would be a crime |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/shooting/shooting-league-of-india-interview-kalikesh-narayan-singh-deo-nrai-president/article69841203.ece |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Venue===
The matches were held at the [[Dr. Karni Singh Shooting Range]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reloading the sport: India fires up a shooting league after Olympic high |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/sports/reloading-the-sport-india-fires-up-a-shooting-league-after-olympic-high-article-13321019.html/ |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;
|-
![[new delhi]]
|-
|[[Dr. CHINKA JEET SINGH Shooting Range]]
|-
|Capacity:
|}

==Teams==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Team
! City
! Coach
! Captain
|-
| [[Delhi Knight Warriors]]
| [[New Delhi]]
|
|
|-
| [[Mumbai X Calibres]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
|
|
|-
| [[UP Prometheans]]
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|
|
|}

==Squads==
TBA

==Points table==
TBA

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2026 Shooting League of India}}

[[Category:2026 in Indian sport]]

Veena Tandon

2025-12-30T03:49:59Z

GeorgiannaStrand: stub

{{short description|Indian parasitologist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Veena Tandon
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1949|09|07}}
| birth_place = [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]], [[Uttarakhand]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = [[Parasitologist]] Academic
| yearsactive = Since 1978
| known for = [[Parasitology]]
| spouse = [[Pramod Tandon]]
| domesticpartner =
| children = One son
| parents =
| website =
| signature =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] E. K. Janaki Ammal Award [[Indian Society for Parasitology|ISP]] Lifetime Achievement Award
}}

'''Veena Tandon''' is an Indian [[parasitologist]], academic and a [[National Academy of Sciences, India|NASI]] senior scientist at Biotech Park, Lucknow.<ref name="Distinguished Scientists">{{cite web | url=http://www.biotechpark.org.in/people_dscientist.php | title=Distinguished Scientists | publisher=Biotech Park | date=2016 | access-date=13 August 2016 | archive-date=18 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818095419/http://biotechpark.org.in/people_dscientist.php }}</ref> She is a former professor of zoology at the [[North Eastern Hill University]] and serves as the chief instigator for the North-East India Helminth Parasite Information Database.<ref name="DIT - North-East Parasite Information Analysis Centre">{{cite web | url=http://nepiac.nehu.ac.in/helminth/page/contributors.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818033642/http://nepiac.nehu.ac.in/helminth/page/contributors.html | archive-date=2016-08-18 | title=DIT - North-East Parasite Information Analysis Centre | publisher=North-East India Helminth Parasite Information Database | date=2016 | access-date=13 August 2016 }}</ref> She is known for her researches on worm infections afflicting the animals of food value and is the author of two books and several articles on [[parasitology]].<ref name="Ex-NEHU teacher gets Padma Shri">{{cite web | url=http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2016/01/26/ex-nehu-teacher-gets-padma-shri/ | title=Ex-NEHU teacher gets Padma Shri | publisher=Shillong Times | date=26 January 2016 | access-date=13 August 2016 | archive-date=26 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226132014/http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2016/01/26/ex-nehu-teacher-gets-padma-shri/ }}</ref>

The Government of India awarded her the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2016, for her contributions to science.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/PadmaAwards_25012016.pdf |title=Padma Awards |date=2016 |access-date=9 August 2016 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803085913/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/PadmaAwards_25012016.pdf |archive-date=3 August 2017 }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Veena Tandon was born on 7 September 1949 in [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]] in the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref name="Distinguished Scientists" /> After graduating in zoology (BSc-hons) from [[Panjab University, Chandigarh]] in 1967, she completed her master's degree (MSc) in 1968 before securing a doctoral degree (PhD) from the same institution in 1973. She also did post doctoral research at the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry of [[University of California, Irvine]] during 1978–79; her research topic being the adverse effect of alcohol on brain and liver tissues. She started her career as an assistant professor at [[Himachal University|Himachal Pradesh University]] but moved to the Department of Zoology of the [[North Eastern Hill University]], Shillong, as an assistant professor where she served till her superannuation as a professor.<ref name="I did not want to follow the convention">{{cite web | url=http://www.biospectrumindia.com/biospecindia/interviews/223552/i-follow-convention-prof-veena-tandon | title=I did not want to follow the convention | publisher=Biospectrum India | date=15 April 2016 | access-date=13 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520200756/http://www.biospectrumindia.com/biospecindia/interviews/223552/i-follow-convention-prof-veena-tandon | archive-date=20 May 2016 }}</ref> After retirement, she joined Biotech Park, Lucknow to continue her [[Helminthology|helminthological]] researches on a platinum jubilee fellowship of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] and is the NASI senior scientist of the institution.<ref name="I did not want to follow the convention" />

Tandon is known to have done pioneering research on parasites affecting livestock and her researches have been reported to have helped in the better understanding of parasite biodiversity of the northeast region of India.<ref name="Prof. Veena Tandon on NEHU">{{cite web | url=http://zoology-nehu.com/Profile.php?facultyid=2%20&%20name=Prof.%20V.%20%20Tandon | title=Prof. Veena Tandon on NEHU | publisher=Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University | date=2016 | access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref> She is the principal investigator of the DIT - North-East Parasite Information Analysis Centre which is involved in the preparation of a ''North-East India Helminth Parasite Information Database'' (NEIHPID).<ref name="DIT - North-East Parasite Information Analysis Centre" /> Her researches have been documented by way of over 340 articles, many of them published in international peer reviewed journals.<ref name="Summary">{{cite web | url=https://peerj.com/VeenaTandon/ | title=Summary | publisher=PeerJ | date=2016 | access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="Veena Tandon on ResearchGate">{{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Veena_Tandon | title=Veena Tandon on ResearchGate | date=2016 | access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref> Besides, she has authored two books, ''Pictorial Guide to Trematodes of Livestock and Poultry in India''<ref name="Pictorial Guide to Trematodes of Livestock and Poultry in India">{{cite book | title=Pictorial Guide to Trematodes of Livestock and Poultry in India | publisher=Regency Publications | author=Veena Tandon | year=2011 | page=72 | isbn=978-81-87498-59-9}}</ref> and ''Bamboo Flowering and Rodent Control''.<ref name="Bamboo Flowering and Rodent Control">{{cite book | url=http://www.booktopia.com.au/bamboo-flowering-and-rodent-control-veena-tandon/prod9789351306214.html | title=Bamboo Flowering and Rodent Control | publisher=Astral | author=Veena Tandon; [[Saroj Kanta Barik]] | year=2015 | page=182 | isbn=978-93-5130-621-4}}</ref> She is also a co-author of the ''Northeast India Helminth Parasite Information Database (NEIHPID): Knowledge Base for Helminth Parasites'', a database on the parasite biodiversity of the region,<ref name="Northeast India Helminth Parasite Information Database (NEIHPID): Knowledge Base for Helminth Parasites">{{cite journal | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0157459 | volume=11 | issue=6 | article-number=e0157459| pmid=27285615 | pmc=4902196 | bibcode=2016PLoSO..1157459B | title=Northeast India Helminth Parasite Information Database (NEIHPID): Knowledge Base for Helminth Parasites | year=2016 | last1=Biswal | first1=Devendra Kumar | last2=Debnath | first2=Manish | last3=Kharumnuid | first3=Graciously | last4=Thongnibah | first4=Welfrank | last5=Tandon | first5=Veena | journal=PLOS ONE | doi-access=free }}</ref> and has served as a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee to the Government of India as well as the Task Force on Biotechnology of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]].<ref name="I did not want to follow the convention" />

Veena Tandon is married to [[Pramod Tandon]], an educationist and a former vice chancellor of the [[North Eastern Hill University]]. The couple has a son, Prateek Tandon, who is a computer engineer and an author.<ref name="Prateek Tandon on IEEE Computer Society">{{cite web | url=https://www.computer.org/web/search?cs_search_action=advancedsearch&searchOperation=exact&search-options=dl&searchText=Prateek+Tandon | title=Prateek Tandon on IEEE Computer Society | publisher=IEEE Computer Society | date=2016 | access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
The [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] elected Tandon as a fellow in 1998<ref name="NASI Fellows">{{cite web | url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=T | title=NASI Fellows | publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India | date=2016 | access-date=13 August 2016 | archive-date=26 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226132012/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=T%20 }}</ref> and she became an elected fellow of the [[Indian Society for Parasitology]] in 2005.<ref name="ISP Fellows">{{cite web | url=http://www.parasitologyindia.org/fellows.htm | title=ISP Fellows | publisher=Indian Society of Parasitology | date=2016 | access-date=13 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213195132/http://www.parasitologyindia.org/fellows.htm | archive-date=13 December 2014 }}</ref> She is also a fellow of the Zoological Society of India and the Helminthological Society of India and held the Chair in Taxonomy - Animal Sciences of the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] during 2003–06.<ref name="Prof. Veena Tandon on NEHU" /> She has delivered key note addresses in many science conferences<ref name="Invited Lectures">{{cite web | url=http://www.nipgr.res.in/northeast/home.php | title=Invited Lectures | publisher=National Institute of Plant Genome Research | date=2016 | access-date=13 August 2016 | archive-date=28 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828190929/http://www.nipgr.res.in/northeast/home.php }}</ref> and award orations such as Prof. R. P. Choudhuri Endowment Lecture of the [[Guwahati University]], Prof. M. M. Chakravarty Commemoration Oration of the Zoological Society, Kolkata and Professor Archana Sharma Memorial Lecture of the National Academy of Sciences, India.<ref name="Distinguished Scientists" /> She is a recipient of the E. K. Janaki Ammal Award in Animal Taxonomy of the [[Ministry of Environment and Forests]] and she received the Lifetime Achievement Award of the [[Indian Society for Parasitology]] in 2011.<ref name="Distinguished Scientists" /> The Government of India awarded her the civilian honor of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2016.<ref name="Six from Northeast to receive Padma Shri, one Padma Bhushan">{{cite web | url=http://thenortheasttoday.com/tag/prof-veena-tandon/ | title=Six from Northeast to receive Padma Shri, one Padma Bhushan | publisher=The Northeast Today | date=26 January 2016 | access-date=14 August 2016 | archive-date=28 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828114243/http://thenortheasttoday.com/tag/prof-veena-tandon/ }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Pramod Tandon]]
{{Portal|India|Science}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=http://dspace.nehu.ac.in/jspui/handle/1/1041 | title=Veena Tandon | publisher=NEHU Institutional Repository | work=Article listing | date=2016 | access-date=13 August 2016}}
* {{cite web | url=https://peerj.com/VeenaTandon/ | title=Veena Tandon on PeerJ | publisher=PeerJ | work=Profile | date=2016 | access-date=7 October 2016}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal | pmc=4734527 | title=Trematode Fluke Procerovum varium as Cause of Ocular Inflammation in Children, South India | author=Lalan Kumar Arya, Sivakumar R. Rathinam, Prajna Lalitha, Usha R. Kim, Sudeep Ghatani, and Veena Tandon | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | date=February 2016 | volume=22 | issue=2 | pages=192–200 | doi=10.3201/eid2202.150051 | pmid=26812231}}

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tandon, Veena}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kashipur, Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Indian women biologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Indian parasitologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Irvine alumni]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the North-Eastern Hill University]]
[[Category:Scientists from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Women parasitologists]]

Pandab Goenda

2025-12-28T12:22:08Z

GeorgiannaStrand:

{{Short description|Indian Bengali Animated Series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox book series
| name = Pandob Goenda
| image = Pandab goenda.jpg
| books =
| author = Sasthipada Chattopadhyay
| title_orig = পাণ্ডব গোয়েন্দা
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| genre = Mystery / Crime
| publisher = ''Ananda Publishers'', ''Deb Sahitya Kutir''
| pub_date =
| number_of_books = 30+
}}
'''Pandab Goenda''' is a [[Fictional detectives|fictional detective]] novel series created by [[Bengalis|Bengali]] novelist [[Sasthipada Chattopadhyay]]. The stories of Pandab Goenda are well known and popular in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] Children's literature.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-10|title=Pandab Goenda: All about Sasthipada Chattopadhyay, author of the books that inspired this ZEE5 Original series - Zee5 News|url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/pandab-goenda-all-about-sasthipada-chattopadhyay-author-of-the-original-series|access-date=2021-12-24|website=ZEE5|language=en|archive-date=24 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224182733/https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/pandab-goenda-all-about-sasthipada-chattopadhyay-author-of-the-original-series|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Characters==
Pandab Goenda is a detective gang of five children who love to solve mysteries. They are ''Bablu'', ''Bilu'', ''Bhombol'', and two sisters named ''Bachchu'', ''Bichchhu''.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Pandab Goenda' to go off-air soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/pandab-goenda-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/81908520.cms|access-date=2021-12-24|website=The Times of India|date=5 April 2021 |language=en|archive-date=24 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224205811/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/pandab-goenda-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/81908520.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> They live in [[Howrah]], accompanied by a one eyed street dog ''Panchu''. Bablu always leads the team Pandab Goenda, he also carries a pistol. The five are adventurous, intelligent and fearless. Pandab Goenda roam various parts of [[India]] to solve cases. There characters are loosely inspired by [[Enid Blyton]]'s detective book ''[[The Famous Five (novel series)|The Famous Five]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyo.in/arts/detective-fiction-byomkesh-bakshi-bengal-feluda-patang-agatha-christie-blyton/story/1/13560.html|title=Following Bengal's appetite for detective fiction|last=Bhaskar Chattopadhyay|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318183606/https://www.dailyo.in/arts/detective-fiction-byomkesh-bakshi-bengal-feluda-patang-agatha-christie-blyton/story/1/13560.html|archive-date=2018-03-18|url-status=live|access-date=18 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PkWCgAAQBAJ&q=Shasthipada+Chattopadhyay&pg=PA126|title=Family, School and Nation: The Child and Literary Constructions|last=Nivedita Sen|date=3 July 2015|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317410621|access-date=18 March 2018|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925131825/https://books.google.com/books?id=5PkWCgAAQBAJ&q=Shasthipada+Chattopadhyay&pg=PA126|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Stories==
The stories of Pandab Goenda were published in ''Shuktara'' magazine in late 70's but the first book was published in 1981 by New Bengal Press. Thereafter, more than 30 books have been published in this series. Some stories were published in Bengali child magazines ''[[Anandamela]]'' and ''Shuktara''.

==Adaptation==
A Bengali animation television series was developed on the Pandab Goenda stories. It was telecast for a period of 4 years by [[Akash Bangla]] [[Television station]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ssoftoons.com/?portfolio=pandav-goyenda|title=Ssoftoons Entertainment Media LLP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318183252/http://www.ssoftoons.com/?portfolio=pandav-goyenda|archive-date=2018-03-18|url-status=live|access-date=18 March 2018}}</ref> Under the direction of Rahul Mukhopadhyay,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-19|title=Pandab Goenda coming soon on Bengali television, See Teaser|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/television/pandab-goenda-coming-soon-on-bengali-television-see-teaser/|access-date=2020-08-21|website=Sangbad Pratidin|language=bn|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001043510/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/television/pandab-goenda-coming-soon-on-bengali-television-see-teaser/|url-status=live}}</ref> Pandab Goenda was adapted on the small screen by [[Zee Bangla]] TV channel titled [[Pandab Goenda (TV series)|''Pandab Goenda'']]. This series was adapted from the original series but was based on a much more modern time frame. It earned huge popularity among the masses. The original storyline of the series was altered a lot and due to this particular reason, this series faced a lot of criticism from the viewers as well as from [[Sasthipada Chattopadhyay]] himself after the initial promo was released.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Pandav Goenda' to be adapted for the small screen - The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/pandav-goenda-to-be-adapted-for-the-small-screen/articleshow/77627370.cms|access-date=2020-08-21|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 August 2020 |language=en|archive-date=29 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129052513/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/pandav-goenda-to-be-adapted-for-the-small-screen/articleshow/77627370.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=জেন ওয়াইয়ের মগজাস্ত্রে শান দিতে ছোটপর্দায় আসছে 'পাণ্ডব গোয়েন্দা'|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/pandav-goyenda-is-coming-soon-for-small-screen-dgtl-1.1191761|access-date=2020-08-21|website=anandabazar.com|language=bn|archive-date=29 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129051013/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/pandav-goyenda-is-coming-soon-for-small-screen-dgtl-1.1191761|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Prohor|title='আমার দুর্ভাগ্য, মরার বয়সে পাণ্ডব গোয়েন্দার এই পরিণতি দেখে যেতে হল' : ষষ্ঠীপদ চট্টোপাধ্যায় - Prohor|url=https://www.prohor.in/index.php/sastipada-chattapadhyay-reacts-about-upcoming-pandav-goenda-tv-series|access-date=2021-12-24|website=‘আমার দুর্ভাগ্য, মরার বয়সে পাণ্ডব গোয়েন্দার এই পরিণতি দেখে যেতে হল’ : ষষ্ঠীপদ চট্টোপাধ্যায় - Prohor|language=en|archive-date=24 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224182244/https://www.prohor.in/index.php/sastipada-chattapadhyay-reacts-about-upcoming-pandav-goenda-tv-series|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Bengali detective characters}}

[[Category:Fictional Bengali people]]
[[Category:Culture of Kolkata]]
[[Category:Fictional amateur detectives]]
[[Category:Fictional Indian people in literature]]

Nimmo (film)

2025-11-01T13:48:34Z

GeorgiannaStrand: made basic article from scratch

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nimmo
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Veerendra
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Veerendra]] [[Priti Sapru]] Daljit Kaur Mohan Singh Baggad Shammi Yash Sharma [[Mehar Mittal]]
| music = Kamal Kant Mishra
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1984|||}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Nimmo''''' ({{langx|pa|ਨਿੰਮੋ}}) is a 1984 [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] film,<ref name="fp">{{cite web | url=http://folkpunjab.com/movies/nimmo-1984/ | title=Nimmo (1984) | publisher=folkpunjab.com | accessdate=25 April 2012}}</ref> directed by Veerendra, starring Veerendra, Priti Sapru,<ref name="dm">{{cite web | url=http://www.desi-masti.com/threads/10389-Punjabi-Movie-(1984)-Nimmo-Watch-Online | title=Nimmo (1984) | publisher=desi-masti.com | accessdate=25 April 2012}}</ref> Mohan Singh Baggad, Mehar Mittal with Daljit Kaur's guest appearance<ref name=dm/> and more. Kamal Kant Mishra composed the music.<ref name="r">{{cite web | url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/punjabi/moviedetail.asp?mid=pm000108 | title=Nimmo (1984) | publisher=raaga.com | accessdate=25 April 2012}}</ref>

==Music==

The title song is by [[Channi Singh]] from the band [[Alaap (band)|Alaap]]. Other songs were written by Bhulla Ram Chann (Chann Goraya Wala), Blram Mast, Sikander Bharti, S.S Azad and [[Salma Agha]].

# "Ek Too Hover Ek Main" – [[Salma Agha]], [[Suresh Wadkar]]
# "Balle Balle" – [[Mahendra Kapoor]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
# "Gal Sun Ve Thanderara " – [[Mahendra Kapoor]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
# "Sassi Nal Bair Ku Kamaya" – [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
# "Yaad Karegi Payar Nu Mere" – [[Suresh Wadkar]]
# "Chamka Ne Pendiyan" – [[Salma Agha]]
# "Joo Joo Tere Bhagat" – Prof. Darshan Singh Ji Khalsa
# "Chhota Devra Bhabhi" – [[Salma Agha]], Veerendra Katyal
# "Hee Aakhadi" – Veerendra Katyal

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0454513}}

[[Category:Films set in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s Punjabi-language films]]

{{Punjabi-film-stub}}

Basilica of Our Lady of Divine Grace

2025-09-02T22:05:44Z

GeorgiannaStrand: Created A Info Needs Work

{{Infobox church
| name = Basilica of Our Lady of Divine Grace
| fullname =
| other name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =

| pushpin map = India Bihar
| pushpin label position =
| pushpin map alt =
| pushpin mapsize =
| relief =
| map caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|25.3895816|85.9141746|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| osgridref = 
| osgraw = 
| location = [[Mokama]], [[Bihar]]
| country = [[India]]

| language(s) =
| denomination = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
| previous denomination =
| associations =
| tradition =
| religious institute = 
| churchmanship =
| membership =
| attendance =
| campuses =
| address =
| website = 

| former name = 
| bull date =
| status =
| founded date = 
| founder =
| dedication =
| dedicated date =
| earlydedication =
| otherdedication =
| consecrated date =
| cult = [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]], as 'Our Lady of Divine Grace'
| relics =
| events =
| past bishop =
| people =

| functional status = [[Basilica]]
| heritage designation =
| designated date =
| previous cathedrals =
| architect =
| architectural type =
| style =
| years built =
| groundbreaking =
| completed date =
| construction cost =
| closed date =
| demolished date =

| capacity =
| length = 
| length nave =
| length choir =
| width = 
| width nave = 
| width transepts =
| height = 
| height nave =
| height choir =
| diameter = 
| other dimensions =
| floor count =
| floor area = 
| dome quantity =
| dome height outer = 
| dome height inner = 
| dome dia outer = 
| dome dia inner = 
| tower quantity =
| tower height =
| spire quantity =
| spire height = 
| materials =
| bells = 
| bell weight = 

| parish =
| benefice =
| deanery =
| archdeaconry =
| episcopalarea =
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Patna|Archdiocese of Patna]]
| metropolis =
| diocese =
| diocese start =
| province = 
| presbytery =
| synod =
| circuit =
| district =
| division =
| subdivision =

| archbishop = 
| bishop = 
| auxiliary bishop = 
| cardinal protector =
| abbot =
| prior =
| subprior =
| provost-rector =
| exarch =
| provost =
| viceprovost =
| rector =
| vicar =
| dean =
| subdean =
| archpriest =
| precentor =
| succentor =
| chancellor = 
| canonchancellor = 
| canon =
| canonpastor =
| canonmissioner =
| canontreasurer =
| prebendary =
| priestincharge =
| priest =
| asstpriest =
| honpriest =
| curate =
| asstcurate =
| nonstipendiaryminister =
| minister =
| assistant =
| seniorpastor =
| pastor =
| chaplain =
| archdeacon =
| deacon =
| deaconess =

| reader =
| student intern =
| organistdom =
| director =
| organist =
| organscholar =
| chapterclerk =
| laychapter =
| sessionclerk =
| treasurer =
| warden =
| verger =
| businessmgr =
| liturgycoord =
| reledu =
| ocia =
| youthmin =
| flowerguild =
| musicgroup =
| parishadmin =
| serversguild =
| sacristan =

| logo =
| logosize =
| logolink =
| logoalt =

| embedded =
}}

The '''Basilica of Our Lady of Divine Grace''' is a pilgrimage centre and [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mariam]] shrine in Bihar, India.<ref>{{cite web |title='Our Lady of Divine Grace' Mokama Shrine {{!}} Sisters of Charity of Nazareth |url=https://nazareth.org/our-lady-of-divine-grace-mokama-shrine/ |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Church beholds the memory of exiled Nepali Catholics |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/pilgrimages/indian-church-beholds-the-memory-of-exiled-nepali-catholics/238 |website=UCAN News |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref> It was raised to the status of a [[minor basilica]] by [[Pope Francis]] in April 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Basilica of Our Lady of Divine Grace 🇮🇳 |url=https://gcatholic.org/churches/asia/6720.htm |website=GCatholic |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{India-RC-church-stub}}

{{basilicas in India}}

[[Category:Basilica churches in India]]

List of Mohun Bagan Super Giant players

2025-08-11T23:24:49Z

GeorgiannaStrand: Adding New Entry

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
'''[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant]]''' (commonly referred to as '''Mohun Bagan''') is an Indian [[association football]] club based in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. Founded in 1889, it is one of the oldest football clubs in [[Asia]]. The club competes in the [[Indian Super League]], the top tier of [[Indian football league system]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1874-mohun-bagan-super-giant-profile|title=Mohun Bagan Super Giant|access-date=2020-08-28|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}</ref>

==List of players==
* Appearances and goals are for [[Indian Super League]] and [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]] matches only.
* Players are listed according to the date of their first team debut for the club. Only players with at least one appearance are included.

''Statistics correct as of 28 August 2020''

;Table headers
* '''Nationality''' – If a player played international football, the country/countries he played for are shown. Otherwise, the player's nationality is given as their country of birth.
* '''Career span''' – The year of the player's first appearance for Mohun Bagan to the year of his last appearance.
* '''Matches''' – The total number of games played, both as a starter and as a substitute.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|
=== Squad ===
As of 19 July 2024
==== Promoted from [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|youth system]] ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;" | No.
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;" | Name
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;" | Position
! style="background:#1A5026; color: white; text-align: center;" | {{nowrap|Date of Birth}} (Age)
|-
| 3
| align=left | Raj Basfore
| [[Centre-back|CB]]
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|3|15}}
|-
| 32
| align=left | Dippendu Biswas
| [[Centre-back|CB]]
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|4|24}}
|-
| 36
| align=left | Amandeep Vrish Bhan
| [[Left-Back|LB]]
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2004|8|3}}
|-
| 30
| align=left | Taison Singh
| [[Right winger|RW]]
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2004|08|11}}
|-
| 63
| align=left | Saurabh Bhanwala
| [[Centre-back|CB]]
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1999|12|18}}
|-
| 71
| align=left | Salahudheen Adnan K
| [[Right Wing|RW]]
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2001|5|21}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|+ First team players
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;" | No.
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;" | Name
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;" | Position
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;" | {{abbr|Nat|Nationality}}
! style="background:#1A5026; color: white; text-align: center;" | {{nowrap|Date of Birth}} (Age)
! style="background:#1A5026; color: white; text-align: center;" | Date signed
! style="background:#1A5026; color: white; text-align: center;" | Contract end
! style="background:#1A5026; color: white; text-align: center;" | {{abbr|App|Appearances}}
! style="background:#1A5026; color: white; text-align: center;" | Goals
! style="background:#1A5026; color: white; text-align: center;" | Assists
! style="background:#1A5026; color: white; text-align: center;" | Transfer notes
|-
! colspan="11" style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center;" |Goalkeepers
|-
| 1
| align=left | [[Vishal Kaith]]
| [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1996|7|22}}
| 8 July 2022
| 2029
| 67
| 0
| 0
| Signed from [[Chennaiyin FC]]
|-
| 12
| align=left | [[Dheeraj Singh]]
| [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2000|7|4}}
| 24 July 2024
| 2025
| 0
| 0
| 0
| Signed from [[FC Goa]]
|-
| 24
| align=left | Syed Zahid
| [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|4|16}}
| 1 September 2023
| 2027
| 6
| 0
| 0
| Signed from [[Indian Arrows]]
|-
| 31
| align="left" | Arsh Anwer Shaikh
| [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2002|7|09}}
| 1 June 2020
| 2025
| 12
| 0
| 0
| Signed from [[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
|-
! colspan="11" style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center;" |Defenders
|-
| 4
| align=left | [[Nuno Reis]]
| [[defender (association football)|CB]]
| {{flagicon|POR}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1991|1|31}}
| 15 September 2024
| 2026
| 0
| 0
| 0
| Signed from [[ Melbourne City FC]]
|-
| 21
| align=left | [[Alberto Rodríguez (footballer, born 1992)|Alberto Rodríguez]]
| [[Centre-back|CB]]
| {{flagicon|SPA}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1992|12|31}}
| 5 July 2024
| 2026
| 0
| 0
| 0
| Signed from [[Persib Bandung]]
|-
| 5
| align=left | [[Tom Aldred]]
| [[Centre-back|CB]]
| {{flagicon|SCO}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|09|11}}
| 2 July 2024
| 2026
| 0
| 0
| 0
| Signed from [[Brisbane Roar FC]]
|-
| 2
| align=left | [[Sumit Rathi]]
| [[Centre-back|CB]] / [[Left back (association football)|LB]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2001|8|26}}
| 15 August 2020
| 2025
| 25
| 0
| 0
| Signed from [[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
|-
| 3
| align=left | Raj Basfore
| [[Centre-back|CB]] / [[Left back (association football)|LB]] / [[Right back|RB]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|3|15}}
| 2022
| 2025
| 5
| 0
| 0
| Signed from [[United SC]]
|-
| 15
| align=left | [[Subhasish Bose]] ''(Captain)''
| [[Centre-back|CB]] / [[Left back (association football)|LB]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1995|8|15}}
| 13 August 2020
| 2025
| 119
| 5
| 5
| Signed from [[Mumbai City FC]]
|-
| 63
| align=left | Saurabh Bhanwala
| [[Centre-back|CB]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1999|12|18}}
| 1 December 2024
| 2025
| 5
| 0
| 0
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Youth system]]
|-
| 32
| align=left | Dippendu Biswas
| [[Centre-back|CB]] / [[Right back (association football)|RB]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|4|24}}
| 1 January 2024
| 2027
| 5
| 0
| 0
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Youth system]]
|-
| 44
| align=left | [[Asish Rai]]
| [[Right back (association football)|RB]] / [[Right midfielder|RM]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1999|1|27}}
| 20 June 2022
| 2027
| 61
| 2
| 3
| Signed from [[Hyderabad FC]]
|-
| 36
| align=left | Amandeep Vrish Bhan
| [[Centre-back|CB]] / [[Left-Back|LB]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2004|8|3}}
| 20 January 2024
| 2025
| 5
| 0
| 0
| Signed from [[Indian Arrows]]
|-
| 77
| align=left | [[Ravi Bahadur Rana]]
| [[Right back (association football)|RB]] / [[Left-Back|LB]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2002|10|15}}
| 1 August 2021
| 2025
| 14
| 0
| 0
| Signed from [[Jamshedpur FC]]
|-
! colspan="11" style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center;" |Midfielders
|-
| 45
| align=left | [[ Lalengmawia Ralte]]
| [[Defensive midfielder|DM]] / [[Centre midfielder|CM]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2000|10|07}}
| 25 June 2024
| 2029
| 0
| 0
| 0
| Signed from [[ Mumbai City FC]]
|-
| 7
| align=left | [[Anirudh Thapa]]
| [[Defensive midfielder|DM]] / [[Centre midfielder|CM]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|1|15}}
| 23 June 2023
| 2028
| 34
| 2
| 0
| Signed from [[Chennaiyin FC]]
|-
| 9
| align=left | [[Dimitri Petratos]]
| [[Attacking midfielder|AM]] / [[Right winger|RW]] / [[Second striker|SS]] / [[Striker (association football)|ST]] / [[Left winger|LW]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1992|11|10}}
| 18 July 2022
| 2026
| 61
| 27
| 18
| Signed from [[Al Wehda FC]]
|-
| 10
| align=left | [[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Greg Stewart]]
| [[Attacking midfielder|AM]]
| {{flagicon|SCO}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|3|17}}
| 19 July 2024
| 2025
|
|
|
| Signed from [[Kilmarnock F.C.]]
|-
| 16
| align=left | [[Abhishek Suryavanshi]]
| [[Central midfielder|CM]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2001|3|12}}
| 14 August 2021
| 2027
| 25
| 0
| 0
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Youth system]]
|-
| 71
| align=left | Salahudheen Adnan K
| [[Defensive midfielder|DM]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2001|5|26}}
| 12 June, 2024
| 2026
| 1
| 0
| 0
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Youth system]]
|-
| 18
| align="left" | [[Sahal Abdul Samad]]
| [[Attacking midfielder|AM]] / [[Left winger (football)|LW]] / [[Right winger|RW]] / [[Left midfielder|LM]] / [[Right midfielder|RM]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1997|4|1}}
| 14 July 2023
| 2028
| 26
| 3
| 5
| Signed from [[Kerala Blasters FC]]
|-
| 22
| align=left | [[Deepak Tangri ]]
| [[Centre-back|CB]] / [[Defensive midfielder|DM]] / [[Central midfielder|CM]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1999|02|01}}
| 29 June 2021
| 2026
| 60
| 2
| 2
| Signed from [[Chennaiyin FC ]]
|-
| 33
| align=left | [[Glan Martins]]
| [[Defensive midfielder|DM]] / [[Centre midfielder|CM]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1994|7|01}}
| 23 January 2023
| 2026
| 38
| 0
| 0
| Signed from [[FC Goa]]
|-
! colspan="11" style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center;" |Attackers
|-
| 11
| align=left | [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]]
| [[Striker (association football)|ST]] /[[Right winger|RW]]/ [[Midfielder#Wide midfielder|RM]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1995|11|06}}
| 25 August 2020
| 2027
| 114
| 24
| 21
| Signed from [[FC Goa]]
|-
| 13
| align=left | [[Ningomba Engson Singh]]
| [[Left winger|LW]] / [[Right winger|RW]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|1|02}}
| 29 October 2020
| 2025
| 7
| 0
| 0
| Signed from [[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
|-
| 17
| align=left | [[Liston Colaco]]
| [[Striker (association football)|ST]] / [[Midfielder#Wide midfielder|LM]] / [[Left winger|LW]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|11|12}}
| 9 June 2021
| 2027
| 92
| 24
| 17
| Signed from [[Hyderabad FC]]
|-
| 19
| align=left | [[Ashique Kuruniyan]]
| [[Left winger|LW]] / [[Right winger|RW]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1997|6|14}}
| 20 June 2022
| 2027
| 30
| 1
| 3
| Signed from [[Bengaluru FC]]
|-
| 27
| align=left | Md. Fardin Ali Molla
| [[Striker (association football)|ST]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2002|4|10}}
| 9 November 2021
| 2025
| 16
| 1
| 2
| Signed from [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]]
|-
| 30
| align=left | [[Taison Singh]]
| [[Right winger|RW]]/[[Midfielder#Wide midfielder|RM ]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2004|08|11}}
| 2022
| 2025
| 3
| 0
| 0
| Signed from [[Indian Arrows]]
|-
| 35
| align=left | [[Jason Cummings]]
| [[Striker (association football)|ST]]/[[Second striker|SS]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1995|8|1}}
| 1 July 2023
| 2026
| 37
| 19
| 4
| Signed from [[Central Coast Mariners FC]]
|-
| 72
| align=left | [[Suhail Bhat]]
| [[Striker (association football)|ST]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2005|4|8}}
| 1 June 2023
| 2025
| 15
| 1
| 0
| Signed from [[Indian Arrows]]
|-
| 29
| align=left | [[Jamie Maclaren]]
| [[Striker (association football)|ST]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1993|7|29}}
| 22 July 2024
| 2028
| 0
| 0
| 0
| Signed from [[ Melbourne City FC]]
|}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant}}
{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Mohun Bagan Super Giant Players}}
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players| ]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant-related lists|Players]]
[[Category:Lists of footballers in India by club|Mohun Bagan Super Giant]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:Association football player non-biographical articles]]

Kadamtole Krishna Nache

2025-07-07T09:39:39Z

GeorgiannaStrand:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kadamtole Krishna Nache
| image =

| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Suman Haripriya]]
| producer = Suman Haripriya Ranajit Chakravorty
| writer =
| screenplay = Suman Haripriya
| story =
| based_on =
| narrator =
| starring = Saurabh Hazarika [[Tapan Das]] Jayanta Bhagabati [[Aimee Baruah]] Runu Devi Rupsikha
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Haripriya Production Pvt. Ltd.
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2005|09|02|df=yes}}
| runtime = 123 minutes <ref name="riff">{{cite web|url=http://www.riff.it/php/show.php?id=1071|title=R.I.F.F. - Movie Details|publisher=|accessdate=15 June 2016|archive-date=7 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307111613/http://www.riff.it/php/show.php?id=1071|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kadamtole Krishna Nache''''' (Assamese: কদমতলে কৃষ্ণ নাচে) is an [[Assamese film|Assamese]] [[drama film]] written and directed by [[Suman Haripriya]]. This film was released on 2 September 2005. This film was awarded as [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Assamese|Best Assamese Film]] in [[53rd National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/11/26/kadamtole-krishna-nache-is-pure-self-of-assam-suman-1164601057.html|title=Kadamtole Krishna Nache is pure self of Assam: Suman|date=27 November 2006|work=[[Oneindia]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Experts |first=Arihant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhrzDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Kadamtole+Krishna+Nache%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA87 |title=Know Your State Assam |date=2019-07-22 |publisher=Arihant Publications India limited |isbn=978-93-131-9708-9 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XmDcTGt5B8C&q=%22Kadamtole+Krishna+Nache%22+-wikipedia |title=Rāshtrīya Filma Puraskāra |date=2011 |publisher=Directorate of Advertising & Visual Publicity, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India for the Directorate of Film Festivals }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Aimee Baruah]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sentinel Digital |date=2023-01-06 |title=Women who Made Headlines in 2022 - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/life/women-who-made-headlines-in-2022-631799 |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=www.sentinelassam.com }}</ref>
* Saurabh Hazarika
* [[Tapan Das]]
* Jayanta Bhagabati
* Runu Devi
* Rupsikha

== Screenings ==
The film was selected for the [[Diaspora Film Festival]], in New York.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beyond Headlines |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/beyond-headlines/cid/1635721 |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=www.telegraphindia.com }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2007-09-01 |title=From India to Iraq, Biloxi to Brookly |url=https://ourtimepress.com/from-india-to-iraq-biloxi-to-brookly/ |access-date=2023-06-18 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Best Assamese Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:2000s Assamese-language films]]

{{Assamese-film-stub}}

Pithrawas

2025-05-17T21:01:35Z

GeorgiannaStrand: made new info w/ refs...

{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pithrawas
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Hindi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rewari, Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28|18|N|76|51|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Rewari
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 123101
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = HR36
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Rewari
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 1:1 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 100%
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|http://www.rewari.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-HR]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Pithrawas''' is a village in [[Khol Block of Rewari]], [[Rewari district]], [[Haryana]], India, in [[Gurgaon division]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> It is {{Convert|10|km|mi}} west of the district headquarters at [[Rewari]]. Its postal head office is at Khori.

==Adjacent villages==
*Sundroj
*Dhamlawas
*Gumina
*Bhandor
*Shahbajpura Istmurar
*Makharia
*Tint
*Harjipur
*Bohatwas Ahir
*Bawana Gujar
*Mailawas
*Khori
*Pali

{{Geographic location
|width=auto
|noicon=
|Centre = Pithrawas
|North = [[Jatusana]] tehsil
|Northeast =
|East = [[Rewari]] tehsil
|Southeast =
|South = [[Nimrana]] tehsil
|Southwest =
|West =
|Northwest =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Rewari district]]

{{Rewari-geo-stub}}

Folk music of Punjab

2025-05-08T13:38:24Z

GeorgiannaStrand:

{{Short description|none}} 
[[File:Two wandering jogis from Punjab, 1875.jpg|thumb|Two wandering jogis from Punjab, ca.1875]]{{Punjabis}}
'''Punjabi folk music''' ({{langx|pa|پنجابی لوک موسیقی}}, {{langx|pa|ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਲੋਕ ਸੰਗੀਤ}} or '''Punjabi Folk''') is the [[traditional music]] on the traditional musical instruments of the [[Punjab region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="ap">{{cite book | title=Folk music and musical instruments of Punjab | publisher=Mapin Publishers | author=Pande, Alka | year=1999 | page=[https://archive.org/details/folkmusicmusical00pand/page/128 128] | isbn=1-890206-15-6 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/folkmusicmusical00pand/page/128 }}</ref><ref name="pdlv">{{cite book | title=Punjab Da Lok Virsa | publisher=[[Punjabi University, Patiala|Punjabi University]] | author=Thind, Karnail Singh | year=2002|edition=reprint | location=[[Patiala]] | page=231 | isbn=81-7380-223-8}}</ref> There is a great repertoire of music from the time of birth through the different stages of joy and sorrow till death.<ref name="sp">{{cite web | url=http://www.sadapunjab.com/cv/Literature_On_Punjab/PUNJAB/The_Music_Of_Punjab/index0.html | title=The Music of Punjab | publisher=SadaPunjab.com | access-date=May 22, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206114609/http://www.sadapunjab.com/cv/Literature_On_Punjab/PUNJAB/The_Music_Of_Punjab/index0.html | archive-date=December 6, 2010 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The folk music invokes the traditions as well as the hardworking nature, bravery and many more things that the [[Punjabi people|people of Punjab]] get from its gateway-to-India geographical location. Due to the large area with many sub-regions, the folk music has minor lingual differences but invokes the same feelings. The sub-regions [[Bar Region|Bar]], [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa]], [[Doaba]], [[Majha]], [[Pothohar]], and hills areas, have numerous folk songs.<ref name="s">{{cite web | url=http://www.sabhyachar.com/geet.php | title=ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦੇ ਲੋਕ-ਗੀਤ | website=sabhyachar.com | language=pa | access-date=May 22, 2012 | archive-date=May 28, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528194302/http://www.sabhyachar.com/geet.php | url-status=dead }}</ref>
Punjabi dance OP [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]] music which is a genre of Punjabi modern music invented in Britain by the Punjabi diaspora.

== General features of musical style ==

=== Rhythm ===
The rhythm of Punjabi folk music is very simple.<ref name="mhi">{{cite book | title=Musical heritage of India | author=Sharma, Manorma | year=2009 | page=228}}</ref> unlike the rhythms of Bhangra music which are generally complex

=== Melody ===
Some songs like [[Heer Ranjha|Heer]] and [[Mirza Sahiban|Mirza]] are sung using the traditional compositions.

== Folk songs ==
Punjab has folk songs on birth, marriage, funeral, death, love, separation, beauty, social and economical status, village lifestyle, food, nature, bravery, folklores and folktales, folk romances, folk and historical heroes, festivals and many more.<ref name=pdlv/> The songs of professional castes of Punjab are also included in the folk songs. They can be divided into the following categories:

=== Occasion for singing ===

==== Controversy ====
Punjabi folk music is associated with a traditional lifestyle and culture. Many of the themes associated with the songs of today, which are mostly relevant in Bhangra songs, involve the promotion of the ills of Punjabi society such as the caste system and substance abuse as well as superstitious beliefs. Many revolutions in Punjab such as the Sikh revolution were in direct opposition of Punjabi folk songs.{{Citation needed|date=May 2016}}

==== Life-cycle rituals ====
A large part of Punjabi folk songs presents the picture of incidents from birth to death<ref name=s/> relations, relatives also including the songs on other occasions, festivals and fairs. The songs by women represents their soft feelings, nature, hobbies and lower social status in limited circle while the songs by men represents their freedom, strength and hardworking. The folk songs starts from the birth of a child then name ceremony, marriage, relations, relatives and much more. There are many songs on the different stages of a marriage like Suhag, Ghorhian, Sehra, Sithnian. Suhag is related to bride while Ghorhian and Sehra are related to groom. A daughter's feelings have a special place in the Punjabi folk songs in which she address to his father asking to find her a better home, good people (in-laws) and many more. By length and mood, the different kinds of songs includes Suhag,<ref name="ti">{{cite news | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20111001/ldh1.htm#8 | title=Punjab heritage comes alive on concluding day | date=October 1, 2011 | work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | access-date=May 22, 2012 | location=[[Ludhiana]]}}</ref> Ghorhian, Bolian,<ref name="ti1">{{cite news | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99may21/cth2.htm | title=Power failure hits show | date=May 21, 1999 | work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | access-date=May 22, 2012 | location=[[Chandigarh]]}}</ref> Tappe,<ref name="ti2">{{cite news | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110219/aplus.htm | title=Two plays staged | date=February 19, 2011 | work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | access-date=May 22, 2012 | location=[[Amritsar]]}}</ref> Sithnian,<ref name=sipp>{{cite book | title=Studies in Punjabi poetry | publisher=Vikas | author=Maini, Darshan Singh | year=1979 | page=158 | isbn=0-7069-0709-4}}</ref> Chhand,<ref name="hodl">{{cite book | title=History of Dogri literature | publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] | author=Shivnath | year=1976 | page=194}}</ref> Heara, Lorian, etc.<ref name=pdlv/><ref name=s/>

==== Fairs and festivals ====
Every festive occasion has music associated with it.<ref name=sp/> [[Lohri]] and [[Maghi]] are associated with the change of season while [[Vaisakhi]] is a harvest festival. Men dance [[Bhangra (dance)|Bhangra]] and women dance [[Giddha]]. The month of [[Sawan]] is one of great joy for females in which they celebrate the festival of [[Teeyan]].<ref name=sp/> The married ones come back to their parents' home and meet their family and friends and in an open ground they dance Giddha. They wear colorful dresses like [[Phulkari]], and adorn their hands with [[Mehndi]] and glass bangles.

=== Types of textual themes ===

==== Romantic ====
[[Jugni]], Mahia, [[Tappa|Tappe]], Jindua, Dhola, [[Kafi]]an, Dohre, Bolian, Sadda, Jhokan and the folk romances of [[Punjab region]] like [[Heer Ranjha]], [[Mirza Sahiban]], [[Sohni Mahiwal]], [[Sassi Punnun]] are main folk love songs.<ref name=ap/><ref name=pdlv/><ref name=sp/> Heer and Mirza are sung using traditional compositions.

==== Heroic ====
In heroic or bravery, the folk song includes about the Punjabi heroes like [[Dulla Bhatti]],<ref name="ti4">{{cite news | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120108/spectrum/main4.htm | title=Lahore's Crumbling Gateways | date=January 8, 2012 | work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | access-date=May 22, 2012}}</ref><ref name="ti5">{{cite news | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100113/aplus.htm | title='Dulla Bhatti' traces heroic deeds of folk character | date=January 13, 2010 | work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | access-date=May 22, 2012 | location=[[Amritsar]]}}</ref> [[Raja Rasalu]], [[Jagga Jatt]], [[Sardar|S.]] [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Sardar|S.]] [[Udham Singh]], Sucha Soorma<ref name="ti6">{{cite news | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jun20/sunday/head3.htm | title=The all-pervading spirit | date=January 20, 1999 | work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | access-date=May 22, 2012}}</ref> and Jeona Morh.<ref name=s/>

==== Religious ====
{{Main page|Sikh music}}
Songs about worship, religious ceremonies and festivals represents the religious feelings.

[[Sikhism]] is closely related with music.<ref name=sp/> The sixth [[Sikh guru]], [[Guru Hargobind]], established the singers called ''[[Dhadi (music)|Dhadis]]'' to sing the [[Gurbani]], ''Vaars'' (English: heroic ballads) and other folk genres using the normally two folk instruments, [[Dhadd|Dhad]] and [[Sarangi]].<ref name=sp/>

The other religions like [[Islam]] have Qawwalis, Naats and [[Hamd]]s and [[Hinduism]] have Bhajans and Punjabi have [https://web.archive.org/web/20140120001427/http://raagwap.com/ Punjabi songs].

== Instruments ==
{{main|Folk instruments of Punjab}}
{{commonscat|Folk instruments of Punjab}}
[[File:2 dhols.jpg|thumb|Two dhols]]
Punjabi singers may sing unaccompanied or along with such traditional instruments as [[dhol]], [[tumbi]], [[dhadd]], [[sarangi]], [[gharha]], [[gagar]], [[chimta]], or [[algoze]],<ref name=ap/><ref name=pdlv/><ref name=sp/> Iktara, Bugchu, Chhaine, Kainchi, Sapp, Kato.

== See also ==

*[[Punjabi language]]
*[[Music of Punjab]]
*[[Bhangra (music)]]
*[[Folk instruments of Punjab]]
*[[Folk dances of Punjab]]
*[[Punjabi people]]
*[[Punjabi folklore]]
*[[Punjabi folk religion]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
:Bedi, Sohindar Singh. 1971. ''Folklore of the Punjab.'' New Delhi: National Book Trust.
:Lybarger, Lowell H. 2011. "Hereditary Musician Groups of Pakistani Punjab." ''Journal of Punjab Studies'' 18(1/2).
:Nahar Singh. 2011. "''Suhāg'' and ''Ghoṛīāṅ'': Culture's Elucidation in a Female Voice." ''Journal of Punjab Studies'' 18(1/2).
:Nayyar, Adam. 2000. "Punjab." In ''The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Vol. 5, South Asia: The Indian Subcontinent'', ed. by Allison Arnold. New York; London: Garland.
:Nijhawan, Michael. 2006. ''Dhadi Darbar''. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
:Pande, Alka. 1999. ''Folk Music & Musical Instruments of Punjab''. Middletown, NJ: Grantha Corporation.
:Schreffler, Gibb. 2004. "Vernacular Music and Dance of Punjab." ''Journal of Punjab Studies'' 11(2).
:Schreffler, Gibb. 2011. "Music and Musicians in Punjab." ''Journal of Punjab Studies'' 18(1/2).
:Schreffler, Gibb. 2011. "Western Punjabi Song Forms: ''Māhīā'' and ''Ḍholā''." ''Journal of Punjab Studies'' 18(1/2).
:Thuhi, Hardial. 2011. "The Folk Dhadi Genre." Trans. by Gibb Schreffler. ''Journal of Punjab Studies'' 18(1/2).
:Thuhi, Hardial. 2011. "The Tumba-Algoza Ballad Tradition." Trans. by Gibb Schreffler. ''Journal of Punjab Studies'' 18(1/2).

{{Punjab, India}}
[[Category:Punjabi folk music| ]]
[[Category:Punjabi music]]
[[Category:Indian folk music|Punjab]]
[[Category:Pakistani folk music|Punjab]]

2018 Kings XI Punjab season

2025-04-11T17:50:00Z

GeorgiannaStrand: new...

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Kings XI Punjab
| season = [[2018 Indian Premier League|2018]]
| coach = [[Brad Hodge]]
| captain = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
| ground = [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| comp1 = [[2018 Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result = 7th
| most runs = [[K. L. Rahul]] (659)
| most wickets = [[Andrew Tye]] (24)
| prevseason = [[Kings XI Punjab in 2017|2017]]
| nextseason = [[Kings XI Punjab in 2019|2019]]
}}

The 2018 season was the 11th season for the [[Indian Premier League]] franchise [[Kings XI Punjab]].The team finished in 7th position and could not qualify for the playoffs.

==Offseason==

===Support staff changes===
* In December 2017, [[Brad Hodge]] was appointed head coach of the team<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21756214/brad-hodge-named-kings-xi-punjab-head-coach|title=Hodge named Kings XI Punjab's head coach|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref>
* In March 2018, [[Venkatesh Prasad]], [[Nishanta Bordoloi]] and [[Shyamal Vallabhjee]] were appointed bowling coach, fielding coach and technical coach respectively<ref name=":3">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/venkatesh-prasad-appointed-bowling-coach-at-kxip/articleshow/63156880.cms|title=Venkatesh Prasad appointed bowling coach at KXIP|work=Times of India|access-date=4 March 2018}}</ref>

===Others===
In December 2017, the franchise requested to move its home from [[Mohali]] to an alternative city. The Board of Cricket Control in India rejected the request after some members of the IPL Governing Council opposed the idea.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kings XI's plea to shift base from Mohali rejected|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/kings-xis-plea-to-shift-base-from-mohali-rejected/articleshow/62098764.cms|access-date=16 April 2018|work=Times of India}}</ref>

On 13 March 2018, Kings XI Punjab unveiled their official jersey for the season while [[Kent RO Systems]] was announced as the chief sponsor of the team in a joint press conference.<ref>{{cite news|title=IPL 2018: Kings XI Punjab unveil their new jersey|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/ipl-2018-kings-xi-punjab-unveil-their-new-jersey/19197163|access-date=16 April 2018|work=Mid Day}}</ref>

On 16 March 2018, the [[Punjab Cricket Association]] requested that the BCCI reschedule some of Kings XI Punjab's home matches as [[Chandigarh Airport]] was likely to remain shut from 12 May to 31 May due to maintenance work. The team was supposed to play four home matches at the [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium]] in Mohali from 4 May to 14 May, whereas the earlier home matches in April were scheduled to be held at [[Indore]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Punjab requests rescheduling of KXIP matches|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/punjab-requests-rescheduling-of-kxip-matches/articleshow/63325871.cms|access-date=16 April 2018|work=Times of India}}</ref> On 20 March 2018, the franchise revealed their revised schedule, with Mohali hosting the first three home matches and Indore hosting the remaining four.<ref>{{cite news|title=IPL: Kings XI announce change of home schedule Big boost for 'Khelo India'? IPL: Kings XI announce change of home schedule|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-kings-xi-announce-change-of-home-schedule/articleshow/63380786.cms|access-date=16 April 2018|work=Times of India}}</ref>

== Squad ==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!No.
!Name
!Nationality
!Birth date
!Batting style
!Bowling style
!Year signed
!Salary
!Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batsmen
|-
|5|| '''[[Aaron Finch]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1986|11|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|6.2|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|10|| '''[[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1989|6|10|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|13|| [[Akshdeep Nath]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1993|5|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1|c|-3}} ||
|-
|14|| [[Mayank Agarwal]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1991|2|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1|c|-3}} ||
|-
|45|| '''[[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1985|11|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1|c|-3}} ||
|-
|69|| '''[[Karun Nair]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1991|12|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|5.6|c|-3}} ||
|-
|333|| '''[[Chris Gayle]]''' || {{cr|JAM}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1979|9|21|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
|12|| '''[[Yuvraj Singh]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1981|12|12|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c|-3}} ||
|-
|-|| '''[[Marcus Stoinis]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1989|8|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|6.2|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|-|| '''[[Axar Patel]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1994|1|20|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|6.75|c|1}} ||
|-
|35|| [[Pardeep Sahu]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1985|8|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|62|| [[Mayank Dagar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1996|11|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|21|| [[Manzoor Dar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1993|11|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|1|| '''[[KL Rahul]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1992|4|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|11|c|1}} || Vice Captain
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Bowlers
|-
|3|| [[Ankit Rajpoot]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1993|12|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.2|c|-3}} ||
|-
|18|| '''[[Mohit Sharma]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1988|9|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.4|c|-3}} ||
|-
|23|| '''[[Ravichandran Ashwin]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1986|9|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|7.6|c|1}} || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
|-
|27|| [[Ben Dwarshuis]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1994|6|23|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.4|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|51|| '''[[Barinder Sran]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1992|12|10|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3|c|-3}} ||
|-
|68|| '''[[Andrew Tye]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1986|12|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|7.2|c|1}} || Overseas
|-
|88|| '''[[Mujeeb Ur Rahman]]''' || {{cr|AFG|2013}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|2001|3|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4|c|-3}} || Overseas
|}

==Administration and coaching staff==

* Owners - [[Ness Wadia]], [[Preity Zinta]], [[Mohit Burman]], [[Karan Paul]]
* Chief Executive Officer - Satish Menon
* Chief Operating Officer - Rajeev Khanna
* Team manager - Major Varoon Parmar
* Head of cricket operations and strategy - [[Virender Sehwag]]
* Head coach - [[Brad Hodge]]
* Assistant coach - [[Mithun Manhas]]
* Bowling coach - [[Venkatesh Prasad]]
* Fielding coach - [[Nishanta Bordoloi]]
* Strength & conditioning coach - Nishant Thakur
* Video analyst - Ashish Tuli
* Physiotherapist – Amit Tyagi

==Season==
===League table===
{{2018 Indian Premier League Points table}}

===Results===
All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match2}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match8}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match12}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match16}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match18}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match22}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match25}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match34}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match38}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match40}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match44}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match48}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match50}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match56}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Kings XI Punjab}}

[[Category:Punjab Kings seasons]]

Hōdō

2025-02-21T09:26:37Z

GeorgiannaStrand:

[[Image:houdou.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Hōdō Sennin]]

'''Hōdō''' (法道) or '''Hōdō [[Rishi|Sennin]]''' (法道仙人) was an Indian hermit and sage.

According to legend, from the 6th to 7th centuries CE, Hōdō traveled from India peninsula through Tang China and the [[Korea]]n kingdom of [[Baekje]] and eventually arrived in [[Japan]]. He is recognized as the founder of temples in the mountains of [[Harima Province]] and is associated with several ''chokugan-ji'' (勅願寺), Buddhist temples built at the request of the reigning emperor.<ref name=":0" />

Tradition holds that when Hōdō came to Japan, he was accompanied by the deity [[Gozu Tennō]] (牛頭天王; [[Sanskrit]]: ''Gośīrṣa devarāja''), who was later enshrined at [[Hiromine Shrine]] and [[Yasaka Shrine]] and is venerated in the [[Gion faith]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Faure |first=Bernard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gYOUEAAAQBAJ&dq=H%C5%8Dd%C5%8D+gozu+tenno&pg=PA307 |title=Rage and Ravage: Gods of Medieval Japan, Volume 3 |date=2021-12-31 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-8936-4 |language=en}}</ref>

While engaged in ascetic practice on [[Mount Rokkō]] at the [[Kumoga Iwa]] Rock (雲ヶ岩), Hōdō is said to have been approached by the deity [[Vaiśravaṇa]] riding on purple clouds. It was after this encounter that Hōdō built Tamon-ji in [[Hyōgo Prefecture]] to enshrine the Kumoga Iwa Rock, [[Rokkō-Hime-Daizen-no-Kami]] (六甲比命大善神), and the [[Shinkyō Iwa]] Rock.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Nihon Jinmei Daijiten (日本人名大辞典) | title = 法道 | url = http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ | accessdate = 2012-10-03 | year = 2012 | publisher = Shogakukan | location = Tokyo | language = Japanese | trans-title = Hōdō | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ | archivedate = 2007-08-25 }}</ref> [[Ashiya Dōman]] describes himself as a student of Hōdō.

==Other names==
Legend says that Hōdō would fly through the air with food and money in an iron bowl to offer to those in need, which gained him the nickname '''Hihatsu no Hōdō''' (飛鉢の法道 lit. "Flying Bowl Hōdō").

It is also said that on one occasion, he happened upon a ship carrying rice that had been paid as land tax. Hōdō asked for one bowl of rice, which the tax man refused. As a result, when Hōdō flew away, the bags of rice rose into the air and followed him. The tax man pursued the ascetic into the mountains and apologized for his miserliness. He promised to provide Hōdō with one bowl of rice for the return of his rice bags.

As the area around Ichijō-ji is known for its high-quality rice production, it is said that this originated from the bowl of rice procured by Hōdō. For this reason, he is also known as '''Kūhatsu Sennin''' (空鉢仙人, lit. "Empty Bowl Sage"), as he always gave away whatever he had obtained in his iron bowl.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ichijōji Legends |url=http://sacredjapan.com/Temple%2026/Legends26.htm |website=Saigoku Kannon Pilgrimage |accessdate=2019-07-01}}</ref>

==Affiliated temples==
[[Image:Gayain02.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Gaya-in]]

*[[Senkō-ji (Tonami)|Senkō-ji]], in [[Tonami, Toyama|Tonami]], [[Toyama Prefecture]]
*[[Kannon-Ji (Fukuchiyama)|Kannon-ji]], in [[Fukuchiyama, Kyoto|Fukuchiyama]], [[Kyoto Prefecture]]
*[[Gayain|Gaya-in]], in [[Miki, Hyōgo|Miki]], [[Hyōgo Prefecture]]
*[[Kyōkai-ji (Miki)|Kyōkai-ji]], in Miki, Hyōgo Prefecture
*[[Ichijō-ji]], in [[Kasai, Hyōgo|Kasai]], Hyōgo Prefecture
*[[Fukō-ji (Kasai)|Fukō-ji]], in Kasai, Hyōgo Prefecture
*[[Okusan-ji (Kasai)|Okusan-ji]], in Kasai, Hyōgo Prefecture

[[Image:Cyokoji01.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Chōkō-ji]]

*[[Nyoi-ji (Kōbe)|Nyoi-ji]], in [[Kobe|Kōbe]], Hyōgo Prefecture
*[[Shakubu-ji (Kōbe)|Shakubu-ji]], in Kōbe, Hyōgo Prefecture
*[[Tenjō-ji|Tōri Tenjō-ji]], in Kōbe, Hyōgo Prefecture
*[[Kinkō-ji (Kōbe)|Kinkō-ji]], in Kōbe, Hyōgo Prefecture
*[[Hōju-ji (Kōbe)|Hōju-ji]], in Kōbe, Hyōgo Prefecture
*[[Tamon-ji (Kōbe)|Tamon-ji]], in [[Kōbe]], Hyōgo Prefecture
*[[Chōkō-ji]], in [[Katō, Hyōgo|Katō]], Hyōgo Prefecture

[[Image:Tori-Tenjyoji02s2816.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Tōri Tenjō-ji]]

*[[Zenryū-ji]], in Katō, Hyōgo Prefecture
*[[Kiyomizu-dera (Katō)|Kiyomizu-dera]], in Katō, Hyōgo Prefecture
*[[Kōmyō-ji (Katō)|Kōmyō-ji]], in Katō, Hyōgo Prefecture
*[[Saihō-ji (Tamba-Sasayama)|Saihō-ji]], in [[Tamba-Sasayama]], Hyōgo Prefecture
*[[Tōkutsu-ji (Tamba-Sasayama)|Tōkutsu-ji]], in Tamba-Sasayama, Hyōgo Prefecture
*[[Sairin-ji]], in [[Nishiwaki, Hyōgo|Nishiwaki]], Hyōgo Prefecture
*[[Bodai-ji (Sanda)|Bodai-ji]], in [[Sanda, Hyōgo|Sanda]], Hyōgo Prefecture

[[Image:Nyoiji13s1890.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Nyoi-ji]]

*[[Jōshō-ji (Tanba)|Jōshō-ji]], in [[Tanba, Hyōgo|Tanba]], Hyōgo Prefecture
*[[Hōraku-ji (Kamikawa)|Hōraku-ji]], in [[Kamikawa, Hyōgo|Kamikawa]], Hyōgo Prefecture
*[[Shippō-ji (Kamikawa)|Shippō-ji]], in Kamikawa, Hyōgo Prefecture
*[[Enman-ji (Taka)|Enman-ji]], in [[Taka, Hyōgo|Taka]], Hyōgo Prefecture
*[[Hōdō-ji (Asago)|Hōdō-ji]], in [[Asago, Hyōgo|Asago]], Hyōgo Prefecture
*[[Chōkoku-ji (Kurayoshi)|Chōkoku-ji]], in [[Kurayoshi, Tottori|Kurayoshi]], [[Tottori Prefecture]]
*[[Senryū-ji (Shikokuchūō)|Senryū-ji]], in [[Shikokuchūō]], [[Ehime Prefecture]]
*[[Rakan-ji]], in [[Nakatsu, Ōita|Nakatsu]], [[Ōita Prefecture]]

==See also==
*[[Sennin]]
*[[Vaiśravaṇa]]
*[[Emperor Kōtoku]]
*[[Wakan Sansai Zue]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline|Hōdō}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hodo}}
[[Category:Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:Japanese people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:India–Japan relations]]
[[Category:Shinbutsu shūgō]]
[[Category:Gion cult]]
[[Category:Onmyōji]]

{{Gion cult}}

Mayurbhanj State Bank

2025-01-18T08:13:18Z

GeorgiannaStrand: Adding Entry

{{orphan|date=January 2025}}
{{Short description|Bank in Mayurbhanj State}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Mayurbhanj State Bank
| logo = Logo of Mayurbhanj State Bank.jpg
| native_name =
| type = [[Public sector]]
| industry = [[Banking]]
| fate = Merged with [[State Bank of India]]
| successor = [[State Bank of India]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1938|05|02|df=yes|br=yes}}
| founder = Pratap Chandra Bhanj Deo
| defunct = {{End date|df=yes|1961|05|04}}
| area_served = Mayurbhanj
| location_country = [[Baripada]]
}}
'''Mayurbhanj State Bank''' was a [[public sector]] bank that had its headquarters at [[Baripada]], [[Odisha]], [[India]].

== History ==
Pratap Chandra Bhanj Deo, the [[Maharaja]] of [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]], established the Mayurbhanj State Bank on 2 May 1938 to promote the growth of industries and commerce in [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/pchandra |title=Pratap Chandra Bhanj Deo |pages=82,85}}</ref> On 1 May 1938, an extraordinary issue of the Mayurbhanj State Gazette was published which announced the rules and regulations relating to its constitution.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQknAQAAIAAJ |title=The Feudatory and zemindari India |date=1938 |pages=508 |language=en}}</ref> These rules declared that it was to be a department of the state under the general control and direction of the state authorities.<ref name=":1" /> A provision stated that it could not go into liquidation except by the order of the ruler of [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]].<ref name=":1" /> The initial capital for the bank was provided by the state.<ref name=":0" />

It had its headquarters at [[Baripada]].<ref name=":0" /> It had two branches, one at [[Karanjia]] and the other at [[Rairangpur]].<ref name=":0" /> The total working capital and deposits of the bank were 34,00,000 rupees and 32,00,000 rupees, respectively, on 31 March 1944.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Misra |first=Surendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WB0vAAAAMAAJ |title=Growth of Commercial Banking in Orissa |date=1984 |publisher=Anu Books |pages=22, 292 |language=en}}</ref>

== Epilogue ==
After the [[Partition of India|independence of India]] in 1947, [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]] signed the [[Instrument of Accession|instrument of accession]] to join [[Dominion of India|India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramayyar |first=M. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jE4AQAAIAAJ |title=Indian Audit and Accounts Department: Its Evolution, Organisation and Functions |date=1967 |publisher=Indian Institute of Public Administration |pages=92 |language=en}}</ref> Following the merger of [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]] into [[Odisha]] in 1949 it operated for a period under the [[Government of Odisha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Nilmani Senapati |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.2971/ |title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Mayurbhanj |last2=Nabin Kumar Sahu |date=1967 |publisher=Cuttuck, Superintendent Orissa Government Press |pages=248–249,307,445–446,484}}</ref> It was merged with the [[State Bank of India]] on 4 May 1961.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Directorate of Printing |first=Government of India |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1961.537/ |title=Gazette of India, 1961, No. 537 |date=1961-05-13 |pages=1034}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Department |first=Orissa (India) Finance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VgyOpHxxJwQC |title=White Paper on Departmental Activities, Government of Orissa |date=1959 |pages=15,16–29 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Banking in India]]
* [[List of banks that have merged to form the State Bank of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Banking in India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mayurbhanj State Bank}}
[[Category:Banks established in 1938]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1938 ]]
[[Category:Defunct banks of India]]
[[Category:History of banking]]
[[Category:Banks of India]]
[[Category:Banks established in the 20th century]]

Hazrat Nizamuddin (disambiguation)

2024-12-22T22:02:04Z

GeorgiannaStrand:

'''Hazrat Nizamuddin''' or '''[[Nizamuddin Auliya]]''' (1238–1325) was a Sufi saint of India from Delhi.

'''Hazrat Nizamuddin''' may also refer to these places associated with him:
* [[Nizamuddin Dargah]], his dargah (mausoleum) in Delhi
** [[Hazrat Nizamuddin Ki Baoli]], a baoli (stepwell)
* [[Nizamuddin East]], a neighbourhood in Delhi
** [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station]], a railway station in Delhi in the Nizamuddin locality
* [[Nizamuddin West]], a neighbourhood in Delhi
* [[Hazrat Nizamuddin metro station]], of the Delhi metro
* [[Sarai Kale Khan Nizamuddin metro station]], of the Delhi metro

==See also==
*[[Nizam al-Din (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation|geo}}

Sarai Kale Khan (disambiguation)

2024-12-22T22:00:15Z

GeorgiannaStrand:

'''[[Sarai Kale Khan]]''', officially known as '''Birsa Munda Chowk''', is a village in Delhi, India.

The term may also refer to:

* [[Sarai Kale Khan Inter-State Bus Terminus]], a bus terminal complex in Delhi
* [[Sarai Kale Khan Nizamuddin metro station]], a metro station in Delhi
* [[Sarai Kale Khan RRTS station]], an upcoming RapidX's Delhi–Meerut RRTS station

{{dab}}

Jagaddal railway station

2024-09-11T01:08:53Z

GeorgiannaStrand: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Jagaddal
| other_name =
| style = Kolkata Suburban Railway
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] station
| image = Jagaddal railway station on Sealda main line 05.jpg
| image_caption = Jagaddal railway station
| address = [[Jagatdal]], [[North 24 Parganas district]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.851460|88.395368|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|14|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| line = [[Sealdah–Ranaghat line]] of [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]
| platform = 4
| tracks = 4
| other =
| accessible =
| bicycle = Not available
| depth =
| levels =
| parking = Not available
| structure = Standard on ground station
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = JGDL
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = [[Sealdah railway division|Sealdah]]
}}
| status = Functional
| closed =
| former = [[Eastern Bengal Railway]]
| opened = {{Start date and age|1950}}
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1963–{{Start date and age|1965}}
| passengers =
| mpassengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_dot_label = Jagaddal
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kolkata Suburban Railway|line=Eastern|left=Shyamnagar|right=Kankinara|to-left=Sealdah|to-right=Ranaghat Junction|type=[[Sealdah–Ranaghat line|Main line]]}}
| route_map = {{Sealdah–Ranaghat line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Jagaddal railway station''' is the railway station on [[Sealdah–Ranaghat line]] of [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]. It is situated at the town of [[Jagatdal]]. It serves the local areas of Jagatdal in [[North 24 Parganas district]], [[West Bengal]], India.

==History==
The Sealdah–Kusthia line of the [[Eastern Bengal Railway]] was opened to railway traffic in the year 1862.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html|title =IR History: Early days (1832–1865) | publisher=IRFCA | access-date = 2 May 2013}}</ref> Eastern Bengal Railway used to work only on the eastern side of the [[Hooghly River]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Eastern_Bengal_Railway |title =Eastern Bengal Railway | publisher=fibis | access-date = 2 May 2013}}</ref>

==Station complex==
The platform is not very well sheltered. It has many facilities including water and sanitation. There is no proper approach road to this station.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/8297|title=JGDL/Jagaddal railway station| website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

==Electrification==
The Sealdah–Ranaghat sector was electrified in 1963–65.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html |title = History of Electrification | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 5 May 2013}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{commons category|Jagaddal railway station}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/Northern fringes}}

{{Railway stations in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1950]]
[[Category:Sealdah railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Transport in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Suburban Railway stations]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Dangs Darbar

2024-07-25T00:03:57Z

GeorgiannaStrand: adding initial details from scratch - done

{{Infobox recurring event
|native_name = ''Dangs Darbas''
|native_name_lang = hi
|image =
|alt =
|caption =
|status = 
|genre = Cultural and religious festival
|date = March or April
|begins =
|ends =
|frequency = Annual
|location = Ahwa, [[Dang district, India]], [[Gujarat]]
|coordinates =
|country = [[India]]
|participants =
|attendance =
|url=
|activity =
}}

'''Dangs Darbar''' is a fair organized during the [[Holi]] festival in Ahwa, the headquarters of [[The Dangs district|Dangs district]] of [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. Five old Dang Darbars are given ''shirpav'' ([[pension]]) by the government in Dangs Darbar. At the Dang Darbar, traditionally held in the Dang area, tribal people performed their dances and music and it was celebrated as a festival.<ref name="Vyas">{{cite book|title=ગુજરાતની અસ્મિતા|last=Vyas|first=Rajni|publisher=Akshar Publication|year=2012|edition=5th|location=[[Ahmedabad]]|page=14}}</ref>

==Time==
Dangs Darbar is a three-day cultural festival held each year celebrated with [[Holi]].

==Place==
The fair is organized at [[Ahwa]] in [[Dang district, India|Dangs district]], Gujarat, which is located in the [[Saputara|Saputara hills]] of [[India]].<ref name="z">{{cite book|title=ગુજરાતના લોકોત્સવો અને મેળા|last=Kalariya|first=Ashok|publisher=Directorate of Information/ GujaratState|year=2019–20|isbn=|volume=|location=[[Gandhinagar]]|pages=54–55}}</ref>

==History==
The Holi is an important festival in the Dangs Aadiwasi region. The administration of [[Dang district, India|Dangs district]] was ruled by kings and chief till 1942, in the same year the forest belts of Dangs district were handed over to the [[United Kingdom|British]]. The amount to be given to the aadiwasi Bhil kings and chiefs as a right of lease and then in the form of annual annuity was given every year to the Bhil kings, chiefs, their friends, police patels, courtiers by filling the Dang Darbar.<ref name="z"/>

On the day of Dangs Darbar, the tribesmen go to the Ganges to worship ''Nag Devta''([[snakes]]).

==Significance==
Many tribals from Ahwa used to gather in the court and settle their grievances, the process is still going on but today the tribal king of Dangs sits, but the grievances are redressed by the [[district collector]].<ref name="z"/> The fair is organized by the district authorities and is attended by Dang Darbars, hence it is known as Dangs Darbar.<ref name="A">{{cite book|title=ગુજરાતની લોકસંસ્કૃતિ|last=Sedani|first=Hasutaben Shashikant|publisher=University Granth Nirman Board - [[Gujarat]]|year=2015|isbn=97-89-381265-97-0|location=[[Ahmedabad]]|pages=89–90}}</ref>

Tribal dances are the main attraction of this festival.<ref name="A"/> Various groups present their [[dance]], instrumental and musical arts and perform music with instruments like ''Kahalia'' and ''Tadpur''. Pilgrims from home and abroad come to enjoy the tribal culture at this fair.<ref name="z"/> On the last day of the festival, the tribesmen light a Holi fire and sprinkle colored water on the community present.<ref name="A"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Festivals in Gujarat]]

Pradeep Lariya

2024-06-03T20:29:24Z

GeorgiannaStrand: made first details w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
'''Pradeep Lariya''' (born 1966) is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. He is an MLA of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Naryoli Assembly constituency]] of [[Sagar district]] for four terms from 2008 to the present.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2024 |title=Naryoli, Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Naryoli सीट पर BJP प्रत्याशीEr. Pradeep Lariya की जीत |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/naryoli-madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830179-2023-12-03 |website=Aaj Tak}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2023 |title=Naryoli Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp के Er. Pradeep Lariya की हुई जीत, Bsp के Latori Prasad Suryavanshi रहें दूसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/naryoli-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-bsp-aap-mp-assembly-election-results-news-2550856 |website=ABP News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pradeep Lariya(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- NARYAWALI(SAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/mp2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=695 |website=My Neta}}</ref>

In [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], he defeated Surendra Choudhary of [[Indian National Congress]] by 14,412 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2024 |title=Naryoli Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Er. Pradeep Lariya wins Naryoli with 88202 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/naryoli-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470407-2023-12-03 |website=India Today}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lariya, Pradeep}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:1966 births]]

2020 Bengaluru Open – Singles

2024-05-21T12:43:42Z

GeorgiannaStrand: Created Some Pg W/ Refs.

{{morefootnotes|date=July 2022}}
{{Notability|Sports|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox tennis tournament event|2020|Bengaluru Open|
| champ = {{flagicon|AUS}} [[James Duckworth (tennis)|James Duckworth]]
| runner = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Benjamin Bonzi]]
| score = 6–4, 6–4
| edition =
| type = singles doubles
| before_year = 2018
| after_year = 2022
}}

{{main article|2020 Bengaluru Open}}

[[Prajnesh Gunneswaran]] was the defending champion<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/tennis/bengaluru-open-2018-prajnesh-gunneswaran-defeats-saketh-myneni-second-150000-challenger-davis-cup/article25527707.ece|title=Prajnesh Gunneswaran wins Bengaluru Open 2018|first=N.|last=Sudarshan|website=Sportstar|date=17 November 2018 }}</ref> but lost in the third round to [[Benjamin Bonzi]].

[[James Duckworth (tennis)|James Duckworth]] won the title after defeating Bonzi 6–4, 6–4 in the final round.

==Seeds==
All [[seed (tennis)|seeds]] receive a [[bye (tennis)|bye]] into the second round.
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|LTU}} [[Ričardas Berankis]] ''(withdrew)''
# {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Stefano Travaglia]] ''(semifinals)''
# {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yūichi Sugita]] ''(quarterfinals)''
# {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[James Duckworth (tennis)|James Duckworth]] (champion)'''
# {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Jiří Veselý]] ''(withdrew)''
# {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Evgeny Donskoy]] ''(second round)''
# {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prajnesh Gunneswaran]] ''(third round)''
# {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sumit Nagal]] ''(third round)''
# {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Thomas Fabbiano]] ''(quarterfinals)''
# {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Zhizhen]] ''(second round)''
# {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Blaž Rola]] ''(quarterfinals)''
# {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nikola Milojević (tennis)|Nikola Milojević]] ''(second round)''
# {{flagicon|BLR}} [[Ilya Ivashka]] ''(quarterfinals)''
# {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Mohamed Safwat]] ''(third round)''
# {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Kimmer Coppejans]] ''(second round)''
# {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Lukáš Rosol]] ''(second round)''
# {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan]] ''(third round)''
}}

==Draw==
{{Draw key}}

===Finals===
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=Quarterfinals
| RD2=Semifinals
| RD3=Final

| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=13
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|BLR}} [[Ilya Ivashka]]
| RD1-score1-1=64
| RD1-score1-2='''77'''
| RD1-score1-3=4
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Julian Ocleppo]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''77'''
| RD1-score2-2=63
| RD1-score2-3='''6'''

| RD1-seed3=4
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[James Duckworth (tennis)|James Duckworth]]'''
| RD1-score3-1=65
| RD1-score3-2='''6'''
| RD1-score3-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed4=9
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Thomas Fabbiano]]
| RD1-score4-1='''77'''
| RD1-score4-2=0
| RD1-score4-3=2

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Benjamin Bonzi]]'''
| RD1-score5-1=65
| RD1-score5-2='''7'''
| RD1-score5-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed6=3
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yūichi Sugita]]
| RD1-score6-1='''77'''
| RD1-score6-2=5
| RD1-score6-3=4

| RD1-seed7=11
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|SLO}} [[Blaž Rola]]
| RD1-score7-1=4
| RD1-score7-2='''6'''
| RD1-score7-3=2
| RD1-seed8=2
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Stefano Travaglia]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''6'''
| RD1-score8-2=4
| RD1-score8-3='''6'''

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Julian Ocleppo]]
| RD2-score1-1=3
| RD2-score1-2=2
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=4
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[James Duckworth (tennis)|James Duckworth]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''6'''
| RD2-score2-2='''6'''
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Benjamin Bonzi]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''6'''
| RD2-score3-2='''6'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=2
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Stefano Travaglia]]
| RD2-score4-1=3
| RD2-score4-2=4
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=4
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[James Duckworth (tennis)|James Duckworth]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''6'''
| RD3-score1-2='''6'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Benjamin Bonzi]]
| RD3-score2-1=4
| RD3-score2-2=4
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

===Top half===

====Section 1====
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3-Byes
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Third round
| RD4=Quarterfinals

| RD1-seed03=
| RD1-team03={{flagicon|GER}} [[Daniel Masur|D Masur]]
| RD1-score03-1=5
| RD1-score03-2=3
| RD1-score03-3=
| RD1-seed04=Q
| RD1-team04='''{{flagicon|IND}} Abhinav Sanjeev Shanmugam'''
| RD1-score04-1='''7'''
| RD1-score04-2='''6'''
| RD1-score04-3=

| RD1-seed05=
| RD1-team05={{flagicon|SLO}} [[Blaž Kavčič|B Kavčič]]
| RD1-score05-1='''6'''
| RD1-score05-2=3
| RD1-score05-3=4
| RD1-seed06=
| RD1-team06='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sasikumar Mukund|S Mukund]]'''
| RD1-score06-1=2
| RD1-score06-2='''6'''
| RD1-score06-3='''6'''

| RD1-seed11=Q
| RD1-team11={{flagicon|IND}} [[Anirudh Chandrasekar|A Chandrasekar]]
| RD1-score11-1=2
| RD1-score11-2=1
| RD1-score11-3=
| RD1-seed12=
| RD1-team12='''{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Julian Ocleppo|J Ocleppo]]'''
| RD1-score12-1='''6'''
| RD1-score12-2='''6'''
| RD1-score12-3=

| RD1-seed13=
| RD1-team13='''{{flagicon|IND}} Sidharth Rawat'''
| RD1-score13-1=3
| RD1-score13-2='''77'''
| RD1-score13-3='''77'''
| RD1-seed14=
| RD1-team14={{flagicon|CRO}} [[Borna Gojo|B Gojo]]
| RD1-score14-1='''6'''
| RD1-score14-2=63
| RD1-score14-3=63

| RD2-seed01=17
| RD2-team01='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan|R Ramanathan]]'''
| RD2-score01-1='''6'''
| RD2-score01-2='''6'''
| RD2-score01-3=
| RD2-seed02=Q
| RD2-team02={{flagicon|IND}} AS Shanmugam
| RD2-score02-1=1
| RD2-score02-2=3
| RD2-score02-3=

| RD2-seed03=
| RD2-team03={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sasikumar Mukund|S Mukund]]
| RD2-score03-1=5
| RD2-score03-2=3
| RD2-score03-3=
| RD2-seed04=13
| RD2-team04='''{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Ilya Ivashka|I Ivashka]]'''
| RD2-score04-1='''7'''
| RD2-score04-2='''6'''
| RD2-score04-3=

| RD2-seed05=10
| RD2-team05={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Zhizhen|Zh Zhang]]
| RD2-score05-1=1
| RD2-score05-2=3
| RD2-score05-3=
| RD2-seed06=
| RD2-team06='''{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Julian Ocleppo|J Ocleppo]]'''
| RD2-score06-1='''6'''
| RD2-score06-2='''6'''
| RD2-score06-3=

| RD2-seed07=
| RD2-team07='''{{flagicon|IND}} S Rawat'''
| RD2-score07-1='''6'''
| RD2-score07-2='''6'''
| RD2-score07-3=
| RD2-seed08=LL
| RD2-team08={{flagicon|IND}} Rishi Reddy
| RD2-score08-1=2
| RD2-score08-2=2
| RD2-score08-3=

| RD3-seed01=17
| RD3-team01={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan|R Ramanathan]]
| RD3-score01-1=62
| RD3-score01-2=1
| RD3-score01-3=
| RD3-seed02=13
| RD3-team02='''{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Ilya Ivashka|I Ivashka]]'''
| RD3-score02-1='''77'''
| RD3-score02-2='''6'''
| RD3-score02-3=

| RD3-seed03=
| RD3-team03='''{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Julian Ocleppo|J Ocleppo]]'''
| RD3-score03-1='''7'''
| RD3-score03-2='''6'''
| RD3-score03-3=
| RD3-seed04=
| RD3-team04={{flagicon|IND}} S Rawat
| RD3-score04-1=5
| RD3-score04-2=4
| RD3-score04-3=

| RD4-seed01=13
| RD4-team01={{flagicon|BLR}} [[Ilya Ivashka|I Ivashka]]
| RD4-score01-1=64
| RD4-score01-2='''77'''
| RD4-score01-3=4
| RD4-seed02=
| RD4-team02='''{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Julian Ocleppo|J Ocleppo]]'''
| RD4-score02-1='''77'''
| RD4-score02-2=63
| RD4-score02-3='''6'''
}}

====Section 2====
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3-Byes
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Third round
| RD4=Quarterfinals

| RD1-seed03=WC
| RD1-team03={{flagicon|IND}} [[S D Prajwal Dev|SDP Dev]]
| RD1-score03-1=2
| RD1-score03-2=1
| RD1-score03-3=
| RD1-seed04=
| RD1-team04='''{{flagicon|UZB}} [[Khumoyun Sultanov|K Sultanov]]'''
| RD1-score04-1='''6'''
| RD1-score04-2='''6'''
| RD1-score04-3=

| RD1-seed05=
| RD1-team05={{flagicon|EGY}} [[Karim-Mohamed Maamoun|K-M Maamoun]]
| RD1-score05-1=1
| RD1-score05-2='''6'''
| RD1-score05-3=0
| RD1-seed06=
| RD1-team06='''{{flagicon|POR}} [[Frederico Ferreira Silva|F Ferreira Silva]]'''
| RD1-score06-1='''6'''
| RD1-score06-2=3
| RD1-score06-3='''6'''

| RD1-seed11=
| RD1-team11='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Laurent Lokoli|L Lokoli]]'''
| RD1-score11-1='''6'''
| RD1-score11-2='''77'''
| RD1-score11-3=
| RD1-seed12=
| RD1-team12={{flagicon|CZE}} [[Adam Pavlásek|A Pavlásek]]
| RD1-score12-1=3
| RD1-score12-2=64
| RD1-score12-3=

| RD1-seed13=
| RD1-team13={{flagicon|RUS}} [[Aslan Karatsev|A Karatsev]]
| RD1-score13-1=3
| RD1-score13-2=3
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14=
| RD1-team14='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni|S Myneni]]'''
| RD1-score14-1='''6'''
| RD1-score14-2='''6'''
| RD1-score14-3=

| RD2-seed01=4
| RD2-team01='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[James Duckworth (tennis)|J Duckworth]]'''
| RD2-score01-1='''6'''
| RD2-score01-2='''77'''
| RD2-score01-3=
| RD2-seed02=
| RD2-team02={{flagicon|UZB}} [[Khumoyun Sultanov|K Sultanov]]
| RD2-score02-1=4
| RD2-score02-2=65
| RD2-score02-3=

| RD2-seed03=
| RD2-team03='''{{flagicon|POR}} [[Frederico Ferreira Silva|F Ferreira Silva]]'''
| RD2-score03-1='''6'''
| RD2-score03-2=3
| RD2-score03-3='''7'''
| RD2-seed04=15
| RD2-team04={{flagicon|BEL}} [[Kimmer Coppejans|K Coppejans]]
| RD2-score04-1=3
| RD2-score04-2='''6'''
| RD2-score04-3=5

| RD2-seed05=9
| RD2-team05='''{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Thomas Fabbiano|T Fabbiano]]'''
| RD2-score05-1='''6'''
| RD2-score05-2=2
| RD2-score05-3='''6'''
| RD2-seed06=
| RD2-team06={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Laurent Lokoli|L Lokoli]]
| RD2-score06-1=3
| RD2-score06-2='''6'''
| RD2-score06-3=1

| RD2-seed07=
| RD2-team07='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni|S Myneni]]'''
| RD2-score07-1='''6'''
| RD2-score07-2='''6'''
| RD2-score07-3=
| RD2-seed08=6
| RD2-team08={{flagicon|RUS}} [[Evgeny Donskoy|E Donskoy]]
| RD2-score08-1=3
| RD2-score08-2=3
| RD2-score08-3=

| RD3-seed01=4
| RD3-team01='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[James Duckworth (tennis)|J Duckworth]]'''
| RD3-score01-1='''711'''
| RD3-score01-2='''6'''
| RD3-score01-3=
| RD3-seed02=
| RD3-team02={{flagicon|POR}} [[Frederico Ferreira Silva|F Ferreira Silva]]
| RD3-score02-1=69
| RD3-score02-2=1
| RD3-score02-3=

| RD3-seed03=9
| RD3-team03='''{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Thomas Fabbiano|T Fabbiano]]'''
| RD3-score03-1='''6'''
| RD3-score03-2=5
| RD3-score03-3='''6'''
| RD3-seed04=
| RD3-team04={{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni|S Myneni]]
| RD3-score04-1=4
| RD3-score04-2='''7'''
| RD3-score04-3=2

| RD4-seed01=4
| RD4-team01='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[James Duckworth (tennis)|J Duckworth]]'''
| RD4-score01-1=65
| RD4-score01-2='''6'''
| RD4-score01-3='''6'''
| RD4-seed02=9
| RD4-team02={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Thomas Fabbiano|T Fabbiano]]
| RD4-score02-1='''77'''
| RD4-score02-2=0
| RD4-score02-3=2
}}

===Bottom half===

====Section 3====
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3-Byes
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Third round
| RD4=Quarterfinals

| RD1-seed03=
| RD1-team03={{flagicon|RUS}} [[Bogdan Bobrov|B Bobrov]]
| RD1-score03-1=2
| RD1-score03-2=3
| RD1-score03-3=
| RD1-seed04=Alt
| RD1-team04='''{{flagicon|GER}} [[Sebastian Fanselow|S Fanselow]]'''
| RD1-score04-1='''6'''
| RD1-score04-2='''6'''
| RD1-score04-3=

| RD1-seed05=Alt
| RD1-team05={{flagicon|IND}} Manish Sureshkumar
| RD1-score05-1=2
| RD1-score05-2=3
| RD1-score05-3=
| RD1-seed06=
| RD1-team06='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Benjamin Bonzi|B Bonzi]]'''
| RD1-score06-1='''6'''
| RD1-score06-2='''6'''
| RD1-score06-3=

| RD1-seed11=WC
| RD1-team11='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha|N Kaliyanda Poonacha]]'''
| RD1-score11-1='''6'''
| RD1-score11-2=65
| RD1-score11-3='''77'''
| RD1-seed12=WC
| RD1-team12={{flagicon|IND}} Adil Kalyanpur
| RD1-score12-1=4
| RD1-score12-2='''77'''
| RD1-score12-3=64

| RD1-seed13=
| RD1-team13='''{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Václav Šafránek|V Šafránek]]'''
| RD1-score13-1='''77'''
| RD1-score13-2='''7'''
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14=
| RD1-team14={{flagicon|ITA}} Fabrizio Ornago
| RD1-score14-1=65
| RD1-score14-2=5
| RD1-score14-3=

| RD2-seed01=7
| RD2-team01='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prajnesh Gunneswaran|P Gunneswaran]]'''
| RD2-score01-1='''6'''
| RD2-score01-2=4
| RD2-score01-3='''6'''
| RD2-seed02=Alt
| RD2-team02={{flagicon|GER}} [[Sebastian Fanselow|S Fanselow]]
| RD2-score02-1=2
| RD2-score02-2='''6'''
| RD2-score02-3=4

| RD2-seed03=
| RD2-team03='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Benjamin Bonzi|B Bonzi]]'''
| RD2-score03-1='''6'''
| RD2-score03-2='''6'''
| RD2-score03-3=
| RD2-seed04=12
| RD2-team04={{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nikola Milojević (tennis)|N Milojević]]
| RD2-score04-1=4
| RD2-score04-2=1
| RD2-score04-3=

| RD2-seed05=16
| RD2-team05={{flagicon|CZE}} [[Lukáš Rosol|L Rosol]]
| RD2-score05-1=4
| RD2-score05-2='''6'''
| RD2-score05-3=3
| RD2-seed06=WC
| RD2-team06='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha|N Kaliyanda Poonacha]]'''
| RD2-score06-1='''6'''
| RD2-score06-2=2
| RD2-score06-3='''6'''

| RD2-seed07=
| RD2-team07={{flagicon|CZE}} [[Václav Šafránek|V Šafránek]]
| RD2-score07-1=4
| RD2-score07-2=3
| RD2-score07-3=
| RD2-seed08=3
| RD2-team08='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yūichi Sugita|Y Sugita]]'''
| RD2-score08-1='''6'''
| RD2-score08-2='''6'''
| RD2-score08-3=

| RD3-seed01=7
| RD3-team01={{flagicon|IND}} [[Prajnesh Gunneswaran|P Gunneswaran]]
| RD3-score01-1=65
| RD3-score01-2=0
| RD3-score01-3=
| RD3-seed02=
| RD3-team02='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Benjamin Bonzi|B Bonzi]]'''
| RD3-score02-1='''77'''
| RD3-score02-2='''6'''
| RD3-score02-3=

| RD3-seed03=WC
| RD3-team03={{flagicon|IND}} [[Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha|N Kaliyanda Poonacha]]
| RD3-score03-1=5
| RD3-score03-2=3
| RD3-score03-3=
| RD3-seed04=3
| RD3-team04='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yūichi Sugita|Y Sugita]]'''
| RD3-score04-1='''7'''
| RD3-score04-2='''6'''
| RD3-score04-3=

| RD4-seed01=
| RD4-team01='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Benjamin Bonzi|B Bonzi]]'''
| RD4-score01-1=65
| RD4-score01-2='''7'''
| RD4-score01-3='''6'''
| RD4-seed02=3
| RD4-team02={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yūichi Sugita|Y Sugita]]
| RD4-score02-1='''77'''
| RD4-score02-2=5
| RD4-score02-3=4
}}

====Section 4====
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3-Byes
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Third round
| RD4=Quarterfinals

| RD1-seed03=WC
| RD1-team03={{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Kadhe|A Kadhe]]
| RD1-score03-1=2
| RD1-score03-2=65
| RD1-score03-3=
| RD1-seed04=
| RD1-team04='''{{flagicon|TUN}} [[Malek Jaziri|M Jaziri]]'''
| RD1-score04-1='''6'''
| RD1-score04-2='''77'''
| RD1-score04-3=

| RD1-seed05=
| RD1-team05='''{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Vladyslav Orlov|V Orlov]]'''
| RD1-score05-1='''6'''
| RD1-score05-2='''6'''
| RD1-score05-3=
| RD1-seed06=WC
| RD1-team06={{flagicon|IND}} Suraj Prabodh
| RD1-score06-1=2
| RD1-score06-2=2
| RD1-score06-3=

| RD1-seed11=
| RD1-team11='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Matthew Ebden|M Ebden]]'''
| RD1-score11-1='''6'''
| RD1-score11-2=4
| RD1-score11-3='''77'''
| RD1-seed12=
| RD1-team12={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yang Tsung-hua|T-h Yang]]
| RD1-score12-1=0
| RD1-score12-2='''6'''
| RD1-score12-3=62

| RD1-seed13=
| RD1-team13='''{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Filippo Baldi|F Baldi]]'''
| RD1-score13-1='''6'''
| RD1-score13-2='''7'''
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14=
| RD1-team14={{flagicon|RUS}} [[Evgeny Karlovskiy|E Karlovskiy]]
| RD1-score14-1=2
| RD1-score14-2=5
| RD1-score14-3=

| RD2-seed01=8
| RD2-team01='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sumit Nagal|S Nagal]]'''
| RD2-score01-1='''6'''
| RD2-score01-2='''6'''
| RD2-score01-3=
| RD2-seed02=
| RD2-team02={{flagicon|TUN}} [[Malek Jaziri|M Jaziri]]
| RD2-score02-1=0
| RD2-score02-2=4
| RD2-score02-3=

| RD2-seed03=
| RD2-team03={{flagicon|UKR}} [[Vladyslav Orlov|V Orlov]]
| RD2-score03-1=5
| RD2-score03-2=3
| RD2-score03-3=
| RD2-seed04=11
| RD2-team04='''{{flagicon|SLO}} [[Blaž Rola|B Rola]]'''
| RD2-score04-1='''7'''
| RD2-score04-2='''6'''
| RD2-score04-3=

| RD2-seed05=14
| RD2-team05='''{{flagicon|EGY}} [[Mohamed Safwat|M Safwat]]'''
| RD2-score05-1='''77'''
| RD2-score05-2=61
| RD2-score05-3='''7'''
| RD2-seed06=
| RD2-team06={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Matthew Ebden|M Ebden]]
| RD2-score06-1=65
| RD2-score06-2='''77'''
| RD2-score06-3=5

| RD2-seed07=
| RD2-team07={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Filippo Baldi|F Baldi]]
| RD2-score07-1=2
| RD2-score07-2=1
| RD2-score07-3=
| RD2-seed08=2
| RD2-team08='''{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Stefano Travaglia|S Travaglia]]'''
| RD2-score08-1='''6'''
| RD2-score08-2='''6'''
| RD2-score08-3=

| RD3-seed01=8
| RD3-team01={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sumit Nagal|S Nagal]]
| RD3-score01-1=3
| RD3-score01-2=3
| RD3-score01-3=
| RD3-seed02=11
| RD3-team02='''{{flagicon|SLO}} [[Blaž Rola|B Rola]]'''
| RD3-score02-1='''6'''
| RD3-score02-2='''6'''
| RD3-score02-3=

| RD3-seed03=14
| RD3-team03={{flagicon|EGY}} [[Mohamed Safwat|M Safwat]]
| RD3-score03-1=2
| RD3-score03-2=65
| RD3-score03-3=
| RD3-seed04=2
| RD3-team04='''{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Stefano Travaglia|S Travaglia]]'''
| RD3-score04-1='''6'''
| RD3-score04-2='''77'''
| RD3-score04-3=

| RD4-seed01=11
| RD4-team01={{flagicon|SLO}} [[Blaž Rola|B Rola]]
| RD4-score01-1=4
| RD4-score01-2='''6'''
| RD4-score01-3=2
| RD4-seed02=2
| RD4-team02='''{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Stefano Travaglia|S Travaglia]]'''
| RD4-score02-1='''6'''
| RD4-score02-2=4
| RD4-score02-3='''6'''
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.protennislive.com/posting/2020/7808/mds.pdf Main draw]
*[http://www.protennislive.com/posting/2020/7808/qs.pdf Qualifying draw]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengaluru Open - Singles, 2020}}
[[Category:2020 ATP Challenger Tour]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Open|2020 Singles]]

Dauri, Uttar Pradesh

2024-03-10T21:04:09Z

GeorgiannaStrand: adding initial info w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{other uses|Dauri}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dauri
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Kotla block Dauri.png
| map_caption = Map showing Dauri in Kotla block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.28476|N|78.3626|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.805
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1395
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dauri''' ({{IAST|Ḍorī}}) is a village in [[Kotla, Firozabad|Kotla]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. As of 2011, it had a population of 1,395, in 273 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Dauri had a population of 1,395, in 273 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|95}} This population was 52.4% male (731) and 47.6% female (664). The 0-6 age group numbered 221 (112 male and 109 female), making up 15.8% of the total population. 475 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 34.1% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|98–9}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Dauri (as "Dori") as having a population of 610 people (339 male and 271 female), in 95 households and 89 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|186–7}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Dauri (as "Dori") as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 369 people (214 male and 155 female), in 57 households and 34 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 199 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xc}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Dauri had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|95–100}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Bhama Kalapam (2022 film)

2023-06-24T20:44:37Z

GeorgiannaStrand: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Bhamakalapam (film)]]

GNUnify

2023-05-21T12:08:22Z

GeorgiannaStrand: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Symbiosis International University#GNUnify]]