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Kissa Court Kachehari Ka

2026-05-06T22:46:16Z

GeorgiannaN07: new details

{{Short description|2026 Hindi-language film by Rajnish Jaiswal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kissa Court Kachehari Ka
| image =
| caption =
| director = Rajnish Jaiswal
| producer = Arun Kumar
| studio = Lovely Films Pvt. Ltd.
| distributor = [[Panorama Studios]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Rajesh Sharma_(actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]|[[Brijendra Kala]]|[[Neelu Kohli]]}}
| music = [[Pravesh Mallick]]
| cinematography = Dharmendra Biswas
| editing =
| runtime = 119 Minutes
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2026|03|13}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/hoppers-to-kissa-court-kachehari-ka-films-to-watch-in-theatres-this-week-aa-ws-l-9950212.html|title=Hoppers to Kissa Court Kachehari Ka, Films to watch in theatres this week|work=www.news18.com|author=[[News 18]]|date=9 March 2026|access-date=9 March 2026}}</ref>
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
}}

'''Kissa Court Kachehari Ka''' ([[English language|English]]: ''The Courtroom Tale'') is a 2026 [[India]]n [[Hindi-language]] courtroom drama film directed by Rajnish Jaiswal and produced by Arun Kumar. The film stars [[Rajesh Sharma_(actor)|Rajesh Sharma]], [[Brijendra Kala]] and [[Neelu Kohli]]. It was released in theatres on 13 March 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kissa Court Kacheharu Ka reminders of him Anthony solo miyo movies releasing on 13 March 2026|url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/kissa-court-kachehari-ka-reminders-of-him-anthony-solo-miyo-movies-releasing-on-13-march-2026-3096116 |publisher=ABP Live |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kissa Court Kachahri Ka Legal Drama Set for Nationwide Release in 300 Cinemas|url=https://www.oneindia.com/partner-content/kissa-court-kachahri-ka-release-date-300-cinemas-011-8017429.html|website=[[Oneindia]]|date=5 March 2026|access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/news/the-film-kissa-court-kacheri-ka-is-a-story-of-justice-and-struggle-dbp-137402788.html|title=The film Kissa Court Kachehari ka is a story of justice and struggle|work=www.bhaskar.com|author=Bhaskar|access-date=11 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/entertainment/trailer-launch-of-film-kissa-court-kacheri-ka-in-patna-bihar-news-brs26031101444|title=Trailer launch of film Kissa Court Kachehari Ka in Patna Bihar|work=www.etvbharat.com|author=ETV Bharat|access-date=12 March 2026|date=11 March 2026}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film follows a courtroom case that brings together individuals from different social backgrounds as they struggle for justice within the Indian legal system. The narrative revolves around a legal battle that unfolds through a series of hearings, revealing the complexities of the judicial process and the emotional toll it takes on those involved.

As the case progresses, the story highlights themes of truth, accountability and the delays that often characterize court proceedings. Through the experiences of the characters, the film attempts to portray the human side of the legal system and the challenges faced by ordinary citizens seeking justice.

== Cast ==
* [[Rajesh_Sharma_(actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]
* [[Brijendra Kala]]
* [[Neelu Kohli]]
* Sushil Chandrabhan Parasar
* [[Anju Jadhav]]
* Lokesh Tilakdhari
* Krishna Singh Bisht
* Avanaya Kumari
* Nandini Singh Rajput

== Production ==
Media reports have described the film as a courtroom-based drama focusing on themes related to the Indian legal system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kissa Court Kachahari Ka trailer launch, Film exposes Indian legal system |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bollywood-kissa-court-kachahari-ka-trailer-launch-film-exposes-indian-legal-system-layers-detail-inside-ws-kl-10183403.html |publisher=News18 Hindi |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref> The film was shot primarily on location in [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Many artists from Meerut will shine on the silver screen, the trailer of Kissa Court Kachehari ka launched |url=https://www.amarujala.com/video/uttar-pradesh/meerut/video-many-artists-from-meerut-will-shine-on-the-silver-screen-the-trailer-of-the-movie-kissa-court-kacheri-ka-was-promoted-2026-03-01 |publisher=Amar Ujala |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>The film is produced by Lovely Films Pvt. Ltd. and is associated with [[Panorama Studios|Panorama Studios International Ltd]]. for distribution and release.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kissa Court Kachahari Ka new courtroom drama to hit theatres starring Rajesh Sharma and Brijendra Kala by Rajnish Jaiswal|url=https://www.indiatv.in/entertainment/bollywood/kissa-court-kachahari-ka-new-courtroom-drama-to-hit-theatres-starring-rajesh-sharma-and-brijendra-kala-directed-by-rajnish-jaiswal-2026-02-14-1197782 |publisher=India TV |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was released theatrically on 13 March 2026 in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Movies releasing on 13 March 2026 along-with Kissa Court Kachehari Ka|url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/kissa-court-kachehari-ka-reminders-of-him-anthony-solo-miyo-movies-releasing-on-13-march-2026-3096116 |publisher=ABP Live |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/meerut/kithore/news/kissa-court-kachahri-ka-film-release-meerut-promotion-137321894.html|title=Kissa Court Kachehari Ka promotion in Meerut|work=www.bhaskar.com|author=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref> The trailer was released in February 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kissa Court Kachehari Ka trailer: release date, cast and details |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2026/kissa-court-kachehari-ka-trailer-release-date-full-cast-storyline-all-you-need-to-know-about-bri-502553.html |publisher=Filmibeat |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kissa Court Kachehari Ka
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Pravesh Mallick]]
| released = 27 February 2026
| recorded =
| genre = Feature film soundtrack
| length =
| language =
| label = [[Panorama Studios|Panorama Music]]
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|KflczrHs_Jk|Song (''Sawariya'')}}
}}
}}

The film's music is composed by [[Pravesh Mallick]]. The song "Sawariya" was released on 27 February 2026 and is sung by ''Neha Priyadarshini'' and [[Pravesh Mallick]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sawariya song from movie Kissa Court Kachehari Ka, sung by Pravesh Mallick & Neha Priyadarshini |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-songs/sawariya-song-kissa-court-kachehari-ka-pravesh-mallick-neha-priyadarshini/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |publisher=Bollywood Hungama News Network |date=27 February 2026 |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sawariya
| extra1 = Neha Priyadarshini; [[Pravesh Mallick]]
| music1 = [[Pravesh Mallick]]
| lyrics1 = [[Pravesh Mallick]]
| length1 = 03:08
}}

==Reception==
Following its release, the film received mixed to positive responses from critics.

A reviewer from [[India TV]] described the film as a serious courtroom drama that attempts to highlight the harsh realities of the judicial system and the struggles faced by ordinary people navigating legal battles, while also noting the performances of [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] and [[Brijendra Kala]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kissa Court Kacheri Ka Review: Harsh truth of courtroom film gives voice to the cries buried beneath files|url=https://www.indiatv.in/entertainment/movie-review/kissa-court-kachehari-ka-review-harsh-truth-of-courtrooms-film-gives-voice-to-the-cries-buried-beneath-files-1214|website=[[India TV]]|access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref>

[[News18 India|News18 Hindi]] wrote that the film attempts to present the human side of the legal system and focuses on the emotional and social dimensions of courtroom proceedings, highlighting the performances of the lead cast in conveying the narrative's themes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Film Review Kissa Court Kachehari Ka review in Hindi ratings analysis opinion Rajesh Sharma|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/film-review-kissa-court-kachehari-ka-review-in-hindi-ratings-analysis-opinion-rajesh-sharma-movie-ws-n-10266750.html|website=[[News18 India|News18 Hindi]]|access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref>

[[Lokmat]] noted that the film presents a heartfelt courtroom narrative and attempts to portray the realities of the judicial process while exploring the emotional impact of legal conflicts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kissa Court Kachehari Ka review; Heart touching film redefines courtroom drama wholesome hits right notes|url=https://www.lokmatnews.in/bollywood/kissa-court-kachahari-review-kissa-heart-touching-film-redefines-courtroom-drama-wholesome-hits-right-notes-b507/|website=[[Lokmat]]|access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref>

''Film Information'' critic [[Komal Nahta]] described the film as a courtroom drama that attempts to highlight issues within the judicial system but noted that the narrative moves at a slow pace and may struggle to engage a wider audience.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kissa Court Kachehari Ka Review|url=https://filminformation.com/reviews/kissa-court-kachehari-ka-review-13-march-2026/|website=Film Information|author=[[Komal Nahta]]|access-date=15 March 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt27618953}}
* {{YouTube|mHibSz1llTE|Official Trailer}}
* [https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ahmedabad/kissa-court-kachehari-ka/ET00490304 ''Kissa Court Kachehari Ka'' at BookMyShow]

[[Category:Indian legal drama films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020s legal drama films]]
[[Category:2026 drama films]]

{{India-film-stub}}

Do Deewane Seher Mein

2026-05-04T17:31:32Z

GeorgiannaN07: starting a info basic info

{{Short description|2026 Indian film by Ravi Udyawar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{distinguish|Do Deewaane Sheher Mein}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Do Deewane Seher Mein
| image = DDSM_Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = Ravi Udyawar
| writer = Abhiruchi Chand
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
* Prerna Singh
* Umesh Kumar Bansal
* Bharat Kumar Ranga
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Siddhant Chaturvedi]]
* [[Mrunal Thakur]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Kaushal Shah
| editing = Monisha Baldawa
| music = {{Plainlist|
* [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
* [[Sachin-Jigar|White Noise Collectives]]
* [[Shreyas Puranik]]
* [[Jaidev]]
* [[Jackie Vanjari]]
}}
| studio = [[Zee Studios]] Rancorp Media Bhansali Productions Ravi Udyawar Media
| distributor = [[Pen Studios|Pen Marudhar]]
| released = {{Film date|2026|2|20|df=y}}
| runtime = 137 minutes<ref>{{cite web |access-date=20 February 2026 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Mrunal Thakur's 'b***s' dialogue silenced TWICE by CBFC in Do Deewane Seher Mein|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-mrunal-thakurs-bs-dialogue-silenced-twice-cbfc-deewane-seher-mein/|website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = ₹30–50 [[crore]]<ref>{{cite web| title = Do Deewane Seher Mein Budget | url = https://ndtv.in/bollywood/assi-box-office-collection-day-1-taapsee-pannu-film-opening-day-collection-loses-to-do-deewane-seher-mein-first-day-collection-11116263| date = 20 February 2026 | website = [[NDTV]] | language = hindi | access-date = 25 February 2026}} </ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} ₹9.68 [[crore]]<ref name="bo">{{Cite web| title = Do Deewane Seher Mein box office collection | date = 20 February 2026 | url = https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/deewane-seher-mein/box-office/| access-date = 21 February 2026 | website = [[Bollywood Hungama]] | language = en |quote=The performance of Do Deewane Seher Mein was Flop.}}</ref>
}}
'''''Do Deewane Seher Mein''''' ({{Translation|Two lovers in the city}}) is a 2026 [[India]]n [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language [[Romance film|romantic drama film]] written by Abhiruchi Chand and directed by Ravi Udyawar. The film is produced by [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Sanjay Leela Bhansali announces Valentines' Day release for Do Deewane Seher Mein starring Siddhant Chaturvedi and Mrunal Thakur - watch teaser |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/bollywood/sanjay-leela-bhansali-announces-valentines-day-release-for-do-deewane-seher-mein-starring-siddhant-chaturvedi-and-mrunal-thakur-watch-teaser-article-13689742.html |access-date=26 November 2025 |work=[[Moneycontrol]]}}</ref> Prerna Singh, Umesh Kumar Bansal, and Bharat Kumar Ranga under the [[Zee Studios]], Rancorp Media and Bhansali Productions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dhanush Reacts To Announcement Of Mrunal Thakur's Next 'Do Deewane Seher Mein' Amid Dating Rumours |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/dhanush-reacts-to-announcement-of-mrunal-thakurs-next-do-deewane-seher-mein-amid-dating-rumours-ws-kl-9726430.html |access-date=26 November 2025 |work=[[News18]]}}</ref> It stars [[Siddhant Chaturvedi]] and [[Mrunal Thakur]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite news |title='Do Deewane Seher Mein': First-look poster of Siddhant Chaturvedi, Mrunal Thakur's old-school romance out - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/do-deewane-seher-mein-first-look-poster-of-siddhant-chaturvedi-mrunal-thakurs-old-school-romance-out-19769553.htm |access-date=26 November 2025 |work=[[CNBCTV18]] |date=22 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released theatrically on 20 February 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Release Date for Do Deewane Seher Mein: Siddhant Chaturvedi and Mrunal Thakur Share a Kiss in the Teaser of Sanjay Leela Bhansali's Production |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/sanjay-leela-bhansali-do-deewane-seher-mein-film-release-article-153186219 |access-date=26 November 2025 |work=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Do Deewane Seher Mein': Siddhant Chaturvedi and Mrunal Thakur to star in Bhansali-backed romance drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/siddhant-chaturvedi-sanjay-leela-bhansali-mrunal-thakur-do-deewane-seher-mein/article70307049.ece |access-date=26 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 November 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews from critics. The film was a [[box office flop]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Hungama Do Deewane Seher Mein collection |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/deewane-seher-mein/box-office/}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Shashank Sharma and Roshni Srivastava are perfect to the world but are battling inner imperfections, struggling with self-confidence through their lives. Shashank is scared of delivering speeches during presentations due to a speech impediment, preventing him from keeping up with his marketing job. On the other hand, Roshni feels underconfident due to her dusky complexion and the shape of her nose. She keeps rejecting marriage proposals.

One fine day, Shashank and Roshni meet in an arranged marriage setup. Initially, she refuses to marry Shashank, but he falls in love with her. Out of curiosity, he keeps visiting her workplace to find out the reason behind her refusal. After seeing his efforts, Roshni tells Shashank she refused to marry him because she feels she is not good-looking.

Shashank confesses his love to Roshni and tells her that he loves her the way she is. They eventually start dating each other but don’t inform their parents about it. Shashank’s father forces him to meet a girl, Sonia, for marriage. He goes to meet her without informing Roshni about it. Roshni eventually catches them at a cafe. Shashank tries to explain his side to Roshni by saying that he had already informed Sonia about their relationship. But Roshni refuses to listen to him and breaks ties with her.

Later, Roshni sees Shashank’s holiday reels on social media and decides to meet him. They bury their hatchets and reunite. During their courtship after engagement, they discover each other’s issues and decide to help overcome them. However, Roshni gets upset with Shashank when he asks her to remove the spectacles, as she looks good without them.

Eventually, Roshni's sister Naina tells her that her boyfriend judged her over her looks, but Shashank is different. He has accepted Roshni the way she is. Roshni realises her mistake and goes to reconcile with Shashank. On the other hand, Shashank has made up his mind to resign from his job, as he was asked to give a presentation on stage.

Roshni motivates him and asks him to overcome his fear. In the climax, Roshni removes her spectacles and goes to see Shashank’s presentation. Everyone applauds his efforts. They confess love to each other and get married.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Siddhant Chaturvedi]] as Shashank Sharma
* [[Mrunal Thakur]] as Roshni Shrivastava
* [[Ila Arun]] as Swati Rastogi
* [[Joy Sengupta]] as Adarsh Shrivastava
* [[Ayesha Raza Mishra|Ayesha Raza]] as Kusum Shrivastava
* Inesh Kotian as Bittu
* [[Sandeepa Dhar]] as Naina
* [[Deepraj Rana]] as Deepak Sharma
* [[Mona Ambegaonkar]] as Sudha Sharma
* [[Achint Kaur]] as Mandy
* [[Naveen Kaushik]] as Shekhar
* Ajay Raju as Security Guard (at Roshni's office)
* Viraj Ghelani
}}

== Production ==
=== Development and casting ===
The film was produced by [[Zee Studios]] and directed by Amritpal Singh Bindra. The project was initially conceived as a contemporary take on urban isolation in [[Mumbai]]. In early 2025, it was announced that the lead roles would be played by an ensemble cast featuring rising stars from the independent film circuit alongside established actors.<ref>{{cite news |title=Zee Studios announces new urban drama 'Do Deewane Shehar Mein' |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=15 March 2025 |access-date=2026-01-30}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Principal photography began in May 2025. The film was shot extensively on location in [[Mumbai]] and [[Navi Mumbai]] to capture the "gritty yet neon" aesthetic required for the narrative. Key locations included the [[Bandra-Worli Sea Link]] and various corporate hubs in [[Bandra Kurla Complex]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Behind the scenes of Do Deewane Shehar Mein |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in |publisher=Film Companion |date=10 August 2025 |access-date=2026-01-30}}</ref>

The cinematography, handled by Sylvester Fonseca, utilized the [[Arri Alexa]] 35 camera system to achieve a high dynamic range for the film's many night sequences. The production design was intentionally minimalist to reflect the emotional state of the lead characters.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Cinematography Trends in 2026 |journal=American Cinematographer |date=January 2026 |volume=107 |issue=1}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Do Deewane Seher Mein
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]], [[Sachin-Jigar|White Noise Collectives]], [[Shreyas Puranik]], [[Jaidev]] and [[Jackie Vanjari]]
| released = 10 February 2026
| recorded = 2025
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 17:20
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Saregama]]
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|iM_VJ8pKoVQ&|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}}}

The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]], [[Sachin-Jigar|White Noise Collectives]], [[Shreyas Puranik]], [[Jaidev]] and [[Jackie Vanjari]], with lyrics written by Abhiruchi Chand, [[Priya Saraiya]], [[Kumaar]] and [[Gulzar]]. The music was described as a blend of "Lo-fi beats and contemporary Indian folk," designed to appeal to Gen Z audiences.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sachin-Jigar talk about the unique soundscape of Do Deewane Shehar Mein |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 December 2025}}</ref>

The first single "Aasma Aasma" was released on 22 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2026 |title=Siddhant Chaturvedi drops adorable BTS pics from 'Aasma' song sets; says "Aasman never looked so bright"|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/siddhant-chaturvedi-drops-adorable-bts-pics-aasma-song-sets-says-aasman-never-looked-bright/|access-date=25 January 2026 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

The song “Do Deewane Seher Mein,” was taken from 1977 film “[[Gharaonda]]”, sung by [[Runa Laila]], [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)|Bhupinder Singh]], composed by [[Jaidev]], [[Jackie Vanjari]], with lyrics by [[Gulzar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2026 |title=Deewane Seher Mein,' Produced by Sanjay Leela Bhansali and Zee Studios, Unveils Teaser|url=https://variety.com/2026/film/news/siddhant-chaturvedi-do-deewane-seher-mein-teaser-1236634159/|access-date=23 February 2026 |work=Variety}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 17:20
| title1 = Aasma Aasma
| extra1 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]], [[Neeti Mohan]]
| lyrics1 = Abhiruchi Chand
| music1 = [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
| length1 = 3:38
| title2 = Tera Mera Saath
| extra2 = [[Sumedha Karmahe]], [[Tushar Joshi]]
| lyrics2 = [[Priya Saraiya]]
| music2 = [[Sachin-Jigar|White Noise Collectives]]
| length2 = 4:02
| title3 = Wajah Bewajah
| extra3 = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
| lyrics3 = [[Kumaar]]
| music3 = [[Shreyas Puranik]]
| length3 = 4:12
| title4 = Do Deewane Seher Mein – Title Track
| extra4 = [[Sonu Nigam]], Aishwarya Bhandari
| lyrics4 = [[Kumaar]]
| music4 = Shreyas Puranik
| length4 = 2:57
| title5 = Do Deewane Sheher Mein - Reprised
| extra5 = [[Runa Laila]], [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)|Bhupinder Singh]]
| lyrics5 = [[Gulzar]]
| music5 = [[Jaidev]], [[Jackie Vanjari]]
| length5 = 2:41
}}

==Marketing==

The film's date announcement was made on 21 November 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Siddhant Chaturvedi, Mrunal Thakur to star in romantic-drama Do Deewane Seher Mein |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Nov/21/siddhant-chaturvedi-mrunal-thakur-to-star-in-romantic-drama-do-deewane-seher-mein |access-date=26 November 2025 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=21 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Do Deewane Seher Mein {{!}} Date Announcement {{!}} In Cinemas 20th February 2026 {{!}} Video Trailer - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-promos/do-deewane-seher-mein-date-announcement-in-cinemas-20th-february-2026/ |access-date=26 November 2025 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Release==

The film was theatrical release on 20 February 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title='Do Deewane Seher Mein': Siddhant Chaturvedi and Mrunal Thakur starrer unveils FIRST teaser; fans gush over Sanjay Leela Bhansali's 'imperfectly perfect' love story - Watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/do-deewane-seher-mein-siddhant-chaturvedi-and-mrunal-thakur-starrer-unveils-first-teaser-fans-gush-over-sanjay-leela-bhansalis-imperfectly-perfect-love-story-watch/articleshow/125479910.cms |access-date=26 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 November 2025}}</ref>
=== Home media ===
The post-theatrical digital and satellite rights were acquired by [[Netflix]]. It premiered on Netflix on April 17, 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Do Deewane Seher Mein Netflix release |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/do-deewane-seher-mein-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-mrunal-thakur-siddhant-chaturvedis-film-10038900.html}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Amit Bhatia of [[ABP News]] gave the movie 3.5/5 stars saying "Siddhant Chaturvedi and Mrunal Thakur shine as a "perfectly imperfect" pair in the film", while also prasing the acting of others and also writing "he writing is engaging and relatable, making it easy to connect with the characters. The direction is effective, though a slightly tighter screenplay could have made the film even better."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatia |first=Amit |date=2026-02-20 |title=Do Deewane Seher Mein Review: Siddhant-Mrunal's Cute, Relatable Love Story Where Imperfections Win |url=https://news.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/do-deewane-seher-mein-review-siddhant-mrunal-s-cute-relatable-love-story-where-imperfections-win-1827985 |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref> Ronak Katecha of [[The Times of India]] gave the film 3.5/5 stars, praising it, calling the story and portrayal of Mumbai as refreshing and wrote "Overall, Do Deewane Seher Mein doesn’t break new ground or provoke dramatic emotional highs, but it tenderly explores two individuals navigating their personal battles with insecurity and self-worth. What it does is, it quietly mirrors truths you already recognise — about yourself and about the people around you".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Do Deewane Seher Mein Movie Review: A grounded love story that grows on you |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/do-deewane-seher-mein/movie-review/128594464.cms |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Sana Farzeen of [[India Today]] gave the film 3/5 stars and wrote that explores a love story rooted in imperfections and emotional scars and "Performance-wise, Siddhant Chaturvedi and Mrunal Thakur carry the film with sincerity. Siddhant captures Shashank’s internalised insecurity with subtle restraint, while Mrunal brings quiet fragility to Roshni. Their chemistry feels organic." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Farzeen |first=Sana |date=2026-02-20 |title=Do Deewane Seher Mein review: Siddhant-Mrunal's love story celebrates imperfections |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/do-deewane-seher-mein-review-siddhant-chaturvedi-mrunal-thakur-imperfect-love-story-2871510-2026-02-20 |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 1.5 stars out of 5 and writes that "Siddhant Chaturvedi, Mrunal Thakur film makes you wonder how how can you expect passion in a film where the censors have excised ridiculous numbers of words from the mouths of adults?"<ref>{{cite web|first=Shubhra|last=Gupta|title=Do Deewane Seher Mein movie review: Siddhant Chaturvedi, Mrunal Thakur film just doesn't have enought deewanapan|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/do-deewane-seher-mein-movie-review-siddhant-chaturvedi-mrunal-thakur-film-just-doesnt-have-enought-deewanapan-10542623/|date=20 February 2026|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
Radhika Sharma of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated it 2/5 stars and said that "And, for a film preaching about self-acceptance, Do Deewane Seher Mein can't even use expletives, with terms like boobs muted out."<ref>{{cite web|first=Radhika|last=Sharma|title=Do Deewane Seher Mein Review: Mrunal Thakur And Siddhant Chaturvedi's Urban Romance Goes Nowhere|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/do-deewane-seher-mein-review-mrunal-thakur-and-siddhant-chaturvedis-urban-romance-goes-nowhere-2-stars-11112324|date=20 February 2026|website=NDTV}}</ref>

Lachmi Deb Roy of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and said that "Do Deewane Seher Mein at the end makes you believe that small budget movies can be entertaining too. And if you have ever been in love and your partner has loved you the way you are, this is a film that you will resonate with."<ref>{{cite web|first=Roy|last=Lachmi Deb|title='Do Deewane Seher Mein' Movie Review: Siddhant Chaturvedi and Mrunal Thakur's film is indeed a love story to remember|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/do-deewane-seher-mein-movie-review-siddhant-chaturvedi-and-mrunal-thakurs-film-is-indeed-a-love-story-to-remember-13981934.html|date=20 February 2026|website=Firstpost}}</ref>
Nandini Ramnath if ''[[Scroll.in]]'' observed that "It’s the kind of film that might puzzle the spectacles-wearing public that hasn’t had a problem finding partners."<ref>{{cite web|first=Ramnath|last=Nandini|title=Review: 'Do Deewane Seher Mein' has neither direction nor purpose|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1090872/review-do-deewane-seher-mein-has-neither-direction-nor-purpose|date=20 February 2026|website=Scroll.in}}</ref>

Arpita Sarkar of ''[[OTT Play]]'' rated it 3/5 stars and said that "Do Deewane Seher Mein is a gentle, emotionally aware romance that chooses vulnerability over spectacle. In a cinematic landscape dominated by action and high drama, it dares to slow down and sit with insecurities, hesitations, and self-doubt. The film does not present love as a dramatic rescue mission, but rather as a silent process of unlearning and acceptance."<ref>{{cite web|first=Sarkar|last=Arpita|title=Do Deewane Seher Mein Review: Siddhant Chaturvedi and Mrunal Thakur anchor a love story that asks you to pause and embrace imperfections|url=https://www.ottplay.com/amp/review/do-deewane-seher-mein-review-siddhant-chaturvedi-and-mrunal-thakur-anchor-a-love-story-that-asks-you-to-pause-and-embrace-imperfections/867c5cb31e445|date=20 February 2026|website=OTT Play}}</ref>
Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said that "Siddhant Chaturvedi and Mrunal Thakur fail to rise above flimsy conflicts in this plodding romantic drama, devoid of passion."<ref>{{cite web|first=Kumar|last=Anuj|title='Do Deewane Seher Mein' movie review: A reluctant nod to imperfect love|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/do-deewane-seher-mein-movie-review-siddhant-chaturvedi-mrunal-thakur-reluctant-nod-to-imperfect-love/article70656161.ece|date=20 February 2026|website=The Hindu}}</ref>

''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'''s critics gave 2.5/5 stars and writes that "DO DEEWANE SEHER MEIN is like a breath of fresh air. However, limited awareness and an ineffective soundtrack have resulted in minimal buzz."<ref>{{cite web|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|title=Do Deewane Seher Mein Movie Review: Despite minimal buzz DO DEEWANE SEHER MEIN is like a breath of fresh air.e|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/deewane-seher-mein/critic-review/deewane-seher-mein-movie-review/despite-minimal-buzz-do-deewane-seher-mein-is-like-a-breath-of-fresh-air/|date=20 February 2026|website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt31226272}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|deewane-seher-mein}}

{{Sanjay Leela Bhansali}}

[[Category:Hindi-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films set in 1990]]
[[Category:Films set in 2025]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sachin–Jigar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
[[Category:Pen Studios films]]
[[Category:2020s romantic drama films]]

Shamir Tandon

2026-04-28T09:56:12Z

GeorgiannaN07: created basic pg w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian music composer and director}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shamir Tandon
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| other_names = Shameer Tandon
| module =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Composer]]|[[Music director]]}}
| years_active = 2003–present
| website = [https://www.shamirtandon.com www.shamirtandon.com]
}}

'''Shamir Tandon''' is an Indian music composer and director who works in Indian cinema.<ref>{{cite news|title=SHAMIR TANDON
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Shamir-Tandon|work=[[Times of india|Times of India]]}}</ref> He made his debut as a Music Director with [[Raveena Tandon]]'s '[[Stumped (film)|Stumped]]' in 2003.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Shamir Tandon now wants fun films|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/shamir-tandon-now-wants-fun-films/story-UVniDDsj0qloU7Yhupj7FM.html|date=22 May 2008|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> He is known for the movies like [[Page 3 (film)|Page 3]], [[Traffic Signal (film)|Traffic Signal]], [[Inkaar (2013 film)|Inkaar]], [[Bal Ganesh]], [[Mission Istaanbul]] and [[Corporate (2006 film)|Corporate]]. He has made singers like [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Jagjit Singh]] and [[Manna Dey]] sing to his tunes.<ref name=":0" /> He also written and composed music for [[Sachin Tendulkar]]'s singing debut in 2017 with the 'Cricket Wali Beat' song in collaboration with singer [[Sonu Nigam]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Music director Shamir Tandon shares experience working with Cricket legend Sachin Tendulkar in 'Cricket Wali Beat' song|url=https://theprint.in/feature/music-director-shamir-tandon-shares-experience-working-with-cricket-legend-sachin-tendulkar-in-cricket-wali-beat-song/1581913/|date=18 May 2023|work=[[ThePrint|theprint]].in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Music director Shamir Tandon shares experience working with Cricket legend Sachin Tendulkar in 'Cricket Wali Beat' song|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/out-of-box/music-director-shamir-tandon-shares-experience-working-with-cricket-legend-sachin-tendulkar-in-cricket-wali-beat-song20230518191823/|date=18 May 2023|work=[[ANI News]]}}</ref> He is also the founding managing director at 'Music Boutique'<ref>{{cite web | title=ARTIST, CURATOR CONSULTANT FOUNDER MD - MUSIC BOUTIQUE| url=https://www.brandsandentertainment.com/shameer-tandon/|website=www.brandsandentertainment.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=JetSynthesys' Music Boutique New Single 'Dhadkane' By Sufi-Pop Singer Ustad Rahat Fateh Ali Khan Features The Beautiful City Of Los Angeles|url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/jetsynthesys-music-boutique-new-single-dhadkane-by-sufi-pop-singer-ustad-rahat-fateh-ali-khan-features-the-beautiful-city-of-los-angeles/|date=11 December 2018|website=www.koimoi.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Change perceptions towards transgenders: 6 Pack Band curator Shameer Tandon|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/change-perceptions-towards-transgenders-6-pack-band-curator-shameer-tandon-2908698/|date=13 July 2016|work=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> He has created an anti-piracy song titled 'Salaami ho jaye' to spread awareness about intellectual property rights which was released on the occasion of World Intellectual Day.<ref name="auto2">{{cite news|title=Shamir Tandon set to launch anti-piracy song|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shamir-tandon-set-to-launch-anti-piracy-song/story-AR0JecI6oHh5NMs2LC0ozO.html|date=26 April 2012|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Shamir Tandon was born into a middle-class Hindu family located in Mumbai, Maharashtra and lost his parents early in life. He completed his cost accountancy and MBA and then entered the corporate world where he last worked for [[EMI Virgin|EMI Virgin Group]].<ref>{{cite web|title=In conversation with Shamir Tandon – Score Short Reads|url=https://highonscore.com/in-conversation-with-shamir-tandon-score-short-reads/|date=4 August 2021|website=www.highonscore.com}}</ref>

== Career ==
Shamir Tandon with an MBA in Cost Accounting from Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies started his career as a merchant banker with firms like Kotak Mahindra and then Birla Global which was then followed by a couple of years at Plus Channel.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|title=Bollywood throws up interesting storylines|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/bollywood-throws-up-interesting-storylines/articleshow/5213657.cms?from=mdr|date=10 November 2009|work=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web | title=SHAMIR TANDON: MAKING MUSIC & INNOVATIONS!|url=https://thedailyeye.info/thought-box/shamir-tandon-making-music-innovations/d5ab0ff2135080e3|date=20 June 2023|website=www.thedailyeye.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Interview - 20 Jun 2009 17:10 - By AnitaIyer. Shamir Tandon - "I feel let down as my songs are never played in autos or night clubs because they lack fast tempo"|url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/just-talk/shamir-tandon-i-feel-let-down-my-songs-are-never-played-autos-or-night-clubs-because-they-la|date=20 June 2009|website=www.radioandmusic.com}}</ref>

He then joined Virgin EMI, as a marketing manager where he played a key role in marketing and distributing global acts like The Beatles, Pink Floyd, Frank Sinatra to Norah Jones, Robbie Williams and Kylie Minogue.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web | title=A Rendezvous with Music Maestro Shamir Tandon | url=http://www.khabarexpress.com/news/Interview/A-Rendezvous-with-Music-Maestro-Shamir-Tandon/news_16827.html |date=14 March 2008 | website=www.khabarexpress.com}}</ref>

Tandon was involved in coordinating performances of internationally acclaimed bands such as Deep Purple, Rolling Stones, MLTR, and Richard Clayderman in India. Over the course of his nine-year tenure, he progressed from the position of Marketing Manager to the CEO of Virgin EMI Indian Subcontinent.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite news|title=What's wrong with India's music industry?|url=https://www.rediff.com/money/special/spec/20050905.htm|date=5 September 2005|website=www.[[rediff.com]]}}</ref>

Tandon is the founder and managing director of a brand solutions company called Music Boutique.<ref>{{cite news | title= SHAMIR TANDON'S ENTERTAINMENT & MUSIC BOUTIQUE PRIVATE LIMITED| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/shamir-tandons-entertainment-music-boutique-private-limited/U22300MH2010PTC210502|website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

Tandon also collaborated with [[Spotify]] for a podcast titled "De Taali -
Life of a Transgender", which was the number one podcast on Spotify globally within a
week of its release and remained the same for almost four months.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|title=6 Pack Band curator and composer Shamir Tandon looks back on their journey this pride month|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2023/jun/23/6-pack-band-curator-and-composer-shamir-tandon-looksback-on-the-journey-this-pride-month-50269.html|date=23 June 2023|work=[[Indulge Express]]}}</ref>

Tandon has composed over 150 commercial jingles for prominent companies including Ambuja Cement, Idea, Big Bazaar, ICICI, Pepsi, Samsonite, SBI, LIC, Airtel, LG and JK Tyre.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite news|title=A Rendezvous with Music Maestro Shamir Tandon|url=http://www.khabarexpress.com/news/Interview/A-Rendezvous-with-Music-Maestro-Shamir-Tandon/news_16827.html|date=14 March 2008|website=www.khabarexpress.com}}</ref>

Shamir curated the world's first transgender band, 6 Pack Band. The band was launched by Sonu Nigam. Apart from him, the band has also collaborated with stars like Shah Rukh Khan, Arjun Kapoor, Hrithik Roshan, and Rahat Fateh Ali Khan.<ref>{{cite news|title=A new voice, a new beginning|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/A-new-voice-a-new-beginning/article14393255.ece|date=15 September 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The band’s goal for acceptance was also met internationally when they won the Cannes Grand Prix Glass Lion Award in 2016, while also becoming the first-ever South Asian band to perform on the stage of the Cannes Lions International Festival Of Creativity in 2017.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite news| title=Turning stigma to success| url=https://www.asianage.com/life/more-features/030319/turning-stigma-to-success.html|date=3 March 2019|work=[[The Asian Age|Asian Age]]}}</ref>

Shamir went on to curate the 'isspeshal' 6 Pack
Band 2.0 consists of children with special needs in the mental health space. The collaborations included celebrities such Rani Mukherji, Tiger Shroff, Mika Singh, Vishal Dadlani, Neha Kakkar & other celebrities including Maniesh Paul, Divyanka Tripathi, Nakuul Mehta, Rithvik Dhanjani, Rannvijay Singha, Anusha Dandekar. Chef Sanjeev Kapoor, Karan Kundra & RJ Malishka.<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite news|title=Karan Johar introduces India's first 'isspeshal' music band: 6-Pack Band 2.0|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/karan-johar-introduces-india-s-first-isspeshal-music-band-6-pack-band-2-0/story-K6ok0NOJXAWv53lSOEaOaK.html|date=27 April 2018|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

== Music experience ==

Shamir Tandon entered Bollywood with the film ''[[Page 3 (film)|Page 3]]''. He composed music for Madhur Bhandarkar's acclaimed movies ''Corporate'' and ''[[Traffic Signal (film)|Traffic Signal]]''.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite news|title=Sayali Bhagat does Chandni Bar style item number in Jail|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/sayali-bhagat-does-chandni-bar-style-item-number-in-jail/|date=13 August 2009|work=[[The Indian Express|Indian Express]]}}</ref>
Tandon collaborated with [[Shemaroo Entertainment|Shemaroo]] for the ''[[Bal Ganesh]]'' series <ref name="Hat Trick!">{{cite news|title=Hat Trick!|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/hat-trick/|date=20 September 2009|work=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> and worked with [[Sudhir Mishra]] on ''[[Inkaar (2013 film)|Inkaar]]'' and the recent film ''[[Afwaah]]''.<ref name="auto1">{{cite news|title=There's paradigm shift in Hindi film music: Music composer Shamir Tandon|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/theres-paradigm-shift-in-hindi-film-music-music-composer-shamir-tandon-1503193899.html|date=26 June 2023|work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref>

His collaborations include filmmakers such as [[Balaji Telefilms|Balaji]] for ''Ragini MMS'', UTV Disney for ''Pizza'', Ashtvinayak for ''Superstar'', [[Sony Pictures]] for ''[[Piku]]'', [[Viacom18 Studios|Viacom 18]] for [[Inkaar (2013 film)|Inkaar]], Sangeet Sivan for ''Click'', Sanjay Gupta for ''[[Acid Factory]]'', Percept Sahara for ''Jail'', [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] for ''[[My Friend Pinto]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shamir Tandon bats for Sanjay Bhansa|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/10244375.cms|date=6 October 2012|work=[[The Times of India|Times of India]]}}</ref>

His non-film music work includes a composition for Asha Bhosale's album ''Asha and Friends'' released in 2006 which also featured the vocals of [[Sanjay Dutt]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Encore!|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/encore/articleshow/15669575.cms|date=3 January 2007|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]}}</ref> [[Urmila Matondkar]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Hall of Frame|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/hall-of-frame/articleshow/15672953.cms|date=14 January 2007|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]}}</ref> [[Brett Lee|Bret Lee]] etc.<ref name="In tune with Asha">{{cite news|title=In tune with Asha|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070113/saturday/audio.htm|work=[[Tribune India]]}}</ref> Tandon did a composition of a popular cricket-themed song, featuring the voice of Sachin Tendulkar & Sonu Nigam.<ref name="The Print">{{cite news|title=Music director Shamir Tandon shares experience working with Cricket legend Sachin Tendulkar in 'Cricket Wali Beat' song|url=https://theprint.in/feature/music-director-shamir-tandon-shares-experience-working-with-cricket-legend-sachin-tendulkar-in-cricket-wali-beat-song/1581913/|date=18 May 2023|work=[[ThePrint|The Print]]}}</ref>

In 2012, Shamir in collaboration with [[Flipkart|Flipkart India]] created an anti-piracy song to spread awareness about intellectual property rights featuring Sonu Nigam, Shankar Mahadevan, Sunidhi Chauhan, Mohit Chauhan, Shaan, Kailash Kher and Zanai Bhosle.<ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{cite news|title=A Song for the Sake of Music|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/a-song-for-the-sake-of-music-3/|date=29 April 2012|work=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref>

He recently collaborated with Sudhir Mishra for his mystery thriller film ''Afwaah''. The film starred [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Bhumi Pednekar]] and [[Sumeet Vyas]] in lead roles.<ref name="auto1"/>

== Filmography and discography ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Films
|-
! Year !! Title !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2003 || [[Stumped (film)|Stumped]] || Hindi|| <ref>{{cite news|title='Stumped' by a forgettable experiment|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/stumped/20030516.htm|date=16 May 2003|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2004 || [[Rakht]] || Hindi||
|-
| 2005 || [[Page 3 (film)|Page 3]] || Hindi || <ref>{{cite news|title=Corporate's music is mellow|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/corp/20060529.htm|date=29 May 2006|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2006 || [[Corporate (2006 film)|Corporate]] || Hindi || <ref>{{cite news|title=Corporate: Smart and gripping|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/corp/20060707.htm|date=7 July 2006|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2007 || [[Traffic Signal (film)|Traffic Signal]] || Hindi || <ref>{{cite news|title=Konkona did not want to do Traffic|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/madhur/20070131.htm|date=31 January 2007|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2008 || [[Mission Istaanbul]] || Hindi ||
|-
| 2009 || [[Jail (2009 film)|Jail]] || Hindi || <ref name="indianexpress.com"/>
|-
| 2009 || Bal Ganesh 2 || Hindi || <ref name="Hat Trick!"/>
|-
| 2011 || [[Ragini MMS]] 2|| Hindi ||
|-
| 2013 || [[Inkaar (2013 film)|Inkaar]] || Hindi || <ref>{{cite news|title=Inkaar's Other Corporate Connection|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-of-inkaar-music-composer-shamir-tandon/20130208.htm|date=8 February 2013|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || [[Piku]] || Hindi ||
|-
| 2015 || [[Hai Golmaal in White House]] || Hindi ||
|-
| 2017 || [[Bank Chor]] || Hindi ||
|-
| 2018 || [[Welcome to New York (2018 film)|Welcome To New York]] || Hindi || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/ishtehaar-rahat-fateh-khan-bollywood-hindi-films-music-5074615/|title=Boundaries and Beyond|date=23 February 2018|work=[[The Indian Express|Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || [[Khamoshi (2019 film)|Khamoshi]] || Hindi ||
|-
| 2019 || [[The Body (2019 film)|The Body]] || Hindi ||
|-
| 2019 || [[Marudhar Express (film)|Marudhar Express]] || Hindi ||
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Non-Film
|-
! Year !! Title !! Notes
|-
| 2006 || Asha & Friends || <ref name="In tune with Asha"/>
|-
| 2014 || Zaroori Tha ||
|-
| 2016 || 6 Pack Band || <ref name=":2" />
|-
| 2017 || Sachin's Cricket Wali Beat feat. Sonu Nigam || <ref name="The Print"/>
|-
| 2018 || 6 Pack Band 2.0 || <ref name="Hindustan Times"/>
|-
| 2021 || Tips Rewind ||
|-
| 2021 || Heartbeat ||
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm1340084}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tandon, Shamir}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian music directors]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shamir Tandon]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Jan Bhavan, Lucknow

2026-04-26T08:01:27Z

GeorgiannaN07:

{{Short description|Residence of the Governor of Uttar Pradesh}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Jan Bhavan, Lucknow
| image =
| caption = Arieal view of Raj Bhavan, Lucknow
| coordinates = {{coord|26.8409|N|80.9463|E|display=inline,title}}
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date =
| number_of_rooms =
| current_tenants =
| elevator_count =
| cost =
| floor_area =
| architect =
| engineer =
| main_contractor =
| developer =
| owner = [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| operator =
| references = [http://upgovernor.nic.in/ website]
}}
'''Jan Bhavan''', formerly '''Raj Bhavan''' ([[translation]]: ''Governor's House'')<ref name="AIR">{{cite web|url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/up-govt-renames-governors-residence-as-jan-bhavan/|title=UP Govt renames governor’s residence as Jan Bhavan|date=January 21, 2026|publisher=All India Radio|access-date=January 21, 2026}}</ref> is the [[official residence]] of the [[Governors of Uttar Pradesh|governor of Uttar Pradesh]]. It is located in the capital city of [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The current tenant is [[Anandiben Patel]], the 20th governor of Uttar Pradesh.

The Raj Bhavan of Uttar Pradesh in Lucknow is over 200 years old.

==History==
Raj Bhavan used to be '''''Kothi Hayat Baksh''''' (Hindi: कोठी हयात बकश, Urdu: کوٹھی حیات بکش). [[Claude Martin|Major General Claude Martin]] drew the layout of this building.

In the year 1798, after Nawab [[Asaf-Ud-Dowlah|Asaf-ud-daula]] died, the [[East India Company]] made [[Saadat Ali Khan II|Sadaat Ali Khan]] the new ruler. The new ruler liked buildings built up in European style by Major General [[Claude Martin]]. As per his wishes the contract for construction of the Kothi was undertaken by Major General Claude Martin.
[[File:Plate 20, Banks' House (cropped).jpg|thumb|The house in 1857]]
Major General Claude Martin made the Kothi his residence and he used this building for his safety guards and also for the safety of his armory.

Before India's independence ''Kothi Hayat Baksh'' was declared the Government House, the official residence of the Governor of [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]] from 1921 to 1947.

After independence its name was changed to ''Raj Bhavan''. In 2026, the name was changed to ''Jan Bhavan''.<ref name="AIR"/>

==Building==
The two storied palatial building of Lucknow city was constructed in the eastern side of the city surrounded by greenery. '''Hayat Baksh''' means, ''life giving''. The buildings constructed under influence of East India Company were different from traditional Indian style of architecture and these buildings were called Kothis. In Indian style of architecture, it was essential to have courtyard in the house, for which no provision has been made in Kothis. Kothis normally were two storied, with long straight plain wall without any design. The only place for artistic work were the doors and windows, decorated in the Gothic style.

''Kothi Hayat Baksh'' is an airy palatial building with all four sides surrounded with high roofed varandas. Only Raj darbar inside the Kothi is made as per Indian art and sculpture, whereas remaining portion of the Bhavan is completely influenced by western style. The mehrab of Dewan khanas are decorated with flower strips and are painted beautifully with golden colour.

In 1873 under the direction of Sir George Cooper beautiful lawns, fountains and also beautiful sitting rooms were attached

In 1907, one portion of this Kothi was demolished and a ballroom was also added. The ballroom is now a dining hall.

==See also==
* [[Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth#British Indian Empire|Government Houses of the British Indian Empire]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.upgovernor.gov.in/ Governor of Uttar Pradesh]

{{Raj Bhavan}}

[[Category:Governors' houses in India]]
[[Category:British colonial architecture in India]]
[[Category:Government buildings in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth]]

{{India-struct-stub}}
{{India-gov-stub}}

[[hi:आगरा और अवध का संयुक्त प्रान्त]]

Madurai–Mysore Wars

2026-04-25T03:52:45Z

GeorgiannaN07: creating entry - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}

{{Short description|1617–1694 conflicts in Deccan}}
{{infobox military conflict
| date = 1617–1694
| place = [[Tamilnadu]], [[Karnataka]]
| result = * Expulsion of Mysoreans from [[Madurai]]
* End of Mysore's expansion into Madurai
| combatant1 = [[Madurai Nayakas]] '''Supported by:''' [[Vijayanagar Empire]] [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.png|22px|Flag of the Maratha Empire]] [[Maratha Kingdom]] [[Bijapur Sultanate]] [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.png|22px|Flag of the Maratha Empire]] [[Thanjavur Maratha Kingdom]] [[Nayakas of Ikkeri]] [[Kingdom of Ramnad]] [[Nayaks of Kalahasti]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.svg|Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.png|22px]] [[Kingdom of Mysore]]
| commander1 = '''Madurai Monarchs''': [[Madurai Nayakas|'''Muthu Virappa Nayaka''']] '''[[Tirumala Nayaka]]''' '''[[Chokkanatha Nayak]]{{AWOL}}''' [[Madurai Nayakas|''' Ranga Krishna Muthu Virappa Nayaka''']] '''[[Mangammal]]''' '''Madurai Generals:''' [[Ramaiyan]] Ranganna Nayaka Kumura Muttu Venkata Krishna Nayaka Rustum Khan{{Executed}} '''Sethupathis of Ramnad:''' [[Kingdom of Ramnad|'''Raghunatha Sethupathi''']] '''[[Raghunatha Kilavan]]''' '''Vijayanagar Emperors:''' '''[[Sriranga III]]''' '''Bijapur Generals:''' Anatoji Pant Vedoji Pant '''Nayaka of Kalahasti:''' [[Nayaks of Kalahasti|'''Damarla Ayyappa Nayaka''']]{{KIA}} '''Ikkeri Nayaks:''' [[Nayakas of Keladi|'''Somashekara Nayaka I''']] '''Maratha Monarchs:''' [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.png|22px|Flag of the Maratha Empire]] '''[[Sambhaji]]''' [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.png|22px|Flag of the Maratha Empire]] '''[[Vyankoji]]''' '''Maratha Generals:''' [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.png|22px|Flag of the Maratha Empire]] Haraji [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.png|22px|Flag of the Maratha Empire]] Dadaji Kakde{{KIA}} [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.png|22px|Flag of the Maratha Empire]] Jaitaji{{KIA}} [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.png|22px|Flag of the Maratha Empire]] Nimbalji{{KIA}}
| commander2 = '''Mysore Monarchs''': '''[[File:Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.svg|Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.png|22px]] [[Raja Wodeyar I]]''' [[File:Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.svg|Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.png|22px]] '''[[Chamaraja Wodeyar VI]]''' [[File:Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.svg|Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.png|22px]] '''[[Kanthirava Narasaraja I]]''' [[File:Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.svg|Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.png|22px]] '''[[Dodda Kempadevaraja]]''' [[File:Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.svg|Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.png|22px]] '''[[Chikkadevaraja]]''' '''Mysore Generals:''' [[File:Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.svg|Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.png|22px]] Mukilan [[File:Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.svg|Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.png|22px]] Harasura Nandi Raja [[File:Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.svg|Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.png|22px]] Hampaiya [[File:Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.svg|Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.png|22px]] Kumaraiya{{POW}}
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = Unknown
| conflict = Conflicts between Madurai and Mysore
}}
The '''Mysore-Madurai Wars''' were a series of conflicts fought between the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] and the [[Madurai Nayakas]], primarily in the 17th and early 18th centuries, as both sought to expand their territories in [[Southern India]]. The wars were driven by the strategic interests of both kingdoms, with the Madurai Nayaks aiming to maintain their dominance over the Tamil-speaking regions, while the Kingdom of Mysore, under its ambitious rulers, sought to extend its influence and control.<ref>{{Cite book |last=S. C. Raghavendra Raj Urs |url=https://archive.org/details/early-wodeyars-of-mysore-and-tamil-nadu-a-study-in-political-economic-and-cultural-relations/page/47/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Early Wodeyars Of Mysore And Tamil Nadu A Study In Political Economic And Cultural Relations |date=2004|pages=48–49}}</ref>

== First Mysore Invasion of Madurai==
[[Raja Wodeyar I]], focusing on his regular conquests and annexations that brought his territories in line with the dominions of [[Madurai]]. One notable instance involves the Raja taking advantage of Muttu Virappa's engagement with [[Tanjore]] to send an army under the commander ‘Mukilan’ to attack the [[Dindigul]] province. This invasion was reportedly repelled by the local Polygars of Virupakshi and Kannivadi, who successfully defended their lands. In recognition of their efforts, the Polegar of Virupakshi was honored with the title ‘Puthari-Kaval’ (Defender of the Roads), and the Polegar of Kannivadi was given the title ‘Chinnu-Mysuran’ (Young Mysorean). While Rangachari speculates that this invasion occurred around 1620, the lack of precise historical records makes it difficult to definitively date the event. Moreover, he connects this period with the death of [[Raja Wodeyar I]], which he claims occurred around that time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=R. Sathyanatha Aiyar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.183822/page/n119/mode/1up?view=theater |title=History Of The Nayaks Of Madura|date=1924|pages=105–106}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Devakunjari |first=D. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532410/page/n195/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Madurai Through The Ages: From The Earliest Times To 1801 A.d. |date=1957|page=187}}</ref>

==Second Mysore Invasion of Madurai==
In the early years of [[Tirumala Nayaka]]'s reign, an invasion of Madura by the [[Mysore kingdom]], followed by a counter-invasion from Madura, is documented in a Mackenzie Manuscript. The exact cause of Mysore's aggression remains unclear, though it is suggested that [[Chamaraja Wodeyar VI]], the ambitious ruler of Mysore, might have acted without a specific pretext, or perhaps sought to avenge the failed invasion of Madura by his predecessor, in the reign Muthu Virappa Nayaka.<ref name="ops">{{Cite book |last=R. Sathyanatha Aiyar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.183822/page/n133/mode/1up?view=theater |title=History Of The Nayaks Of Madura |date=1924|pages=119–120}}</ref> The Mysore general, Harasnra Nandi Raja, advanced as far as [[Dindigul]] but was repelled by the Madurai forces, including [[Ramaiyan]] and Ranganna Nayaka, the polygar of Kannivadi. The Madurai generals are said to have even besieged the capital of [[Mysore]]. Nelson and Rangachari offer detailed accounts of these events, including Ramappaiya's recall and disobedience, which did not harm his standing. Ramappaiya's subsequent victory was highly celebrated by [[Tirumala Nayaka]], who likely honored him with the grant of land recorded in the Sri Mukha inscription of 1633, marking his successful campaign against Mysore.<ref name="ops"/>

==War of Noses==
===Wars between Tirumala Nayaka and Kanthirava Narasaraja===

[[File:Tnayak-edited.JPG|thumb|Statue of Tirumala Nayaka]]
[[File:Kanthirava.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Kanthirava Narasaraja]]

====First Phase====
During [[Kanthirava Narasaraja I]] Wodeyar's conflicts with Ranadullah Khan, Tirumala Nayaka of Madura took advantage of the situation to destabilize the southern region, often collaborating with local Polygars who were hostile to [[Mysore]]. His strategy was to create a diversion by fomenting unrest in the south, thereby forcing Kantirava to address multiple threats simultaneously the invasion of Mysore by [[Bijapur]] in the north and the insurrections stirred by [[Tirumala Nayaka]] in the south.<ref name="ips">{{Cite book |last=Raghavendra Rsj Urs |first=S. C. |url=https://archive.org/details/shdgnga.10603-92519earlywodeyarsofmysoreandtamilnaduastudyinpoliticaleconomicandculturalrelations/page/57/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Early Wodeyars Of Mysore And Tamil Nadu A Study In Political Economic And Cultural Relations |date=2004 |page=58|publisher=University of Mysore |language=Kannada}}</ref> In early 1641, Pattadaiya, the eldest son of Ghatta Mudaliyar of Samballi, rebelled against Kantirava with support from [[Tirumala Nayaka]] and attacked Danayakanakote. However, the Mysore army swiftly responded, defeating Ghatta Mudaliyar's forces at Marathalli in 1641 and [[Mysore Invasions of Samballi|again at Samballi]] in August 1642. The [[Mysore]] forces then advanced through Tolya, capturing several territories loyal to Ghatta Mudaliyar, including Nallur, Changapadi, Tiruchengod, and Trichinopoly, before returning to [[Srirangapattana]] with significant spoils of war.<ref name="ips"/>

====Second Phase====
{{Main|Battle of Madurai (1656)}}
[[Kanthirava Narasaraja I]], the king of Mysore, was determined to exact revenge on [[Tirumala Nayaka]] for his collusion with Bijapur, which had brought disastrous consequences upon Mysore. When the [[Bijapur]] forces withdrew from Mysore, it provided Kanthirava with the opportunity to launch a punitive [[Battle of Madurai (1656)|invasion of Madurai]] around 1656. The Mysore army, under the leadership of Dalavay Hampaiya, invaded the province of Satyamangalam, committing horrendous atrocities, including the brutal practice of cutting off the noses of civilians, including women and children, as part of a terrifying campaign of terror. This barbarity became infamous, with contemporary accounts such as J.H. Grose's reference to the "singular methods" of the [[Mysore]] troops in their brutal tactics.<ref name="aps">{{Cite book |last=R. Sathyanatha Aiyar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.183822/page/n149/mode/1up?view=theater |title=History Of The Nayaks Of Madura |date=1924|pages=135–137}}</ref> Despite Tirumala Nayaka being gravely ill and weakened by his condition, he took swift action to defend his kingdom by calling upon his loyal vassal, Raghunatha Setupati, for aid. In response, Setupati mobilized an army of 25,000 Maravas and, with 35,000 additional troops raised under Tirumala's command, he successfully repelled the Mysore forces, driving them back to the borders of [[Dindigul]]. A fierce battle ensued, in which both sides suffered heavy casualties, with around 12,000 men lost on each side. The bravery and leadership of Setupati proved pivotal, and the [[Mysore]] army, unable to withstand the resistance, was forced to retreat.<ref name="aps"/> In gratitude for Setupati's role in saving [[Madurai]], Tirumala Nayaka honored him with the title of Tirumalai Setupati, granted him immense gifts, and relieved him of any further tribute obligations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Howes |first=Jennifer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aex_vpsu3gwC&dq=Maduri+Mysore+Conflicts&pg=PA85 |title=The Courts of Pre-colonial South India: Material Culture and Kingship |date=2003|page=85 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-7007-1585-5 |language=en}}</ref> This victory was highly celebrated, and the History of the Carnataca Governors and Jesuit letters both attribute the defense of [[Madurai]] entirely to Setupati's timely intervention. Further sources mention a counter-invasion of [[Mysore]] by the Madura army, possibly led by Kumura Muttu, Tirumala's younger brother, and Rangana Nayaka, in which the Mysoreans were pursued to their capital and significant damage was inflicted. It is said that the Madurai army retaliated with the same brutal methods Mysoreans had used in Madura, and even the king of Mysore reportedly lost his nose in this exchange. The Madura forces are believed to have advanced as far as Nanjanakudi (Nanjangud), though [[Tirumala Nayaka]] passed away before the completion of this raid. Despite some uncertainty regarding the precise role of Tirumala's younger brother, Kumura Muttu, the evidence from inscriptions, including the 1659 Tiruchchengodu grant, supports the idea that he may have participated in the military campaign against [[Mysore]].<ref name="aps"/>

==Confederacy War With Mysore==
===War Between Chokkantha Nayaka and Doddadevaraja Wodeyar===
====Battle of Erode====
In 1667, a significant conflict between Mysore and Madurai unfolded, largely driven by [[Chokkanatha Nayak]] opposition to Mysore's rising power and his alliance with the fugitive [[Sriranga III]], the former ruler of Vijayanagara. Following the fall of [[Hassan district|Hassan]] and Sakkarepatna in 1663, Sriranga had sought refuge in Madura, hoping to regain his lost authority with the help of Chokkanatha. The two leaders, along with a coalition of Bijapuri Maratha chiefs Vedoji Pant from [[Tanjore]] and Anoji Pant From [[Gingee]], and Damarla Aiyappa Nayaka The Nayaka of Kalahasti, formed a confederacy to restore Sriranga to power and curb Mysore's expansion.<ref name="tps">{{Cite book |last=Raghavendra Rsj Urs |first=S. C. |url=https://archive.org/details/shdgnga.10603-92519earlywodeyarsofmysoreandtamilnaduastudyinpoliticaleconomicandculturalrelations/page/65/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Early Wodeyars Of Mysore And Tamil Nadu A Study In Political Economic And Cultural Relations |date=2004 |pages=66–69|publisher=University of Mysore |language=Kannada}}</ref><ref name="gps">{{Cite book |last=R. Sathyanatha Aiyar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.183822/page/n185/mode/1up?view=theater |title=History Of The Nayaks Of Madura |date=1924|pages=172–174}}</ref><ref name="kps">{{Cite book |last=B. Muddachari |url=https://archive.org/details/mysore-maratha-relations-under-shahji-shivaji-sambhaji-and-rajaram-as-revealed-in-kannada-sources/page/n187/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Mysore-Maratha Relations Under Shahji, Shivaji, Sambhaji And Rajaram (As Revealed In Kannada Sources|pages=188–190)}}</ref> The allied forces, numbering around 100,000 infantry, elephants, and cavalry, laid siege to [[Erode]], but their efforts were doomed from the start. The confederacy was poorly organized, with differing motivations among its members and no unified strategy. The Maratha leaders from [[Tanjore]] and [[Gingee]] joined out of personal vendettas against Mysore rather than any overarching plan, and the alliance lacked discipline. As the confederate army advanced toward Erode, Mysore's forces, led by [[Chikkadevaraja]], swiftly marched to confront them. Chokkanatha, realizing the fragility of his alliance and the strength of the Mysore army, abandoned the campaign and retreated to [[Tiruchirappalli]], followed by Sriranga. This created confusion and division within the confederacy, leading to a defeat.<ref name="tps"/><ref name="gps"/><ref name="kps"/> Aiyappa Nayaka was killed, and Anantoji was forced to flee, leaving the confederate forces decimated. Mysore solidified its control over Erode, Dharapuram, and Vamalur, and even marched to Tiruchirappalli, forcing Chokkanatha to submit. This victory marked a decisive moment in the rise of Mysore as the dominant power in Karnataka, effectively quashing Sriranga's hopes of diminishing Mysore's influence and establishing the kingdom's strength under [[Dodda Kempadevaraja]] .<ref name=tps/><ref name=gps/><ref name="kps"/>

=== War Between Chokkanatha Nayak and Chikkadeva Wodeyar===

[[File:Chikkadevaraja.jpg|thumb|Chikkadevaraja]]
[[Chokkanatha Nayak]], the ruler of Madurai, had long nurtured a desire for revenge after his humiliation at the Battle of Erode in 1667, during the reign of [[Dodda Kempadevaraja]]. Seizing the opportunity following Doddadevaraja's death, Chokkanatha reorganized his forces and sought to invade [[Mysore]]. In an alliance with Ikkeri, he launched a two-pronged attack, with Madurai invading in the south and [[Ikkeri]] invading from the north. However, the Mysorean forces, led by [[Chikkadevaraja]], defeated the Madurai army at Maduvana. Under the command of Venkata Krishna Nayaka, who bore the title "Sangora Kirita" (Crown of Battle), the Madura forces were routed in a fierce confrontation. The Mysoreans inflicted heavy losses on the invaders, capturing not only soldiers and ammunition but also war horses, elephants, and crucial forts like Paramatripura, Malai, Muttanjatti, Sadamangalam, Anantagiri, Torenad, Ariyalur, Dharmapuram, [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]. The victorious Mysoreans returned with vast booty.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raghavendra Rsj Urs |first=S. C. |url=https://archive.org/details/shdgnga.10603-92519earlywodeyarsofmysoreandtamilnaduastudyinpoliticaleconomicandculturalrelations/page/82/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Early Wodeyars Of Mysore And Tamil Nadu A Study In Political Economic And Cultural Relations |date=2004 |pages=83–84|publisher=University of Mysore |language=Kannada}}</ref>

===Chokkanatha's Alliance With Marathas Against Mysore===

[[File:Ekoji Raje Bhiosale.jpg|thumb|Ekoji Raje Bhosale]]

====Siege of Tiruchirapalli And Battle of Mandya====
In the year 1680. Mysore, under [[Chikkadevaraja]], sought to extend its influence by assisting the weakening [[Chokkanatha Nayak]] of Madurai, defeating the usurper Rustum Khan, and demanding Tiruchirapalli as the price for his support. This move alarmed the Marathas, who saw the acquisition of [[Tiruchirapalli]] as a strategic threat to their interests in the region, particularly with [[Maratha]] settlements in nearby Gingee and Tanjore. The Marathas Under Haraji and [[Vyankoji Bhosale]], alongside Chokkanatha, Setupati of Ramnad [[Raghunatha Kilavan]] formed a powerful alliance to resist Mysore's expansion.<ref name="nps">{{Cite book |last=Raghavendra Rsj Urs |first=S. C. |url=https://archive.org/details/shdgnga.10603-92519earlywodeyarsofmysoreandtamilnaduastudyinpoliticaleconomicandculturalrelations/page/85/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Early Wodeyars Of Mysore And Tamil Nadu A Study In Political Economic And Cultural Relations |date=2004 |pages=86–91|publisher=University of Mysore |language=Kannada}}</ref><ref name="mps">{{Cite book |last=C.k.srinivasan |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.54102/page/n179/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Maratha Rule In The Carnatic |date=1944|pages=168–171}}</ref><ref name="eps">{{Cite book |last=B. Muddachari |url=https://archive.org/details/mysore-maratha-relations-under-shahji-shivaji-sambhaji-and-rajaram-as-revealed-in-kannada-sources/page/n321/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Mysore-Maratha Relations Under Shahji, Shivaji, Sambhaji And Rajaram (As Revealed In Kannada Sources|pages=322–335)}}</ref> When Kumaraiya, the Mysore general, attempted to counter this confederation, the Marathas under Dadaji Kakde, Nimbaji, Jaitaji launched an attack into Mysore's heartland, threatening [[Srirangapattana]] itself. In response, Chikkadevaraja, with the aid of reinforcements from Kumaraiya. A surprise night attack near Mandya caught the [[Marathas]] off guard, leading to a devastating defeat in which Maratha Generals Dadaji Kakde, Nimbaji, Jaitaji were killed. This victory solidified Chikkadevaraja's dominance in the region, asserting Mysore's supremacy over [[Karnataka]] and impressing contemporaries, including Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]], who praised the strategic brilliance of the Mysore ruler.<ref name="nps"/><ref name="eps"/>

====Allied Victory At Tiruchirapalli====
The defeat of the [[Maratha]] army at Mandya had profound consequences for Kumaraiya at Tiruchirapalli, leading to a sense of humiliation and a desire for retribution in Haraji. As Kumaraiya's position grew increasingly vulnerable, with no reinforcements and no response to his pleas for help, he was left with no choice but to retreat toward [[Mysore]].<ref name="nps"/><ref
name="eps"/> However, the Marathas, emboldened by his inactivity and perceived weakness, remained vigilant, never letting their guard down. Seizing the opportunity, they launched a sudden and devastating attack on the Mysore forces at [[Tiruchirapalli]], inflicting a defeat and capturing a large number of [[Mysore]] officers, including the Kumaraiya. This victory brought immense pride and satisfaction to Arasumalai (Haraji), who, buoyed by his triumph, began driving the Mysoreans out of the Forts they had seized from the Nayaka of [[Madurai]].<ref name="nps"/><ref name="mps"/><ref name="eps"/>

===Expulsion of Mysoreans From Madurai===
====Recovery of Madurai====
In a Jesuit letter from 1686, Muthu Virappa Nayaka is praised for reclaiming the town of [[Madurai]] by expelling the Mysoreans and securing the loyalty of his vassals, to the extent that he was able to rule with increasing authoritarianism. This assertion aligns with the evidence provided by an inscription from 1688 at Arumbavur, which records the repair of a sluice by Ranga Krishna, suggesting that by 1686, the Nayaka administration was stable enough for the rulers to focus on internal affairs such as infrastructure projects.<ref>{{Cite book |last=R. Sathyanatha Aiyar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.183822/page/n210/mode/1up?view=theater |title=History Of The Nayaks Of Madura |date=1924|page=195}}</ref>

==Conflict Between Chikkadevaraya and Mangammal==

[[File:Rani Mangammal.jpg|thumb|Rani Mangammal]]

===End of Madurai-Mysore Wars===
While [[Mangammal]] focused on formulating her policy towards the Mughal Empire, [[Chikka Devaraja]] of Mysore was engaged in an aggressive campaign of territorial expansion. By 1690, he had gained control over large parts of the Baramahals and [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] up to the Kaveri River. Between 1690 and 1694, he extended his conquests to most of Bednore and secured a treaty that confirmed his control over these territories. His next target was Madurai, and although [[Aurangzeb]]'s fear of the Mahrattas led him to adopt a temporarily favorable stance toward Mysore, he was not inclined to show leniency. Chikkadeva Raya expanded further into Salem and Coimbatore, bringing local chiefs under his authority. An inscription from 1695 to 1696 at Avanasli mentions a grant by his prime minister, Dalavay Kumaraiya, who was dispatched to lay siege to [[Trichinopoly]]. However, a Mahratta attack on Mysore forced his recall, easing Mangammal's burden. Despite this setback, she successfully repelled the Mysore forces, maintaining her control over the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=R. Sathyanatha Aiyar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.183822/page/n223/mode/1up?view=theater |title=History Of The Nayaks Of Madura |date=1924|page=207}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Madurai Nayakas]]
* [[Kingdom of Mysore]]
* [[Kingdom of Ramnad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madurai-Mysore Wars}}
[[Category:Battles involving the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Indian kingdoms]]
[[Category:Battles involving Madurai Nayakas]]

Somwarpet Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:51:44Z

GeorgiannaN07: created first data needs work

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Somwarpet
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]]
| division = [[Mysore division|Mysore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency|Mangalore]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| electors =
}}
'''Somwarpet Assembly constituency''' was one of the constituencies in [[Karnataka]] state assembly in India until 2008 when it was made defunct. It was part of [[Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || [[Gundugutti Manjanathaya]] || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan="2" | [[R. Gundu Rao]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="2" | B. A. Jivijaya || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || A. M. Belliappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan="2" | [[Appachu Ranjan]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || B. A. Jivijaya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Somwarpet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. A. Jivijaya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 46,560 |percentage = 44.27% |change = {{increase}}21.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Appachu Ranjan]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 43,763 |percentage = 41.61% |change = {{increase}}2.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shashidar. V. P |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 9,244 |percentage = 8.79% |change = {{increase}}6.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajesh Gundu Rao |party = Janata Party |votes = 3,988 |percentage = 3.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhaverappa. I. P |party = Independent politician |votes = 817 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Amruthesh. N. P |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 797 |percentage = 0.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,797 |percentage = 2.66% |change = {{decrease}}1.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 105,407 |percentage = 72.74% |change = {{decrease}}1.87 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 105,169}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 144,904 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.37 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}5.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Somwarpet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Appachu Ranjan]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 35,768 |percentage = 39.08% |change = {{increase}}3.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. A. Jivijaya |party = Independent politician |votes = 32,195 |percentage = 35.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. P. Chandrakala |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,730 |percentage = 22.65% |change = {{decrease}}6.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. K. Chinnappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,675 |percentage = 1.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kaliveera J. Sridhara |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 607 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,573 |percentage = 3.90% |change = {{increase}}1.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 97,071 |percentage = 74.61% |change = {{increase}}0.76 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 91,529}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,462 |percentage = 5.63% |change = {{increase}}4.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 130,113 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.31 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}3.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Somwarpet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Appachu Ranjan]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 33,195 |percentage = 35.81% |change = {{increase}}13.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. A. Jivijaya |party = Janata Dal |votes = 31,267 |percentage = 33.73% |change = {{increase}}24.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. M. Belliappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,123 |percentage = 29.26% |change = {{decrease}}15.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. Srikesh |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 599 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,928 |percentage = 2.08% |change = {{decrease}}20.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 93,917 |percentage = 73.85% |change = {{increase}}0.55 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 92,704}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,195 |percentage = 1.27% |change = {{decrease}}3.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 127,179 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.86 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Somwarpet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. M. Belliappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,250 |percentage = 44.34% |change = {{increase}}2.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. B. Shivappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 19,104 |percentage = 22.15% |change = {{increase}}18.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. A. Jivijaya |party = Janata Party |votes = 17,385 |percentage = 20.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. K. Chinnappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 7,924 |percentage = 9.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. K. Saikumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,665 |percentage = 1.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,146 |percentage = 22.19% |change = {{increase}}14.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 90,630 |percentage = 73.30% |change = {{increase}}0.40 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 86,264}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,366 |percentage = 4.82% |change = {{increase}}3.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 123,637 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.58 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}5.74 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Somwarpet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. A. Jivijaya |party = Janata Party |votes = 38,248 |percentage = 50.08% |change = {{decrease}}2.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. M. Belliappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,209 |percentage = 42.17% |change = {{decrease}}1.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. M. Karumbaiah |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,955 |percentage = 3.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Rahiman |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,410 |percentage = 1.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,039 |percentage = 7.91% |change = {{decrease}}1.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,306 |percentage = 72.90% |change = {{increase}}2.48 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 76,374}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 932 |percentage = 1.21% |change = {{decrease}}0.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 106,051 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.50 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}2.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Somwarpet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. A. Jivijaya |party = Janata Party |votes = 31,544 |percentage = 52.66% |change = {{increase}}7.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[R. Gundu Rao]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,162 |percentage = 43.67% |change = {{increase}}41.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Abbobakar |party = All-India Muslim League |votes = 1,983 |percentage = 3.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,382 |percentage = 8.98% |change = {{increase}}3.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,968 |percentage = 70.42% |change = {{decrease}}9.54 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,903}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,065 |percentage = 1.75% |change = {{decrease}}0.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,573 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.62 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}1.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Somwarpet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[R. Gundu Rao]] |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 31,588 |percentage = 51.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. A. Jivijaya |party = Janata Party |votes = 27,982 |percentage = 45.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. M. Habib |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 1,210 |percentage = 1.96% |change = {{decrease}}54.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Hanumaraje Urs |party = Independent politician |votes = 831 |percentage = 1.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,606 |percentage = 5.85% |change = {{decrease}}18.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,151 |percentage = 79.96% |change = {{increase}}20.31 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,611}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,540 |percentage = 2.44% |change = {{increase}}2.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,975 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.53 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Somwarpet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[R. Gundu Rao]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,448 |percentage = 56.24% |change = {{increase}}10.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. K. Kalappa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 13,489 |percentage = 32.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. N. Venkataramana |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 3,225 |percentage = 7.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. S. Manjunath |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,530 |percentage = 3.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,959 |percentage = 23.89% |change = {{increase}}14.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,009 |percentage = 59.65% |change = {{decrease}}12.94 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,692}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,105 |ref = |change = {{increase}}39.98 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Swatantra Party |swing = {{increase}}1.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Somwarpet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Gundugutti Manjanathaya]] |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 19,379 |percentage = 54.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. K. Kalappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,201 |percentage = 45.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,178 |percentage = 8.93% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 37,395 |percentage = 72.59% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,580}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,512 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Swatantra Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{Coord|12.043667|76.979520|region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kodagu district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

HBR Layout metro station

2026-04-14T15:15:40Z

GeorgiannaN07:

{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro station under Blue Line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = HBR Layout
| style = Namma Metro
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue}}
| image = HBR Layout metro station (February '24).jpg
| image_caption = Under Construction of this metro station under Phase 2B of Namma Metro's [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] as of February 2024
| address = 4th Main Rd, 5th Block, 1st Stage, EXTENSION, HBR Layout, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560043
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0328|77.6297|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}}
| platform = [[Side platform]] ''(TBC)'' {{font color|blue|Platform-1}} → {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} {{font color|blue|Platform-2}} → {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} ''Platform numbers (TBC)''
| tracks = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| connections =
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double track]]
| depth =
| levels = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''
| bicycle =
| accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''
| architect = Nagarjuna Construction Company (NCC)
| architectural_style =
| status = Under Construction
| code = '''''(TBC)'''''
| zone =
| opened =
| opening = {{start date and age|December 2027|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = '''''(TBC)'''''
| former =
| mpassengers =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Blue|left1=Kalyan Nagar|to-left1=Krishnarajapura or Central Silk Board|note-mid1=''(Under Construction)''|right1=Nagawara|to-right1=KIAL Terminals}}
| route_map = {{BMR Blue Line}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| map_state = collapsed
| image_size =
| baggage_check =
| wifi =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
}}

'''HBR Layout''' is an upcoming elevated metro station on the north–south corridor of the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro Blue Line: Explore the City Like Never Before! - TimesProperty |url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/all-about-bengaluru-metro-Blue-line-blid5532 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=timesproperty.com}}</ref> of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bangalore]], India. Around this metro station holds the Hennur area, Residential areas of HBR Layout. This metro station is stated to become operational around December 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=L&T bags track contracts worth ₹501 crore for Bangalore Metro Phase 2A & 2B {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/lt-bags-track-contracts-worth-501-crore-for-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-2b |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail & Metro Industry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Metro line to Bengaluru Airport to be ready by June 2026: D K Shivakumar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/metro-bengaluru-airport-june-2026-d-k-shivakumar8649143/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Bengaluru Airport Metro Line from KIA to Devanahalli Set for Completion by June 2026 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-airport-metro-line-from-kia-to-devanahalli-set-for-completion-by-june-2026-article-100827006 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title=Metro's ORR, Airport line to be ready by Sept 2026, will benefit IT industry hugely: BMRCL |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/sep/16/metros-orr-airport-line-to-be-ready-by-sept-2026-will-benefit-it-industry-hugely-bmrcl-2615489.html |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== History ==
On November 17 2020, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) invited bids for the construction of the HBR Layout metro station, part of the 11 km Reach 2B – Package 1 (Krishnarajapura - Kempapura) of the 37.692 km [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of Namma Metro. On September 14 2021, Nagarjuna Construction Company Ltd. '''(NCC Ltd.)''' was chosen as the lowest bidder for this segment, with their proposal closely matching the initial cost estimates. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-14 |title=NCC Wins Bangalore Metro Airport Line's Construction Work |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/09/14/ncc-wins-bangalore-metro-airport-lines-construction-work/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> As a result, the contract was awarded to the company, which led to the beginning of the construction works of this metro station as per the agreed terms. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-09-16 |title=Nagarjuna Construction Company wins bid to build Namma Metro's Airport Line |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/Sep/16/nagarjuna-construction-companywinsbid-to-build-namma-metros-airport-line-2359335.html |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{{Rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}} '''''Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = HBR Layout track layout '''''(TBC)'''''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P#''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|Kalyan Nagar}} **
vCONTgfaq!~MASKa\-STRq\-STRq\-STRq\vCONTgfeq!~MASKa
\PLT-\PLT-\PLT-\~~ ~~ ~~'''P#''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|Nagawara}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Pink|croute}} **
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms ** '''Under Construction'''</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform #''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} '''Next Station:''' [[Kalyan Nagar metro station|Kalyan Nagar]] 
|-
|'''Platform #''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbala}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} '''Next Station:''' [[Nagawara metro station|Nagawara]] '''''Change at the next station for {{rcb|Namma Metro|Pink|croute}}'''''
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

== References ==
<references />

{{Namma Metro|blue line=yes}}

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]
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Minapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:29:31Z

GeorgiannaN07: creating details - done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Minapur
|type= SLA
| map_image = 90-Minapur constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla =[[Ajay Kushwaha]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|90]]
|established = 1951
| electors = 282,903
|abolished = 
}}
'''Minapur''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Muzaffarpur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 90 Minapur Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Minapur [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]]; Garha, Jhaphan, Kafen Chaudhary, Narkatiya, Narma, Patiyasa and Rampur Jaipal [[gram panchayat]]s of Bochahan CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Minapur Assembly constituency is part of No. 16 [[Vaishali (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |title=Kurhani Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/kurhani.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| rowspan="3" |Janak Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Mahanth Ramkishore Das
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Janak Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Mahanth Ramkishore Das
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (O)}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Nagendra Prasad Singh|Nagendra Prasad Kushwaha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[Janakdhari Prasad Kushwaha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="3" |Hind Keshari Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Dinesh Prasad|Dinesh Prasad Kushwaha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|Hind Keshari Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Dinesh Prasad|Dinesh Prasad Kushwaha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Munna Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| [[Ajay Kushwaha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Minapur<ref name="election2025">{{cite web|url= https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0490.htm|website=Election Commission of India|title=Minapur Election result 2025|accessdate=20 November 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Ajay Kushwaha|Ajay Kumar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:113411}}
|percentage = 51.59
|change = +26.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Munna Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:79173}}
|percentage = 36.01
|change = +2.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Tej Narayan Sahni
|votes = {{formatnum:6633}}
|percentage = 3.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kumar Pushpendra
|votes = {{formatnum:3162}}
|percentage = 1.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjiv Chaudhri
|votes = {{formatnum:2654}}
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Santosh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2179}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change = +0.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:7805}}
|percentage = 3.55
|change = +2.87
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:34238}}
|percentage = 15.58
|change = +6.92
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:219843}}
|percentage = 77.71
|change = +12.45
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Minapur<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Munna Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:60018}}
|percentage = 33.51
|change = -16.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Manoj Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:44506}}
|percentage = 24.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Ajay Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:43496}}
|percentage = 24.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:4086}}
|percentage = 2.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Veena Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:3718}}
|percentage = 2.08
|change = +1.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya Panchyat Party
|candidate = Santosh Shahi
|votes = {{formatnum:3047}}
|percentage = 1.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kanchan Sahni
|votes = {{formatnum:2521}}
|percentage = 1.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mukesh Kumar Ranjan
|votes = {{formatnum:2219}}
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Lalita Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:2204}}
|percentage = 1.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Prabhu Kushwaha
|votes = {{formatnum:2059}}
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jai Maha Bharath Party
|candidate = Akhileshwar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1988}}
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Santosh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1736}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1216}}
|percentage = 0.68
|change = -1.0
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15512}}
|percentage = 8.66
|change = -6.04
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:179124}}
|percentage = 65.26
|change = +0.43
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Munna Yadav
| Rajeev Kumar Urf (Munna Yadav)
|loser = Manoj Kumar
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Minapur<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Rajeev Kumar Urf Munna Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:80790}}
|percentage = 49.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ajay Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:56850}}
|percentage = 34.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Md. Sadrul Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:4934}}
|percentage = 3.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rakesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:4292}}
|percentage = 2.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Lakshmi Kant
|votes = {{formatnum:2743}}
|percentage = 1.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rani Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:2099}}
|percentage = 1.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jitendra Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:1655}}
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2730}}
|percentage = 1.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:23940}}
|percentage = 14.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:162872}}
|percentage = 64.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}
{{coord|26|20|07|N|85|36|06|E|region:IN-BR|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Muzaffarpur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Vanji Kottai Valipan

2026-04-09T20:30:18Z

GeorgiannaN07: created some bio initial version

{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Vanjikkottai Valiban.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[S. S. Vasan]]
| producer = S. S. Vasan
| screenplay = K. J. Mahadevan
| story = [[Kothamangalam Subbu]] K. J. Mahadevan C. Srinivasan Ki. Ra.
| narrator =
| starring = [[Gemini Ganesan]] [[Vyjayanthimala]] [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]
| music = [[C. Ramchandra|C. Ramachandra]] and R.Vaidyanathan
| cinematography = P. Ellappa
| editing = N. R. Krishnaswamy
| studio = [[Gemini Studios]]
| distributor = Gemini Pictures
| released = {{film date|1958|4|12|df=y}}
| runtime = 183 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}} 3.6 million
}}

'''''Vanji Kottai Valipan''''' ({{translation|The Youth from Vanji Fort}})<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 March 2005 |title=Southern Indian movie star dies |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4370921.stm |url-status=live |access-date=9 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812091939/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4370921.stm |archive-date=12 August 2012}}</ref> is a 1958 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Historical fiction|historical]] [[adventure film]] written by the [[Gemini Studios]] story department, consisting of K. J. Mahadevan, C. Srinivasan and [[Kothamangalam Subbu]], while the film was directed and produced by [[S. S. Vasan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=23 May 2003 |title=With a finger on people's pulse |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301510600.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809033024/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301510600.htm |archive-date=9 August 2010 |access-date=4 June 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It stars [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Vyjayanthimala]] and [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], with [[P. S. Veerappa]], T. K. Shanmugam, [[P. Kannamba]], Vijayakumari, [[K. A. Thangavelu]] and [[M. S. Sundari Bai]] in supporting roles. The camera was handled by P. Ellappa, the [[audiography]] by C. E. Biggs, and the editing by N. R. Krishna Sami.<ref name="hindu" /> This film was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Raj Tilak (1958 film)|Raj Tilak]]'' with the same lead actors.

== Plot ==
Chokkalingam Navalar is a diwan at Vanjikottai Kingdom. He and his wife, Sivakami, are loyal to their king. Chokkalingam without any hesitation accuses that Senapathi, the brother of the King's second wife, Rani plotted the prince's killing. Found guilty, Senapathi is banished by the king but is helped by one of his soldiers to stay in the kingdom without anyone's knowledge. He later sets up a fire in the city and stabs the king with his sword. The grievously injured king tells Chokkalingam to save his daughter Padma and the infant prince, and dies later. In order to fulfill the king's desire, Chokkalingam sails to safety with the king's children, leaving his family behind. Soon his wife does the same with her children but is caught by Senapathi's army. Leaving her children on the moving boat, she is imprisoned for life at an island prison.

Sundar and his sister are saved by a sailor and Sundar starts to work there. At one point, a grown up Sundar saves all the travelers and the sailor rewards him much and drops Sundar and his sister at Vaji, a port town. Sundar plans to arrange his sister's wedding at Vanji, but it is interrupted by Senapathi, who kidnaps Gowri in Sunder's absence. While returning home for the preparation for the [[engagement]], Sunder spots Gowri with Senapathi in his vehicle. In order to escape from Senapathi, Gowri jumps out of the vehicle and dies soon. Sunder, who seeks justice from Senapathi, plans to kill him, only to be captured by his army. After he is found guilty of his action, Sundar is later imprisoned for life in an island jail. There, Sundar gets the chance to meet his mother. She explains past to him about Senapathi's persecution of their family and the Vanjikottai kingdom. They both plan to escape from the prison. However, his mother dies in the attempt. Sundar jumps into the sea and escapes. He was saved by a ship carrying slaves to Ratna Island.

Landed as a slave on Ratna island, Sundar meets Princess Mandakini. The princess at first is averse to the attitude of Sundar, who ignores her beauty and does not respond to her assertive and arrogant behaviour. Later, she falls for him and gives him special treatment. Though Sundar also likes her, he requests Mandakini to release him in order to find his father and solve the conspiracy in his kingdom. She agrees with all the requests on the condition that he would return within one month. Mandakini provides Sundar with expensive jewelry, clothes, and a boat, and sends Sundar to his kingdom. Meanwhile, Chokkalingam, who is living in one of the hinterland villages with Padma, the princess and the young prince, is planning a revolution along with Murugan, who serves as his spy at Vanjikottai palace. They all hide in a Chatram as pilgrims. After awareness of the revolution is disseminated to the masses in Vanjikottai, Chokkalingam returns to Vanjikkottai to bring down Senapathi's Government. He is later joined by Sundar, Padma, Murugan, Velan and his wife Rangamma.
Sundar acts as a jewel merchant and deceives Maharani Ranthamani Devi and Senapathi by gaining their trust.He also plans to release Chokkalingam, Murugan and his wife Rangamma who were arrested by Senapathi during the revolution. He rescues Murugan and Rangamma from the prison. He also gets to know that Chokkalingam has been brought to the hill castle prison to undergo the death penalty.

Sundar later invites Maharani Ranthamani Devi and Senapathi to his palace to watch a consort by Padma.

By this time, since one month lapsed, Mandakini comes to Vanjikottai in search of Sundar. She set up her camp at the border of Vanjikottai and sends her spy to locate Sundar's place. While spotting Sundar and Padma together, her spy mistakes that Sunder is in love with Padma. Mandakini who hears the news approaches Sundar. Unable to explain his situation, Sundar asks Mandakini to watch the show along with Maharani Ranthamani Devi and Senapathi. Padma overhears their conversation and realizes Sunder's love for Mandakini and changes her mind by forgetting her love. In the Court, while watching the dance performed by Padma, Mandakini is angered by the meaning of Padma's song which indirectly tells her feelings towards Sundar. Soon, Mandakini changes her costume and gives stiff competition in dance to Padma. When Padma almost faints during the rotation, Sundar cuts the chandelier's rope making the chandelier crash, thus ending the dance competition. Then he orders Velan to drag Mandakini out and tie her into a room at a Chatram. After Senapathi has become intoxicated, Sundar uses this situation rescues Chokkalingam from prison.

Meanwhile, Mandakini who escapes from Velan, joins Senapathi and divulges details of the secret place where Chokkalingam, Sunder, Padma and others are hiding. In return, she asks him to send Sundar to her in order to live with him. Senapathi arrests all of them including Sundar. Mandakini realizes that Senapathi has tricked her, and gathers her army to save Sundar and the others. Murugan and the people of Vanjikottai head to Senapathi's palace to bring down his government.
Knowing this, Senapathi leaves the palace for the immediate execution of Sundar and others' death penalty. Murugan gets to know the place where the execution is to occur and he brings his people to kill Senapathi. Mandakini who also arrives there with her army joins the battle to bring down Senapathi. During the battle, Senapathi throws his sword at Sundar, but it hits Mandakini when she tries to protect him. The battle ended with the killing of Senapathi. Mandakini died while uniting Padma with Sundar.
Country is free from Senapathi's rule and Price is incarnated.

== Cast ==
;Cast according to the opening credits of the film
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
* [[Gemini Ganesan]] as Sunderalingam
* [[Vyjayanthimala]] as Mandakini
* [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] as Padma
* [[T. K. Shanmugam]] as Chokkalinga Navalar
* [[P. Kannamba|Kannamba]] as Sivakami, Navalar's Wife
* [[S. V. Subbaiah]] as Murugan
* [[M. S. Sundari Bai]] as Rangamma
* [[P.S. Veerappa|Veerappa]] as Senapathi Durjayan
{{col-break|width=50%}}
* [[T. K. Ramachandran]] as Kothaval
* [[C. R. Vijayakumari|Vijayakumari]] as Gowri
* Meenakshi as Queen Rangamani Devi
* Daisy Irani as Prince Kumaran
* [[R. Balasubramaniam]] as King of Rathna Island
* [[D. Balasubramaniam]] as King Vikramasinga Boopathi
* [[K. A. Thangavelu|Thangavelu]] as Velan
* [[T. P. Muthulakshmi|Muthulakshmi]] as Velan's Wife
{{col-end}}

== Production ==
The film was inspired by the 1844 novel ''[[The Count of Monte Cristo]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=T.M |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IXlTAAAAYAAJ&q=Vanjikottai+Valiban |title=70 Years of Indian Cinema 1913 to 1983 |publisher=I B D Ltd |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-86132-090-5 |pages=78 |access-date=4 June 2011}}</ref> According to Ramanathan, owner of Abirami Malls, Chennai, his father V. S. Sivalingam bought the distribution rights for ''Vanji Kottai Valipan'' at a cost of {{INR}} 200,000 in 1956.<ref name="right">{{Cite news |date=15 June 2007 |title=Mega star, mega film, mega hype |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/15/stories/2007061555630200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=9 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070618033758/http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/15/stories/2007061555630200.htm |archive-date=18 June 2007}}</ref> The film suffered from too much of "process screen" or [[Rear projection effect|Back projection]] where many shots from [[Gemini Studios]]'s ''[[Chandralekha (1948 film)|Chandralekha]]'' were used. A case in point is the scene where actor [[Ranjan (actor)|Ranjan]] and his gang are riding on horses that was taken from ''Chandralekha''.<ref name="hindu" /> Besides, a passing by of a [[Automobile|motor car]] was seen in a shot which was an [[anachronism]] in this [[Pre-industrial society|pre-industrial]] era story.<ref name="hindu" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[C. Ramchandra|C. Ramachandra]], and R. Vaidyanathan while the lyrics were penned by [[Kothamangalam Subbu]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vanjikottai Vaaliban (1958) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000725 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528111454/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000725 |archive-date=28 May 2011 |access-date=4 June 2011 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam – Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=157 |language=ta}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Amma Amma" || [[C. S. Jayaraman]]|| 2:49
|-
| "Ethani Kelvi" || [[P. Susheela]]|| 3:33
|-
| "[[Kannum Kannum Kalanthu]]" || [[P. Leela]] & [[Jikki]]|| 6:56
|-
| "Raja Magal Roja Malar" || P. Leela || 6:08
|-
| "Vennilave" || P. Leela || 6:09
|-
| "Vetrivel" || [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], [[Thiruchi Loganathan]], [[T. V. Rathnam]] & Group || 5:27
|-
| "Inba Kanavondru" || P. Susheela & Group || 02:25
|-
| "Thaedi Thaedi Alaigirene" || Thiruchi Loganathan, V. N. Sundaram || 03:44
|-
| "Vaikkal Vandi Baaram" || Thiruchi Loganathan, Sirkazhi Govindarajan & P. Leela ||
|-
| "Elo Elaiah. Thenmalai Thekku Vetti" || Thiruchi Loganathan & group ||
|-
| "kanagamellam" || P. Susheela ||
|-
| Jaya Jaya" || C. Ramachandra, P. susheela ||
|}

== Reception ==

The film initially gained a big opening at the box office as it was the first film produced by S. S. Vasan after a 10-year gap since ''Chandralekha''. The audience was pleased by the dances featuring the lead actresses; [[Vyjayanthimala]] and [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] and the production value of the film.<ref name="hindu" /> At the end of its theatrical run the film was labelled as a [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] at the box office.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=26 March 2011 |title=Vanjikottai Vaaliban 1958 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article1573834.ece |url-status=live |access-date=31 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208034745/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article1573834.ece |archive-date=8 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="right" /> The film celebrated its 100th day theatrical run at Wellington theatre, [[LIC Building]] on 9 June 1959 with a full-packed house.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J |date=1 February 2011 |title=Memories of Madras — Shades of a bygone era |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article1145813.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129141005/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article1145813.ece |archive-date=29 November 2011 |access-date=18 November 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was one of the successful [[Tamil films of 1958]] along with films such as ''[[Nadodi Mannan]]'' and ''[[Uthama Puthiran (1958 film)|Uthama Puthiran]]''. This film was the second biggest hit of the year 1958 after the mega hit ''Nadodi Mannan''.

== Other versions ==
The film was remade in Hindi as ''[[Raj Tilak (1958 film)|Raj Tilak]]'' with [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Vyjayanthimala]] and [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], who reprised their roles from the original.<ref name="hindu" /> It was also dubbed in Telugu as ''Vijaya Kota Veerudu''.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

== Legacy ==
The film was well known for its technical brilliance where the title sequence showing a ship caught in a storm was an excellent example of onscreen presentation which was rarely seen in [[South India]]n film of that time.<ref name="hindu" /> However, it was the dance sequence of Vyjayanthimala and Padmini in the song "[[Kannum Kannum Kalanthu]]", which was choreographed by Hiralal, brother of [[B. Sohanlal]], that is still remembered even today by the critics and audience alike, where the popularity of the song surpasses the popularity garnered by the film.<ref name="hindu" /> The song was regarded as the best dance sequence in Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=9 September 2006 |title=Beauty, charm, charisma |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/09/29/stories/2006092900720100.htm |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2 October 2024 |archive-date=28 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228080232/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/09/29/stories/2006092900720100.htm }}</ref> The song was also used by many [[Indian classical dance]]rs for stage performances.<ref>{{Cite news |year=1998 |title=An Annual Treat – IDA |url=http://www.thehorizons.com/review/rev89.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425232131/http://www.thehorizons.com/review/rev89.htm |archive-date=25 April 2012 |access-date=19 November 2011 |work=Thehorizons.com |publisher=}}</ref> Subsequently, the catch line used by Veerappa, "Shabhash, sariyana potti!", which means "Bravo, an excellent competition!" has become a famous catch line and is still used by the people of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="hindu" />

The opening lines of the song "Raja Magal Roja Malar" inspired two songs in the film ''[[Pillai Nila]]'' (1985). It also inspired the song "Raaja magal indha chinna raani thaan, Roja madal ival vanna maeni thaan" from the film ''[[Vaasalil Oru Vennilaa]]'' (1991).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-25 |title=Raja Magal Indha Chinna Song Lyrics |url=https://www.tamil2lyrics.com/lyrics/raja-magal-indha-chinna-song-lyrics/ |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=www.tamil2lyrics.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{The Count of Monte Cristo}}
{{S. S. Vasan}}
{{Gemini Studios}}

[[Category:1950s historical adventure films]]
[[Category:1950s historical romance films]]
[[Category:1958 Indian films]]
[[Category:1958 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1958 films]]
[[Category:Films about revolutions]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Films based on The Count of Monte Cristo]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. S. Vasan]]
[[Category:Films scored by C. Ramchandra]]
[[Category:Films set in the 18th century]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Kothamangalam Subbu]]
[[Category:Gemini Studios films]]
[[Category:History of India on film]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Indian historical adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian historical romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

M. G. Ramachandran filmography

2026-03-26T22:21:29Z

GeorgiannaN07: fix content per standard format

{{Short description|None}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
[[File:MGR -OIL PAINTING BY RAJASEKHARAN.jpg|thumb|The portrait of young M. G. Ramachandran]]
[[M. G. Ramachandran]] (11 January 1917 – 23 December 1987),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeyaraj |first=D. B. S. |author-link= |date=26 January 2017 |title=Magical "MGR" Charisma of Kandy- Born Actor-Politico M.G.Ramachandran. |url=http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/50906 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606083445/http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/50906 |archive-date=6 June 2017 |access-date=6 June 2017 |publisher=DBSJeyaraj.com}}</ref> popularly known by his initials '''MGR''',<ref name="MGR100HT">{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Nivedita |date=17 January 2017 |title=MGR's centenary: The man who dominated Tamil films for 3 decades |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mgr-s-centenary-the-man-who-dominated-tamil-films-for-3-decades/story-3aN5zgVfkI6nWqX8csbD7J.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607083231/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mgr-s-centenary-the-man-who-dominated-tamil-films-for-3-decades/story-3aN5zgVfkI6nWqX8csbD7J.html |archive-date=7 June 2017}}</ref>{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=188}} was an Indian actor, film director and film producer who had an extensive career primarily in [[Tamil language]] films. He was called '''Chinnavar''' in film industry. After starring in numerous commercially successful films from the 1950s to the early 1970s, he has continued to hold a [[matinée idol]] status in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="MGR100HT" /> Ramachandran made his debut in [[Ellis R. Dungan]]'s 1936 film ''[[Sathi Leelavathi (1936 film)|Sathi Leelavathi]]'', where he played a police inspector.{{Sfnm|1a1=Kannan|1y=2010|1p=85|2a1=Kannan|2y=2017|2p=37}}<ref name="TNT">{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=24 September 2012 |title=Tunes and trivia |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/tunes-and-trivia/article3931963.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602162913/http://www.thehindu.com/books/tunes-and-trivia/article3931963.ece |archive-date=2 June 2017}}</ref> He followed it with a string of minor appearances and supporting roles in many films, notably ''[[Ashok Kumar (film)|Ashok Kumar]]'' (1941), where he played the general of emperor [[Ashoka]]'s army,{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=288}} and as a [[captain]] in Dungan's ''[[Meera (1945 film)|Meera]]'' (1945).<ref name="Meera Hindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=28 March 2008 |title=Meera 1945 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/meera-1945/article3022713.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603083033/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/meera-1945/article3022713.ece |archive-date=3 June 2017}}</ref>

Ramachandran's breakthrough came with his first lead role in [[A. S. A. Sami]]'s [[swashbuckler film]] ''[[Rajakumari (1947 film)|Rajakumari]]'' (1947) where he played a villager who marries a princess.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=12 December 2012 |title=MGR Remembered, Part 1 |url=http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606103517/http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-1/ |archive-date=6 June 2017 |access-date=6 June 2017 |publisher=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref><ref name="MGRFilms">{{Cite book |last=Film News Anandan |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/mgr_76.asp |title=சாதனைகள் படைத்த தமிழ்த் திரைப்பட வரலாறு – புரட்சி நடிகர் நடித்த திரைப்படங்கள் |date=23 October 2004 |publisher=Sivakami Publishers |location=Chennai |language=ta |trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films – MGR Filmography |author-link=Film News Anandan |access-date=3 June 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170603075601/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/mgr_76.asp |archive-date=3 June 2017 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> Based on the ''[[One Thousand and One Nights|Arabian Nights]]'', ''Rajakumari'' was a commercially successful venture.<ref name="Rajakumari Hindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=5 September 2008 |title=Rajakumari 1947 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/rajakumari-1947/article3023314.ece |url-status=live |access-date=6 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606103311/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/rajakumari-1947/article3023314.ece |archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref> He established himself as an [[action hero]] akin to [[Errol Flynn]] and [[Douglas Fairbanks]] in [[Tamil cinema]] with ''[[Manthiri Kumari]]'' (1950) and ''[[Marmayogi]]'' (1951).{{Sfnm|1a1=Kasbekar|1y=2006|1p=220|2a1=Joshi|2a2=Dudrah|2y=2016|2p=80}}<ref name="Marmayogi Hindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=14 March 2008 |title=Marmayogi 1951 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/marmayogi-1951/article3022660.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603092756/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/marmayogi-1951/article3022660.ece |archive-date=3 June 2017}}</ref> Both films had political undertones which earned Ramachandran a [[Robin Hood]] persona of being a champion for the downtrodden.<ref name="BSAP">{{Cite news |last=Phadnis |first=Aditi |date=6 December 2016 |title=Jayalalithaa: Tamil Nadu's mercurial pharaoh |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-s-mercurial-pharaoh-116120500928_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607080344/http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-s-mercurial-pharaoh-116120500928_1.html |archive-date=7 June 2017}}</ref> His performance as the caring brother Rajendran who tries to keep his family together in ''[[En Thangai (1952 film)|En Thangai]]'' (1952) earned him critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=28 November 2008 |title=En Thangai 1952 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/en-thangai-1952/article3023607.ece |url-status=live |access-date=6 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606162639/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/en-thangai-1952/article3023607.ece |archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref> In 1953, he made his debut in [[Malayalam]] films opposite [[B. S. Saroja]] in ''[[Genova (1953 film)|Genova]]''.<ref name="Genova Hindu">{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=5 April 2010 |title=Genova 1953 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/GENOVA-1953/article15708179.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603100045/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/GENOVA-1953/article15708179.ece |archive-date=3 June 2017}}</ref> Ramachandran continued to play roles which enabled him to adopt his ideas of fighting injustice meted out to the poor such as an outlaw in ''[[Malaikkallan]]'' (1954), and ''[[Nadodi Mannan]]'' (1958).<ref name="MGR100HT" /><ref name="BSAP" /> In the latter, he featured in dual roles, as a king and a commoner, for the first time in his career.{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=355}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Film News Anandan |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan.asp |title=நாடோடி மன்னன் பற்றி எம்.ஜி.ஆர். |date=23 October 2004 |publisher=Sivakami Publishers |location=Chennai |language=ta |trans-title=MGR on Nadodi Mannan |access-date=7 June 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170607105251/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan.asp |archive-date=7 June 2017 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> Both ''Malaikkallan'' and ''Nadodi Mannan'' were commercially successful,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |date=6 March 2015 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 25 |url=http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-25/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608165716/http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-25/ |archive-date=8 June 2017 |access-date=8 June 2017 |publisher=Ilankai Tamil Sangam}}</ref> becoming the highest-grossing films of their respective release years.<ref name="MGR100HT" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=சுவாமிநாதன் |first=ஸ்ரீதர் |date=22 March 2016 |title=எம்ஜிஆர் 100 – 26 - படம் ஓடினால் மன்னன், ஓடாவிட்டால் நாடோடி! |language=ta |trans-title=MGR100 – 26 – If the film is successful, he is a king, if not he is a vagabond! |work=[[The Hindu (Tamil)|The Hindu Tamil]] |url=http://tamil.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-100-26-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF/article8384172.ece |url-status=live |access-date=9 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609080647/http://tamil.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-100-26-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF/article8384172.ece |archive-date=9 June 2017}}</ref> In addition to social dramas, Ramachandran received positive feedback and commercial success for swashbuckler films such as ''[[Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum (1956 film)|Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum]]'' (1956), the first [[Cinema of South India|South Indian]] full-length colour film,{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|pp=339–340}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |date=28 September 2013 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 11 |url=http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-11/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907031512/http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-11/ |archive-date=7 September 2016 |access-date=22 June 2017 |publisher=Ilankai Tamil Sangam}}</ref> ''[[Madurai Veeran (1956 film)|Madurai Veeran]]'' (1956),{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|pp=339, 346}} ''[[Chakravarthi Thirumagal]]'' and ''[[Mahadevi (film)|Mahadevi]]'' (both released in 1957).<ref name="MGR100HT" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=9 April 2011 |title=Chakravarthi Thirumagal 1957 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Chakravarthi-Thirumagal-1957/article14677017.ece |url-status=live |access-date=9 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609084648/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Chakravarthi-Thirumagal-1957/article14677017.ece |archive-date=9 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="Mahadhevi Hindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=16 January 2016 |title=Mahadevi (1957) |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Mahadevi-1957/article14001528.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603104308/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Mahadevi-1957/article14001528.ece |archive-date=3 June 2017}}</ref>
[[File:MGR (cropped).jpg|thumb|alt=M. G. Ramachandran looking towards his left|[[M. G. Ramachandran]] in ''[[Mohini (1948 film)|Mohini]]'' (1948)]]
According to Ashish Rajadhyaksha and [[Paul Willemen]] in the book ''Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema'', the success of Ramachandran's 1961 film ''[[Thirudathe]],'' marked a beginning of transition to roles that had "a contemporary setting". He often played "a saintly member of an oppressed class".{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=188}}<ref name="MGRFilms" /> The act of showering love and affection for his family members was a recurring theme in his films during this period.<ref name="Thozhilali Hindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=30 January 2016 |title=Thozhilaali (1964) |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Thozhilaali-1964/article14028732.ece |url-status=live |access-date=10 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610083812/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Thozhilaali-1964/article14028732.ece |archive-date=10 June 2017}}</ref> The films he appeared in during the 1960s played a crucial part in his subsequent career as a politician.{{Sfn|Kasbekar|2006|p=220}} The 1963 comedy-drama film ''[[Periya Idathu Penn]]'' had him play a farmer who seeks revenge from his village's [[zamindar]].{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=377}}{{efn|The word [[zamindar]] refers to a landowner who leases his land to tenant farmers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of zamindar in English |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/zamindar |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021090627/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/zamindar |archive-date=21 October 2017 |access-date=21 October 2017 |publisher=Oxford English Dictionary}}</ref>}} The following year, he appeared in ''[[Thozhilali]]'' as a bus conductor who exposes the fraudulent methods of a rival bus company, and in ''[[Padagotti]]'' as a fisherman who resolves to end the dispute between two fishing communities.<ref name="Thozhilali Hindu" /><ref name="Pagadotti Hindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=28 February 2016 |title=Padagotti (1964) |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/padagotti-1964/article8290305.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604094114/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/padagotti-1964/article8290305.ece |archive-date=4 June 2017}}</ref> In 1965, he collaborated with [[Tapi Chanakya]] in ''[[Enga Veettu Pillai]]'', where he featured as twins of opposite natures, one a coward and the other courageous.

He also featured in [[B. R. Panthulu]]'s ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'' the same year as a doctor who joins, and later becomes the leader of, a rebellion against a dictator.{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|pp=188, 383–384}}<ref name="MGR Dinamalar">{{Cite news |date=17 June 2015 |title=எம்.ஜி.ஆர்-ன் சிறந்த சாதனை படங்கள்...! |language=ta |trans-title=Best Films of MGR |work=[[Dinamalar]] |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/26166/special-report/MGRs-Best-movies---MGR-Special.htm |url-status=live |access-date=10 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610092058/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/26166/special-report/MGRs-Best-movies---MGR-Special.htm |archive-date=10 June 2017}}</ref> Both the films were major commercial successes.<ref name="MGR100HT" /> The [[romantic comedy]] ''[[Anbe Vaa (1966 film)|Anbe Vaa]]'' (1966), where Ramachandran played an industrialist and was his only film under [[AVM Productions]], is considered an [[antithesis]] of the roles he was doing during this period and was also commercially successful.<ref name="Anbe Vaa Hindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=10 November 2012 |title=Anbe Vaa 1966 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/anbe-vaa-1966/article4084816.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604094143/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/anbe-vaa-1966/article4084816.ece |archive-date=4 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=24 March 2011 |title=Moorings and musings |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Moorings-and-musings/article14959853.ece |url-status=live |access-date=10 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610172109/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Moorings-and-musings/article14959853.ece |archive-date=10 June 2017}}</ref> He continued to achieve success at the box-office with films like ''[[Arasa Kattalai]]'' and ''[[Kaavalkaaran]]'' (both released in 1967),<ref name="MGR100HT" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=சுவாமிநாதன் |first=ஸ்ரீதர் |date=16 June 2016 |title=எம்ஜிஆர் 100 – 87 - பெண்களை தெய்வமாக மதித்தவர்! |language=ta |trans-title=MGR 100 – 87 – Treated women as goddesses! |work=The Hindu Tamil |url=http://tamil.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-100-87-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D/article8736411.ece |url-status=live |access-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611083039/http://tamil.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-100-87-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D/article8736411.ece |archive-date=11 June 2017}}</ref> also garnering acclaim for the latter.<ref name="MGR Dinamalar" /><ref name="MGRAwards">{{Cite book |last=Film News Anandan |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/mgr_70.asp |title=சாதனைகள் படைத்த தமிழ்த் திரைப்பட வரலாறு – புரட்சி நடிகர் எம்.ஜி.ஆர். அவர்கள் பெற்ற விருதுகள் |date=23 October 2004 |publisher=Sivakami Publishers |location=Chennai |language=ta |trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films – Awards received by MGR |access-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170611091006/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/mgr_70.asp |archive-date=11 June 2017 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> Ramachandran's portrayal of twins, a club dancer and a criminal, who are separated as children in ''[[Kudiyirundha Koyil]]'' (1968) garnered him the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor]].<ref name="MGR Dinamalar" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=நரசிம்மன் |first=டி.ஏ. |date=27 January 2017 |title=என்னருமை தோழி..! 20: எம்.ஜி.ஆருக்கு ஆலோசனை! |language=ta |trans-title=My dear companion..! 20: Consultation to MGR! |work=The Hindu Tamil |url=http://tamil.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF-20-%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88/article9504346.ece |url-status=live |access-date=10 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610092656/http://tamil.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF-20-%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88/article9504346.ece |archive-date=10 June 2017}}</ref> In 1969, he appeared as a prince who brings down a tyrant who usurps his throne and mistreats his people in [[K. Shankar]]'s ''[[Adimai Penn]]'', and as a government clerk who masquerades as a billionaire to defeat the corrupt trio of a doctor, a builder and a merchant in ''[[Nam Naadu (1969 film)|Nam Naadu]]''.<ref name="MGR100HT" />{{Sfnm|1a1=Rajadhyaksha|1a2=Willemen|1y=1998|1pp=398, 400|2a1=Joshi|2a2=Dudrah|2y=2016|2p=80}} The former won him the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] at the Tamil Nadu State Film Awards.<ref name="MGRAwards" />

Ramachandran began the 1970s with roles in such social dramas as ''[[Mattukkara Velan]]'' and ''[[Engal Thangam]]'' (both released in 1970), both of which enjoyed commercial success.<ref name="MGRFilms" />{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|pp=400, 403}} The following year, he received the [[National Film Award for Best Actor]] for his role as a [[cycle rickshaw]] driver in ''[[Rickshawkaran]]'', making it the first film and him the first actor from South Indian cinema to win the award.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 October 2016 |title=Did you know? |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Did-you-know/article15421181.ece |url-status=live |access-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611090435/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Did-you-know/article15421181.ece |archive-date=11 June 2017}}</ref> It went on to become the highest-grossing film of the year.<ref name="MGR100HT" /> He then directed and produced the science fiction film ''[[Ulagam Sutrum Valiban]]'' (1973) where he also starred in dual roles as brothers, a scientist and a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer. It became his most commercially successful film to that point.<ref name="MGR100HT" />{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=419}} Ramachandran retired from filmmaking in 1978 to take up his duties as the [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]; his last venture, entitled ''[[Madhuraiyai Meetta Sundharapandiyan]],'' was a commercial failure.<ref name="MGRFilms" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shanker |first=V. Prem |date=26 May 2017 |title=Rajinikanth's 'battle' remark may just be a publicity comment before his film Kaala Karikaalan's release |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rajinikanths-battle-remark-may-just-be-a-publicity-comment-before-his-film-kaala-karikaalans-release/articleshow/58847830.cms |url-status=live |access-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611093922/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rajinikanths-battle-remark-may-just-be-a-publicity-comment-before-his-film-kaala-karikaalans-release/articleshow/58847830.cms |archive-date=11 June 2017}}</ref>

== Films ==

*''All films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Film
! scope="col"|Role(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1936
!scope="row" | ''[[Sathi Leelavathi (1936 film)|Sathi Leelavathi]]''
| Rangaiah Naidu
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="TNT" /> <ref name="Iru1936">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=14 August 2009 |title=Iru Sahodarargal 1936 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/iru-sahodarargal-1936/article3021811.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602162908/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/iru-sahodarargal-1936/article3021811.ece |archive-date=2 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Iru Sahodarargal]]''
| Masthaan
| Credited as G. Ramachandran
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Iru1936" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1938
!scope="row" | ''[[Dakshayagnam (1938 film)|Dakshayagnam]]''
| [[Vishnu]]
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" /> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=25 September 2011 |title=Daksha Yagnam 1938 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/daksha-yagnam-1938/article2483005.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602164357/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/daksha-yagnam-1938/article2483005.ece |archive-date=2 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Veera Jagathis]]''
| Baiyan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" /> {{Sfn|Rajanayagam|2015|p=271}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1939
!scope="row" | ''[[Maya Machhindra]]''
| Sooryakethu
| Credited as Ramachandar
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" /> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=25 January 2014 |title=Maya Machhindra (1939) |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/maya-machhindra-1939/article5617395.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602164402/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/maya-machhindra-1939/article5617395.ece |archive-date=2 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Prahalada (film)|Prahalada]]''
| [[Indra]]
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=14 August 2011 |title=Prahalada 1939 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/prahalada-1939/article2354913.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602164407/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/prahalada-1939/article2354913.ece |archive-date=2 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1941
!scope="row" | ''[[Vedavathi Alladhu Seetha Jananam]]''
| Indrajith
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" /> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=20 April 2017 |title=Vedavathi (1941) |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/vedavathi-1941/article18150991.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603075547/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/vedavathi-1941/article18150991.ece |archive-date=3 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Ashok Kumar (film)|Ashok Kumar]]''
| Mahendran
| Credited as M. G. Ramachandar
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=288}} <ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=25 January 2008 |title=Ashok Kumar 1941 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/ashok-kumar-1941/article3022478.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603080050/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/ashok-kumar-1941/article3022478.ece |archive-date=3 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 1942
!scope="row" | ''[[Tamizhariyum Perumal]]''
|
| Guest appearance
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
| 1943
!scope="row" | ''[[Dhaasippen]]''
| [[Shiva]]
| The film had two alternative titles: ''Jyothi Malar'' and ''Thumbhai Mahatmyam''
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=20 February 2011 |title=Dasi Penn (Jyothimalar) 1943 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Dasi-Penn-Jyothimalar-1943/article15451315.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603081041/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Dasi-Penn-Jyothimalar-1943/article15451315.ece |archive-date=3 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 1944
!scope="row" | ''[[Harischandra (1944 film)|Harischandra]]''
| Sathyakeerthi
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=3 July 2009 |title=Harishchandra 1944 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/harishchandra-1944/article3021653.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603082025/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/harishchandra-1944/article3021653.ece |archive-date=3 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Harichandra |type=Motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Sri Rajarajeswari Film Company |year=1944 |place=India |time=00:00:00 to 00:00:20 |time-caption=Opening credits from}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1945
!scope="row" | ''[[Saalivaahanan]]''
| [[Vikramaditya]]
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=26 June 2011 |title=Saalivaahanan 1945 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/saalivaahanan-1945/article2135380.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603082626/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/saalivaahanan-1945/article2135380.ece |archive-date=3 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Meera (1945 film)|Meera]]''
| Jayamal
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Meera Hindu" /> <ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Meera |type=Motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Chandraprabha Cinetone |year=1945 |place=India |time=00:00:21 to 00:00:31 |time-caption=Opening credits from}}</ref>
|-
| 1946
!scope="row" | ''[[Sri Murugan]]''
| [[Shiva]]
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=1 May 2009 |title=Sri Murugan 1946 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/sri-murugan-1946/article3021432.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603084618/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/sri-murugan-1946/article3021432.ece |archive-date=3 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1947
!scope="row" | ''[[Rajakumari (1947 film)|Rajakumari]]''
| Mohan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" /> <ref name="Rajakumari Hindu" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Paithiyakkaran]]''
| Moorthy
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" /> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=13 June 2008 |title=Paithiakaaran 1947 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/paithiakaaran-1947/article3023014.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603085816/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/paithiakaaran-1947/article3023014.ece |archive-date=3 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1948
!scope="row" | ''[[Abhimanyu (1948 film)|Abhimanyu]]''
| [[Arjuna]]
| Credited as M. G. Ramachandar
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=2 October 2009 |title=Abhimanyu 1948 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/abhimanyu-1948/article3021993.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603090040/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/abhimanyu-1948/article3021993.ece |archive-date=3 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Raja Mukthi]]''
| Mahendra Varman
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" /> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=18 April 2008 |title=Raja Mukthi 1948 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/raja-mukthi-1948/article3022799.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603090913/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/raja-mukthi-1948/article3022799.ece |archive-date=3 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=19 March 2016 |title=26. அதிர்ச்சி தோல்வியுற்ற தமிழ்த் திரைப்படங்கள் |language=ta |trans-title=26. Tamil films that surprisingly flopped |work=[[Dina Thanthi]] |url=http://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2016/03/19113617/26-Shock-defeated-the-Tamil-Movies.vpf |url-status=dead |access-date=6 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606094148/http://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2016/03/19113617/26-Shock-defeated-the-Tamil-Movies.vpf |archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Mohini (1948 film)|Mohini]]''
| Vijayakumar
| Credited as M. G. Ramachandar
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
| 1949
!scope="row" | ''[[Ratnakumar]]''
| Baladevan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1950
!scope="row" | ''[[Maruthanad Elavarasee]]''
| Kandeeban
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Manthiri Kumari]]''
| Veeramohan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=318}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=Manthiri Kumari (1950) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/manthiri_kumari_1950 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606081736/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/manthiri_kumari_1950 |archive-date=6 June 2017 |access-date=6 June 2017 |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1951
!scope="row" | ''[[Marmayogi]]''
''[[Marmayogi|Ek Tha Raja]]''
| Karikalan
| ''Marmayogi'' made in [[Hindi]] as ''Ek Tha Raja''
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Marmayogi Hindu" /> {{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=323}}
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Sarvadhikari (film)|Sarvadhikari]]''
| Prathapan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1952
!scope="row" | ''[[Andhaman Kaidhi]]''
| Nataraj
|
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=325}}
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Kumari (1952 film)|Kumari]]''
| Vijayan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[En Thangai (1952 film)|En Thangai]]''
| Rajendran
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1953
!scope="row" | ''[[Naam (1953 film)|Naam]]''
| Kumaran
| Also producer
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=29 December 2012 |title=Naam (1953) |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/naam-1953/article4252688.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603095930/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/naam-1953/article4252688.ece |archive-date=3 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |date=30 September 2014 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 21 |url=http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-21/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612153241/http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-21/ |archive-date=12 June 2017 |access-date=12 June 2017 |publisher=Ilankai Tamil Sangam}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Panakkaari]]''
| Sundar
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Genova (1953 film)|Genova]]''
| Cipresso
| [[Malayalam]] film Also made in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] with the same title
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Genova Hindu" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |date=24 December 2015 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 32 |url=http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-32/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604065555/http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-32/ |archive-date=4 June 2017 |access-date=4 June 2017 |publisher=Ilankai Tamil Sangam}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1954
!scope="row" | ''[[Malaikkallan]]''
| Kumaraveeran (Malaikkallan) (Abdul Rahim){{efn|name=character}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=336}}
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Koondukkili]]''
| Thangaraj
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
| 1955
!scope="row" | ''[[Gulebakavali (1955 film)|Gulebakavali]]''
| Dasan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1956
!scope="row" | ''[[Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum (1956 film)|Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum]]''
|[[Ali Baba (character)|Ali Baba]]
| First full-length colour film of [[South India]]
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|pp=339–340}}
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Madurai Veeran (1956 film)|Madurai Veeran]]''
| [[Madurai Veeran]]
|
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=346}}
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Thaikkupin Tharam]]''
| Muthaiyan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1957
!scope="row" | ''[[Chakravarthi Thirumagal]]''
| Udhayasuriyan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" /> {{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=349}}
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Raja Rajan (film)|Raja Rajan]]''
| Rajan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Pudhumai Pithan (1957 film)|Pudhumai Pithan]]''
| Jeevagan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Mahadevi (film)|Mahadevi]]''
| Vallavan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Mahadhevi Hindu" />
|-
| 1958
!scope="row" | ''[[Nadodi Mannan]]''
| Marthandan, Veerangan{{efn|[[M. G. Ramachandran]] played dual roles in this film.|name=dual}}
| Also director and producer
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=355}}
|-
| 1959
!scope="row" | ''[[Thaai Magalukku Kattiya Thaali]]''
| Kanagu
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1960
!scope="row" | ''[[Baghdad Thirudan]]''
| Abu
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Raja Desingu]]''
| Tej Singh alias Desingu, Dawood Khan{{efn|name=dual}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=15 August 2015 |title=Raja Desingu (1960) |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-film-raja-desinghu-1960-featuring-mgr/article7544279.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604073009/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-film-raja-desinghu-1960-featuring-mgr/article7544279.ece |archive-date=4 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Mannathi Mannan]]''
| Manivannan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1961
!scope="row" | ''[[Arasilankumari]]''
| Arivazhagan, Gunasekaran{{efn|name=dual}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=367}}
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Thirudathe]]''
| Balu
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Sabaash Mapillai]]''
| Vasu
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Nallavan Vazhvan]]''
| Muthu
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Thai Sollai Thattathe]]''
| Raju
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=28 May 2016 |title=Thaai Sollai Thattathe(1961) |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mgr-and-saroja-devi-in-thaai-sollai-thattathe1961/article8659814.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604081620/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mgr-and-saroja-devi-in-thaai-sollai-thattathe1961/article8659814.ece |archive-date=4 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1962
!scope="row" | ''[[Rani Samyuktha]]''
| [[Prithviraj Chauhan]]
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=19 September 2015 |title=Rani Samyuktha (1962) |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-film-rani-samyuktha-1962/article7668441.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604074922/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-film-rani-samyuktha-1962/article7668441.ece |archive-date=4 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Madappura]]''
| Ramu
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Thayai Katha Thanayan]]''
| Sekar
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Kudumba Thalaivan]]''
| Vasu
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Paasam]]''
| Gopi
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Vikramaadhithan]]''
| [[Vikramaditya]]
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1963
!scope="row" | ''[[Panathottam]]''
| Selvam
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Koduthu Vaithaval]]''
| Selvam
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Dharmam Thalai Kaakkum]]''
| Chandran
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=4 June 2016 |title=Dharmam Thalai Kaakkum (1963) |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Dharmam-Thalai-Kaakkum-1963/article14384567.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604082119/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Dharmam-Thalai-Kaakkum-1963/article14384567.ece |archive-date=4 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Kalai Arasi]]''
| Mohan, [[Extraterrestrial life|Alien]]{{efn|name=dual}}
|'First Indian Film' to feature 'Aliens'
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 1963 |title="Kalai Arasi" is full of synthetic thrills |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19630426&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=5 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Sruthi Ganapathy |date=3 June 2016 |title=A Tamil film that had aliens, spaceships, anti-gravity boots half a century ago |work=[[The News Minute]] |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamil-film-had-aliens-spaceships-anti-gravity-boots-half-century-ago-44272 |url-status=live |access-date=5 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605161201/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamil-film-had-aliens-spaceships-anti-gravity-boots-half-century-ago-44272 |archive-date=5 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Periya Idathu Penn]]''
| Murugappan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=377}}
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Anandha Jodhi]]''
| Anand
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Neethikkupin Paasam]]''
| Gopal
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Kaanchi Thalaivan]]''
| Narasimha Pallavan (Mamallan){{efn|[[M. G. Ramachandran]] played a single character in the film who has two or more different names.|name=character}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=13 December 2015 |title=Kanchi Thalaivan(1963) |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/kanchi-thalaivan1963/article7981469.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604082150/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/kanchi-thalaivan1963/article7981469.ece |archive-date=4 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Parisu]]''
| Venu
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1964
!scope="row" | ''[[Vettaikkaran (1964 film)|Vettaikkaran]]''
| Babu
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=21 February 2016 |title=Vettaikaaran (1964) Tamil |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/vettaikaaran-1964-tamil/article8262341.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604094044/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/vettaikaaran-1964-tamil/article8262341.ece |archive-date=4 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[En Kadamai]]''
| Inspector Nathan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Panakkara Kudumbam]]''
| Nallathambi
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Deiva Thai]]''
| Maran
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=2 April 2016 |title=Dheiva Thaai (1964) |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mgr-and-saroja-devi-in-dheiva-thaai-1964/article8426472.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604094133/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mgr-and-saroja-devi-in-dheiva-thaai-1964/article8426472.ece |archive-date=4 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Thozhilali]]''
| Raju
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Padagotti]]''
| Manickam
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Pagadotti Hindu" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Thayin Madiyil]]''
| Raja
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1965
!scope="row" | ''[[Enga Veettu Pillai]]''
| Ilango, Ramu{{efn|name=dual}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Panam Padaithavan]]''
| Raja
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]''
| Manimaran
|
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|pp=383–384}}
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Kalangarai Vilakkam]]''
| Ravi
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Kanni Thai]]''
| Saravanan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Thazhampoo]]''
| Durai
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Aasai Mugam]]''
| Manohar, Vajravelu{{efn|name=dual}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1966
!scope="row" | ''[[Anbe Vaa (1966 film)|Anbe Vaa]]''
| J. B. (Balu){{efn|name=character}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Anbe Vaa Hindu" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Naan Aanaiyittal]]''
| Pandiyan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Muharasi]]''
| Ramu
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Nadodi]]''
| Thyagu
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=13 February 2016 |title=Naadodi (1966)tamil |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mgr-and-saroja-devi-in-naadodi-1966/article8232587.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604095748/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mgr-and-saroja-devi-in-naadodi-1966/article8232587.ece |archive-date=4 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Chandrodayam]]''
| Chandran
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=9 January 2016 |title=Blast from the past: Chandhrodhayam (1966) |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Blast-from-the-past-Chandhrodhayam-1966/article13990301.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604095753/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Blast-from-the-past-Chandhrodhayam-1966/article13990301.ece |archive-date=4 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Thaali Bhagyam]]''
| Murugan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Thanippiravi]]''
| Muthaiah
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=22 May 2016 |title=Thanipiravi (1966) |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/thanipiravi-1966/article8632743.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604104803/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/thanipiravi-1966/article8632743.ece |archive-date=4 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Parakkum Pavai]]''
| Jeeva
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=14 May 2016 |title=Parakkum Paavai (1966) |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mgr-sarojadevi-and-kanchana-in-parakkum-paavai-1966/article8600468.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604095800/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mgr-sarojadevi-and-kanchana-in-parakkum-paavai-1966/article8600468.ece |archive-date=4 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Petralthan Pillaiya]]''
| Anandhan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=7 May 2016 |title=Petraalthan Pillaiya (1966) |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/petraalthan-pillaiya-1966-starring-mgr-saroja-devi-and-sowcar-janaki/article8570034.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604094149/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/petraalthan-pillaiya-1966-starring-mgr-saroja-devi-and-sowcar-janaki/article8570034.ece |archive-date=4 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1967
!scope="row" | ''[[Thaikku Thalaimagan]]''
| Marudhu
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" /> {{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=394}}
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Arasa Kattalai]]''
| Vijayan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=24 April 2016 |title=Arasa Kattalai (1967) |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/arasa-kattalai-1967/article14253740.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604104819/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/arasa-kattalai-1967/article14253740.ece |archive-date=4 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Kaavalkaaran]]''
| Mani
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Vivasaayee]]''
| Muthaiah
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1968
!scope="row" | ''[[Ragasiya Police 115]]''
| Ramu
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Ther Thiruvizha]]''
| Saravanan, Himself{{efn|name=dual}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" /> <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hCHMTax97uA |title=Ther Thiruvizha : MGR Speech |type=Motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Devar Films |year=1968 |place=India |time=00:00:00 to 00:02:42 |time-caption=Ramachandran appears as himself from |work=Tamil Movies}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Kudiyirundha Koyil]]''
| Anand, Sekar (Babu){{efn|[[M. G. Ramachandran]] played dual roles in this film, one of who has two or more different names.|name=dual2}}
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" /> <ref name="MGRAwards" /> <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BmD_DO7_Dmw |title=Kudiyirundha Koyil |type=Motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Saravana Screens |year=1968 |place=India |time=00:15:50 to 00:18:05, 00:48:05 to 00:48:15 and 02:30:45 to 02:31:00 |time-caption=Character's names mentioned from |work=[[Rajshri Media|Rajshri Tamil]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Kannan En Kadhalan]]''
| Kannan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Puthiya Bhoomi]]''
| Katheeravan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=396}}
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Kanavan]]''
| Valaiyan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=396}}
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Oli Vilakku]]''
| Muthu
| 100th Film
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=6 March 2016 |title=Oli Vilakku (1968) |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/oli-vilakku-1968/article8318648.ece |url-status=live |access-date=5 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605071812/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/oli-vilakku-1968/article8318648.ece |archive-date=5 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Kadhal Vaaganam]]''
| Sundaram
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" /> <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T5KDApNVuQ0 |title=Kadhal Vaaganam |type=Motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Devar Films |year=1968 |place=India |time=00:04:35 to 00:04:45 |time-caption=Character's name mentioned from |work=Tamil Movies}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1969
!scope="row" | ''[[Adimai Penn]]''
| Vengaiya Malaiyan, Vengaiyyan{{efn|name=dual}}
| Also producer [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRAwards" /> {{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=398}} <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvLW5DJ8M9Q |title=Adimaippenn |type=Motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Emgeeyar Pictures Ltd |year=1969 |place=India |time=00:01:10 to 00:07:30 |time-caption=Character of Vengaiya Malaiyan seen from |work=[[Raj Television Network|Raj Video Vision Tamil]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Nam Naadu (1969 film)|Nam Naadu]]''
| Durai
|
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=400}}
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1970
!scope="row" | ''[[Mattukkara Velan]]''
| Velan, Raghu{{efn|name=dual}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=400}} <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=icFnlbr_9To |title=Maattukara Velan |type=Motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Jayanthi Films |year=1970 |place=India |time=00:19:30 to 00:22:30 |time-caption=The name of M. G. Ramachandran's second character Raghu is mentioned from |work=Raj Video Vision Tamil}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[En Annan]]''
| Rangan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Thalaivan (1970 film)|Thalaivan]]''
| Ilango
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" /> <ref>{{Cite web |year=1970 |title=Thalaivan Poster |url=http://tinypic.com/view.php?pic=2dmn8p&s=8#.WTUVfhOGP-Y |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605082603/http://tinypic.com/view.php?pic=2dmn8p&s=8#.WTUVvROGP-Y |archive-date=5 June 2017 |access-date=5 June 2017 |publisher=Thomas Pictures}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Thedi Vandha Mappillai]]''
| Shankar
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Engal Thangam]]''
| Thangam, Himself{{efn|name=dual}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=403}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1971
!scope="row" | ''[[Kumari Kottam]]''
| Gopal
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Rickshawkaran]]''
| Selvam
| [[National Film Award for Best Actor]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" /> <ref name="MGRAwards" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Neerum Neruppum]]''
| Manivannan, Karikalan{{efn|name=dual}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Oru Thai Makkal]]''
| Kannan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1972
!scope="row" | ''[[Sange Muzhangu]]''
| Murugan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Nalla Neram]]''
| Raju
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Raman Thediya Seethai (1972 film)|Raman Thediya Seethai]]''
| Raman
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Naan Yen Pirandhen]]''
| Kannan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Annamitta Kai]]''
| Durairaj
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Idhaya Veenai]]''
| Sundaram
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1973
!scope="row" | ''[[Ulagam Sutrum Valiban]]''
| Raju, Murugan{{efn|name=dual}}
| Also director and producer
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=419}} <ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=30 April 2016 |title=Ulagam Sutrum Vaaliban (1973) |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ulagamsutrum-vaaliban1973/article8541302.ece |url-status=live |access-date=5 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605084705/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ulagamsutrum-vaaliban1973/article8541302.ece |archive-date=5 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Pattikaattu Ponnaiya]]''
| Ponnaiah, Muthaiah{{efn|name=dual}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1974
!scope="row" | ''[[Netru Indru Naalai (1974 film)|Netru Indru Naalai]]''
| Rathnam (Manickam), Kumar{{efn|name=dual2}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" /> <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBrvj8Mn-i0 |title=Netru Indru Naalai |type=Motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Amalraj Films |year=1974 |place=India |time=01:12:35 to 01:19:25, 02:24:00 to 02:27:00 and 02:30:40 to 02:32:00 |time-caption=Character's names mentioned from |work=Tamil Movies}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Urimaikural]]''
| Gopi
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Sirithu Vazha Vendum]]''
| Ramu, Rahman{{efn|name=dual}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" /> {{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=188}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1975
!scope="row" | ''[[Ninaithadhai Mudippavan]]''
| Sundaram, Ranjith Kumar{{efn|name=dual}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=10 April 2016 |title=Ninaithathai Mudippavan (1975) Tamil |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/ninaithathai-mudippavan-1975-tamil/article8455946.ece |url-status=live |access-date=5 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605092516/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/ninaithathai-mudippavan-1975-tamil/article8455946.ece |archive-date=5 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Naalai Namadhe (1975 film)|Naalai Namadhe]]''
| Shankar, Vijay{{efn|name=dual}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Idhayakkani]]''
| Mohan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=17 April 2016 |title=Idhayakkani (1975) |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/idhayakkani-1975/article8484082.ece |url-status=live |access-date=5 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605092440/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/idhayakkani-1975/article8484082.ece |archive-date=5 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Pallandu Vaazhga]]''
| Rajan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=20 March 2016 |title=Pallandu Vazhga (1975) Tamil |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/pallandu-vazhga-1975-tamil/article8375445.ece |url-status=live |access-date=5 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605092507/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/pallandu-vazhga-1975-tamil/article8375445.ece |archive-date=5 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1976
!scope="row" | ''[[Needhikku Thalaivanangu]]''
| Vijay
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=24 January 2016 |title=Neethikku Thalai Vanangu (1976) |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Neethikku-Thalai-Vanangu-1976/article14016088.ece |url-status=live |access-date=5 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605093309/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Neethikku-Thalai-Vanangu-1976/article14016088.ece |archive-date=5 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Uzhaikkum Karangal]]''
| Ranga
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Oorukku Uzhaippavan]]''
| Selvam, Kumar{{efn|name=dual}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1977
!scope="row" | ''[[Navarathinam]]''
| Thangam
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Indru Pol Endrum Vaazhga]]''
| Murugan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Meenava Nanban]]''
| Kumaran
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
| 1978
!scope="row" | ''[[Madhuraiyai Meetta Sundharapandiyan]]''
| Sundarapandian
| Also director
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" />
|-
| 1990
!scope="row" | ''[[Avasara Police 100]]''
| Raju
| Posthumous release. Archive footage of Ramachandran's unfinished film ''[[Anna Nee En Deivam]]'' used.
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="MGRFilms" /> <ref name="HinduMGR">{{Cite news |last=சுவாமிநாதன் |first=ஸ்ரீதர் |date=12 April 2016 |title=எம்ஜிஆர் 100 – 41 - அமுதசுரபி! |language=ta |trans-title=MGR 100 – 41 – Amudhasurabhi! |work=The Hindu Tamil |url=http://tamil.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-100-41-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF/article8465371.ece |url-status=live |access-date=5 June 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170605105525/http://tamil.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-100-41-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF/article8465371.ece |archive-date=5 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=விகடன் மேடை - கே.பாக்யராஜ் |trans-title=In Vikatan – K. Bhagyaraj |url=http://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2012-oct-17/exclusive/25001.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605101514/http://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2012-oct-17/exclusive/25001.html |archive-date=5 June 2017 |access-date=5 June 2017 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| 1991
!scope="row" | ''[[Nallathai Naadu Kekum]]''
| Jeeva
| Posthumous release. Archive footage of Ramachandran's unfinished film of the same name used.
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="HinduMGR" /> <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4-Gc2SVYoY |title=Nallathai Naadu Kekum |type=Motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Jeppiar Pictures |year=1991 |place=India |time=00:46:50 to 00:49:10 |time-caption=Character's name mentioned from |work=Classic Movies}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[M. G. Ramachandran's unrealized projects]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Joshi |first1=Priya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RggfDAAAQBAJ |title=The 1970s and Its Legacies in India's Cinemas |last2=Dudrah |first2=Rajinder |date=16 May 2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-83658-6 |location=[[New York City]]}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kannan |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQc_Xi0J8M0C |title=Anna: The Life and Times of C.N. Annadurai |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-670-08328-2 |location=[[New Delhi]]}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kannan |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mclDwAAQBAJ |title=MGR: A Life |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2017 |isbn=978-93-8649-588-4 |location=New Delhi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kasbekar |first=Asha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C |title=Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-85109-636-7 |location=[[Santa Barbara, California]]}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-563579-9 |location=New Delhi |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rajanayagam |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5FHeCQAAQBAJ |title=Popular Cinema and Politics in South India: The Films of MGR and Rajinikanth |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-138-82203-0 |location=New Delhi}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|name=M. G. Ramachandran filmography|id=0707901}}
{{M. G. Ramachandran}}
{{featured list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramachandran, M.G.}}
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:M. G. Ramachandran]]
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]
[[Category:Director filmographies]]

Nagabhushana

2026-03-26T02:54:27Z

GeorgiannaN07: creating details - done

{{Short description|Indian film actor}}{{Distinguish|text=the actor [[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]]. For similar names, see [[Nagabhushanam (disambiguation)]]}}{{Infobox person
| name = Nagabhushana
| image =
| birth_name = Nagabhushana N S
| nationality =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2018–present
| spouse =
| education =
| alma mater = SJCE Mysore
}}

'''Nagabhushana N S''', also known as '''Nagabhushana''', is an Indian film actor, who has worked predominantly in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada movie industry]]. Nagabhushana made his debut with the Kannada film ''[[Sankashta Kara Ganapathi]]''.

== Career ==
Nagabhushan joined GPIER, an amateur theatre group founded by [[Rangayana]] artist Mime Ramesh.He worked in a government job before he left the job to pursue a career in acting. Along with his friends from college, he started a YouTube channel, Karnataka Entertainment Board, in 2016 to convey socially relevant issue through humour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KEB — satirically yours |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/150518/keb-satirically-yours.html |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> He has acted, directed and wrote scripts of many of the episodes published in the channel. One of the episode named "Lucia Pawan has HFPS Disease", in which [[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]] acted as a patient with social media addiction, has received more than 350,000 views on Youtube.<ref>{{Cite web |last=richabarua |title=Lucia director Pawan Kumar suffers from HFPS disease |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/lucia-director-pawan-kumar-suffers-from-hfps-disease |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en}}</ref> After making his film debut with ''[[Badmaash (2016 film)|Badmaash]]'' (2016), he acted in ''[[Sankashta Kara Ganapathi]]'' (2018) as [[Likith Shetty]]'s friend. A critic from ''The Times of India'' noted that "Nagabhushan as Likith's best buddy is a hoot and is another show stealer".<ref>{{Citation |title=Sankashta Kara Ganapathi Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Sankashta Kara Ganapathi by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/sankashta-kara-ganapathi/movie-review/65158956.cms |access-date=2022-06-02}}</ref> He wrote the story for a web series titled ''Honeymoon'' and also acted in it opposite [[Sanjana Anand|Sanjana Aanand]].<ref name="Anandraj">{{Cite news |last=Anandraj |first=Shilpa |date=2022-05-31 |title=Nagabhushan on 'Honeymoon': 'A comedy for the family' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nagabhushan-on-honeymoon-a-comedy-for-the-family/article65460527.ece |access-date=2022-06-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Honeymoon Season 1 Review: An endearing tale of an arranged match on their honeymoon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/kannada/honeymoon/honeymoon-season-1/seasonreview/91640444.cms |access-date=2022-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagabhushana and Sanjana ready for Honeymoon |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/apr/08/nagabhushana-and-sanjana-ready-for-honeymoon-1961560.html |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-09 |title='Honeymoon' is a comic take on newlyweds' lives |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-lifestyle/honeymoon-is-a-comic-take-on-newlyweds-lives-727783.html |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The episodes of the ''Honeymoon'' web series were first released in Telugu on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] streaming service and later in Kannada on [[Voot]].<ref name="Anandraj"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=Arha Media & Broadcasting Pvt |title=Watch Online Movies {{!}} South Indian movies & web series |url=https://www.aha.video/404 |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=aha |language=en}}</ref> He has also acted in a lead role in ''[[Ikkat (film)|Ikkat]],'' a comedy entertainer which depicts the struggles of a married couple during the Covid-19 related forced lockdown.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-27 |title=Pawan Kumar backs 'Ikkat', film about couple in forced |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/arts-books-culture/pawan-kumar-backs-ikkat-film-about-couple-in-forced-967030.html |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pawan Kumar Studios is all set to present Ikkat |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/mar/22/pawan-kumar-studios-is-all-set-to-present-ikkat-23499.html |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-16 |title=Nagabhushana and Bhoomi: 'Ikkat' is special for us |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/nagabhushana-and-bhoomi-ikkat-is-special-for-us-1009513.html |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The ''Ikkat'' movie premiered on July 21, 2021, on [[Amazon Prime Video]] and got mostly positive reviews by film critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-21 |title=Ikkat movie review: Amazon's Kannada comedy is smart and funny |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/movie-review/ikkat-movie-review-amazon-kannada-comedy-is-smart-and-funny-7415414/ |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nagabhushan and Bhoomi Shetty Make 'Ikkat' A Fun Watchable Drama |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/buzz/blog/Streaming/ikkat-film-review |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref> A BookMyShow review on the ''Ikkat'' film mentioned that "Nagabhushan pulls off a brilliant comical act with a great mix of expressions and dialogue delivery".<ref name=":0" />

== Controversy ==
On October 1, 2023, Nagabhushana was arrested for fatally running over woman in [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=C |first=Chetan B. |title=Kannada actor Nagabhushana arrested for fatally running over woman in Bengaluru |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/kannada-actor-nagabhushana-arrested-for-fatally-running-over-woman-in-bengalurus-kumaraswamy-layout-2708275 |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*''All films are in Kannada, unless otherwise noted.''
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
|rowspan="4"|2018
| ''[[Sankashta Kara Ganapathi]]''
|Ganapathi's friend
|
|-
|''[[Johnny Johnny Yes Papa (film)|Johnny Johnny Yes Papa]]''
|Rahul
|
|-
|''[[U Turn (2018 film)|U Turn]]''
|Auto driver
|Telugu-Tamil film
|-
|''[[Ondalla Eradalla]]''
|Suresha
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[French Biriyani]]''
| Purushottam
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2021
|''[[Ikkat (film)|Ikkat]]''
|Vasu
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/nagabhushana-and-bhoomi-ikkat-is-special-for-us-1009513.html|title=Nagabhushana and Bhoomi: 'Ikkat' is special for us|access-date=16 July 2021
|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ikkat-review-nagabhushana-and-bhoomi-shetty-impress-relatable-comedy-152723|title='Ikkat' review: Nagabhushana and Bhoomi Shetty impress in relatable comedy|access-date=21 July 2021
|website=The News Minute}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Salaga (film)|Salaga]]''
|Vijay's lawyer
|<ref>{{cite news |title='Salaga': Duniya Vijay calls Nagabhushan a 'great artist' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/salaga-duniya-vijay-calls-nagabhushan-a-great-artist/articleshow/70643893.cms |access-date=28 October 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Yuvarathnaa]]''
|Doctor
|
|-
|''[[Badava Rascal]]''
|Nagalinga
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|2022
|''[[Honeymoon (Indian TV series)|Honeymoon]]''
|Praveen
|Web Series<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/may/14/honeymoon-to-stream-on-voot-select-from-may-20-31479.html|title=Honeymoon to stream on Voot Select from May 20|access-date=14 May 2022
|website=Cineama Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/apr/08/nagabhushana-and-sanjana-ready-for-honeymoon-1961560.html|title=Nagabhushana and Sanjana ready for Honeymoon|access-date=8 April 2019
|website=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Hope (2022 film)|Hope]]'' || Somu ||
|-
|''[[Petromax (2022 film)|Petromax]]''
|Krishnamurthy
|
|-
|''[[Lucky Man (2022 film)|Lucky Man]]''
|Shetty
|
|-
|''[[Made in China (2022 film)|Made in China]]''
|Abhiram
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/nagabhushana-priyanka-thimmesh-starrer-virtual-film-made-in-china-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/89918169.cms|title=Nagabhushana-Priyanka Thimmesh starrer virtual film 'Made in China' gets a release date|access-date=1 March 2022
|website=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Nodi Swamy Ivanu Irode Heege]]''
|Hacker
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2023 || ''[[Daredevil Musthafa]]'' || Sarpabhushana ||
|-
|''[[Kousalya Supraja Rama (2023 film)|Kousalya Supraja Rama]]''
|Santhu
|
|-
|''[[Tagaru Palya]]''
|Chikka
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Pranati A. |title=Tagaru Palya movie review: Rip-roaring comedy from Dhananjaya's stable |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rip-roaring-comedy-from-dhananjayas-stable-2745557 |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Matinee (2024 film)|Matinee]]'' || Nixon Flash ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Vidyapati (2025 film)|Vidyapati]]'' || Siddu aka Vidyapati ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Kannada Movie Review–Vidyapati (Kannada): It’s all on Nagabhushana’s shoulders - Bangalore Mirror |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-reviewvidyapati-kannada-its-all-on-nagabhushanas-shoulders/articleshow/120173558.cms |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=11 April 2025 |archive-date=11 April 2025 |access-date=20 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411091729/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-reviewvidyapati-kannada-its-all-on-nagabhushanas-shoulders/amp_articleshow/120173558.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Nagabhushana interview {{!}} On ‘Vidyapati’ and transitioning from a comedian to hero in Kannada cinema">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Nagabhushana interview {{!}} On ‘Vidyapati’ and transitioning from a comedian to hero in Kannada cinema |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nagabhushana-interview-vidyapati-dhananjaya-ikkat-tagarupalya/article69430271.ece |access-date=24 April 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=9 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424161209/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nagabhushana-interview-vidyapati-dhananjaya-ikkat-tagarupalya/article69430271.ece |archive-date=24 April 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Film !! Awards !! Category !! Result !!Ref
|-
|''[[Ikkat (film)|Ikkat]]''
|rowspan=2|[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Debutant Actor- Kannada
|{{won}}
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite news|url= https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/siima-awards-2022-winners-list-puneeth-rajkumar-darshan-roberrt-daali-dhananjay-win-big/articleshow/94130499.cms|title=SIIMA 2022: ಅಪ್ಪುಗೆ ಅತ್ಯುತ್ತಮ ನಟ- ಆಶಿಕಾ ರಂಗನಾಥ್‌ಗೆ ಅತ್ಯುತ್ತಮ ನಟಿ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ; ಇಲ್ಲಿದೆ ಕಂಪ್ಲೀಟ್ ಲಿಸ್ಟ್‌ |date=12 September 2022 |publisher=ವಿಜಯ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ |access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[Badava Rascal]]''
|Best Supporting Actor
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[67th Filmfare Awards South]]
||[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada|Best Supporting Actor]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref name="FF winners">{{cite web | title = Filmfare Awards 2022 Kannada Winners | url = https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/kannada/winners | website = Filmfare | access-date = 9 October 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221009173254/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/kannada/nominations | archive-date = 9 October 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Tagaru Palya]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[69th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for Filmfare Awards Kannada 2024 are out! {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-filmfare-awards-kannada-2024-are-out-67265.html |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kousalya Supraja Rama (2023 film)|Kousalya Supraja Rama]]''
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada|Best Supporting Actor]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| [[12th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Actor In a Comedy Role
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-18 |title=SIIMA Awards 2024: Rajinikanth’s Jailer and Nani’s Dasara bag 11 nominations each, Mrunal Thakur’s Hi Nanna follows |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/siima-awards-2024-full-list-nominations-rajinikanth-jailer-nani-dasara-mrunal-thakur-hi-nanna-9460441/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|10180646}}
* {{Instagram|dr.bhushana}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagabhushana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Indian actors]]

Jag Mandir Palace

2026-03-21T23:32:04Z

GeorgiannaN07: new new details...

{{Short description|Palace in Udaipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Historic building
|name= Jag Mandir
|image= JagMandir.jpg
|caption= Jag Mandir with sculpture of eight elephants adorning the entrance and facing the [[Lake Palace]]
|pushpin_map =
|coordinates = {{coord|24.5672|73.6781|region:IN-RJ|display=inline,title}}
|location_town= [[Udaipur]]
|location_country= India
|architect=
|client= [[Maharana]] Jagat Singh I
|owner= [[Arvind Singh Mewar]]
|construction_start_date = 1551
|completion_date= Mid 17th century
|demolished_date=
|cost=
|structural_system= [[Yellow]] [[Sandstone]] and [[Marble]]
|architectural_style = [[Rajput]] architecture
|size=
}}
'''Jag Mandir''' is a palace built on an island in [[Lake Pichola]]. It is also called the "Lake Garden Palace". The palace is located in [[Udaipur]] city in the [[Indian state]] of [[Rajasthan]]. Its construction is credited to three [[Maharana]]s of the [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia]] [[Rajputs]] of [[Mewar|Mewar kingdom]]. The construction of the palace was started in 1551 by Maharana Amar Singh and was finally completed by Maharana Jagat Singh I (1628–1652). It is named "Jagat Mandir" in honour of the last named Maharana, Jagat Singh. The royal family used the palace as a summer resort and pleasure palace for holding parties.<ref name=other>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wzz000004211u00008000.html|title=Palace of Jugmundur in Oodipoor Lake|access-date=2009-12-16|publisher=British Library Online Gallery|archive-date=18 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018162739/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wzz000004211u00008000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Mewar>{{cite web|url=http://www.udaipur.org.uk/tourist-attractions/jagmandir.html|title= Jag Mandir Palace|access-date=2009-12-16}}</ref><ref name=Kishore>{{Cite book|last=Kishore|first=Dr.B.R|author2=Dr. Shiv Sharma|title= India - A Travel Guide|work=Island Palaces|year=2008|page=466|access-date=2009-12-16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COHI7LlpkSAC&q=Jag+Mandir&pg=PA466|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-284-0067-4}}</ref> On one occasion, the palace served as a refuge to asylum seekers.<ref name=eternal>{{cite web|url=http://www.eternalmewar.in/User/Research/WikiDescription.aspx?Id=J|title=Jag Mandir|access-date=2009-12-16|publisher=Eternal Mewar: Mewar Encyclopedia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155828/http://www.eternalmewar.in/User/Research/WikiDescription.aspx?Id=J|archive-date=21 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=Bradnock>{{Cite book|last=Bradnock|first=Robert|author2=Roma Bradnock|title= Rajasthan & Gujarat Handbook: The Travel Guide|work=Lake Pichola|page=186|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=d8obZYiYJf0C&q=Jag+Mandir&pg=PA186|publisher= Footprint Travel Guides|year=2001|isbn= 1-900949-92-X}}</ref> It features [[Mughal architecture|Mughal-style architecture]]. In 1623, Shah Jahan lived here when he was in revolt against his father.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Michell |first1=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUDqAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Jag+Mandir%22+%22Mughal%22+%22influenced%22 |title=The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India: Islamic, Rajput, European |last2=Davies |first2=Philip H. |date=1989 |publisher=Viking |isbn=978-0-670-80847-2 |language=en}}</ref>

==Geography==
Jag Mandir is situated in one of the two natural islands in the Pichola lake (named after the village Picholi nearby), on its southern end. The lake was initially created in the 15th century by a local [[banjara]] tribal chieftain for carrying grain across the streams. During the reign of Maharana Udai Singh II, in 1560, the lake was substantially enlarged by constructing dams across two streams. At that time, the Maharana also built the Jag Mandir and the [[Lake Palace]] (Jag Niwas Hotel) on islands in the midst of the lake. [[Udaipur|Udaipur city]] with its [[City Palace, Udaipur|City Palace]] and other monuments and temples were built on the periphery of the lake.<ref name=nic>{{cite web|url=http://udaipur.nic.in/lake.htm|title=Lake Pichola|access-date=2009-12-16|publisher=National Informatics Centre|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327004855/http://udaipur.nic.in/lake.htm|archive-date=27 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eternalmewar.in/User/Research/WikiDescription.aspx?Id=P|title=Pichola Lake|access-date=2009-12-16|publisher=Eternal Mewar: Mewar Encyclopedia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155843/http://www.eternalmewar.in/User/Research/WikiDescription.aspx?Id=P|archive-date=21 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Jag Mandir Palace, Udaipur, Rajasthan - 1873.jpg|thumb|220px|Jag Mandir Palace from above, on Lake Pichola, Udaipur. ca. 1873]]
The construction of the palace was started in 1616 approx by Maharana amar Singh, continued by Maharana Karan Singh (1620–1628) and finally completed by Maharana Jagat Singh I (1628–1652). It is named as "Jagat Mandir" in honour of the last named Maharana Jagat Singh. The royal family used the palace as a summer resort and pleasure palace for holding parties.<ref name=other>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wzz000004211u00008000.html|title=Palace of Jugmundur in Oodipoor Lake|access-date=2009-12-16|publisher=British Library Online Gallery|archive-date=18 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018162739/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wzz000004211u00008000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Mewar>{{cite web|url=http://www.udaipur.org.uk/tourist-attractions/jagmandir.html|title= Jag Mandir Palace|access-date=2009-12-16}}</ref><ref name=Kishore>{{Cite book|last=Kishore|first=Dr.B.R|author2=Dr. Shiv Sharma|title= India - A Travel Guide|work=Island Palaces|year=2008|page=466|access-date=2009-12-16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COHI7LlpkSAC&q=Jag+Mandir&pg=PA466|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-284-0067-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rajasthantourplanner.com/Jagmandir_Palace_Udaipur.html|title=Jagmandir Palace, Udaipur|access-date=2009-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616100028/http://rajasthantourplanner.com/Jagmandir_Palace_Udaipur.html|archive-date=16 June 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The palace served as a refuge to asylum seekers for one occasion.<ref name =eternal/><ref name=Bradnock>{{Cite book|last=Bradnock|first=Robert|author2=Roma Bradnock|title= Rajasthan & Gujarat Handbook: The Travel Guide|work=Lake Pichola|page=186|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=d8obZYiYJf0C&q=Jag+Mandir&pg=PA186|publisher= Footprint Travel Guides|year=2001|isbn= 1-900949-92-X}}</ref>

During the revolt in 1857, Maharana Swroop Singh (1842–1861) saved a number of European families, mostly women and children from [[Neemuch]], which were given refuge in the Jag Mandir Palace. The revolt was popularly known as the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Sepoy Mutiny]], and was also called the [[Indian Mutiny]], (or the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|first War of Independence]]) against the [[British Raj]].<ref name="eternal" />

After the [[Independence of India]] from the [[United Kingdom|British rule]], on 15 August 1947, at the initiative of Maharana Bhupal Singh, the Mewar kingdom merged with the Indian union in 1949 along with other princely states of Rajasthan.<ref name =eternal/>

==Structure==
[[File:The Gul Mahal on Jag Mandir, Pichola Lake, Udaipur.jpg|right|thumb|Gul Mahal, the earliest structure before renovation]]
[[File:Jag Mandir Palace on Lake Pichola.jpg|thumb|Carved statues of elephants at the jetty entry, Jag Mandir Palace.]]
The impressive series of structures in the three-storied Jag Mandir Palace include:
*Gul Mahal, which was built first as refuge for prince Khurram;
*the elegant facade flanked by four carved statues of elephants on either side at the jetty entry on the lake from Udaipur;
*the Garden Courtyard and the Darikhana on its northern side;
*Bara Patharon ka Mahal (palace of the 12 stones);
*the Zenana Mahal – a southern extension to the Gul Mahal;
*and the Kunwar Pada ka Mahal.<ref name =eternal/><ref name=Kishore/>

Details of these structures and of the garden are elaborated below.

;Gul Mahal
Gul Mahal was the first structure built in 1551, during the reign of Maharana Amar Singh, which was further developed during the reign of Maharana Jagat Singh to house the Mughal Prince Khurram (later Emperor Shah Jahan). It was initially a small sandstone (yellow sandstone) palace with an imposing dome (which gives the appearance of a crown). The [[crescent]] of [[Islam]] is fixed on top of this dome. The Gul Mahal has three circular domed chambers, one above the other. Entry to these chambers is from a columned hall. Two marble [[chhatris]] with sloping [[cornice]]s rise above the main façade. The massive marble slabs affixed to the interior walls were inlaid with coloured [[rubies]], [[onyx]], [[jasper]], [[cornelian]] and [[jade]]. The palace is also said to have housed a throne carved from a single block of [[serpentine group|serpentine]], which has not been traced. The Mahal is surrounded by a roomy circular apartment built in white and black marble with murals and paintings considered an uncommon feature in Rajput architecture. On the western wing of the palace, this type of design has been repeated in three other pavilions.<ref name =eternal/><ref name=other/><ref name=Ward>{{Cite book|last=Ward|first=Philip|title= Northern India, Rajasthan, Agra, Delhi: a travel guide|work=Udaipur|pages=191–92|access-date=2009-12-16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KubCD2jHjEsC&q=Jag+Mandir&pg=PA191|publisher= Pelican Publishing Company|year=1989|isbn= 0-88289-753-5}}</ref>

;Jag Mandir
Jag Mandir is the main palace, which incorporates the Gul Mahal. The towers of the palace at the corners are octagonal in shape and are topped with [[cupolas]]. A labyrinth of reception halls, residential suites, and internal courts were built inside the palace, all in Rajput and Mughal architectural styles. The Zenana (residence of royal ladies chambers) adjoins the palace. The Kunwar Pada ka Mahal (the Palace of the Crown Prince) is located at the western end.<ref name =eternal/><ref name=jug>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000003251u00000000.html|title=Pichola lake and island of Jagmandir, Udaipur. 'Decr. 1878'|access-date=2009-12-16|publisher=British Library Online Gallery|archive-date=18 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918013315/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000003251u00000000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=British>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/j/019pho000430s46u00009000.html|title=Jugmandir Water Palace, [Udaipur]|access-date=2009-12-16|publisher=British Library Online Gallery|archive-date=18 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018182851/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/j/019pho000430s46u00009000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

;Entry pavilion
The pavilion at the entry to the palace is an impressive white colonnade of cusped arches. The landing jetty is also located for docking of boats arriving from the jetty of Bansi Ghat on the mainland near City Palace in Udaipur. The cruise is through the Pichola Lake. The pavilion is decorated with large elephants carved in stone, four on each side of the entry steps. They face the Lake Palace. The trunks of these elephants were damaged and replaced with [[polystyrene]]. The pavilion marks the perimeter of the island in the scenic backdrop of the [[Aravalli hills]].<ref name =eternal/><ref name=Bradnock/><ref name=pack>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/i/019pho000010s12u00014000.html|title=Island palace Jagmandir, Udaipur 101214|access-date=2009-12-16|publisher=British Library Online Gallery|archive-date=18 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018182900/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/i/019pho000010s12u00014000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

;Garden
The flower garden in the palace complex is set up in the large Garden Courtyard. It has [[yew]] bushes, [[jasmine]], [[frangipani]] trees, [[bougainvillea]], [[palm tree]]s, [[Tropaeolum|nasturtiums]], [[verbena]] and [[moss rose]]. The courtyard itself is covered with black and white tiles. Fountains and water pools, crisscrossed by walkways with low marble handrails, bedeck the garden surroundings. The present Maharana hosts lavish parties here and also rents the place for private parties.<ref name =eternal/><ref name=Ward/>

;Darikhana
Darikhana is on the northern side of the palace, which is an open-sided terrace built with marble columns. This place is now run as a restaurant by the present Maharana.<ref name =eternal/>

;Bara Patharon ka Mahal
Bara Patharon ka Mahal is located at the eastern wing of the main palace. Mahal is so named because twelve solid marble slabs have been used in its construction.<ref name =eternal/> Hence, it is also known as the "Palace of the Twelve Stones".<ref name =eternal/>

==Visitor information==
The Jag Mandir is approached only by boat from the Bansi Ghat jetty next to the Lake Palace in Udaipur.

==In popular culture==
The 1983 [[James Bond]] film, ''[[Octopussy]]'' featured the Jag Mandir as one of its main locations.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="160px" heights="120px">
File:Jugmandir Water Palace, -Udaipur-.jpg|An aerial view of Jag Mandir
File:Palace of Jugmundur in Oodipoor Lake.jpg|Engraving of the Jag Mandir palace, 1829
File:Island palace Jagmandir, Udaipur 101214.jpg|Full View of Island palace Jagmandir, 1910
File:Island palace Jagmandir, Udaipur 101213.jpg|Closer view of the Jagmandir with the Gul Mahal at the back
File:Jag Mandir Palace from above, on Lake Pichola, Udaipur.jpg|Jag Mandir Palace from above, on Lake Pichola, Udaipur.
File:Udaipur, India, Jag Mandir Palace.jpg|Gul Mahal, Jag Mandir Palace.
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[Lake Palace]]
*[[Taj Mahal]]
*[[Jagdish Temple, Udaipur]]

==References==
{{commons category|Jag Mandir Palace}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Udaipur}}
{{Subject bar|portal2=India |commons=yes |s=yes |s-search=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Udaipur |voy=yes}}

[[Category:Palaces in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Udaipur]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Udaipur]]

Thiruvananthapuram

2026-03-17T10:22:00Z

GeorgiannaN07: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Metropolis and capital of Kerala, India}}
{{About|the city|the district|Thiruvananthapuram district|the urban agglomeration area of Thiruvananthapuram|Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thiruvananthapuram
| native_name = '''Trivandrum''' 
| other_name = Ananthapuri
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| total_width = 300
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Trivandrum Skyline Cropped.jpg
| alt1 = Northern Trivandrum
| caption1 = Northern Thiruvananthapuram with the [[Technopark, Thiruvananthapuram|Technopark Phase 2]] in the center
| image2 = Padmanabhaswamy Temple Thiruvananthapuram.jpg
| alt2 = Padmanabhaswamy Temple
| caption2 = [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]]
| image3 =
| alt3 = Niyamasabha Mandiram
| caption3 = [[Niyamasabha Mandiram]]
| image4 = Technopark Phase III Buildings February 2014.jpg
| alt4 = Technopark, Trivandrum
| caption4 = [[Technopark, Thiruvananthapuram|Technopark Phase 3]]
| image5 = 01KovalamBeach&Kerala.jpg
| alt5 = Kovalam Beach
| caption5 = [[Kovalam|Kovalam Beach]]
| image6 = Kanakakkunnu-palace-trivandrum.jpg
| alt6 = Kanakakkunnu Palace
| caption6 = [[Kanakakkunnu Palace]]
| image7 = Tvmcentral.jpg
| alt7 = Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station
| caption7 = [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Central]]
| image8 = Palace of Trivandrum.jpg
| alt8 = Kowdiar Palace
| caption8 = [[Kowdiar Palace]]
}}
| image_flag = File:Thiruvananthapuram Corporation Flag.png
| flag_size = 120px
| image_seal = Seal of Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram by dhevilal.svg
| seal_size =
| nicknames = Evergreen City of India God's Own Capital<ref name="distcourthistory">{{cite web |title=History – Official Website of District Court of India |url=http://ecourts.gov.in/kerala/thiruvananthapuram |publisher=District Courts |access-date=18 May 2017 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225063231/http://ecourts.gov.in/kerala/thiruvananthapuram |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| image_map = {{Switcher
|{{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=y|type=shape-inverse|id=Q1186|frame-width=250|frame-height=450|stroke-width=3|frame-lat=10.50|frame-long=76.20|zoom=7|type2=point|coord2={{coord|08|31|26.8|N|76|56|11.8|E}}|marker-size2=medium}}
|Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala map
|{{maplink|display=|frame=yes|type=shape-inverse|id=Q7785507|plain=y|title=Thiruvananthapuram|description=|coord=|marker=|zoom=11|stroke-width=2|icon=no|frame-width=300|frame-height=390|frame-align=center|text=Interactive Map Outlining Thiruvananthapuram}}
|Thiruvananthapuram outline map }}
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|08|31|26.8|N|76|56|11.8|E|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{seal|Kerala}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| established_title = Capital of [[Travancore]]
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipal [[Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Thiruvananthapuram Corporation|Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title1 = [[Thiruvananthapuram Corporation|Mayor]]
| leader_name1 = [[V. V. Rajesh|Adv V.V. Rajesh]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| leader_title2 = [[Thiruvananthapuram Corporation|Deputy Mayor]]
| leader_name2 = G. S. Asha Nath ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name3 = [[Shashi Tharoor|Dr Shashi Tharoor]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| leader_title5 = [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police]]
| leader_name5 = [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]],Thomson Jose [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="citygi"/>
| area_total_km2 = 214
| area_metro_km2 = 311
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |title=Demographia World Urban Areas |website=demographia.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805030244/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |archive-date=5 August 2011}}</ref>
| total_type =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_rank = 1st
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 38.93
| population_footnotes = <ref name="citygi"/>
| population_total = 957,730
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 1,890,406
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="UApop">{{cite web |title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 million and above |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india2/Million_Plus_UAs_Cities_2011.pdf |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref>
| population_demonym = Trivandrumite,<ref>{{cite news |title=Ramzan turns Kerala into a foodies' paradise |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/ramzan-turns-kerala-into-a-foodies-paradise/articleshow/59287974.cms |access-date=9 July 2018 |newspaper=Times of India |date=23 June 2017}}</ref> Trivian
| blank_name = {{nowrap|[[Common language]]}}
| blank_info = [[Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911111246/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=11 September 2014 |website=PRS Legislative Research |access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=29 March 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product]](2020)
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{USD|15.777|year=2020}}Billion<ref>{{cite web | url=https://metroverse.cid.harvard.edu/city/8095/overview | title=Metroverse | Harvard Growth Lab }}</ref>
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product]]
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[International airport]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Port|International Seaport]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = [[Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram]]
| blank3_name_sec2 = [[Spaceport]]
| blank3_info_sec2 = [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]]
| blank4_name_sec2 = [[Climate]]
| blank4_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Am/Aw]] {{small|([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 695XXX
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 471-XXXXXXX]]
| registration_plate = *KL-01 Thiruvananthapuram
*KL-22 [[Kazhakootam]]
*KL-15 [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]]
*KL-16 [[Attingal]]
*KL-19 [[Parassala]]
*KL-20 [[Neyyattinkara]]
*KL-21 [[Nedumangad]]
*KL-74 [[Kattakkada]]
*KL-81 [[Varkala]]
| website = {{URL|trivandrum.nic.in}}
}}

'''Thiruvananthapuram''' ({{IPA|ml|t̪iɾuʋənən̪d̪ɐˈbuɾəm|langpron|Trivandrum.ogg}} {{respell|tirr|ROO|və|nun|Tə|poor|əm}}), also known as '''Trivandrum''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram {{!}} India |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Thiruvananthapuram |access-date=2020-09-07 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="districtprofile">{{cite web |title=About District |url=https://trivandrum.nic.in/en/about-district/ |website=District Administration Thiruvananthapuram |access-date=12 February 2025}}</ref> is the [[Capital city|capital]] city of the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. As of 2011, the [[Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation]] had a population of 957,730 over an area of 214.86 km2,<ref name="citypop">{{cite web |title=General Information |url=https://tmc.lsgkerala.gov.in/index.php/en/general-information |website=Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=12 February 2025}}</ref> making it the largest and most populous city in Kerala.<ref name="districtprofile"/> The larger [[Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area]] has over 1.7 million inhabitants within an area of 543 km2.<ref name="uapop">{{cite web |title=A -4 TOWNS AND URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS CLASSIFIED BY POPULATION SIZE CLASS IN 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42876/download/46544/CLASS_I.xlsx |website=Census India |publisher=Government of India |access-date=12 February 2025}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram is one of the few cities in India that functions as a capital city,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://trivandrum.nic.in/en/about-district/ | title=About District | District Thiruvananthapuram, Government of Kerala | India }}</ref> a heritage city,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookmoney.com/retirement/spend/travel/discovering-thiruvananthapuram-a-blend-of-culture-nature-and-heritage | title=Discovering Thiruvananthapuram: A Blend of Culture, Nature, and Heritage | date=13 January 2025 }}</ref> a maritime city,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://vizhinjamport.in/visl/ | title=About Vizhinjam International Seaport Limited (VISL) }}</ref> an information technology city,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://technopark.in/discover-technopark-the-iconic-it-park-in-trivandrum | title=Discover Technopark: The Iconic IT Park in Trivandrum }}</ref> a space research city,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.isro.gov.in/VSSC.html | title=Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) }}</ref> a defence city, an automotive tech city,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://neosciencehub.com/thiruvananthapurams-rise-as-a-global-automotive-hub/ | title=Thiruvananthapuram's Rise as a Global Automotive Hub - Neo Science Hub | date=5 September 2024 }}</ref> a bioscience city,<ref>{{Cite web | title=BIO 360 | url=https://www.bio360.in/ | access-date=2025-08-18 | website=www.bio360.in}}</ref> a [[Tourist city|tourism city]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/kerala/thiruvananthapuram | title=Thiruvananthapuram Tourism }}</ref> and a city known for its research and development institutions. It is also among the few cities in the world where both an [[Trivandrum International Airport|international airport]] and an [[Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram|international seaport]] are located within the city in close proximity to the city center.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Draft EIA Report for Vizhinjam Port (Phase III) |url=https://kspcb.kerala.gov.in/assets/uploads/widget/public_hearing_files/Vizhinjam_Port_(Phase_IIIII)_-Draft_EIA_Report.pdf | website = Vizhinjam Port Official Website | publisher = L&T, VISL, Government of Kerala | date = 15 June 2021 | access-date = 15 August 2024 | page = 36}}</ref>

Located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland, Thiruvananthapuram is a port city located {{convert|10|nmi|lk=in}}<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Environment compliance Report
| url = https://www.adaniports.com/-/media/Project/Ports/PortsAndTerminals/Vizhinjam-Port-Documents/Environment-Compliance-Report/Previous-Environment-Compliance-Report/Compliance-Report_VISL_Oct-2022-Mar-2023.pdf
| website = Adani Ports
| publisher = VISIL, Government of Kerala
| date = 2021-06-15
| access-date = 2024-08-15
| page = 45
}}</ref> from a heavily trafficked east–west shipping channel. The city is home to India's first deep-water trans-shipment port, the [[Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2032811#:~:text=The%20Union%20Minister%20of%20Ports,port%20in%20Vizhinjam%2C%20Kerala%20today | title=Union Minister Shri Sarbananda Sonowal receives First Mother Ship at Vizhinjam- India's first deep water Container Transhipment Port }}</ref> The city is characterised by its undulating terrain of low coastal hills.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kapoor |first1=Subodh |title=The Indian encyclopaedia : biographical, historical, religious, administrative, ethnological, commercial and scientific |date=2002 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=8177552570 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ukyp-gbtHcC}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram is also known for its cultural heritage, being associated with the musical contributions of [[Swathi Thirunal|Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma]] and the artistic legacy of painter [[Raja Ravi Varma]]. Thiruvananthapuram has contributed to the development of Malayalam literature through individuals like [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]], [[Kumaran Asan]], [[C. V. Raman Pillai]] and [[Narayana Guru]]. The city is also known for [[Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple]], known as the richest temple in the world.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/richest-hindu-temple | title=Richest Hindu temple | work=Guinness World Records }}</ref>

The present regions that constitute Thiruvananthapuram were ruled by the [[Ay kingdom|Ays]] who were related to feudatories of the [[Chera dynasty]].<ref name="vizhis3"/> In the 12th century, it was conquered by the [[Venad|Kingdom of Venad]].<ref name="vizhis3"/> In the 18th century, the king [[Marthanda varma|Marthanda Varma]] expanded the territory, founded the princely state of [[Travancore]] and made Thiruvananthapuram its capital.<ref name="history1">{{cite book |last1=Boland-Crewe |first1=Tara |last2=Lea |first2=David |title=The Territories and States of India |date=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135356255 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2uPAgAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> [[Travancore]] became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful [[Zamorin]] of [[History of Calicut|Calicut]] in the battle of [[Purakkad]] in 1755.<ref name="AHoT 162">{{cite book |last1=Shungoony Menon |first1=P. |title=A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times |date=1878 |publisher=Higgin Botham & Co. |location=Madras |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog/page/n212 162]–164 |url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog |access-date=5 May 2016 |language=en |format=pdf}}</ref> Following [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]] in 1947, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of [[Travancore–Cochin]] state and remained so until the new Indian state of [[Kerala]] was formed in 1956.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abram |first1=David |last2=Edwards |first2=Nick |title=The Rough Guide to South India |date=2003 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=9781843531036 |page=306 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC |access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref>

Thiruvananthapuram is a notable academic and research hub and home to the [[University of Kerala]], [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]], the regional headquarters of [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]], and many other schools and colleges. Thiruvananthapuram is also home to research centres such as the [[National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology]], [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]'s [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]], the [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]], [[National Centre for Earth Science Studies]] and a campus of the [[Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dqweek.com/thiruvananthapuram-one-of-the-souths-hottest-it-hubs/ |title=Thiruvananthapuram: One of the South's Hottest IT Hubs-DQWeek |website=www.dqweek.com |date=23 April 2015 |access-date=20 December 2017}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram is where India's space program began, with the headquarters of Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre located there. The city is home to media institutions like Toonz Animation India and [[Tata Elxsi|Tata Elxsi Ltd]], and also to [[Chitranjali Studio|Chitranjali Film Studio]], one of the first film studios in [[Malayalam Cinema]], and [[Kinfra Film and Video Park]] at [[Kazhakoottam]], which is India's first infotainment industrial park.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prasanna |first1=Laxmi |title=With centres nod, foundation stone laid for KINFRA's second phase IT/ ITES Park in Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/With-centres-nod-foundation-stone-laid-for-KINFRAs-second-phase-IT/-ITES-Park-in-Thiruvananthapuram/articleshow/55586474.cms |access-date=28 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=23 November 2016}}</ref>

In 2012, Thiruvananthapuram was named the best Kerala city to live in, by a field survey conducted by ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Times of India |title=Thiruvananthapuram best Kerala city to live in: Times survey |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Thiruvananthapuram-best-Kerala-city-to-live-in-Times-survey/articleshow/11703099.cms |access-date=5 August 2016}}</ref> In 2013, the city was ranked the fifteenth best city to live in India, in a survey conducted by ''[[India Today]]''.<ref name="India Today survey">{{cite news |title=India's Best Cities: Winners and Why they made it |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20130304-india-best-cities-winners-and-why-they-made-it-survey-762219-1999-11-29 |access-date=27 March 2013 |newspaper=India Today |date=22 February 2013}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram was ranked the best Indian city for two consecutive years, 2015 and 2016, according to the Annual Survey of India's City-Systems (ASICS) conducted by the [[Janaagraha]] Centre for Citizenship and Democracy.<ref name="Best Indian City">{{cite news |title=Thiruvananthapuram is the best city in India:Survey |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/mar/02/thiruvananthapuram-is-the-best-city-in-india-survey-1576345.html#:~:text=THIRUVANANTHAPURAM%3A%20Thiruvananthapuram%20retained%20its%20title,on%20a%20scale%20of%2010. |access-date=6 June 2020 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=2 March 2017}}</ref> The city was also selected as the best governed city in India in a survey conducted by Janaagraha Centre for citizenship and democracy in 2017.<ref name="Best Governed City">{{cite news |title=Delhi, Mumbai not the best in urban governance, Thiruvananthapuram first |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-mumbai-not-the-best-in-urban-governance-thiruvananthapuram-ranked-first/story-6zSWlfeb9eE66mOOEgfPwO.html |access-date=17 May 2017 |newspaper=Hindusthan Times |publisher=HT Media Limited |date=28 February 2017}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The city takes its name from the [[Malayalam]] word ''thiru-anantha-puram'' ({{lang|ml|തിരുവനന്തപുരം}} {{IPA|ml|t̪iɾuʋɐnɐn̪d̪ɐpuɾɐm||Thiruvananthapuram-pronunciation.ogg}}), meaning "The City of Lord Ananda",<ref name="Meaning of name">{{cite web |title=About Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158&Itemid=11 |publisher=Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation |access-date=29 October 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918085703/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158&Itemid=11 |archive-date=18 September 2010}}</ref> referring to the [[deity]] of the [[Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] located in the city. Thiruvananthapuram is also known in literature, and popular reference as ''Ananthapuri'', derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''Syanandurapuram'', meaning "The City of Bliss" in Carnatic kirtanas composed by [[Swathi Thirunal]], erstwhile Maharaja of [[Travancore]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/swati-manuscripts-found/article1836941.ece |title=Swati manuscripts found |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=3 August 2016}}</ref> The city was officially referred to as ''Trivandrum'' until 1991 (Trivandrum being the anglicised name of the town), when the government decided to reinstate the city's original name Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Balid |first1=Vivek |last2=Chatterji |first2=Miabi |last3=Reddy |first3=Sujani |last4=Vimalassery |first4=Manu |title=The sun never sets : South Asian migrants in an age of U.S. power |date=2013 |publisher=NYU Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0814786437 |page=122}}</ref> The city was also called as ''Anandapatnam'' or ''Anandapatam'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages meaning "The City of Ananda" which is the same to meaning for the original name.

== History ==
{{Main|History of Thiruvananthapuram}}

{{See also|Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State}}
[[File:Raja ravivarma painting 50 historic meeting.jpg|thumb|left|Painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]] depicting [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]] being greeted by [[Visakham Thirunal]], with [[Ayilyam Thirunal of Travancore]] looking on, during Buckingham's visit to Thiruvananthapuram in early 1880]]
[[File:TVM Padmanabhaswamy Temple.jpg|thumb|left|[[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] is the richest temple in the world.]]
[[File:Padmanabhapuram Clock Tower.jpg|left|250px|thumbnail|[[Padmanabhapuram Palace]]]]

===Pre Historic Period===
Thiruvananthapuram is a relatively modern region with trading traditions dating back to 1000 BCE.<ref>De Beth Hillel, David (1832). ''Travels'' ([[Madras]] publication).</ref><ref>Lord, James Henry (1977). ''The Jews in India and the Far East''; Greenwood Press Reprint; {{ISBN|0-8371-2615-0}}.</ref> It is believed that the ships of [[Solomon|King Solomon]] landed in a port called [[Ophir]] (now [[Poovar]]) in Thiruvananthapuram in 1036 BCE.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Business Directory, Kerala |date=1972 |publisher=National Publishers |page=45}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The March of India, Volume 15, Issues 1–9 |date=1963 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUD24pMsKvYC}}</ref> The city was the trading post of [[spices]], [[sandalwood]] and [[ivory]].<ref name="Ancient Trade in Thiruvananthapuram">
{{cite web |publisher=Technopark Kerala |work=About Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://www.technopark.org/abttvm01.htm |title=Ancient Trade in Thiruvananthapuram |access-date=17 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003090427/http://www.technopark.org/abttvm01.htm |archive-date=3 October 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> However, the ancient political and cultural history of the city was almost entirely independent from that of the rest of Kerala.

===Ancient Period===
The southern region of present-day Kerala state (The coastal belt between Thiruvananthapuram and [[Alappuzha]]) was under [[Ay dynasty]], who was more related to the [[Pandya dynasty]] of [[Madurai]].<ref>KA Nilakanta Sastri</ref> The early rulers of the city were the [[Ay kingdom|Ays]]. [[Vizhinjam]], which is now a region in the present-day Thiruvananthapuram, was the capital of the Ay dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Woodcock |first1=George |title=Kerala: a portrait of the Malabar coast |date=1967 |publisher=Faber & Faber |page=[https://archive.org/details/keralaportraitof0000wood/page/65 65] |url=https://archive.org/details/keralaportraitof0000wood |url-access=registration |access-date=24 June 2018}}</ref> Vizhinjam was an important port city from as early as the second century BC.<ref name="vizhis">{{cite book |last1=Mathew |first1=K S |title=Imperial Rome, Indian Ocean Regions and Muziris: New Perspectives on Maritime Trade |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1351997522 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8iUlDwAAQBAJ |access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nayar |first1=K Balachandran |title=In Quest of Kerala: Geography, places of interest, political history, social history, literature |date=1974 |publisher=Accent Publications |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXIeAAAAMAAJ |access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref> During the Ay dynasty's rule, Thiruvananthapuram witnessed many battles in which the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] and [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyan]] dynasties attempted to capture the port town.<ref name="vizhis1">{{cite news |last1=Babu George |first1=Sarath |title=Vizhinjam in historical perspective |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/vizhinjam-in-historical-perspective/article7468781.ece |access-date=9 July 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="vizhis2">{{cite news |last1=Mahadevan |first1=G |title=Shedding light on Vizhinjam's golden past |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/shedding-light-on-vizhinjams-golden-past/article5981994.ece |access-date=9 July 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 May 2014}}</ref>

===Middle Ages ===
After the death of king [[Vikramaditya Varaguna]] in 925 AD, the glory of the Ays departed and almost all their territories became part of the [[Chera dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Proceedings – Indian History Congress |date=1987 |publisher=Indian History Congress |page=187 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POltAAAAMAAJ |access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="vizhis3"/> During the tenth century, the Cholas attacked and sacked Vizhinjam and surrounding regions.<ref name="vizhis3"/> The port in Vizhinjam and the historic education center of Kanthalloor Sala were also destroyed by Cholas during this period.<ref name="kanthalloor">{{cite news |last1=Haridas |first1=Aathira |title=Chronicles of Kanthalloor Sala which got lost in the mists of time |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/apr/17/chronicles-of-kanthalloor-sala-which-got-lost-in-the-mists-of-time-1802832.html |access-date=9 July 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=17 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Kaushik |title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317321279 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ |access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref> A branch of the Ay family, which had controlled the [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]], merged with the [[Venad|Kingdom of Venad]] in the 12th century.<ref name="vizhis3">{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A |title=Kerala History and its Makers |date=2011 |publisher=D C Books |isbn=9788126437825 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnAjqjhc1VcC |access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref>
[[File:1733 Homann Heirs Map of India - Geographicus - India-homannheirs-1733.jpg|left|thumb|A map of [[Malabar Coast]] drawn by Homann Heirs in 1733. At that time, Travancore was only a small territory wedged between [[Kollam]] and [[Kanyakumari]], as shown in the map (Present-day districts of [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]] and Kanyakumari only).

===Early Modern Period===
It was in the later half of the 18th century, that Travancore inherited the kingdoms up to [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] and became a powerful kingdom, and Thiruvananthapuram became a major city of Kerala.]]
Present-day Thiruvananthapuram city, district, and [[Kanyakumari district]], were parts of the [[Ay dynasty]] during ancient and [[Middle Ages|medieval ages]], in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="askh">{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A. |title=A Survey of Kerala History |year=2007 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=9788126415786 |edition=2007 |url=https://dcbookstore.com/books/a-survey-of-kerala-history}}</ref> Ay kingdom had experienced attacks and conquests by [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]] in various periods.<ref name="askh"/> Later it became a part of [[Venad]] in late Middle Ages, which was eventually expanded as the powerful kingdom of [[Travancore]] in 18th century CE.<ref name="askh"/> The [[Tamil people|Tamil]]-Dravidian kind of architecture is also found in Padmanabhaswamy temple, which makes it distinct and unique from the architectural style of temples in northern and central parts of [[Kerala]].<ref name="askh"/>
[[File:Thambiran Vanakkam 1578.JPG|left|thumbnail|''[[Thambiran Vanakkam]]'' was printed at Kollam, the capital of [[Venad]] in 1578, during the Portuguese Era. It holds the record of the first book printed in any Indian language. It was written in the language ''[[Lingua Malabar Tamul]]'' which was spoken in [[Kerala]] during the medieval period.]]

===Late Modern Period===
In the early 18th century CE, the [[Travancore royal family]] adopted some members from the royal family of [[Kolathunadu]] based at [[Kannur]].<ref>Travancore State Manual</ref> Then, [[Marthanda Varma]] who inherited the Kingdom of Venad expanded the kingdom by conquering the kingdoms of Kayamkulam, Kottarakara, Kottayam, Changanassery, Meenachil, Poonjar and Ambalapuzha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360725777|title=Royal Titles, Epithets and Kingship: An Archaeological Analysis into the Epigraphical Records of Venad Kings}}</ref> In 1729, [[Marthanda Varma]] founded the princely state of [[Travancore|Thiruvithamkoor]] and Thiruvananthapuram was made the capital in 1795 after shifting the capital from [[Padmanabhapuram]] in [[Kanyakumari]] district.<ref name="district history">{{cite web |title=History |url=https://trivandrum.gov.in/history/ |website=District Administration Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India |access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram became a prominent city in Kerala under [[Marthanda Varma]].<ref name="Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc 2013">{{Britannica|606138|Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref>
[[File:A language map of India prepared for the missionary projects at Serampore, 1822.jpg|thumbnail|A language map of India prepared in 1822.]]
As a result of the annexation of neighbouring [[chiefdom]]s, the artists and scholars from these places migrated to Thiruvananthapuram, turning it into a cultural center. Marthanda Varma gave patronage to different temple art forms including ''Koothu'', ''Padhakam'', ''Kathakali'', ''Thullal'', and ''Koodiyattam''. Noted artists such as [[Ramapurathu Warrier]] and [[Kunchan Nambiar]] amongst others served as his court poets.<ref name="Gauri Lakshmi Bayi 1998 152–168">{{cite book |last=Gauri Lakshmi Bayi |first=Aswathi Thirunal |title=Sreepadmanabhaswami Kshetram |year=1998 |publisher=The State Institute Of Languages |location=Thiruvananthapuram |isbn=978-81-7638-028-7 |pages=152–168}}</ref> Travancore became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful [[Zamorin]] of [[History of Kozhikode|Kozhikode]] in the battle of [[Purakkad]] in 1755.<ref name="AHoT 162"/>

The city developed into a significant intellectual and artistic centre during this period. The city's golden age was during the mid-19th century under the reign of [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma|Maharaja Swathi Thirunal]] and [[Ayilyam Thirunal|Maharaja Ayilyam Thirunal]]. This era saw the establishment of the first English school (1834), the [[Trivandrum Observatory|Observatory]] (1837), the General Hospital (1839), [[the Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library]] and the University College (1873). The first mental hospital in the state was started during the same period. [[Sanskrit College]], Ayurveda College, [[Law College]] and a second-grade college for women were started by [[Moolam Thirunal]] (1885–1924).<ref name="History of Thiruvananthapuram">{{cite web |publisher=Govt. of Kerala |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/about-corporation |title=About Corporation |access-date=17 May 2017 |archive-date=2 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502105139/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/about-corporation |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Contemporary Period===
The early 20th century was an age of tremendous political and social changes in the city. The [[Sree Moolam Popular Assembly]], established in 1904, was the first democratically elected legislative council in any Indian state.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of legislative bodies in Kerala-- Sri Mulam Popular Assembly |url=http://keralaassembly.org/history/popular.html |publisher=Keralaassembly |access-date=17 May 2017}}</ref> Despite not being under the direct control of the [[British Empire]] at any time, the city featured prominently in [[Indian independence movement|India's freedom struggle]]. The [[Indian National Congress]] had a very active presence in Thiruvananthapuram. A meeting of the [[Indian National Congress]] presided by Dr [[Pattabhi Sitaramaiah]] was held here in 1938.
[[File:Palace of Trivandrum.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kowdiar Palace]] built-in 1915 was the official residence of the [[Travancore Royal Family]].<ref name="Kowdiar">{{cite web |title=Kowdiar palace |url=http://www.zonkerala.com/tourism/Kowdiar-Palace-9.html |work=About Kowdiar palace |publisher=Zonkerala |access-date=25 June 2010}}</ref>]]
The Thiruvananthapuram Municipality came into existence in 1920 as the first municipality in the [[Travancore]] region. The municipality was converted into a corporation on 30 October 1940, during the period of [[Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma]], who took over in 1931.<ref name="ThiruvananthapuramHistoryIntro">{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/ |work=Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation Introduction |publisher=Thiruvananthapuram Corporation, Government of Kerala |access-date=3 January 2011 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916043822/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/ |archive-date=16 September 2010}}</ref> The city witnessed multi-faceted progress during his period. The promulgation of the "[[Temple Entry Proclamation]]" (1936) was an act that underlined social emancipation. This era also saw the establishment of the [[Kerala University|University of Travancore]] in 1937, which later became [[Kerala University]].<ref name="University of Kerala History">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of the University |url=https://keralauniversity.ac.in/history |publisher=University of Kerala |access-date=17 May 2017 |archive-date=6 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706145029/http://www.keralauniversity.ac.in/history |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Modern Period===
With the end of British rule in 1947, Travancore chose to join the Indian union. The first popularly elected ministry, headed by [[Pattom Thanu Pillai]], was installed in office on 24 March 1948. In 1949, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of [[Travancore-Cochin|Thiru-Kochi]], the state formed by the integration of Travancore with its northern neighbour, the [[Kingdom of Cochin|Kochi]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Criminal Justice India Series: Kerala, 2001 |author=West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences |year=2002 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-7764-391-6 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_2r8cLTkmA8C&pg=PA5}}</ref> The king of [[Travancore]], [[Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma]], became the [[Rajpramukh]] of the [[Travancore-Cochin|Travancore-Cochin Union]] from 1 July 1949 until 31 October 1956. When the state of [[Kerala]] was formed on 1 November 1956, Thiruvananthapuram became its capital.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Movement for a United (Aikya) Kerala |url=https://kerala.gov.in/web/guest/united-kerala |website=State Portal of Kerala |publisher=Information & Public Relations Department, Kerala State IT Mission (KSITM), Government of Kerala |access-date=19 July 2018 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814232501/https://kerala.gov.in/web/guest/united-kerala |url-status=dead }}</ref>

With the establishment of [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]] (TERLS) in 1962, Thiruvananthapuram became the cradle of India's ambitious space programme. The first Indian space rocket was developed and launched from the [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] (VSSC) in the outskirts of the city in 1963. Several establishments of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) were later established in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref name="VSSC Thiruvananthapuram">{{cite web |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |url=http://www.isro.org/centers/cen_vssc.htm |title=VSSC Thiruvananthapuram |access-date=23 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426233653/http://www.isro.org/centers/cen_vssc.htm |archive-date=26 April 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

A significant milestone in the city's recent history was the establishment of [[Technopark Kerala|Technopark]]—India's first IT park—in 1995.<ref name="Technopark Thiruvananthapuram">{{cite web |publisher=Kerala State IT Mission |url=http://www.keralaitmission.org |title=First IT Park in Kerala |access-date=25 August 2006 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103110342/http://www.keralaitmission.org/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Technopark has developed into the largest IT park in the geographical area,<ref>{{cite book |title=The digital challenge: information technology in the development context |year=2003 |publisher=S. Krishna, Shirin Madon by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |page=350 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVhMzNSMsLYC&pg=PA350 |isbn=9780754634454}}</ref> employing around 62,000 people in 450 companies.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-29 |title=Technopark bags high CRISIL rating |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/technopark-bags-high-crisil-rating/article32225885.ece |access-date=2020-09-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Thiruvananthapuram}}

{{wide image|Pattom Skyline panoramo 02.jpg|820px|align-cap=center|View of [[Pattom]], the north eastern part of the city. The [[Western Ghats]] mountain range is seen in the background}}
Thiruvananthapuram is built on seven hills<ref>{{cite book |title=The Rough Guide to South India |year=2005 |author1=David Abram |author2=Rough Guides (Firm) |author3=Nick Edwards |publisher=Rough Guides |page=261 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC&pg=PA306 |isbn=978-1-84353-103-6}}</ref> by the seashore and is at {{Coord|8.5|N|76.9|E|}} on the west coast, near the southern tip of mainland India.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/13/Thiruvananthapuram.html |title=Thiruvananthapuram, India Page |access-date=19 March 2008}}</ref> The city is on the west coast of India and is bounded by the [[Laccadive Sea]] to its west and the [[Western Ghats]] to its east. The average elevation of the city is {{cvt|16|ft|m}} above [[sea level]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology]] ([[Pune]]) |url=http://envis.tropmet.res.in/rainfall_stations.htm |title=Rainfall Stations in India |access-date=18 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116190118/http://envis.tropmet.res.in/rainfall_stations.htm |archive-date=16 January 2009}}</ref> The [[Geological Survey of India]] has identified Thiruvananthapuram as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorised the metropolis in the Seismic III Zone.<ref>{{cite map |publisher=[[Geological Survey of India]] |url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/images/GSIimages/PT_zonation.jpg |title=Seismic zoning map of India |access-date=1 July 2010 |archive-date=15 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515004653/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/images/GSIimages/PT_zonation.jpg |url-status=dead}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram lies on the shores of [[Karamana]] and [[Killi river]]s. [[Vellayani Lake|Vellayani]], [[Thiruvallam]] and [[Aakkulam|Aakulam]] backwaters lie in the city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kapoor |first1=Subodh |title=The Indian encyclopaedia : biographical, historical, religious, administrative, ethnological, commercial and scientific |date=2002 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |isbn=9788177552577 |pages=318 |edition=1st}}</ref> The soil type in the middle part of the city is a dark brown loamy [[Laterite|laterite soil]] high in phosphates. Laterisation is a result of the heavy rainfall and humid conditions. In western coastal regions of the city, [[Loam|sandy loam]] soil is found, and on hilly eastern parts of the district, rich dark brown loam of granite origin is found.<ref>{{cite web |title=Soil types in Kerala |url=http://www.keralaagriculture.gov.in/htmle/soils/soiltypesdw.htm |publisher=Kerala Agriculture |access-date=17 May 2017 |archive-date=20 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120113114/http://www.keralaagriculture.gov.in/htmle/soils/soiltypesdw.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[Thiruvananthapuram Corporation]] is spread over {{cvt|214.86|km2|sqmi|2}}.<ref name="citygi">{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram Corporation General Information |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/general-information-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230094333/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/general-information-0 |archive-date=30 December 2020 |publisher=Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref> The wider [[Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area]] comprises Thiruvananthapuram corporation, three municipalities and 27 panchayats, as of 2011.<ref name="ListofUA">{{cite web |title=List of Urban Agglomerations of 2011 Census |url=https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/622777/urban |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=17 May 2017 |archive-date=30 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230044541/https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/622777/urban |url-status=dead }}</ref> Being the largest city in India's southern tip region, it is essential for both military logistics and civil aviation in the southern part of the country. Thiruvananthapuram is the headquarters of the [[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]] (SAC) of the [[Indian Air Force]].<ref name="Air Command">{{cite web |title=Southern Air Command Introduction |url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_command.php?pg_id=32&page_type=command&comm_id=5 |publisher=Southern Air Command |access-date=17 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134636/http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_command.php?pg_id=32&page_type=command&comm_id=5 |archive-date=25 January 2018}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
The city has a climate that lies on the border between a [[tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Aw'') and a [[tropical monsoon climate]] (''Am''). As a result, its only distinct seasons relate to rainfall rather than temperature. Temperatures in Thiruvananthapuram remain remarkably stable throughout the year, with an annual mean maximum of about 31–32 °C (88–90 °F) and a mean minimum around 23–24 °C (73–75 °F). Daytime highs generally stay between 30 and 34 °C (86–93 °F), while nights are warm and humid, averaging approximately 22–25 °C (72–77 °F). The temperature rarely falls below something like both 20 °C (68 °F) and above 35 °C (95 °F). The humidity is high and rises to about 90% during the [[monsoon]] season.<ref name="Thiruvananthapuram Weather">{{cite web |publisher=Weatherbase |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=017334&refer= |title=Thiruvananthapuram Climate |access-date=25 August 2006 |archive-date=30 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230112740/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=017334&refer= |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram is the first city along the path of the [[south-west monsoon]]s and gets its first showers in early June. The city receives heavy rainfall of around {{cvt|1835|mm}} per year. The city also gets rain from the receding north-east monsoons which hit the city by October. The dry season sets in by December. The lowest temperature recorded in the city core was {{cvt|10.8|C|F}} on 6 January 1974 and it also recorded 15.6 °C in Jan 18 in 2015. The highest temperature was {{cvt|38.2|C|F}} on 21 February 2019.<ref name=IMDextremes/> At the airport, the lowest temperature recorded was {{cvt|12.1|C|F}} on 15 January 1975 and the highest temperature was {{cvt|36.3|C|F}} on 5 May 1998.<ref name=IMDextremes/>
{{Weather box
| location = Thiruvananthapuram City (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 36.2
| Feb record high C = 38.2
| Mar record high C = 37.7
| Apr record high C = 38.0
| May record high C = 36.7
| Jun record high C = 35.8
| Jul record high C = 34.0
| Aug record high C = 34.6
| Sep record high C = 35.4
| Oct record high C = 35.2
| Nov record high C = 34.8
| Dec record high C = 36.2
| year record high C = 38.2
| Jan avg record high C = 34.4
| Feb avg record high C = 34.8
| Mar avg record high C = 35.4
| Apr avg record high C = 35.1
| May avg record high C = 34.6
| Jun avg record high C = 32.8
| Jul avg record high C = 32.1
| Aug avg record high C = 32.3
| Sep avg record high C = 33.0
| Oct avg record high C = 32.8
| Nov avg record high C = 33.1
| Dec avg record high C = 34.1
| year avg record high C = 35.9
| Jan high C = 32.4
| Feb high C = 32.8
| Mar high C = 33.5
| Apr high C = 33.3
| May high C = 32.6
| Jun high C = 30.4
| Jul high C = 30.1
| Aug high C = 30.3
| Sep high C = 30.9
| Oct high C = 30.9
| Nov high C = 31.0
| Dec high C = 32.0
| year high C = 31.7
| Jan mean C = 27.5
| Feb mean C = 28.2
| Mar mean C = 29.2
| Apr mean C = 29.5
| May mean C = 29.0
| Jun mean C = 27.5
| Jul mean C = 27.0
| Aug mean C = 27.2
| Sep mean C = 27.5
| Oct mean C = 27.4
| Nov mean C = 27.3
| Dec mean C = 27.5
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 22.3
| Feb low C = 22.9
| Mar low C = 24.3
| Apr low C = 25.1
| May low C = 25.1
| Jun low C = 23.8
| Jul low C = 23.3
| Aug low C = 23.4
| Sep low C = 23.5
| Oct low C = 23.5
| Nov low C = 23.2
| Dec low C = 22.6
| year low C = 23.6
| Jan avg record low C = 23.3
| Feb avg record low C = 23.6
| Mar avg record low C = 24.3
| Apr avg record low C = 25.1
| May avg record low C = 25.1
| Jun avg record low C = 23.8
| Jul avg record low C = 23.3
| Aug avg record low C = 23.4
| Sep avg record low C = 23.5
| Oct avg record low C = 23.5
| Nov avg record low C = 23.2
| Dec avg record low C = 22.6
| year avg record low C = 23.6
| Jan record low C = 10.8
| Feb record low C = 18.1
| Mar record low C = 20.2
| Apr record low C = 20.0
| May record low C = 20.1
| Jun record low C = 20.0
| Jul record low C = 20.2
| Aug record low C = 18.2
| Sep record low C = 20.8
| Oct record low C = 20.1
| Nov record low C = 18.9
| Dec record low C = 18.2
| year record low C = 10.8
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 17.9
| Feb rain mm = 21.7
| Mar rain mm = 30.6
| Apr rain mm = 122.3
| May rain mm = 213.8
| Jun rain mm = 307.8
| Jul rain mm = 185.2
| Aug rain mm = 161.0
| Sep rain mm = 196.7
| Oct rain mm = 297.2
| Nov rain mm = 212.8
| Dec rain mm = 68.4
| year rain mm = 1835.3
| Jan rain days = 0.9
| Feb rain days = 1.4
| Mar rain days = 2.2
| Apr rain days = 6.9
| May rain days = 9.1
| Jun rain days = 16.0
| Jul rain days = 13.3
| Aug rain days = 9.9
| Sep rain days = 10.4
| Oct rain days = 13.0
| Nov rain days = 9.8
| Dec rain days = 4.0
| year rain days = 96.9
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 64
| Feb humidity = 63
| Mar humidity = 66
| Apr humidity = 73
| May humidity = 75
| Jun humidity = 80
| Jul humidity = 79
| Aug humidity = 77
| Sep humidity = 77
| Oct humidity = 80
| Nov humidity = 78
| Dec humidity = 69
| year humidity = 73
| Jan sun = 260.4
| Feb sun = 248.6
| Mar sun = 254.2
| Apr sun = 201.0
| May sun = 192.2
| Jun sun = 129.0
| Jul sun = 136.4
| Aug sun = 164.3
| Sep sun = 180.0
| Oct sun = 173.6
| Nov sun = 165.0
| Dec sun = 217.0
| year sun =
| Jand sun = 8.4
| Febd sun = 8.8
| Mard sun = 8.2
| Aprd sun = 6.7
| Mayd sun = 6.2
| Jund sun = 4.3
| Juld sun = 4.4
| Augd sun = 5.3
| Sepd sun = 6.0
| Octd sun = 5.6
| Novd sun = 5.5
| Decd sun = 7.0
| yeard sun = 6.4
| Jan uv = 11
| Feb uv = 12
| Mar uv = 12
| Apr uv = 12
| May uv = 12
| Jun uv = 12
| Jul uv = 12
| Aug uv = 12
| Sep uv = 12
| Oct uv = 12
| Nov uv = 11
| Dec uv = 10
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]] (sun 1971–2000)<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf |title=Station: Thiruvananthapuram Climatological Table 1981–2010 |work=Climatological Normals 1981–2010 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=January 2015 |pages=739–740 |access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |title=Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page=M1110 |access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDsun>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042602/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Daily%20Normals%20of%20Global%20%26%20Diffused%20Radiations%20%201971_2000.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Daily%20Normals%20of%20Global%20%26%20Diffused%20Radiations%20%201971_2000.pdf |title=Table 3 Monthly mean duration of Sun Shine (hours) at different locations in India |work=Daily Normals of Global & Diffuse Radiation (1971–2000) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page=M-3 |access-date=1 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/india/thiruvananthapuram/climate |title=Climate & Weather Averages in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India |publisher=Time and Date |access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref>
|source 2 = Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref name=TCC1>
{{cite web
| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=43371
| title = Normals Data: Thiruvananthapuram – India Latitude: 8.48°N Longitude: 76.95°E Height: 60 (m)
| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
| access-date = 1 December 2022}}</ref> Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas">
{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/thiruvananthapuram-climate |title=Climate and monthly weather forecast Thiruvananthapuram, India |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=13 June 2022}}</ref>
| date = August 2010
| source =
| Jan dew point C = 21
| Feb dew point C = 22
| Mar dew point C = 23
| Apr dew point C = 24
| May dew point C = 24
| Jun dew point C = 24
| Jul dew point C = 24
| Aug dew point C = 24
| Sep dew point C = 24
| Oct dew point C = 24
| Nov dew point C = 24
| Dec dew point C = 23
}}

{{Weather box
| width = auto
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram Airport]] (1991–2020)
| Jan record high C = 35.5
| Feb record high C = 35.6
| Mar record high C = 36.2
| Apr record high C = 36.1
| May record high C = 36.3
| Jun record high C = 35.2
| Jul record high C = 33.9
| Aug record high C = 33.7
| Sep record high C = 33.7
| Oct record high C = 35.7
| Nov record high C = 34.4
| Dec record high C = 34.4
| year record high C =
| Jan high C = 31.4
| Feb high C = 32.0
| Mar high C = 32.8
| Apr high C = 33.2
| May high C = 32.5
| Jun high C = 30.7
| Jul high C = 30.1
| Aug high C = 30.1
| Sep high C = 30.5
| Oct high C = 30.7
| Nov high C = 30.9
| Dec high C = 31.3
| year high C = 31.3
| Jan low C = 22.6
| Feb low C = 23.4
| Mar low C = 24.7
| Apr low C = 25.7
| May low C = 25.5
| Jun low C = 24.4
| Jul low C = 23.8
| Aug low C = 24.0
| Sep low C = 24.0
| Oct low C = 24.0
| Nov low C = 23.8
| Dec low C = 23.1
| year low C = 24.1
| Jan record low C = 10.8
| Feb record low C = 16.0
| Mar record low C = 19.0
| Apr record low C = 20.7
| May record low C = 20.7
| Jun record low C = 19.5
| Jul record low C = 20.8
| Aug record low C = 20.5
| Sep record low C = 20.1
| Oct record low C = 19.4
| Nov record low C = 18.8
| Dec record low C = 17.9
| year record low C = 10.8
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 18.1
| Feb rain mm = 25.2
| Mar rain mm = 28.5
| Apr rain mm = 97.4
| May rain mm = 225.0
| Jun rain mm = 300.3
| Jul rain mm = 180.8
| Aug rain mm = 163.4
| Sep rain mm = 195.3
| Oct rain mm = 277.0
| Nov rain mm = 227.3
| Dec rain mm = 67.9
| year rain mm = 1806.3
| Jan rain days = 0.9
| Feb rain days = 1.5
| Mar rain days = 1.7
| Apr rain days = 6.1
| May rain days = 9.1
| Jun rain days = 15.8
| Jul rain days = 12.7
| Aug rain days = 9.5
| Sep rain days = 9.7
| Oct rain days = 12.3
| Nov rain days = 10.1
| Dec rain days = 3.7
| year rain days = 93.0
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|Jan humidity=64
|Feb humidity=64
|Mar humidity=67
|Apr humidity=71
|May humidity=74
|Jun humidity=80
|Jul humidity=80
|Aug humidity=80
|Sep humidity=79
|Oct humidity=79
|Nov humidity=76
|Dec humidity=69
|year humidity=74
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref>}}

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Thiruvananthapuram City (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Population by Religious Community |publisher=Census of India |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |access-date=28 March 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |archive-date=13 September 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|68.51}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|dodgerblue|16.79}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|13.77}}
{{bar percent|Not stated|black|0.85}}
{{bar percent|Others|grey|0.09}}
Others include [[Sikhism]], [[Buddhism]] & Other religions (0.06%)
}}

According to provisional results of the 2011 national census, the Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram, which occupies an area of {{cvt|214|sqkm|sqmi}}, had a population of 957,730.<ref name="citygi" /> The city's population density was {{cvt|4454|/sqkm|/sqmi}}.<ref name="citygi" /> The Urban Agglomeration had a population of 1,687,406 in 2011.<ref name="UApop"/> The sex ratio is 1,040 females for every 1,000 males, which is higher than the national average.<ref name="citygi"/> Thiruvananthapuram's literacy rate of 93.72%<ref name="Citycenpop">{{cite web |title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=5 December 2017}}</ref> exceeds the all-India average of 74%.<ref name="censusindliter">{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in |title=Population census 2011 |publisher=Census of India 2011, Government of India |access-date=6 December 2011}}</ref>

It is a historical city where [[Malayalis|Malayali]] form the vast majority of Thiruvananthapuram's population. There are also minorities like the [[Tamil people|Tamils]] and North Indians residing here. According to the 2011 census, 68.5% of the population is [[Hinduism|Hindu]], 16.7% [[Christianity|Christians]] and 13.7% [[Islam|Muslims]].<ref name="CityCensus">{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram City Census 2011 data |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/462-thiruvananthapuram.html |website=Census2011 |access-date=5 December 2017}}</ref> The remainder of the community includes [[Jainism|Jains]], [[Jews]], [[Sikh]]s, [[Buddhist]]s and other religions which account for 0.06% of the population; 0.85% did not state a belief in the [[census]].<ref name="CityCensus" />

[[Malayalam]], the official state language, is the dominant language in Thiruvananthapuram City:<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-10 |title=Govt sets deadline for switch to Malayalam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/government-sets-deadline-for-switch-to-malayalam-thiruvananthapuram/articleshow/105871691.cms |access-date=2025-03-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> English is also used, mainly by the white-collar workforce. [[Tamil language|Tamil]] has the most speakers after [[Malayalam]]. The city also has a few [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Konkani language|Kannada, Konkani]], [[Maldivian language|Dhivehi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and Hindi speakers. As per the 2001 census, the population below the [[Below Poverty Line (India)|poverty line]] in the city was 11,667.<ref name="Urban poor in Thiruvananthapuram">{{Cite report |url=http://jnnurm.nic.in/nurmudweb/toolkit/Trivanthapuram/5PartCD.pdf |title=Study of urban poor in TMC area |work=JNNURM |access-date=9 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127220331/http://jnnurm.nic.in/nurmudweb/toolkit/Trivanthapuram/5PartCD.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Thiruvananthapuram has witnessed massive immigration of workers from northern India, mainly [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], and [[Madhya Pradesh]], and Eastern India, mainly [[West Bengal]] and [[Bihar]], and from neighbouring countries like [[Sri Lanka]], the [[Maldives]], [[Nepal]] and [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Migrants assured of safety |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/collector-assures-migrants-of-camaraderie/article19840707.ece |access-date=5 December 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 October 2017}}</ref>

== Administration ==
{{Main|Administration of Trivandrum district|Thiruvananthapuram Corporation}}

[[File:Kerala Legislative Assembly, Thiruvananthapuram.jpg|thumb|[[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] Building]]
The [[Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation|Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram]] or TMC oversees and manages the civic infrastructure of the city's 100 wards.<ref name="citad">{{cite web |title=Administration |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/administration |website=Thiruvananthapuram Corporation |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134552/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/administration |url-status=dead }}</ref> Each ward elects a [[councillor]] to the Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram. TMC has the power to act as the local government of the city.<ref name="orgst">{{cite web |title=Institutional Setup of Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/organisational-structure |website=Thiruvananthapuram Corporation |publisher=Information Kerala Mission |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=10 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110115420/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/organisational-structure |url-status=dead }}</ref> TMC is headed by the Mayor, who is elected from among the [[councillor]]s. The Mayor is responsible for the overall supervision and control of the administrative functions of the TMC. The corporation discharges its services through standing committees.<ref name="orgst" /> The corporation secretary is an officer appointed by the [[Government of Kerala|government]], who serves as the administrative head of the TMC and implements the council's decisions based on the resolutions adopted by the council. The functions of the Municipal Corporation are managed by seven departments—engineering, health, general administration, council, accounts and revenue.<ref name="orgstruc">{{cite web |title=Organisation Structure |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/sites/default/files/TMC%20-%20Organization%20Structure.pdf |publisher=Thiruvananthapuram Corporation |access-date=24 January 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124171252/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/sites/default/files/TMC%20-%20Organization%20Structure.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2018}}</ref> For the decentralised role of TMC, eleven Zonal Offices are created. The zonal offices are in Fort, Kadakampally, [[Nemom]], [[Ulloor]], Attipra, Thiruvallom, [[Kazhakkuttom]], [[Sreekaryam]], [[Kudappanakunnu]], [[Vattiyoorkavu]] and [[Vizhinjam]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Zonal Operations |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/zonal-operations |website=Thiruvananthapuram Corporation |publisher=Information Kerala Mission |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=11 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111002432/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/zonal-operations |url-status=dead }}</ref> The functions of the TMC include water supply, drainage and sewerage, sanitation, solid-waste management, and building regulation. The [[Thiruvananthapuram Development Authority]] is responsible for the statutory planning and development of the [[Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area|greater Thiruvananthapuram]] region.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Thiruvananthapuram Development Authority |url=http://www.trida.kerala.gov.in/about-us |website=Thiruvananthapuram Development Authority |publisher=Information Kerala Mission |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125074631/http://www.trida.kerala.gov.in/about-us |url-status=dead }}</ref>

As the seat of the [[Government of Kerala]], Thiruvananthapuram is home to not only the offices of the local governing agencies but also the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] and the state secretariat, which is housed in the [[Kerala Government Secretariat|Kerala Government Secretariat complex]]. Thiruvananthapuram has two parliamentary constituencies—[[Attingal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Attingal]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]—and elects five Members of the Legislative Assembly ([[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLAs]]) to the state legislature.<ref>{{cite web |title=Constituencies |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/constituencies |website=Corporation of Trivandrum |publisher=Information Kerala Mission |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134616/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/constituencies |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Kerala Government Secretariat, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Kerala Government Secretariat]] is the seat of administration of the Government of Kerala]]

=== Municipal finance ===

According to financial data published on the CityFinance Portal of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs,<ref>{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation Finance |url=https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/thiruvananthapuram |publisher=CityFinance Portal, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs |access-date=17 March 2026}}</ref> the Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation reported total revenue receipts of ₹713 crore (US$86 million) and total expenditure of ₹586 crore (US$71 million) in 2022–23. Tax revenue accounted for about 23.6% of the total revenue, while the corporation received ₹476 crore in grants during the financial year.

===Law and order===
The [[Thiruvananthapuram City Police]] is the main law-enforcement agency in the city. It is headed by a [[Police commissioner|commissioner of police]].<ref name="poli">{{cite web |title=Governance of District Police, Thiruvananthapuram City |url=http://www.tvmcitypolice.gov.in/thiruvananthapuram-city-police/about-us/governance |website=District Police Office, Thiruvananthapuram City |publisher=State Police Computer Centre |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134455/http://www.tvmcitypolice.gov.in/thiruvananthapuram-city-police/about-us/governance |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Thiruvananthapuram city police]] is a division of the [[Kerala Police]], and the administrative control lies with the [[Department of Home (Kerala)|Kerala Home Ministry]]. Thiruvananthapuram city police is the largest police division in Kerala, and it consists of four subdivisional offices and 24 police stations and a sanctioned strength of 3,500 police personnel.<ref name="kerpol">{{cite web |title=Work study report on Police Department |url=https://www.kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/3328a672-d76d-4d76-b1aa-f407edaa3662 |format=PDF |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=30 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230043540/https://kerala.gov.in//documents/10180/3328a672-d76d-4d76-b1aa-f407edaa3662 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Central Prison, Poojappura|Central Prison]] is the oldest prison in Kerala and the headquarters of [[Kerala Prisons and Correctional Services]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Prisons Headquarters Poojappura |url=http://www.keralaprisons.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=74 |website=Kerala prisons and correctional services |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134533/http://www.keralaprisons.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=74 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Military and diplomatic establishments===
The [[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]] of the [[Indian Air Force]] is headquartered in the city.<ref name="SAC">{{cite web |title=Southern Air Command Introduction |url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_command.php?pg_id=32&page_type=command&comm_id=5 |website=Official Home Page of Indian Air Force |publisher=Indian Air Force |access-date=24 January 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134636/http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_command.php?pg_id=32&page_type=command&comm_id=5 |archive-date=25 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Schoolchildren get a 'Command'ing view |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/jan/20/schoolchildren-get-a-commanding-view-1759300.html |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=20 January 2018}}</ref> There are two state armed police battalions and a unit of the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF) based in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite web |title=Armed Police Head Quarter |url=http://www.keralapolice.org/wings/armed-police/armed-police-head-quarter |website=Kerala Police |publisher=State Police Computer Centre, SCRB, Thiruvananthapuram. |access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref> The CRPF has a Group Headquarters (GHQ) located at [[Pallippuram, Thiruvananthapuram|Pallipuram]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=G |first1=Ananthakrishnan |title=CRPF religion head count |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120722/jsp/frontpage/story_15758048.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725025842/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120722/jsp/frontpage/story_15758048.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 July 2012 |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=22 July 2012}}</ref> In addition to this, three units of the [[Central Industrial Security Force]] (CISF) and Sector Headquarters (SHQ) of the [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) are also present. Thiruvananthapuram also houses a large army cantonment in Pangode which houses some regiments of the [[Indian Army]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Up-close look at military weapons |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/Up-close-look-at-military-weapons/article14574294.ece |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=17 August 2016}}</ref>

In the city there is a Consulate of the [[United Arab Emirates]],<ref>{{cite web |title=UAE Consulate Thiruvananthapuram Kerala |url=http://uaeconsulate-kerala.com/demo/about-consulate.html |website=Consulate of United Arab Emirates |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134447/http://uaeconsulate-kerala.com/demo/about-consulate.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> a Consulate of the [[Maldives]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Consulate of Maldives |url=https://www.consulateofmaldives.in/ |website=Consulate of Maldives in Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Netindia |access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref> and Honorary Consulates of [[Sri Lanka]], [[Russia]] and [[Germany]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Honorary Consul of Sri Lanka |url=http://slhckerala.org/contactus.php |website=Consulate of Sri Lanka in Kerala |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125074607/http://slhckerala.org/contactus.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=City needs special zone for diplomatic missions |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/City-needs-special-zone-for-diplomatic-missions/article16771608.ece |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 December 2016}}</ref>

===Utility services===
The [[Kerala Water Authority]] supplies the city with water that is sourced from the [[Karamana River]];<ref name="water">{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram Water Supply |url=http://www.tvmcity.in/water-supply |website=Thiruvananthapuram Smart City |publisher=Municipal Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007082049/http://www.tvmcity.in/water-supply |url-status=dead }}</ref> most of it is drawn from the [[Aruvikkara]] and [[Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary|Peppara]] reservoirs, and it is treated and purified at the Aruvikkara pumping stations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Renovation on at KWA pumping stations |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/renovation-on-at-kwa-pumping-stations/article5829060.ece |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=25 March 2014}}</ref> The Wellington Water Works, commissioned in 1933, is one of the oldest city water supply schemes in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wellington Water Works an example of far-sightedness |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/lsquoWellington-Water-Works-an-example-of-far-sightednessrsquo/article16654463.ece |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=31 March 2010}}</ref> The sewage water is treated at Muttathara sewage-treatment plant, which handles 32 million litres per day.<ref>{{cite news |last1=B. Nair |first1=Rajesh |title=Sludge disposal poses a hurdle at Muttathara sewage treatment plant |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/sludge-disposal-poses-a-hurdle-at-muttathara-sewage-treatment-plant/article5078955.ece |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=31 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Waste water Management |url=http://www.tvmcity.in/waste-water-mgmt |website=Smartcity Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=C-DIT |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=20 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120160503/http://www.tvmcity.in/waste-water-mgmt |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city area is divided into seven blocks for the execution of the sewage system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sewerage Scheme (Thiruvananthapuram) Phase – I |url=https://infrastructureindia.gov.in/view-project?p_p_id=viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&_viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet_jspPage=%2Fhtml%2Fviewproject%2Fview.jsp&_viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet_ppp=Government+Infrastructure+Projects+%28Traditional+Procurement%29&_viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet_projectId=15303&_viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet_currURL=%2Fprojects-list-by-sector%3Fp_p_id%3Dprojectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn-1%26p_p_col_count%3D1%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_jspPage%3D%252Fhtml%252Fprojectlistbysector%252Fview.jsp%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_hdSubsectorList%3D%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_keywords%3D%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_advancedSearch%3Dfalse%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_andOperator%3Dtrue%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_orderByCol%3DprojectName%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_orderByType%3Dasc%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_resetCur%3Dfalse%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_delta%3D75 |publisher=Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Government of India |access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref> Electricity is supplied by the [[Kerala State Electricity Board]].<ref>{{cite news |title=KSEB commissions substation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kseb-commissions-substation/articleshow/59745307.cms |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 July 2015}}</ref> Fire services are handled by the [[Kerala Fire And Rescue Services]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Trivandrum to get modern fire fighting equipment for faster aid |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/jul/22/trivandrum-to-get-modern-fire-fighting-equipment-for-faster-aid-1631875.html |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=22 July 2017}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Thiruvananthapuram}}

{{Panorama
| image = File:Trivandrum City North Panorama.jpg
| height = 230
| alt = View of Technovalley, in the north western part of the city at night.
| caption = <div style="text-align:center">View of Technovalley, in the northwestern part of the city at night.</div>
}}

[[File:Thiruvananthapuram Infosys campus.JPG|thumb|A part of Infosys campus. Thiruvananthapuram is a major IT hub in India.]]
Thiruvananthapuram is strategically located just 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) away from the crucial Suez to Singapore Far East international shipping route, placing it in close proximity to key global maritime traffic. This advantageous location, combined with the availability of reliable electricity, fresh water, and a long coastline, has accelerated industrial growth in the city. Thiruvananthapuram's economy comprises [[Information Technology]], education, plantations, aerospace, commerce and [[tourism]].<ref name="sceco">{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram economy |url=http://www.tvmcity.in/economy |website=Smart City Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=C-DIT Government of Kerala |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=11 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111221337/http://www.tvmcity.in/economy |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram district contributes 10.31%, of the state's GDP.<ref name="ecrev">{{cite web |title=Kerala Economic Review |url=https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/ad430667-ade5-4c62-8cb8-a89d27d396f1 |website=Government of Kerala |publisher=Kerala State Planning Board |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=20 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720141140/https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/ad430667-ade5-4c62-8cb8-a89d27d396f1 |url-status=dead}}</ref> With an economic growth rate of 13.83%, Thiruvananthapuram is the fastest-growing district in Kerala.<ref name="ecrev"/> Thiruvananthapuram was listed as one of the top ten cities in India on Vibrancy and Consumption Index by a study conducted by global [[financial services]] firm [[Morgan Stanley]].<ref name="MorStan">{{cite web |title=AlphaWise City Vibrancy Index: A Guide to India's Urbanization |page=7 |url=http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/1090352/898699386/name/City_MS.pdf |publisher=Morgan Stanley |access-date=1 March 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122084247/http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/1090352/898699386/name/City_MS.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2011}}</ref> State- and central-government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce.<ref name="ecrev"/>

[[File:MSC IRINA TRIVANDRUM PORT HD.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A large container ship, seen through palm trees|Arrival of MSC ''Irina'', the world's largest container ship, arriving at Trivandrum in June 2025, marking its first arrival at a South Asian port]]

Thiruvananthapuram is a major [[aerospace]] research centre in India. The [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]], the most significant and leading centre of [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]],<ref name="vssc">{{cite web |title=Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/vikram-sarabhai-space-centre-vssc |website=Indian Space Research Organisation |publisher=Department of Space, Government of India |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=2 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602202050/https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/vikram-sarabhai-space-centre-vssc |url-status=dead }}</ref> and several space-related, state-owned [[Indian Space Research Organisation#Organisation structure|ISRO centres]] such as [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]], [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]], and [[ISRO Inertial Systems Unit]] are based in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref name="isrocen">{{cite web |title=ISRO Centres |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/isro-centres |website=Indian Space Research Organisation |publisher=Department of Space, Government of India |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129043646/https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/isro-centres |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[BrahMos Aerospace|BrahMos Aerospace Trivandrum Limited]] is one of the leading missile integration and defence production units in India.<ref name="brahmos">{{cite news |last1=Chandran |first1=Cynthia |title=Central Industrial Security Force to take over BrahMos security |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/221217/central-industrial-security-force-to-take-over-brahmos-security.html |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=22 December 2017}}</ref> Other enterprises include [[Travancore Titanium Products]], [[Kerala Automobiles Limited]], [[Kerala Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation|MILMA]], [[English Indian Clays]], [[KELTRON|Keltron]], [[Trivandrum Rubber Works]] and [[HLL Lifecare|HLL Lifecare Limited]].
[[File:Lulumalltrivandrum.jpg|thumbnail|A highway at Thiruvananthapuram]]
Thiruvananthapuram is a major [[Information Technology|IT]] and [[Information technology enabled services|ITES]] hub in India. The city contributes about 40-45% of Kerala's total software exports.<ref name="ecrev"/><ref name="stone">{{cite news |url=http://technopark.org/news?id=305 |work=Technopark |title=Kunhalikutty to lay foundation stone for Technopark tomorrow |date=24 February 2016 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |access-date=17 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404165537/https://www.technopark.org/news?id=305 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram houses major [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[Technology company|Technology companies]] like [[Oracle Corporation]], [[Nissan]], [[HCLTech|HCL Tech]], [[Accenture]], [[Allianz|Allianz Technology]], [[Envestnet]], [[Tata Consultancy Services]], [[Infosys]], [[UST Global]], [[Ernst & Young]], Flytxt, [[Guidehouse]], [[Tata Elxsi]], [[McKinsey & Company]], [[RR Donnelley]] and [https://www.questglobal.com/ Quest Global].<ref name="techcomp">{{cite web |title=Companies in Technopark |url=http://www.technopark.org/company-a-z-listing |website=Technopark |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=27 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227035018/http://technopark.org/company-a-z-listing |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Technopark, Trivandrum|Technopark]] is the largest information-technology park in India in terms of built-up area.<ref name="techlarge">{{cite news |title=Technopark becomes largest IT park in the country |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/technopark-becomes-largest-it-park-in-the-country/articleshow/28958104.cms |access-date=1 March 2018 |work=Economic Times |date=17 January 2014}}</ref> It is the largest employment base campus in Kerala with 52,000 IT/ITES professionals and about 400 companies.<ref name="ecrev" /><ref name="techcomp" /> Other IT, media and industrial campuses include [[Kinfra Film and Video Park]], Kinfra Apparel Park, B-HUB and [[Chithranjali Film Complex]].<ref name="kinfra">{{cite web |title=Kinfra Parks |url=http://kinfra.org/parks |website=Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Film city plan on fast track |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/film-city-plan-on-fast-track/article22526150.ece |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 January 2018}}</ref> Other major IT, [[biotechnology]] and industrial campuses include [[Technocity, Thiruvananthapuram|Technocity]], [[Bio 360 Life Sciences Park|Bio 360 Life sciences park]] and [[Digital Science Park, Thiruvananthapuram|Digital Science Park]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Boost for Life Sciences Park development |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/boost-for-life-sciences-park-development/article19988996.ece |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=S |first1=Unnikrishnan |title=Technopark: Riding smoothly into the future |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/feb/01/technopark-riding-smoothly-into-the-future-1766890.html |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=1 February 2018}}</ref>

Tourism is a significant economic sector.<ref name="Tourists Statistics 2007">{{cite report |work=Tourism Department, Kerala |url=http://www.keralatourism.org/tourismstatistics/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Tourist_statistics_for_Internet.pdf |title=Tourism statistics 2007 |access-date=8 May 2008}}</ref><ref name=tour>{{cite news |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=S Anil |title=Good news for tourism sector |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/good-news-for-tourism-sector/article22669673.ece |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |work=Kerala Tourism |url=http://www.keralatourism.org/destination-wise-foreign-2010.pdf |title=Destination wise foreign tourist visits |access-date=4 August 2016}}</ref> The presence of natural attractions like beaches, [[Kerala backwaters|backwaters]], hills, and plantations and attractions like heritage, history, [[Ayurveda]], medical tourism and knowledge centres attract many tourists.<ref name="trvtour">{{cite news |title=Brainstorming for sustainable tourism |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/sep/27/brainstorming-for-sustainable-tourism-1663732.html |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=27 September 2017}}</ref> The city experienced a surge of investment in the real estate, infrastructure and retail sectors in 2016–17.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saikiran |first1=KP |title=Realty sees a surge in Kerala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/realty-sees-a-surge-in-kerala/articleshow/59950656.cms |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 August 2017}}</ref>

Port-related activity is low mainly due to the underdevelopment of ports. [[Vizhinjam International Seaport]] is India's first deep-water [[transshipment]] Port.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Minister Shri Sarbananda Sonowal receives First Mother Ship at Vizhinjam- India's first deep water Container Transhipment Port |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2032811#:~:text=The%20Union%20Minister%20of%20Ports,port%20in%20Vizhinjam,%20Kerala%20today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208184825/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2032811#:~:text=The%20Union%20Minister%20of%20Ports,port%20in%20Vizhinjam,%20Kerala%20today |archive-date=8 February 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.pib.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref> Vizhinjam port's location is close to the international shipping routes and, it is just 10–12 nautical miles from the busy [[Persian Gulf]]-[[Strait of Malacca|Malacca]] shipping lane.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vallarpadam Port loses out to Colombo on smaller draft, higher charges |url=https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/vallarpadam-port-loses-out-to-colombo-on-smaller-draft-higher-charges-2/ |access-date=1 March 2018 |publisher=Hellenic Shipping News |date=26 February 2018 |archive-date=2 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302050249/https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/vallarpadam-port-loses-out-to-colombo-on-smaller-draft-higher-charges-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The port also has a natural depth of 18 to 20 metres which can accommodate huge [[container ship]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tharoor |first1=Shashi |title=A Kerala Port with Adani. Why That's a Good Thing |url=https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/a-kerala-port-with-adani-why-thats-a-good-thing-780831 |access-date=1 March 2018 |agency=NDTV |date=13 July 2015}}</ref> The berths at Vizhinjam port are designed to cater to vessels of up to 24,000 [[Twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEU]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajwi |first1=Tiki |title=Sailing ahead |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/jun/01/sailing-ahead-1611400.html |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=1 June 2017}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
{{Main|Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram}}

[[File:Harverting lotus leafs.jpg|thumb|left|Harvesting lotus leaves from [[Vellayani Lake]].]]
Thiruvananthapuram is a major tourist hub in India.<ref name=tour/> [[Kovalam]] and [[Varkala]] are popular beach towns near the city.<ref>{{Cite news |title=5 best beach destinations in Kerala for sun, sand, and serenity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/5-best-beach-destinations-in-kerala-for-sun-sand-and-serenity/photostory/112710340.cms?picid=112710457 |access-date=2025-03-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Other important beaches include [[Poovar]], [[Shankumugham Beach]], Azhimala Beach, [[Vizhinjam]] Beach and Veli Beach. Other places of interest include [[Agasthyamala]] rain forests, [[Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Kallar, Trivandrum|Kallar]], Braemore, [[Ponmudi]] hills, [[Poovar]], [[Anchuthengu]] backwaters, Varkala Cliffs and [[Kappil, Thiruvananthapuram|Kappil]]-[[Edava]] lakes.

The city is also known for its unique style of architecture involving [[Architecture of Kerala|Kerala Architecture]] with British and Dravidian influences.<ref>{{cite news |title=Timeless built heritage |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/timeless-built-heritage/article2094594.ece |access-date=28 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 June 2011}}</ref> [[Napier museum]], [[Thiruvananthapuram Zoo|Thiruvanathapuram Zoo]], [[Padmanabha Swamy temple]], [[Kuthira Malika|Kuthira Malika palace]], Kilimanoor palace and The Thiruvananthapuram Golf Club heritage building are examples of this.

The main museums include [[Kerala Science and Technology Museum]] (with its attached Priyadarsini [[Planetarium]]), [[Napier Museum]], [[Kerala Soil Museum]] and [[Koyikkal Palace|Koyikkal Palace Museum]]. [[Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve]] is listed in [[UNESCO]]'s [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Agasthyamala |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/asia-and-the-pacific/india/agasthyamala/ |website=UNESCO |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Thiruvananthapuram}}

[[File:Napier_Museum_Thiruvananthapuran_DSW_New.jpg|thumb|left|Established in 1855, the [[Napier Museum]] contains a vast collection of Ancient paintings and archaeological artefacts]]
Thiruvananthapuram is known as the "Evergreen City of India" because of its green landscapes and the presence of many public parks.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Evergreen City of India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlookmoney/invest/the-evergreen-city-of-india-1644 |access-date=20 January 2025 |agency=Outlook India |date=17 May 2017|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517191347/http://www.outlookindia.com/outlookmoney/invest/the-evergreen-city-of-india-1644/ |archive-date=17 May 2017}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram has historically been a cultural hub in [[South India|Southern India]] due to the development of arts, architecture and liberal customs by the rulers of erstwhile Thiruvananthapuram. As a testimony to this, renowned artists like Maharaja [[Swathi Thirunal]] and [[Raja Ravi Varma]] hail from the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Monarch musician |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/the-monarch-musician/article5504087.ece |access-date=7 December 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Raja Ravi Varma: The father of Modern Indian Art |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/raja-ravi-varma-320621-2016-04-29 |access-date=7 December 2017 |magazine=India Today |date=28 April 2017 |archive-date=13 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213185912/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/raja-ravi-varma/1/654640.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Prominent social reformers such as [[Narayana Guru|Sri Narayana Guru]], [[Chattampi Swamikal]], [[Ayyankali]], [[Vakkom Moulavi]] and [[C. V. Raman Pillai]] also are from Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite book |last1=India |first1=Office of the Registrar General |last2=Narayanan |first2=Krishnaswamy |title=Census of India, 1971: Series 9: Kerala, Part 6, Issue 1 |year=1973 |publisher=Manager of Publications – India |location=University of Michigan |page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k8EXAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

Two of the three [[Malayalam triumvirate poets]], [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]] and [[Kumaran Asan]] are from Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/Ulloor/Html/Ulloorgraphy.htm |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi website |publisher=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=7 December 2017 |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Talk of the Town |publisher=Penguin Books India, 2008 |isbn=9780143330134 |page=130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Az1XFhjzmUwC |year=2008}}</ref> Annual literature festivals like the Kovalam Literary Festival, are held in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram Hosts Kovalam Literary Fest |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/news/kovalam-literary-fest/1869 |website=Kerala Tourism |access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref> Literary development is further aided by state institutions such as the [[State Central Library, Kerala|State Central Library]], one of the oldest public libraries in India, which was established in 1829,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Keralalibrary |title=Kerala's 188 Years Old Library Is All Set To Become Blind-Friendly |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/keralas-188-years-old-library-is-all-set-to-become-blind-friendly/302184 |access-date=12 December 2017 |publisher=Outlook Web Bureau |date=25 September 2017}}</ref> and other major libraries including the Thiruvananthapuram Corporation Central library, and the [[Kerala University|Kerala University Library]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Library and Information Science |url=https://www.keralauniversity.ac.in/dept/deptHome.php?deptID=105 |publisher=Kerala University |access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram has been a hub of [[Indian classical music|classical music]] since the days of [[List of maharajas of Travancore|Maharaja of Travancore]], [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma|Swathi Thirunal]].<ref name="classicalmusictvm">{{cite news |last1=S. Nair |first1=Achuthsankar |title=Music and Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/the-capital-city-as-a-hub-of-classical-music/article7761426.ece |access-date=12 December 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=14 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=K |first1=Radhakrishnan |title=My Odyssey: Memoirs of the Man behind the Mangalyaan Mission |date=23 November 2016 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=9789385990380 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxtwDQAAQBAJ}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram is known for many music festivals like the Navarathri Music Festival, one of the oldest festivals of its kind in South India,<ref name="classicalmusictvm" /> [[Swathi Sangeethotsavam]], Soorya Music fest, Neelakanta Sivan Music Fest and many other music festivals are organised by various cultural groups.<ref name="classicalmusictvm" /> The 111-day-long [[Soorya Festival]] is the biggest art and cultural event in [[Kerala]].<ref name="sooryafest">{{cite news |title=Soorya festival set to begin today |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/Soorya-festival-set-to-begin-today/article14991116.ece |access-date=12 December 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=1 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=111-day Surya festival begins today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/111-day-surya-festival-begins-today/articleshow/60770870.cms |access-date=12 December 2017 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=20 September 2017}}</ref> The Soorya Festival features film festivals, theatre festivals, dance, music, painting and photography exhibitions.<ref name="sooryafest" />

[[File:Iffk 2011 DSCN4617-crop.jpg|thumb|right|16th [[IFFK]] 2011 banner at Kairali Theater Complex]]
The [[Malayalam film Industry]] was started in Thiruvananthapuram. The first Malayalam feature film, [[Vigathakumaran]] directed by [[J. C. Daniel]] was released in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Srivastava |first1=Manoj |title=Wide Angle: History of Indian Cinema |date=2017 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=9781946280480 |pages=130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18pBDwAAQBAJ}}</ref> J. C. Daniel is considered the father of Malayalam film industry. He also established the first film studio in Kerala, the Travancore National Pictures at Thiruvananthapuram in 1926.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/jcdaniel.html |title=J C Daniel |access-date=23 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606225929/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/jcdaniel.html |archive-date=6 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Oommen |first1=M. A. |last2=Varkey Joseph |first2=Kumbattu |title=Economics of Indian Cinema |date=1991 |publisher=Oxford & IBH Publishing Company |location=University of California |isbn=978-81-204-0575-2 |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-BkAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> The [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] (IFFK), which is held every year in December, is one of Asia's largest film festivals in terms of viewer participation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://entecity.com/news/festivals-in-trivandrum/ |title=11 Festivals You Will Find Only in Trivandrum! |author=Amal |date=18 February 2016 |work=EnteCity.com |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-date=14 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314185511/http://entecity.com/news/festivals-in-trivandrum/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Cheerath |first1=Bhawani |title=IFFK 2017: A celebration of cinema from across the globe |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/iffk-2017-a-cinematic-extravaganza/article21288507.ece |access-date=15 December 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 December 2017}}</ref> In addition to various film festivals, the presence of the [[Central Board of Film Certification]]'s regional office, many movie studios and production facilities like the Uma Studio, [[Chitranjali Studio]], [[Merryland Studio]], [[Kinfra Film and Video Park]] and Vismayas Max contribute to the growth of Thiruvananthapuram as a centre of cinema.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Capital of cinema |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-capital-of-cinema/article5401273.ece |access-date=29 November 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |publisher=Baiju Chandran |date=28 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A week-long theatre extravaganza in Kerala capital |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/sep/21/a-week-long-theatre-extravaganza-in-kerala-capital-1660772.html |access-date=15 December 2017 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=22 September 2017}}</ref>

Apart from the famous [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]], the city's architecture is championed by the [[Napier Museum]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram Zoo]], one of the oldest zoos in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zoological Garden, Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://keralaculture.org/thiruvananthapuram-zoo/542 |website=Kerala Culture |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala |access-date=22 January 2018 |archive-date=23 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072557/http://keralaculture.org/thiruvananthapuram-zoo/542 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other architectural landmarks include [[Kuthira Malika|Kuthira Malika Palace]], [[Kowdiar Palace]], [[Attukal Bhagavathy Temple]], [[Beemapally|Beemapally Mosque]], [[Connemara Market]], and the [[Mateer Memorial Church]]. Thiruvananthapuram was the main centre of [[Laurie Baker]]'s architecture.<ref>{{cite web |title=A film on the life and work of Laurie Baker |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/film-life-work-laurie-baker/ |website=Architectural Digest |date=26 January 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Attukal pongala1.JPG|thumb|[[Attukal Pongala]] festival marks the world's largest gathering of women]]

Along with the major festivals of [[Onam]], [[Vishu]], [[Deepavali]], and [[Navaratri]], Christian and Islamic festivals like [[Christmas]], [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid ul-Fitr]], [[Bakrid]] and [[Mawlid|Milad-e-sheriff]], the diverse ethnic populace of the city celebrates several local festivals like [[Attukal Pongala]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Aswin J |title=Review meeting of arrangements for Attukal pongala held |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/review-meeting-of-arrangements-for-attukal-pongala-held/articleshow/62543741.cms |access-date=22 January 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=17 January 2018}}</ref> [[Beemapally|Beemapally Uroos]],<ref>{{cite news |title=All set for beemapally uroos |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/feb/20/all-set-for-beemapally-uroos-1572772.html |access-date=22 January 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=20 February 2017}}</ref> [[Mother of God Church, Vettukad|Vettukaad Church Festival]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Vettucaud church festival from Friday |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/vettucaud-church-festival-from-friday/article7863783.ece |access-date=22 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 November 2015}}</ref> [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple|Padmanabhaswamy Temple Aaraattu]] and Lakshadeepam festival.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ajai Prasanna |first1=Laxmi |title=Sree Padmanabha Swamy temple fest begins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Sree-Padmanabha-Swamy-temple-fest-begins/articleshow/26096472.cms |access-date=22 January 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=20 November 2013}}</ref> During the Onam festival, the state government conducts several cultural events for a week in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Onam celebration from Sept.12 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/Onam-celebration-from-Sept.12/article14620306.ece |access-date=22 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 September 2016}}</ref> The Attukal Pongala festival attracts millions of women devotees from across India and abroad. It is the largest gathering of women in the world.<ref name="atkp1">{{cite web |title=Largest gathering of women |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-annual-gathering-of-women/ |website=Guinness World Records |access-date=29 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="atkp2">{{cite news |last1=Mary Koshy |first1=Sneha |last2=Fernandes |first2=Janaki |title=In Kerala, a festival that marks the world's largest gathering of women |url=https://www.ndtv.com/south/in-kerala-a-festival-that-marks-the-worlds-largest-gathering-of-women-514543 |access-date=22 January 2018 |date=26 February 2013}}</ref> Germany's Goethe Zentrum, France's Alliance Française and Russia's Gorky Bhavan centres host a wide range of events and programmes throughout the year.<ref>{{cite news |title=FILCA int'l film fest from Friday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/filca-intl-film-fest-from-friday/articleshow/61730445.cms |access-date=29 November 2017 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Twice the fun |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/french-bands-colt-silvers-and-last-train-come-to-town/article21076113.ece |access-date=29 November 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Water Princess' to bring awareness on water conservation |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/nov/26/water-princess-to-bring-awareness-on-water-conservation-1711822.html |access-date=22 January 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=26 November 2017}}</ref>

===Fashion ===
Thiruvananthapuram has a long-standing connection with textile traditions, especially through the [[Balaramapuram Handlooms]] industry. Known for its cotton fabrics with kasavu (gold zari borders), the region's weaving techniques have remained largely unchanged since the 18th century.<ref>{{cite news
|last=Nair
|first=N.J.
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/08/stories/2004090814080300.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041018085424/http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/08/stories/2004090814080300.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2004-10-18
|title=Balaramapuram handlooms set for comeback
|access-date=2006-08-19
|location=Chennai, India
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=8 September 2004
}}</ref> The handwoven fabrics continue to feature in both traditional attire and contemporary fashion collections, including international showcases.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ihttkerala.org/history.html
|title=History of Handlooms
|publisher=Institute of Handloom and Textile Technology
|access-date=2006-08-19
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715044415/http://ihttkerala.org/history.html
|archive-date=15 July 2006
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

Modern fashion is also well-represented in the city, with shopping malls like Lulu Mall and Mall of Travancore hosting popular domestic and international clothing brands, reflecting current global trends in apparel and lifestyle.

==Cuisine==

Trivandrum's cuisine reflects local food traditions shaped by its historical and cultural background, including influences from the former Travancore royal kitchens,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/A-royal-Onam-to-remember/article14630763.ece | title=Onam in the royal household of erstwhile Travancore | work=The Hindu | date=9 September 2016 }}</ref> coastal trade, and religious diversity. The city's food culture includes a variety of vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes, with rice, coconut, and spices forming the basis of most meals.

*'''[[Trivandrum Sadhya]]''', a vegetarian meal served on a banana leaf, especially during festivals such as Onam and Vishu. It typically consists of multiple dishes including ''sambar'', ''kalan'', ''avial'', ''olan'', ''pachadi'', varieties of ''payasam'' and Boli.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sadya Trip: Thiruvananthapuram to Kasaragod |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2022/Sep/03/sadya-trip-thiruvananthapuram-to-kasaragod-2494227.html |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=3 September 2022 |access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref>
* '''[[Trivandrum Boli]]''', a traditional sweet dish made with lentils and flour, often served alongside desserts like ''payasam''.
* '''Kethel Chicken Fry''', from the year 1940, known for its preparation of deep-fried chicken served with small chapatis and onion salad.<ref>{{cite news |title=The next fried chicken craze |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220803-the-next-fried-chicken-craze |newspaper=BBC Travel |access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref>
* '''Vizhinjam Chicken Fry''', a dish from the Vizhinjam area of Trivandrum City, characterized by its use of local spices and cooking methods.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vizhinjam in Thiruvananthapuram is seafood hub |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/vizhinjam-in-thiruvananthapuram-is-seafood-hub/article66327846.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=1 December 2022 |access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref>
* '''[[Travancore biriyani]]''', is a rice-based dish from Trivandrum, rooted in the culinary traditions of the former Travancore. Distinct from other regional biryanis, it is spiced and emphasizes subtle flavors rather than heat. Prepared with long-grain rice, it incorporates local ingredients such as coconut, curry leaves, and regional spices. The dish reflects a blend of Trivandrum's indigenous cooking practices and Mughal culinary influences, resulting in a unique preparation that balances aromatic rice with delicately layered flavors.<ref>{{cite news |title=Watch: How is the long-grained Travancore Biryani prepared? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/watch-how-is-the-long-grained-travancore-biryani-prepared/article67079750.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 July 2023 |access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref>
* ''' Travancore Prawns Curry ''', is a dish with mild, balanced flavors from Trivandrum. It uses coconut milk, tamarind, and spices like black pepper and curry leaves, creating a less fiery taste compared to other regional seafood curries. The use of fresh, local ingredients gives it a distinct, subtle flavor profile<ref>{{cite video |title=Poovar Shipyard Trivandrum |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qwngbhzb8_E |website=YouTube |publisher=Poovar Official |date=15 June 2025 |access-date=19 June 2025}}

</ref>
* '''Bakeries and Confectioneries:''' Thiruvananthapuram has a long-standing tradition of bakeries and confectioneries, some of which have been operating for over a century. These establishments offer a variety of traditional and modern sweets, pastries, and cakes, reflecting the influence of European baking techniques adapted to local tastes. Some notable historical bakeries in the city include St. Michels, La Jawab, Melfe, and Salt n Pepper. These bakeries are known for their signature items like plum cakes, cream buns, and meat puffs, which have become an integral part of the city's culinary landscape.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sathyendran |first=Nita |date=2017-03-30 |title=Utterly butterly confectionery |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/utterly-butterly-confectionery/article17743838.ece |access-date=2025-12-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

*'''Trivandrum Tapioca Dishes''', Tapioca was introduced to India in Trivandrum, the capital of the former princely state of Travancore, during the reign of Maharaja Ayilyam Thirunal Rama Varma (1860–1880). It was introduced by him as part of efforts to address food shortages and improve agricultural resilience. Common tapioca dishes from the region include Kappa Puzhukku, Kappa Vevichathu, Kappa Meen Curry, Kappa Erachi (Kappa Biriyani), Kappa Ularthiyathu, Chenda Kappa, Kappa with Ulli Chammanthi, and Tapioca Chips <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/how-tapioca-came-to-travancore/article28181288.ece | title=How tapioca came to Travancore | work=The Hindu | date=27 June 2019 | last1=Nagarajan | first1=Saraswathy }}</ref>

Street food in Trivandrum includes items such as ''kappa'' (tapioca) with fish curry, ''parippu vada'', ''banana chips'', and ''unniyappam''. Small eateries and roadside vendors are widespread throughout the city.The general cuisine of the people is [[Kerala cuisine|Keralite cuisine]], which is generally characterised by an abundance of [[coconut]] and [[spice]]s. Other [[South Indian culture#Cuisine|South India]]n cuisines, as well as [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]] and [[Indian cuisine|North Indian]] cuisines, are popular.<ref>{{cite news |last1=UR |first1=Arya |title=Authentic Kerala cuisine and ayurvedic massage bowl over Ind and NZ teams |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/authentic-kerala-cuisine-and-ayurvedic-massage-bowl-over-ind-and-nz-teams/articleshow/61532997.cms |access-date=22 January 2018 |work=The Times of India |date=7 November 2017}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram has many restaurants offering [[Arab cuisine|Arabic]], [[Italian cuisine|Italian]], [[Thai cuisine|Thai]] and [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican]] cuisines.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stott |first1=David |title=Kerala Footprint Focus Guide |date=10 April 2014 |publisher=Footprint Travel Guides |isbn=9781909268791 |pages=41–43 |edition=illustrated}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sahadevan |first1=Sajini |title=Meals on wheels |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/meals-on-wheels/article18790841.ece |access-date=22 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 June 2017}}</ref>

== Health care ==
Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city of Kerala, has a robust healthcare system, with both government and private medical institutions offering comprehensive services. The Government Medical College, one of the oldest medical colleges in India, is a prominent center for medical education and healthcare. The [[Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology]] (SCTIMST) is a well-known institution specializing in cardiology, neurology, and biomedical research. Other significant medical institutions include [[Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology]] (RGCB), which focuses on advanced biotechnological research, and [[Kerala Institute of Medical Sciences]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.kimshealth.org/trivandrum/ | title=Best Multi-Specialty Hospital in Trivandrum, Kerala | KIMSHEALTH | KIMS Hospital }}</ref> (KIMS), known for its multi-specialty services. Private hospitals like NIMS Hospital,<ref>{{Cite web | title=NOORUL ISLAM COLLEGE OF DENTAL SCIENCES | url=https://nicollegeofdentalscience.com/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | website=nicollegeofdentalscience.com}}</ref> Aster capital, and Lord's Hospital<ref>{{Cite web | title=Lords Hospital | url=https://lordshospital.org/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313221818/http://www.lordshospital.org/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | archive-date=13 March 2008 | url-status=live }}</ref> provide advanced care across various specialties, including cardiology, oncology, and orthopedics. Additionally, Ayurvedic treatment centers are prevalent in the city, offering traditional healing methods. The city also provides palliative care services, with initiatives like the Arike Home Daycare Program, which supports patients in need of end-of-life. care at home.

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="font-size:95%; width:80%;"
|+ Medical Colleges in Thiruvananthapuram
|-
! Name !! Type !! Year of Establishment
|-
| [[Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram]]|| Government<ref>{{Cite web | title=Thiruvananthapuram Medical College, Govt. of Kerala | url=https://tmc.kerala.gov.in/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004135803/http://www.tmc.kerala.gov.in/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | archive-date=4 October 2011 | url-status=live }}</ref> || 1951
|-
| Government Homeopathic Medical College|| Government<ref>{{cite web | url=https://svhmctvm.in// | title=Home }}</ref> || 1983
|-
| Government Ayurvedic Medical College || Government <ref>https://gactvm.kerala.gov.in/{{Dead link | date=May 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>|| 1889
|-
| Pankajakasturi Ayurvedic Medical College || Private <ref>{{Cite web | title=Pankajakasthuri Ayurveda Medical College | url=https://www.pkamc.ac.in/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406065709/http://www.pkamc.ac.in/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | archive-date=6 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>|| 2002
|-
|-
|Dr. Somervell Memorial CSI Medical College Hospital|| Private<ref>{{Cite web | title=Dr. Somervell Memorial CSI Medical College & Hospital | url=https://www.smcsimch.ac.in/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | website=www.smcsimch.ac.in}}</ref> || 2003
|-
| Trivandrum Dental College || Government<ref>{{Cite web | title=Govt. Dental College, Thiruvananthapuram - www.gdctvm.org | url=https://www.gdctvm.org/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | website=www.gdctvm.org}}</ref> || 2004
|-
| Gokulam Medical College || Private<ref>{{Cite web | title=Sree Gokulam Medical College | url=https://sgmc.in/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | website=sgmc.in}}</ref> || 2003
|-
| Santhigiri Siddha Medical College || Private<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ssmc.ac.in/santhigiri/ | title=Santhigiri Siddha Medical College – Siddha Hospital }}</ref> || 2002
|}
Other major hospitals in Trivandrum include Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institutes (AHRI),<ref>{{Cite web | title=* * * * * Welcome to Ananthapuri Hospital Project * * * * * | url=https://www.ananthapurihospitals.com/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125034932/http://www.ananthapurihospitals.com/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | archive-date=25 November 2005 | url-status=live }}</ref> SP Fort Hospital,<ref>{{Cite web | title=SP Fort Hospital :: Home | url=https://www.spfort.com/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012023753/http://www.spfort.com/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | archive-date=12 October 2007 | url-status=live }}</ref> Aster Capitol,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.asterhospitals.in/blogs-events-news/aster-open-550-bed-super-specialty-hospital-keralas-capital-trivandrum | title=Aster to open a 550-bed super-specialty hospital in Kerala's Capital, Trivandrum | Aster }}</ref> Trivandrum International Medical Center,<ref>{{Cite web| title=Trivandrum international medical centre | url=https://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/FormB/EC/FORM_1/09112016FJ0Q2A1WAnnexure_documentofForm1.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330184830/https://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/FormB/EC/FORM_1/09112016FJ0Q2A1WAnnexure_documentofForm1.pdf | archive-date=2025-03-30}}</ref> PRS Hospital,<ref>{{Cite web | title=BEST HOSPITAL TRIVANDRUM IN CARDIOLOGY IVF INFERTILITY GYNECOLOGY EXECUTIVE CHECKUP. | url=https://www.prshospital.com/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | website=www.prshospital.com}}</ref> NIMS

== Transport ==
{{Main|Transport in Thiruvananthapuram}}
{{Multiple images
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Tvpmroad.jpg
| caption1 = Kowdiar road; also known as the royal road or "Raja Veedhi", as it leads to the Kowdiar Palace
| image2 = Road transport in Trivandrum.jpg
| caption2 = Another road in the city
}}

[[File:Trivandrum_International_airport.jpg|left|thumb|[[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]]]]

===Public transport===
[[File:Double Decker bus in Trivandrum.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] Double-decker bus in the city]]
The majority of bus services are conducted by government operators. There are also private operators.<ref>{{cite news |title=Private bus strike shows signs of failure |url=http://kaumudiglobal.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=103647 |access-date=3 March 2018 |work=Kerala Kaumudi |issue=19 February 2018 |archive-date=3 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303154453/http://kaumudiglobal.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=103647 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city buses operated by [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] (KSRTC) are an important and reliable means of public transport available in the city. The main bus stations in the city are the [[Central Bus Station Thiruvananthapuram|Central Bus Station]] in [[Thampanoor]], where most of the long-distance buses ply from, and the city bus station in [[East Fort]], where most city buses ply from.<ref>{{cite news |last1=S |first1=Anasooya |title=Thampanoor station is now a role model |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/thampanoor-station-is-now-a-role-model/articleshow/61540168.cms |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=S.Anil |title=New bus shelter for East Fort |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/New-bus-shelter-for-East-Fort/article14000787.ece |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 September 2016}}</ref> Three-wheeled, yellow and black [[auto-rickshaws]] and taxis, are other popular forms of public transport.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pre-paid auto drivers oppose fee for parking |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/pre-paid-auto-drivers-oppose-fee-for-parking/article19290497.ece |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=17 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=App-based taxi service at rly station from tomorrow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/app-based-taxi-service-at-rly-station-from-tomorrow/articleshow/62013228.cms |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=10 December 2017}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram Metro is a fully elevated [[Medium-capacity rail system|metro rail]] – [[rapid transit]] system planned to ease the congestion in the city.<ref name="tvmroad"/><ref name="tvmmetro">{{cite web |title=Trivandrum Metro Features |url=http://krtl.in/trivandrum.html |website=Kerala Rapid Transit Corporation Limited |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=3 March 2018 |archive-date=13 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213183927/http://krtl.in/trivandrum.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== Metro ====
The [[Thiruvananthapuram Metro]] is a proposed 42.1 km Conventional Metro rail system with 37 stations. With 2 primary lines connecting key hubs like Kazhakuttom and Karamana. The idea of the Thiruvananthapuram Metro was first proposed in the early 2000s to cater to the growing population. In 2025, a high-level committee led by the Chief Secretary was formed to examine and finalize the metro's alignment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-06-12 |title=Panel to finalise alignment of Thiruvananthapuram metro project |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2025/Jun/12/panel-to-finalise-alignment-of-thiruvananthapuram-metro-project |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Three main routes under consideration are:

* Kazhakkoottam to Pappanamcode
* Kazhakkoottam to Killipalam
* Palayam to Civil Station

The alignment plan includes both underground and elevated sections.

[[File:Tvm Metro.png|thumb|Proposed Trivandrum Metro route map]]

===Road===
Thiruvananthapuram has a well-developed [[road transport]] infrastructure.<ref name="tvmroad">{{cite news |last1=K |first1=Krishnachand |title=New metro policy to affect Kazhakoootam-Kesavadasapuram stretch |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/aug/21/new-metro-policy-to-affect-kazhakoootam-kesavadasapuram-stretch-1646324--1.html |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=22 August 2017 |archive-date=5 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305063832/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/aug/21/new-metro-policy-to-affect-kazhakoootam-kesavadasapuram-stretch-1646324--1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The roads in the city are maintained by the Thiruvananthapuram Roads Development Company Limited (TRDCL) and [[Kerala Public Works Department|Kerala PWD]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mr Minister, prove charges or retract statement: TRDCL |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/mr-minister-prove-charges-or-retract-statement-trdcl/articleshow/60930916.cms |access-date=3 March 2018 |date=4 October 2017}}</ref> TRDCL manages the 42 km city roads which come under the Thiruvananthapuram City Roads Improvement Project (TRCIP), which is the first urban road project in India.<ref name=trcip/><ref>{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram City Road Improvement |url=https://www.ilfsindia.com/our-work/transportation/thiruvananthapuram-city-road-improvement/ |website=IL&FS |access-date=3 March 2018 |archive-date=3 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303183626/https://www.ilfsindia.com/our-work/transportation/thiruvananthapuram-city-road-improvement/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> TRCIP is a [[Public–private partnership|public-private partnership]] project to improve and maintain the existing road network in the city to cater to the needs of rapid urbanisation.<ref name=trcip>{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram City Road Improvement Project to tackle congestion |url=http://www.worldhighways.com/sections/irf/features/thiruvananthapuram-city-road-improvement-project-to-tackle-congestion/ |website=World Highways |access-date=3 March 2018 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920160302/http://www.worldhighways.com/sections/irf/features/thiruvananthapuram-city-road-improvement-project-to-tackle-congestion/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> TRCIP has won the International Road Federation's Global Road Achievement Awards in 2015.<ref name="roadaward">{{cite web |title=2015 Global Road Achievement Awards Book of Winning Projects |url=https://www.ilfsindia.com/media/1341/trdcl_award.pdf |website=IL&FS |access-date=4 March 2018}}</ref> TCRIP has also been selected by [[United Nations]] as a replicable public-private partnership model.<ref name="unroad">{{cite news |title=United Nations finds Kerala's road is a model |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/160516/united-nations-finds-kerala-s-road-is-a-model.html |access-date=3 March 2018 |work=The Deccan Chronicle |date=16 May 2016}}</ref> It was one of the 12 [[Public–private partnership|public-private partnership]] project case studies from across the world which fulfil the [[Sustainable Development Goals]] of the UN Agenda 2030.<ref name="unroad1">{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram City Road Improvement Project – The UN Recognition for achieving sustainable development goals |url=http://www.itnlinternational.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/TCRIP-AT-UNECE-GENEVA-n.pdf |website=ITNL International |publisher=TCRIP |access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="unroad2">{{cite web |title=Case 25 India Road Sector Thiruvananthapuram City Improvement |url=https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/ceci/documents/2016/PPP/Forum_PPP-SDGs/Presentations/Case_25_India_Thiruvananthapuram_City_Improvement.pdf |website=UNECE |publisher=United Nations Economic Commission for Europe |access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> In 2024, Thiruvananthapuram became the first Indian city to win the UN global sustainability award.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Thiruvananthapuram is India's first city to win global sustainability award: Key success factors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/thiruvananthapuram-is-indias-first-city-to-win-global-sustainability-award-key-success-factors/articleshow/114971969.cms |access-date=2025-02-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Thiruvananthapuram is served by [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] of India's [[National Highway (India)|National Highways system]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=S. Anil |title=Soil testing for Kazhakuttam flyover begins |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/soil-testing-for-kazhakuttam-flyover-begins/article19360441.ece |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 July 2017}}</ref> The city is connected to the [[North–South and East–West Corridor|North-South Corridor]] of the National Highway system at [[Aralvaimozhi]], which is 80 km south of the city.<ref>{{Cite map |date=3 March 2018 |title=Trivandrum to Aralvaimozhi |map=Trivandrum to Aralvaimozhi distance |map-url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=osrm_car&route=8.2652%2C77.5580%3B8.4826%2C76.9613#map=11/8.3059/77.3438 |work=OpenStreetMap |access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> The [[State Highway 1 (Kerala)|State Highway 1]], which commonly known as the [[Main Central Road]] is an arterial highway in the city. Other major highways in the city are [[State Highway 2 (Kerala)|State Highway 2]] and [[State Highway 45 (Kerala)|State Highway 45]].<ref name="stateroads">{{cite web |title=State Highways in Kerala |url=http://keralapwd.gov.in/intranet/compRepository/mediagallery/PWD/sro161.pdf |website=Kerala Public Works Department |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=19 July 2018 |archive-date=20 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020170455/http://keralapwd.gov.in/intranet/compRepository/mediagallery/PWD/sro161.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Mahatma Gandhi Road (Thiruvananthapuram)|Mahatma Gandhi Road]] is the main arterial road in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paid parking on M.G. Road from today |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/paid-parking-on-mg-road-from-today/article7849208.ece |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sathyendran |first1=Nita |title=Ahead of the times |url=http://www.thehindu.com/society/ywca-trivandrum-celebrates-its-centenary/article19316560.ece |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 July 2017}}</ref> Another important road is the Kowdiar Road, which is also known as the Royal Road, as it leads to the [[Kowdiar Palace]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=UR |first1=Arya |title=Green spaces that are the breathing lungs of Trivandrum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/green-spaces-that-are-the-breathing-lungs-of-trivandrum/articleshow/58516479.cms |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=5 May 2017}}</ref>

===Rail===
Thiruvananthapuram is a [[Thiruvananthapuram railway division|divisional headquarters]] in the [[Southern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram Division |url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1370348346435-Thiruvananthapuram%20Division.pdf |website=Southern Railway |access-date=4 March 2018}}</ref> Long-distance trains originate from [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Central]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]] railway terminals. Kochuveli railway terminal is developed to ease congestion on the central station and it acts as a satellite station to Thiruvananthapuram Central.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kochuveli railway terminal opened |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/Kochuveli-railway-terminal-opened/article20272059.ece |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu Business line |date=30 March 2005}}</ref> [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Central]] is the busiest railway station in Kerala.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thiruvananthapuram Central to be made a world-class station |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Thiruvananthapuram-Central-to-be-made-a-world-class-station/article14730334.ece |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 September 2016}}</ref> Other railway stations in the city are [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]], [[Thiruvananthapuram Pettah]], [[Nemom railway station|Thiruvananthapuram South railway station]], [[Veli Railway Station|Veli railway station]] and [[Kazhakoottam railway station]]. Being the southernmost [[Municipal Corporations in India|municipal corporation]] in India, many long train services of Indian Railways originate from Thiruvananthapuram like Thiruvananthapuram Rajdhani Express, [[Thiruvananthapuram - Silchar Superfast Express]] and [[Kochuveli - Amritsar Weekly Express|Thiruvananthapuram North - Amritsar Weekly Express]]. There are plans to develop a railway terminal at [[Nemom railway station|Thiruvananthapuram South railway station]] to reduce congestion at [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Central]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Railway to give priority to Nemom terminal: Ashwani Lohani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/railway-to-give-priority-to-nemom-terminal-ashwani-lohani/articleshow/61279808.cms |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=27 October 2017}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Thiruvananthapuram Metropolitan Region
!Station Name
!Station Code
!Railway Zone
!Number of Platforms
!No. of Tracks
|-
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Central]]
|TVC
|SR
|5
|16
|-
|[[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]]
|TVCN
|SR
|6 (10*)
|13
|-
|[[Thiruvananthapuram South railway station|Thiruvananthapuram South]]
|TVCS
|SR
|2 (5*)
|3 (12*)
|-
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Pettah railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Petta]]
|TVP
|SR
|2
|2
|-
|[[Kazhakuttam railway station|Kazhakuttam Railway Station]]
|KZK
|SR
|3
|4
|-
|[[Veli Railway Station]]
|VELI
|SR
|3
|4
|-
|Chirayinkeezhu railway station
|CRY
|SR
|2
|2
|-
|Neyyattinkara railway station
|NYY
|SR
|2
|2
|-
|Balaramapuram
|BRAM
|SR
|1
|
|-
|Kadakkavoor
|KVU
|SR
|3
|4
|-
|Kaniyapuram
|KXP
|SR
|2
|
|}
''('''*''' Indicates that its currently under construction.)''

=== Air ===
Thiruvananthapuram is served by the [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]], located at Chakka, only {{cvt|6.7|km|mi}} from the city centre. The airport started operations in 1935 and is the first airport in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala celebrates 75th anniversary of civil aviation |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Kerala-celebrates-75th-anniversary-of-civil-aviation/article15796809.ece |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 October 2010}}</ref> Being one of the gateways to the state, it has direct connectivity to all the major cities in India as well as the Middle East, Malaysia, Singapore, the [[Maldives]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. As the city is headquarters of the [[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]] (SAC) of the [[Indian Air Force]], Thiruvananthapuram International Airport caters to the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Coast Guard for their strategic operations.<ref name="Southern Air Command, Thiruvananthapuram">{{cite web |title=Southern Air Command |url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/content/southern-air-command |work=Indian Air Force |access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref> IAF has an exclusive apron to handle all their operations. The airport also caters to the [[Rajiv Gandhi Academy for Aviation Technology]] which carries out pilot-training activities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajiv Gandhi Academy for Aviation Technology gets its wings back |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/aviation-academy-gets-its-wings-back/articleshow/57638475.cms |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=15 March 2017}}</ref>

===Sea===
Small cruise ships often dock at Vizhinjam Harbour.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cruise ship arrives at Vizhinjam port |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Cruise-ship-arrives-at-Vizhinjam-port/article14703558.ece |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 September 2016}}</ref> A [[Ferry terminal|cruise terminal]] is under trial run at [[Vizhinjam International Seaport|Vizhinjam Transshipment Terminal]] and some of the world's largest container vessels had already docked here.<ref>{{cite news |title=Master plan for Vizhinjam Seaport released |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/master-plan-for-vizhinjam-seaport-released/article4766869.ece |access-date=4 March 2018 |date=31 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Venugopal |first1=P |title=Cruise terminal being planned at Vizhinjam |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cruise-terminal-being-planned-at-vizhinjam/article3595756.ece |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 July 2016}}</ref> Vizhinjam seaport has been designated by the government as an authorised immigration check-post for entry and exit from India for international ships and cruises.<ref>{{cite news |title=Immigration check-post facility for Vizhinjam |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/immigration-check-post-facility-for-vizhinjam/article20554516.ece |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |publisher=Press Trust of India |date=19 November 2017}}</ref>

== Education ==
{{See also|Schools in Thiruvananthapuram|Colleges in Thiruvananthapuram}}
[[File:Model School Thiruvananthapuram.JPG|left|thumb|[[Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School|Model School]] Trivandrum, founded in 1885, is one of the oldest schools in Kerala.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anilkumar |first1=B S |title=A model for generations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/a-model-for-generations/articleshow/60934565.cms |access-date=8 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 October 2017}}</ref>|200px]]
[[File:Chitra Tirunal Balarama Varma.jpg|thumb|Clock Tower at the [[University of Kerala]]|200px]]
[[File:Medical college Gate Thiruvananthapuram.jpg|thumb|left|Main gate of [[Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram|Medical college]]|200px]]
[[File:Observatory at IIST.jpg|thumb|Observatory in [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]]|200px]]

===Primary and secondary education===
Schools in Thiruvananthapuram are classified as aided, unaided and Government schools.<ref>{{cite news |title=No PSC postings in aided schools |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/no-psc-postings-in-aided-schools/articleshow/57421702.cms |access-date=5 March 2018 |date=2 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="scllist">{{cite web |title=List of Schools |url=http://education.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=460&Itemid=143 |website=General Education Department |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref> The government schools are run directly by the [[Kerala State Education Board]] and follow the syllabus prescribed by the state government.<ref name=syllabus>{{cite web |title=Selected Educational Statistics |url=http://education.kerala.gov.in/Downloads2011/Notifications/statitics/selected%20educational%20statistics%202010-11.pdf |website=General Education Department |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref> The aided schools also follow the [[Kerala State Education Board|state syllabus]]. [[Malayalam]] and English are the primary languages of instruction; [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]] are also used.<ref name=syllabus/> The schools are affiliated with [[Kerala State Education Board|The State Council of Educational Research and Training]] (SCERT), [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE), [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education]] (IGCSE) and [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS). In the National Achievement Survey conducted by the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT), Thiruvananthapuram is ranked as the best city in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web |title=National Achievement Survey |url=http://www.ncert.nic.in/programmes/NAS/NAS.html |website=National Council of Educational Research and Training |publisher=Government of India |access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="ncertsurv">{{cite news |title=NCERT survey: Gaping holes visible in Kerala education system |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/ncert-survey-gaping-holes-visible-in-kerala-education-system/articleshow/63122119.cms |access-date=5 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=1 March 2018}}</ref>

The notable schools in the city include [[St. Mary's Higher Secondary School (Thiruvananthapuram)|St. Mary's Higher Secondary School]], which is considered one of the largest schools in Asia, with the total number of students exceeding 12,000,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pradeep Kumar |first1=Kaavya |title='Twin' fete at school to mark Kerala Piravi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/twin-fete-at-school-to-mark-kerala-piravi/article6555133.ece |access-date=5 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=1 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A song for a better earth by 12,000 children |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/a-song-for-a-better-earth-by-12000-children/article6086390.ece |access-date=5 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 May 2016}}</ref> [[Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School]], [[Government Higher Secondary School for Girls]], [[Holy Angel's Convent Trivandrum]], [[SMV High School, Thiruvananthapuram|SMV School]], [[Trivandrum International School]], [[Chinmaya Vidyalayas]], [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]], [[Loyola School, Thiruvananthapuram|Loyola School]], [[Christ Nagar School, Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Sarvodaya Vidyalaya, Trivandrum|Sarvodaya Vidyalaya]], [[Nirmala Bhavan Higher Secondary School]], [[Arya Central School]], Jyothi Nilayam School, [[St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School, Thiruvananthapuram|St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School]], [[St. Thomas Residential School]], [[The Oxford School, Trivandrum|The Oxford School]] and [[VSSC Central School]].<ref name="highscllist">{{cite web |title=List of High schools in Thiruvananthapuram District |url=http://education.kerala.gov.in/Downloads2011/Notifications/statitics/hs/tvm.pdf |website=General Education Department |publisher=Government of Kerala}}</ref>

===Higher education and research===
Thiruvananthapuram is a major educational and research hub with various institutions in the fields of [[space science]], [[information technology]], [[Outline of physical science|physical science]], [[bio-technology|biotechnology]], [[engineering]] and [[medicine]]. There are three universities in Thiruvananthapuram: two [[State university (India)|state universities]] and one [[deemed university]]. The state universities are the [[University of Kerala]] and [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]]. [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] (IIST), is a government-aided institute and deemed university.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Institute |url=https://www.iist.ac.in/aboutus/institute |website=Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) |date=4 November 2014 |publisher=Department of Space, Govt. of India |access-date=6 March 2018 |archive-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722115615/https://www.iist.ac.in/aboutus/institute |url-status=dead }}</ref> IIST is the first of its kind in the country, to offer [[Academic degree|graduate courses]] and [[research]] in space sciences, space technology and space applications.<ref name="iist">{{cite web |url=http://www.iist.ac.in/about-us/about-iist |title=About IIST |access-date=6 March 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814133048/http://www.iist.ac.in/about-us/about-iist |archive-date=14 August 2011 |website=Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology}}</ref> The city also houses two [[List of Institutes of National Importance|Institutes of National Importance]]; [[Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology]] (SCTIMST) and [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram|Indian Institute of Science Education and Research]] (IISER).<ref name="inilist">{{cite web |title=Institutions of National Importance |url=http://mhrd.gov.in/institutions-national-importance |website=Department of Higher Education |publisher=Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India |access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram is one of the regional headquarters of [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] (IGNOU).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to Trivandrum Regional Centre |url=http://rctrivandrum.ignou.ac.in/ |website=Indira Gandhi National Open University Website |publisher=Indira Gandhi National Open University. |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="font-size:90%; width:85%;"
|+ Universities in Trivandrum
|-
! University Name !! Established !! Type !! Location
|-
| [[University of Kerala]] || 1937 || Public || Trivandrum
|-
| [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] (IIST) || 2007 || Public || Trivandrum
|-
| [[Kerala University of Digital Sciences, Innovation and Technology]] (KUDSIT) || 2020 || Public || Trivandrum
|-
| [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]] (KTU) || 2014 || Public || Trivandrum
|-
|[[National Forensic Sciences University]] (NFSU) ||Upcoming<ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Dec/03/sc-nod-to-allocate-keralas-open-prison-land-for-brahmos-ssb-forensic-university</ref>||Public ||Trivandrum
|}
The [[Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram]] is the first and a premier [[medical school]] in Kerala, founded in 1951.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Medical College |url=http://www.tmc.kerala.gov.in/?q=content/nobis-tincidunt-utinam |website=Trivandrum Medical College |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=6 March 2018 |archive-date=6 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306204312/http://www.tmc.kerala.gov.in/?q=content/nobis-tincidunt-utinam |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other notable medical schools apart from [[Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology|SCTIMST]] (which provides super-specialty courses in cardiac and neuroscience) and [[Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram]] (which provides PG courses in radiotherapy and pathology, and super-specialty courses) includes [[SUT Academy of Medical Sciences]], Sree Gokulam Medical College and Government Ayurveda College.<ref name="procollist">{{cite web |title=Professional College list |url=https://cee.kerala.gov.in/collegelist/main/index.php |website=Office of the commissioner for entrance examinations |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=19 July 2018 |archive-date=5 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705153420/http://cee.kerala.gov.in/collegelist/main/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The city houses several prominent [[Law school|legal education]] institutions. The [[Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram|Government Law College]], formed in 1875, is one of the oldest legal education institutions in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://glctvpm.com/college/college_about.shtml |website=Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=GLCT |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> The [[Kerala Law Academy Law College|Kerala Law Academy]] is another major legal education institution.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Kerala Law Academy |url=https://www.keralalawacademy.org/about.html |website=Kerala Law Academy Website |publisher=Kerala Law Academy |access-date=6 March 2018 |archive-date=10 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210121031/http://www.keralalawacademy.org/about.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The major [[Business school]]s include [[Asian School of Business]], [[College of Engineering, Trivandrum#Masters of Business Administration|CET School of Management]] and [[Institute of Management in Kerala]] (IMK).<ref>{{cite web |title=CET School of Management |url=http://www.mba.cet.ac.in/ |website=CET Management school |publisher=Department of Business Administration, Kerala |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=https://www.asb.ac.in/about-us |website=Asian School of Business |publisher=ASB |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IMK |url=http://www.imk.ac.in/abtus.htm |website=Institute of Management in Kerala |publisher=Kerala University |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> There are over 23 [[engineering education]] institutions in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref name="engcollist">{{cite web |title=Kerala Technological University List of Affiliated Courses 2015–16 |url=https://ktu.edu.in/data/Affiliated%20courses-WEBSITE%2027%20JULY%202015.pdf |website=APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> Apart from [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology|IIST]] and [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram|IISER]], the other major engineering education institutions include [[College of Engineering, Trivandrum]] (CET), which is the first engineering college in [[Kerala]],<ref>{{cite web |title=About CET |url=http://www.cet.ac.in/ |website=College of Engineering, Trivandrum |publisher=CET |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> [[Government Engineering College, Trivandrum|Government Engineering College BartonHill]] (GEC), [[Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering]] (SCT), [[C-DAC Thiruvananthapuram#ER & DCI Institute of Technology|ER & DCI Institute of Technology]], [[University College of Engineering, Kariavattom|University College of Engineering]], Mohandas college of Engineering and Technology and [[Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology]].<ref name="engcollist"/> The [[University College Thiruvananthapuram]] established in 1866 and [[Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram|H.H. The Maharaja's College for Women]] established in 1864 are two of the oldest institutions of higher education in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.universitycollege.ac.in/ |website=University College, Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Govt. College for Women, Our History |url=http://www.gcwtvm.ac.in/the-college/our-history/ |website=Government college for Women, Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=6 March 2018 |archive-date=9 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309055806/http://www.gcwtvm.ac.in/the-college/our-history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="font-size:90%; width:98%;"
|+ Research Institutions in Trivandrum
|-
! Institution Name !! Established !! Type !! Location
|-
| [[National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology]] (NIIST) || 1988 || Research Institute || Trivandrum
|-
| [[Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology]] (RGCB) || 1990 || Research Institute || Trivandrum
|-
| [[Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment]] (KSCSTE) || 2002 || Government Organization || Trivandrum
|-
| [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research]] (IISER) || 2008 || Research & Education || Trivandrum
|-
| [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]](VSSC) || 1963 || Research & Development || Trivandrum
|-
| [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]] (LPSC) || 1985 || Research & Development || Trivandrum
|-
| [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] (IIST) || 2007 || Research & Education || Trivandrum
|-
| [[National Institute of Speech and Hearing]] (NIISH) || 1997 || Research & Education || Trivandrum
|-
| [[Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram]] (RCC) || 1981 || Research & Education || Trivandrum
|-
| [[jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute ]] (JNTBGRI) || 1979 || Research & Education || Trivandrum
|-
| [[Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology]](SCTIMST) || 1976 || Research & Education || Trivandrum
|-
| [[National Centre for Earth Science Studies]](NCESS) || 1978 || Research & Education || Trivandrum
|-
| Kerala Institute of Tourism and Travel Studies (KITTS) || 1988 || Research & Education || Trivandrum<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.kittsedu.org/profile.php | title=Profile, Kerala Institute of Tourism and Travel Studies, Education, Hospitality Industry, India }}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala University of Digital Sciences, Innovation and Technology]] (IIITM-k)|| 1988 || Research & Education || Trivandrum
|-
| [[Central Tuber Crops Research Institute]] (ICAR)|| 1963 || Research & Education || Trivandrum<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web | title=Home {{!}} CTCRI - CENTRAL TUBER CROPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE | url=https://www.ctcri.org/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | website=www.ctcri.org}}</ref>
|-
| [[Trivandrum Engineering Science and Technology Research Park]] (TrEST)|| 2015 || Research & Education || Trivandrum<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Thiruvananthapuram ]] (C-DAC)|| 2010 || Research & Education || Trivandrum<ref>{{Cite web | title=C-DAC: Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, India | url=https://www.cdac.in/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | website=www.cdac.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Crocodile Rehabilitation and Research Centre]] || 2015 || Research & Education || Trivandrum<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/neyyar-reservoir-thiruvananthapuram/240/ | title=Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Thiruvananthapuram }}</ref>
|-
| [[Institute of Advanced Virology, Kerala]] || 2019 || Research & Education || Trivandrum<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| [[Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library]] || 1903 || Research & Education || Trivandrum<ref>{{Cite web | title=IAV – Institute of Advanced Virology | url=https://iav.kerala.gov.in/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028034458/https://iav.kerala.gov.in/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | archive-date=2021-10-28}}</ref>
|-
| [[National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology ]] (CSIR-NIIST)|| 1975 || Research & Education || Trivandrum<ref>{{Cite web | title=CSIR - National Institute For Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST) | url=https://www.niist.res.in/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | website=www.niist.res.in}}</ref>
|}

Other prominent [[undergraduate]] and [[postgraduate]] colleges include the [[Government Arts College, Thiruvananthapuram|Government Arts College]], [[Mahatma Gandhi College]], [[Mar Ivanios College]], [[Government Sanskrit College, Thiruvananthapuram|Government Sanskrit College]], [[Loyola College of Social Sciences]], [[St. Xavier's College, Thumba|St. Xavier's College]] and [[All Saints College, Thiruvananthapuram|All Saints College]].<ref>{{cite web |title=List of colleges affiliated to the University of Kerala |url=https://www.keralauniversity.ac.in/downloads/list_of_affiliated_colleges.pdf |website=Kerala University |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> Major [[fine art]]s colleges are [[Swathi Thirunal College of Music]], which is the first music academy in Kerala<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=http://www.swathithirunal.in/rel_akademi.htm |website=Swathi Thirunal College of Music |publisher=C-DIT |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> and [[College of Fine Arts Trivandrum]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zachariah |first1=Preeti |title=Carving space through art |url=http://www.thehindu.com/society/carving-space-through-art/article22678712.ece |access-date=6 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 February 2018}}</ref> The [[Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education]] is one of the two [[physical education]] academic institutes of the [[Sports Authority of India]] (SAI).<ref>{{cite web |title=Regional Centres |url=http://www.sportsauthorityofindia.nic.in/index1.asp?ls_id=739 |website=Sports Authority of India |publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India |access-date=6 March 2018 |archive-date=15 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115080952/http://sportsauthorityofindia.nic.in/index1.asp?ls_id=739 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The premier research institutes in Thiruvananthapuram include: [[Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Kerala]] (IIITMK),<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management – Kerala (IIITM-K) |url=http://www.technopark.org/company-details?id=9948 |website=Technopark |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=8 March 2018 |archive-date=9 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309054643/http://www.technopark.org/company-details?id=9948 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[National Institute of Speech and Hearing]] (NISH),<ref>{{cite web |title=About us |url=http://www.nish.ac.in/about-us |website=National Institute of Speech and Hearing |access-date=8 March 2018}}</ref> [[Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology]],<ref>{{cite web |title=RGCB Profile |url=http://rgcb.res.in/glance.php |website=Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB) |access-date=8 March 2018 |archive-date=9 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309054103/http://rgcb.res.in/glance.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Centre for Development of Imaging Technology]] (C-Dit),<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.cdit.org/about-us |website=Centre for Development of Imaging Technology (C-DIT) |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref> [[Centre for Development Studies]] (CDS),<ref>{{cite web |title=An Overview |url=http://www.cds.edu/about-cds/an-overview/ |website=Centre for Development Studies (CDS) |access-date=8 March 2018 |archive-date=7 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307202833/http://cds.edu/about-cds/an-overview/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Experts brainstorm over ways to tackle viruses |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-science-congress-concludes/article22594529.ece |access-date=6 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=31 January 2018}}</ref> [[National Centre for Earth Science Studies]] (NCESS),<ref>{{cite web |title=Contact Directory |url=http://www.ncess.gov.in/contact-us/contact-directory.html |website=National Centre for Earth Science Studies |publisher=Earth System Science OrganizationMinistry of Earth Sciences, Government of India |access-date=8 March 2018 }}</ref> [[C-DAC Thiruvananthapuram|Centre for Development of Advanced Computing]] (C-DAC)<ref>{{cite web |title=Corporate Profile |url=https://www.cdac.in/index.aspx?id=CorporateProfile |website=Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) |publisher=Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India |access-date=8 March 2018}}</ref> and [[Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Science festival at Kerala varsity |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/varsity-to-open-its-doors-to-public/article22747411.ece |access-date=6 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=14 February 2018}}</ref>

[[Kerala University]] is ranked as the best university in Kerala according to the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|MHRD]]'s [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF).<ref>{{cite web |title=University Rankings |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/UniversityRanking.html |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework |publisher=Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India |access-date=25 May 2018 |archive-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726132630/https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/universityranking.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kerala University also ranked top in overall institution rankings in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |title=Overall Ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/OverallRanking.html |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework |publisher=Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India |access-date=25 May 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308102901/https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/OverallRanking.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In engineering, [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] (IIST) is ranked as the best in Kerala and [[College of Engineering, Trivandrum]] (CET) is ranked third in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |title=Engineering Rankings |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/EngineeringRanking.html |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework |publisher=Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India |access-date=25 May 2018 |archive-date=2 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202230234/https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/EngineeringRanking.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[College of Engineering, Trivandrum]] is also ranked fourth in India and first in Kerala in architecture institution rankings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Architecture Rankings |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/ArchitectureRanking.html |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework |publisher=Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India |access-date=25 May 2018 |archive-date=7 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407225333/https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/ArchitectureRanking.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[University College Thiruvananthapuram|University College]] is listed as the best college in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |title=College Rankings |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/CollegeRanking.html |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework |publisher=Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India |access-date=25 May 2018 |archive-date=26 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041130/https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/CollegeRanking.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=University College joins the big league |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/university-college-joins-the-big-league/article23809815.ece |access-date=25 May 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 May 2018}}</ref>

==Space and aerospace==

Thiruvananthapuram is the birthplace of India's space operations.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web | title=KSPACE | url=https://kspace.kerala.gov.in/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | website=kspace.kerala.gov.in}}</ref> The first rocket launch in India occurred in Thiruvananthapuram in 1963 at the [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]] (TERLS). Since then, the city has emerged as a major hub for space research, institutions, and companies.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="font-size:95%; width:80%;"
|+ Space and Aerospace Research Institutions, Organizations, and Companies in Thiruvananthapuram
|-
! style="background-color:orange;" | Name !! style="background-color:orange;" | Type !! style="background-color:orange;" | Description
|-
| [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] (VSSC) || R&D Institution || ISRO's lead center for launch vehicle development.
|-
| [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]] (LPSC) || R&D Institution || Develops liquid propulsion systems for rockets.
|-
|-
| [[ISRO Inertial Systems Unit]] (IISU)|| R&D Institution || Develops launch vehicle inertial systems, spacecraft inertial systems, inertial sensors evaluation and simulation, inertial system production, inertial systems electronic production etc. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.isro.gov.in/IISU.html | title=ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU) }}</ref>
|-
| [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]] (TERLS) || Spaceport || Located very close to Earth's magnetic equator. It is currently used for launching sounding rockets
|-
| [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] (IIST) || Academic Institution || Aisa's first Space university.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.isro.gov.in/ISRO_EN/iist.html#:~:text=Indian%20Institute%20of%20Space%20Science%20and%20Technology%20(IIST),,to%20meet%20the%20demands%20of%20Indian%20Space%20Programme | title=Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) }}</ref> Offers courses in space science and engineering.
|-
| [[BrahMos Aerospace]] || Defense Company || Produces the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile.
|-
| [[Keltron]] || Electronics Company || Engages in space and defense electronics.
|-
| KEL Aerospace || Aerospace Company || Focuses on aerospace component manufacturing.<ref>{{Cite web | title=KEL | url=https://kel.co.in/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413112811/http://kel.co.in/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | archive-date=13 April 2008 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[K-Space Trivandrum]] || R&D Institution || Kerala government's space research initiative.<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| Hex 20 || Space-Tech Startup || Specializes in satellite technology.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://hex20.in/contact/ | title=Mission Critical Defence and Space Technology Partner }}</ref>
|-
| [[Ananth Technologies]] || Aerospace & Defense || Specializes in spacecraft systems, avionics, and satellite launch support for ISRO and other clients.
|-
| Strava Technologies || Aerospace & Defense || Provides electronic warfare, radar, and cybersecurity solutions to defense and aerospace sectors.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://stravatechnologies.in/our-company | title=Strava Technologies® PVT Ltd - India's leading Startup in Geospatial Industry }}</ref>
|-
| Aeroprecision ||Aerospace and Defense || Develop and Supplies high-precision aviation and military components, offering MRO and supply chain solutions.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Welcome to Aero Precision | url=http://www.sa-aeroprecision.com/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905205731/http://sa-aeroprecision.com/ | access-date=2025-08-18 | archive-date=5 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Safran]] || Aerospace & Defense || A French multinational offering aircraft engines, avionics, and defense systems globally.
|-
| Kortas || Aerospace || Develops precision aerospace components, including propellant systems and tanks for launch vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Kortas Industries Pvt. Ltd. - Manufactures of Aerospace Hardware. | url=https://kortasind.com/ | access-date=2025-08-18 | website=kortasind.com}}</ref>

|}

== International relations ==

Trivandrum is the location of the Consulate of the United Arab Emirates and the Consulate of the Maldives. The city also has the Honorary Consulates of Sri Lanka, Russia, and Germany, facilitating diplomatic and cultural engagements.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+ Consulates in Trivandrum
|-
! Country !! Consulate
|-
|United Arab Emirates [[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|20px]] || Consulate of the United Arab Emirates<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mofa.gov.ae/en/missions/kerala | title=UAE consulate in kerala }}</ref>
|-
|Maldives [[File:Flag of Maldives.svg|20px]] || Consulate of the Maldives<ref>{{cite web | url=https://embassies.info/ConsulateofMaldivesinThrivananathapuramIndia | title=Consulate General of Maldives in Thiruvananthapuram, India }}</ref>
|-
|Sri Lanka [[File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg|20px]] || Honorary Consulate of Sri Lanka<ref>{{cite web | url=https://slhcindia.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1142:newly-appointed-honorary-consul-of-sri-lanka-in-thiruvananthapuram-receives-the-commission-of-appointment&catid=50:demo-category&Itemid=1 | title=Newly appointed Honorary Consul of Sri Lanka in Thiruvananthapuram receives the Commission of Appointment }}</ref>
|-
|Russia [[File:Flag of Russia.svg|20px]] || Honorary Consulate of Russia<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://india.mid.ru/en/news/ratheesh_nair_honorary_consul_of_russia_in_trivandrum_kerala_continued_his_journey_along_afanasy_nik/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415043547/https://india.mid.ru/en/news/ratheesh_nair_honorary_consul_of_russia_in_trivandrum_kerala_continued_his_journey_along_afanasy_nik/ | archive-date=2025-04-15}}</ref>
|-
|Germany [[File:Flag of Germany.svg|20px]] || Honorary Consulate of Germany<ref>{{cite web | url=https://india.diplo.de/in-en/ueber-uns/honorarkonsuln/1808878-1808878#:~:text=in%20Thiruvananthapuram%2C%20Kerala.-,Dr.,in%20matters%20related%20to%20Germany. | title=German Honorary Consul in Thiruvananthapuram }}</ref>
|}

== Media ==
{{Main|Media in Thiruvananthapuram}}

Thiruvananthapuram has numerous newspaper publications, television and radio stations. Most of the media houses in [[Media in Kerala|Kerala]] are based in Thiruvananthapuram. The first Malayalam channel, [[DD Malayalam|Doordarshan Malayalam]] began broadcasting from the city in 1981.<ref>{{cite web |title=Doordarshan Kendra, Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://www.ddktvm.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=28 |website=Doordarshan Kendra Trivandrum |publisher=Prasar Bharathi, Government of India |access-date=9 March 2018 |archive-date=13 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713223151/http://ddktvm.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]], the first private channel in Malayalam, also started its telecasting from the city in 1993.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mohandas |first1=Vandana |title=The world's his oyster |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/travel/141117/the-worlds-his-oyster.html |access-date=9 March 2018 |work=The Deccan Chronicles |date=14 November 2017}}</ref> The other [[List of Malayalam-language television channels|Malayalam channels]] based in the city include [[Asianet News]], [[Amrita TV]], [[Kappa TV]], [[Kairali TV]], [[WE TV|Kairali We]], [[Mathrubhumi News]], [[Kaumudy TV]], [[JaiHind TV]], [[News18|News18 Kerala]] and People TV.<ref name="medialist">{{cite web |title=Media in Kerala Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://www.kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/a676e856-d611-4b3f-b164-3036916fb740 |website=Official Kerala Government website |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=9 March 2018 |archive-date=23 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223182317/http://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/a676e856-d611-4b3f-b164-3036916fb740 |url-status=dead }}</ref> All major Malayalam channels, including [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]], [[Janam TV]], [[Jeevan TV]], [[MediaOne TV]] and [[Manorama News]] have production facilities or offices in the city.<ref name="medialist"/> TV channels are accessible via [[Cable television|cable subscription]], [[Direct-broadcast satellite|direct-broadcast satellite services]], or [[IPTV|internet-based television]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Competition Commission orders probe against Star India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/competition-commission-orders-probe-against-star-india/article22331327.ece |access-date=9 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=30 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Philip |first1=Anil |title=DDK Trivandrum ends analogue terrestrial TV transmission |url=https://keralaitnews.com/6385/ddk-trivandrum-ends-analogue-terrestrial-tv-transmission-goes-digital |access-date=9 March 2018 |agency=Kerala IT News |date=5 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BSNL launches IPTV in State |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/BSNL-launches-IPTV-in-State/article16562478.ece |access-date=9 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=12 March 2010}}</ref> Prominent [[Satellite television|Direct-to-Home]] (DTH) entertainment services in Thiruvananthapuram include [[Sun Direct DTH]], [[DD Direct+]], [[Dish TV]], [[Airtel digital TV]] and [[Tata Sky|Tata Play]].

Major [[List of Malayalam-language newspapers|Malayalam newspapers]] available are ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'', ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'', ''[[Kerala Kaumudi]]'', ''[[Deshabhimani]]'', [[Madhyamam]], ''[[Janmabhumi]]'', ''[[Chandrika (newspaper)|Chandrika]]'', ''[[Thejas]]'', ''[[Siraj Daily]]'', ''[[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]]'' and ''[[Deepika (newspaper)#Rashtra Deepika|Rashtra Deepika]]''. The English language newspapers with editions from Thiruvananthapuram are ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''[[The Deccan Chronicle]]'' and ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref name="medialist"/>

[[All India Radio]], the national state-owned radio broadcaster, airs [[Medium wave]] and [[Shortwave radio]] stations in the city.<ref name="amradio">{{cite web |title=South Zone Region Services |url=http://allindiaradio.gov.in/Oppurtunities/Tenders/Documents/South%20Zone%20Regional%20Services%2016012018.pdf |website=All India Radio |publisher=Prasar Bharati, Government of India |access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About All India Radio Trivandrum |url=http://www.airtvm.com/about.pdf |website=All India Radio, Trivandrum |access-date=9 March 2018 |archive-date=17 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417044523/http://www.airtvm.com/about.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Vividh Bharati]] of All India Radio also airs an [[FM broadcasting|FM radio]] station known as Ananthapuri FM.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vividh Bharati FM Service |url=http://allindiaradio.gov.in/Oppurtunities/Tenders/Documents/VIVIDH%20BHARTI%2016012018.pdf |website=All India Radio |publisher=Prasar Bharati, Government of India |access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ananthapuri FM looking for anchors |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/ananthapuri-fm-looking-for-anchors/article17591891.ece |access-date=9 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 March 2017}}</ref> Other FM radio channels broadcast from Thiruvananthapuram are [[Big FM (Indian radio station)|Big FM]] 92.7 MHz,<ref name="radiolist">{{cite news |last1=Sathyendran |first1=Nita |title=Jest for laughs |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/jest-for-laughs/article6793892.ece |access-date=9 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 January 2015}}</ref> [[Club FM 94.3]] MHz,<ref name="Club FM">{{cite web |title=Club FM |url=http://clubfm.in/ |publisher=Club FM |access-date=6 March 2011}}</ref> [[Radio Mirchi]] 98.3 MHz,<ref name="Radio Mirchi Thiruvananthapuram">{{cite web |title=Radio Mirchi Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Entertainment Network (India) Limited |access-date=6 March 2011}}</ref> [[Red FM 93.5]] MHz<ref name="radiolist"/> and [[Radio DC]] 90.4 MHz.<ref name="Radio DC Thiruvananthapuram">{{cite web |title=Radio DC Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://radiodcfm.com/ |publisher=Radio DC |access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref>

== Sports ==
{{Main|Sports in Thiruvananthapuram}}

[[File:Greenfield International Stadium Kerala 2.jpg|200px|left|thumb|Sports Hub (Greenfield Stadium) during the [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 2017–18|India vs New Zealand T20]]]]
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Chandrashekaran nair stadium kerala.jpg
| caption1 = A football match in [[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium|CSN Stadium]]
| image2 = BAI-U19-Ranking2016.jpg
| caption2 = Badminton at TOSS Academy
}}

The most popular sports in Thiruvananthapuram are [[cricket]] and [[Association football|football]]. The city hosted the first international cricket match in Kerala at the [[University Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)|University Stadium]] in 1984.<ref name="1stodi">{{cite news |last1=K |first1=Krishnachand |title=Thiruvananthapuram all set for T20 international cricket match |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/nov/06/thiruvananthapuram-all-set-for-t20-international-cricket-match-1692992.html |access-date=10 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 November 2017}}</ref> The city also hosted the first [[Twenty20]] International cricket match in Kerala.<ref>{{cite news |title=TVPM to host India-NZ T20 on November 7 |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/sports/cricket/2017/08/03/kerala-thiruvananthapuram-host-india-nz-t20-november.html |access-date=10 March 2018 |work=Malayala Manorama |date=3 August 2017}}</ref> The [[Kerala Cricket Association]] is headquartered in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contact us |url=http://www.keralacricketassociation.com/ |website=Kerala Cricket Association |publisher=KCA |access-date=10 March 2018}}</ref> Prominent cricketers from Thiruvananthapuram include [[Sanju Samson]], [[Raiphi Gomez]], [[Ryan Ninan]], [[Aneil Nambiar]], [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]], [[Rohan Prem]], [[Udiramala Subramaniam]], [[P. M. K. Mohandas]], [[Bhaskar Pillai]] and [[Padmanabhan Prasanth]]. The Sports Hub, University Stadium,<ref>{{cite web |title=University Stadium |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/58479.html |website=ESPN cricinfo |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> [[St Xavier's College Ground]],<ref>{{cite web |title=St Xavier's College Ground, Thumba |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/1053905.html |website=ESPN cricinfo |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> KCA Cricket Stadium Mangalapuram,<ref>{{cite web |title=KCA Cricket Stadium – Mangalapuram |url=http://www.keralacricketassociation.com/kca-cricket-stadium-mangalapuram |website=KCA Website |publisher=Kerala Cricket Association |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> Medical College ground<ref>{{cite web |title=Medical College Ground Profile |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1237.html |website=Cricketarchive |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> and [[Vellyani Agricultural College Ground]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vellyani Agricultural College Ground |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/58481.html |website=ESPN cricinfo |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> are the main cricket grounds in the city. [[The Sports Hub, Trivandrum]], commonly known as Greenfield Stadium is one of the [[List of stadiums in India|largest cricket and football stadiums in India]].<ref name=grnfld>{{cite news |title=Greenfield Stadium Touching New Heights |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2015/jun/12/greenfield-stadium-touching-new-heights-754477.html |access-date=10 March 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=12 June 2015}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram hosted the [[2015 SAFF Championship]] at the Greenfield Stadium.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mohanarangan |first1=Vinayakk |title=SAFF Cup final, as it happened: Chhetri the match-winner as India reclaim title from Afghans |url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/saff-cup-final-india-vs-afghanistan-live-can-sunil-chhetri-and-co-halt-a-rampaging-afghan-side-2569120.html |access-date=10 March 2018 |work=Firstpost |date=3 January 2016}}</ref> [[SBI Kerala (Football Club)|SBI Kerala]], [[Titanium FC]], [[Kerala State Electricity Board|KSEB]], Kovalam FC and Travancore Royals FC are the major football clubs based in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chandran |first1=M.R. Praveen |title=Titanium football club to turn professional; plans to establish fan club |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/titanium-football-club-to-turn-professional-plans-to-establish-fan-club/article7533034.ece |access-date=10 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chandran |first1=M.R. Praveen |title=Back in the game: Kerala Blasters and the second football revolution in Kerala |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/back-in-the-game-football-in-kerala/article22716585.ece |access-date=10 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 February 2018}}</ref> Football is usually played in the [[Greenfield International Stadium|Greenfield International Stadium (The Sports Hub)]], [[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium]] and [[University Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)|University Stadium]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Chirag United holds Salgaocar |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/chirag-united-holds-salgaocar/article2684728.ece |access-date=28 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 December 2011}}</ref> Prominent football players from Thiruvananthapuram include [[Jobby Justin]].

The city has facilities to host most types of sports.<ref name=tvmsports>{{cite news |last1=M |first1=Athira |title=Come and play |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/check-out-worldclass-sporting-facilities-in-thiruvananthapuram/article8537094.ece |access-date=28 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 April 2016}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram was one of the main venues for the [[2015 National Games of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Venues |url=http://www.kerala2015.com/kerala2015/venues/ |website=2015 National Games of India |access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref> Athletic competitions are usually held at the [[University Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)|University Stadium]], [[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium]] and [[Central Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)|Central Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web |title=University Stadium |url=http://www.kerala2015.com/venues/university-stadium/ |website=National Games Kerala 2015 |publisher=35th National Games – Kerala 2015 |access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref> There is a police-managed Albatros Swimming Pool underneath Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2026 |title=Albatros Pool - Indoor swimming pool |url=https://yappe.in/kerala/thiruvananthapuram/albatros-pool/340963 |access-date=14 February 2026 |website=Yappe}}</ref> The Trivandrum Marathon is a [[marathon]] organized by the Trivandrum runners club every year.<ref>{{cite news |last1=V N |first1=Aswin |title=First-ever midnight marathon in Kerala |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/first-ever-midnight-marathon-in-kerala/article21310110.ece |access-date=27 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 December 2017}}</ref> There will be two main races: a half marathon of 21 km and a full marathon of 42.19 km. A special 2 km fun run is also organized for public participation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trivandrum Marathon on December 9 midnight |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/trivandrum-marathon-on-december-9-midnight/articleshow/61937083.cms |access-date=27 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 December 2017}}</ref> Trivand Run is another marathon conducted every January in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Run to raise funds for cancer treatment |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/jan/07/run-to-raise-funds-for-cancer-treatment-1747243.html |access-date=27 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=8 January 2018}}</ref>

[[Jimmy George Indoor Stadium]] is a major indoor stadium in the state. It is used for conducting [[basketball]], [[volleyball]], [[table tennis]], [[gymnastics]], [[List of water sports|aquatics]] and [[martial arts]].<ref name=tvmsports/> The stadium has the first altitude-simulated training facility in South India, known as Astra.<ref>{{cite web |title=Astra |url=http://www.sportskerala.org/astra |website=Sports Kerala |access-date=28 March 2018 |archive-date=28 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328231642/http://www.sportskerala.org/astra |url-status=dead }}</ref> The major sports training and coaching institutions include the [[Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education]] (LNCPE), TOSS Academy and the Tenvic Sports Coaching Academy at the Sports Hub.<ref>{{cite news |title=Junior badminton league on July 30 at Greenfield |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/jul/25/junior-badminton-league-on-july-30-at-greenfield-1633002.html |access-date=28 March 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=25 July 2017}}</ref>

Basketball tournaments are usually conducted by the schools in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kazhakootam Sainik School wins basketball tournament |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/oct/30/kazhakootam-sainik-school-wins-basketball-tournament-1686665.html |access-date=27 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=30 October 2017}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram hosted the 61st National Shooting Championship at the Vattiyoorkavu Shooting Range.<ref>{{cite web |title=Information of NSF |url=http://www.thenrai.in/About_us.aspx?link=6 |website=The National Rifle Association of India |access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref> [[Surfing]] is also a popular sport on the beaches. Many surfing and [[standup paddleboarding]] tournaments are held in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=National surfing contest begins at Kovalam |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sports/national-surfing-contest-begins-at-kovalam/article20611361.ece1 |access-date=27 March 2018 |work=The Hindu Businessline |date=3 May 2013}}</ref> The surf competitions are usually held on [[Kovalam Beach]] and [[Varkala Beach]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kovalam Surf Club: No school, no surfing |url=http://www.kovalamsurfclub.com/ |website=Kovalam Surf Club |access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref> [[Paragliding]] is another [[Extreme sport|adventure sport]] usually seen on Varkala Beach.<ref>{{cite news |title=5 Exquisite Places for your Next Solo Trip to South India! |url=https://www.news18.com/news/indiwo/travel-indiwo-5-exquisite-places-for-your-next-solo-trip-to-south-india-1677007.html |access-date=28 March 2018 |work=News 18 |date=2 March 2018}}</ref>

The [[Thiruvananthapuram Golf Club|SAI Trivandrum golf club]], established in 1850, is one of the oldest golf courses in India.<ref name=saigolf>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://saitrivandrumgolfclub.com/history/ |website=SAI Trivandrum Golf Club |publisher=Sports Authority of India |access-date=27 March 2018 |archive-date=27 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327094911/http://saitrivandrumgolfclub.com/history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is leased to the [[Sports Authority of India]].<ref name=saigolf/>

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+ Professional sports clubs based in the city
|-
! Club !! Sport !! League !! Ground !! Established

|-
|Trivandrum Tuskers<ref>{{Cite web | title=Trivandrum tuskers pl season2 Past Matches {{!}} Results, Scores & Highlights {{!}} CricHeroes | url=https://cricheroes.com/tournament/539054/trivandrum-tuskers-pl-season2/matches/past-matches | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330195510/https://cricheroes.com/tournament/539054/trivandrum-tuskers-pl-season2/matches/past-matches | access-date=2025-05-25 | archive-date=2025-03-30}}</ref> || Cricket || SE Premier League || Trivandrum International Stadium || 2016
|-
|Trivandrum Royals<ref>{{Cite web | title=Trivandrum Royals | url=https://www.trivandrumroyals.com/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | website=www.trivandrumroyals.com}}</ref> || Cricket || Kerala Premier League || Trivandrum International Stadium || 2015
|-
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=Kombans FC – Thiruvananthapuram Kombans Football Club – Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC – Uniting Passion, Pride, and Power in Kerala Football | url=https://kombansfc.com/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | website=kombansfc.com}}</ref> || Football ||[[Super Kerala League]] || Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium || 2024
|-
|[[Kovalam FC]]<ref>{{Cite web| title=Kovalam Football Club | url=https://kovalamfc.com/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205052351/http://kovalamfc.com/ | archive-date=2021-12-05}}</ref>|| Football || [[Kerala Premier League]] || Kovalam Ground || 2010
|}

==Defense and security forces ==

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="font-size:85%; width:80%;"
|+ Defense and Security Forces in Trivandrum
|-
! Force !! Description !! Location
|-
| [[Indian Army]] [[File:Indian Army Insignia circular.png|30px]] || The 40th Brigade of the Indian Army is headquartered in Trivandrum, handling defense operations and security in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. || Trivandrum<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2024/Apr/23/lieutenant-general-a-k-singh-visits-pangode-military-station | title=Lieutenant General a K Singh visits Pangode Military Station | date=23 April 2024 }}</ref>

|-
| [[Indian Air Force]] [[File:IAF_Emblem.svg|30px]] || The [[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]] (SAC) of the Indian Air Force (IAF) is headquartered in Trivandrum. It was established on 19 July 1984 to enhance India's air presence over the Indian Ocean. || Trivandrum
|-
| [[Indian Navy]] [[File:Indian_Navy_Insignia_(2022).svg|30px]] || The Indian Navy is setting up a strategic center in Trivandrum, including a Naval Armament Depot and Naval Communication Centre to strengthen coastal security. || Trivandrum<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/navy-to-set-up-strategic-centre-in-state-capital/articleshow/63586827.cms | title=Navy to set up strategic centre in Thiruvananthapuram | work=The Times of India | date=3 April 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) [[File:BSF Insignia.svg|30px]] || The Sector Headquarters (SHQ) BSF Trivandrum is located in Muttathara, near the international airport, overseeing BSF operations in the region. || Trivandrum<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bsf.gov.in/contact-us.html | title=Contact Us | Border Security Force | access-date=30 March 2025 | archive-date=5 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505215741/https://www.bsf.gov.in/contact-us.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF) [[File:CRPF_Logo.svg|30px]] || The CRPF Kerala Sector Headquarters and the 164th Battalion are stationed in Trivandrum, responsible for maintaining law and order. || Trivandrum<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/vinod-karthik-is-dig-crpf-pallipuram/article65644844.ece | title=Vinod Karthik is DIG, CRPF, Pallipuram | work=The Hindu | date=15 July 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Indian Coast Guard]] [[File:Indian_Coast_Guard_Logo.svg|25px]] || The Indian Coast Guard station in Trivandrum is responsible for coastal security, surveillance, and maritime operations. || Trivandrum<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/coast-guards-berth-at-vizhinjam-by-march-end/articleshow/117959382.cms | title=Coast Guard's berth at Vizhinjam by March-end | work=The Times of India | date=6 February 2025 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Central Industrial Security Force]] (CISF) [[File:CISF_LOGO.svg|25px]] || The CISF unit in Trivandrum secures key installations, including Trivandrum International Airport, VSSC, and LPSC. || Trivandrum<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cisf.gov.in/cisfeng/contact_us/ | title=Contact_us | CISF }}</ref>

|-
| [[Sashastra Seema Bal]] [[File:Sashastra_Seema_Bal.svg|30px]] || A battalion headquarters of the [[Sashastra Seema Bal]] (SSB), a Central Armed Police Force under the Ministry of Home Affairs, is proposed to be established in Trivandrum as part of a major defence expansion to strengthen security infrastructure in southern India. || Trivandrum<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/thiruvananthapuram-set-to-witness-major-defence-expansion/articleshow/125751334.cms | title=Thiruvananthapuram set to witness major defence expansion | publisher=The Times of India }}</ref>

|-
| Kerala State Industrial Security Force (KSISF) || The KSISF is a state agency tasked with securing key industrial and infrastructure installations. || Trivandrum<ref>{{Cite web | title=State Industrial Security Force | url=https://sisf.keralapolice.gov.in/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606101758/http://www.sisf.keralapolice.gov.in/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | archive-date=2017-06-06}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala Police]] [[File:Flag_of_Kerala_Police.svg|30px]] || The [[Thiruvananthapuram City Police]] Commissionerate serves as the headquarters, overseeing law enforcement across the city. || Trivandrum<ref>{{cite web | url=https://keralapolice.gov.in/page/state-police-head-quarter | title=Official Website of Kerala Police - State Police Head Quarter }}</ref>
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[List of people from Thiruvananthapuram]]
*[[List of Railway Stations in Trivandrum]]
*[[Largest Indian cities by GDP]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=The Indian encyclopaedia: biographical, historical, religious, administrative, ethnological, commercial and scientific. Archery-Banog, Volume 2 |year=2002 |publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. |page=7063 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ukyp-gbtHcC&pg=PA7063 |isbn=9788177552577}}
*{{cite book |title=Heritage of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Information & Public Relations Department, Government of Kerala, 2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Gudm1iW78C&q=thiruvananthapuram |access-date=28 March 2018 |year=2008}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|Thiruvananthapuram|voy=Thiruvananthapuram}}
*[http://www.trivandrum.gov.in/ Official District website] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815102009/http://www.trivandrum.gov.in/ |date=15 August 2019 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051109191835/http://www.tvm.kerala.gov.in/home.htm Government of Kerala Website on Thiruvananthapuram District]

{{Thiruvananthapuram}}
{{Related Topics - Thiruvananthapuram Culture}}
{{Million-plus cities in India}}
{{Thiruvananthapuram district}}
{{Kerala}}
{{State and Union Territory capitals of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Thiruvananthapuram| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Thiruvananthapuram district]]

[[Category:Indian capital cities]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in India]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in India]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Travancore]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Kerala]]

2019 Indian general election in Telangana

2026-03-15T06:44:17Z

GeorgiannaN07:

{{Short description|Indian lower house election in TG State}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2019 Indian general election in Telangana
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2014 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh
| previous_year = 2014 (AP)
| next_election = 2024 Indian general election in Telangana
| next_year = 2024
| election_date = 11 April 2019 (Phase 1)
| seats_for_election = All 17 Telangana seats to the [[Lok Sabha]]
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao.png|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=18|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| party1 = [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]-[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
| alliance1 =
| leaders_seat1 = ''Did not stand''{{efn|Represents [[Gajwel Assembly constituency|Gajwel]] in the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]}}
| last_election1 = 34.94%, 11 seats
| seats1 = 9
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 2
| popular_vote1 = '''{{formatnum:7696848}}'''
| percentage1 = 41.71%
| swing1 = {{increase}} 6.77 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=G.Kishan Reddy.jpg|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=18|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[G. Kishan Reddy]]
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance2 = National Democratic Alliance (India)
| leaders_seat2 = [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]]
| last_election2 = 10.46%, 1 seat
| seats2 = 4
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 3
| popular_vote2 = {{formatnum:3626173}}
| percentage2 = 19.65%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 9.19 pp
| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=N Uttam kumar Reddy.jpg|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=18|oTop=0}}
| party4 = Indian National Congress
| leader4 = [[N. Uttam Kumar Reddy]]
| leaders_seat4 = [[Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalgonda]]
| alliance4 = United Progressive Alliance
| last_election4 = 24.68%, 2 seats
| seats4 = 3
| seat_change4 = {{increase}} 1
| popular_vote4 = {{formatnum:5496686}}
| percentage4 = 29.79%
| swing4 = {{increase}} 5.11 pp
| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Asaduddin.jpg|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=18|oTop=0}}
| party5 = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| leader5 = [[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
| leaders_seat5 = [[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hyderabad]]
| last_election5 = 3.53%, 1 seat
| seats5 = 1
| seat_change5 = {{nochange}}
| popular_vote5 = {{formatnum:517471}}
| percentage5 = 2.80%
| swing5 = {{decrease}} 0.73 pp
| map_image = File:2019 Lok Sabha Telangana Result Map.svg
| map_size = 500px
| turnout = 62.77%
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}

The '''[[2019 Indian general election]] in [[Telangana]]''' was held on 11 April 2019, to constitute the [[17th Lok Sabha]].

== Parties and alliances ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%" style="text-align:center;
! colspan=4|Alliance/Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! colspan=4|Seats contested
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};color:white" |
| colspan=3 |[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|[[File:Flag_of_Bharat_Rashtra_Samithi_(India_Nation_Council).svg|50x50px]]
|
| [[K. Chandrashekhar Rao]]
| colspan=3 |17
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};color:white" |
|colspan=3 |[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Hand_INC.svg|50x50px]]
| [[N. Uttam Kumar Reddy]]
|colspan=3 | 17
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |
|colspan=3|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP_flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50x50px]]
| [[K. Laxman]]
|colspan=3 |17
|-
|style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Janasena Party}};color:white" |
|colspan=3 |[[Janasena Party]]
|[[File:Janasena Party Flag.png|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian election symbol glass tumbler.svg|50x50px]]
| [[Pawan Kalyan]]
|colspan=3 |7
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}};color:white" |
|colspan=3 | [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|[[File:Elephant_Bahujan_Samaj_Party.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Elephant.png|alt=BSP elephant|50x50px]]
|[[Mayawati]]
|colspan=3 |5
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}};color:white" |
|colspan=3 |[[Communist Party of India]]
|[[File:CPI-banner.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:CPI_symbol.svg|center|50x50px]]
| [[Chada Venkat Reddy]]
|colspan=3 | 2
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" |
|colspan=3 |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:CPIM_election_symbol.png|50x50px]]
| [[Tammineni Veerabhadram]]
|colspan=3 |2
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}};color:white" |
| colspan=3 |[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|[[File:AIMIM FLAG.png|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Kite.svg|50x50px]]
| [[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
| colspan=3 |1
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Telangana Jana Samithi}};color:white" |
|colspan=3 | [[Telangana Jana Samithi]]
|[[File:TJS.jpg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|center|50x50px]]
| [[M. Kodandaram]]
|colspan=3 | 1
|-
|}
==Candidates==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}" |[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
!1
|[[Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency|Adilabad]]
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Godam Nagesh]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Ramesh Rathod]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|style="background-color:#FFDDDD;"| [[Soyam Bapu Rao]]
|-

!2
|[[Peddapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Peddapalle]]
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|style="background-color:#FFDDDD;"| [[Venkatesh Netha Borlakunta]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Agam Chandrasekhar
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sogala Kumar
|-

!3
|[[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Karimnagar]]
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Boianapalli Vinod Kumar]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Ponnam Prabhakar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|style="background-color:#FFDDDD;"| [[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]
|-

!4
|[[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency|Nizamabad]]
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Kalvakuntla Kavitha]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Madhu Yaskhi Goud]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|style="background-color:#FFDDDD;"| [[Dharmapuri Arvind]]
|-

!5
|[[Zahirabad Lok Sabha constituency|Zahirabad]]
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|style="background-color:#FFDDDD;"| [[B. B. Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Madan Mohan Rao
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Banala Laxma Reddy
|-

!6
|[[Medak Lok Sabha constituency|Medak]]
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|style="background-color:#FFDDDD;"| [[Kotha Prabhakar Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Gali Anil Kumar
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Raghunandan Rao]]
|-

!7
|[[Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency|Malkajgiri]]
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Marri Rajasekhar Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|style="background-color:#FFDDDD;"| [[Anumula Revanth Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Naraparaju Ramchander Rao]]
|-

!8
|[[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]]
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|Talasani Sai Kiran Yadav
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[M. Anjan Kumar Yadav]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|style="background-color:#FFDDDD;"| [[G. Kishan Reddy]]
|-

!9
|[[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hyderabad]]
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|Pusthe Srikanth
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Feroz Khan
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Dr. Bhagavanth Rao
|-

!10
|[[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency|Chevella]]
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|style="background-color:#FFDDDD;"| [[G. Ranjith Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Konda Vishweshwar Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|B. Janardhan Reddy
|-

!11
|[[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubnagar]]
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|style="background-color:#FFDDDD;"| [[Manne Srinivas Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Challa Vamshi Chand Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[D. K. Aruna]]
|-

!12
|[[Nagarkurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Nagarkurnool]]
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|style="background-color:#FFDDDD;"| [[Pothuganti Ramulu]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Mallu Ravi|Dr. Mallu Ravi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shruthi Bangaru
|-

!13
|[[Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalgonda]]
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|Vemireddy Narasimha Reddy
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|style="background-color:#FFDDDD;"| [[Nalamada Uttam Kumar Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Garlapati Jithendra Kumar
|-

!14
|[[Bhongir Lok Sabha constituency|Bhongir]]
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Boora Narsaiah Goud]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|style="background-color:#FFDDDD;"| [[Komatireddy Venkat Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Padala Venkata Shyam Sunder Rao
|-

!15
|[[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency|Warangal]]
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|style="background-color:#FFDDDD;"| [[Pasunoori Dayakar]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Dommati Sambaiah
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Chintha Sambamurthy
|-

!16
|[[Mahabubabad Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubabad]]
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|style="background-color:#FFDDDD;"| [[Kavitha Maloth]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Balram Naik]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Jatothu Hussain
|-

!17
|[[Khammam Lok Sabha constituency|Khammam]]
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|style="background-color:#FFDDDD;"| [[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Renuka Chowdhury]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Devaki Vasudeva Rao
|-
|}

== Results ==
===Results by Party===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Party Name
! colspan="3" | Popular vote
! colspan="3" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
| {{Party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
| colspan="3"|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
| 76,96,848
| 41.29
| {{increase}} 6.35
| 17
| 9
| {{decrease}} 2
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 54,96,686
| 29.48
| {{increase}} 4.80
| 17
| 3
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 36,26,173
| 19.45
| {{increase}} 8.99
| 17
| 4
| {{increase}} 3
|-
| {{Party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| colspan="3"|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
| 5,17,471
| 2.78
| {{decrease}} 0.75
| 1
| 1
| {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Janasena Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Janasena Party|JSP]]
| 85,781
| 0.46
| {{Steady}}
| 7
| 0
| {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| colspan="3"|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| 73,872
| 0.40
| {{Steady}}
| 2
| 0
| {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| colspan="3"|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| 82,191
| 0.44
| {{Steady}}
| 2
| 0
| {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Other}}
| colspan="3" | [[2019 Indian general election in Telangana#Others|Others]]
| 2,86,516
| 1.54
| {{steady}}
| 81
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| colspan="3" | [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| 5,86,559
| 3.15
| {{steady}}
| 299
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|None of the above (India)}}
| colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
| 1,90,798
| 1.02
| {{Steady}}
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
! 1,86,42,895
! 100%
! -
! 460
! 17
! -
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Party
![[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
![[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};" |
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" |
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" |
| style="background-color:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}};" |
|-
! rowspan="2" |Leader
|[[K. Chandrashekar Rao|K. Chandrashekhar Rao]]
|[[G. Kishan Reddy]]
|[[N. Uttam Kumar Reddy]]
|[[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
|-
|[[File:The Labour and Employment Minister Shri K. Chandrasekhar Rao presiding over the 136th meeting of the Employees State Insurance Corporation to finalize the annual accounts of the Corporation for 2004-05 and 2005-06.jpg|134x134px]]
|[[File:G. Kishan Reddy.jpg|133x133px]]
|[[File:N Uttam kumar Reddy.jpg|131x131px]]
|[[File:OwaisiMIM.png|144x144px]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |Votes
|41.29%, 7,696,848
|19.45%, 3,626,173
|29.48%, 5,496,686
|2.78%, 517,471
|-
|{{percentage bar|41.29||ffc0cb}}
|{{percentage bar|19.45||ffa500}}
|{{percentage bar|29.48||00ffff}}
|{{percentage bar|2.78||004225}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Seats
|9 (52.94%)
|4 (23.53%)
|3 (17.64%)
|1 (5.88%)
|-
|{{Composition bar|9|17|hex=pink}}
|{{Composition bar|4|17|hex=orange}}
|{{Composition bar|3|17|hex=aqua}}
|{{Composition bar|1|17|hex=darkgreen}}
|}
<ref>{{cite web |title=33. Constituency wise detailed result |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13539-33-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |website=Electoral Commission of India |publisher=Electoral Commission of India |access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref>

== Detailed Results of Winners ==

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
|-
!1
|[[Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency|Adilabad]]
|[[Soyam Bapu Rao]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|377,374
|35.47
|[[G. Nagesh]]
|{{Party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|318,814
|29.96
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|58,560
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|5.51
|-

!2
|[[Peddapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Peddapalle]]
|[[Venkatesh Netha Borlakunta]]
|{{Party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|441,321
|45.49
|Agam Chandrasekhar
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|346,141
|35.68
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|95,180
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|9.81
|-

!3
|[[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Karimnagar]]
|[[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|498,276
|43.40
|[[B. Vinod Kumar]]
|{{Party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|408,768
|35.60
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|89,508
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|7.80
|-

!4
|[[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency|Nizamabad]]
|[[Arvind Dharmapuri]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|480,584
|45.20
|[[Kalvakuntla Kavitha]]
|{{Party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|409,709
|38.54
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|70,875
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|6.66
|-

!5
|[[Zahirabad Lok Sabha constituency|Zahirabad]]
|[[B. B. Patil]]
|{{Party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|434,244
|41.57
|Madan Mohan Rao
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|428,015
|40.98
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|6,229
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|0.59
|-

!6
|[[Medak Lok Sabha constituency|Medak]]
|[[Kotha Prabhakar Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|596,048
|51.82
|Anil Kumar Gali
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|279,621
|24.31
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|316,427
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|27.51
|-

!7
|[[Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency|Malkajgiri]]
|[[Revanth Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|603,748
|38.61
|[[Marri Rajasekhar Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|592,829
|37.91
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|10,919
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|0.70
|-

!8
|[[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secundrabad]]
|[[G. Kishan Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|384,780
|42.04
|Talasani Sai Kiran Yadav
|{{Party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|322,666
|35.25
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|62,114
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|6.79
|-

!9
|[[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hyderabad]]
|[[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
|{{Party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|517,471
|58.94
|Dr. Bhagavanth Rao
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|235,285
|26.80
|style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}} ; color:white;"|282,186
|style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}} ; color:white;"|32.14
|-

!10
|[[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency|Chevella]]
|[[G. Ranjith Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|528,148
|40.60
|[[Konda Vishweshwar Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|513,831
|39.50
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|14,317
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|1.10
|-

!11
|[[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Mahbubnagar]]
|[[Manne Srinivas Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|411,402
|41.78
|[[D. K. Aruna]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|333,573
|33.87
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|77,829
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|7.91
|-

!12
|[[Nagarkurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Nagarkurnool]]
|[[Pothuganti Ramulu]]
|{{Party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|499,672
|50.48
|[[Mallu Ravi]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|309,924
|31.31
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|189,748
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|19.17
|-

!13
|[[Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalgonda]]
|[[N. Uttam Kumar Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|526,028
|44.73
|Vemireddy Narasimha Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|500,346
|42.55
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|25,682
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|2.18
|-

!14
|[[Bhongir Lok Sabha constituency|Bhongir]]
|[[Komatireddy Venkat Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|532,795
|43.93
|[[Boora Narsaiah Goud]]
|{{Party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|527,576
|43.50
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|5,219
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|0.43
|-

!15
|[[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency|Warangal]]
|[[Pasunuri Dayakar]]
|{{Party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|612,498
|57.69
|Dommati Sambaiah
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|262,200
|24.70
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|350,298
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|32.99
|-

!16
|[[Mahabubabad Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubabad]]
|[[Kavitha Maloth]]
|{{Party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|462,109
|46.98
|[[Balram Naik]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|315,446
|32.07
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|146,663
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|14.91
|-

!17
|[[Khammam Lok Sabha constituency|Khammam]]
|[[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
|{{Party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|567,459
|49.78
|[[Renuka Chowdhury]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|399,397
|35.04
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|168,062
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|14.74
|-
|}

== Assembly segments wise lead of parties ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=2|Party
!Assembly segments {{cn|date=January 2022}}
!Position in Assembly (as of the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]] election)
|-
!{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|67
|39
|-
!{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|25
|8
|-
!{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|21
|65
|-
!{{Full party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|6
|7
|-
|
! Others
| -
| -
|-
!colspan=2|Total
!colspan=2|119
|}

=== Detailed Results for Assembly segments wise lead of parties===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan="4" |Winner
! colspan="4" |Runner-up
!rowspan="2"data-sort-type="number"|Margin
|-
!#
!Name
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type="number" |Votes
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type="number" |Votes
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|1
|[[Sirpur Assembly constituency|Sirpur]]
|[[G. Nagesh]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|60,740
|[[Ramesh Rathod]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|47,355
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 13,385
|-

|5
|[[Asifabad Assembly constituency|Asifabad (ST)]]
|[[G. Nagesh]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|47,401
|[[Soyam Bapu Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|44,874
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 2,527
|-

|6
|[[Khanapur, Telangana Assembly constituency|Khanapur (ST)]]
|[[Ramesh Rathod]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|60,748
|[[Soyam Bapu Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|47,320
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 13,428
|-

|7
|[[Adilabad Assembly constituency|Adilabad]]
|[[Soyam Bapu Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|63,169
|[[G. Nagesh]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|47,594
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 15,575
|-

|8
|[[Boath Assembly constituency|Boath (ST)]]
|[[Soyam Bapu Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|61,094
|[[G. Nagesh]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|42,850
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 18,244
|-

|9
|[[Nirmal Assembly constituency|Nirmal]]
|[[Soyam Bapu Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|61,172
|[[Ramesh Rathod]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|46,617
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 14,555
|-

|10
|[[Mudhole Assembly constituency|Mudhole]]
|[[Soyam Bapu Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|75,216
|[[G. Nagesh]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|44,212
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 31,004
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Peddapalli Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|2
|[[Chennur Assembly constituency|Chennur (SC)]]
|Venkatesh Netha Borlakunta
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|67,219
|Agam Chandrasekhar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|35,496
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 31,723
|-

|3
|[[Bellampalli Assembly constituency|Bellampalle (SC)]]
|Venkatesh Netha Borlakunta
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|56,325
|Agam Chandrasekhar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|36,207
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 20,118
|-

|4
|[[Mancherial Assembly constituency|Mancherial]]
|Venkatesh Netha Borlakunta
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|69,999
|Agam Chandrasekhar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|54,841
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 15,158
|-

|22
|[[Dharmapuri, Telangana Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri (SC)]]
|Venkatesh Netha Borlakunta
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|68,162
|Agam Chandrasekhar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|43,290
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 24,872
|-

|23
|[[Ramagundam Assembly constituency|Ramagundam]]
|Agam Chandrasekhar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|49,820
|Venkatesh Netha Borlakunta
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|47,680
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 2,140
|-

|24
|[[Manthani Assembly constituency|Manthani]]
|Agam Chandrasekhar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|68,924
|Venkatesh Netha Borlakunta
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|60,878
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 8,046
|-

|25
|[[Peddapalle Assembly constituency|Peddapalle]]
|Venkatesh Netha Borlakunta
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|70,744
|Agam Chandrasekhar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|57,377
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 13,367
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|26
|[[Karimnagar Assembly constituency|Karimnagar]]
|[[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,10,689
|[[B. Vinod Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|58,508
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 52,181
|-

|27
|[[Choppadandi Assembly constituency|Choppadandi (SC)]]
|[[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|97,441
|[[B. Vinod Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|41,396
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 56,045
|-

|28
|[[Vemulawada Assembly constituency|Vemulawada]]
|[[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|73,290
|[[B. Vinod Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|47,399
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 25,891
|-

|29
|[[Sircilla Assembly constituency|Sircilla]]
|[[B. Vinod Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|70,482
|[[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|64,769
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 5,713
|-

|30
|[[Manakondur Assembly constituency|Manakondur (SC)]]
|[[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|81,953
|[[B. Vinod Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|46,679
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 35,274
|-

|31
|[[Huzurabad Assembly constituency|Huzurabad]]
|[[B. Vinod Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|77,211
|Ponnam Prabhakar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|46,689
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 30,522
|-

|32
|[[Husnabad Assembly constituency|Husnabad]]
|[[B. Vinod Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|66,885
|Ponnam Prabhakar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|44,123
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 22,762
|-

! colspan="13" |[[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|11
|[[Armur Assembly constituency|Armur]]
|[[Dharmapuri Arvind]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|72,472
|[[Kalvakuntla Kavitha|K. Kavitha]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|40,884
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 31,588
|-

|12
|[[Bodhan Assembly constituency|Bodhan]]
|[[Kalvakuntla Kavitha|K. Kavitha]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|63,165
|[[Dharmapuri Arvind]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|56,531
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 6,634
|-

|17
|[[Nizamabad Urban Assembly constituency|Nizamabad (Urban)]]
|[[Kalvakuntla Kavitha|K. Kavitha]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|67,849
|[[Dharmapuri Arvind]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|60,700
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 7,149
|-

|18
|[[Nizamabad Rural Assembly constituency|Nizamabad (Rural)]]
|[[Dharmapuri Arvind]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|77,443
|[[Kalvakuntla Kavitha|K. Kavitha]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|64,258
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 13,185
|-

|19
|[[Balkonda Assembly constituency|Balkonda]]
|[[Dharmapuri Arvind]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|68,064
|[[Kalvakuntla Kavitha|K. Kavitha]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|56,502
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 11,562
|-

|20
|[[Koratla Assembly constituency|Koratla]]
|[[Dharmapuri Arvind]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|78,359
|[[Kalvakuntla Kavitha|K. Kavitha]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|58,410
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 19,949
|-

|21
|[[Jagtial Assembly constituency|Jagtial]]
|[[Dharmapuri Arvind]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|66,179
|[[Kalvakuntla Kavitha|K. Kavitha]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|58,413
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 7,766
|-

! colspan="13" |[[Zahirabad Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|13
|[[Jukkal Assembly constituency|Jukkal (SC)]]
|B. B. Patil
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|64,681
|Madan Mohan Rao
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|48,901
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 15,780
|-

|14
|[[Banswada Assembly constituency|Banswada]]
|B. B. Patil
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|65,629
|Madan Mohan Rao
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|45,569
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 20,060
|-

|15
|[[Yellareddy Assembly constituency|Yellareddy]]
|Madan Mohan Rao
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|62,592
|B. B. Patil
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|53,755
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 8,837
|-

|16
|[[Kamareddy Assembly constituency|Kamareddy]]
|Madan Mohan Rao
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|65,679
|B. B. Patil
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|49,258
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 16,421
|-

|35
|[[Narayankhed Assembly constituency|Narayankhed]]
|B. B. Patil
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|63,999
|Madan Mohan Rao
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|54,634
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 9,365
|-

|36
|[[Andole Assembly constituency|Andole (SC)]]
|B. B. Patil
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|76,945
|Madan Mohan Rao
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|67,167
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 9,778
|-

|38
|[[Zahirabad Assembly constituency|Zaheerabad (SC)]]
|Madan Mohan Rao
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|83,358
|B. B. Patil
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|59,799
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 23,559
|-

! colspan="13" |[[Medak Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|33
|[[Siddipet Assembly constituency|Siddipet]]
|[[Kotha Prabhakar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|78,102
|Madavaneni Raghunandan Rao
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|30,995
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 47,107
|-

|34
|[[Medak Assembly constituency|Medak]]
|[[Kotha Prabhakar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|67,901
|Anil Kumar Gali
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|43,425
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 24,476
|-

|37
|[[Narsapur Assembly constituency|Narsapur]]
|[[Kotha Prabhakar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|91,980
|Anil Kumar Gali
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|42,096
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 49,884
|-

|39
|[[Sangareddy Assembly constituency|Sangareddy]]
|[[Kotha Prabhakar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|62,090
|Madavaneni Raghunandan Rao
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|35,048
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 27,042
|-

|40
|[[Patancheru Assembly constituency|Patancheru]]
|[[Kotha Prabhakar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|94,896
|Anil Kumar Gali
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|59,410
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 35,486
|-

|41
|[[Dubbak Assembly constituency|Dubbak]]
|[[Kotha Prabhakar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|82,024
|Madavaneni Raghunandan Rao
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|29,546
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 52,478
|-

|42
|[[Gajwel Assembly constituency|Gajwel]]
|[[Kotha Prabhakar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|1,18,837
|Anil Kumar Gali
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|34,650
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 84,187
|-

! colspan="13" |[[Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|43
|[[Medchal Assembly constituency|Medchal]]
|[[Marri Rajasekhar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|1,30,286
|[[Revanth Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,22,199
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 8,087
|-

|44
|[[Malkajgiri Assembly constituency|Malkajgiri]]
|[[Revanth Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|81,875
|[[Marri Rajasekhar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|72,034
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 9,841
|-

|45
|[[Quthbullapur Assembly constituency|Quthbullapur]]
|[[Marri Rajasekhar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|1,15,918
|[[Revanth Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,07,144
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 8,774
|-

|46
|[[Kukatpally Assembly constituency|Kukatpally]]
|[[Marri Rajasekhar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|79,312
|[[Revanth Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|73,770
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 5,542
|-

|47
|[[Uppal Assembly constituency|Uppal]]
|[[Revanth Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|85,385
|[[Marri Rajasekhar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|77,501
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 7,884
|-

|49
|[[Lal Bahadur Nagar Assembly constituency|Lal Bahadur Nagar]]
|[[Revanth Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|97,858
|[[Marri Rajasekhar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|70,454
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 27,404
|-

|71
|[[Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency|Secunderabad Cantt. (SC)]]
|[[Marri Rajasekhar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|46,980
|[[Revanth Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|34,676
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 12,304
|-

! colspan="13" |[[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|57
|[[Musheerabad Assembly constituency|Musheerabad]]
|[[G. Kishan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|65,959
|Talasani Sai Kiran Yadav
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|41,564
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 24,395
|-

|59
|[[Amberpet Assembly constituency|Amberpet]]
|[[G. Kishan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|80,244
|Talasani Sai Kiran Yadav
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|34,854
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 45,390
|-

|60
|[[Khairatabad Assembly constituency|Khairatabad]]
|[[G. Kishan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|58,885
|Talasani Sai Kiran Yadav
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|45,270
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 13,615
|-

|61
|[[Jubilee Hills Assembly constituency|Jubilee Hills]]
|Talasani Sai Kiran Yadav
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|58,032
|[[G. Kishan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|40,552
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 17,480
|-

|62
|[[Sanathnagar Assembly constituency|Sanathnagar]]
|[[G. Kishan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|54,015
|Talasani Sai Kiran Yadav
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|38,790
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 15,225
|-

|63
|[[Nampally Assembly constituency|Nampally]]
|Talasani Sai Kiran Yadav
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|60,632
|[[G. Kishan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|32,399
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 28,233
|-

|70
|[[Secunderabad Assembly constituency|Secunderabad]]
|[[G. Kishan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|52,194
|Talasani Sai Kiran Yadav
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|43,340
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 8,854
|-

! colspan="13" |[[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|58
|[[Malakpet Assembly constituency|Malakpet]]
|[[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|60,592
|Dr. Bhagavanth Rao
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|29,659
! style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}; color:white;" | 30,933
|-

|64
|[[Karwan Assembly constituency|Karwan]]
|[[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|90,288
|Dr. Bhagavanth Rao
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|39,629
! style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}; color:white;" | 50,659
|-

|65
|[[Goshamahal Assembly constituency|Goshamahal]]
|Dr. Bhagavanth Rao
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|83,025
|[[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|28,275
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 54,750
|-

|66
|[[Charminar Assembly constituency|Charminar]]
|[[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|57,259
|Dr. Bhagavanth Rao
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|27,879
! style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}; color:white;" | 29,380
|-

|67
|[[Chandrayangutta Assembly constituency|Chandrayangutta]]
|[[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|99,298
|Dr. Bhagavanth Rao
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|18,715
! style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}; color:white;" | 80,583
|-

|68
|[[Yakutpura Assembly constituency|Yakutpura]]
|[[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|80,503
|Dr. Bhagavanth Rao
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|24,659
! style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}; color:white;" | 55,844
|-

|69
|[[Bahadurpura Assembly constituency|Bahadurpura]]
|[[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|1,01,024
|Dr. Bhagavanth Rao
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|11,490
! style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}; color:white;" | 89,534
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|50
|[[Maheshwaram Assembly constituency|Maheswaram]]
|[[G. Ranjith Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|89,989
|[[Konda Vishweshwar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|72,176
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 17,813
|-

|51
|[[Rajendranagar Assembly constituency|Rajendranagar]]
|[[G. Ranjith Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|98,748
|[[Konda Vishweshwar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|70,162
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 28,586
|-

|52
|[[Serilingampally Assembly constituency|Serilingampally]]
|[[G. Ranjith Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|1,02,272
|[[Konda Vishweshwar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|92,108
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 10,164
|-

|53
|[[Chevella Assembly constituency|Chevella]] (SC)
|[[Konda Vishweshwar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|80,684
|[[G. Ranjith Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|64,853
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 15,831
|-

|54
|[[Pargi Assembly constituency|Pargi]]
|[[Konda Vishweshwar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|66,629
|[[G. Ranjith Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|60,055
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 6,574
|-

|55
|[[Vikarabad Assembly constituency|Vicarabad]] (SC)
|[[Konda Vishweshwar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|69,977
|[[G. Ranjith Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|49,318
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 20,659
|-

|56
|[[Tandur Assembly constituency|Tandur]]
|[[G. Ranjith Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|62,643
|[[Konda Vishweshwar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|61,444
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 1,199
|-

! colspan="13" |[[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|72
|[[Kodangal Assembly constituency|Kodangal]]
|[[Manne Srinivas Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|55,402
|[[D. K. Aruna]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|33,054
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 22,348
|-

|73
|[[Narayanpet Assembly constituency|Narayanpet]]
|[[Manne Srinivas Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|53,641
|[[D. K. Aruna]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|52,430
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 1,211
|-

|74
|[[Mahbubnagar Assembly constituency|Mahbubnagar]]
|[[D. K. Aruna]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|59,566
|[[Manne Srinivas Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|55,005
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 4,561
|-

|75
|[[Jadcherla Assembly constituency|Jadcherla]]
|[[Manne Srinivas Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|65,345
|[[D. K. Aruna]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|44,819
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 20,526
|-

|76
|[[Devarkadra Assembly constituency|Devarkadra]]
|[[Manne Srinivas Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|61,012
|[[D. K. Aruna]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|47,764
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 13,248
|-

|77
|[[Makthal Assembly constituency|Makthal]]
|[[D. K. Aruna]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|54,687
|[[Manne Srinivas Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|52,633
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 2,054
|-

|84
|[[Shadnagar Assembly constituency|Shadnagar]]
|[[Manne Srinivas Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|68,203
|[[D. K. Aruna]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|40,801
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 27,402
|-

! colspan="13" |[[Nagarkurnool Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|78
|[[Wanaparthy Assembly constituency|Wanaparthy]]
|[[Pothuganti Ramulu]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|74,793
|[[Mallu Ravi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|47,352
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 27,441
|-

|79
|[[Gadwal Assembly constituency|Gadwal]]
|[[Pothuganti Ramulu]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|83,118
|Shruthi Bangaru Alias Bangaru Shruthi
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|35,101
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 48,017
|-

|80
|[[Alampur Assembly constituency|Alampur (SC)]]
|[[Pothuganti Ramulu]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|71,264
|[[Mallu Ravi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|56,777
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 14,487
|-

|81
|[[Nagarkurnool Assembly constituency|Nagarkurnool]]
|[[Pothuganti Ramulu]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|60,531
|[[Mallu Ravi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|48,155
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 12,376
|-

|82
|[[Achampet Assembly constituency|Achampet (SC)]]
|[[Pothuganti Ramulu]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|72,431
|[[Mallu Ravi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|45,184
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 27,247
|-

|83
|[[Kalwakurthy Assembly constituency|Kalwakurthy]]
|[[Pothuganti Ramulu]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|70,645
|Shruthi Bangaru Alias Bangaru Shruthi
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|23,760
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 46,885
|-

|85
|[[Kollapur Assembly constituency|Kollapur]]
|[[Pothuganti Ramulu]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|66,646
|[[Mallu Ravi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|41,694
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 24,952
|-

! colspan="13" |[[Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|86
|[[Devarakonda Assembly constituency|Devarakonda (ST)]]
|[[N. Uttam Kumar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|71,689
|Vemireddy Narasimha Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|67,122
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 4,567
|-

|87
|[[Nagarjuna Sagar Assembly constituency|Nagarjuna Sagar]]
|[[N. Uttam Kumar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|71,820
|Vemireddy Narasimha Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|68,125
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 3,695
|-

|88
|[[Miryalaguda Assembly constituency|Miryalaguda]]
|[[N. Uttam Kumar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|75,669
|Vemireddy Narasimha Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|68,483
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 7,186
|-

|89
|[[Huzurnagar Assembly constituency|Huzurnagar]]
|[[N. Uttam Kumar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|88,138
|Vemireddy Narasimha Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|75,145
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 12,993
|-

|90
|[[Kodad Assembly constituency|Kodad]]
|[[N. Uttam Kumar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|85,874
|Vemireddy Narasimha Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|73,944
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 11,930
|-

|91
|[[Suryapet Assembly constituency|Suryapet]]
|Vemireddy Narasimha Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|77,862
|[[N. Uttam Kumar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|66,363
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 11,499
|-

|92
|[[Nalgonda Assembly constituency|Nalgonda]]
|Vemireddy Narasimha Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|69,439
|[[N. Uttam Kumar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|65,955
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 3,484
|-

! colspan="13" |[[Bhongir Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|48
|[[Ibrahimpatnam Assembly constituency|Ibrahimpatnam]]
|[[Komatireddy Venkat Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|80,539
|[[Boora Narsaiah Goud]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|74,915
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 5,624
|-

|93
|[[Munugode Assembly constituency|Munugode]]
|[[Komatireddy Venkat Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|79,843
|[[Boora Narsaiah Goud]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|75,133
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 4,710
|-

|94
|[[Bhongir Assembly constituency|Bhongir]]
|[[Komatireddy Venkat Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|73,677
|[[Boora Narsaiah Goud]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|70,937
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 2,740
|-

|95
|[[Nakrekal Assembly constituency|Nakrekal (SC)]]
|[[Komatireddy Venkat Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|86,941
|[[Boora Narsaiah Goud]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|75,641
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 11,300
|-

|96
|[[Thungathurthi Assembly constituency|Thungathurthi (SC)]]
|[[Boora Narsaiah Goud]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|80,006
|[[Komatireddy Venkat Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|76,424
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 3,582
|-

|97
|[[Alair Assembly constituency|Alair]]
|[[Boora Narsaiah Goud]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|82,223
|[[Komatireddy Venkat Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|72,063
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 10,160
|-

|98
|[[Jangaon Assembly constituency|Jangaon]]
|[[Boora Narsaiah Goud]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|68,380
|[[Komatireddy Venkat Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|62,544
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 5,836
|-

! colspan="13" |[[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|99
|[[Ghanpur Station Assembly constituency|Ghanpur (Station) (SC)]]
|[[Pasunuri Dayakar]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|94,327
|Dommati Sambaiah
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|42,687
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 51,640
|-

|100
|[[Palakurthi Assembly constituency|Palakurthi]]
|[[Pasunuri Dayakar]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|92,437
|Dommati Sambaiah
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|39,745
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 52,692
|-

|104
|[[Parkal Assembly constituency|Parkal]]
|[[Pasunuri Dayakar]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|87,567
|Dommati Sambaiah
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|39,433
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 48,134
|-

|105
|[[Warangal West Assembly constituency|Warangal West]]
|[[Pasunuri Dayakar]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|62,669
|Dommati Sambaiah
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|33,417
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 29,252
|-

|106
|[[Warangal East Assembly constituency|Warangal East]]
|[[Pasunuri Dayakar]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|85,873
|Dommati Sambaiah
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|28,976
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 56,897
|-

|107
|[[Waradhanapet Assembly constituency|Waradhanapet (SC)]]
|[[Pasunuri Dayakar]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|97,526
|Dommati Sambaiah
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|33,846
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 63,680
|-

|108
|[[Bhupalpalle Assembly constituency|Bhupalpalle]]
|[[Pasunuri Dayakar]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|91,628
|Dommati Sambaiah
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|43,712
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 47,916
|-

! colspan="13" |[[Mahabubabad Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|101
|[[Dornakal Assembly constituency|Dornakal (ST)]]
|[[Kavitha Maloth]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|78,986
|[[Balram Naik]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|53,639
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 25,347
|-

|102
|[[Mahabubabad Assembly constituency|Mahabubabad (ST)]]
|[[Kavitha Maloth]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|84,031
|[[Balram Naik]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|55,785
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 28,246
|-

|103
|[[Narsampet Assembly constituency|Narsampet]]
|[[Kavitha Maloth]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|84,858
|[[Balram Naik]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|59,058
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 25,800
|-

|109
|[[Mulug Assembly constituency|Mulug (ST)]]
|[[Kavitha Maloth]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|71,518
|[[Balram Naik]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|40,735
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 30,783
|-

|110
|[[Pinapaka Assembly constituency|Pinapaka (ST)]]
|[[Kavitha Maloth]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|55,958
|[[Balram Naik]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|30,484
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 25,474
|-

|111
|[[Yellandu Assembly constituency|Yellandu (ST)]]
|[[Kavitha Maloth]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|53,891
|[[Balram Naik]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|53,742
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 149
|-

|119
|[[Bhadrachalam Assembly constituency|Bhadrachalam (ST)]]
|[[Kavitha Maloth]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|32,582
|[[Balram Naik]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|21,819
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 10,763
|-

! colspan="13" |[[Khammam Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|112
|[[Khammam Assembly constituency|Khammam]]
|[[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|95,001
|[[Renuka Chowdhury]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|69,979
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 25,022
|-

|113
|[[Palair Assembly constituency|Palair]]
|[[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|92,082
|[[Renuka Chowdhury]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|57,208
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 34,874
|-

|114
|[[Madhira Assembly constituency|Madhira (SC)]]
|[[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|81,932
|[[Renuka Chowdhury]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|63,134
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 18,798
|-

|115
|[[Wyra Assembly constituency|Wyra (ST)]]
|[[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|65,819
|[[Renuka Chowdhury]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|58,139
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 7,680
|-

|116
|[[Sathupalli Assembly constituency|Sathupalle (SC)]]
|[[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|95,423
|[[Renuka Chowdhury]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|63,486
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 31,937
|-

|117
|[[Kothagudem Assembly constituency|Kothagudem]]
|[[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|73,394
|[[Renuka Chowdhury]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|55,345
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 18,049
|-

|118
|[[Aswaraopeta Assembly constituency|Aswaraopeta (ST)]]
|[[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|62,970
|[[Renuka Chowdhury]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|31,717
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" | 31,253
|-

|}

==Post-election Union Council of Ministers from Telangana==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"
|-
!#
!Name
!Constituency
!Designation
!Department
!From
!To
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
!rowspan="2"|1
|rowspan="2"|[[G. Kishan Reddy]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secundrabad]]
|[[Second Modi ministry|MoS]]
|[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
|31 May 2019
|7 July 2021
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Second Modi ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]] [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region|Minister of Development of North Eastern Region]]
|7 July 2021
|9 June 2024
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Telangana elections}}
{{Indian general election, 2019}}

[[Category:Indian general elections in Telangana]]
[[Category:2019 Indian general election by state or union territory|T]]
[[Category:2010s in Telangana]]

Ramakrishna

2026-03-14T03:42:43Z

GeorgiannaN07: small fix structure as per guidelines also and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian mystic (1836–1886)}}
{{other uses|Ramakrishna (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English||date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Ramakrishna Paramahamsa
| image = Ramakrishna.jpg
| caption = Ramakrishna at [[Dakshineswar]], 1883–84{{Sfn|Beckerlegge|1996|p=321}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1836|2|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kamarpukur]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[Company rule in India|Company India]] (now [[West Bengal]], India)
| birth_name = Ramakrishna  Chattopadhyay
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1886|8|16|1836|2|18|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Cossipore]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now West Bengal, India)
| death_cause = [[Throat cancer]]
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| spouse = [[Sarada Devi]]
| guru = Totapuri, [[Bhairavi Brahmani]], and others
| school = [[Vedanta]]
| lineage = [[Daśanāmi Sampradaya]]
| founder = [[Ramakrishna Order]]
| disciples = [[Swami Vivekananda]] and [[Disciples of Ramakrishna|others]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| philosophy = [[Advaita Vedanta]] [[Shaktism]]
| honors = [[Paramahamsa]]
| parents = Khudiram Chattopadhyay (Father) Chandramani Devi (Mother)
| temple = [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]]
}}
{{Advaita}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Ramakrishna''' (18 February 1836 – 16 August 1886<ref name="belurmath.org">—{{Cite web |url=http://belurmath.org/kids_section/birth-of-sri-ramakrishna/ |title=(07) Birth of Sri Ramakrishna » Kid's Section |access-date=19 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220013919/http://belurmath.org/kids_section/birth-of-sri-ramakrishna/ |archive-date=20 February 2017 |url-status=dead }} —{{cite web|title=Feature|website=pib.nic.in|url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2002/ffeb2002/f260220021.html|access-date=19 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225130158/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2002/ffeb2002/f260220021.html|archive-date=25 December 2018|url-status=live}} — {{cite web|url=https://www.ramakrishna.org/rmk_nik.htm|title=Sri Ramakrishna By Swami Nikhilananda|website=www.ramakrishna.org|access-date=19 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220020231/https://www.ramakrishna.org/rmk_nik.htm|archive-date=20 February 2017|url-status=dead}} —{{cite book|title=Great Saints & Yogis|first=Dharam Vir|last=Mangla|date=1 April 2016|publisher=Lulu Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9781365013515|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6174CwAAQBAJ&q=ramakrishna+++17th+february+1836&pg=PT53|access-date=4 July 2019|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011191855/https://books.google.com/books?id=6174CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT53&lpg=PT53&dq=ramakrishna+++17th+february+1836&hl=en#v=onepage&q=ramakrishna+++17th+february+1836&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>), also called '''Ramakrishna Paramahamsa''' ({{langx|bn|রামকৃষ্ণ পরমহংস|Ramôkṛṣṇo Pôromohôṅso}}; {{IPA|bn|ramɔkriʂno pɔromoɦɔŋʃo|pron|Ramakrishna.ogg}}; {{IAST3|Rāmakṛṣṇa Paramahaṃsa}}), born '''Ramakrishna'''  '''Chattopadhyay''' (his childhood nickname was '''Gadadhar'''),<ref name="ReferenceA">M's original Bengali diary page 661, Saturday, 13 February 1886</ref><ref name="More About Ramakrishna' 1993, page 23">''More About Ramakrishna'' by Swami Prabhananda, 1993, Advaita Ashrama, page 23</ref>{{Sfn|Saradananda|2003|p=311}} was an Indian Hindu [[Mysticism|mystic]]. He was a devotee of the goddess [[Kali]], but adhered to various religious practices from the Hindu traditions of [[Vaishnavism]], [[Tantra#Śaiva and Śākta tantra|Tantric Shaktism]], and [[Advaita Vedanta]], as well as [[Christianity]] and [[Sufi Islam]]. His parable-based teachings advocated the essential [[Omnism|unity of religions]] and proclaimed that world religions are "so many paths to reach one and the same goal".{{sfn|Swami Prabhavananda|2019}} He is regarded by his followers as an [[avatar]] (divine incarnation).<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ramakrishna |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ramakrishna |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=2 October 2021}}</ref>
{{quote box
| title = Epigraph
| quote = "I have practised all religions - Hinduism, Islam, Christianity - and I have also followed the paths of the different Hindu sects. I have found that it is the same God toward whom all are directing their steps, though along different paths. You must try all beliefs and traverse all the different ways once. Wherever I look, I see men quarrelling in the name of religion - Hindus, Mohammedans, Brahmos, Vaishnavas, and the rest. But they never reflect that He who is called Krishna is also called Siva, and bears the name of the Primal Energy, Jesus, and Allah as well - the same Rama with a thousand names. A lake has several Ghats. At one, the Hindus take water in pitchers and call it ' Jal '; at another the Mussalmans take water in leather bags and call it ' pani '. At a third the Christians call it ' water '. Can we imagine that it is not ' Jal ', but only ' pani ' or ' water '? How ridiculous! The substance is One under different names, and everyone is seeking the same substance; only climate, temperament, and name create differences. Let each man follow his own path. If he sincerely and ardently wishes to know God, peace be unto him! He will surely realize Him."
| author = — Ramakrishna{{sfn|Gupta|1942|p=47}}
| width = 30em
| align = right|salign=right
}}

Ramakrishna was born in [[Kamarpukur]], Bengal Presidency, India. He described going through [[religious experiences]] in childhood. Around the age twenty, he became a temple priest at the [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple|Dakshineshwar Kali Temple]] in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. While at the temple, his devotional temperament and intense religious practices led him to experience various [[Vision (spirituality)|spiritual visions]]. He was assured of the authenticity and sanctity of his visions by several religious teachers.

Ramakrishna's native language was Bengali, but he also spoke Hindi (Hindustani) and understood Sanskrit. There are instances recorded in the ''Gospel of Ramakrishna'' of him using English words a few times.<ref>{{cite book |last= Nikhilananda |first= Swami |date= 1942|title= The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna |publisher= Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center, New York|page= 592|isbn= 978-0-911206-01-2}}</ref><ref name="americanvedantist.org">American Vedantist Issue #74, Summer 2018, Sri Ramakrishna – English Lessons [https://americanvedantist.org/2018/articles/sri-ramakrishna-english-lessons/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817025603/https://americanvedantist.org/2018/articles/sri-ramakrishna-english-lessons/|date=17 August 2019}}</ref>

In 1859, in accordance with then prevailing customs, Ramakrishna was married to [[Sarada Devi]], a marriage that was never consummated. As described in the ''Gospel of Ramakrishna'', he took spiritual instruction from several gurus in various paths and religions, and was also initiated into [[sannyasa]] in 1865 by Tota Puri, a [[vedanta]] monk. Ramakrishna gained widespread acclaim amongst the temple visiting public as a [[guru]], attracting social leaders, elites, and common people alike. Although initially reluctant to consider himself a guru, he eventually taught disciples and founded the monastic [[Ramakrishna Order]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=donationsbm|title=About Us|url=https://belurmath.org/about-us/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226211533/https://belurmath.org/about-us/|archive-date=2018-02-26|access-date=2021-01-21|website=Belur Math - Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission|language=en-US}}</ref> His emphasis on direct spiritual experience instead of adhering to scriptural injunctions has been influential. Ramakrishna died due to [[throat cancer]] on the night of 15 August 1886.{{Sfn|Rolland|1929|pp=201–214}} After his death, his chief disciple [[Swami Vivekananda]] continued and expanded his spiritual mission, both in India and the [[Western world|West]].{{sfn|Clarke|2006|p=209}}

==Early life==
{{stack|float=left|[[File:Kamarpukur Ramakrishna Hut.jpg|thumb|centre|The small house (centre) at [[Kamarpukur]], where Ramakrishna lived. His family shrine (left), with birthplace temple on the right.|upright=1.0]]}}

=== Birth and childhood ===
Ramakrishna was born on 18 February 1836,{{sfn|Gupta|1942|pp=18}} in the village of [[Kamarpukur]], in the [[Hooghly district]] of [[West Bengal]], India, in a very poor and pious [[Bengali Brahmin]] family.{{sfn|Heehs|2002|p=430}} He was the fourth and the youngest child of his parents, father Khudiram Chattopadhyaya, born in 1775, and mother Chandramani Devi, born in 1791. The couple's first son Ramkumar is said to have been born in 1805, a daughter Katyayani five years later, and a second son Rameswar in 1826.{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|pp=21}}

Chandramani Devi was Khudiram's second wife. His first wife died young. Khudiram had ancestral property in the Dere Village of present-day West Bengal, India. An unscrupulous landlord, Ramananda Roy, who was angry with Khudiram for refusing to commit perjury, brought a false petition against him in the court and took possession of his ancestral property. Bereft of all property, Khudiram and Chandramani Devi moved to Kamarpukur where a friend, Sukhlal Goswami, gifted them one Bigha and ten Chataks of land for their maintenance.{{sfn|Saradananda|1978|pp=24–26}}{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=October 2022}}

The parents of Ramakrishna are said to have experienced supernatural incidents and visions regarding his birth. In [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], his father Khudiram had a dream in which [[Bhagavan]] Gadadhara (a form of [[Vishnu]]) told him that he would be born as his son. Chandramani Devi is said to have had a vision of light entering her womb from the [[lingam]] in Yogider Shiv [[Hindu temple|mandir]].{{sfn|Chatterjee|1993|pp=46–47}}{{sfn|Harding|1998|pp=243–244}} In another vision following Ramakrishna's birth, his mother saw a strange tall person lying in the bed instead of the baby Ramakrishna.{{sfn|Saradananda|1978|pp=50}}{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=October 2022}}

The family was devoted to the Hindu deity [[Rama]], the family deity was Sri Raghubir{{endash}}an epithet of Rama, and the male children of Khudiram and Chandramani were given names that started with Ram or Rama: Ramkumar, Rameswar, and Ramakrishna.<ref>''More About Ramakrishna'' by Swami Prabhananda, 1993, Advaita Ashrama, First Chapter - Who Gave the Name Ramakrishna and When?</ref> There has been some dispute about the origin of the name Ramakrishna, but there is "...evidence which proves beyond doubt that the name 'Ramakrishna' was given to him by his father..."<ref name="More About Ramakrishna' 1993, page 23"/> Ramakrishna confirmed this himself, as recorded in "M"s diaries, "I was a pet child of my father. He used to call me Ramakrishnababu."<ref name="ReferenceA"/>{{Refn|group=note|Please read the Talk Page before editing about Ramakrishna's birth name}}

=== First "superconsciousness experience" ===
At age nine, in accordance with Brahminical tradition, the [[sacred thread]] was vested on Ramakrishna, thus making him eligible for conducting ritual worship. He would later help his family in performing worship of their deities.{{sfn|Chetanananda|1990|p=14}} According to Saradananda, as a result of his devotion in worship, he started to experience [[Bhava samadhi|Bhava-Samadhi]] or [[Savikalpa samadhi|Savikalpa-Samadhi]].{{sfn|Saradananda|1978|p=64}} He reportedly had experiences of similar nature a few other times in his childhood{{emdash}}while worshiping the Goddess [[Vishalakshi]], and portraying the God [[Shiva]] in a drama during the [[Shivaratri]] festival.{{Sfn|Bhawuk|2003}}

Ramakrishna described his first "superconsciousness experience,"

<blockquote>"When I was ten or eleven years old and lived in Kamapukur, I first experienced samadhi. As I was passing through a paddy-field, I saw something and was overwhelmed. There are certain characteristics of God-vision. One sees light, feels joy, and experiences the upsurge of a great current in one's chest, like the bursting of a rocket."<ref name="Nikhilananda 1942 161">{{cite book |last= Nikhilananda |first= Swami |date= 1942|title= The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna |publisher= Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center, New York|page= 161|isbn= 978-0-911206-01-2}}</ref></blockquote>

Further details are given, "One morning, while walking along the narrow ridges of a [[paddy field]], eating puffed rice from a small basket, he saw a flock of white cranes flying against the backdrop of a dark rain cloud. The sight captivated him that he lost external awareness, and collapsed with the rice scattered around him. People nearby who saw this came to his rescue and carried him home."{{sfn|Chetanananda|1990|p=13}}

This experience has been interpreted as [[Samadhi]] by Ramakrishna and his followers, but also as a trance or epileptic seizure by naturalistic minded interpreters.<ref name="Nikhilananda 1942 161"/>{{sfn|Smith|1982|p=70}}{{sfn|Vivekananda|2005|p=482}}{{sfn|Adiswarananda|2005|p=65}}{{sfn|Katrak|2006}} [[Samādhi]], in [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Sikhism]], is a state of [[meditation|meditative]] consciousness. In many Indian religious traditions, the cultivation of Samādhi through various meditation methods is essential for the attainment of spiritual liberation.<ref>Pragya, Samani Pratibha (2017), ''Prekṣā meditation : history and methods'', p. 82. PhD Thesis, SOAS, University of London</ref>

=== Education ===
Ramakrishna was sent to the village school where he learned to read and write, but had an aversion towards arithmetic and didn't progress beyond simple addition, multiplication and division. He read the [[Ramayana]], the [[Mahabharata]] and other religious books with devotion. He observed the scholars and found that they were only interested in acquiring wealth and contrasted this with his father's standards of detachment and righteous conduct.{{sfn|Saradananda|1978|pp=65–70}} He later lost interest in this "bread-winning education".{{sfn|Chetanananda|1990|p=13}} He instead became proficient in making images, acting and painting. When he was fourteen years old, he started a drama group with some of his friends and left school to pursue it.{{sfn|Saradananda|1978|pp=65–70}} Ramakrishna had practically no formal education and spoke ungrammatical imperfect Bengali with a rustic accent.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ernst |first=Waltraud |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-GEAgAAQBAJ&dq=ramkrishna+no+formal+education&pg=PA52 |title=Plural Medicine, Tradition and Modernity, 1800-2000 |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-134-73602-7 |pages=52 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Walsh |first=Judith E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iekF9X3OwwMC |title=A Brief History of India |date=2006 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-0825-4 |pages=160 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fouw |first1=Hart De |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBzSLNNbTWwC |title=Light on Life: An Introduction to the Astrology of India |last2=Svoboda |first2=Robert |date=2003 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=978-0-940985-69-8 |pages=393 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Amiya P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19HUeX3JygwC&dq=ramkrishna+formal+education&pg=PT30 |title=Ramakrishna Paramahamsa: Sadhaka of Dakshineswar |date=2010-04-09 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-250-2 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Kamarpukur]], being a transit-point on the well-established pilgrimage routes to [[Puri]], brought Ramakrishna into contact with many renunciate saints and holy men.{{sfn|Sen|2001|p=92}} He became well-versed in the ''[[Puranas]]'', the ''[[Ramayana]]'', the ''[[Mahābhārata|Mahabharata]]'', and the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', hearing them from the wandering monks and the ''Kathaks''{{endash}}a class of men in ancient India who preached and sang the ''Purāṇas''. He used to sing and enact the songs and scenes from the ''Purāṇas'' to the village women. A trader, Durgadas Pyne, who enforced a strict [[purdah]] on the women in his household, criticised those who would meet Ramakrishna to listen to the ''Purāṇas''. Ramakrishna argued with him that women will be protected through good education and devotion to God, and not through Purdah. Once a challenge was thrown by Durgadas that it was impossible to look into his inner apartments, Ramakrishna accepted the challenge and dressed himself like a weaver woman, then fooled Durgadas with his disguise and entered the inner apartments of his house. Durgadas, defeated, allowed the women to go and listen to Ramakrishna's recitals.{{sfn|Saradananda|1978|pp=72-76}}

Ramakrishna's father died in 1843, a loss which he felt very strongly and made him reticent.{{sfn|Saradananda|1978|pp=56}} He would visit the nearby cremation ground alone to practice spiritual disciplines there.{{sfn|Chetanananda|1990|p=13}} At this stage the family responsibilities fell on his elder brother, Ramkumar, who was about thirty-one years older than him.{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|pp=135}} When Ramakrishna was in his teens, the family's financial position worsened, Ramkumar then started a Sanskrit school in [[Calcutta]] (Jhama pukur lane), whilst also serving as a [[purohit|priest]] there. In 1852, Ramakrishna moved to Calcutta along with his brother to assist him with the priestly work.{{sfn|Harding|1998|p=250}}

==Priesthood and marriage==
=== Lead up to priesthood ===
In the 19th century Calcutta, there lived [[Rani Rashmoni|Rani Rasmani]], a wealthy woman with a commanding personality. A widow with four daughters, she was the first of the many prominent women who played a major role in the life of Ramakrishna.<ref name=":0" /> Inheriting property from her husband the late [[Rajchandra Das|Babu Rajchandra Das]], the Rani managed to endear herself to the people of the city through her exceptional managerial skills of the estate, her resistance against the British colonial authorities, and her various philanthropic works. Known well for her kindness, benevolence to the poor, and also for her religious devotion, she was much loved and revered by the people and proved herself to be worthy of the title "[[Rani]]".{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|pp=114-115}}{{sfn|Sen|2006|p=176}} Being an ardent devotee of the Goddess Kali, the Rani had the words, "Sri Rasmani Dasi, longing for the Feet of Kali”, inscribed in her estates official seal.{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|p=115}} After having a vision of the Goddess Kali in a dream on the night before her departure for a pilgrimage to the Hindu holy city of [[Varanasi|Kashi]], she founded the now famous [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]].{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|p=116}}{{sfn|Chetanananda|1990|p=195}} Reportedly in the dream, the goddess instructed her that instead of visiting Kashi she better set up a stone idol of the Goddess at a beautiful place on the [[Bank (geography)|banks]] of the [[Bhagirathi River]], and make arrangements for the daily worship and [[Prasāda|prasada]] offering there, then she would manifest in the deity and receive her worship.{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|p=116}}

With great delight the Rani bought a large piece of land on the banks of Hooghly river at Dakshineswar and started the construction of a nine-spired temple where pilgrims could congregate to catch a glimpse of the Goddess. However, for being born into a ''[[Mahishya|Cāsi kaivarta]]'' family, she was deemed unworthy by the local Brahmins to make food offerings to Kali.<ref name=":0" /> It was her heart's desire to offer prasada to Kali, and if she did so going against the norms of the Brahmanical society of the time, the devotees would no longer visit that temple, nor would a [[Hindu priest|Brahmin priest]] officiate there. To find a scriptural solution to her problem, the Rani sought written opinions of various pandits from different parts of the country. However, none of the opinions were in her favor.{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|p=117}} When all hope was seemingly lost, she received a letter from Ramkumar, who assured her that the scriptural principles would be observed intact if she made a gift of the property to a Brahmin, who could then install the deity and make arrangements for food offerings. No blemish would then be incurred by those who partook the prasada there.{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|pp=117-118}} She readily agreed to these conditions, displaying savviness in working around the rigidities of caste while adhering to its restrictions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Ruth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xj96EAAAQBAJ&dq=rani+Rashmoni+caste+rigidities+restrictions&pg=PA41 |title=Guru to the World: The Life and Legacy of Vivekananda |date=2022-10-27 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-24747-5 |pages=41–42 |language=en}}</ref>

The Rani thus decided to consecrate the temple and proceeded with her plans. While the search for a priest was on, a Brahmin named Mahesh Chandra Chattopadhyaya who worked on the estate of the Rani, and her secretary Ramdhan Ghosh, both of whom were well acquainted with Ramkumar, requested him to officiate as a priest at the temple of the Rani, albeit temporarily.{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|pp=119-120}}
The devout Ramkumar agreed and later after the opening of the temple on the last day of May in 1855, on request by the Rani, he continued as its chief priest.{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|p=120}}<ref name=":0" />

Ramkumar informed Ramakrishna that he was taking up the post of the priest and asked him to stay at the Kali Temple. At this injunction Ramakrishna strenuously objected and reminded Ramkumar that their father never officiated in the ceremonies of the purported 'lower castes' and refused to join him, but the will of Ramkumar prevailed in this matter.<ref name=":0" />{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|p=122}} To conquer his own ego on caste, he performed menial tasks like cleaning the toilets of untouchables (scavengers) using his own hair and hands, teaching that such acts remove feelings of shame, hatred, and fear associated with caste.

=== Officiation as priest ===
[[File:Dakshineswar Kali Temple, Dakshineswar, West Bengal, India (2007).jpg|thumb|[[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]], built under the aegis of Rani Rasmani in 1855. Sri Ramakrishna lived a major part of his life here.|left|upright=1.0]]

On Thursday, 31 May 1855, Ramkumar in the presence of his brother Ramakrishna officiated at the dedication ceremony of the [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]].{{sfn|Chetanananda|1990|p=14}}

Within three months after the consecration of the temple, Mathur Babu, the Rani's right-hand man and son-in-law,<ref>{{cite book |last= Nikhilananda |first= Swami |date= 1942|title= The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna |publisher= Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center, New York|isbn= 978-0-911206-01-2}}</ref> was much impressed by Ramakrishna and appointed him with the task of dressing up the deity of Kali, and Hriday, the sixteen year old nephew of Ramakrishna was appointed as an assistant to both him and Ramkumar.{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|p=130}} Soon, Ramkumar began to teach his brother the modes of worship and service of the Goddess, in the hope that he might perform them in his absence. To initiate him properly, a [[Sādhaka|Sadhaka]] of [[Shakti]] named Kenaram Bhattacharya was invited. He was apparently charmed to see the religious fervor in Ramakrishna, who reportedly became ecstatic as soon as a [[mantra]] was recited in his ear.{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|p=134}}{{sfn|Gupta|1942|p=25}} In order to get him more accustomed, Ramkumar later employed Ramakrishna on few occasions to perform the worship of Kali.{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|p=134}}

As Ramkumar grew too old and infirm to carry out the difficult duties at the Kali temple, Mathur with the permission of the Rani, requested him to move to the Vishnu temple in the complex for conducting worship, and appointed Ramakrishna to the office of priest. Ramkumar was glad with this arrangement, and after serving for one year since the consecration of the temple, he died suddenly in 1856 while preparing to go home on a leave.{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|p=134}}{{sfn|Harding|1998|p=251}}

=== Vision of the Goddess Kali ===
[[File:মা ভবতারিণী (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|The idol of goddess [[Kali]] as ''Bhavatāriṇi'' in the [[Garbhagriha|sanctum sanctorum]] of the [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]].]]

At age 20, Ramakrishna who by now had witnessed more than one death in his family, realising the utter impermanence of life, became more engrossed in the worship of [[Kali]]. After the daily worship, he would sit in the temple looking intently at the deity and get absorbed in her, before losing himself in devotion whilst singing with profound emotion the songs composed by devotees like [[Ramprasad Sen|Ramprasad]] and [[Kamalakanta Bhattacharya (West Bengal)|Kamalakanta]]. He regarded their songs as an aid in his worship, and was certain about having the vision of Kali as Ramprasad did. With an ardent heart, he would say, "Thou showed thyself to Ramprasad, Mother, why then shouldst Thou not reveal Thyself to me? I don't want wealth, friends, relatives, enjoyment of pleasure, and the like. Do show Thyself to me." Being averse to wasting any time, after the closure of the temple during midday or at night, he would visit the nearby jungle to think and meditate on [[Kali]].{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|pp=135-139}}

Before meditating, he would put down his clothes and the sacred thread aside, and meditate completely naked. When Hriday found this out, he confronted his uncle and asked him to explain his strange conduct. Ramakrishna answered that when one thinks about God, one should be free from all attachments and the eight servitudes of "hatred, fear, shame, aversion, egoism, vanity, noble descent, and good conduct." He viewed his sacred thread as a display of the ego of his Brahmin descent and thus kept it aside, saying when calling upon the Mother, one should discard all such bondages and call on Her with a focused mind. He assured his nephew that he would put them on after the end of his meditation. Hriday was aghast at hearing this and left him in dismay.{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|pp=136-137}}

In this way, Ramakrishna spent his days and nights altogether in prayer, singing, and meditation while his longing for her vision kept increasing daily. It was not long before people around the temple started noticing his passion and adherence to devotion, which was quite unperturbed by the opinions of people around him. The Rani was informed by her son-in-law [[Mathurmohan Biswas]] thus: "We have got an extraordinary worshipper; the Goddess will be awakened very soon".{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|pp=139-140}}

As the days passed, Ramakrishna's food intake and sleep gradually declined and when not engaged in either worship or meditation, he was seen in a state of turmoil over whether he would get a vision of the Mother.{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|p=140}} Seeing the evening sun, he would cry, "Mother, another day is gone and still I have not seen you!"{{sfn|Chetanananda|1990|p=403}} Eventually he would question, "Are you true, Mother, or is it all a fabrication of my mind, mere poetry without reality? If you do exist, why can't I see you?"{{sfn|Chetanananda|1990|p=14}}

Soon his longing for her vision became extreme and he was engaged in either worship or meditation for almost twenty-four hours a day. Despaired, and feeling an unbearable pain at the thought that he might never have her vision, one day, as he later recounted: "In my agony, I said to myself, 'What is the use of this life?' Suddenly my eyes fell on the sword that hangs in the temple. I decided to end my life with it then and there. Like a madman, I ran to it and seized it. And then — I had a marvellous vision of the Mother and fell down unconscious." He became overwhelmed and before fainting, observed that to his spiritual sight, houses, doors, temples and everything else around vanishing into an empty void and "What I saw, was a boundless infinite conscious sea of light! However far and in whatever direction I looked, I found a continuous succession of effulgent waves coming forward, raging and storming from all sides with great speed. Very soon they fell on me and made me sink to the unknown bottom. I panted, struggled and fell unconscious. I did not know what happened then in the external world — how that day and the next slipped away. But, in my
heart of hearts, there was flowing a current of intense bliss, never experienced before, and I had the immediate knowledge of the light that was Mother." When he regained consciousness, he was found uttering the word "''Maa''" (Mother) repeatedly in an aching voice.{{sfn|Chetanananda|1990|p=14}}
{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|pp=140-141}}

Thoroughly convinced of Kali's existence, Ramakrishna now lived at her abode, all the time, and like a child disinclined to leave its mother, so was he disinclined to leave his Divine Mother Kali. Hovering in an ocean of bliss he guided various seekers to Kali, realising one cannot experience it anywhere but from Her.{{sfn|Chetanananda|1990|pp=143-144}} When asked why he called the deity a "''Mother''", he answered that it was because the child is most free with the Mother, and she alone can cherish the child more than anyone else.{{sfn|Muller|1916|pp=118}} People around him noted that he engaged in talks of spiritual matters only and never about any worldly issues, and while talking about Kali the Divine Mother, he would simply cry and be elated. When someone once asked him about Kali worship, he said:<blockquote>
"I do not worship Kali made of clay and straw. My Mother is the conscious principle. My Mother is pure [[Satcitananda|Satchidananda]] — Existence-Knowledge-Bliss Absolute. That which is infinite and deep is always dark-coloured. The extensive sky is dark-coloured and so is the deep sea. My Kali is infinite, all-pervading, and consciousness itself."{{sfn|Chetanananda|1990|p=404}}
</blockquote>

===Marriage===
[[File:Sri_Ma_Sarada_Devi.jpg|thumb|Sarada Devi (1853–1920), wife and spiritual counterpart of Ramakrishna.]]
Rumors spread to Kamarpukur that Ramakrishna became unstable as a result of his spiritual practices at Dakshineswar. Ramakrishna's mother and his elder brother Rameswar decided to get Ramakrishna married, thinking that marriage would be a good steadying influence upon him by forcing him to take up responsibilities, and keep his attention on normal affairs rather than on his spiritual practices and visions. Ramakrishna himself mentioned that they would find the bride at the house of Ramchandra Mukherjee in [[Jayrambati]], three miles to the north-west of [[Kamarpukur]]. The five-year-old bride, [[Sarada Devi|Saradamani Mukhopadhyaya]] (later known as Sarada Devi; she is also considered an [[avatar]]) was found, and the marriage was duly solemnised in 1859. Ramakrishna was twenty-three at this point, but this age difference for marriage was typical for nineteenth-century rural Bengal.{{sfn|Jackson|1994|p=18}} They later spent three months together in Kamarpukur when Sarada Devi was fourteen, and Ramakrishna thirty-two. Ramakrishna became a very influential figure in Sarada's life, and she became a strong follower of his teachings. After the marriage, Sarada stayed at Jayrambati and joined Ramakrishna in Dakshineswar at the age of eighteen.{{sfn|Spivak|2008|pp=207–208}}

By the time his bride joined him, Ramakrishna had already embraced the monastic life of a [[sannyasi]], and the marriage was never consummated.{{sfn|Rolland|1929|p=59}}

Once as a part of practicing the spiritual mood called ''mādhurā bhavā sādhana'', Ramakrishna dressed and behaved as a woman.{{sfn|Goldman|1993|p=384}} Disciple [[Mahendranath Gupta]] quoted the Master as follows:<blockquote>How can a man conquer passion? He should assume the attitude of a woman. I spent many days as the handmaid of God. I dressed myself in women's clothes, put on ornaments and covered the upper part of my body with a scarf, just like a woman. With the scarf on, I used to perform the evening worship before the image. Otherwise, how could I have kept my wife with me for eight months? Both of us behaved as if we were the handmaid of the Divine Mother.{{sfn|Goldman|1993|p=385}}</blockquote>

As a priest, Ramakrishna performed the ritual ceremony of the ''Shodashi Puja'' in his room, where he worshipped his wife Sarada Devi as the ''Divine Mother'' herself.{{sfn|Rolland|1929|p=59}} Ramakrishna regarded Sarada Devi as the Divine Mother in person, addressing her as the [[Sarada Devi|Holy Mother]], and it was by this name that she became known to Ramakrishna's disciples. Sarada Devi outlived Ramakrishna by thirty-four years and played an important role in the development of the nascent religious movement.{{sfn|Spivak|2008|p=207}}{{sfn|Schneiderman|1969}}

==God-realisation via various traditions==
In 1860, Ramakrishna returned to Dakshineswar and was again caught up in a spiritual tempest forgetting his wife, home, body, and surroundings.{{sfn|Chetanananda|1990|p=14}} He once described his experiences during this most tumultuous period of his life thus:
<blockquote>"No sooner had I passed through one spiritual crisis than another took its place. It was like being in the midst of a whirlwind, even my sacred thread was blown away. I could seldom keep hold of my dhoti [cloth]. Sometimes I would open my mouth, and it would be as if my jaws reached from heaven to the underworld. "Mother!" I would cry desperately. I felt I had to pull her in, as a fisherman pulls in fish with his dragnet. A prostitute walking the street would appear to me to be [[Sita]], going to meet her victorious husband. An English boy standing cross-legged against a tree reminded me of the boy [[Krishna]], and I lost consciousness. Sometimes I would share my food with a dog. My hair became matted. Birds would perch on my head and peck at the grains of rice which had lodged there during the worship. Snakes would crawl over my motionless body. An ordinary man couldn't have borne a quarter of that tremendous fervour; it would have burnt him up. I had no sleep at all for six long years. My eyes lost the power of winking. I stood in front of a mirror and tried to close my eyelids with my finger and I couldn't! I got frightened and said to Mother: "Mother, is this what happens to those who call on you? I surrendered myself to you, and you gave me this terrible disease!" I used to shed tears — but then, suddenly, I'd be filled with ecstasy. I saw that my body didn't matter — it was of no importance, a mere trifle. Mother appeared to me and comforted me and freed me from my fear."{{sfn|Chetanananda|1990|pp=14–15}}
</blockquote>

Ramakrishna grew up practicing [[Bhakti]] towards Lord [[Rama]], and his duties as a priest at the Dakshineswar temple led him to practice worship of the Mother [[Kali]]. While serving as a temple priest at Dakshineswar, Ramakrishna would encounter various itinerant [[sadhu]]s who would visit his place and stay there for a while. Practicing their own modes of worship, several of them initiated Ramakrishna into various schools of [[Hinduism]].<ref name=":1">Ramakrishna and His Disciples, Christopher Isherwood, Methuen & Company, Ltd, 1965</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/sanatana-dharma |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |newspaper=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=10 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810005140/https://www.britannica.com/topic/sanatana-dharma |archive-date=10 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the year 1861, a female ascetic named Bhairavi Brahmani, initiated Ramakrishna into [[Tantra]].<ref name="Introduction page 18">[[Gospel of Ramakrishna]], Introduction, page 18 (the biographical section)</ref> Afterwards, he took up the practise of vatsalya bhava (attitude of a Parent towards the divine child) under a [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] guru named Jatadhari.{{sfn|Chetanananda|1990|pp=15}} In 1865, a [[Vedanta]] monk named Tota Puri, initiated Ramakrishna into sannyasa and he attained [[Samadhi#Hinduism|Nirvikalpa Samadhi]], considered as culmination of spiritual practices.{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|pp=245}} In 1866, Govinda Roy, a Hindu guru who practised [[Sufism]], initiated Ramakrishna into Islam,<ref>[[Gospel of Ramakrishna]], Introduction, page 33 (the biographical section)</ref> further in 1873, Ramakrishna practiced Christianity and had the Bible read to him.<ref>[[Gospel of Ramakrishna]], Introduction, page 34 (the biographical section)</ref>

After more than a decade of [[sadhana]] in various religious paths, each culminating in the realisation of God by that path, his personal practices settled, and he is said to have remained in bhavamukha, a level of blissful samadhi.<ref>'Ramakrishna and His Disciples', Christopher Isherwood, Methuen & Company, Ltd 1965 page 123</ref> He would meditate in the Panchavati (a wooded and secluded area of the Dakshineswar Temple grounds), go to the Kali temple to offer flowers to the Mother, and wave incense to the assorted deities and religious figures, whose pictures hung in his room.<ref>[[Gospel of Ramakrishna]]</ref>

===Rama Bhakti===
At some point in the period between his vision of Kali and his marriage, Ramakrishna practised ''dāsya bhāva'',{{refn|group=note|The Vaishnava Bhakti traditions speak of five different moods,{{sfn|Spivak|2008|p=197}} referred to as ''bhāva''s, different attitudes that a devotee can take up to express his love for God. They are: ''śānta'', the "peaceful attitude"; ''dāsya'', the attitude of a servant; ''sakhya'', the attitude of a friend; ''vātsalya'', the attitude of a mother toward her child; and ''madhura'', the attitude of a woman towards her lover.{{sfn|Neevel|1976}}<ref>{{Cite book | last = Allport | first = Gordon W. | title = Hindu Psychology | chapter = Its meaning for the West | publisher = Routledge | year = 1999 | page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=aANjt2mn27MC&pg=PA180 180]}}
</ref>}} during which he worshiped [[Rama]] with the attitude of [[Hanuman]], who is considered to be the ideal devotee and servant of Rama. According to Ramakrishna, towards the end of this ''sadhana'', he had a vision of [[Sita]], the consort of Rama, merging into his body.{{sfn|Neevel|1976}}<ref name="isherwood-dasya">Isherwood, pp. 70–73</ref>

Bhairavi Brahmani, an ascetic who used to carry with her the ''Raghuvir [[Sila (murti)|Shila]]'' – a stone idol representing lord Rama and all [[Vaishnava]] deities,{{sfn|Sen|2001|p=101}} who is also well versed in the texts of [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]{{sfn|Sen|2001|p=101}} stated that Ramakrishna was experiencing a phenomenon that accompanies ''mahabhava'', the supreme attitude of loving devotion towards the divine,{{sfn|Neevel|1976|p=74}} and quoting from the ''bhakti shastras'', she stated that other religious figures like [[Radha]] and [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]] had similar experiences.{{Sfn|Jestice|2004|p=723}}

===Tantra===
Tantra focuses on the worship of ''[[shakti]]'' and the object of tantric training is to transcend the barriers between the holy and unholy as a means of achieving liberation and to see all aspects of the natural world as manifestations of the divine ''shakti''.<ref name="jackson_18">{{Harvnb|Jackson|1994}}, p.18</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Varenne | first1 = Jean |last2=Coltman |first2=Derek | title = Yoga and the Hindu Tradition | publisher = University of Chicago Press | year = 1977 | page = 151 | quote = we know that certain Tantric practices, condemned as shockingly immoral, are aimed solely at enabling the adept to make use of the energy required for their realisation to destroy desire within himself root and branch}}</ref>

In the year 1861, an itinerant middle-aged female ascetic named Bhairavi Brahmani initiated Ramakrishna into [[Tantra]].<ref name="Introduction page 18"/> Under her guidance, Ramakrishna went through sixty-four major tantric sadhanas which were completed in 1863. For all the sixty-four sadhana, he took only three days each to complete.{{sfn|Neevel|1976|pp=74–77}} He began with [[mantra]] rituals such as [[japa]] and purascarana and many other rituals designed to purify the mind and establish self-control. He later proceeded towards tantric sadhanas, which generally include a set of heterodox practices called ''[[vamachara]]'' (left-hand path), which utilise as a means of liberation, activities like eating of [[parched grain]], fish and meat along with drinking of wine and sexual intercourse.{{sfn|Neevel|1976|p=74}} According to Ramakrishna and his biographers, Ramakrishna did not directly participate in the last two of those activities (some even say he didn't indulge in meat eating), all that he needed was a suggestion of them to produce the desired result.{{Sfn|Neevel|1976|p=74}} Ramakrishna acknowledged the left-hand tantric path, though it had "undesirable features", as one of the "valid roads to God-realisation", he consistently cautioned his devotees and disciples against associating with it.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sen|2001|p=99}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Hixon|2002|p=xliii}}</ref>

The Bhairavi also taught Ramakrishna the ''kumari-puja'', a form of ritual in which the Virgin Goddess is worshipped symbolically in the form of a young girl. Under the tutelage of the Bhairavi, Ramakrishna also learnt [[Kundalini Yoga]].{{Sfn|Neevel|1976|p=74}} The Bhairavi, with the [[yoga|yogic]] techniques and the tantra, played an important part in the initial spiritual development of Ramakrishna.{{Sfn|Smart|1998|p=409}}<ref>
{{Cite book
| last = Richards
| first = Glyn
| title = A Source-book of modern Hinduism
| publisher = Routledge
| year = 1985
| quote= [Ramakrishna] received instructions in yogic techniques which enabled him to control his spiritual energy.
| page = 63
}}</ref>

===Vaishnava Bhakti===
In 1864, Ramakrishna practised ''vātsalya bhāva'' under a Vaishnava guru Jatadhari.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sen|2001|p=138}}</ref> During this period, he worshipped a small metal image of Ramlālā (Rama as a child) in the attitude of a mother. According to Ramakrishna, he could feel the presence of child Rama as a living God in the metal image.<ref>Isherwood, p. 197–198.</ref><ref name="gospel_intro">{{Cite book
| last = Nikhilananda
| first = Swami
| title = The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna
| chapter = Introduction
| chapter-url = http://www.belurmath.org/gospel/introduction.htm
| access-date = 2 September 2008
| archive-date = 23 September 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150923183507/http://www.belurmath.org/gospel/introduction.htm
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

Ramakrishna later engaged in the practice of ''madhura bhāva'', the attitude of the [[Gopi]]s and [[Radha]] towards [[Krishna]].{{sfn|Neevel|1976}} During the practise of this ''bhava'', Ramakrishna dressed himself in women's attire for several days and regarded himself as one of the gopis of [[Vrindavan]]. According to Ramakrishna, ''madhura bhava'' is one of the ways to root out the idea of sex, which is seen as an impediment in spiritual life.<ref name="beyond_androcentrism">{{Cite book
| last = Sharma
| first = Arvind
| editor = Rita M. Gross
| title = Beyond Androcentrism
| chapter = Ramakrishna Paramahamsa: A Study in a Mystic's Attitudes towards Women
| publisher = Scholars Press (American Academy of Religion)
| year = 1977
| pages = 118–119, 122, 124
}}
</ref> According to Ramakrishna, towards the end of this ''sadhana'', he attained ''savikalpa samadhi'' (god seen with form and qualities)—vision and union with Krishna.<ref name="roy">Parama Roy, ''Indian Traffic: Identities in Question in Colonial and Post-Colonial India'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998 {{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref>

Ramakrishna visited [[Nadia district|Nadia]], the home of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] and [[Nityananda|Nityananda Prabhu]], the fifteenth-century founders of Bengali [[Gaudiya Vaishnava]] bhakti. According to Ramakrishna, he had an intense vision of two young boys merging into his body while he was crossing the river in a boat.<ref name="roy"/> Earlier, after his vision of Kali, he is said to have cultivated the ''Santa bhava''—the child attitude – towards Kali.{{sfn|Neevel|1976}}

===Tota Puri and Vedanta===
Towards the end of 1864, an itinerant monk named Tota Puri, a tall naked mendicant with tangled hair; a [[Naga sadhu]] of [[Mahanirvani Akhara]], born probably in Punjab, arrived at Dakshineswar while on a pilgrimage through various holy sites in India. He was the head of a monastery and claimed leadership over seven hundred sannyasis.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jackson|1994}}, p.19</ref><ref name="EUH-263">{{Harvnb|Harding|1998|p=263}}</ref>{{sfn|Gupta|1942|p=40}} These [[Sannyasa|sannyasis]] are renowned to be the knowers of [[Brahman]], and as beings who are thoroughly satisfied in themselves. They see the whole universe as Brahman and its manifestation through [[Maya (religion)|Maya]]. They are always on move, traveling to different pilgrimage places, visiting various temples and meeting holy people in order to experience Brahman there. Tota Puri was one such man who was on a similar visit when he arrived at Dakshineswar. It was a traditional convention with him to not spend more than three days at any one place, and arrived at the Kali temple expecting to spend only three days there.{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|pp=246,247}}

====Initial meeting====
Arriving at the temple ghat, Tota Puri had a glimpse of the devotional face of Ramakrishna, and stepped up to him wondering if he can be a fit aspirant for learning Vedanta in Bengal, a province which was then saturated with Tantra. After observing Ramakrishna rigorously, he asked him on his own volition if he was interested in practicing any Vedantic disciplines. Ramakrishna replied, "I know nothing of what I should do or not; my Mother knows everything; I shall do as She commands." A startled Tota told him to go ask your mother then, at which Ramakrishna silently went into the temple and returned ecstatically with a joyful face and informed that his Mother said, "Go and learn; it is in order to teach you that the monk came here." Being aware that whom Ramakrishna was referring to as his Mother was the idol in the temple, Tota though fascinated at this childlike simplicity, opined his behaviour was due to ignorance and false beliefs. Being a learned man and of sharp intellect, Tota had no regard for any deity except for the [[Ishvara#Schools of thought|Ishvara]] of Vedanta. He looked upon the [[Devi]] as a delusional figure and had no belief in her existence, much less worshipping or propitiating Her. However, he did not say anything about this to Ramakrishna as he felt his impressions of mind would anyway pass away once initiated into sannyasa.{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|pp=247}}

====Initiation into sannyasa====
At the Panchavati, situated to the north of the temple garden, Ramakrishna was initiated into [[sannyasa]] by Tota Puri. At the dawn of morning in the auspicious moment of [[Brahmamuhurtha]], with the [[Homa (ritual)#Hinduism|Homa]] fire lighted, he was guided through the various rites and ceremonies involved in the procedure of becoming a Sannyasi.{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|pp=248}} In accordance with the scriptural injunctions and tradition of successive generations, he offered as an oblation; to be free from the desire of having spouse, children, wealth, admiration from people, beautiful body and so on, and renounced them all. He then also offered his sacred thread and the tuft of hair on his head as part of the oblation. A pair of Kaupinas (cloth-covering worn over the privities) and an ochre cloth were then presented by the [[Guru#In Hinduism|guru]] Tota to the [[Sādhaka|sadhaka]] Ramakrishna,{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|pp=251}} who was then instructed by Tota thus:
<blockquote>
"[[Brahman]], the one substance which alone is eternally pure, eternally awakened, unlimited by time, space and causation, is absolutely real. Through [[Maya (religion)|Maya]], which makes the impossible possible, It causes, by virtue of its influence, to seem that It is divided into names and forms. Brahman is never really so divided. For, at the time of [[Samadhi#Hinduism|Samadhi]], not even a drop, so to say, of time and space, and name and form produced by Maya is perceived. Whatever, therefore, is within the bounds of name and form can never be absolutely real. Shun it by a good distance. Break the firm cage of name and form with the overpowering strength of a lion and come out of it. Dive deep into the reality of the Self existing in yourself. Be one with It with the help of Samadhi. You will then see the universe consisting of name and form, vanish, as it were, into the void; you will see the consciousness of the little I merge in that of the immense I, where it ceases to function; and you will have the immediate knowledge of the indivisible [[Satcitananda|Existence-Knowledge-Bliss]] as yourself."{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|pp=250}} </blockquote>

====Experience of samadhi====
[[File:Panchavati Ramakrishna.jpg|thumb| right|The [[Panchavati]] and the hut, where Ramakrishna performed his [[advaita|advaitic]] [[sadhana]]. The mud hut has been replaced by a brick one.]]

Quoting scriptures, Tota explained to his disciple the need to attain the [[Nonduality (spirituality)|non-dual consciousness]] as it alone can provide a person the supreme bliss. He tried to enable his disciple to experience the gains from his lifelong [[Sādhanā#Definitions|sadhana]] right on that day, and attempted to make him attain Samadhi. He asked his disciple to free his mind from all functions, and merge it in the meditation of the Self. It so came to pass that when Ramakrishna sat for meditation, he could by no means make his mind stop from functioning. He would withdraw his mind easily from everything, but as soon as he did so, the intimately familiar form of the divine Mother, made up of pure consciousness, would appear before him as a living and moving being, making him unmindful of renunciation. Every time he sat for meditation, this happened all over again, and becoming nearly hopeless, he said to his guru, "No, it cannot be done; I cannot make the mind free from functioning and force it to dive into the Self." Criticising his disciple very harshly for his defiance, Tota, now feverishly went about searching in the hut. After finding a broken piece of glass, he took it into his hand and forcibly pierced its needlelike pointed end on his disciple's forehead between the eyebrows and said, "Collect the mind here to this point With a firm determination." Ramakrishna, now determined, sat for meditation, and when as previously the form of the divine Mother appeared before his mind, he immediately cut her mentally into two with the sword of knowledge. According to Ramakrishna, there remained then "no function in the mind, which transcended quickly the realm of names and forms, making me merge in [[Samadhi#Hinduism|Samadhi]]."{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|pp=251}}

After being around for a long time near his disciple who's now merged into Samadhi, Tota came out of the hut and locked its door lest someone may enter. Taking his seat outside under the Panchavati, he awaited a call to open the door. Days passed by and nights rolled on and at the end of three days when there was no call, surprised and curious, he entered the hut and found Ramakrishna sitting in the exact same posture in which he left him, with no sign of breath whatsoever and face calm and radiant. Highly versed in the phenomena of Samadhi, Tota was astonished and thought, "Is it indeed true, what I see enacted before me? Has this great soul actually realised in a day what I could experience only as the fruit of forty years of austere Sadhana?" In disbelief, he now began to examine and inspect in detail, all the signs manifested in the body of Ramakrishna. He particularly examined if his heart was beating and whether there was the smallest amount of breath coming out through his nostrils. He touched and checked his body, which was now in a firm posture like a piece of fixed wood. Seeing no signs of change, nor any return of normal consciousness, Tota, brimming with joy and awe, exclaimed, "Is it in truth Samadhi? Is it the [[Samadhi#Asamprajñata samādhi|Nirvikalpa Samadhi]], the ultimate result attained through the path of knowledge spoken of in the Vedanta? Ah, how very strange is the Maya of the Divine." He then began the process of bringing back his disciple to normal consciousness by chanting out loud the Mantra, "Hari Aum", the sound of which reverberated the entire space around Panchavati.{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|pp=252}}

====Maya and the Divine Mother====
After the experience of Nirvikalpa Samadhi, Ramakrishna realised that the great weaver of Maya is none other than Kali, the Divine Mother herself; that she projects it by Her will like a spider that spins a web out of itself, and She can no more be differentiated from Brahman than can the power of burning from fire.{{sfn|Gupta|1942|p=42}} Observing Maya as a majestic and enigmatic statement of divinity, he was filled with reverence and love for it, unlike with disdain seen in other realised souls.{{sfn|Gupta|1942|p=42}}

He observed that Maya functions in the world in two ways and named them as "Avidya Maya" and "Vidya Maya". Considering Avidya Maya to be represented by the lower forces like evil, greed, cruelty etc., which consign a man to the lower level of existence, and Vidya Maya to be represented by the higher forces like kindness, love and devotion, which elevate a man to the higher levels of existence, Ramakrishna felt that when an individual with the help of Vidya Maya could rid himself of Avidya Maya he would become ''Mayatita'' or free of Maya. He realised these two facets of Maya to be the two forces of creation, the two powers of Kali{{emdash}}Who stands beyond both of them, like the beaming sun behind the clouds of different colours and patterns, and shines through them all. Instead of looking upon the world as an illusion created by Brahman as per Vedanta, Ramakrishna looked upon it as the manifestation of the Divine Mother.{{sfn|Gupta|1942|p=43}}

He further elaborated his view on the Brahman of Vedanta and the Divine Mother of Tantra thus:
<blockquote>
"When I think of the Supreme Being as inactive – neither creating nor preserving nor destroying – I call Him Brahman or Purusha, the Impersonal God. When I think of Him as active – creating, preserving, and destroying – I call Him Sakti or Maya or Prakriti, the Personal God. But the distinction between them does not mean a difference. The Personal and the Impersonal are the same thing, like milk and its whiteness, the diamond and its lustre, the snake and its wriggling motion. It is impossible to conceive of the one without the other. The Divine Mother and Brahman are one."{{sfn|Gupta|1942|p=44}}</blockquote>

====Tota Puri humbled====
Having seen the rapid progress of Ramakrishna in the Vedantic path, Tota Puri now started to have many serious discussions with him over devotion to the Divine Mother and the Vedantic Brahman. During the course of one such lively discussion, a servant of the temple garden visited them and took a piece of charcoal from the pit of the sacred [[Dhuni]] fire, which was then lit by the great ascetic himself to light his own tobacco. At this instance of the unholy act by the servant, Tota flew into rage and began to threaten the man severely; Ramakrishna, who was sitting aside and seeing all this fell onto the ground, rolling in laughter, and remarked how powerful the influence of Maya is over the behaviour of Tota, who was until then talking about how all people are manifestations of Brahman, but forgot everything and got angry at that servant. Tota, feeling embarrassed, vowed never to be angry again. Ramakrishna would go on to say, "Caught in the net of [[Pancha Bhoota|five elements]], Brahman weeps" and that no amount of self-knowledge will make the life of a man better until the grace of God is bestowed on him through the power of Maya.{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|pp=483-484}}

After staying in the Bengal Province for a while, Tota Puri, who until then had never had any illness in his life caught dysentery, which made his life quite miserable. Thinking about taking his leave and moving away, he approached Ramakrishna but every time he did so he would either forget to mention it, or would feel prevented from speaking about it by someone within him, and then would go back hesitantly. Seeing his frail body and knowing about his condition, Ramakrishna with help of Mathur arranged for a special diet and medicines, all to no avail. Being well versed in Meditation, Tota Puri used to merge his mind into Samadhi at will and thus avoid feeling the pain in his body. However, on one night the pain in his intestines became so intense that his mind was no longer able to merge in Samadhi, and he decided to drown his "cage of bones and flesh" in the river Ganga and be free from the consciousness of having body. He thus set out and on reaching a bank of the river, started walking into it and kept walking further, all the way to almost the other side of the bank. Baffled that there seemed to be not enough water in the river to drown himself, he looked back and found, in one dazzling vision, the sight of the divine Mother, the one beyond [[Turiya]], filling up all the space round him. Feeling awe, and realising that the Brahman he had been worshipping all his life was none other than the divine Mother herself, with a grateful heart he turned back, and spent the remaining night meditating on the divine Mother near the dhuni under Panchavati.{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|pp=485-488}}

When Ramakrishna met Tota in the morning to enquire about his health, he found a totally different person with no more illness. Reflecting on how impudent he was to not accept the divine Mother, Tota explained to him the events that transpired the night before, and that by the grace of the Mother, he was now free from his disease. Ramakrishna, with a smile said, "Well, you did not accept the Mother before and argued with me saying that [[Shakti]] was unreal! But you have now seen Her yourself, and direct experience has got the better of your arguments. She has convinced me already of the fact that just as fire and its burning power are not different, so, Brahman and the power of Brahman are not different, but one and the same." Tota then asked Ramakrishna to exhort Her to give him permission to leave, as he now realised that it was Her will that he, who had never spent more than three days at a place, had spent eleven months there. Both of them then visited the temple and Tota, who until then considered the image of the Devi to be a delusion, prostrated himself in front of her idol along with Ramakrishna. A few days later, he took leave and left Dakshineswar. It was his first and the last visit to that place.{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|pp=488}}

===Perception in samadhi===
Some time after the departure of Tota Puri from Dakshineswar, Ramakrishna owing to his lack of any restraining elements or desires in the world, decided to dwell in the plane of [[Samadhi#Asamprajñata samādhi|Nirvikalpa Samadhi]]. As he attempted to do so, once again the form of the divine Mother, "beautiful, more beautiful than the most", started to appear in front of his mind, and he not having the heart to leave her behind and go ahead, would return. After much internal deliberation, with great courage, Ramakrishna again, while meditating, took up knowledge as the sword and cut her form into two, and then "there was nothing left in the mind then; and it rushed quickly up to the complete Nirvikalapa state."{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|pp=358-359}}{{sfn|Gupta|1942|p=44}}

Ramakrishna remained in the Nirvikalapa state continually for a period of six months, a state of perception said to be from which no ordinary person returns, as the body would then fall dead after twenty-one days, like a dry leaf from a tree. He remained unconscious of the outer world throughout this period, and stayed put like a dead man with matted hair and flies moving through his mouth and nostrils. He might have died then if not for the untiring efforts of an unknown monk who happened to be present in Dakshineswar at the time, and who on recognising the state in which Ramakrishna was, thought his body must be kept alive for the betterment of the world as the work of the Mother is still to be done with it, and made attempts every day to bring it back to awareness by beating him with a stick, and feed him in the resulting fleeting moments of consciousness, which appeared very rarely for a few moments on some days. This period of being in the Nirvikalapa state came to an end after Ramakrishna received a command from the Mother to remain in [[Samadhi#Bhāva samādhi|Bhava Mukha]], a state of consciousness bordering between being absorbed into the absolute and remaining in the relative world, for the sake of enlightening people. This was followed by him having an affliction with a severe bout of dysentery. After suffering intense pain in the intestines continually for about six months, his mind gradually returned to the normal plane of consciousness, before that it used to rise and be fixated at the Nirvikalpa state every now and then.{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|p=359}}

Ramakrishna then firmed his awareness at the [[Ajna|sixth chakra]] of Tantra, and lived with his consciousness oscillating between being either absorbed into the impersonal absolute or remain in personal devotion to the Mother.{{sfn|Gupta|1942|pp=43-45}} Later in his life, it was observed that while talking about or listening to subjects related to God, Ramakrishna, with his face beaming a smile and body turning radiant, would become noticeably stiff and unconscious. When one of his disciples asked him why does it happen so and what does he experience in that state? Ramakrishna smiled and replied: <blockquote>
"Well, it is called samadhi, the culmination of meditation. I borrow one-sixteenth part of the mind from the Divine Mother and talk and laugh with you, but the remaining portion rests with the Mother, meditating on her real essence as Existence-Knowledge-Bliss Absolute. When I talk or hear about the Mother, the whole mind goes to the Absolute and samadhi immediately ensues. Do you know what samadhi really is? It is complete absorption in Brahman. Do you know how I feel at that time? Suppose there is a basin of water on the seashore and a fish is confined in it. If the basin is accidentally broken, the fish finds its way to the unfathomable ocean. It then frolics in the height of joy, doesn't it? Similarly, during samadhi my mind leaps out of this body, as it were, and plunges into Existence-Knowledge-Bliss Absolute. Hence the body appears like that. In other words, there is no body-consciousness, and the soul merges in the higher Self — the [[Paramatman#Hinduism|Paramatman]] — in the [[Sahasrara|thousand-petalled]] lotus of the head and experiences unspeakable bliss. That experience sends a wave of divine bliss to the face, and the body becomes radiant. This very self then becomes Shiva, the Absolute."{{sfn|Chetanananda|1990|pp=346}}</blockquote>

The periods of Samadhi would later become a regular part in the life of Ramakrishna, and people near him used to find him in a state of Samadhi every now and then, sometimes for almost twenty four hours a day. Once a government official found him remaining in a state of ecstasy for three days and three nights straight. When found deeply absorbed in Samadhi for a long period of time, his devotees would rub cow ghee on his spine, from neck to the lower back, and from the knees down to the soles of his feet, pulling in a downward direction, so as to bring him back to the plane of normal consciousness. Ramakrishna used to say the natural tendency of his mind is towards the Nirvikalpa plane and once in Samadhi, he would not be inclined to come back to the normal plane of consciousness but would return for the sake of his devotees, and sometimes even this will was not enough, so he would fill his mind with trivial desires like, "I will smoke tobacco," "I will drink water," "I will take this," "I will see so and so," "I will talk," and by repeatedly saying such things to his mind, he would make it gradually return to the plane of body consciousness. He would later often tell his devotees to "tie the Knowledge of non-duality in the corner of your cloth and then do whatever you want".{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|pp=360}}

===Islam and Christianity===
====Islam====
In 1866, Govinda Roy, a Hindu man who was previously initiated into Islam and practised [[Sufism]], initiated Ramakrishna into [[Islam]].{{sfn|Chetanananda|1990|pp=15}} Ramakrishna learned about Govinda through the latter's regular visits to Dakshineswar. Being much impressed by seeing the faith and love for God in Govinda, Ramakrishna decided to practice Islam, reasoning: "This also is a path to realisation of God; the sportive mother, the source of infinite [[Lila (Hinduism)|Lila]], has been blessing many people with the attainment of her lotus feet through this path also. I must see how through it she makes those who take refuge in her, attain their desired end."{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|pp=260}}

Ramakrishna engaged himself in the practice of Islam according to its prescribed rules. He devotedly repeated the name of Allah, and said their prayers five times a day and remained in that state of mind for three days, after which he had full realisation through their path.{{sfn|Chetanananda|1990|pp=15}}

During this practice, Ramakrishna had a vision of a luminous figure, and [[Swami Nikhilananda]]'s biography speculates that the figure was 'perhaps Mohammed'.{{sfn|Kripal|1995}}<ref>The vision recorded by Swami Saradananda has some variants in different texts and biographies. Jeffrey J. Kripal (1995), Kali's Child: The Mystical and the Erotic in the Life and Teachings of Ramakrishna. First edition. University of Chicago Press.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Swarup |first=Ram|date=1986 |title=Ramakrishna Mission: In search of a new identity |url=https://archive.org/details/Identity_201605}}</ref> According to these accounts, Ramakrishna "devoutly repeated the name of [[Allah]], wore a cloth like the [[Arab]] [[Muslims]], said their prayer five times daily, and felt disinclined even to see images of the Hindu gods and goddesses, much less worship them—for the Hindu way of thinking had disappeared altogether from my mind."{{Sfn|Isherwood|1980|p=124}} After three days of practice he had a vision of a "radiant personage with grave countenance and white beard resembling [[Muhammad|the Prophet]] and merging with his body".{{sfn|Rolland|1929|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463366/page/n57 49]–62}} He opined this vision to be of the all pervasive Brahman with [[Brahman#Nirguna and Saguna Brahman|attributes]], as the vision eventually ended with him merging into the attributeless absolute [[Brahman]].{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|pp=260}} [[Jeffrey Kripal|Kripal]] writes that this "would have been a [[heretical]] experience through and through" for most Muslims.{{sfn|Kripal|1995}}

After his experience of practicing Islam, Ramakrishna opined that knowledge of [[Vedanta]] can make Hindus and Muslims sympathetic to one another as, "There is, as it were, a mountain of difference between them. Their thoughts and faiths, actions and behaviour have remained quite unintelligible to one another in spite of their living together for so long a time."{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|pp=260-261}}

====Christianity====
At the end of 1873, Ramakrishna started the practice of [[Christianity]]. After one of his devotees named Sambhu Chandra Mallick read the [[Bible]] to him, he got well acquainted with the life and teachings of Jesus.{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|pp=295}}

Once when the Bible was being read out loud to him, from the very beginning there were references to the doctrine of [[Christian views on sin|Sin]]. After hearing a little and finding that it talked of nothing but sin, he refused to listen to it anymore further, saying, "Just as in the case of snakebite, if the patient can be made to believe that there is no poison at all, he will be all right. Similarly, if one constantly thinks, I have taken the name of the Lord, so I am sinless, one becomes pure." He ideated that the more we give up such ideas as "I am sinful", "I am weak", the better it will be for all, as we all are children of God, thus not weak and sinful. He considered thinking of oneself as weak and sinful to be the greatest sin.{{sfn|Chetanananda|1990|pp=171}}

In 1874, Ramakrishna experienced a strange vision at the parlour of Jadu Mallik's garden house, situated to the south of Kali temple in Dakshineswar. He was sitting there and looking keenly at a picture of [[Madonna and Child]] hanging on the wall, when all of a sudden he saw it come to life with effulgent rays of light emerging from the image and merging into his heart. A few days later, while walking in the Panchavati, he reportedly had a vision of [[Jesus]] coming towards him, embracing and merging into his body. At this moment he reportedly lost his normal consciousness, entered into trance and remained for some time identified with the all pervasive [[Brahman#Nirguna and Saguna Brahman|Brahman with attributes]].{{sfn|Saradananda|1952|pp=295,296}}

In his own room amongst other divine pictures was one of Christ, and he burnt incense before it morning and evening. There was also a picture showing Jesus Christ saving [[St Peter]] from drowning in the water.<ref name="roy"/><ref>Western Admirers of Ramakrishna and His Disciples, Gopal Stavig, 2010, {{ISBN|9788175053342}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = Ramakrishna Mission Singapore
| title = Lay Disciples of Ramakrishna
| journal = Nirvana
| publisher = Ramakrishna Mission, Singapore
| url = http://www.ramakrishna.org.sg/Nirvana_Apr%202007.htm
| date = April 2007
| access-date = 4 September 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080921115105/http://www.ramakrishna.org.sg/Nirvana_Apr%202007.htm
| archive-date = 21 September 2008
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

==Popularisation and final years==

=== Keshab Chandra Sen and the "New Dispensation" ===
[[File:Ramakrishna_in_bhava_samadhi_after_singing_about_Kali.jpg|thumb|Ramakrishna in [[bhava samadhi]] after singing about Kali. His nephew, Hriday, who was supporting him, started uttering "[[Om]]" in his ear, bringing him back to normal consciousness, with Brahmo Samaj devotees at the house of [[Keshub Chandra Sen]], 21 September 1879.]]
In 1875, Ramakrishna met the influential [[Brahmo Samaj]] leader [[Keshab Chandra Sen]].<ref name="rr_shep">{{harvnb|Rolland|1929|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463366/page/n118 110]–130}}</ref>
<ref>
{{Cite book
| last = Farquhar
| first = John Nicol
| title = Modern Religious Movements in India
| url = https://archive.org/details/modernreligiousm0000farq
| url-access = limited
| publisher = Macmillan Co.
| year = 1915
| page = [https://archive.org/details/modernreligiousm0000farq/page/194 194]
| quote = About 1875, Keshab Chandra Sen made his acquaintance and became very interested in him (Ramakrishna).
}}
</ref> Keshab had accepted Christianity, and had separated from the [[Adi Brahmo Samaj]]. Formerly, Keshab had rejected idolatry, but under the influence of Ramakrishna he accepted Hindu polytheism and established the "New Dispensation" (''Nava Vidhan'') religious movement, based on Ramakrishna's principles—"Worship of God as Mother", "All religions as true" and "Assimilation of Hindu polytheism into Brahmoism".<ref>
{{Cite book
| author = Y. Masih
| title = A Comparative Study of Religions
| pages = 198–199
| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass
| year = 2000
}}
</ref> Keshab also publicised Ramakrishna's teachings in the journals of ''New Dispensation'' over a period of several years,<ref name="jm_pb">{{Cite journal
| last = Mukherjee
| first = Dr. Jayasree
| title = Sri Ramakrishna's Impact on Contemporary Indian Society
| journal = Prabuddha Bharata
| date = May 2004
| url = http://www.eng.vedanta.ru/library/prabuddha_bharata/sri_ramakrishna%27s_impact_on_contemporary_indian_society_may04.php
| access-date = 4 September 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080924025928/http://www.eng.vedanta.ru/library/prabuddha_bharata/sri_ramakrishna's_impact_on_contemporary_indian_society_may04.php
| archive-date = 24 September 2008
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> which was instrumental in bringing Ramakrishna to the attention of a wider audience, especially the [[Bhadralok]] (English-educated classes of Bengal) and the Europeans residing in India.<ref name="mm_56-57">{{Cite book
| last = Müller
| first = Max
| title = Râmakrishna his Life and Sayings
| year = 1898
| pages = 56–57
| chapter = Râmak''ri''sh''n''a's Life
| chapter-url = http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rls/rls14.htm
| access-date = 31 August 2008
| archive-date = 25 July 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080725114727/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rls/rls14.htm
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Debarry|first=William Theodore|author2=Ainslie Thomas Embree |others=[[Stephen N. Hay]]|title=Sources of Indian Tradition: From the Beginning to 1800|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1988|page=63|isbn=978-0-231-06415-6|author2-link=Ainslie Thomas Embree}}</ref>

Following Keshab, other Brahmos such as Vijaykrishna Goswami started to admire Ramakrishna, propagate his ideals and reorient their socio-religious outlook. Many prominent people of Kolkata—[[Pratap Chandra Mazumdar]], [[Sivanath Shastri]] and Trailokyanath Sanyal—began visiting him during this time (1871–1885). Mazumdar wrote the first English biography of Ramakrishna, entitled ''The Hindu Saint'' in the ''Theistic Quarterly Review'' (1879), which played a vital role in introducing Ramakrishna to Westerners like the German [[indologist]] [[Max Müller]].<ref name="jm_pb"/> Newspapers reported that Ramakrishna was spreading "Love" and "Devotion" among the educated classes of [[Kolkata]] and that he had succeeded in reforming the character of some youths whose morals had been corrupt.<ref name="jm_pb"/>

Ramakrishna also had interactions with [[Debendranath Tagore]], the father of [[Rabindranath Tagore]], and [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]], a renowned social worker. He had also met [[Dayananda Saraswati|Swami Dayananda]].<ref name="rr_shep"/> Ramakrishna is considered one of the main contributors to the [[Bengali Renaissance]].

=== Swami Vivekananda ===
{{Main|Relationship between Ramakrishna and Swami Vivekananda}}

[[File:Disciples_of_Ramakrishna._This_was_taken_at_a_rented_house_(8_Bosepara_Lane),_Kolkata,_June_1899.jpg|thumb|Disciples of Ramakrishna. From left: [[Trigunatitananda]], [[Shivananda]], [[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekananda]], [[Turiyananda]], Swami Brahmananda, and (seated below) [[Swami Sadananda]] (disciple of [[Vivekananda]]). ]]
Among the Europeans who were influenced by Ramakrishna was Principal Dr. [[William Hastie]] of the [[Scottish Church College, Kolkata]]. In the course of explaining the word ''trance'' in the poem ''The Excursion'' by [[William Wordsworth]], Hastie told his students that if they wanted to know its "real meaning", they should go to "Ramakrishna of Dakshineswar." This prompted some of his students, including Narendranath Dutta (later [[Swami Vivekananda]]), to visit Ramakrishna.

Despite initial reservations, [[Vivekananda]] became Ramakrishna's most influential follower, popularising a modern interpretation of Indian traditions which harmonised Tantra, Yoga and Advaita Vedanta. Vivekananda established the [[Ramakrishna order]], which eventually spread its mission posts throughout the world. Monastic disciples, who renounced their family and became the earliest monks of the Ramakrishna order, included Rakhal Chandra Ghosh ([[Swami Brahmananda]]), Kaliprasad Chandra ([[Swami Abhedananda]]), Taraknath Ghoshal ([[Swami Shivananda]]), Sashibhushan Chakravarty ([[Swami Ramakrishnananda]]), Saratchandra Chakravarty ([[Swami Saradananda]]), Tulasi Charan Dutta ([[Swami Nirmalananda]]), Gangadhar Ghatak ([[Swami Akhandananda]]), Hari Prasana ([[Swami Vijnanananda]]) Swami Turiyananda and others.

=== Other devotees and disciples ===
{{Main|Disciples of Ramakrishna|Swami Vivekananda}}

[[File:Mahendranath_Gupta_(Sri_M).jpg|thumb|[[Mahendranath Gupta]], a householder devotee and the author of [[Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita]].]]
As his name spread, an ever-shifting crowd of all classes and castes visited Ramakrishna. Most of Ramakrishna's prominent disciples came between 1879 and 1885.{{Sfn|Schneiderman|1969}} Apart from the early members who joined the Ramakrishna Order, his chief disciples consisted of:<ref name="gospel_intro"/>
* ''Grihasthas'' or ''The householders''—[[Mahendranath Gupta]], [[Durga Charan Nag]], [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]], [[Mahendra Lal Sarkar]], [[Akshay Kumar Sen]] and others.
* A small group of women disciples, including ''[[Gauri Ma]]'' and ''Yogin Ma''. A few of them were initiated into ''sanyasa'' through ''mantra deeksha''. Among the women, Ramakrishna emphasised service to other women rather than ''tapasya'' (practice of austerities).<ref>
{{Cite book
| last = Chetanananda
| first = Swami
| title = They Lived with God
| year = 1989
| page = 163
| publisher = Vedanta Society of St. Louis
| place = St. Louis
}}
</ref> [[Gauri Ma]] founded the Saradesvari Ashrama at [[Barrackpur]], which was dedicated to the education and upliftment of women.<ref>Beckerlegge (2006), ''Swami Vivekananda's Legacy of Service'', p.27</ref>

In preparation for monastic life, Ramakrishna ordered his monastic disciples to beg their food from door to door without distinction of caste. He gave them the saffron robe, the sign of the [[Sanyasi]], and initiated them with ''Mantra Deeksha''.{{sfn|Rolland|1929|pp=143–168}}

===Last days===
[[File:Disciples at Ramakrishna's funeral.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Various disciples and devotees of Ramakrishna at his funeral.|left]]
[[File:Cossipore Garden House or Udyan Baati - the garden and the main building.jpg|thumb|Cossipore Udyan Bari (Cossipore Garden House) where Ramakrishna died & spent last year of his life]]
In the beginning of 1885 Ramakrishna suffered from [[Pharyngitis#Classification|clergyman's throat]], which gradually developed into [[Head and neck cancer|throat cancer]]. He was moved to [[Shyampukur]] near Kolkata, where some of the best physicians of the time, including Dr. [[Mahendralal Sarkar]], were engaged. When his condition aggravated, he was relocated to a large garden house at [[Cossipore]] on 11 December 1885.{{Sfn|Rolland|1929|pp=201–214}}

During his last days, he was looked after by his monastic disciples and Sarada Devi. Ramakrishna was advised by the doctors to keep the strictest silence, but ignoring their advice, he incessantly conversed with visitors.<ref name="mm_56-57"/> According to traditional accounts, before his death, Ramakrishna transferred his spiritual powers to Vivekananda, and assured him of his avataric status. Requesting other monastic disciples to look upon Vivekananda as their leader,{{Sfn|Rolland|1929|pp=201–214}}<ref>{{Harvnb|Sen|2006|p=168}}</ref> Ramakrishna asked [[Vivekananda]] to look after the welfare of the disciples, saying, "keep my boys together", and asked him to "teach them".<ref name="williams_325">{{Cite book| last = Williams | first = George M. | editor = Robert D. Baird | title = Religion in Modern India | chapter = "Swami Vivekananda: Archetypal Hero or Doubting Saint?" | year = 1989 | page = 325}}</ref>

Ramakrishna's condition gradually worsened, and he died in the early morning hours of 16 August 1886 at the [[Cossipore]] garden house. According to his disciples, this was ''[[mahasamadhi]]''.{{Sfn|Rolland|1929|pp=201–214}} His last word, on one account was "ma", while another states he uttered "Kali" thrice before dying.{{sfn|Chetanananda|1990|pp=56,408}}

After the death of their master, the monastic disciples led by Vivekananda formed a fellowship at a half-ruined house at [[Baranagar]] near the river [[Ganges]], with the financial assistance of the householder disciples. This became the first [[Baranagar Math|Math]] or monastery of the disciples who constituted the first [[Ramakrishna Order]].{{Sfn|Schneiderman|1969}}

==Reception and teachings==
{{See also|Views on Ramakrishna}}

In the ''Gospel of Ramakrishna'', he spoke to two different classes of people seeking instruction from him. For monks and those on the monastic path, he spoke of non-dual Vedanta, but to householders, he advised that they not follow Advaita Vedanta, but rather the bhakti path:

<blockquote>For those who lead a householder's life, and those who identify with the body, the attitude of "I am He" is not good... householders should look on God as their master and themselves as His servant.<ref>{{cite book |last= Nikhilananda |first= Swami |date= 1942|title= The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna |publisher= Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center, New York|page= 593|isbn= 978-0-911206-01-2}}</ref></blockquote>

[[Max Müller]]{{refn|group=note|In his influential<ref>{{cite journal|author=John Rosselli|title=Sri Ramakrishna and the educated elite of late nineteenth century|journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology|date=1978|volume=12|issue=2|doi=10.1177/006996677801200203|s2cid=144028884}}</ref> 1896 essay "A real [[mahatma]]: Sri Ramakrishna Paramahansa Dev" and his 1899 book ''Râmakrishna: His Life and Sayings''.}} portrayed Ramakrishna as, "...a Bhakta, a worshipper or lover of the deity, much more than a Gñânin or a knower."<ref>Friedrich Max Müller, [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rls/rls23.htm ''Râmakrishna: His Life and Sayings''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122224031/http://sacred-texts.com/hin/rls/rls23.htm |date=22 January 2009}}, pp.93–94, Longmans, Green, 1898</ref>{{Sfn|Neevel|1976|p=85}} [[Postcolonial]] [[literary theory|literary theorist]] [[Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak]] wrote that Ramakrishna was a "Bengali ''bhakta'' visionary" and that as a ''bhakta'', "he turned chiefly towards Kali."<ref>{{Harvnb|Spivak|2008|p=197}}</ref>

[[Indologist]] [[Heinrich Zimmer]] was the first Western scholar to interpret Ramakrishna's worship of the [[Shakti|Divine Mother]] as containing specifically [[Tantra|Tantric]] elements.<ref name="jackson_154"/><ref>Neeval and Hatcher, "Ramakrishna" in ''Encyclopedia of Religion'', 2005 p 7613</ref> Neeval also argued that tantra played a main role in Ramakrishna's spiritual development.<ref name="jackson_154">Carl T. Jackson (1994), p.154</ref>

===Transformation into neo-Vedantin===
{{see also|Neo-Vedanta}}
[[File:Sri_Ramakrishna_Paramhansa_Calcutta,_Dec._10,_1881.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Ramakrishna, taken on 10 December 1881 at the studio of "The Bengal Photographers" in Radhabazar, Calcutta (Kolkata).]]
Vivekananda portrayed Ramakrishna as an Advaita Vedantin. Vivekananda's approach can be located in the historical background of Ramakrishna and Calcutta during the mid-19th century.{{sfn|Sarkar|1999|p=293}} Neevel notes that the image of Ramakrishna underwent several transformations in the writings of his prominent admirers, who changed the 'religious madman' into a calm and well-behaving proponent of Advaita Vedanta.{{sfn|Neevel|1976}} [[Narasingha Sil]] has argued that Vivekananda revised and mythologised Ramakrishna's image after Ramakrishna's death.<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 3270397|title = Vivekānanda's Rāmakṛṣṇa: An Untold Story of Mythmaking and Propaganda|journal = Numen|volume = 40|issue = 1|pages = 38–62|last1 = Sil|first1 = Narasingha P.|year = 1993|doi = 10.1163/156852793X00040|s2cid = 170634342}}</ref> McDaniel notes that the Ramakrishna Mission is biased towards Advaita Vedanta, and downplays the importance of Shaktism in Ramakrishna's spirituality.{{sfn|McDaniel|2011|p=54}} Malcolm McLean argued that the Ramakrishna Movement presents "a particular kind of explanation of Ramakrishna, that he was some kind of neo-Vedantist who taught that all religions lead to the same Godhead."<ref>McLean, Malcolm, [http://www.articlearchives.com/humanities-social-science/religion/1048640-1.html "Kali's Child: The Mystical and Erotic in the Life and Teachings of Ramakrishna."] ''The Journal of the American Oriental Society'' Tuesday, 1 July 1997 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428202112/http://www.articlearchives.com/humanities-social-science/religion/1048640-1.html |date=28 April 2012 }}</ref>

Another set of commentators suggest that his philosophy is best understood as a nonsectarian Vedanta, which reconciles various philosophical perspectives. Commentators such as Satis Chandra Chatterjee and Jeffery Long have described Ramakrishna's philosophy as a harmonising form of Vedanta, using terms like "Samanvayi Vedanta" or "Integral Vedanta". Ayon Maharaj, also known as [[Swami Medhananda]], supports these scholars' view, proposing that Ramakrishna's teachings are best understood through a nonsectarian Vedantic framework, specifically characterising his philosophy as "''Vijnana Vedanta''".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ayon Maharaj |url=https://archive.org/details/infinite-paths-to-infinite-reality-by-ayon-maharaj |title=Infinite Paths To Infinite Reality |pages=6–16}}</ref>

Carl Olson argued that in his presentation of his master, Vivekananda had hid much of Ramakrishna's embarrassing sexual oddities from the public, because he feared that Ramakrishna would be misunderstood.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 20106536|title = Vivekānanda and Rāmakṛṣṇa Face to Face: An Essay on the Alterity of a Saint|journal = International Journal of Hindu Studies|volume = 2|issue = 1|pages = 43–66|last1 = Olson|first1 = Carl|year = 1998|doi = 10.1007/s11407-998-0008-2|s2cid = 144874792}}</ref> Tyagananda and [[Vrajaprana]] argue that Oslon makes his "astonishing claim" based on Kripal's speculations in ''Kali's Child'', which they argue are unsupported by any of the source texts.<ref>{{Harvnb|Tyagananda|Vrajaprana|2010|p=172}}</ref>

[[Sumit Sarkar]] argued that he found in the ''Kathamrita'' traces of a [[binary opposition]] between unlearned oral wisdom and learned literate knowledge. He argues that all of our information about Ramakrishna, a rustic near-illiterate Brahmin, comes from urban ''[[bhadralok]]'' devotees, "...whose texts simultaneously illuminate and transform."<ref>Sumit Sarkar, "Post-modernism and the Writing of History" ''Studies in History'' 1999; 15; 293</ref>

[[Amiya Prosad Sen]] criticises Neevel's analysis,{{sfn|Sen|2006}} and writes that "it is really difficult to separate the Tantrik Ramakrishna from the Vedantic", since Vedanta and Tantra "may appear to be different in some respects", but they also "share some important postulates between them".{{sfnb|Sen|2001|p=22}}

===Analysis of samadhi===
From his 10th or 11th year of school, [[trance]]s became a common part of his life, and by his final years [[Ramakrishna's samadhi]] periods occurred almost daily.{{Sfn|Bhawuk|2003}} Early on, these experiences have been interpreted as [[Temporal lobe epilepsy|epileptic seizures]],{{sfn|Smith|1982|p=70}}{{sfn|Vivekananda|2005|p=482}}{{sfn|Adiswarananda|2005|p=65}}{{sfn|Katrak|2006}} an interpretation which was rejected by Ramakrishna himself.{{sfn|Adiswarananda|2005|p=65}}{{refn|group=note|According to Anil D. Desai, Ramakrishna suffered from psychomotor epilepsy,{{sfn|Katrak|2006}} also called [[temporal lobe epilepsy]].{{sfn|Bennett|1962}} See {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.06.006| title = Norman Geschwind's contribution to the understanding of behavioral changes in temporal lobe epilepsy: The February 1974 lecture| journal = Epilepsy & Behavior| volume = 15| issue = 4| pages = 417–24| year = 2009| last1 = Devinsky | first1 = J. | last2 = Schachter | first2 = S. | pmid = 19640791| s2cid = 22179745}} for a description of characteristics of [[Temporal Lobe Epilepsy]], including increased religiosity as "a very striking feature." See also [[Geschwind syndrome]], for descriptions of behavioral phenomena evident in some temporal lobe epilepsy patients, and Jess Hill ''[http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/encounter/the-link-between-temporal-lobe-epilepsy-and-mysticism/5956982 Finding God in a seizure: the link between temporal lobe epilepsy and mysticism]'' for some first-hand descriptions of epilepsy-induced "visions and trance-like states."}}

===Psychoanalysis===
In 1927 [[Romain Rolland]] discussed with Sigmund Freud the "oceanic feeling" described by Ramakrishna.<ref name="roland_mystic"/> [[Sudhir Kakar]] (1991),<ref>{{cite book|last=Kakar|first=Sudhir|author-link=Sudhir Kakar |title=The Analyst and the Mystic |year=1991 |chapter=Ramakrishna and the Mystical Experience|pages=1–40 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |url=https://archive.org/details/analystmysticpsy0000kaka|url-access=registration|via=[[Archive.org]]|isbn=978-0-67-084026-7 |oclc=23016272 }}</ref> [[Jeffrey Kripal]] (1995),{{sfn|Kripal|1995}} and [[Narasingha Sil]] (1998),{{sfn|Sil|1998}} analysed Ramakrishna's mysticism and religious practices using psychoanalysis,{{sfn|Jonte-Pace|2003|p=94}} arguing that his mystical visions, refusal to comply with ritual copulation in Tantra, ''Madhura Bhava'', and criticism of ''Kamini-Kanchana'' (women and gold) reflect homosexuality.

====Romain Rolland and the "Oceanic feeling"====
{{See also|Geschwind syndrome}}

The dialogue on [[psychoanalysis]] and Ramakrishna began in 1927 when [[Sigmund Freud]]'s friend Romain Rolland wrote to him that he should consider spiritual experiences, or "the [[oceanic feeling]]", in his psychological works.<ref name="roland_mystic"/><ref>"Oceanic Feeling" by Henri Vermorel and Madeleline Vermoral in ''International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis'' [http://www.enotes.com/psychoanalysis-encyclopedia/oceanic-feeling] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411121930/http://www.enotes.com/psychoanalysis-encyclopedia/oceanic-feeling|date=11 April 2009}}</ref> Rolland described the trances and mystical states experienced by Ramakrishna and other mystics as an "'oceanic' sentiment", one which Rolland had also experienced.<ref>''The Enigma of the Oceanic Feeling: Revisioning the Psychoanalytic Theory of Mysticism'' By William Barclay Parsons, Oxford University Press US, 1999 {{ISBN|0-19-511508-2}}, p 37</ref> Rolland believed that the universal human religious emotion resembled this "oceanic sense".<ref>{{cite book|page=12 |title=Primitive Passion: Men, Women, and the Quest for Ecstasy |author=Marianna Torgovnick |publisher=University of Chicago Press |date=1998}}</ref> In his 1929 book ''La vie de Ramakrishna'', Rolland distinguished between the feelings of unity and eternity which Ramakrishna experienced in his mystical states and Ramakrishna's interpretation of those feelings as the goddess Kali.<ref>Parsons 1999, 14</ref>

====''The Analyst and the Mystic''====
In his 1991 book ''The Analyst and the Mystic'', Indian psychoanalyst [[Sudhir Kakar]] saw in Ramakrishna's visions a spontaneous capacity for creative experiencing.<ref name="parsons_133">Parsons, 1999 p 133</ref> Kakar also argued that culturally relative concepts of eroticism and gender have contributed to the Western difficulty in comprehending Ramakrishna.<ref name="sk">Kakar, Sudhir, ''The Analyst and the Mystic'', (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), p.34</ref> Kakar saw Ramakrishna's seemingly bizarre acts as part of a ''bhakti'' path to God.<ref name="js_hawley_quote">{{Cite journal
| last = Hawley
| first = John Stratton
| title = The Damage of Separation: Krishna's Loves and Kali's Child
| journal = Journal of the American Academy of Religion
| volume = 72
| issue = 2
| pages = 369–393
|date=June 2004
| pmid = 20681099
| doi = 10.1093/jaarel/lfh034
}}</ref>

====''Kali's Child''====
In 1995, [[Jeffrey J. Kripal]] in his controversial{{sfn|McDaniel|2011|p=53}}{{sfn|Balagangadhara|Claerhout|2008}} ''[[Kali's Child: The Mystical and the Erotic in the Life and Teachings of Ramakrishna]]'', an interdisciplinary{{sfn|Parsons|2005|p=7479}} study of Ramakrishna's life "using a range of theoretical models", most notably psychoanalysis,{{sfn|Urban|1998}} argued that Ramakrishna's mystical experiences could be seen as symptoms of repressed [[homoeroticism]],{{sfn|Parsons|2005|p=7479}} "legitimat[ing] Ramakrishna's religious visions by situating psychoanalytic discourse in a wider Tantric worldview".{{sfn|Parsons|2005|p=7479}} Jeffrey J. Kripal argued that Ramakrishna rejected Advaita Vedanta in favour of [[Tantra#Śaiva and Śākta tantra|Shakti Tantra]].<ref>Parsons 1999, 135–136</ref>

Kripal also argued in ''[[Kali's Child]]'' that the Ramakrishna Movement had manipulated Ramakrishna's biographical documents and that they published them in incomplete and bowdlerised editions (claiming, among other things, hiding Ramakrishna's homoerotic tendencies), and that the Movement had suppressed [[Ram Chandra Datta]]'s ''Srisriramakrsna Paramahamsadever Jivanavrttanta''.{{sfn|Kripal|1995}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}

These views were disputed by several authors, scholars, and psychoanalysts, including Alan Roland,<ref name="roland_mystic">{{Cite journal| last = Roland | first = Alan | title = Ramakrishna: Mystical, Erotic, or Both? | journal = Journal of Religion and Health | volume = 37 | pages = 31–36 |date=October 2004 | doi = 10.1023/A:1022956932676 | s2cid = 21072291}}</ref><ref>Roland, Alan. (2007) ''The Uses (and Misuses) Of Psychoanalysis in South Asian Studies: Mysticism and Child Development''. Invading the Sacred: An Analysis of Hinduism Studies in America. Delhi, India: Rupa & Co. {{ISBN|978-81-291-1182-1}}</ref> Kelly Aan Raab,{{Sfn|Raab|1995|pp=321–341}} Somnath Bhattacharyya,<ref>''Invading the Sacred'', p.152-168</ref> J.S. Hawley,<ref name="js_hawley_quote"/> and [[Swami Atmajnanananda]], who wrote that ''Jivanavrttanta'' had been reprinted nine times in Bengali as of 1995.{{sfn|Atmajnanananda|1997}}

Jeffrey Kripal translates the phrase ''kamini-kanchana'' as ''lover and gold''. The literal translation is ''women and gold''. In Ramakrishna's view, lust and greed are obstacles to God-realisation. Kripal associates his translation of the phrase with Ramakrishna's alleged disgust for women as lovers.{{sfn|Kripal|1995|p=281; 277–287}} [[Swami Tyagananda]] considered this to be a "linguistic misconstruction."{{sfn|Tyagananda|Vrajaprana|2010|p=243}} Ramakrishna also cautioned his women disciples against ''purusa-kanchana'' ("man and gold") and Tyagananda writes that Ramakrishna used ''Kamini-Kanchana'' as "cautionary words" instructing his disciples to conquer the "lust ''inside'' the mind".{{sfn|Tyagananda|Vrajaprana|2010|pp=256–257}}{{refn|group=note|[[Partha Chatterjee (scholar)|Partha Chatterjee]] wrote that the figure of a woman stands for concepts or entities that have "little to do with women in actuality" and "the figure of woman-and-gold signified the enemy within: that part of one's own self which was susceptible to the temptations of ever-unreliable worldly success".<ref>{{Harvnb|Chatterjee|1993|pp=68–69}}</ref> Carl T. Jackson interprets ''kamini-kanchana'' to refer to the idea of sex and the idea of money as delusions which prevent people from realising God.<ref>Carl T. Jackson (1994), pp. 20–21.</ref>}}

The application of psychoanalysis has further been disputed by Tyagananda and [[Vrajaprana]] as being unreliable in understanding Tantra and interpreting cross-cultural contexts in ''[[Interpreting Ramakrishna: Kali's Child Revisited]]'' (2010).<ref>See:p.127 and "Interpretation in Cross-Cultural Contexts". In {{harvnb|Tyagananda|Vrajaprana|2010}}</ref>

===Teachings===
{{Main|Teachings of Ramakrishna}}

The principal source for Ramakrishna's teaching is [[Mahendranath Gupta]]'s ''[[Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita]]'', which is regarded as a Bengali classic<ref>Malcolm Maclean, A Translation of the ''sri-sri-ramakrisna-kathamrita'' with explanatory notes and critical introduction. University of Otago. Dunedin, New Zealand. September 1983. p vi</ref>{{Sfn|Sen|2001|p=32}} and "the central text of the tradition".{{sfn|Kripal|1995|p=3}} Gupta used the pen name "M", as the author of the Gospel. The text was published in five volumes from 1902 to 1932. Based on Gupta's diary notes, each of the five volumes purports to document Ramakrishna's life from 1882 to 1886.

The most popular English translation of the ''Kathamrita'' is ''[[The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna]]'' by [[Swami Nikhilananda]]. Nikhilananda's translation rearranged the scenes in the five volumes of the ''Kathamrita'' into a linear sequence. [[Swami Nikhilananda]] worked with [[Margaret Woodrow Wilson]], daughter of President [[Woodrow Wilson]], who helped the swami to refine his literary style into "flowing American English". The mystic hymns were rendered into free verse by the American poet John Moffitt. Wilson and American mythology scholar [[Joseph Campbell]] helped edit the manuscript.<ref>[[Gospel of Ramakrishna]] Preface</ref><ref name="GS1">{{Cite book| last = Hixon | first = Lex | title = Great Swan | chapter = Introduction | page = xiii}}</ref> [[Aldous Huxley]] wrote in his Forward to the Gospel, "...'M' produced a book unique, so far as my knowledge goes, in the literature of hagiography. Never have the casual and unstudied utterances of a great religious teacher been set down with so minute detail."<ref>[[Gospel of Ramakrishna]] page v</ref> Philosopher [[Lex Hixon]] writes that ''The Gospel of Ramakrishna'' is "spiritually authentic" and a "powerful rendering of the ''Kathamrita''".{{Sfn|Hixon|2002|p=xiv}} Malcolm Mclean and Jeffrey Kripal both argue that the translation is unreliable,<ref>Malcolm Maclean, A Translation of the ''sri-sri-ramakrisna-kathamrita'' with explanatory notes and critical introduction. University of Otago. Dunedin, New Zealand. September 1983. p i–iv</ref>{{sfn|Kripal|1995|p=4}} though Kripal's interpretation is criticised by [[Hugh Urban]].{{sfn|Urban|1998}}{{request quotation|date=July 2019}}

Ramakrishna's teachings were imparted in rustic Bengali, using stories and parables.{{Sfn|Smart|1998|p=409}} These teachings made a powerful impact on Kolkata's intellectuals, despite the fact that his ideas were far removed from issues of modernism or national independence.<ref name="pmenon"/> According to contemporary reports, Ramakrishna's linguistic style was unique, even to those who spoke Bengali. It contained obscure local words and idioms from village Bengali, interspersed with philosophical Sanskrit terms and references to the Vedas, Puranas, and Tantras. For that reason, according to philosopher Lex Hixon, his speeches cannot be literally translated into English or any other language.<ref name="Hixon_xi">{{Cite book | last =Hixon | first =Lex | year =1997 | title =Great Swan | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass | pages =xi | chapter =Introduction | isbn =978-0-943914-80-0}}</ref> Scholar Amiya P. Sen argued that certain terms that Ramakrishna may have used only in a metaphysical sense are being improperly invested with new, contemporaneous meanings.{{sfn|Sen|2006}}

Ramakrishna's primary biographers describe him as talkative and would reminisce for hours about his own eventful spiritual life, tell tales, explain Vedantic doctrines with humorous, and at times colorful illustrations, raising questions and answering them himself, crack jokes, sing songs, and mimic the ways of all types of worldly people, keeping the visitors enthralled.{{sfn|Rolland|1929|pp=143–168}}<ref>{{Cite journal
| last = Chakrabarti
| first = Arindam
| title = ''The dark mother flying kites'' : Sri ramakrishna's metaphysic of morals
| journal = [[Sophia (journal)|Sophia]]
| volume = 33
| issue = 3
| pages = 14–29
| publisher = Springer Netherlands
|date=November 1994
| doi = 10.1007/BF02800488
| s2cid = 170419827
}}
</ref> As an example of Ramakrishna's teachings and fun with his followers, here's a quote about his visit to an exhibition, <blockquote>“I once visited the MUSEUM{{Refn|group=note|The word MUSEUM is in all caps to indicate it was said in English.}} There was a display of fossils: living animals had turned into stone. Just look at the power of association! Imagine what would happen if you constantly kept the company of the holy.” Mani Mallick replied (laughing): “If you would go there again we could have ten to fifteen more years of spiritual instructions.”<ref name="americanvedantist.org"/></blockquote>

Ramakrishna's views of other religions and sects were very liberal. He believed all paths led to God, as demonstrated in this exchange from the Gospel:

<blockquote>Master: “You see how many opinions there are about God. Each opinion is a path. There are innumerable opinions and innumerable paths leading to God.”

Bhavanath: “Then what should we do?”

Master: “You must stick to one path with all your strength. A man can reach the roof of a house by stone stairs or ladder or a rope-ladder or a rope or even by a bamboo pole. But he cannot reach the roof if he sets foot now on one and now on another. He should follow one path. Likewise, in order to realise God a man must follow one path with all his strength.<ref>{{cite book |last= Nikhilananda |first= Swami |date= 1942|title= The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna |publisher= Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center, New York|page= 514|isbn= 978-0-911206-01-2}}</ref></blockquote>

And here is an example of his using off-color language to make a point. On Tuesday December 18, 1883, Ramakrishna and a few of his close followers made a visit to the Kolkata home of a very wealthy devotee. <blockquote>From the temple the Master went to Jadu Mallick's house. Jadu was surrounded by admirers, well-dressed dandies. He welcomed the master.

Master (with a smile): "Why do you keep so many clowns and flatterers with you?"

Jadu (smiling): "That you may liberate them." (Laughter.)

Master: "Flatters think that the rich man will loosen his purse-strings for them. But it is very difficult to get anything from him. Once a jackal saw a bullock and would not give up his company. The bullock roamed about and the jackal followed him. The jackal thought, 'There hang the bullock's testicles. Some time or other they will drop to the ground and I shall eat them.' When the bullock slept on the ground, the jackal lay down too, and when the bullock moved about, the jackal followed him. Many days passed in this way, but the bullock's testicles still clung to his body. The jackal went away disappointed. (All laugh.) That also happens to flatterers."<ref>{{cite book |last= Nikhilananda |first= Swami |date= 1942|title= The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna |publisher= Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center, New York|page= 349|isbn= 978-0-911206-01-2}}</ref> </blockquote>

Ramakrishna was skilled with words and had an extraordinary style of preaching and instructing, which may have helped convey his ideas to even the most skeptical temple visitors.{{Sfn|Schneiderman|1969}} His speeches reportedly revealed a sense of joy and fun, but he was not at a loss when debating with intellectual philosophers.<ref>
{{Cite book
| last = Isherwood
| first = Christopher
| author-link = Christopher Isherwood
| title = Vedanta for the Western World: A Symposium on Vedanta
| publisher = Vedanta Press
| year = 1945
| page = 267
| isbn = 978-0-87481-000-4}}
</ref> Philosopher [[Arindam Chakrabarti]] contrasted Ramakrishna's talkativeness with the Buddha's legendary reticence, and compared his teaching style to that of [[Socrates]].<ref>Arindam Chakrabarti, "The Dark Mother Flying Kites: Sri Ramakrishna's Metaphysic of Morals" ''Sophia'', 33 (3), 1994</ref>

Ramakrishna's religious practice and worldview, contained elements of [[Bhakti]], [[Tantra]] and [[Vedanta]]. Ramakrishna emphasised [[Mystical experience|God-realisation]], stating that "To realise God is the one goal in life."<ref>[[Gospel of Ramakrishna]] by Swami Nikhilananda, page 407</ref> Ramakrishna found that [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]] all move towards the same God or divine, though using different ways:{{sfn|Swami Prabhavananda|2019|p="I have practised Hinduism, Islam, Christianity"}} "So many religions, so many paths to reach one and the same goal," namely to experience God or Divine.{{sfn|Swami Prabhavananda|2019}} Ramakrishna further said, "All scriptures – the Vedas, the Puranas, the Tantras – seek Him alone and no one else."<ref>[[Gospel of Ramakrishna]] page 423</ref> The Vedic phrase "[[Sat (Sanskrit)|Truth]] is [[Ekam|one]]; only It is called by different names,"<ref>[[Gospel of Ramakrishna]], page 423</ref>{{refn|group=note|Referring to [[Rig Veda]] Samhita [[Mandala 1|1.164.46]]: "They call him Indra, Mitra, Varuna, Agni, and he is heavenly nobly-winged [[Garuda|Garutman]]. To what is One, sages give many a title. They call it Agni, Yama, Matarisvan.".<ref>[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_1/Hymn_164 Rig Veda Samhita 1.164.46] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506235352/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_1/Hymn_164 |date=6 May 2019 }}, Wiki Source</ref> Compare William A. Graham, who states that "the one" in verse 1.164.46 refers to [[Vāc]], goddess of speech, appearing as "the creative force and absolute force in the universe." In later Vedic literature, "Speech or utterance is also identified with the supreme power or transcendent reality," and "equated with Brahman in this sense."<ref>William A. Graham, [https://books.google.com/books?id=XzYX0T-ZqTcC&dq=Rig+Veda+1.164.46&pg=PA70 ''Beyond the Written Word: Oral Aspects of Scripture in the History of Religion''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011191853/https://books.google.nl/books?id=XzYX0T-ZqTcC&pg=PA70&lpg=PA70&dq=Rig+Veda+1.164.46&source=bl&ots=wO_EC0c7Iq&sig=ACfU3U2tHkiJh2FSwCfdH9hYt0_t68_dxg&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQ2O_wpOLjAhVJ3KQKHZSdCJk4ChDoATAJegQICBAB#v=onepage&q=Rig%20Veda%201.164.46&f=false |date=11 October 2020}}, p.70-71.</ref>}} became a stock phrase to express Ramakrishna's inclusivism.{{sfn|Swami Prabhavananda|2019|p="I have practised Hinduism, Islam, Christianity"}}

Ramakrishna preferred "the duality of adoring a Divinity beyond himself to the self-annihilating immersion of [[nirvikalpa samadhi]], and he helped "bring to the realm of Eastern energetics and realisation the [[Daimon|daemonic]] celebration that the human is always between a reality it has not yet attained and a reality to which it is no longer limited."<ref name="cohen">{{Cite journal
| last = Cohen
| first = Martin
| title = Spiritual Improvisations: Ramakrishna, Aurobindo, and the Freedom of Tradition
| journal = Religion and the Arts
| volume = 12
| issue = 1–3
| pages = 277–293
| publisher = BRILL
| year = 2008
| doi = 10.1163/156852908X271079
}}</ref>
Ramakrishna is quoted in the Nikhilananda Gospel, "The devotee of God wants to eat sugar, and not to become sugar."<ref>Vedanta Society of New York http://www.vedantany.org/sayings-of-sri-ramakrishna/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530210240/http://www.vedantany.org/sayings-of-sri-ramakrishna/ |date=30 May 2019}}</ref>

Ramakrishna taught that ''yatra jiv tatra Shiv'' (wherever there is a living being, there is [[Shiva]]). His teaching, "Jive daya noy, Shiv gyane jiv seba" (not kindness to living beings, but serving the living being as Shiva Himself) is considered the inspiration for the philanthropic work carried out by his chief disciple Vivekananda.<ref>
{{Cite book
| author = Y. Masih
| title = A Comparative Study of Religions
| page = 207
| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass
| year = 2000
}}
</ref>

In the Kolkata scene of the mid to late nineteenth century, Ramakrishna was opinionated on the subject of Chakri. Chakri can be described as a type of low-paying servitude done by educated men—typically government or commerce-related clerical positions. On a basic level, Ramakrishna saw this system as a corrupt form of European social organisation that forced educated men to be servants not only to their bosses at the office, but also to their wives at home. What Ramakrishna saw as the primary detriment of Chakri, however, was that it forced workers into a rigid, impersonal clock-based time structure. He saw the imposition of strict adherence to each second on the watch as a roadblock to spirituality. Despite this, however, Ramakrishna demonstrated that Bhakti could be practised as an inner retreat to experience solace in the face of Western-style discipline and often discrimination in the workplace.<ref>Sumit Sarkar, " 'Kaliyuga', 'Chakri' and 'Bhakti': Ramakrishna and His Times," Economic and Political Weekly 27, 29 (18 July 1992): 1548–1550.</ref>

His spiritual movement indirectly aided nationalism, as it rejected caste distinctions and religious prejudices.<ref name="pmenon">{{Cite journal|last=Menon |first=Parvathi |date=1 November 1996 |title=A History of Modern India: Revivalist Movements and Early Nationalism |journal=India Abroad |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P1-3127993.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611020237/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P1-3127993.html |archive-date=11 June 2010}}</ref>

==Influence and legacy==
{{Main|Ramakrishna's influence|Ramakrishna Mission}}

Ramakrishna is considered an important figure in the Bengali Renaissance of 19th–20th century. Several organisations have been established in his name.<ref name="Gwilym_1-3"/> The [[Ramakrishna Math]] and [[Ramakrishna Mission|Mission]] is the main organisation founded by Swami Vivekananda in 1897. The Mission conducts extensive work in health care, disaster relief, rural management, tribal welfare, elementary and higher education. The movement is considered one of the revitalisation movements of India. Amiya Sen writes that Vivekananda's "social service gospel" stemmed from direct inspiration from Ramakrishna and rests substantially on the "liminal quality" of the Master's message.<ref>{{harvnb|Sen|2006|p=165}}</ref>

Other organisations include the [[Vedanta Society|Ramakrishna Vedanta Society]] founded by [[Swami Abhedananda]] in 1923, the [[Ramakrishna Sarada Math]] founded by a rebel group in 1929, the Ramakrishna Vivekananda Mission formed by Swami Nityananda in 1976, and the Sri Sarada Math and Ramakrishna Sarada Mission founded in 1959 as a sister organisation by the Ramakrishna Math and Mission.<ref name="Gwilym_1-3">Beckerlegge,''Swami Vivekananda's Legacy of Service'' pp.1–3</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Hindu gurus and saints]]
{{Clear}}

== References ==

=== Explanatory notes ===
{{reflist|group=note|30em}}

=== Footnotes ===
{{Reflist|20em}}

=== Sources cited ===
{{refbegin|30em}}

* {{Citation | last =Adiswarananda | first =Swami | year =2005 | title =The Spiritual Quest and the Way of Yoga: The Goal, the Journey and the Milestones}}
* {{Cite journal | last = Atmajnanananda | first = Swami | title = Scandals, cover-ups, and other imagined occurrences in the life of Ramakrishna: An examination of Jeffrey Kripal's Kali's child | journal = International Journal of Hindu Studies | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | pages =401–420 | publisher = Springer | location = Netherlands |date=August 1997 | doi = 10.1007/s11407-997-0007-8 | s2cid = 141766938 }}

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* {{Cite journal |last=Beckerlegge |first=Gwilym |date=1996-10-01 |title=Iconographic representations of Sri Ramakrishna and Swami Vivekananda |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13537909608580778 |journal=Journal of Contemporary Religion |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=319–335 |doi=10.1080/13537909608580778 |issn=1353-7903|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book|last=Beckerlegge|first=Gwilym |title=Swami Vivekananda's Legacy of Service|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=March 2006|isbn=978-0-19-567388-3}}
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* {{Cite book | last =Gupta | first =Mahendranath ("M.") | author2 =Dharm Pal Gupta | title =Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita | publisher =Sri Ma Trust | url =http://www.kathamrita.org/ | year =2001 | isbn =978-81-88343-00-3 | access-date =10 May 2005 | archive-date =12 March 2007 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070312150520/http://www.kathamrita.org/ | url-status =dead }}

* {{Cite book| last=Harding | first=Elizabeth U. | year=1998 | title = Kali, the Dark Goddess of Dakshineswar | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass | isbn=81-208-1450-9 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Heehs| first = Peter| author-link = Peter Heehs| title = Indian Religions| publisher = Orient Blackswan| year = 2002| chapter = Ramakrishna Paramahamsa}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hixon | first=Lex |author-link=Lex Hixon |title=Great Swan: Meetings With Ramakrishna |publisher=Larson Publications |location=Burdett, N.Y. |year= 2002|isbn=0-943914-80-9 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Isherwood |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Isherwood |title=Ramakrishna and His Disciples |publisher=Vedanta Press |location=Hollywood, Calif |year=1980 |isbn=0-87481-037-X |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/ramakrishnahisdi0000ishe }} (reprint, orig. 1965)
*{{Cite book | last =Jackson|first=Carl T.|title=Vedanta for the West|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1994|isbn=0-253-33098-X}}
* {{cite book|last=Jestice|first=Phyllis G.|title=Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5cQH17-HnMC&pg=PR43|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-355-1|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=24 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924113905/https://books.google.com/books?id=H5cQH17-HnMC&pg=PR43|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|last=Jonte-Pace|first=Diane Elizabeth|title=Teaching Freud|url=https://archive.org/details/teachingfreud00jont|url-access=limited|publisher=Oxford University Press US|year=2003|page=[https://archive.org/details/teachingfreud00jont/page/n106 94]|chapter=Freud as interpreter of religious texts and practices}}
* {{cite journal | last =Katrak | first =Sarosh M. | title =An eulogy for Prof. Anil D. Desai | journal =Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology | year =2006 | volume =9 | issue =4 | pages =253–254 | doi =10.4103/0972-2327.29215 | s2cid =70463133 | url =http://www.annalsofian.org/article.asp?issn=0972-2327;year=2006;volume=9;issue=4;spage=253;epage=254;aulast=Katrak | access-date =28 August 2015 | archive-date =23 September 2015 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172258/http://www.annalsofian.org/article.asp?issn=0972-2327;year=2006;volume=9;issue=4;spage=253;epage=254;aulast=Katrak | url-status =live | doi-access =free }}
* {{Citation | last =Kripal | first =Jeffery J. | author-link=Jeffrey J. Kripal | year =1995|title=Kali's Child: The Mystical and the Erotic in the Life and Teachings of Ramakrishna | publisher=University of Chicago Press| title-link =Kali's Child: The Mystical and the Erotic in the Life and Teachings of Ramakrishna }}
* {{cite journal| last =McDaniel | first =June | year =2011 | title =Book Review: "Interpreting Ramakrishna: Kali's Child Revisited" | journal =Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies| doi=10.7825/2164-6279.1489 | volume=24| doi-access =free }}
* {{Cite book | last =Muller |first =Max | title =RAMAKRISHNA HIS LIFE AND SAYINGS | publisher =Vedanta Society of St Louis | year =1916 | location =St. Louis | isbn =978-8-175050-60-0 | url =https://archive.org/details/ramakrishnahisli005303mbp/page/n7/mode/2up }}
* {{Cite book |last=Müller |first=Max |author-link=Max Müller |title=Ramakrishna: His Life and Sayings |publisher=LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. |location=Great Britain |isbn=81-7505-060-8 |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rls/index.htm |year=1898 |access-date=4 August 2005 |archive-date=4 December 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051204045301/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rls/index.htm |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book| last1 = Neevel| first1 = Walter G. | editor-last1 =Smith | editor-first1 =Bardwell L. | year =1976 | chapter =The Transformation of Ramakrishna| title =Hinduism: New Essays in the History of Religions| publisher =Brill Archive}}

* {{Citation | last =Parsons | first =William B. | year =2005 | chapter =Psychology | editor-last =Jones | editor-first =Lindsay | title =MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion | publisher =MacMillan}}

* {{Cite journal| last = Raab| first=Kelley Ann| year = 1995| title = Is There Anything Transcendent about Transcendence? A Philosophical and Psychological Study of Ramakrishna| journal = Journal of the American Academy of Religion| volume = 63| issue = 2| pages=321–341| publisher = Oxford University Press| location = London| jstor = 1465404
| doi=10.1093/jaarel/LXIII.2.321}}
* {{Cite book | last =Rajagopalachari | first =Chakravarti | author-link =C. Rajagopalachari | title =Sri Ramakrishna Upanishad | publisher =Vedanta Press | year =1973 | asin =B0007J1DQ4 }}
* {{Cite book| last =Ramaswamy | first =Krishnan |author2=Antonio de Nicolas | title =Invading the Sacred: An Analysis of Hinduism Studies in America | publisher =Rupa & Co | year =2007 | location =Delhi, India | isbn =978-81-291-1182-1 }}
* {{Cite book| last =Rolland | first =Romain | author-link =Romain Rolland | title = The Life of Ramakrishna | publisher =Vedanta Press | year =1929 | isbn =978-81-85301-44-0 }}

* {{Citation | last =Swami Prabhavananda | year =2019 | title =Religion in Practice | publisher =Routledge}}
* {{Citation | last1 =Saradananda | first1 =Swami | year =1952 |translator-last1=Jagadananda |translator-first1=Swami | title =Sri Ramakrishna The Great Master | publisher =Sri Ramakrishna Math | asin =B000LPWMJQ }}
** {{Cite book |last=Saradananda |first=Swami |title=Sri Ramakrishna, the great master |date=1978 |publisher=Sri Ramakrishni Math |others=Swami Jagadananda |isbn=81-7120-480-5 |edition=5th |location=Mylapore |pages=24–26 |oclc=45088777}}
* {{Cite book| last1 =Saradananda | first1 =Swami | author-link = Swami Saradananda |translator-last1=Chetanananda |translator-first1=Swami | title =Sri Ramakrishna and His Divine Play | publisher =Vedanta Society | year =2003 | location =St. Louis | isbn=978-0-916356-81-1 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Sarkar |first=Sumit |date=1999 |title=Post-modernism and the Writing of History |journal=Studies in History |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=293–322 |doi=10.1177/025764309901500205|s2cid=161780654 }}
* {{Cite journal| last= Schneiderman| first= Leo | year= 1969| title = Ramakrishna: Personality and Social Factors in the Growth of a Religious Movement| journal = Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion| volume = 8| issue = 1| pages = 60–71| publisher = Blackwell Publishing| location = London| doi = 10.2307/1385254| jstor = 1385254}}
* {{Cite book | last = Sen| first = Amiya P.| title = Three essays on Sri Ramakrishna and his times| year = 2001| publisher = Indian Institute of Advanced Study| isbn=8185952876}}
* {{Cite journal | last = Sen| first = Amiya P. | date =June 2006 | title = Sri Ramakrishna, the ''Kathamrita'' and the Calcutta middle classes: an old problematic revisited| journal = Postcolonial Studies| volume = 9| issue = 2| pages = 165–177| doi = 10.1080/13688790600657835| s2cid = 144046925 }}
* {{Cite book| last =Sil | first =Narasingha | title =Ramakrishna Revisited | publisher =University Press of America | year =1998 | location =Lanham | isbn=978-0761810520}}
* {{cite book|last=Sen|first=Amiya P.|year=2010|title=Ramakrishna Paramahamsa: Sadhaka of Dakshineswar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19HUeX3JygwC&pg=PT56|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-250-2|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=7 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707034444/http://books.google.com/books?id=19HUeX3JygwC&pg=PT56|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Smart|first=Ninian|title=The World's Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cC3uYLZJ8ZgC|date=28 June 1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63748-0|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=7 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707034359/http://books.google.com/books?id=cC3uYLZJ8ZgC|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book| last =Smith| first =Bardwell L. | year =1976| title = Hinduism: New Essays in the History of Religions| publisher = Brill Archive}}
* {{Citation | last =Smith | first =Bardwell L. | year =1982 | title =Hinduism: New Essays in the History of Religions | publisher =BRILL}}
* {{Cite book|last=Spivak|first=Gayatri Chakravorty | author-link=Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak|title=Other Asias|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|date=2008|isbn=978-1-405-10206-3 |ol=17179241M }}
* {{Cite book|last1=Tyagananda|last2=Vrajaprana|title=Interpreting Ramakrishna: Kali's Child Revisited|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-81-208-3499-6|page=410|url=http://www.interpretingramakrishna.com/|year=2010|place=Delhi|access-date=1 August 2010|archive-date=2 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202043640/http://www.interpretingramakrishna.com/|url-status=dead}}

* {{cite journal|last=Urban|first=Hugh|year=1998|title=Review of Kripal's "Kālī's Child: The Mystical and the Erotic in the Life and Teachings of Ramakrishna"|journal=The Journal of Religion|volume=78|issue=2|pages=318–320|doi=10.1086/490220|jstor=1205982 }}

* {{Citation | last =Vivekananda | year=2005 |title=Prabuddha Bharata |volume=110 | publisher =Advaita Ashrama}}
* {{Cite book|last=Zaleski|first=Philip |title=Prayer: A History|publisher=Mariner Books|year=2006|chapter=The Ecstatic}}
{{refend}}

=== General and cited bibliography ===
{{Further|Bibliography of Ramakrishna}}
* {{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Mahendranath|title=[[Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita]]|publisher=Kathamrita Bhavan|year=1902–1932|author-link=Mahendranath Gupta |ref=none}}
*{{Citation | last =Gupta | first =Mahendranath | translator =Nikhilananda | title =[[The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna]] | year =1942 | publisher =[[Ramakrishna Math|Sri Ramakrishna Math]] | place =Chennai|author-link=Mahendranath Gupta|translator-first=Swami|translator-link=Swami Nikhilananda|publication-date=1942|isbn=978-0-911206-01-2 |ref=none}}
*{{Cite book|last=Saradananda|first=Swami|title=Sri Ramakrishna Leela Prasanga|publisher=[[Ramakrishna Mission]]|year=1952|trans-title=[[Sri Ramakrishna, the Great Master]]|author-link=Saradananda|orig-year=1909–1919|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book| last1 = Neevel| first1 = Walter G. | last2 =Smith | first2 =Bardwell L. | year =1976 | chapter =The Transformation of Ramakrishna| title =Hinduism: New Essays in the History of Religions| publisher =Brill Archive |ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Sen|first=Amiya P.|year=2010|title=Ramakrishna Paramahamsa: Sadhaka of Dakshineswar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19HUeX3JygwC&pg=PT56|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-250-2|author-link=Amiya P. Sen |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Kripal |first=Jeffrey J. |author-link=Jeffrey J. Kripal |year=1995 |title=Kali's Child: The Mystical and the Erotic in the Life and Teachings of Ramakrishna |edition=First |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |ref=none}}
* {{Citation | last =Shourie | first =Arun | author-link= Arun Shourie | year =2017 | title =Two Saints: Speculations around and about Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and Ramana Maharishi. | publisher =Harper Collins. |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book | last1 =Tyagananda | last2 =Vrajaprana | year=2010 | title =Interpreting Ramakrishna: Kali's Child Revisited|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] | place =Delhi | isbn =978-81-208-3499-6 | url =http://www.interpretingramakrishna.com/ |ref=none}}
*{{Cite book|title=Ramakrishna on Himself|year=2019|publisher=[[Advaita Ashrama]]|isbn=978-81-7505-812-5 |ref=none}}

== External links ==
{{Prone to spam|date=April 2012}}

{{Sister project links|Ramakrishna|display=Ramakrishna|wikt=no|v=no|voy=no|n=no|b=no|author=no|d=Q183126}}
* {{Britannica|490432}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Ramakrishna}}

{{Ramakrishna}}
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Do Phool

2026-03-03T23:39:27Z

GeorgiannaN07: cleanup

{{distinguish|Do Phool (1958 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Do Phool
| image = Do Phool.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[S. Ramanathan (film director)|S. Ramanathan]]
| producer =
| writer = [[K. Balachander]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = ''[[Anubavi Raja Anubavi]]'' (Tamil)(1967)
| starring = [[Ashok Kumar]] [[Vinod Mehra]] [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]]
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| studio = Balaji Kalamandir
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1973|03|21}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
}}

'''''Do Phool''''' ({{translation|Two Flowers}}) is a 1973 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[S. Ramanathan (film director)|S. Ramanathan]]. The film stars [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Vinod Mehra]] and [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]]. It is a remake of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film ''[[Anubavi Raja Anubavi]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Narayan|first=Hari|date=2016-11-15|title=KB's continuum|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/KB%E2%80%99s-continuum/article16448445.ece|access-date=2020-11-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Plot==
Diwan Bahadur Atal Rai lives a wealthy lifestyle in his mansion "Gulistan" in [[Malabar Hill]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]], along with his wife, Malti, and two sons, Pavitra and Charitra. Pavitra was adopted while Charitra is his biological son. They are irresponsible, spoiled, Matric-failed, and refuse to do any work. They humiliate their father when he decides to get Charitra married to Shaila, the daughter of Advocate Vardhraj, and he asks them to leave. Shortly thereafter, Charitra returns home claiming that he had an altercation with his Pavitra and knifed him to death. Subsequently, Police Inspector Madhusudan Apte gets enough evidence to arrest Charitra. He is let go with a warning after admitting that this was a prank. Then Charitra goes on the run after the Mahabaleshwar Police find a dead body and identify it as that of Pavitra. A frantic Atal and Malti attempt to make sense of this homicide, and are eventually relieved when Pavitra is brought home by Shaila and her friend, Poonam Apte. Hilarious chaos will soon prevail when Pavitra claims that his real name is Mani and he lives in Cochin with his widowed mother. Atal is convinced that Pavitra is playing another prank, but a number of questions remain unanswered: if Pavitra is alive - what of the dead body? and exactly when and why did Pavitra decide to change his name to Mani?

==Cast==
*[[Ashok Kumar]] as Diwan Bahadur Atal Rai
*[[Vinod Mehra]] as Charitra Kumar Rai "Chuttan"
*[[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] as Pavitra Kumar Rai "Puttan" / Mani (Double Role)
*[[Aruna Irani]] as Shaila
*[[Anjana Mumtaz]] as Poonam Apte
*[[Rama Prabha]] as Rukmini
*[[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]] as Advocate Vardhraj
*[[Chandrashekhar (actor)|Chandrashekhar]] as Inspector Madhusudan Apte
*[[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]] as Pandit
*[[Lalita Pawar]] as Mani's Mother
*[[Laxmi Chhaya]] as Dancer

==Soundtrack==
The music for the film was composed by [[R. D. Burman]] ,and the lyrics were penned by [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Do Phool|url=https://gaana.com/album/do-phool-hindi|access-date=26 November 2020|website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref> The most popular song from the film "Muthukodi Kawadi Hada" is based on "Muthukulikka Vaareergala", composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]] for ''Anubavi Raja Anubavi''.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 October 2015|title=Manorama: A historic comedienne par excellence|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/manorama-a-historic-comedienne-par-excellence/articleshow/49316810.cms|access-date=26 November 2020}}</ref>

{|class=wikitable
! !! Song title !! Performer (s) !! Length !! Composer
|-
| 01
| "Oh Latloosh"
| Mehmood
| 00:03:14
| [[RD Burman]]
|-
| 02
| "Lailo Shabab Aayi"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| 00:03:10
|RD Burman
|-
| 03
| "Maaf Karo Maaf Karo"
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Usha Mangeshkar]], [[Mehmood]]
| 00:03:27
|RD Burman
|-
| 04
| "Muthukodi Kawadi Hada"
| Asha Bhosle, Mehmood
| 00:03:24
|RD Burman
|-
| 05
| "Maaf Karo Maaf Karo (Part 2)"
| Kishore Kumar, Asha Bhosle, Usha Mangeshkar, Mehmood
|
|RD Burman
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0327648|title=Do Phool}}

{{S. Ramanathan}}

[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:1973 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1973 Indian films]]
[[Category:1973 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. Ramanathan]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{1970s-comedy-film-stub}}

Priya Nestama

2026-03-03T21:58:11Z

GeorgiannaN07: made a stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Priya Nestama
| image = Priya Nestama.jpg
| alt =
| caption = CD cover
| native_name = 
| director = R. Ganapathi
| writer = [[Chintapalli Ramana]] (dialogues)
| screenplay =
| story = R. Ganapathi
| based_on = 
| producer = [[Ramoji Rao]]
| starring = [[Venu Thottempudi]] Shama [[Malavika (actress)|Malavika]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = K. Prasad
| editing = Nandamuri Hari
| music = '''Songs''': [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]] [[Devi Sri Prasad]] (1 song) '''Score:''' [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| studio = [[Usha Kiron Movies]]
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2002|1|25}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Priya Nestama''''' ({{Translation|Lovely Friend}}) is a 2002 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by R. Ganapathi starring [[Venu Thottempudi]], Shama Sikander and [[Malavika (actress)|Malavika]]. The film released to negative reviews and was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/2002special/movielist.html|title=Year 2002 Special - List of Movies|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=2023-11-27|archive-date=2023-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024090522/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/2002special/movielist.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Venu Thottempudi]] as Surya
*Shama Sikander as Girija
*[[Malavika (actress)|Malavika]] as Pooja
*[[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] as Kiran
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Surya's uncle
*[[Prasad Babu]]
*[[Chalapati Rao]]
*Delhi Rajeswari
*[[Annapurna (actress)|Annapoorna]]
*[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Pooja's father
*[[Bandla Ganesh]]
*Sadhika
}}

== Production ==
R. Ganapathi made his directorial debut through this film. The film was shot in Ooty on 1 August 2001.<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news152.html|title=Venu in Usha Kiron movies|date=2 August 2001|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=9 January 2025}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The songs for the film were composed by [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]], in his Telugu debut,<ref name="I"/> and [[Devi Sri Prasad]], while the background score was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]. The soundtrack was released under the music label Mayuri Audio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/BEXZ/info|title=Priya Nestama|work=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Priya Nestama
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]] and [[Devi Sri Prasad]] '''Background Score:''' [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2002
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 28:39
| language = Telugu
| label = Mayuri Audio
| producer =
| chronology = [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]]
| prev_title = [[Paarvai Ondre Pothume]]
| prev_year = 2001
| next_title = [[Charlie Chaplin (2002 film)|Charlie Chaplin]]
| next_year = 2002
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Anandam]]
| prev_year = 2001
| title = Priya Nestama
| year = 2002
| next_title = [[Kalusukovalani]]
| next_year = 2002
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[O Chinadana]]
| prev_year = 2002
| title = Priya Nestama
| year = 2002
| next_title = [[Neetho (2002 film)|Neetho]]
| next_year = 2002
}}
}}
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Arere Arere Andhagatthero
| length1 = 4:24
| music1 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra1 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| title2 = Priya Nesthama Swagatham
| length2 = 5:01
| music2 = [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]]
| lyrics2 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title3 = Vennelalo Thiragali
| length3 = 5:04
| music3 = Bharani
| lyrics3 = [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]
| extra3 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| title4 = Ningi Nela Okatayyela
| length4 = 5:41
| music4 = Bharani
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| title5 = Chandamama Painundhee
| length5 = 5:36
| music5 = Bharani
| lyrics5 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| extra5 = Radhika
| title6 = Komma Meedha Maina Kathavinave
| length6 = 2:53
| music6 = Bharani
| lyrics6 = Chandrabose
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]]
| total_length = 28:39
}}

== Reception ==
Gudipoodi Srihari of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Yet another love story from Usha Kiron Movies. The script is poor with routine situations" and added that "There is imbalance between the volume of the dialogue and the musical score in the background".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-priyanestama.html|title=Shoddy and sluggish|work=[[The Hindu]]|via=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=Srihari|first=Gudipoodi|access-date=2023-11-27|archive-date=2022-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221095133/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-priyanestama.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that "The movie is pretty boring. There is not even a single scene in the film that captivates the mood of viewers. It's a bad film from that came out of the good banner like Usha Kiron movies. Watch it at your own risk!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-priyanestama.html|title=Movie review - Priya Nestama|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=25 January 2002|last=jeevi|access-date=27 November 2023|archive-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201201957/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-priyanestama.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from '' Full Hyderabad'' wrote that "The clichéd story isn't a fundamental problem (as nothing is original anymore) but everything else is".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/priya-nestama/telugu/priya-nestama-movie-reviews-138-2.html|title=Priya Nestama Review|last=Verma|first=Mithun|work=Full Hyderabad|access-date=2023-11-27|archive-date=2022-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005152425/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/priya-nestama/telugu/priya-nestama-movie-reviews-138-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''TeluguCinema'' wrote "The story line is very weak and unconvincing clubbed with worn out screenplay. It’s difficult to get convinced why people are going for crazy options even when fair and straight means are available. The other drawback in the film is its comedy. There is a comedy track that is again a rotten one. Though all the lead actors and other cast did their bits well there is really nothing in the film that can hold the audience. Even the music is average and the title song is the only one worth mentioning. On the whole the film is a complete flat product".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/priyanesthama.html|title=Telugucinema.com - Movie Reviews - Priya Nesthama|website=Telugucinema.com|access-date=6 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020605232520/http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/priyanesthama.html|archive-date=5 June 2002}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|3413858}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:2002 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bharani (composer)]]
[[Category:2002 directorial debut films]]

List of cities in Odisha by population

2026-03-03T15:03:26Z

GeorgiannaN07:

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

{{Location map+|India Odisha
|width=500
|float=right
|border=thin
|alt=Map showing major cities in Odisha, India
|caption='''Major Cities of Odisha'''
|background=#F5F5FF
|relief=yes
|mark=Blue_pog.svg
|marksize=8
|places=
{{Location map~|India Odisha|lat_deg=20|lat_min=17|lat_sec=46|lat_dir=N|lon_deg=85|lon_min=49|lon_sec=28|lon_dir=E|label=[[Bhubaneswar]]|position=right|background=#FFEFDB|mark=RedDot.svg}}
{{Location map~|India Odisha|lat_deg=20|lat_min=27|lat_sec=45|lat_dir=N|lon_deg=85|lon_min=52|lon_sec=58|lon_dir=E|label=[[Cuttack]]|position=top|background=#FFEFDB|mark=RedDot.svg}}
{{Location map~|India Odisha|lat_deg=22|lat_min=14|lat_sec=43|lat_dir=N|lon_deg=84|lon_min=52|lon_sec=13|lon_dir=E|label=[[Rourkela]]|position=left|background=#FFEFDB|mark=RedDot.svg}}
{{Location map~|India Odisha|lat_deg=19|lat_min=18|lat_sec=41|lat_dir=N|lon_deg=84|lon_min=47|lon_sec=29|lon_dir=E|label=[[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]]|position=bottom|background=#FFEFDB|mark=RedDot.svg}}
{{Location map~|India Odisha|lat_deg=21|lat_min=28|lat_sec=59|lat_dir=N|lon_deg=83|lon_min=58|lon_sec=22|lon_dir=E|label=[[Sambalpur]]|position=left|background=#FFEFDB|mark=RedDot.svg}}
{{Location map~|India Odisha|lat_deg=19|lat_min=48|lat_sec=49|lat_dir=N|lon_deg=85|lon_min=49|lon_sec=55|lon_dir=E|label=[[Puri]]|position=right|background=#FFEFDB|mark=RedDot.svg}}
{{Location map~|India Odisha|lat_deg=21|lat_min=30|lat_sec=41|lat_dir=N|lon_deg=86|lon_min=56|lon_sec=39|lon_dir=E|label=[[Balasore]]|position=top|background=#FFEFDB|mark=RedDot.svg}}
{{Location map~|India Odisha|lat_deg=21|lat_min=56|lat_sec=26|lat_dir=N|lon_deg=86|lon_min=43|lon_sec=22|lon_dir=E|label=[[Baripada]]|position=top|background=#FFEFDB|mark=RedDot.svg}}
{{Location map~|India Odisha|lat_deg=21|lat_min=03|lat_sec=32|lat_dir=N|lon_deg=86|lon_min=30|lon_sec=33|lon_dir=E|label=[[Bhadrak]]|position=right|background=#FFEFDB|mark=RedDot.svg}}
}}

This is a list of [[city|cities]] by population, as listed in the [[2011 Census of India]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Odisha]]:<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |access-date = 16 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110165305/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 10, 2019}}</ref>

{|class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!rowspan="1"|State rank
!rowspan="1"|Country rank
!width="150" rowspan="1"| Name
!width="150" rowspan="1"| District
!rowspan="1"|Type*
!rowspan="1"|Population 2011
!rowspan="1"|Male
!rowspan="1"|Female
!width="90" rowspan="1"|Literacy rate
|-
|align="right"|01
|align="right"|58
|align=left|[[Bhubaneswar]]
|align=left| [[Khordha district]]
|Municipal Corporation
|align="right"|881,988
|align="right"|468,302
|align="right"|413,686
|align="right"|93.00
|-
|align="right"|02
|align="right"|73
|align=left|[[Cuttack]]
|align=left| [[Cuttack district]]
|Municipal Corporation
|align="right"|658,986
|align="right"|331,246
|align="right"|327,740
|align="right"|91.03
|-
| align="right" |03
| align="right" |81
| align="left" |[[Rourkela]]
| align="left" | [[Sundargarh district]]
|Municipal Corporation
| align="right" |552,970
| align="right" |291,027
| align="right" |261,943
| align="right" |92.01
|-
| align="right" |04
| align="right" |127
| align="left" |[[Berhampur]]
| align="left" | [[Ganjam district]]
|Municipal Corporation
| align="right" |355,823
| align="right" |185,584
| align="right" |170,239
| align="right" |90.04
|-
| align="right" |05
| align="right" |135
| align="left" |[[Sambalpur]]
| align="left" | [[Sambalpur district]]
|Municipal Corporation
| align="right" |335,761
| align="right" |172,806
| align="right" |162955
| align="right" |85.69
|-
| align="right" |06
| align="right" |228
| align="left" |[[Puri]]
| align="left" | [[Puri district]]
|Municipal Corporation
| align="right" |201,026
| align="right" |104,267
| align="right" |96,759
| align="right" |89.38
|-
|align="right"|07
|align="right"|407
|align=left|[[Balasore]]
|align=left| [[Balasore district]]
|Municipality
|align="right"|144,373
|align="right"|73,721
|align="right"|70,652
|align="right"|86.58
|-
| align="right" |08
| align="right" |446
| align="left" |[[Baripada]]
| align="left" | [[Mayurbhanj district]]
|Municipality
| align="right" |116,874
| align="right" |60,535
| align="right" |56,339
| align="right" |88.02
|-
| align="right" |09
| align="right" |456
| align="left" |[[Bhadrak]]
| align="left" | [[Bhadrak district]]
|Municipality
| align="right" |107,463
| align="right" |55,090
| align="right" |52,373
| align="right" |81.21
|- class=sortbottom
|align="center" colspan="30" style="font-size: 8pt"| Population, City= 1Lakh+ population, Town= 20 Thousand+ Population
|}

== Population statistics ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto; text-align: center; width: 98%;"
|- style="background:#E6E6FA;"
! style="width:5%;" | State Rank
! style="width:5%;" | National Rank
! style="width:15%;" | City
! style="width:15%;" | District
! style="width:10%;" | Administrative Status
! style="width:10%;" | Population (2011)
! style="width:9%;" | Male
! style="width:9%;" | Female
! style="width:9%;" | Literacy Rate (%)
! style="width:13%;" | Notable For
|-
| align="center" | 1
| align="center" | 58
| align="left" | [[Bhubaneswar]]
| align="left" | [[Khordha district|Khordha]]
| Municipal Corporation
| align="right" | 881,988
| align="right" | 468,302
| align="right" | 413,686
| align="right" | 93.00
| State Capital, Temple City
|-
| align="center" | 2
| align="center" | 73
| align="left" | [[Cuttack]]
| align="left" | [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
| Municipal Corporation
| align="right" | 658,986
| align="right" | 331,246
| align="right" | 327,740
| align="right" | 91.03
| Silver Filigree Work, Barabati Fort
|-
| align="center" | 3
| align="center" | 81
| align="left" | [[Rourkela]]
| align="left" | [[Sundargarh district|Sundargarh]]
| Municipal Corporation
| align="right" | 552,970
| align="right" | 291,027
| align="right" | 261,943
| align="right" | 92.01
| Steel City, Industrial Hub
|-
| align="center" | 4
| align="center" | 127
| align="left" | [[Berhampur]]
| align="left" | [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
| Municipal Corporation
| align="right" | 355,823
| align="right" | 185,584
| align="right" | 170,239
| align="right" | 90.04
| Silk City, Educational Hub
|-
| align="center" | 5
| align="center" | 135
| align="left" | [[Sambalpur]]
| align="left" | [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
| Municipal Corporation
| align="right" | 335,761
| align="right" | 172,806
| align="right" | 162,955
| align="right" | 85.69
| Hirakud Dam, Sambalpuri Textiles
|-
| align="center" | 6
| align="center" | 228
| align="left" | [[Puri]]
| align="left" | [[Puri district|Puri]]
| Municipality
| align="right" | 201,026
| align="right" | 104,267
| align="right" | 96,759
| align="right" | 89.38
| Jagannath Temple, Beach Town
|-
| align="center" | 7
| align="center" | 407
| align="left" | [[Balasore]]
| align="left" | [[Balasore district|Balasore]]
| Municipality
| align="right" | 144,373
| align="right" | 73,721
| align="right" | 70,652
| align="right" | 86.58
| Chandipur Beach, Defense Hub
|-
| align="center" | 8
| align="center" | 446
| align="left" | [[Baripada]]
| align="left" | [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
| Municipality
| align="right" | 116,874
| align="right" | 60,535
| align="right" | 56,339
| align="right" | 88.02
| Cultural Center, Simlipal National Park
|-
| align="center" | 9
| align="center" | 456
| align="left" | [[Bhadrak]]
| align="left" | [[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]]
| Municipality
| align="right" | 107,463
| align="right" | 55,090
| align="right" | 52,373
| align="right" | 81.21
| Religious Heritage, Agriculture
|- class="sortbottom" style="background:#E6E6FA;"
| colspan="10" | '''Notes:''' City = Population over 100,000; Town = Population over 20,000 Source: Census of India, 2011
|}

== Cultural Significance ==
{{main|Culture of Odisha}}

Odisha's cities each offer unique cultural and historical significance to the state's rich heritage:

* '''Bhubaneswar''' is known as the "Temple City of India" with over 600 temples, including the magnificent Lingaraj Temple and Mukteshwar Temple, showcasing the exemplary Kalinga architectural style dating back to the 7th-13th centuries CE.

* '''Cuttack''', the former capital, is famous for its silver filigree work called "Tarakasi," a delicate metalwork tradition practiced since the 18th century. The city's Barabati Fort and Durga Puja celebrations reflect its historical and cultural prominence.

* '''Puri''' hosts the famous annual Rath Yatra (Chariot Festival) of Lord Jagannath, one of India's most significant religious events dating back over 5,000 years, drawing millions of devotees from around the world.

* '''Baripada''', often called the "Cultural Capital and heart of North Odisha," in [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanja district]]. Baripada is notable for its unique cultural and ecological significance: home to the UNESCO-recognized Chhau Dance and its dedicated school,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-06-18 |title=The legacy will live on |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/The-legacy-will-live-on/article16258128.ece |access-date=2025-03-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> it also hosts the distinctive Baripada Rath Yatra, where women exclusively pull Lord Subhadra's chariot.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Odishatv |title=Baripada’s Rath Yatra: Unique ‘Chariot Pulling’ Tradition Symbolising Women Empowerment |url=https://odishatv.in/videos/festivals-events/rath-yatra/baripada-rath-yatra-unique-chariot-pulling-symbolising-women-empowerment-lord-jagannath-subhadra-238771 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=Baripada’s Rath Yatra: Unique ‘Chariot Pulling’ Tradition Symbolising Women Empowerment |language=en}}</ref> Its royal heritage is reflected in its palaces, and it serves as the gateway to Simlipal National Park, a vital tiger reserve and UNESCO biosphere.

==See also==
*[[List of cities in Himachal Pradesh by population]]
*[[List of cities in Haryana by population]]
*[[List of cities in Jammu and Kashmir by population]]
*[[List of cities in Uttarakhand by population]]
*[[List of cities and towns in Kerala]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Odisha}}
{{Cities of India}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Odisha|*]]
[[Category:Odisha-related lists|Cities]]
[[Category:Lists of cities in India by population|Odisha]]

Gujarat Sahitya Sabha

2026-02-23T14:55:44Z

GeorgiannaN07: slightly added formatting based on references and updated info

{{Short description|Literary institution in Ahmedabad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
'''Gujarat Sahitya Sabha''', originally called the '''Social and Literary Association''' is a literary institution for the promotion of [[Gujarati literature]] located in the city of [[Ahmedabad]], India. It was founded by [[Ranjitram Vavabhai Mehta]] in 1898. Its name was later changed in 1905.<ref name="AGSI"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-divas-idea-of-gujarat-first-emerged-in-1928/articleshow/58450364.cms |title=first suggested the concept of Mahagujarat in a meeting of the Gujarat Sahitya Sabha, held in Karachi in 1937. |website=The Times of India |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref><ref name=Choudhuri2016>{{cite book|editor-last=Choudhuri |editor-first=Indra Nath |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: I-L |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4ruAQAACAAJ |date=2016 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |location=New Delhi |pages=2366 |isbn=978-81-260-4758-1}}</ref>

The main aim of the association is to celebrate the birth anniversaries of great Gujarati littérateurs, publishing and releasing books and also preserving manuscripts. The Gujarat Sahitya Sabha also gives an award called the [[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]] since 1928<ref name="AGSI">{{cite book|title=અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ – આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ|last=Brahmabhatt|first=Prasad|publisher=Parshwa Publication|year=2010|isbn=978-93-5108-247-7|location=Ahmedabad|pages=394, 403|language=gu|trans-title=History of Modern Gujarati Literature – Modern and Postmodern Era}}</ref> and is considered as the highest literary honour of the state of [[Gujarat]].<ref name=Choudhuri2016/><ref name="Jhaveri1978">{{cite book |last=Jhaveri |first=Mansukhlal |author-link=Mansukhlal Jhaveri |title=History of Gujarati Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DA0RAAAAMAAJ |year=1978 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |location=New Delhi |page=234 |oclc=825734488}}</ref>

== List of presidents ==
Following people served as presidents:<ref name=shastri>{{cite book|last=Shastri|first=Keshavram Kashiram|title=Gujarat Na Saraswato-1|script-title=gu:ગુજરાતના સારસ્વતો-૧|trans-title=Who's Who in Gujarati Literature|publisher=Gujarat Sahitya Sabha|editor1-last=Trivedi|editor1-first=Shraddha|editor2-last=Shah|editor2-first=Kirtida|editor3-last= Shah|editor3-first=Pratibha|volume=1|location=Ahmedabad|year= 2013|orig-year=1977|pages=15–16|language=gu|oclc=900401455}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! No !! President !!From
!To
|-
| 1 || [[Ramanbhai Neelkanth]] ||1904
|1928
|-
| 2 || [[Keshavlal Dhruv]]||1928
|13 March 1938
|-
| 3 || [[Anandshankar Dhruv]] ||1938
|1942
|-
| 4 || [[Ramnarayan V. Pathak]] ||1942
|1947
|-
| 5 || [[Vidyagauri Nilkanth]] ||1947
|1959
|-
| 6 || [[Rasiklal Parikh]] ||1959
|1982
|-
|7 || [[Anantrai Raval]] ||1982
|1988
|-
|8 || [[Keshavram Kashiram Shastri]] ||1990
|2006
|-
|9 || [[Madhusudan Parekh]] ||2006
|2010
|-
|10 || [[Kumarpal Desai]] ||2010
|Incumbent
|-
|}

== List of vice-presidents ==
Following people served as vice-presidents:<ref name=shastri/>

{| class="wikitable"
! No !! President !!From
!To
|-
| 1 || Janubhai Achratlal Saiyad ||1922
|1925
|-
| 2 || Sakarlal Amritlal Dave ||1925
|1926
|-
| 3 || Hariprasad Vrajrai Desai ||1926
|1929
|-
| 4 || [[Gaurishankar Govardhanram Joshi]] ||1929
|1932
|-
| 5 || Hariprasad Vrajrai Desai ||1933
|1950
|-
| 6 || Gaurishankar Govardhanram Joshi ||1955
|1957
|-
| 7 || [[Rasiklal Parikh]] ||1957
|1959
|-
| 8 || [[Chunilal Shah|Chunilal Vardhman Shah]] ||1959
|1964
|-
| 9 || [[Anantrai Raval]] ||1964
|1980
|-
| 10 || [[Keshavram Kashiram Shastri]] ||1982
|1989
|-
| 11 || Yashwant Shukla ||1990
|1999
|-
| 12 || Madhusudan Parekh ||2003
|2006
|-
| 13 || [[Kumarpal Desai]] ||2006
|2009
|-
| 14 || [[Yogesh Joshi (poet)|Yogesh Joshi]] ||2010
|Incumbent
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]
*[[Gujarat Vidhya Sabha]]
*[[Gujarat Sahitya Akademi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gujarati literature]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Gujarati literary institutions]]
[[Category:Book publishing companies of India]]

Jaldapara National Park

2026-02-22T22:08:28Z

GeorgiannaN07: updated details

{{short description|National park in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Jaldapara National Park
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = II
| image = Elephant safari.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = An elephant safari through the Jaldapara Sanctuary
| image_size =
| map = India West Bengal#India
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| map_width =
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| location = [[Alipurduar district]], West Bengal, India
| nearest_city = [[Madarihat]], [[Birpara]]
| coordinates = {{coord|26.6909|N|89.2763|E|display=inline, title}}
| area_km2 = 216.51
| established =
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| governing_body =
| url = www.jaldaparanationalprk.org
}}
[[File:MAP of Jaldapara Wildlife Division.jpg|thumb|406x406px]]
'''Jaldapara National Park''' (Pron: ˌʤʌldəˈpɑ:rə) is a [[national park]] situated at the foothills of the [[Eastern Himalaya]]s in [[Alipurduar|Alipurduar District]] of northern West Bengal, India, and on the banks of the [[Torsa River]]. It is situated at an elevation of {{cvt|61|m}} and is spread across {{cvt|216.51|km2}} of vast grassland with patches of riverine forest.<ref name=nptoi>{{cite news |date=2012 |title=National Park status for Jaldapara Sanctuary |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/National-Park-status-for-Jaldapara-Sanctuary/articleshow/13087511.cms |access-date=11 May 2012}}</ref> It was declared a sanctuary in 1941 for protection of its great variety of flora and fauna.
It is a [[IUCN protected area categories#Category IV – habitat or species management area|habitat management area]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary |url=http://www.protectedplanet.net/sites/Jaldapara_Sanctuary/}}</ref>

Today, Jaldapara National Park has the largest population of the [[Indian rhinoceros]] in the state.<ref name="Jalpaiguri Tourism">{{cite web|url=https://www.alipurduar.org/district-profile/tourist-destinations/|title=Alipurduar Tourism|work=Alipurduar District Tourism|access-date=23 March 2017|archive-date=27 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627035857/http://www.alipurduar.org/district-profile/tourist-destinations/}}</ref>

== History ==
Toto and Mech tribes [[Bodo–Kachari people|(Bodos)]] used to stay in this area before 1800. At that time this place was known as "[[Totopara]]". Formerly Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary, established in 1941, has been elevated to Jaldapara National Park in May 2014 and is primarily meant for the conservation of the [[Indian rhinoceros]].<ref name=Ghosh2021>{{Cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=C. |last2=Ghatak |first2=S. |last3=Biswas |first3=K. |last4=Das |first4=A. P. |date=2021 |title=Status of tree diversity of the Jaldapara National Park in West Bengal, India |journal=Trees, Forests and People |volume=3 |article-number=100061 |doi=10.1016/j.tfp.2020.100061 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Flora and fauna==
The forest is mainly [[Savanna|savannah]] covered with tall elephant grasses. The main attraction of the park is the [[Indian rhinoceros|Indian one-horned rhinoceros]]. The park holds the largest rhino population in India after [[Kaziranga National Park]] in [[Assam]]. Other animals in the park include [[Indian leopard]], [[Indian elephant]], [[sambar (deer)|sambar]], [[barking deer]], [[chital]], [[Indian hog deer|hog deer]], [[wild boar]] and [[gaur]]. A floristic investigation was made during 2016–2018 to document the tree diversity and their present status in the Jaldapara National Park. A total of 294 species of trees belonging to 189 genera and 63 families, including 4 species of [[gymnosperm]]s were recorded.<ref name=Ghosh2021/>

==References==
<references>
https://www.alipurduar.org/district-profile/tourist-destinations/
</references>

==External links==
{{commons category|Jaldapara National Park}}
{{Wikivoyage|Jaldapara}}

{{external media |float=right|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5fJCWkAlLCM Rhino at Hollong Tourist Lodge]
|video2=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0dX6nDBKyc Jaldapara rhino]}}
* {{official website|jaldapara.in}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050310000618/http://www.wbtourism.com/wildlife/jaldapara.htm Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary] at West Bengal State Tourism

{{National Parks of India}}
{{Protected areas of West Bengal}}
{{Alipurduar topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Dooars]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Alipurduar district]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1941]]
[[Category:National parks in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests]]
[[Category:1941 establishments in British India]]

Jalabhisheka

2026-02-21T09:50:46Z

GeorgiannaN07: new a post...

{{Short description|Hindu ritual}}
{{See also-text|[[Achhinjal]]|[[Rudrabhisheka]]}}{{Infobox religion
| name = Jalabhisheka
| native_name = जलाभिषेक
| native_name_lang = sa
| image = Shivaling at Banganga, Mumbai.jpg
| caption = A lingam jalabhisheka at Banganga (Walkeshwar) in Mumbai
| main_classification = [[Hinduism]]
| area = [[Indian subcontinent]]
}}
'''Jalabhisheka''' ({{Langx|sa|जलाभिषेक|Jalābhiṣeka}}) also known as '''Jalabhishekam''', is a ritual in [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-02 |title=Sawan Shivratri 2024 Jalabhishek Muhurat: Know Shubh Muhurat, Puja Samagri and Puja Rituals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/festivals/sawan-shivratri-2024-jalabhishek-muhurat-know-shubh-muhurat-puja-samagri-and-puja-rituals/articleshow/112201660.cms |access-date=2024-10-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In this practice, adherents pour a stream of holy water on a [[lingam]], an anioconic form of the deity [[Shiva]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=आज भगवान शिव के जलाभिषेक का उत्तम मुहूर्त दोपहर 2:14 तक, इस समय |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/astrology/sawan-jal-abhishek-2024-first-monday-of-sawan-know-best-time-for-jalabhishek-of-lord-shiva-201721616495342.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Miśrā |first=Sīmā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZksqAQAAMAAJ |title=Kāśī meṃ Śiva-pūjā |date=2010 |publisher=Kiśora Vidyā Niketana |isbn=978-81-86101-31-5 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Shiv Puja Ke Niyam: सावन में कैसे करें भगवान शिव का जलाभिषेक, जानिए महादेव की पूजन विधि |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/spirituality/festivals/sawan-2024-shiv-jalabhishek-vidhi-know-shiv-puja-ke-niyam-in-hindi-2024-07-11 |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Jalabhisheka is a compound term derived from the Sanskrit words ''jala'' (water) and [[Abhisheka|''abhisheka'']] (ritual pouring). It thus refers to the ceremonial act of pouring holy water over a ''[[murti]]'' (religious image) as an act of devotion and purification.

== Description ==
In [[Hinduism]], the practice of the ''jalabhisheka'' worship to [[Shiva]] is popular across the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=शिव का जलाभिषेक, कांवर यात्रा एवं सावन में शिव पूजा करती है भक्तों का कल्याण |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/astro/others/sawan-2024-shiv-savan-jal-abhishek-kanwar-yatra-pooja-fal/articleshow/111808167.cms |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> During the festivals of [[Shravana (month)|Sawan Sombari]] and [[Maha Shivaratri]], the jalabhisheka on the lingams in Shiva temples is performed by a huge number of devotees of Shiva.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-05 |title=Mahashivratri Jalabhishek 2024: महाशिवरात्रि पर इस शुभ मुहूर्त में करें भगवान शिव का जलाभिषेक, नोट करें पूजा सामग्री और विधि |url=https://www.naidunia.com/spiritual/vrat-tyohar-maha-shivratri-jal-abhishek-time-2024-know-auspicious-time-of-jalabhishek-of-lord-shiva-on-mahashivratri-puja-vidhi-8286047 |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Epigraphical evidence from the [[Talagunda pillar inscription]] (circa 450 CE) indicates that lingam worship, complete with ritual water offerings and the construction of temple tanks, was already established in [[Karnataka]] by the [[Kadamba dynasty]] by the mid-5th century CE.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fleet |first=J. F. |title=Epigraphia Carnatica, Vol. IX. Inscriptions in the Bangalore District. By B. Lewis Rice, C.I.E., MRAS., Director of Archæological Researches in Mysore. (Bangalore: Mysore Government Central Press, 1905.) |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00035401 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=1033–1034 |doi=10.1017/s0035869x00035401 |issn=1356-1863|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harrison |first=Barbara J. |last2=Sastri |first2=K. A. Nilakanta |title=A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar. |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/2941900 |journal=The Far Eastern Quarterly |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=452 |doi=10.2307/2941900 |issn=0363-6917|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The [[Lingam|Gudimallam Lingam]], dated between the 3rd and 1st centuries BCE, represents one of the earliest unequivocal images of Shiva and suggests that ritual ablutions may have been performed on phallic cult-objects in antiquity.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Editorial Board |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02666030.2004.9628630 |journal=South Asian Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=ebi–ebi |doi=10.1080/02666030.2004.9628630 |issn=0266-6030|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Ancestor Worship in Early Śaiva Siddhānta |date=2019-03-19 |work=Liberating the Liberated |pages=177–216 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvfrxh1f.9 |access-date=2025-08-01 |publisher=Verlag der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften}}</ref>

== Ritual procedure ==
[[File:Shiva linga 2.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Jalabhisheka of a lingam]]
In the standard jalabhisheka ritual, a devotee first fills a [[kamandalu]] with consecrated water and approaches the lingam with reverence and respect. While standing or bowing before the lingam, the devotee pours the water in a slow, unbroken stream. This ensures it flows evenly over the stone surface. While the water cascades, prescribed mantras such as "[[Om Namah Shivaya]]," the ''[[Śatarudrīya]]'' hymn, or the [[Mahamrityunjaya Mantra|Mahāmrtyuñjayamantra]] are intoned continuously, invoking Shiva’s blessings and purificatory power.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardy |first=Friedhelm |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511549250 |title=The Religious Culture of India |date=1994-07-28 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-44181-0}}</ref> After the completion of the water offering, many temples extend the rite by bathing the lingam in [[panchamrita]]. This is a mixture of milk, yogurt, ghee, honey, and sugar. This is followed by the presentation of [[bilva]] leaves and fresh flowers, and conclude the ceremony with an [[Arti (Hinduism)|ārtī]], offering to honor the deity’s divine presence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Usha |date=2018-10-25 |title=Old Age and Hinduism |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0211 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets}}</ref> Devotees often collect water from [[Sacred waters|sacred rivers]] at astronomically auspicious moments, such as [[Pradosha]] evenings or during the [[Purnima]] lunar phase, to perform jalabhisheka, believing the timing further amplifies the rite’s purificatory power.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frazier |first=J. |date=2012-04-15 |title=Ritual and Practice in Hindu Studies |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/jhs/his017 |journal=The Journal of Hindu Studies |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1093/jhs/his017 |issn=1756-4255|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Symbolic significance ==
In Hindu belief, the act of jalabhisheka is not just a ritual but a symbolic gesture of spiritual cleansing. It reflects the devotee's intention to purify the mind and soul, to let go of ego and attachments, and to attain a sense of unity with the divine. The flowing of water over the lingam also signifies the eternal nature of time and consciousness, core principles in [[Shaivism]]. Scholars highlight that the water used in a''bhisheka'' functions as a purifying and sanctifying agent, similar to the water used in Vedic coronation and consecration rituals, representing spiritual transformation and divine blessing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=kim chin young |title=The Type of The Hindu Death Rituals and Philosophical Thought: A Vedic Hermeneutical Perspectives |url=https://doi.org/10.17325/sgjp.2014.36..41 |journal=Sogang Journal of Philosophy |volume=36 |pages=41–65 |doi=10.17325/sgjp.2014.36..41 |issn=1738-8104|doi-access=free }}</ref> The ritual also facilitates a transition from the mundane to the sacred, which is a common purpose of purification rites in many religious traditions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bradley |first=Ian |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9780755624751 |title=Believing in Britain |date=2007 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |doi=10.5040/9780755624751 |isbn=978-1-84511-326-1}}</ref>

== Regional variations ==
In different parts of the world, Shiva worship through water offerings takes on unique local flavors. In [[North India|northern India]], at shrines like [[Somnath temple|Somnath]], [[Kedarnath]] and [[Varanasi]], devotees pour [[Ganges|Ganges water]] (sometimes mixed with [[saffron]]) over the lingam during [[Shravana (month)|Shravana]] and Maha Shivaratri, celebrating the river’s purifying power.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shulman |first=David |title=Friedhelm Hardy. The Religious Culture of India: Power, Love and Wisdom. Cambridge Studies in Religious Traditions, 4. Pp. 613. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.) £55.00 ($74.95). |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s0034412500024318 |journal=Religious Studies |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=286–289 |doi=10.1017/s0034412500024318 |issn=0034-4125|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Down [[South India|south]], temples such as [[Chidambaram]] and [[Madurai]] follow a six-times-daily ritual schedule, using not only water but also substances like sandal paste, pomegranate juice and turmeric in precise sequence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Śaiva Āgamas |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/2212-5019_beh_com_000416 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=Brill’s Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online}}</ref> In [[East India|eastern India]], at Bhubaneswar’s Lingaraja Temple, the sacred [[Bindusagar Lake|Bindusagar]] tank supplies water for communal ablutions, tying the lingam’s care directly to the holy lake.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Rahul Peter |title=Problematic Aspects of the Sexual Rituals of the Bauls of Bengal |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/603078 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=388 |doi=10.2307/603078 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Out west, Ujjain's Mahakaleshwar Temple begins each day before dawn with the famous Bhasma Aarti, pouring water and then sacred ash over the lingam to symbolize life’s cycles and the shedding of ego.<ref>{{Citation |last=Halperin |first=Ehud |title=Narrating the Local Web of Associations |date=2019-12-26 |work=The Many Faces of a Himalayan Goddess |pages=85–118 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190913588.003.0004 |access-date=2025-08-01 |publisher=Oxford University PressNew York |isbn=0-19-091358-4}}</ref> Across the [[Himalayas]] in [[Nepal]], priests at [[Pashupatinath Temple|Pashupatinath]] draw water from the [[Bagmati River]] (often blending it with milk, ghee, honey and curd) for dawn abhisheka, linking Shaiva rites to both Vedic and Tantric traditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kinsley |first=David |title=Light Shed on the City of LightBanaras: City of Light. Diana L. Eck |url=https://doi.org/10.1086/462940 |journal=History of Religions |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=92–94 |doi=10.1086/462940 |issn=0018-2710|url-access=subscription }}</ref> And in [[Bali]], the Melukat ceremony at temples like [[Tirta Empul]] uses holy spring water under priestly guidance to cleanse body and spirit, showing how the simple act of pouring water becomes a deeply meaningful ritual across cultures.<ref>{{Citation |title=3. Maya Rituals: Past and Present |date=2006-12-31 |work=Water and Ritual |pages=54–66 |url=https://doi.org/10.7560/709997-006 |access-date=2025-08-01 |publisher=University of Texas Press}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Shiva]]
[[Category:Worship]]
[[Category:Hinduism]]
[[Category:Indian subcontinent]]

Newspaper Boy (1955 film)

2026-02-18T16:53:31Z

GeorgiannaN07: made details - done

{{No plot|date=December 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Newspaper Boy
| image = Newspaperboyfilm.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[P. Ramdas]]
| producer =
| screenplay = P. Ramadas
| story = P. Ramadas
| starring = Master Moni Master Narendran Neyyattinkara Komalam Nagavally R.S. Kurup Master Narendran Kumari Madhuri Master Venkiteswaran Kuriyathi
| music = '''Songs''': Vijayan A. Ramachandran '''Background score''': Mahatma Sangeethamela
| cinematography = Madhavan Nair
| editing = K. D. George
| studio = Adarsh Kalamandir
| distributor = R. S. Pictures {{small|([[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] & [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]])}} Variety Pictures {{small|([[Travancore]])}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1955|5|13}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INRConvert|175000|nolink=yes}}<ref name="flashback" />
}}
'''''Newspaper Boy''''' is a 1955 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]]. It is the first [[neorealism (art)|neo-realistic film]] in the language.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/P-Ramdas-Pioneer-of-Neo-realism-in-Malayalam-Cinema-is-No-More/2014/03/28/article2135111.ece | title=P Ramdas, Pioneer of Neo-realism in Malayalam Cinema, is No More | newspaper=The New Indian Express | date=28 March 2014 | access-date=30 June 2016 | archive-date=16 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816114653/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/P-Ramdas-Pioneer-of-Neo-realism-in-Malayalam-Cinema-is-No-More/2014/03/28/article2135111.ece | url-status=dead }}</ref> The film narrates the life of the common man on the street. It is noteworthy in that the entire production programme from script-writing to direction was controlled and executed by students. The group of students were from the school Adarsh Kalamandir and the film was written and directed by [[P. Ramdas]]. The screenplay was based on a short story written by Ramadas himself.

Though the film had a [[Low-budget film|shoestring budget]] of {{INRConvert|175000|nolink=yes}}, featured mostly amateur actors, and was made by an inexperienced crew, ''Newspaper Boy'' was a critical success. Influenced by [[Italian neorealism]], the film is also remembered for being the world's first commercial film made by students.<ref name="malayalamcinema1">{{cite web |url=http://malayalamcinema.com/Content-4/CinemaHistory.html |title=Cinema History Malayalam Cinema |publisher=Malayalamcinema.com |access-date=2008-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829142639/http://malayalamcinema.com/Content-4/CinemaHistory.html |archive-date=29 August 2012 }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Master Moni as Appu
* Master Narendran as Balan
* Master Venkiteswaran as Pappan
* Master Mohan as Gopi, Madhava Menon's son
* Baby Usha as Indira, Madhava Menon's daughter
* Kumari Madhuri as Leela
* [[Nagavally R. S. Kurup]] as Sankaran Nair
* [[Veeran]] as Kesavan Nair
* Kuriyathi as Kittummavan
* G. R. Nair as Madhava Menon
* P. Gangadharan Nair as Raghavan
*[[T. R. Omana]]
* K. Madhavan as Sreedhara Menon
* Neyyattinkara Komalam as Kalyani Amma
* [[Adoor Pankajam]] as Lakshmi Amma
* Omana Madhavan as Kamalamma
* Chandni as Pankajam, Kittummavan's daughter
*[[Miss Kumari]]
*Snehalatha
*Venkiteswaran

== Production ==
=== Development ===
[[P. Ramdas]] once read in ''[[Filmfare]]'' magazine that [[Raj Kapoor]] was India's youngest [[film director]]. Ramdas, who was 18 then, dreamed of making a film and told his friends that he would soon take this honour.<ref name="j24">{{Harvnb|Paul|2008|p=24}}</ref> One of his friends, Subramanian Parameswaran, who studied with him at University College in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], was also passionate about movies. The idea to make the film was born out of Ramadas's and Parameswaran's desire to make a movie "of the beaten track."<ref name="j43">{{Harvnb|Paul|2008|p=43}}</ref> They were heavily inspired by the themes of [[Italian neorealism]], which had already created waves in the Malayalam literary circles. The two young minds wanted to bring this new wave to cinema too. Ramadas was sure his own short story "Compositor" would be the best option to start with.<ref name="j44">{{Harvnb|Paul|2008|p=44}}</ref> The story was first published in ''Mahatma Malayala Masika'', the world's first magazine run by students. It was later included in the book ''Thalirukal'', published by Mahatma Publishing House.<ref name="j87">{{Harvnb|Paul|2008|p=87}}</ref> Movies of [[V. Shantaram]] also inspired Ramadas and Parameswaran to make such a "different" movie.<ref name="j43" /> As they had little knowledge about the technical aspects of cinema, they became regular visitors to the erstwhile American Information Library in Thrivananthapuram and read as much books available on cinema.<ref name="j44" /> Ramadas travelled to [[Madras]], the then centre of South Indian filmmaking, and collected an 8 mm [[Kodak]] Baby Browny Movie Camera using which he later filmed two short films, ''Footpath'' (which was filmed from [[Thrissur]]) and ''Life for Film'' (which was filmed from [[Kanyakumari]]), which all helped him to gain some knowledge in professional movie-making.<ref name="j45">{{Harvnb|Paul|2008|pp=45–46}}</ref>

Ramadas wrote a "film treatment", by making certain changes in his short story, and developed it into a complete script by 1953 September–October.<ref name="j53">{{Harvnb|Paul|2008|p=53}}</ref> The story is retold from the perspective of a twelve-year-old boy in the screenplay. The story's central character is Lonappan, who was renamed as Sankaran Nair in the screenplay. Nair's son Appu is the central character of the film while this character has little importance in the story.<ref name="j53" /> Ramadas approached popular writer [[Nagavally R. S. Kurup]] to write dialogues, who agreed on a payment of {{INR}} 1000. Kurup submitted his work soon, but was rejected by Ramadas, stating that it was written in a typical [[Travancore]] accent but the story is taking place in Thrissur. Ramadas himself rewrote the dialogues in the Thrissur-slang of [[Malayalam]].<ref name="j54">{{Harvnb|Paul|2008|p=54}}</ref> He planned to film the movie in May 1954, after his exams, and booked a floor of the erstwhile [[Merryland Studio]] in Thiruvananthapuram for indoor shooting.<ref name="j58">{{Harvnb|Paul|2008|p=58}}</ref>

The film was produced by Adarsh Kalamandir, a subdivision of Mahatma Memorial Association, founded by Ramadas and his friends in 1945 as Balasangham.<ref name="j29">{{Harvnb|Paul|2008|p=29}}</ref> The ever-growing enthusiasm of the students found the Association venturing into a field hitherto undreamt of by the student population of the world.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Newspaper Boy|date=7 July 1955|publisher=Eve's Weekly|location=[[Bombay, India]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[P. Ramdas]] wanted to cast amateurs and new-faces in all the departments of his film. K. C. Ponkunnam (K. C. Francis) was assigned to write the songs, Kanthaswamy was chosen as the art director, and Vijayan and his brother Ramachandran as music directors. All of them were members of Mahatma Memorial Association and had a long-term association with Ramadas through the plays he had directed.<ref name="Casting">{{Harvnb|Paul|2008|pp=58–61}}</ref> V. Balakrishnan, who played woman characters in all of Ramadas's plays, was given the job of costume designing.<ref name="Casting" /> Krishnan Elaman, Balakrishnan and K. D. George, all of them from Merryland Studios, were chosen for sound recording, makeup and editing respectively. Ramadas's and Parameswaran's relatives were also given some jobs, like production control, lighting etc. P. K. Madhavan Nair, who was an assistant cinematographer in Malayalam films until then was chosen as the director of photography.<ref name="Casting" />

The lead character Appu was inspired by a twelve-year-old newspaper boy Ramadas had met somewhere in a journey to [[Ernakulam]].<ref name="j44" /> Ramadas and Parameswaran visited almost all schools and orphanages to find a suitable face but failed. Appu's role was at last given to Master Moni, who was introduced to Ramadas by Nagavally R. S. Kurup.<ref name="Casting" /> His original name was Narayanan Pillai and was a relative of Kurup.<ref name="Casting" /> Appu's brother Balan's role was given to a four-year-old boy named Narendran.<ref name="Casting" /> Another major character, Sankaran Nair, Appu's father, was inspired by a press worker named Cheekutty. Ramadas approached Cheekutty to play this role who instantly rejected, which was later taken by Kurup himself, who had previously acted small roles in movies like ''Sasidharan'' and ''Navalokam''.<ref name="Casting" /> A theatre actor named Jagadamma was originally cast in the role of Kalyani Amma, Appu's mother, but was later replaced by Neyyattinkara Komalam.<ref name="Casting" /> Other major roles were played by the members of the association or by their friends.<ref name="Casting" />

=== Filming ===
Ramadas knew that his Kodak Baby Browny would not be useful to film a feature-length movie. So he imported an Avery camera and a Ferrograph tape-recorder from England. The camera was found useless for professional movie making and was not used for the film. The tape-recorder was used to mix sound in the film, a too pre-mature way which would later be criticised by various mainstream critics.<ref name="j45" /> As planned earlier, Ramadas was able to commence shooting in May 1954 itself. The camera-switch-on ceremony was conducted by Colonel [[G. V. Raja]] on 5 May 1954 in [[Merryland Studios]].<ref name="flashback" /> Indoor sequences were completely filmed from Merryland using a Michelle camera while outdoor sequences were mainly filmed from Thrissur and [[Madras]].<ref name="Shooting">{{Harvnb|Paul|2008|pp=72–78}}</ref> The realism-influenced train sequence, inspired by a scene from [[Akira Kurosawa]]'s ''[[Rashomon (film)|Rashomon]]'', was filmed from [[Ernakulam]] South railway station.<ref name="Shooting" /> Ramadas was ready to go for any number of retakes to get the right output from the cast. For instance, he wanted to shoot the scene in which Kittummavan explains his son about Sankaran Nair's condition in a single shot. To get what he had in mind, Ramadas needed seven takes.<ref name="Shooting" />

Dialogue-dubbing was not common then and live sound recording was to be used. The Ferrograph tape-recorder was used for mixing much of the background sound. Shooting was finished in early 1955.<ref name="j45" />

== Release ==
[[P. Ramdas]] was approached by various distribution companies while filming itself, but he rejected all the offers since he was sure that they would interfere in the making of his dream film. Ramadas could not find a distributor after the production for a long time.<ref name="j77">{{Harvnb|Paul|2008|pp=77–78}}</ref> Later, Ernakulam-based R. S. Pictures and Kottayam-based Variety Pictures agreed to distribute the film in Kochi-Malabar and Travancore respectively.<ref name="flashback" /> The total production cost of the film was {{INR}} 1,25,000, which along with the amount charged by the distribution companies for print and publicity, will make the total budget of the film {{INR}}{{formatnum:175000}}.<ref name="j77" />

The film released on 13 May 1955 in eight theatres in [[Travancore-Cochin]] and [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]] states.<ref name="Making" /> In Thrissur, it was screened at the Jose theatre.<ref name="Making">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2005/05/15/stories/2005051501020200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108151220/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2005/05/15/stories/2005051501020200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 November 2012 |title=Making of a landmark film |date=15 May 2005 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2010-12-28}}</ref> The film, made at a budget of {{INR}} {{formatnum:175000}}, was panned by audiences who were not interested in seeing "their own lives onscreen", and ultimately became a big box office failure. Ramadas as well as his colleagues were bankrupt after the film's failure.<ref name="flashback">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/05/20/stories/2005052003150200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050523225206/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/05/20/stories/2005052003150200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 May 2005|title='Newspaper Boy:' a flashback to the Fifties |author=B. Vijayakumar|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 May 2005|access-date=2010-12-28}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
''Newspaper Boy'' opened to positive reviews from various critics with many of them appreciating Ramadas for taking up such a risky and experimental film. However the film received criticism as well, mainly for its editing, sound mixing and music.<ref>{{cite journal|title=ന്യൂസ്പേപ്പർ ബോയ്|author=Sudarsan|journal=[[Jayakeralam]]|date=4 June 1955|language=Malayalam|location=[[Madras, India]]}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[The Bombay Chronicle]]'' said that it was pleasant to find a film that was not "only 'progressive' in abandoning set formulae, but progressive" in how it did realism. The intent was said to be serious, but without bitterness underneath. The reviewer also complimented ''Newspaper Boy'' for its universality.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Amateur film group proves brains are better than big-budgets|journal=The Bombay Chronicle |date=12 June 1955|location=[[Bombay, India]]}}</ref> ''Sunday Standard''{{'}}s reviewer said the film is praiseworthy, and lacking amateur quality despite being made by students; the reviewer also commented on the film's emotional nature.<ref>{{cite news|title=Newspaper Boy: Review|date=19 June 1955|newspaper=Sunday Standard|location=Bombay, India}}</ref> A critic from ''Blitz'' said that the film's title is picturesque, and the film itself was "wonderful". The critic also said the film was thought-provoking, not only about its heartwarming but "disturbing" theme, but from its being produced by students.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Blitz salutes students who produced a film and made history|date=18 June 1955|publisher=Blitz|location=Bombay, India}}</ref> ''Reel-News'' said that the direction was excellent and the acting was livened by its young stars.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Splendid effort by Kerala amateurs|publisher=Reel-News|year=1955|location=Bombay, India}}</ref> A review by ''[[Screen India]]'' stated that the unusual part of the film was its lack of usage of "the usual box-office devices."

Reviewers from the South also praised the film. ''[[Jayakeralam]]'' weekly said that the film was excellent and well-directed.<ref name="j231">{{Harvnb|Paul|2008|pp=231}}</ref> A review by ''[[Deenabandhu]]'' said that the film presented the everyday life of a middle-class family with complete realism.<ref name="j233">{{Harvnb|Paul|2008|pp=233}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Kerala Kaumudi]]'' compared the direction to that of the best non-Indian pictures.<ref name="j231" /> A review by ''Sakhavu'' said that those who "forget art and culture to make money" were hit hard by the film.<ref name="j233" /> A review by ''Deepam'' said that the producers of this film, Adarsa Kala Mandir (Temple of Art), have justified their name by this film. The beauty of Kerala, according to the reviewer, came through with no disruption of the plot.<ref name="j233" /> Writer-producer [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]] said that it was well-presented, well-directed and well-photographed, and wished that it would open "the eyes of our producers, in Bombay."<ref name="j232">{{Harvnb|Paul|2008|pp=232}}</ref> Film Divisions director V. R. Sharma stated that it marked a refreshingly new approach in Southern Indian film-making due to its realistic nature. He praised the acting, and said that the film's makers "can justifiably be proud of their achievement and deserve every encouragement."<ref name="j232" /> I. K. Menon, Secretary of the Indian Motion Picture Producers Association, said that the realism of the film was unbelievable, with a correct portrayal of everyday life in "Kerala without any exaggeration or colour merely to entertain, as is usual in films."<ref name="j232" />

== Songs ==
The songs are composed by Vijayan and his brother A. Ramachandran, both of them members of Mahatma Memorial Association. Background score was by Mahatma Sangeethamela, a subdivision of the Association. There are eleven songs in the film, and the playback singers include Kamukara Pusushothaman and [[Santha P. Nair]]. Ramachandran, one of the composers, says that all the songs were for a specific purpose, such as showing the passage of time. He adds his amazement about important singers agreeing to sing for them. The re-recording was done by Ramachandran alone, without his brother Vijayan, due to illness; he was not able to transfer the songs to better recording media due to inexperience.<ref name="flashback" /> Lyrics were penned by K. C. Poonkunnam and P. Gangadharan Nair. Three traditional poems were also used.<ref name="Songs">{{Harvnb|Paul|2008|pp=70–72}}</ref> Nine songs were recorded from Merryland Studios, while the songs "Chirichukondeevazhikku" and "Pazhaya Yugangal" were recorded from [[Udaya Studios]] and from a studio in Madras respectively.<ref name="Songs" /> Malayalam film music was copied from Hindi and Tamil film songs in those times. Ramadas wanted to change this system and in ''Newspaper Boy'', all the tunes are original and follows the folk traditions of the State. Different from the films of that time, majority of songs were used as montage songs that appeared in the background of the film.<ref name="Songs" /> Audio rights were bought by a newly formed Bombay-based company named Bulbil. But the company closed down before the film's release and no records were released.<ref name="Songs" />

#"Kallilum Mullilum" — T. A. Kumaresan, T. A. Lakshmi
#"Devi Sarweswari" — Shyamala
#"Naranayingane Janichu Bhoomiyil" — P. Ganga
#"[[Omanathinkal Kidavo]]" — [[Santha P. Nair]]
#"Thekkankaatte" — Lakshmi
#"Maveli Naadu Vaaneedum Kaalam" — [[Kamukara Purushothaman]], Santha P. Nair, Lakshmi, Vijayan, Ramachandran
#"Udayagiri Chuvannu" — P. Ganga
#"Enthinu Kanneerennum" — [[Kamukara Purushothaman]]
#"Chirichukondeevazhikku" — Ramachandran
#"Pazhaya Yugangal" — Vijayan
#"Thellakalathuninnu" — Kumaresan, T. A. Lakshmi

== Awards ==
* 1956 – Madras Film Fans Association Award for Best Malayalam Film<ref name="j259">{{Harvnb|Paul|2008|pp=259}}</ref>
* 1962 – Kerala Sangeeta Nataka Academy Award for Best Script (selected from all the Malayalam films released between 1954 and 1962)<ref name="j259" />

== Legacy ==
Malayalee Indian director Pradeep Nair made a 24-minute documentary film titled ''Oru Neorealistic Swapnam'' (''A Neorealistic Dream''), which detailed the making of ''Newspaper Boy''. The film was produced by V. S. Rajesh with credit from the Public Relations Department of Government of Kerala, and was conceived for Film Buff.<ref>{{Cite news |last=George |first=Vijay |date=22 July 2005 |title=Reflection of harsh realities |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/reflection-of-harsh-realities/article28584730.ece |access-date=3 September 2022 |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904035614/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/reflection-of-harsh-realities/article28584730.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="j208">{{Harvnb|Paul|2008|p=208}}</ref> T.M.P. Nedungadi of Mathrubhumi wrote, "It was a baby that was born prematurely, faintly breathing cinematic life. But in our country there were no incubators at that time to look after and nurture it.."

The film's screenplay was published as a book by [[DC Books]] in July 2008. Noted screenwriter [[John Paul (writer)|John Paul]] edited the book. The book consists of the script (rewritten by [[P. Ramdas]] since the original screenplay was lost), the original story, the songbook, reviews and memoirs.<ref>{{Harvnb|Paul|2008|p=7}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rlDTDsX85uc A Neo-Realistic Dream | Documentary on Director P. Ramdas]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2z5UMXSOej0 Annorikkal | Memories of Dr P Ramadas Part 1 | Manorama News]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4xhJhu-KPb0 Annorikkal | Memories of Dr P Ramadas Part 2 | Manorama News]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8yuwksfvekc THE ADIEU TO DIRECTOR P RAMADAS]

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book |title=Newspaper Boy: Ormachithram, Katha, Thirakkatha, Pattupusthakam |date=July 2008 |publisher=[[DC Books]] |isbn=978-81-264-1902-9 |editor-last=Paul |editor-first=John |editor-link=John Paul Puthusery }}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0253310|Newspaper Boy}}

[[Category:1950s Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1955 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1955 drama films]]
[[Category:1955 films]]
[[Category:1955 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about poverty in India]]
[[Category:Films based on short fiction]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by population

2026-02-14T17:06:30Z

GeorgiannaN07: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
This article is about the '''list of most populated cities in [[Andhra Pradesh]]''' state of [[India]] as per the [[2011 Census of India]], conducted by the Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, under [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]].

== Cities statistics ==

As per the [[2011 Census of India]], towns with population of 100,000 and above are called "cities".<ref>{{cite web|title=Census Data 2011 / Metadata |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Metadata/Metada.htm#2c |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070617234445/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Metadata/Metada.htm |archive-date=17 June 2007 }}</ref>

[[Visakhapatnam]] is the most populated city, with a population of 2,278,000 after the merger of surrounding towns into Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation (VMC) and it being upgraded to [[Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation]] ([[GVMC]]). There have been proposals to merge some nearby villages to [[Vijayawada]], [[Kakinada]], and [[Rajahmundry|Rajamahendravaram]] Municipal Corporations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rajahmundry|first=Greater|date=2017-03-16|title=Greater Rajahmundry: Revised Master Plan for Kakinada also ready|url=http://greaterrajahmundry.blogspot.com/2017/03/revised-master-plan-for-kakinada-also.html|access-date=2020-08-28|website=Greater Rajahmundry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Venu Lanka|date=Dec 28, 2019|title=Greater Vijayawada likely to include only 29 villages {{!}} Vijayawada News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/greater-vijayawada-likely-to-include-only-29-villages/articleshow/73000683.cms|access-date=2020-08-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SGSwwKD2Aa4/XjWP__GF17I/AAAAAAAAF3M/Q7-z3QXc2OwKgIxHzIIFLhCk41PazKfVACNcBGAsYHQ/s1600/01.jpg}}</ref>

[[Visakhapatnam]], [[Kakinada]], and [[Tirupati]] are being developed as [[Smart city|smart cities]] by [[Government of India]] under [[Smart Cities Mission]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cities Profile of Round 1 Smart Cities :: SMART CITIES MISSION, Government of India|url=http://smartcities.gov.in/content/innerpage/cities-profile-of-20-smart-cities.php|access-date=2020-08-29|website=smartcities.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Umamaheswara Rao|date=Jan 25, 2020|title=Barely a city now, Amaravati tops smart city spend {{!}} Amaravati News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/barely-a-city-now-amaravati-tops-smart-city-spend/articleshow/73599690.cms|access-date=2020-08-29|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

In 2021 Managaliri and Tadepalli Municipalities and villages in mandals were merged to form [[Mangalagiri Tadepalli Municipal Corporation|Mangalagiri-Tadepalli]].<ref>{{cite news|title=AP: Merger of villages to boost Mangalagiri as model town|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/merger-of-villages-to-boost-mangalagiri-as-model-town/articleshow/80085761.cms|newspaper=Times of India|date=4 January 2021 |accessdate=4 January 2021|location=Vijayawada}}</ref>

''The cities written in '''bold''' are the headquarters of their respective [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|district]].''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!S.no.
!City
!District
!Population 2011 Census
!Population 2001 Census
!Municipality formation
!Number
of wards<ref>{{Cite web|title=Municipal Corporations {{!}} Commissioner and Director of Municipal Administration|url=https://cdma.ap.gov.in/en/municipal-corporations|access-date=2021-03-21|website=cdma.ap.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|1
| align="left" |'''[[Visakhapatnam]]'''
| align="left" |[[Visakhapatnam district|'''Visakhapatnam''']]
|1,881,686
|1,345,938
|1865
|98
|-
|2
| align="left" |'''[[Vijayawada]]'''
| align="left" |[[NTR district|'''NTR''']]
|1,034,358
|900,061
|1888
|64
|-
|3
| align="left" |'''[[Guntur]]'''
| align="left" |[[Guntur district|'''Guntur''']]
|743,354
|514,461
|1866
|57
|-
|4
| align="left" |'''[[Nellore]]'''
| align="left" |[[Nellore district|'''SPSR Nellore''']]
|547,621
|404,775
|1866
|54
|-
|5
| align="left" |'''[[Kurnool]]'''
| align="left" |[[Kurnool district|'''Kurnool''']]
|457,633
|269,122
|1866
|52
|-
|6
| align="left" |'''[[Kakinada]]'''
| align="left" |[[Kakinada district|'''Kakinada''']]
|384,128
|335,299
|1866
|50
|-
|7
| align="left" |'''[[Rajahmundry|Rajamahendravaram]]'''
| align="left" |[[East Godavari district|'''East Godavari''']]
|376,333
|374,721
|1865
|50
|-
|8
| align="left" |'''[[Kadapa]]'''
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Kadapa district|'''Kadapa''']]
|344,893
|148,039
|1868
|50
|-
|9
| align="left" |[[Mangalagiri Tadepalli Municipal Corporation|Mangalagiri-Tadepalli]]
| align="left" |[[Guntur district|Guntur]]
|315,323
|244,990
|2021
|50
|-
|10
| align="left" |'''[[Tirupati]]'''
| align="left" |[[Tirupati district|'''Tirupati''']]
|295,323
|244,990
|1886
|50
|-
|11
| align="left" |'''[[Anantapuram]]'''
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Anantapuram district|'''Anantapuram''']]
|267,161
|243,143
|1869
|50
|-
|12
| align="left" |'''[[Ongole]]'''
| style="text-align:left" ; |[[Prakasam district|'''Prakasam''']]
|252,739
|153,829
|1876
|50
|-
|13
| align="left" |'''[[Vizianagaram]]'''
| align="left" |[[Vizianagaram district|'''Vizianagaram''']]
|228,720
|176,023
|1888
|50
|-
|14
| align="left" |'''[[Eluru]]'''
| align="left" |[[Eluru district|'''Eluru''']]
|218,020
|215,804
|1866
|50
|-
|15
| align="left" |[[Proddatur]]
| align="left" |[[Kadapa district|Kadapa]]
|217,895
|150,309
|1915
|41
|-
|16
| align="left" |'''[[Nandyal]]'''
| align="left" |[[Nandyal district|'''Nandyal''']]
|211,424
|154,324
|1899
|42
|-
|17
| align="left" |[[Adoni]]
| align="left" |[[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
|184,625
|146,458
|1865
|42
|-
|18
| align="left" |'''[[Madanapalle]]'''
| align="left" |[[Annamayya district|'''Annamayya''']]
|180,180
|107,449
|1961
|35
|-
|19
| align="left" |'''[[Machilipatnam]]'''
| align="left" |[[Krishna district|'''Krishna''']]
|169,892
|179,353
|1866
|50
|-
|20
| align="left" |[[Tenali]]
| align="left" |[[Guntur district|Guntur]]
|164,937
|153,756
|1912
|40
|-
|21
| align="left" |'''[[Chittoor]]'''
| align="left" |[[Chittoor district|'''Chittoor''']]
|211,153
|198,115
|1917
|50
|-
|22
| align="left" |[[Hindupur]]
| align="left" |[[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]]
|151,677
|125,074
|1920
|38
|-
|23
| align="left" |'''[[Srikakulam]]'''
| align="left" |[[Srikakulam district|'''Srikakulam''']]
|147,372
|117,320
|1856
|50
|-
|24
| align="left" |'''[[Bhimavaram]]'''
| align="left" |[[West Godavari district|'''West Godavari''']]
|146,961
|142,064
|1948
|39
|-
|25
| align="left" |[[Tadepalligudem]]
| align="left" |[[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
|130,348
|102,622
|1958
|40
|-
|26
| align="left" |[[Guntakal]]
| align="left" |[[Anantapuram district|Anantapuram]]
|126,270
|117,103
|1948
|37
|-
|27
| align="left" |[[Dharmavaram, Sri Sathya Sai district|Dharmavaram]]
| align="left" |[[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]]
|121,874
|103,357
|1964
|40
|-
|28
| align="left" |[[Gudivada]]
| align="left" |[[Krishna district|Krishna]]
|118,167
|113,054
|1937
|39
|-
|29
| align="left" |'''[[Narasaraopet]]'''
| align="left" |[[Palnadu district|'''Palnadu''']]
|117,489
|95,349
|1915
|38
|-
|30
| align="left" |[[Kadiri]]
| align="left" |[[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]]
|110,512
|89,235
|1963
|36
|-
|31
| align="left" |[[Tadipatri]]
| align="left" |[[Anantapuram district|Anantapuram]]
|108,421
|86,843
|1920
|36
|-
|32
| align="left" |[[Chilakaluripet]]
| align="left" |[[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]
|101,398
|91,656
|1964
|38
|}
This is a 2011 population census of '''M''' / '''M.Corp + O.G'''.of cities. ('''M''' - [[Municipality]], '''M.Corp''' - [[Municipal corporation]], '''O.G'''. - [[Out growth]])

* [[Kurnool]] includes [[Kallur, Kurnool district|Kallur Village]] which was merged into [[Kurnool Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kurnool Municipal Corporation|date=2014-10-06|title=KURNOOL MUNICIPAL CORPORATION STATUS REPORT|url=https://www.slideshare.net/commissionerkmc/ppt-15082014#:~:text=Kallur%20Gram%20Panchayat%20which%20is,increased%20to%2049.73%20sq.km.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Feb 9, 2002|title=Kallur gram panchayat's merger with KMC okayed {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Kallur-gram-panchayats-merger-with-KMC-okayed/articleshow/406620.cms|access-date=2020-09-08|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Guntur]] includes ten villages, namely Adavitakkellapadu, Ankireddypalem, Gorantla, Chowdavaram, Etukuru, [[Nallapadu]], [[Pedakakani]], [[Pedapalakaluru]], and Pothuru, which were merged into [[Guntur Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-11-26|title=Corporation News - Corporation Update from all over India|url=http://gunturcorporation.org/TownPlanning/gos/GO_279_12072012.pdf|access-date=2020-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126163918/http://gunturcorporation.org/TownPlanning/gos/GO_279_12072012.pdf|archive-date=26 November 2013}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of urban agglomerations in Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[List of cities in India by population]]
*[[List of municipalities in Andhra Pradesh]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
* https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/300517/ap-to-develop-14-smart-cities-across-state.html

{{Andhra Pradesh topics}}
{{Cities of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cites in Andhra Pradesh, List of}}
[[Category:Lists of populated places in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lists of cities in India by population|Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Cities in Andhra Pradesh| ]]

Rohit Bakshi (entrepreneur)

2026-02-10T03:07:22Z

GeorgiannaN07: made data - done

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur}}
{{About|an Indian former 3x3 professional basketball player|other people|Rohit Bakshi (disambiguation){{!}}Rohit Bakshi}}
{{Tone|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rohit Bakshi
| image = Rohit Bakshi Basketball.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1982|02|14}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Entrepreneur]]
| employer = YKBK Enterprise Private Limited
| known_for = {{Bulleted list|[[CEO]], YKBK Enterprise Private Limited|[[Commissioner]], [[3BL]]}}
}}

'''Rohit Bakshi''' (born 14 February 1982) is an Indian [[entrepreneur]] and a former [[3x3 basketball]] player from [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sudevan |first1=Praveen |title=3BL league aims to take Indian basketball to 2020 Olympics but there's a long way to go |url=https://scroll.in/field/890510/3bl-league-aims-to-take-indian-basketball-to-2020-olympics-but-theres-a-long-way-to-go |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=15 August 2018}}</ref> He is the [[CEO]] of YKBK Enterprise Private Limited and [[commissioner]] of [[3BL]],<ref>{{cite news |title=3BL Commissioner Rohit Bakshi on first-ever FIBA 3x3 Skill Development Camp in Gurgaon:"The idea is to spread this across India." |url=https://in.nba.com/news/fiba-3x3-skill-development-camp-3bl-rohit-bakshi-amjyot-singh-basketball-spread-across-india/1haxwmd9xd8wb16x66fkspmf81 |work=[[NBA]] |date=20 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref> the [[FIBA]]-affiliated 3x3 league in the Indian [[subcontinent]].<ref name="Sportskeeda">{{cite news |last1=Matange |first1=Yash |title=3BL Commissioner Rohit Bakshi: "The Ultimate Goal is for India to bring back a [3x3] medal in the Olympics" |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/basketball/3bl-commissioner-rohit-bakshi-the-ultimate-goal-is-for-india-to-bring-back-a-3x3-medal-in-the-olympics |work=Sportskeeda |date=13 July 2018 |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Rohit Bakshi was born in [[Delhi]], and he grew up in [[Nagoya]], [[Japan]]. He has played in the [[Japan men's national 3x3 team|Japanese 3x3 league]]. Rohit returned to India in 2009 to set up a professional basketball league.<ref name="Sportskeeda"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramesh |first1=Akshay |title=India can achieve Olympic success in 3x3 basketball, says 3BL League Commissioner Rohit Bakshi |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/india-can-achieve-olympic-success-3x3-basketball-says-3bl-league-commissioner-rohit-bakshi-779618 |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=14 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lakhina |first1=Tanuj |title=India building towards Tokyo 2020 Olympics in 3×3 Basketball with 3BL |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/3x3-pro-basketball-league-3bl-india-olympics-5324055/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=25 August 2018 |language=en | accessdate=24 September 2022}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2016, Rohit started Agleymina.EXE, a 3x3 basketball team in Japan.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Matange |first1=Yash |title=NBA India All-Access: A conversation with 3BL Commissioner Rohit Bakshi |url=https://in.nba.com/news/nba-india-all-access-rohit-bakshi-3x3-pro-league-3bl-commissioner-india-season-2/ad6ied5xth461furgj7hoa31c |work=[[NBA]] |date=22 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> They won the 3x3 Japan Premier League Championship title and lost in the final of the World Tour Championship. In the following year, Rohit Bakshi set up a 3x3 Pro Basketball League in India named 3BL,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Antony |first1=A. Joseph |title=India can win Olympic 3x3 basketball gold: Rohit Bakshi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/india-can-win-olympic-3x3-basketball-gold-rohit-bakshi/article23702385.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 April 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref> which is recognized by [[FIBA Basketball World Cup|FIBA]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Guha Majumder |first1=Bhaswati |title=How India born entrepreneur settled in Japan is looking forward to bring 3X3 basketball back to his homeland |url=https://www.ibtimes.sg/how-india-born-entrepreneur-settled-japan-looking-forward-bring-3x3-basketball-back-his-16070 |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=8 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Rishabh |title=3BL League commissioner Rohit Bakshi : "I want to make Indian basketball players earn in crores" |url=https://www.sportsindiashow.com/3bl-league-commissioner-rohit-bakshi-want-make-indian-basketball-players-earn-crores/ |work=Sports India Show |date=16 August 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bakshi, Rohit}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's basketball players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Delhi]]

Anna University

2026-02-08T14:50:43Z

GeorgiannaN07: refined citations after review

{{Short description|Public university in Chennai, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Anna University
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| chancellor = [[Governor of Tamil Nadu]]
| vice_chancellor = ''Vacant'' (K. Gopal, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]–Chairman of Convener Committee)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.annauniv.edu/administration.php |title=Anna University, Chennai }}</ref>
| head_label = Registrar
| head = V. Kumaresan (i/c)
| principal =
| dean = K. S. Easwarakumar ([[College of Engineering, Guindy|CEG]]) R. Jayavel ([[Alagappa College of Technology|ACT]]) K. Ravichandran ([[Madras Institute of Technology|MIT]]) K. R. Sitalaksmi ([[Anna University School of Architecture and Planning|SAP]])
| students = 18,372<ref name="AU">{{cite web |title=University Student Enrollment Details |url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=31&Unitype=2 |website=www.ugc.ac.in |access-date=10 February 2020}}</ref>
| undergrad = 11,049<ref name="AU"/>
| postgrad = 4,455<ref name="AU"/>
| doctoral = 2,828<ref name="AU"/>
| city = [[Chennai]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| postalcode = 600025
| country = [[India]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]], 185 acres
| colours =
| other_name = AU
| motto = Progress through Knowledge
| mascot =
| website = {{official URL}}
| logo =
| administrative_staff =
| faculty =
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]], [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]], [[Association of Commonwealth Universities|ACU]]
}}
'''Anna University''' is a [[Public university|public]] [[State university (India)|state university]] located in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The main campus is in [[Guindy]]. It was originally established on 4 September 1978 and is named after [[C. N. Annadurai]], former [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.annauniv.edu/pdf/Acts%20&%20Statues-New.pdf|title=The Anna university Chennai Act 1978}}</ref>

==History and structure==
[[File:Annadurai statue.jpg|thumb|200px|Statue of [[C N Annadurai]] in [[College of Engineering, Guindy]] campus]]

Anna University (Chennai) comprises four colleges - the principal seat [[College of Engineering, Guindy]] (CEG, Guindy Campus), [[Alagappa College of Technology]] (ACT, Guindy Campus), [[Madras Institute of Technology]] (MIT, Chromepet Campus) and [[Anna University School of Architecture and Planning|School of Architecture and Planning]] (SAP, Guindy Campus).

The first version of Anna University was formed in 1978 and various governments changed the varsity's structure and affiliation scope repeatedly. In 2001, under the Anna University Amendment Act of 2001, the erstwhile Anna University became an affiliating university, taking under its wings all the engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu. This included six government engineering colleges, three government-aided private institutions, and 426 self-financed colleges. On 1 February 2007, as a result of a [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] decision, the university was split into six constituent universities: Anna University, Chennai; Anna University of Technology, Chennai; [[Anna University of Technology, Tiruchirappalli]]; [[Anna University of Technology, Coimbatore]]; [[Anna University of Technology Tirunelveli]] and [[Anna University of Technology, Madurai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.annauniv.ac.in/about.aspx |title=Welcome to Anna University of Technology, Coimbatore |work=annauniv.ac.in |access-date=18 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620130817/http://www.annauniv.ac.in/about.aspx |archive-date=20 June 2009 }}</ref> The institutes were formally created in 2010. On 14 September 2011 during period of Ex [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|CM]] [[Jayalalithaa]], a bill was passed to re-merge the universities.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/house-passes-bill-to-amend-anna-university-act/article2455344.ece |title=House passes Bill to amend Anna University Act |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 September 2011 |access-date=18 September 2011}}</ref> The merger was finalized in August 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Finally, merger of Anna Universities of Technology with Anna University|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Finally-merger-of-Anna-Universities-of-Technology-with-Anna-University/articleshow/15099311.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 July 2017|date=23 July 2012}}</ref>

In 2011 and 2012 the constituents colleges were merged back to a single affiliating university and the four regional universities continue to function as a regional campus of the university.{{fact|date=December 2025}}

===School of Architecture and Planning===
The '''School of Architecture and Planning''' was established as a Department of Architecture of the [[University of Madras]] in 1957 and was located in the [[Alagappa College of Technology]]. The department was later renamed as the ''School of Architecture and Planning'' and shifted to its own independent campus in 1968. It became a constituent college of the University at its founding. It started to functions as two departments namely Department of Architecture and Department of Planning from 2005 till date.{{fact|date=December 2025}}

SAP has a Centre for Human Settlements (CHS) which is an autonomous Centre of the Anna University that was established in 1980. It is an interdisciplinary Centre offering Consultancy, Training, Research and Extension services in the areas related to Urban and Regional Planning, Development and Management. The Quality Improvement Program (QIP) Cell was established by the AICTE at SAP campus and has provided the research facilities for teachers of other architectural institutions besides providing admission to PG degree course.{{fact|date=December 2025}}

==Admissions==
A common entrance test – the Tamil Nadu Professional Courses Entrance Examination (TNPCEE) – was used as a basis for admission to professional courses in the state until 2006.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/07/stories/2006120707380100.htm/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207223530/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/07/stories/2006120707380100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2006|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 December 2006|title=Common Entrance Test abolished in Tamil Nadu}}</ref> Starting in the academic year 2007–08, students were admitted to engineering colleges on the basis of their higher secondary marks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/21/stories/2006082102990300.htm/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220134949/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/21/stories/2006082102990300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 February 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 August 2006|title=Should Common Entrance Test be scrapped?}}</ref> Post-graduate admission process is carried out through [[Tamil Nadu Common Entrance Test|TANCET]] and [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering|GATE]] scores.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ceg.annauniv.edu/pg.html|title=Admission for PG in CEG}}</ref>

==Academics==
The university offers courses in engineering and technology through its affiliated colleges and follows a dual semester system. Every year the university conducts examinations for the even semester in May–June and for an odd semester in November–December.
{{Infobox India university ranking
|QS_W_2025=383
|QS_A_2024=179
|THE_W_2024=501-600
|THES_E_2022=251–300
|THES_A_2024=119
|NIRF_O_2024=20
|NIRF_R_2024=17
|NIRF_U_2024=13
|NIRF_E_2024=14
|NIRF_B_2024=69
|NIRF_A_2024=34
}}

== Incidents ==

=== Sexual assault incident ===
On 25 December 2024, a second-year female engineering student at Anna University was sexually assaulted by two men inside the campus.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-25 |title=Two persons sexually assault Anna University student on campus |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/two-persons-sexually-assault-anna-university-student-on-campus/article69025546.ece |access-date=2024-12-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The incident took place in the early hours of the morning after the survivor and her male friend returned from a Christmas [[Mass in the Catholic Church|mass]] at a nearby church. The two students were sitting in a secluded area of the campus when the assailants attacked the male student and then proceeded to sexually assault the woman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express Video |date=2024-12-25 |title=Anna University female student complains of rape by two men inside campus |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/videos/videos-nation/2024/Dec/25/anna-university-female-student-complains-of-rape-by-two-men-inside-campus |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The survivor immediately filed a police complaint, and a case was registered under Section 64 of the BNSS (rape).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= 25 December 2024|title=Anna University student sexually assaulted on campus |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/anna-university-student-sexually-assaulted-on-campus-by-a-man |access-date= |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> The perpetrator was arrested and detained under the [[Tamil Nadu Goondas Act|Tamil Nadu Goondas act]] and was lodged into [[Puzhal prison]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-01-06 |title=Gnanasekaran detained under Goondas Act for Anna University student's sexual assault |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/chennai/gnanasekaran-detained-under-goondas-act-for-anna-university-students-sexual-assault-818170 |access-date= |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-01-10 |title=Anna University sexual assault accused Gnanasekaran lodged in Puzhal prison |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/anna-university-sexual-assault-accused-gnanasekaran-lodged-in-puzhal-prison/article69083794.ece |access-date= |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Affiliated colleges==
{{Main|List of colleges and institutions affiliated with Anna University}}

The university's campus is in Chennai. The university has satellite campuses in [[Anna University Coimbatore Campus|Coimbatore]], [[Anna University Tiruchirappalli Campus|Tiruchirappalli]], [[Anna University Madurai Campus|Madurai]] and [[Anna University Tirunelveli Campus|Tirunelveli]]. The university also runs engineering colleges at [[Villupuram]], [[University College of Engineering Tindivanam|Tindivanam]], [[University College of Engineering, Arni|Arani]] and [[University College of Engineering Kanchipuram|Kanchipuram]] in [[Chennai]] region, [[Institute of Road & Transport Technology|Erode]] and [[Government College of Engineering, Bargur|Bargur]] in [[Coimbatore]] region, [[Panruti]], [[Anna University Pattukkottai|Pattukkottai]], [[Anna University Thirukkuvalai Campus|Thirukkuvalai]] and [[Anna University Ariyalur|Ariyalur]] in [[Tiruchirapalli]] region, [[Ramanathapuram]] and [[Dindigul]] in [[Madurai]] region, [[Anna University College of Engineering Nagercoil|Nagercoil]] and [[Anna University V.O.Chidambaranar College of Engineering|Thoothukudi]] in [[Tirunelveli]] region.

==Notable alumni==

{{alumni|date=February 2018}}
* [[A Lalitha]], first female engineer from India<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.magnificentwomen.co.uk/1/post/2019/08/76-ayyalasomayajula-lalitha.html|title=76: Ayyalasomayajula Lalitha|website=Magnificent Women|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref>
* [[A. C. Muthiah]], Indian industrialist and former President of [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]<ref name="Citizen Matters">{{cite web|url=http://chennai.citizenmatters.in/ceg-alumni-guindy-anna-university-association-petition-6224|title=Why alumni of Chennai's College of Engineering, Guindy are a worried lot today |publisher=Citizen Matters|date=30 August 2018|author=Aruna Natarajan}}</ref>
* [[Archna Sharma]], Indian Actress.
* [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], Telugu film actor<ref name="Better India"/>
* [[Anumolu Ramakrishna]], deputy managing director of [[Larsen & Toubro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.projectsmonitor.com/pathfinders/dr-a-ramakrishna-doyen-of-indian-construction-industry/|title=Dr. A. Ramakrishna, doyen of Indian Construction Industry|publisher=Project Monitor|date=2 January 2014|author=PM News Bureau}}</ref>
* [[Crazy Mohan]], Tamil comedy actor, script writer and playwright<ref name="Better India"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/comedy-cocktails-his-forte/article1431925.ece|title=Comedy cocktails his forte|work=The Hindu|date=20 December 2008}}</ref>
*[[Kavithalaya Krishnan]] Indian film and television actor<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/you-cannot-get-crazy-anymore/articleshow/69731868.cms|title='Crazy' Mohan is no more|date=11 June 2019|publisher=Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Dhiraj Rajaram]], founder & chairman of [[Mu Sigma Inc]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://factordaily.com/mu-sigma-founder-dhiraj-rajaram/|title=Mu Sigma's chairman Dhiraj Rajaram re-emerges as controlling shareholder|date=5 December 2016|author=Jayadevan PK|work=FactorDaily |publisher=Factor Daily}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/mu-sigmas-chairman-dhiraj-rajaram-re-emerges-as-controlling-shareholder/articleshow/59551739.cms|title=Mu Sigma's chairman Dhiraj Rajaram re-emerges as controlling shareholder|date=12 July 2017|author=Sneha Shah|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>
* [[Gopalaswami Parthasarathy]], former Indian [[High Commissioner]] to Pakistan, Australia and Myanmar and Chancellor of [[Central University of Jammu]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://quotes.wsj.com/IN/XBOM/506525/company-people/executive-profile/79769963|title=Executive Profile|date=2018|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=WSJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=11614712&privcapId=10930264|title=Executive Profile|date=2018|publisher=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]|author=Admin}}</ref>
* [[Kanuri Lakshmana Rao]], architect of India's water management, Former Union Minister of Irrigation & Power and recipient of the Padma Bhushan<ref name="Better India"/>
* [[Krishnakumar Natarajan]], co-founder & former executive chairman of [[Mindtree]]<ref name="Citizen Matters"/>
* [[Krishnamachari Srikkanth]], former Indian cricket captain and former chairman, National Selection Committee of the Indian Cricket Team<ref name="Better India"/>
* [[Kutraleeswaran]], long-distance swimmer and [[Guinness Book of World Records]] holder<ref name="Notable Alumni">{{cite web|url=http://www.aapkatimes.com/popular-faces-famous-alumni-anna-university/|title=Popular faces and famous alumni of Anna University|publisher=Aapka Times|date=28 October 2017}}</ref>
* [[Madhan Karky]], Tamil film lyricist<ref name="Notable Alumni"/>
* [[Mendu Rammohan Rao]], former dean emeritus, [[Indian School of Business]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imthyderabad.edu.in/dr-m-rammohan-rao/|publisher=Institute of Management Technology Hyderabad|title=Faculty Profile}}{{Dead link|date=July 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* [[Munirathna Anandakrishnan]], former chairman, [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]] and former vice-chancellor, Anna University<ref>{{cite web|url=https://venkatarangan.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Dr_MAK_Book_2018.pdf|title=Memorable Footprints of an Educator, Prof Anandakrishnan|author=K. R. A. Narasiah|date=16 June 2018}}</ref>
* [[N. Mahalingam]], founder & former chairman, [[Sakthi Group]] and former chairman, [[Ethiraj College for Women]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/veteran-industrialist-pollachi-mahalingam-passes-away/article6468429.ece|title = Veteran industrialist Pollachi Mahalingam passes away|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="Notable Alumni"/>
* [[P. S. Veeraraghavan]], director of [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]]<ref name="Better India"/>
* [[R. K. Baliga]], developer of the [[Electronics City]] in [[Bangalore]], [[India]]<ref name="Better India"/>
* [[P. V. Nandhidhaa]], Indian chess player, [[India]]'s 17th [[Woman Grandmaster]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2017/08/01015652/1040337/TN-Chief-Minister-honours-Chess-champion-Nandhidhaa.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128232743/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2017/08/01015652/1040337/TN-Chief-Minister-honours-Chess-champion-Nandhidhaa.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 November 2020|title= TN Chief Minister honours Chess champion Nandhidhaa|date=2017-08-01| website=www.dtnext.in |access-date=2020-11-20}}</ref>
*[[Poondi Kumaraswamy|Ponnambalam "Poondi" Kumaraswamy]], engineer, mathematician, and hydrologist<ref>{{cite web | title=Ponnambalam Kumaraswamy | website=Indian Academy of Sciences Fellows | url=https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL1972007 }}</ref>
* [[Raj Reddy]], [[Turing Award]] winner, professor at [[Carnegie-Mellon University]] and [[Padma Bhushan]] recipient<ref name="Better India">{{cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/153870/college-engineering-guindy-chennai-news/|title=India's Oldest Engineering College Turns 225: 6 Alumni Who Have Made Guindy Proud!|publisher=The Better India|author=Vidya Raja|date=31 July 2018}}</ref>
* [[Rajkumar Bharathi]], classical singer and music composer<ref>{{citation|title=Sound of Silence: Rajkumar Bharathi's Musical Quest|author=Asha Krishnakumar|date=27 June 2018|isbn=978-1-64324-568-3|publisher=Notions Press}}</ref>
* [[Rangaswamy Narasimhan]], [[cognitive scientist]] who developed [[TIFRAC]], the first indigenous Indian computer, [[Padma Shri]] winner<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/013/05/0407-0409|author=Srinivasan Ramani|publisher=[[Indian Institute of Information Technology]], Bangalore|date=May 2008|title=Rangaswamy Narasimhan: Doyen of Computer Science and Technology}}</ref>
* [[Ravi Ruia]], vice chairperson & co-founder of [[Essar Group]]<ref name="Better India"/>
* S. Somasegar, former senior vice president, [[Microsoft]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/hxN8y3wjsBgb019MXrlcNK/Sivaramakrishnan-Somasegar--Breathing-easy-in-the-fast-lane.html|title=Breathing easy in the fast lane|date=19 April 2008|publisher=[[Live Mint]]}}</ref>
* [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan]], former cricket captain and ICC Elite Umpires Panel member<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricket.yahoo.net/news/engineer-apos-xi-xi-featuring-051000337|title=Engineer's XI: An XI featuring cricketers who hold an engineering degree|author=Vaibhav Joshi|date=6 January 2019|publisher=[[Yahoo]]}}</ref>
* [[Upendra J. Chivukula]], former [[New Jersey General Assembly]] member<ref>{{cite web|url=http://projects.wsj.com/campaign2012/candidates/view/upendra-chivukula--NJ-H|title=Candidate Profile|author=admin|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=2011|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-date=6 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506064730/http://projects.wsj.com/campaign2012/candidates/view/upendra-chivukula--NJ-H|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/telugu-man-in-the-race-for-new-jersey-assembly/article2608648.ece|title=Telugu man in the race for New Jersey Assembly|author=G Venkataramana Rao|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 November 2011}}</ref>
* [[V. M. Muralidharan]], chairman, [[Ethiraj College for Women]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://guindytimes.com/articles/a-testimony-for-empowerment-through-education-v-m-muralidharan|date=September 2009|publisher=Guindy Times|title=A Testimony for Empowerment through Education – V. M. Muralidharan|author=Sai Srravya, Aishwarya Valliappan}}</ref>
*[[J. Sai Deepak]], lawyer in the [[Supreme Court of India]]
* [[V. S. Mahalingam]], DRDO scientist and director of the [[Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/newsletter/2009/sep_09.pdf|date=September 2009|publisher=Defence Research & Development Organization|title=Promotion Announcement in the Monthly Newsletter of DRDO|author=Director, Defence Scientific Information & Documentation Centre}}</ref>
* [[Venu Srinivasan]], chairman of [[Sundaram - Clayton Limited]] and [[TVS Motor Company]]<ref name="Citizen Matters"/>
* [[Verghese Kurien]], architect of [[Operation Flood]] and India's [[White Revolution (India)|White Revolution]] and recipient of the [[Padma Vibhushan]], [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] and the [[World Food Prize]]<ref name="Better India"/>
* [[M. Madan Babu]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRSC}}, director at [[St. Jude Children's Research Hospital]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=2018 ISCB Innovator Award: M. Madan Babu |url=https://www.iscb.org/iscb-awards/3496 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.iscb.org}}</ref>
* [[Sundaram Karivardhan]], industrialist and motorsport pioneer<ref name="alumni">{{cite web|url=http://www.alumni.psgtech.ac.in/Outstanding%20Alumni.pdf|title=Outstanding Alumni Award}}{{dead link|date=October 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
* [[A. G. Ramakrishnan]], professor, [[Indian Institute of Science]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psgtech.edu/department/ece/people/alumni.html|title=Distinguished Alumni|publisher=Electronics & Communication Engineering, PSG College of Technology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924082746/http://www.psgtech.edu/department/ece/people/alumni.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=31 August 2014}}</ref>
* [[Mahesh Muthuswami]], Cinema tog 2012<ref>{{cite web |title=Mr.G.Parthasarathy's profile as a faculty of Centre for Policy Research |url=http://www.cprindia.org/users/g-parthasarathy |access-date=9 August 2012 |work=cprindia.org}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Colleges & Institutions affiliated to Anna University]]
* [[Excel Group Institutions]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Anna University}}
* {{official website|http://www.annauniv.edu}}
** [https://www.annauniv.edu/Architecture/ Architecture]

{{Coord|13.01268|80.236362|type:edu|display=title}}

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Anna University's Campuses}}
{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Portal bar|India|Education}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Anna University| ]]
[[Category:Technical universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Memorials to C. N. Annadurai]]

Mamik Singh

2026-02-08T12:05:54Z

GeorgiannaN07: creating bio

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1963)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mamik Singh
| image = Mamik at Diu.jpg
| caption = Mamik Harmeet
| birth_name = Harmeet Singh Mamik
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Sandhya Mamik]]|1997|2008}}
* {{marriage|[[Meenakshi Sagar]]|2018}}
}}
| occupation = Actor
| years active = 1992–present
| known_for = [[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]
}}
'''Harmeet Singh Mamik''' popularly known as Mamik is an Indian actor, who works on television and has also worked in a few Hindi-language films. He is best known for his roles in films like ''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar]]'' (1992), ''[[Kya Kehna]]'' (2000), and television shows like ''[[Woh]]'' (1998), ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]'' (2002), ''[[Vikraal Aur Gabraal]]'' (2003), ''[[Black (Indian TV series)|Black]]'' (2009), ''[[Star One Horror Nights]]'' (2010), [[Who's Your Daddy (web series)|Who's Your Daddy]] (Season 2) (2020).<ref>{{cite web|title=Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar at the finish line|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/jo-jeeta-wohi-sikandar-at-the-finish-line/cid/1690655|date=16 May 2019|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
Harmeet Singh Mamik, also known as Mamik Singh, is a prominent Indian actor, who was born on 3 May 1963 in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. After completing graduation in commerce, he joined an advertising company (an ad agency) and started his modeling career. He had ad shots for Red Bull, Kinetic, Sona Milk, and many more.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

==Career==
Mamik made his acting debut in the film, ''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar]]'' (1992) as [[Aamir Khan]]'s elder brother Ratan. He was selected by director ''[[Mansoor Khan]]'' for his role in Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar.<ref>{{cite news|title=The cast of 'Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikander' reunite after 25 years at the Jio MAMI 18th Mumbai Film Festival|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-cast-of-jo-jeeta-wohi-sikander-reunite-after-25-years-at-the-jio-mami-18th-mumbai-film-festival/articleshow/54998750.cms|date=29 January 2017|access-date=9 July 2021}}</ref> Despite the film's popularity, Mamik didn't sign any assignments in films for five years finding the projects insignificant. So, he started working more on TV serials. Meanwhile, In 1997, he appeared in three more films, ''[[Aar Ya Paar]]'', ''[[Dil Ke Jharokhe Mein]]'', ''[[Koi Kisise Kum Nahin]]'', along with the ''[[Kya Kehna]]'' (2000), directed by ''[[Kundan Shah]]''. He worked in many television series like ''[[Sadma]]'', Saahil, ''[[Maal Hai To Taal Hai]]'', ''[[Aa Gale Lag Jaa (TV series)|Aa Gale Lag Ja]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021006/spectrum/tv.htm|title=Aa Gale Lag Jaa: 'Soap with Bubble'|publisher=[[Tribune India]]: Spectrum|date=2002-10-06|access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref> ''[[Saturday Suspense]]'', Champion, ''[[Chandrakanta (1994 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]'' and ''[[Woh]]''.

In 2002, Mamik starred as Vikraal, a ghostbuster in ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]'' which earned him accolades.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} The same year he was seen in ''[[Kkusum]]'' as ACP Saket Sahani. He later starred in ''[[Chandramukhi (TV series)|Chandramukhi]]'' on DD1 and ''[[Black (Indian TV series)|Black]]'' (Kaala Saaya), which aired on 9X/Sahara One.<ref>{{cite news |last=Unnikrishnan |first=Chaya |date=6 March 2009 |title='My serial explores the black side of our minds': Sunil Agnihotri on his latest horror series Black |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-my-serial-explores-the-black-side-of-our-minds-/430308/0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184808/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-my-serial-explores-the-black-side-of-our-minds-/430308/0 |archive-date=2021-07-09 |access-date=9 July 2021 |work=Indian Express |department=Serials}}</ref> He also appeared in ''[[Kahani Chandrakanta Ki]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Unnikrishnan |first=Chaya |date=4 February 2011 |title=Chandrakanta returns in a new avatar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/chandrakanta-returns-in-a-new-avatar/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910231136/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/chandrakanta-returns-in-a-new-avatar/ |archive-date=2024-09-10 |access-date=9 July 2021 |work=Indian Express |location=Mumbai}}</ref>
In 2014, he entered as a party guest in the eighth season of Bigg Boss and a guest performance on Life OK's [[Savdhaan India]].
In 2015, Mamik signed Pen Movies' ''[[Do Lafzon Ki Kahani (film)|Do Lafzon Ki Kahani]]'', directed by ''[[Deepak Tijori]]'' that was released in 2016. Mamik acted in ''[[Agent Raghav - Crime Branch]]'' and ''[[Jaanbaaz Sindbad]]'' in 2015, ''[[Mayavi Maling]]'' in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mamik Singh to play 'Arslaan' in 'Janbaaz Sindbad'|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/mamik-singh-to-play-arslaan-in-janbaaz-sindbad/|date=17 December 2015|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> He made his web series debut in "Rangmanch" and [[Scam 1992|Scam 1992 – The Harshad Mehta Story]] released on [[SonyLiv]].<ref>{{cite web|title=29 Years Of Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar: Did You Know Mamik Singh Was Also Part Of Scam 1992?|work=Indiatimes|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/29-years-of-jo-jeeta-wohi-sikandar-did-you-know-mamik-singh-was-also-a-part-of-scam-1992-541095.html|date=24 May 2021|access-date=15 July 2021}}</ref> He did [[ALTBalaji]] ' s [[Who's Your Daddy (web series)|Who's Your Daddy]] (Season 2) as Mohak.

He was last seen in ''[[Ikkis (2026 film)|Ikkis]]'' with [[Jaideep Ahlawat]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Mamik Singh: I handled my career very casually|work=Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/mamik-singh-i-handled-my-career-very-casually-7128915/|date=1 January 2021|access-date=9 July 2021}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar]]'' || Ratan Lal Sharma || Debut film
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1997 || ''[[Aar Ya Paar]]'' || Anil ||
|-
| ''[[Dil Ke Jharoke Main]]'' || Prakash Rai ||
|-
| ''[[Koi Kisise Kum Nahin]]'' || Avinash ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2000 || ''[[Kya Kehna]]'' || Vicky ||
|-
| ''Hamro Sano Ghar Hola'' || || Nepali film
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Mallika (2010 film)|Mallika]]'' || Mr. Kaushik ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Do Lafzon Ki Kahani (film)|Do Lafzon Ki Kahani]]'' || Omi ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Bell Bottom (2021 film)|Bell Bottom]]'' || Aashu Malhotra ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Despatch (film)|Despatch]]'' || Silva ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pande |first=Shreyas |date=2024-12-14 |title='Despatch' movie review: A stunning Manoj Bajpayee in a demanding Kanu Behl film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Dec/14/despatch-movie-review-a-stunning-manoj-bajpayee-in-a-demanding-kanu-behl-film |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Ikkis (film)|Ikkis]]'' || Pakistani General ||<ref name="bollywoodhungama.com" />
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1993–1996
| [[Kanoon (1993 TV series)|''Kanoon'']]
| Dr. Satish Khanna
|
|-
| 1994
| [[Champion (Indian TV series)|''Champion'']]
|
|
|-
| 1994
| [[Sadma (TV series)|''Sadma'']]
|
|
|-
| 1995
| [[Chandrakanta (1994 TV series)|''Chandrakanta'']]
| Deva
|
|-
| 1996–1998
| [[Yug (TV Series)|''Yug'']]
| Arjun Singh
|
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Saturday Suspense]]''
| Jay
|Episode "Zakham"
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Main Aayee Chhabilee]]''
|
|
|-
| 1997
| [[Betaal Pachisi (TV series)|''Betaal Pachisi'']]
|
|
|-
| 1997
| [[Hindustani (TV series)|''Hindustani'']]
|
|
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Woh]]''
| Rahul Sahni
|
|-
| 1998–2003
| [[Deewar (TV series)|''Deewar'']]
| Arjun
|
|-
| 1999
| [[Rishtey (TV series)|''Rishtey'']]
|
|Episode 59
|-
|rowspan=2|2000
|rowspan=2| ''[[Star Bestsellers]]''
| Advocate Ajay Vidyarthi
|Episode "Masoom"
|-
| Rohit
|Episode "Ooncha Kaun"
|-
| 2000
| ''Maal Hai To Taal Hai''
| Vicky
|
|-
|rowspan=2| 2001
| ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]''
| Tarun
|Episode "Joker"
|-
| Sunny
|Episode "Jalwa"
|-
| 2002
| [[Aa Gale Lag Jaa (TV series)|''Aa Gale Lag Jaa'']]
| Ritik
|
|-
| 2002
| [[Love Marriage (TV series)|''Love Marriage'']]
| Ravi Shah
|
|-
| 2002–2003
| ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]''
| Vikraal / Vijaykaal
|
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Vikraal Aur Gabraal]]''
| Vikraal
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Shaka Laka Boom Boom]]''
| Sanju / Sandros
|
|-
| 2004–2005
| ''[[Kkusum]]''
| A.C.P. Sanket Sahni
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Suno...Harr Dill Kuchh Kehtaa Hai]]''
| Sameer
|
|-
| 2007
| [[Durgesh Nandini]]
| Chunnilal Chopra
|
|-
| 2007–2009
| [[Chandramukhi (TV series)|''Chandramukhi'']]
| Kunwar Surya Pratap Singh
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Ssshhhh... Phir Koi Hai]]''
| Veer Pratap Singh
|Episodes "Maa Ka Imtihaan"
|-
| 2009
| [[Black (Indian TV series)|''Black'']]
| Officer Ranvir Singh
|
|-
| 2010 || ''Horror Nights'' || Adi Billimoria ||
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[Kahani Chandrakanta Ki]]''
| Badrinath
|
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[Dwarkadheesh Bhagwaan Shree Krishn]]''
| [[Bhishma]]
|
|-
|rowspan=2| 2014
|rowspan=2|''[[Savdhaan India]]''
| Naveen Neelam
|Episode 611
|-
| Udaybhan Singh
|Episode 664
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Agent Raghav – Crime Branch]]''
| Magician Zorrino
|
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''[[Janbaaz Sindbad]]''<ref>{{cite news|title=जल्द शुरू होगा फैंटेसी शो 'सिंदबाद'|work=Patrika|url=https://www.patrika.com/tv-news/tv-show-sindbaad-will-come-soon-1146399/|date=18 December 2015|access-date=15 July 2021|language=hi}}</ref>
| Arslaan
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Mayavi Maling]]''
| Jaba
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
| Senior Inspector
|Episode 39
|-
|-
| 2019
| ''ABP News – Top Stories''
| [[Imran Khan]]
|
|-
|2020
|[[Scam 1992|''Scam 1992 – The Harshad Mehta Story'']]
|CitiBank Chief – Mr. Rao
|Episode 9
|-
|2020
|[[Who's Your Daddy (web series)|''Who's Your Daddy'']]
| Mohak Bagga
|Season 2
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0541092}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Mamik}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]

Tsering Landol

2026-02-08T07:55:34Z

GeorgiannaN07: corrected formatting as per guidelines for clarity

{{Short description|Indian gynecologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tsering Landol
| image = Tsering_Landol.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Dr. Tsering Landol in 2020
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Ladakh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Gynecologist
| yearsactive =
| known for =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]], [[Padma Bhushan]]
}}
'''Tsering Landol''' is an Indian gynecologist and one of the pioneers of [[women's health]] in the [[Ladakh]] Union Territory of India.<ref name="Real Heroes">{{cite web | url=http://thehelp-incfund.org/1/category/newz%20and%20ideas/1.html | title=Real Heroes | publisher=the HELP inc Fund | date=2015 | access-date=11 December 2015}}</ref> She is Ladakh's first women gynecologist<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Meet Ladakh’s First Woman Gynaecologist And Padma Awardee Dr Tsering Landol |url=https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/meet-ladakhs-first-woman-gynaecologist-and-padma-awardee-dr-tsering-landol-81015/ |work=swachhindia ndtv}}</ref>, who was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third-highest civilian award in India, in 2020 by the President, [[Ram Nath Kovind]] for her outstanding contribution to women's healthcare.

== Early life ==
Dr. Landol was born in 1945 to farming family. She was the first in her family to receive formal education and to have the opportunity to attend school. After completing her education in [[Srinagar]], she began her career at the district hospital in 1979, where she worked in challenging conditions, including sub-zero temperatures.<ref name=":0" />

== Work & recognition ==
Dr. Tsering Landol served at the Sonam Norboo Memorial Government Hospital, [[Leh]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Akundi |first1=Sweta |date=3 February 2020 |title=Meet Ladakh's first gynaecologist |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/meet-ladakhs-first-gynaecologist-dr-tsering-landol/article30724930.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> and is also associated with other educational institutions.<ref name="List of participants">{{cite web |date=2015 |title=List of participants |url=http://www.econ.chula.ac.th/public/research_center/chealth/CHealthParticipants2.html |access-date=11 December 2015 |publisher=Chulalongkorn University}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] awarded her the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2006, and Padma Bhusan in 2020 for her contributions to Indian medicine,<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Padma Awards |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |access-date=21 July 2015 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> making her one of the few woman recipients of the award from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<ref name="NAMES OF PADMA AWARDEES OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR STATE">{{cite web |date=2015 |title=NAMES OF PADMA AWARDEES OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR STATE |url=http://jkgad.nic.in/pdf/Award1.pdf |access-date=11 December 2015 |publisher=Government of Jammu and Kashmir}}</ref> and the first Ladakhi woman doctor to receive the honour.<ref name="35 decorated with Padma awards so far">{{cite web |date=2 February 2006 |title=35 decorated with Padma awards so far |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100203/jkplus.htm#2 |access-date=11 December 2015 |work=The Tribune}}</ref> She is also featured on the 'Wall of Fame' which features those who have exhibited excellence throughout their career or existence have exemplified glory and greatness. The Wall recognizes those individuals and teams which have attained high achievement and/or made a significant contribution to society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wall of Fame |url=http://www.proudladakh.com/wall-of-fame/ |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=Proud Ladakh |language=en-US}}</ref> Landol is featured in ''The Song Collector'', a documentary film on the life of the renowned Ladakhi folk musician, [[Morup Namgyal]].<ref name="THE SONG COLLECTOR">{{cite web |date=2015 |title=THE SONG COLLECTOR |url=http://www.thesongcollector.com/synopsis.html |access-date=11 December 2015 |publisher=thesongcollector.com}}</ref> She was awarded Padma Bhushan, the third highest civilian award in India in the year 2020.<ref name="Padma Awards 2020 Conferred To 13 Unsung Heroes Of Medicine">{{cite web |date=2020 |title=Padma Awards 2020 Conferred To 13 Unsung Heroes Of Medicine |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/news/health/doctors/padma-awards-2020-conferred-to-13-unsung-heroes-of-medicine-62617 |access-date=27 January 2020 |publisher=Medical Dialogues}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=The Hindu Net Desk |date=2020-01-26 |title=Full list of 2020 Padma awardees |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/full-list-of-2020-padma-awardees/article30656841.ece |access-date=2020-01-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2021, Landol became a laureate of the [[Asian Scientist 100]] by the ''[[Asian Scientist]]''.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date= |title=The Asian Scientist 100 |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/as100/ |access-date=13 March 2025 |website= |publisher=[[Asian Scientist]] |language= |quote=}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Medicine}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2020–2029}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Landol, Tsering}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian gynaecologists]]
[[Category:Indian women gynaecologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Ladakhi people]]
[[Category:People from Ladakh]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women educational theorists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Women educators from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Educators from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]

{{India-med-bio-stub}}

Kenneth Anderson (writer)

2026-02-01T01:48:37Z

GeorgiannaN07:

{{short description|Anglo-Indian conservationist, hunter, author (1910–1974)}}
{{other people||Kenneth Anderson (disambiguation){{!}}Kenneth Anderson}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Kenneth Anderson
| image = Photograph of Kenneth Anderson.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Kenneth Anderson and his [[pariah dog]] ''Nipper'', adopted on one of his hunts
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date text|8 March 1910}}
| birth_place = [[Bolarum]], [[Hyderabad State]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death-date and age|30 August 1974|8 March 1910}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| occupation = Manager, Author
| nationality =
| period =
| genre =
| subject = [[Wildlife]], [[Man-eating animal|Man-eater hunting]], [[Big-game hunting]]
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse = Blossom Minnette Fleming
| partner =
| children = {{plainlist|
* Margaret June Blossom Lucy Anderson (born 19 June 1930)
* Donald Malcolm Stuart Anderson (18 February 1934 – 12 July 2014)
}}
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''Kenneth Douglas Stewart Anderson''' (8 March 1910 – 30 August 1974), known primarily as '''Kenneth Anderson''' or as '''KDS Anderson''', was a [[Scottish-Indian]] writer, nature enthusiast, [[Nature conservation|conservationist]], and ethical [[hunter]] who lived and worked in [[South India]]. He authored highly-regarded books based on his experiences hiking, camping, and hunting in the Indian jungles.

Anderson initially gained fame around [[Bangalore]] as an outstanding hunter of high ethics. Later, his brave and skilful hunting of menacing [[Man-eating animal|man-eater]] leopards and tigers throughout South India earned him the nickname ''Corbett of the South'',<ref name="DC DR">{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/040518/behind-the-concrete-jungle-conversations-with-raconteur-donald-anders.html |title=Behind the concrete jungle: Conversations with raconteur Donald Anderson |author=Darshana Ramdev |date=2018-05-04 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref name="VJT">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/books/story/20000821-book-review-of-the-kenneth-anderson-omnibus-i-ii-779697-2000-08-20 |title=Book review: The Kenneth Anderson Omnibus I&II |author=Vijay Jung Thapa |magazine=India Today |date=2000-08-21}}</ref> in reference to his older North Indian counterpart [[Jim Corbett]]. In mid-20th century, alarmed and disheartened by the destruction of [[wildlife]], he pleaded for the preservation of [[flora]] and [[fauna]] of the forests in all regions of [[India]].<ref name="KDSA"/> As an ex-hunter expert on wild animals' behaviour, he was a trailblazer in [[wildlife tourism]] in Bangalore, and is admired as a pioneer conservationist in southern India.<ref name="TNIE SR">{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2013/Jun/16/kan-and-will-keep-forests-alive-487199.html |title=Kan and will keep forests alive |author=Sunita Raghu |date=2013-06-14 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="TSI">{{cite web |url=https://www.tigersafariindia.com/blog/three-unforgettable-tiger-men-by-ian-love/ |title=Three Unforgettable Tiger Men |author=Ian Love |date=2018-08-06 |website=Tiger Safari India |publisher=Sharad Vats}}</ref>

== Biography ==

===Early life===
Kenneth Anderson was born on 8 March 1910 in the [[Bolarum]] area of [[Secunderabad]], in the [[princely state]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] in [[British Raj|British India]]. He belonged to a [[Scottish people|Scottish]] family that had lived in India for many generations, and were originally from [[Glasgow]]. He was baptised at the [[Holy Trinity Church, Bolarum]], and was the only child of his parents. He was often called "Jock" by his family and friends.<ref name="Grave"/><ref name="JM Ch8"/> His father, Douglas Stuart Anderson, was the eldest of four children, and was born in [[Calcutta]] but brought up in Bolarum. His mother, Lucy Ann Taylor (née Bailey), grew up with her two aunts in [[Bangalore]] after her mother died due to [[cholera]], and later, her father left [[Chennai|Madras]] for [[Belfast]] as his Irish regiment of the [[British Army]] left India.

Douglas was an officer in the [[British Indian Army]] in the military accounts section. The family moved to [[Bangalore]] during [[World War I]]. They started living in the house of Lucy's maternal grandfather John Taylor, who, for his services to the [[Mysore Commission]], had been gifted land in Bangalore adjacent to the [[Cubbon Park]] by [[Mark Cubbon (army officer)|Sir Mark Cubbon]], the British Commissioner. Lucy became the head of the choir of [[St. Mark's Cathedral, Bengaluru|St Mark's Cathedral]], where they had married in 1908. Douglas used to go [[waterfowl hunting]] with his friends in the [[lake]]s and [[pond|tanks]] around Bangalore, and influenced Kenneth regarding the [[Outdoor recreation|outdoors]].<ref name="JM Ch2">{{cite book |chapter=Chapter Two: My Family |title=The Last White Hunter: Reminiscences of a Colonial Shikari |author1=Donald Anderson |author2=Joshua Mathew |publisher=Indus Source Books |date=March 2018 |pages=54–96}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaofthepast.org/joshua-mathew/stories-about-men/donald-anderson-india-s-last-colonial-hunter |author=Joshua Mathew |title=Donald Anderson: India’s last colonial hunter |website=www.indiaofthepast.org |publisher=India Of The Past |access-date=2025-10-20}}</ref>

===Education===
Anderson went to [[Bishop Cotton Boys' School]], and then to [[St Joseph's Boys' High School, Bengaluru|St Joseph's European High School]], successfully passing the [[Senior Cambridge]] examinations in 1926. He was sent to study law at [[Edinburgh]] under the guardianship of his uncle Forbes, but abandoned his studies and returned to India in 1928. He was well-versed in [[Kannada]], the language of his hometown, and [[Tamil language|Tamil]], the language of the neighbouring province. He had also picked up a little bit of [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Hindi]], and [[Urdu]] during his early years in [[Hyderabad State]]. He was known to be an intelligent man, and throughout his life he remained an academically inclined avid reader, not limited by subjects or topics.<ref name="JM Ch2"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sju.edu.in/distinguished-alumni |title=Distinguished Alumni |website=www.sju.edu.in |publisher=St Joseph's University |access-date=2025-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/books/2018/05/18/the-last-white-hunter.html |title=Jungle book |author=Anjuly Mathai |issue=May 27, 2018 |date=2018-05-19 |work=The Week}}</ref>

===Career===
He worked for fifteen years in the [[India Post|Posts & Telegraphs Department]].{{NoteTag |name=PTD}} Then in 1956 he joined the colloquial ''British Aircraft Factory'' (later [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]]){{NoteTag |name=HAL}} in Bangalore as the Factory Manager for Planning, and retired only in 1972 due to illness. In the 1950s, his books made him an internationally renowned author, and he received considerable royalties thereafter. Despite his efforts, however, he did not find much success as a writer of [[fiction]]. In the 1960s, he started taking national or international clients to jungle [[safari]]s for [[wildlife observation]], thereby becoming a frontrunner in [[wildlife tourism]] in the region. He purchased nearly 200 acres of land across [[Mysore State]], [[Hyderabad State]], and [[Madras Presidency]], at more than twenty locations (near forests) including [[Pondicherry]] and [[Ooty]].{{NoteTag |name=Property}}<ref name="JM Ch2" /><ref name="KAS CNBC">{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/economy/how-the-legacy-of-a-colonial-hunter-has-inspired-conservation-efforts-in-the-forests-of-south-india-4007731.htm |last=Shaji |first=KA |title=How the legacy of a colonial hunter has inspired conservation efforts in the forests of south India |work=CNBC TV 18 |date=17 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="KAS MI">{{cite news |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2019/07/how-the-legacy-of-kenneth-anderson-has-inspired-conservation-efforts-in-the-forests-of-south-india/ |last1=Shaji |first1=K. A. |title=How the legacy of a colonial hunter has inspired conservation efforts in the forests of south India |website=india.mongabay.com |publisher=Mongabay India |date=17 July 2019}}</ref> Anderson's correspondence with [[Rayner Unwin]] from 1961 hints at a possible joint venture with [[David Attenborough]] of [[BBC]], but no work ultimately materialised.<ref>{{cite document |title=Introduction to The Fires of Passion |author=Michael Ludgrove |date=2015-09-01 |location=Bangalore |publisher=Hugh & Colleen Gantzer}}</ref>

===Death===
In 1972 Anderson was diagnosed with [[prostate cancer]]. He was treated in St Martha's Hospital in Bangalore, and then in [[Christian Medical College Vellore|CMC Vellore]] for [[Cobalt therapy]]. However, he could not recover. Later, he was re-admitted to St Martha's where he died on 30 August 1974. He was buried at the ''Indian Christian Cemetery''{{NoteTag |name=Cemetery}} on [[Hosur Road]] in Bangalore.<ref name="JM Ch8">{{cite book |chapter=Chapter Eight: Kenneth Anderson, My Dad |title=The Last White Hunter: Reminiscences of a Colonial Shikari |author=Joshua Mathew |author2=Donald Anderson |pages=284–326 |date=2018-03-01 |publisher=Indus Source Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Elegy-written-in-a-city-churchyard/article14422140.ece |title=Elegy written in a city churchyard |author=Shailaja Tripathi |date=2016-06-14 |location=Bangalore |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="Grave">{{cite news |url=https://citizenmatters.in/3418-the-grave/ |title=The grave of a raconteur |date=2011-09-15 |author=Deepa Mohan |work=Citizen Matters}}</ref>

== Family==
===Marriage===
Anderson met Blossom Hyacinth Minnette Fleming at the [[Bowring Institute|Bowring Club]] on St Mark's Road in Bangalore. Her mother, Millicent Toussaint, was a [[Burgher people|Burgher]] from [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] while her father, Clifford Fleming, was a doctor originally from [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]], who worked first in the military and then at [[Cellular Jail]] in [[Andaman Islands]]. She was born on 20 March 1910 in [[Port Blair]], and her family moved to India when she was ten years old. They married in April 1929 at Sorkalpet in [[Cuddalore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], and honeymooned in [[Pondicherry]]. They lived in the sprawling 19th-century [[bungalow]] which Anderson got from his mother, named ''Prospect House''{{NoteTag |name=Prospect}}, a landmark of the city on the 12-acre property on Sydney Road (now Kasturba Road) in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/where-a-barter-moved-a-police-station-800115.html |title=Where a barter moved a police station |author=Meera Iyer |date=2020-02-01 |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=2025-11-08}}</ref>

[[File:Donald Anderson.jpg|thumb|Kenneth's son Donald]]
The couple separated in later life. In 1962, Kenneth Anderson moved to his other property named ''Bijou Cottage'' in [[Whitefield, Bengaluru|Whitefield]], while Blossom stayed on at ''Prospect House''. Blossom Minnette Hyacinth Anderson died of [[pulmonary edema]] at St Philomena's Hospital on 11 March 1987, and was buried next to her husband.

===Children===
They had two children - a daughter named Margaret June Blossom Lucy Anderson (born 19 June 1930), and a son named Donald Malcolm Stuart Anderson (18 February 1934 – 12 July 2014). June Anderson attended [[Bishop Cotton Girls' School]], and cleared the [[Senior Cambridge]] exam in 1947. She married Jack Vivian Jones (born 16 November 1927), a [[British Indian Army]] officer, and the couple initially lived in [[Wellington, Tamil Nadu|Wellington]], [[Fatehgarh]], and [[Ambala]]. Jack resigned from the military, and they moved to [[England]] in 1951, and then ultimately to [[Perth]], [[Australia]] in 1964. She has three children - sons Don and Chris born in India, and daughter Jackie born in [[Basildon]].

Donald Anderson studied in [[Bishop Cotton Boys' School]] where he took classes of Oswald C. Edwards (18 October 1907 – 26 October 1988), the pioneer [[Nature photography|nature photographer]] of India. He worked for more than two decades at the [[Binny and Co.|Bangalore Cotton, Silk and Woolen Mills]]. He became a prolific hunter and [[angling|angler]]. Later, he left hunting, and assisted the efforts of ''Wildlife Association of South India'' in saving the [[Tor remadevii|Cauvery Mahseer]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://citizenmatters.in/bangalore-colonial-history-forests-donald-anderson-biography/ |title=What Don Anderson’s biography can tell you about Bengaluru |author=Krupa Rajangam |date=2020-05-26 |location=Bengaluru |work=Citizen Matters |publisher=Oorvani Foundation}}</ref> He decided to stay in India post-independence, never married, and died at the age of 80 in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/he-walked-among-us/article23382568.ece |title=He walked among us |author=Mini Anthikad Chhibber |date=2018-03-29 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2025-10-28}}</ref>

== Outdoorsmanship ==

Anderson, since his childhood, was fascinated by animals of all kinds whether mammals, birds, reptiles, or insects. He acquainted himself with them, and keenly studied their behaviour. He started frequently visiting the jungles near Bangalore for [[hiking]] or overnight [[camping]]. The sport of [[hunting]] attracted him with which he was already acquainted due to his father. Post marriage, he even took his family along on many of his trips. At his home, ''Prospect House'', he had a multitude of animals like hyena, cobras, sloth bear, geese, etc.{{NoteTag |name=Pets}}<ref name="DC DR"/>

===Hunting===
Anderson took to [[big-game hunting]] with his second-hand [[Winchester Model 1895]] rifle chambered for the [[.405 Winchester|.405 WCF]] cartridge. He became a hunter extraordinaire with exceptional monitoring and tracking skills, and became famous for his jungle knowledge. His behaviour on hunting trips was highly principled and strictly adhered to the widely accepted code of hunting ethics.{{NoteTag |name=Code}} This led to him being recognised as an epitome of a ''Gentleman Shikari''{{NoteTag |name=GS}}<ref name="VJT"/> ("shikari" means "hunter" in [[Hindustani language]]). Anderson used to refer to these excursions as his ''Hunting Escapades''. For his preservation-worthy [[trophy hunting|trophy kills]], he used the services of [[Tocher and Tocher Taxidermists]].

[[Image:Tigress-Jowlagiri.jpg|thumb|Kenneth Anderson with the ''Tigress of Jowlagiri''.]]
His competence and bravery in dealing with [[carnivora]] ultimately allowed him to pursue a particular high-risk activity in the [[public interest]], that of eliminating [[man-eating animal|man-eaters]] and rogues which were terrorising the common populace. He excelled in these undertakings, and was sought after and often desperately invited by government officials for such tasks. Anderson neutralised some of the most notorious man-eaters in [[recorded history]], like the ''Leopard of Gummalapur'', ''[[Sloth bear of Mysore|Sloth-bear of Mysore]]'', ''Tigress of Jowlagiri'', etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whatanimalseat.com/man-eaters/ |title=24 BIGGEST Man-Eaters Throughout History |author=Annemarie Dutton |date=2022-12-02 |website=WhatAnimalsEat.com |access-date=2025-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://listverse.com/2010/10/16/top-10-worst-man-eaters-in-history/ |title=Top 10 Worst Man Eaters In History |author=Ty B. |date=2010-10-16 |website=Listverse |access-date=2025-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/story/6-real-life-man-eating-animals |title=6 Real-Life Man-Eating Animals |author=Don Vaughan |date=2025-06-13 |publisher=Britannica Encyclopedia |access-date=2025-11-08}}</ref>

Anderson is formally credited with having shot 8 man-eating [[leopard]]s (7 males and 1 female), and 7 [[tiger]]s (5 males and 2 females) from 1939 to 1966, as per government records.<ref name="HT RP">{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/legacy-of-conservation-from-royals-to-commoners-101753908079397.html |title=Legacy of conservation, from royals to commoners |author=Roopa Pai |work=Hindustan Times |date=2025-07-31}}</ref> Though, he is known to have unofficially shot many more as he was in many instances personally invited by local people or alerted by his own network of informants, often without government's involvement or knowledge. This also means that he was able to nip several man-eaters in the bud just after the first few [[tiger attack]]s (or [[leopard attack]]s) before they could kill a substantial number of human beings. In those days the man-eater attacks were not covered in newspapers or media, and Anderson's network and skills empowered him to kill them before they could garner wider notoriety.

===Conservation===
{{blockquote
|text=''"For the sportsmen of the future I strongly recommend the camera, instead of the rifle. It can give you every bit as much fun..."''
|author=Kenneth Anderson<ref name="VJT"/>
}}
Anderson stopped hunting, either for sport or [[trophy hunting|trophy]], in the second half of his middle age as he became increasingly concerned about the destruction of wildlife and forests in India. He made an exception only for killing man-eaters, and even then he was very judicious and never acted on rumours alone. He slowly turned to [[wildlife conservation]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://citizenmatters.in/book-review-the-last-white-hunter-reminiscences-of-a-colonial-shikari/ |title=Book Review: The Last White Hunter, Reminiscences of a Colonial Shikari |author=Deepa Mohan |date=2018-04-16 |work=Citizen Matters |publisher=Oorvani Foundation}}</ref> Anderson publicly highlighted not only the urgent need to do so, but also the flaws and corruption in the Indian system that exacerbated the harm to wildlife.<ref name="KDSA">{{cite book |section=Introduction |title=The Tiger Roars |last=Anderson |first=Kenneth D.S. |year=1967 |publisher=George Allen & Unwin Ltd. |location=London}}</ref> Additionally, he exhorted the sportsmen to give-up hunting and pursue hobbies like [[wildlife photography]]. As an avowed nature enthusiast, he continued his lifelong habit of frequently visiting the forests either as a wilderness wanderer or for seeking solitude. He also got his only son, Donald, to promise him to stop hunting altogether, which he did.<ref name="JM Ch8"/>

{{Quote box
|quote = "Over time our concept and understanding of the creatures of the forest has changed for the better, but it didn't start suddenly one day. People like Kenneth and Donald Anderson didn't just hunt animals when they visited the jungles; they observed animals and were a source of information that people benefitted from."
|source = — [[T.N.A. Perumal]], [[Royal Photographic Society|FRPS]], Award-winning [[Wildlife photography|wildlife photographer]]<ref>{{cite book |section=Foreword |title=The Last White Hunter: Reminiscences of a Colonial Shikari |author=Joshua Mathew |author2=Donald Anderson |page=10 |date=2018-03-01 |publisher=Indus Source Books}}</ref>
|width = 25%
|align = right
}}

He started a personal business of organising jungle safaris for interested parties in forests of India. He would personally steward such trips, and even promoted them for international clients in reputable [[magazine]]s like the [[Audubon (magazine)|Audubon]].<ref name="STB">{{cite news |url=https://thewire.in/books/review-the-last-white-hunter-is-a-celebration-of-lost-tales-from-the-wild |title=Review: 'The Last White Hunter' Is a Celebration of Lost Tales From the Wild |author=S. Theodore Baskaran |date=2018-05-17 |work=The Wire}}</ref> This venture was quite successful, and made Anderson one of the earliest entrepreneurs in [[wildlife tourism]] in India.

===Jungle folk===
Anderson became well acquainted with many jungle folk from various areas and aboriginal tribes. He was most fond of ''Byra The Poojare'' from the Poojaree tribe. Others include Ranga who was a petty shikari who also occasionally took to poaching, and Rachen from the Sholaga tribe. Some of his friends such as Hughie Hailstone also had estates in South India, and others became fellow hunters like Eric Newcombe.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://scroll.in/article/876205/why-are-we-still-fascinated-by-tales-of-the-shikaar-despite-the-ecological-horrors-of-hunting |title=Why are we still fascinated by tales of the ‘shikaar’ despite the ecological horrors of hunting? |author=Amish Raj Mulmi |date=2018-04-22 |work=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/others/wildlife-kenneth-anderson-big-cats-jim-corbett-annada-writer-kp-poornachandra-tejaswi-kadina-kathegalu-don-anderson/articleshow/38753255.cms? |title=Wild Things |author=Aliyeh Rizvi |date=2014-07-20 |work=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>

== Writing ==

Anderson was a proficient raconteur who penned international bestsellers in the mid-20th century. He is well admired among readers of hunting literature, and his books are considered some of the best in the category.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/encounters-of-the-wild-variety-829178.html |title=Encounters of the wild variety |author=M R Anand |date=2020-04-24 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> As an author, his style of [[narration]] is descriptive as he details his encounters and experiences in the wilderness. His written works reflect his acute powers of observation and his unique sense of humour. Anderson's books were originally published in the 1950s in [[London]] by [[Allen & Unwin|George Allen & Unwin Ltd.]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL14885656M/Nine_man-eaters_and_one_rogue. |title=Nine man-eaters and one rogue. |website=Open Library |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=2025-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL58600573M/The_Black_Panther_of_Sivanipalli |title=The Black Panther of Sivanipalli |website=Open Library |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=2025-10-28}}</ref> and [[hardcover]] editions were produced by [[Rand McNally]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL58600575M/The_Black_Panther_Of_Sivanipalli |title=The Black Panther of Sivanipalli |website=Open Library |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=2025-11-04}}</ref> His only fiction novel was published by [[Jaico Publishing House]] in India in 1969.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5279971M/The_fires_of_passion. |title=The fires of passion. |website=Open Library |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=2025-11-12}}</ref> In 21st century, his forest-related books are being published internationally by [[Rupa Publications]] of India.

{{Quote box
|quote = "He is the professional observer of those that are truly wild,... A forest is for him the enchanting scene of an endless game: to pit his wits and his quick reaction times against the instincts of its denizens in order to find out how they live (and only sometimes to kill them). [...] and as he has won more dangerous duels in this setting than most men of his kind, his books are full of unforced dramatic tension."
|source = — [[The Times Literary Supplement]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rarebooksboutique.com/products/tales-from-the-indian-jungle-by-kenneth-anderson-1970-first-edition-hardcover |title=TALES FROM THE INDIAN JUNGLE BY KENNETH ANDERSON 1970 FIRST EDITION HARDCOVER |website=rarebooksboutique.com |access-date=2025-10-27 |publisher=MFR Rare Books}}</ref>
|width = 25%
|align = right
}}

Anderson's books highlight his concern for the [[natural environment]] and his conservationist streak as a [[wildlife]] chronicler.<ref name="KAS MI"/><ref name="KAS CNBC"/> Many books have accounts of his efforts in hunting man-eating big cats, mostly successfully.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.naturesafariindia.com/wildlife-in-india/man-eating-tigers-of-india/ |title=Introduction - Man Eating Tigers of India |author=Varun Mani |website=naturesafariindia.com |publisher=Nature Safari India |access-date=2025-11-06}}</ref> He also includes details about elephants, bisons, deers, and bears, as well as less popular creatures like Indian [[Dhole]]s (wild dogs), hyenas, spiders, and snakes. Anderson provides details of the lives of people in or near the Indian jungles of his time, and about poor or non-existent infrastructure. He also delves into the lives of native jungle tribes, mentioning their habits, survival skills, etc.

== Legacy ==
Anderson is considered as one of the foremost [[nature writing|nature writers]] of India, and among the first [[conservation movement|conservationists]] in the region.<ref name="KAS CNBC"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/the-wild-heart-of-india-review-listening-to-the-call-of-the-wild/article30357571.ece |title=‘The Wild Heart of India’ review: Listening to the call of the wild |date=2019-12-21 |author=K.C. Vijaya Kumar |work=The Hindu}}</ref> However, observers note that he never got the national fame and official recognition that he deserved.<ref name="HT RP"/><ref name="KAS MI"/> Anderson killed more man-eaters than the more famous [[Jim Corbett]]<ref name="TSI"/> while also operating over a larger area with varied forests and working amongst a more diverse set of people. This was because Corbett received appreciation during the [[British Raj]] while later governments neglected Anderson's contributions and often took his services for granted. Also, being 35 years younger than Corbett, Anderson's writings were published after the hunting literature had already peaked.<ref name="STB"/>

{{Quote box
|quote = "My own fascination for jungles of Karnataka was nourished by Kenneth Anderson’s hunting tales. I had sought his friendship a few years before he died, and wandered in these jungles, listening spell-bound to his tales. He had recounted how, after independence, destruction of India’s wildlife and wild lands had accelerated."
|source = — [[K. Ullas Karanth]], [[Wildlife Conservation Society]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Last White Hunter: About the book |editor=K. Ullas Karanth |date=2018 |url=https://www.indussource.com/last-white-hunter/ |publisher=Indus Source Books |access-date=2025-10-27}}</ref>
|width = 25%
|align = right
}}

Anderson inspired conservationists like [[K. Ullas Karanth]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sanctuarynaturefoundation.org/article/wildlife-conservation-society |title=Wildlife Conservation Society |author=Prerna Singh Bindra |publisher=Sanctuary Nature Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://reader.magzter.com/preview/36jndaqkj26rgrk8sbh96n1485880/148588 |title=The Wildlife Conservation Society |author=Prerna Singh Bindra |volume=36 |issue=2 |date=February 2016 |magazine=Sanctuary Asia}}</ref> who became Director of [[Wildlife Conservation Society|WCS]] ''Tiger Conservation Program'', and many others. His personal land was later (after sale) incorporated by government in the [[Bannerghatta National Park]], where now stands the ''Butterfly Park'' of [[Bannerghatta Zoo]]. In 2008, a ''Kenneth Anderson Nature Society'' was founded by like-minded admirers.<ref name="TNIE SR"/> Private entities have named outdoor places and activities after him like the ''Kenneth's Bunker'', and ''Kenneth Anderson Bike Trails''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://knowheretravel.co/property/kenneths-bunker/ |title=Kenneth's Bunker off Bangalore |website=Knowhere Travel Co. |access-date=2025-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pedalintandem.com/experiences/cycle-rides-blr/kenneth-anderson |title=Kenneth Anderson Trail |website=Pedal In Tandem |access-date=2025-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://urbanaut.app/spot/kennith-anderson-bike-trails |title=Kennith Anderson Bike Trails |website=Urbanaut |access-date=2025-11-01}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

'''Hunting books'''
* ''Nine Maneaters And One Rogue'' (1954) {{ISBN|978-8-1291-1642-0}}
* ''Man Eaters and Jungle Killers'' (1957) {{ISBN|978-8-1716-7563-0}}
* ''The Black Panther of Sivanipalli and Other Adventures of the Indian Jungle'' (1959) {{ISBN|978-8-1716-7467-1}}
* ''The Call of the Man Eater'' (1961) {{ISBN|978-8-1716-7469-5}}
* ''This is the Jungle'' (1964) {{ISBN|978-8-1291-0759-6}}
* ''The Tiger Roars'' (1967) {{ISBN|978-8-1716-7468-8}}
* ''Tales from the Indian Jungle'' (1970) {{ISBN|978-8-1716-7466-4}}
* ''Jungles Long Ago'' (1976, posthumously) {{ISBN|978-8-1716-7465-7}}

Many of these books are also available in the three volume ''Omnibus'' edition by [[Rupa Publications]] ({{ISBN|978-8-1716-7455-8|978-8-1716-7456-5|978-8-1291-3272-7}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rupapublications.co.in/bookserch?query=kenneth+anderson |title=Books by Kenneth Anderson |website=rupapublications.co.in |publisher=Rupa Publications India}}</ref>

'''Other publications'''
* ''The Fires of Passion'' (1969)
* ''Jungles Tales for Children'' (1971)
* ''Tales of Man Singh: King of Indian Dacoits'' (1961)
* ''The Bond Of Love'' (short story)

'''Translations'''

Anderson's books have been translated into many languages. Popular [[Kannada]] language writer [[Poornachandra Tejaswi]] has translated some of his hunting stories and published via Pustaka Prakashana in four volumes as ''Kadina Kategalu'' (''ಕಾಡಿನ ಕತೆಗಳು'').<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sahityakalp.com/prominent-kannada-short-story-writer-poornachandra-tejaswi/ |title=Kannada Story Writer Poornachandra Tejaswi |date=2020-09-08 |publisher=Sahityakalp |access-date=2025-10-27}}</ref> Sahyadri Books has published Anderson in [[Marathi language]] titled ''Narbhakshakachya Magavar'' (''नरभक्षकाच्या मागावर''), translated by Sanjay Bapat.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sahyadribooks.com/narbhakshakachya-magavar/ |title=Narbhakshakachya Magavar |website=Sahyadri Books |publisher=Merven Technologies |access-date=2025-11-13}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot |refs=
{{NoteTag |name=PTD |Anderson worked at the ''P&T Building'', also known as the ''Central Telegraph Office'', at the Minsk Square near the General Post Office, Bangalore. Its facade was partially demolished in 2013 to construct the Entrance D of the Cubbon Park Metro Station ([https://anangloindianarchive.wordpress.com/an-anglo-indian-archive/reminisces-of-a-colonial-shikari/bangalore-early-to-mid-20c/ An Anglo-Indian Archive] and [https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/ringing-pleasant-bell-2063790 Deccan Herald 2016]).
}}
{{NoteTag |name=HAL |''British Aircraft Factory'' referred to the part of erstwhile ''Hindustan Aircraft Ltd.'' (now HAL) which manufactured various British aircraft on licence ([https://ijsp.in/admin/mvc/upload/30303_A%20BACKBONE%20OF%20DEFENCE%20HISTORY%20OF%20HINDUSTAN.pdf Rais Ahmad, IJSP 2016, III(I)/03(03):21–26]).
}}
{{NoteTag |name=Property |Many of Anderson's properties were fully or partially usurped by localities in the late 20th century.
}}
{{NoteTag |name=Cemetery |''Indian Christian Cemetery'' is also known as the ''New Protestant Cemetery'' or the ''Bangalore (Hosur Road) Cemetery'' ([https://www.rutlandremembers.org/location/1289/bangalore-hosur-road-cemetery Rutland Remembers] and [https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Bangalore_Cemeteries FIBIS]).
}}
{{NoteTag |name=Prospect |''Prospect House'' was situated near the British-era ''Cubbon Park Police Station'' (estd. 1910). The government cancelled Anderson family's ownership in the mid-1980s, and parts of the place now have an [[Hindustan Petroleum|HPCL]] petrol pump, [[Prestige Group]]'s ''Obelisk'' commercial building, among others ([https://citizenmatters.in/bangalore-colonial-history-forests-donald-anderson-biography/ Krupa Rajangam, Citizen Matters 2020] and [https://frontline.thehindu.com/society/bengaluru-hotpots-heritage-sites-tourific-app-tourism-literature-spots/article69186758.ece Dakshayini Suresh, Frontline 2025]).
}}
{{NoteTag |name=Code |The Hunter's Ethical Code includes principles like fair chase, quick-&-clean kill-shot, track-&-despatch of wounded, legal compliance, etc.
}}
{{NoteTag |name=GS |The term ''Gentleman Shikari'' was used for highly ethical hunters who were mostly White Britishers (or other prominent people).
}}
{{NoteTag |name=Pets |Anderson family's prominent pets were "Jackie" the hyena, "Bruno" the [[sloth bear]], "Ivan" the [[bar-headed goose]], and two ponies for children: "Judy" for June and "Nelson" for Donald.
}}
}}

== See also ==

* [[E. R. C. Davidar]], wildlife conservationist and Kenneth's friend
* [[K. Ullas Karanth]], conservation zoologist and Kenneth's fan
* [[Jim Corbett]] and [[Pachabdi Gazi]]
* [[Indian natural history#Hunter-naturalists|Hunter-naturalists of India]]
* [[List of famous big game hunters]]
* [[Project Tiger]]

== External links ==

* Kenneth Anderson's grave on the [[Find a Grave]] website: [https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/121210392/kenneth-anderson Memorial ID 121210392]
* Kenneth Anderson Omnibus on [[Internet Archive]]: [https://archive.org/details/the-kenneth-anderson-omnibus/mode/2up e-Book] and [https://ia902302.us.archive.org/20/items/the-kenneth-anderson-omnibus/The%20Kenneth%20Anderson%20Omnibus%20-%20Kenneth%20Anderson.pdf PDF]
* Kenneth's son Donald talks to Joshua Mathew in [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gw8y0Mec558&t=173s Youtube Video]
* Kenneth's son Donald's Biography ''The Last White Hunter'' (2018): [https://www.indussource.com/last-white-hunter/ Indus Source Books], [https://www.thelastwhitehunter.com/ Website] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724012904/https://www.thelastwhitehunter.com/ |date=24 July 2021}}), {{ISBN|978-9-3855-0912-4}}
* Tribute to Kenneth's son Donald by Joshua Mathew in [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qJznwgzhmCY Youtube Video]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anderson, Kenneth}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian conservationists]]
[[Category:Indian hunters]]
[[Category:Indian naturalists]]
[[Category:Writers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:St. Joseph's College, Bangalore alumni]]
[[Category:Bishop Cotton Boys' School alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century naturalists]]
[[Category:Hunters from British India]]
[[Category:Naturalists from British India]]

Mahesh Mittal Kumar

2026-01-24T09:15:45Z

GeorgiannaN07: creating new bio - done

{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes needed|date=November 2019}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
'''Mahesh Mittal Kumar''' took over charge as Chairman, Company Law Board on 5 June 2015 and continued as such till 31 May 2016. He was then appointed as the First President of [[National Company Law Tribunal]] on the abolition of Company Law Board on 1st June 2016. During his tenure, 28 benches of the NCLT started functioning from 14 states. He demitted office on 5 January 2020.https://nhrc.nic.in/biodata/bio-data-justice-shri-mm-kumar <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clb.nic.in/index_2.html |title=Company Law Board |website=www.clb.nic.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405051709/http://www.clb.nic.in/index_2.html |archive-date=5 April 2018}}</ref> He served as 31st Chief Justice of [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]].<ref name="ht">{{cite news| url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/justice-mittal-takes-oath-as-j-amp-k-cj/article1-868174.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502194032/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/justice-mittal-takes-oath-as-j-amp-k-cj/article1-868174.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=2 May 2014 | title=Justice Mittal takes oath as J&K CJ |work=Hindustan Times |date=8 June 2012 |accessdate=2 May 2014}}</ref>

He was born on 5 January 1953. He took office as Chief Justice on 8 June 2012 and retired on 4 January 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jkhighcourt.nic.in/former.html|title=Former Chief Justices & Judges|website=jkhighcourt.nic.in|access-date=2016-10-25|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100303002341/http://jkhighcourt.nic.in/former.html|archivedate=3 March 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Previously, he worked as judge at [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]].<ref name="ht" />

Kumar has an illustrious academic and professional record. He qualified his LLB from [[Punjabi University]], Patiala in 1977 and was enrolled as an Advocate in the same year. He commenced his practice in the District Courts of [[Sangrur district|Sangrur]]. In 1979, he went to England for higher studies and qualified for LLM from the University of Birmingham. After returning to India he joined the Chamber of Kuldip Singh, Bar-at-Law (who was directly elevated from bar to the Supreme Court). He authored a book titled ''Control of Exclusion Clauses in England and India'' published by Ravenswood London (1985).

He worked as part-time faculty at the Department of Law, Punjab University, Chandigarh from 1984-90. He was elected as Vice-President of the Punjab and Haryana High Court Bar Association for 1991-92 and later appointed Additional Advocate General (Punjab) from October 1995 to November 1996.

Kumar was elevated as a judge of the Punjab and Haryana High Court at Chandigarh on 2 July 2001. he worked as executive chairman, Legal Services Authority and Chairman, mediation committee and held Mega Lok Adalats. During his tenure as a judge of Punjab and Haryana High Court, he delivered a large a number of landmark judgements in every branch of law including constitutional law, company law, service law, civil law, election law, land acquisition, tax, and PIL. He has made significant contributions to build the Chandigarh Judicial Academy and the [[Rajiv Gandhi]] National Law University Patiala, and is a visiting professor at the latter.

Kumar was later appointed Chief Justice of Jammu and Kashmir High Court on 8 June 2012. As Chief Justice of Jammu and Kashmir High Court, he dealt with many PIL concerning world-famous Dal Lake (Dal Judge), violation of Master Plan in Srinagar, Jammu and Katra; corruption cases, popularized use of video conferencing, Mega Lok Adalats and a number of other projects. He has the distinction of holding the courts during September 2014 when the High court building ({{cvt|10|ft}} water), District court building ({{cvt|18|ft}} water) and his own house ({{cvt|8|ft}} water) were all flooded. He along with his family were rescued at 2 o’clock during the night of 7 and 8 September 2014 when flash floods were reported. The new address of the High Court was an unoccupied house allotted to a judge on Gupkar Road, Sri Nagar. In the makeshift High Court a number of insurance cases were decided by him, paving the way for restoring many business establishments to their normal business activities. He is well known for his independent approach and impeccable integrity. He superannuated on 4 January 2015.

After retirement Justice Kumar conducted a number of commercial arbitrations which included the cases referred by the Supreme Court and the High Courts.

Justice Kumar then took over charge as Chairman, Company Law Board on 5 June 2015 and continued as such till 31 May 2016. He served as first president of National Company Law Tribunal on the abolition of Company Law Board on 1 June 2016 till 1 June 2018.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Mahesh Mittal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Judges of the Punjab and Haryana High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Jammu and Kashmir High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]

24 Indian pilots

2026-01-23T13:22:16Z

GeorgiannaN07: created a details added tags.

{{Short description|Indians selected for RAF pilot training in 1940}}
[[File:Indian pilots arrival in London, 1940.png|thumb|First group of Indian pilots arrive in London, 8 October 1940]]
In 1940, '''24 Indian pilots''', also known as the '''X-squad''', were chosen from 72 trainees of the Indian Airforce 4th Pilot's Course and sent to the UK for operational training and squadron service with the [[Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve]] (RAFVR).<ref name=Nair2019.2>{{cite book |last1=Nair |first1=K. S. |title=The Forgotten Few; The Indian Air Force in World War II |date=2019 |publisher=Harper Collins |location=Noida, UP |isbn=978-93-5357-067-5 |pages=42–70 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7SufDwAAQBAJ|chapter= 2. 1939-40: War in Europe |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Goodrum2019>{{cite book |last=Goodrum |first=Alastair |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncGbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT147 |title=School of Aces: The RAF Training School that Won the Battle of Britain |date=2019 |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4456-8618-9 |pages=130–150 |language=en |chapter=6. A foreign field and English sky}}</ref>

The pilots included [[Ranjan Dutt]], [[Erlic Pinto|Erlic W. Pinto]], [[Hari Chand Dewan|Hari C. Dewan]], [[Mohinder Singh Pujji|Mahinder Singh Pujji]] and [[Man Mohan Singh (pilot)|Man Mohan Singh]]. Of the 24, 16 qualified as pilots and six were posted to non-flying duties. Eight completed further training as fighter pilots and served in [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) squadrons after the [[Battle of Britain]]. Others were selected for [[RAF Bomber Command|Bomber]]/[[RAF Coastal Command during World War II|Coastal Command]].

Eight were killed during training or in action. Some of those who survived became Air Marshalls in the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) after independence.

==Recruitment==
In 1940, the [[Air Ministry]] requested the [[British Raj|British Government in India]] to send Indian pilots for further training in England.<ref name=Brad1940>{{cite news |title=For the RAF: 24 Indian pilot officers |work= Bradford Observer
|date=14 August 1940|page=5|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003150/19400814/126/0005|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{efn|Calls to expand the [[Indian Air Force]] were made in early 1940.<ref name=Singh2013>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Jasjit |title=Defence from the Skies: 80 Years of the Indian Air Force: 80 Years of the Indian Air Force |date=2013 |publisher=KW Publishers Pvt Ltd |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-93-81904-53-4 |page=39 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mku6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT39 |language=en |chapter=2. War from the east}}</ref>}} On 8 August 1940, 24 mostly newly qualified Indian pilots were recruited from Lahore and Ambala to join the RAFVR.<ref name=Goodrum2019/><ref name=Brad1940/> They left Lahore for Bombay (now Mumbai) on 3 September 1940.<ref name=BT1940>{{cite news |title=Departure of Indian pilots|work= Belfast Telegraph|date=3 September 1940|page=9|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002318/19400903/178/0009|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> They departed India as one group at the end of September 1940.<ref name=Nair2019.2/><ref name=Goodrum2019/>{{efn|A twenty fifth pilot, [[Dattatreya Anant Samant]], not part of the group but travelled on the same liner to the UK and may have passed security as he appeared like the others.<ref name=Nair2019.2/> He gained a place at the RAFVR and later served No.263. Squadron RAF.<ref name=Nair2019.2/>}}

==UK==
The group arrived in England on the [[P&O]] liner SS ''Strathallan'' on 6 October 1940 and headed for [[RAF Uxbridge]] on 8 October.<ref name=Pass1940>{{cite web |title=UK and Ireland, Incoming Passenger Lists, 1878-1960|date=9 October 1940|url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/27017940:1518?tid=&pid=&queryId=86e06a3f319f43300a1af8fca5647e7c&_phsrc=oHC18&_phstart=successSource|access-date=9 November 2022 |work=1940 Passenger list|via=ancestry.co.uk|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{efn|The IAF Act was passed on 8 October 1932 and in the late 1970s the date became [[Air Force Day#India|Air Force Day]] in India.<ref name=Nair2019.2/>}} Their arrival was given widespread media coverage.<ref name=Nair2019.2/> When they reached a London train station, they were greeted by [[Louis Greig|Sir Louis Leisler Greig]] and the photographer [[William G. Vanderson]].<ref name=BL>{{cite web |title=Photograph of Indian pilots arriving in the UK|publisher=British Library |url=https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/photograph-of-indian-pilots-arriving-in-the-uk |website=www.bl.uk |access-date=16 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226145718/https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/photograph-of-indian-pilots-arriving-in-the-uk|archive-date=26 December 2022}}</ref><ref name=Sphere1940>{{cite news |title=Our defenders in the air and at sea|work= The Sphere
|date=19 October 1940|page=72|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001861/19401019/015/0010|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Each were individually welcomed by the Air Minister, [[Archibald Sinclair, 1st Viscount Thurso|Sir Archibald Sinclair]], who handed each a note concluding "We shall be proud to have you fighting by our side".<ref name=Scot1940>{{cite news |title=Air Minister welcomes Indian pilots |work= The Scotsman
|date=9 October 1940|page=2|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000540/19401009/245/0009|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> They were conducted by [[Jayapal Jayakar|J. M. R. Jayakar]].<ref name=WHSE1940>{{cite news |title=Indian pilot officers entertained by the King |work= West Ham and South Essex Mail
|date=15 November 1940|page=5|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004271/19401115/029/0001|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

After a month the group had tea with the [[George VI|King]] before being divided in two.<ref name=WHSE1940/><ref name=Chowdhry2018>{{cite book |last1=Chowdhry |first1=Mohindra S. |title=Defence of Europe by Sikh Soldiers in the World Wars |date=2018 |publisher=Troubador Publishing Ltd |location=Leicestershire |isbn=978-1788037-983 |pages=329–383 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=twFQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA365 |language=en |chapter=7. Sikhs in the Second World War}}</ref>{{efn|K.S. Nair cites the location as Windsor Castle, while newspapers of the time say it was at Buckingham Palace.<ref name=Nair2019.2/><ref name=WHSE1940/>}} Most were posted to No. 12 Elementary Flying Training School [[RAF Prestwick|RAF at Prestwick]] to train on [[de Havilland Tiger Moth|Tiger Moth]]s.<ref name=Nair2019.2/><ref name=Goodrum2019/> Advanced training was completed at No. 9 Service Flying Training School at [[RAF Hullavington]], Wiltshire, and they received their [[Wing (military unit)|wings]] on 16 April 1941.<ref name=Nair2019.2/> Of the 24, six were posted to non-flying duties.<ref name=Goodrum2019/> Eight had qualified for fighter training at No. 56 OTU at [[RAF Sutton Bridge]].<ref name=Nair2019.2/> They included Dutt, Pujji, Mehta, Gnanamuthu and Nazirullah.<ref name=Nair2019.2/> They mostly served in RAF squadrons after the [[Battle of Britain]] for around three months in 1941.<ref name=Nair2019.2/><ref name=RAFmus>{{cite web |date=15 August 2020 |title=Indian Air Force {{!}} Indian Air Force Aircraft |url=https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/blog/royal-indian-air-force/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113182431/https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/blog/royal-indian-air-force/ |archive-date=13 November 2022 |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=RAF Museum}}</ref><ref name=C&MGSept.1941>{{cite news |title=Indian pilots in Britain: Participation in raids over Germany|work= Civil & Military Gazette|location=Lahore|date=27 September 1941|page=5|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/19410927/065/0005|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Others were selected for [[RAF Bomber Command|Bomber]]/[[RAF Coastal Command during World War II|Coastal Command]].<ref name=Goodrum2019/>

At first they received 425 rupees per month and an annual oversees allowance of £25, which was raised to £100.<ref name=C&MG1941>{{cite news |title=Indian pilots in England|work= Civil & Military Gazette|location=Lahore
|date=30 October 1941|page=5|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/19411030/041/0003|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Deaths and legacy==
Eight of the 24 Indian pilots were killed during training or in action.<ref name=BR.IAFVR>{{cite web |title=Indian Air Force Gallery :: IAFVR pilots in UK |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Galleries/History/WW2/RAF24/ |website=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113102638/https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Galleries/History/WW2/RAF24/|archive-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> Dewan, Pinto, Shivdev Singh and Dutt later became Air Marshalls in the Indian Air Force after independence.<ref name=Nair2019.2/>

In 2014 a statue of Pujji was erected in [[Gravesend]], Kent.<ref name=McGowan2019>{{cite book |last=McGowan |first=Susan |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=feV1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT149 |title=The Little History of Kent |date=2019 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-0-7509-9114-8 |location=Stroud, Gloucestershire |pages=149 |language=en |chapter=14. The House of Windsor, 1917-}}</ref><ref name=Sharma2014>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Manimugdha S. |title=World War II Indian pilot honoured with statue in UK|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/World-War-II-Indian-pilot-honoured-with-statue-in-UK/articleshow/45319912.cms |access-date=26 December 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226134305/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/World-War-II-Indian-pilot-honoured-with-statue-in-UK/articleshow/45319912.cms |archive-date=26 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Man Mohan Singh's name is remembered on the [[Darwin Military Museum]] Memorial Wall, Australia.<ref name=Darwin>{{cite web |title=Remembering Flying Officer Manmohan Singh |url=http://www.australiansikhheritage.com/flying-officer-manmohan-singh/ |website=Australian Sikh Heritage |access-date=16 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116163438/http://www.australiansikhheritage.com/flying-officer-manmohan-singh/ |archive-date=16 November 2022 |language=en-AU}}</ref>

A retrospective on the 4th Pilot Course, highlighting the personal and professional journeys of these 24 officers, including their wartime service, command roles, and post-retirement contributions has been published by aviation historian Anchit Gupta.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anchit |date=3 December 2022 |title=The Inspiring Journey of the 4th Pilot Course |url=https://iafhistory.in/2022/12/03/trailblazers-in-the-skies-the-inspiring-journey-of-the-4th-pilot-course/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531061050/https://iafhistory.in/2022/12/03/trailblazers-in-the-skies-the-inspiring-journey-of-the-4th-pilot-course/ |archive-date=31 May 2025 |access-date=5 May 2025 |website=IAFHistory}}</ref>

==List of pilots==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of 24 Indian pilots seconded to UK 1940
|-
! Pilot !!Birth/death !!Comment !! Image !! References
|-
| [[Kenneth Joseph Bhore]] || Born 1912||Arrived in England at age 27 years. Later joined [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF).|| || <ref name=BR.IAFVR/>
|-
| Kali Prasad Chaudhury ||Died 18 June 1941 ||Born to K.N. Chaudhury of Ballinganj, Calcutta, India. Served in [[No. 10 Operational Training Unit RAF]]. Killed in action at age 26 years on 18 June 1941; aircraft lost. Memorial at [[Golders Green Jewish Cemetery]] . || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Pilot Officer Kali Prasad Chaudhury |url=http://www.rafcommands.com/database/wardead/details.php?qnum=62139 |website=RAFCommands |access-date=24 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730113800/https://www.rafcommands.com/database/wardead/details.php?qnum=62139|archive-date=30 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pilot Officer Kali Prasad Chaudhury {{!}} War Casualty Details 2430784 {{!}} CWGC |url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/2430784/kali-prasad-chaudhury/ |website=CWGC |access-date=23 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Kanwar Haveli Shah Chopra || 18 December 1915 - 6 October 1954|| || || <ref name=BR.Chopra>{{cite web |title=Service Record for Flight Lieutenant Kanwar Haveli Shah Chopra 1596 GD(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/1596 |website=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=13 November 2022 |language=en-gb}}</ref>
|-
| Rustom Nariman Dastur ||Died 31 August 1941 ||Born to Nariman Pestonji Dastur and Hoiabai Nariman Dastur, of Bandra, Bombay, India. Killed in action at age 22 years. He is buried at [[Dieppe Canadian War Cemetery]]. || || <ref name=CWGC.Dastur>{{cite web |title=Pilot Officer Rustom Nariman Dastur {{!}} War Casualty Details 2316987 |url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/2316987/rustom-nariman-dastur/ |website=CWGC |access-date=13 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hari Chand Dewan]] || 1921 – 2017|| Arrived in England at age 18 years. Later became [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] and head of the [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]] in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. || || <ref name=BR.IAFVR/><ref name="Batabyal2020">{{cite book |last1=Batabyal |first1=Guru Saday |title=Politico-Military Strategy of the Bangladesh Liberation War, 1971 |date=2020 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-31766-4 |page=282 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QsLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT282 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ranjan Dutt]] ||1922 – 2009 || In England he flew [[Hawker Hurricane|Hurricanes]] with [[No. 32 Squadron RAF]], and upon return to India flew [[Westland Lysander|Lysanders]]. Died in 2009.||[[File:Ranjan Dutt.jpg|100px]] ||<ref name=Panther>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0k-6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT129 |title=Panther Red One: Memoirs of a Fighter Pilot: Memoirs of a Fighter Pilot |date=2013 |publisher=KW Publishers Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-85714-91-7 |pages=129 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Nair2009>{{cite web |last=Nair|first=K.S.|title=Air Vice Marshal Ranjan Dutt (1594) |date=19 November 2009 |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/history/ww2/veterans/ranjan-dutt/ |access-date=28 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229135406/https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/history/ww2/veterans/ranjan-dutt/|archive-date=29 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| Mohit Mohan Ghose || || Recruited at age 25 years. || || <ref name=BR.IAFVR/>
|-
| Anandaraj Samuel Gnanamuthu || || Born to Captain G. D. Gnanamuthu, Civil Assistant Surgeon, of Kollegat, Coimbatore District, India. Died 11 July 1941 at age 22 years. || || <ref name=CWGC.Gnan>{{cite web |title=Search Results |url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/search-results/?Regiment=Royal+Indian+Air+Force&WarFilter=2&CommemoratedInFilter=United+Kingdom&CemeteryFilter=null&Size=100&Page=1&Sort=cemeterymemorial |website=CWGC |access-date=13 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Harbans Krishan Khanna || || Born 15 May 1919. Died 31 Aug 1941. || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Service Record for Wing Commander Harbans Krishan Khanna 1632 A&SD at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/1632 |website=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=24 December 2022 |language=en-gb}}</ref>
|-
| Chander Parkash Khosla || || Killed in action. He is commemorated at [[Air Forces Memorial]].|| || <ref name=CWGC.Khosla>{{cite web |title=Pilot Officer Chander Parkash Khosla {{!}} War Casualty Details 1802690 |url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/1802690/chander-parkash-khosla/ |website=CWGC |access-date=13 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Mian Mohd Latif || || Arrived in England at age 21 years. || || <ref name=BR.IAFVR/>
|-
| Ali Raza Khan Pasha || ||Born 12 January 1917, died in service 18 June 1941. He is buried in the Muslim section of [[Brookwood Cemetery]], UK. || || <ref name=BR.Pasha>{{cite web |title=Service Record for Pilot Officer Ali Raza Khan Pasha Not Issued GD(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/82 |website=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226113921/https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/82 |archive-date=26 December 2022 |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name=RAF.Pasha>{{cite web |title=Pilot Officer Ali Raza Khan Pasha |url=http://www.rafcommands.com/database/wardead/details.php?qnum=51581 |website=RAFCommands |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226114924/http://www.rafcommands.com/database/wardead/details.php?qnum=51581 |archive-date=26 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| Hukum Chand Mehta || ||Died during an accident while training on 3 November 1941. He is commemorated at Newcastle-Upon-Tyne cemetery || || <ref name=Mohan2010/><ref name=CWGC.Mehta>{{cite web |title=Pilot Officer Hukum Chand Mehta {{!}} War Casualty Details 2810562 |url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/2810562/hukum-chand-mehta/ |website=CWGC |access-date=13 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Edwin Nazirullah]] || || For a while served [[No. 32 Squadron RAF]]. Later joined PAF. || || <ref name=Nair2019.2/><ref name=Mohan2010>{{cite book |last1=Mohan |first1=PVS Jagan |title=The Westland Lysander in Indian Air Force Service |date=2010 |publisher=Jagan Pillarisetti |location=Hydrabad |pages=21–32 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bzOcg-Ke6wC&pg=PA31 |language=en |chapter=No.4 Squadron (Feb 1942-June 1943)}}</ref><ref name=Sapru2014>{{cite book |last=Sapru|first=Somnath|author-link=Somnath Sapru|title=Combat Lore: Indian Air Force 1930-1945: Indian Air Force 1930-1945 |date=15 July 2014 |publisher=KW Publishers Pvt Ltd |location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-85714-34-4 |pages=130–133 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SEa6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT130 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Erlic Pinto|Erlic Wilmot Pinto]] || 1921 – 1963 ||Served in the UK from 1940 to 1942. Graduated from [[RAF Staff College, Andover|RAF Staff College]], Andover. In 1959, became [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air vice marshal]], India. || || <ref name=Pass1940/><ref name=PIB.Bio>{{cite web |title=Air Vice-Marshall E.W. Pinto|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1963-OCT-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-/PDF/DEF-1963-11-22_150.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=22 November 1963}}</ref><ref name=Pandey2017>{{cite book |last1=Pandey |first1=Hemant Kumar |last2=Singh |first2=Manish Raj |title=India's major military & rescue operations |date=2017 |publisher=Horizon Books |isbn=978-93-86369-39-0 |pages=30–31|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eqgsEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 |language=en |chapter=3. Operation Vijay: Annexation of Portuguese India (1961)}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mohinder Singh Pujji|Mahinder Singh Pujji]] ||1918 – 2010 || Born in 1918, died in 2010. || [[File:Mohinder Singh Pujji.jpg|100px]] || <ref name=Visram2014>{{cite ODNB |last1=Visram |first1=Rozina |title=Pujji, Mahinder Singh (1918–2010), fighter pilot |date=9 January 2014 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/103160 |isbn=978-0-19-861411-1 |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-103160 |language=en|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
|-
| Om Prakash Sanghi || ||Arrived in England age 25 years. || ||<ref name=BR.IAFVR/>
|-
| [[Satya Pal Shahi]] || || Retired in 1973. || || <ref name=BR.Shahi>{{cite web |title=Service Record for Air Vice Marshal Satya Pal Shahi 1601 GD(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/1601 |website=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=13 November 2022 |language=en-gb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730114611/https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/1601|archive-date=30 July 2024}}</ref><ref name=Reed>{{cite book |last1=Reed |first1=Sir Stanley |title=Indian and Pakistan Year Book and Who's who |date=1972 |publisher=Times of India Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z0QjAQAAMAAJ&q=Satya+Pal+Shahi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Gurbachan Singh || || Died in crash on 12 April 1941 after hitting telephone wires. || || <ref name=BR.Gur>{{cite web |title=Indian Air Force Aircraft Data [www.bharat-rakshak.com] |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Aircraft/T7959 |website=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=27 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702110837/https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Aircraft/T7959 |archive-date=2 July 2022 |language=en-gb}}</ref>
|-
| [[Shivdev Singh]] || || Arrived in England at age 20 years. He made 22 operational flights over [[German-occupied Europe|Germany occupied territory]]. Later became Air Marshal and then Vice of Air Staff in post-independent India. Credited his fame to looking like Man Mohan Singh. || [[File:Shivdev Singh.jpg|100px]] || <ref name=Chowdhry2018/><ref name=BR.Dev>{{cite web |title=Service Record for Air Marshal Shivdev Singh 1595 F(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/1595 |website=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=13 November 2022 |language=en-gb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226193637/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/1595|archive-date=26 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DdohlIUDakUC&pg=RA10-PA10 |title=Sainik Samachar |publisher=Director of Public Relations, Ministry of Defence |year=1970 |pages=10 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Tarlochan Singh || || Born 28 July 1915. Killed whilst training. || || <ref name=Sapru2014/><ref name=BR.Tar>{{cite web |title=Service Record for Pilot Officer Tarlochan Singh 1631 GD(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/1631 |website=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=27 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227085040/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/1631 |archive-date=27 December 2022 |language=en-gb}}</ref>
|-
| [[Man Mohan Singh (pilot)|Man Mohan Singh]] || || Older than the others, they referred to him as "cha-cha". Killed in action. ||[[File:Man Mohan Singh (died 1942).jpg|100px]] || <ref name=Nair2019.2/><ref name=Chowdhry2018/>
|-
| Ganjam Subbaramaiah || || First to die. || || <ref name=BR.IAFVR/><ref name=Sapru2014/>
|-
| Chaman Lal Tandon || ||Arrived in England age 21 years. || || <ref name=BR.IAFVR/>
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Indian pilots arrival in UK (1940).png|Arrival in the UK<ref name=DGM1940>{{cite news |title=East meets west|work= Daily Gazette for Middlesbrough|date=9 November 1940|page=2|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000770/19401109/050/0002|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
File:Indian pilots (UK, 1940), tea.png|Tea time
File:Indian pilots (1940).png|19 of the pilots studying maps<ref name=ILN1940>{{cite news |title=The camera's eye in war time|work= Illustrated London News|date=23 November 1940|page=664|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001578/19401123/062/0019|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
</gallery>

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{YouTube|KQx_j5UkyAI|Arrival at London, 8 October 1940}} ([[Pathé News|British Pathé]])
*{{YouTube|QtLwn5sSmsI|Indian Air Force Volunteer Reserve Pilots at RAF Prestwick 1940}} (British Pathé)
*{{cite web |title=Indian Air Force Gallery :: The twenty four Indian pilots |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Galleries/History/WW2/RAF24/IndPilotswithRAF.jpg.html |website=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113095458/https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Galleries/History/WW2/RAF24/IndPilotswithRAF.jpg.html|archive-date=13 November 2022}}

[[Category:Indian Air Force]]
[[Category:Indian World War II pilots]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:1940 in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:24 Indian pilots]]

Moola Venkata Rangaiah

2026-01-17T10:46:32Z

GeorgiannaN07: minor cleanup intro as per guidelines further and corrected details after review

{{Short description|Indian film producer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Moola Venkata Rangaiah
| image = MVRangaiah.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| birth_place = [[Tadpatri]], Andhra Pradesh, India
| death_date = {{death date |df=yes|2004|5|12}}
| death_place = [[Tadpatri]], Andhra Pradesh, India
| occupation = Business, ex municipal chair, Tadipatri
}}
[[File:Vauhini Sale MVRangaiah.jpg|thumb|Sale of Vauhini Studios by Moola V. Rangaiah to Nagi Reddy]]
'''Moola Venkata Rangaiah''' was an [[Indian film]] producer, known for his works in [[Telugu cinema]], and [[Tamil cinema]]. He was the co-owner [[Vauhini Studios]], along with his father [[Moola Narayana Swamy]], which became one of the largest production companies in South Asia at that time.<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-story-in-a-road-name/article404360.ece |title=The story in a road name – CHEN |publisher=The Hindu |date=2009-12-07 |accessdate=2016-05-30}}</ref><ref name="idlebrain1">{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/research/anal/anal-tc4.html |title=Telugu Cinema – Research – "Telugu Cinema – past and the present" by Gudipoodi Srihari |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date= |accessdate=2016-05-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/bhatktha-potana-1943/article2706259.ece |title=Bhatktha Potana (1943) – Anantapur |publisher=The Hindu |date=2011-12-11 |accessdate=2016-05-30}}</ref>

==Background==
After the death of Narayana Swamy died in 1951,<ref name="thehindu1"/><ref name="idlebrain1"/> In 1961, [[B. Nagi Reddy|B.Nagi Reddy]] acquired [[Vauhini Studios]], and later renamed it to [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios]].<ref name="thehindu1"/><ref name="idlebrain1"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:People from Anantapur district]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]

{{India-film-bio-stub}}

Rampur Bushahr

2026-01-02T06:24:46Z

GeorgiannaN07:

{{Short description|Town in Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{About|a city in Himachal Pradesh||Rampur (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rampur Bushahr
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage |photo1a=Rampur Bushahr City Satluj River Angle3.jpg |photo2b=View of Shraikoti Temple, Rampur Bushahr, Himachal Pradesh.jpg |photo2a=View of Village Lalsa, Rampur Bushahr, Himachal Pradesh.jpg |photo3a=Devta Sahib Panchveer temple देवता साहब पाँचवीर का मंदिर.jpg |photo3b=Deity Laxmi Narayan Temple at Kinnu, Rampur Bushahr, Shimla (H.P).jpg |photo4b=Padam Palace Rampur Bushahr.jpg
|size=250
|position=center
|spacing=2
|color=#FFFFFF
|border=1
|color_border = white
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = <div style="background:#CEE0F2;"> '''From top, left to right: '''Rampur Bushahr town on the bank of [[Satluj]] river, View of Lalsa village, Shraikoti Temple on uphill, Devta Sahib Paanchveer Temple, Lakshmi Narayan Temple at Kinnu, Padam Palace</div>
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31|27|0|N|77|37|59|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shimla district|Shimla]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 = [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate|SDM]]
| leader_name1 = Nishant Tomar, HAS
| leader_title2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name2 = [[Nand Lal (Himachal Pradesh politician)|Nand Lal]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = Centre for District Kullu and Kinnaur
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1021
| population_total = 5,655
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 2719
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800133-rampur-himachal-pradesh.html|title=Rampur Population Census 2011|publisher=Census 2011 India|accessdate=15 May 2018}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name=langoff>{{cite web |url=http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015) |pages=33–34 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date = 16 February 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171228171523/http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Sanskrit]]<ref name="Sanskrit">{{cite news |title=Bill to make Sanskrit second official language of HP passed |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/bill-to-make-sanskrit-second-official-language-of-hp-passed/730075.html |date=17 February 2019 |access-date=18 February 2019 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |author=Pratibha Chauhan |location=Shimla |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218081810/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/bill-to-make-sanskrit-second-official-language-of-hp-passed/730075.html |archive-date=18 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Mahasui]] (Kochi)<ref>{{cite web| website=Literary Herald |title=Language and dialect of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://tlhjournal.com/uploads/products/35.shradha-shandil-article.pdf?utm_}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 172001
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#HP.E2.80.94Himachal Pradesh|HP-06]], [[List of RTO districts in India#HP.E2.80.94Himachal Pradesh|HP-92]]
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Rampur Bushahr''' is a town and a [[Municipal council (India)|municipal council]] in [[Shimla district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. It is situated on the bank of [[Sutlej|Satluj]] river. It is about 128 km from [[Shimla]] and is well connected with [[National Highway 5 (India)|NH 5]] which passes through [[Theog]], [[Narkanda]] and [[Kumarsain]].

==History==
[[File:Sutlej Valley from Rampur ca. 1857.jpg|thumb|[[Satluj Valley]] from Rampur ca. 1857]]
[[File:Faag mela rampur bushar Shimla, deities sitting in ground with people.jpg|thumb|Faag Mela Rampur ]]
The principality of [[Bushahr]] (also known as Bashahar, Bushahar, Bashahr) was once among the largest of the twenty-eight [[Simla Hill States|Shimla Hill States]] keen to invest on regional and transcontinental trade and exploit Himalayan resources. Caught in one of the British imperial enterprise, it was subjected to political-cum-economic vicissitudes, acceding to the Indian Union in 1947. On 8 March 1948, along with twenty other princely hill States of [[Punjab]] and Shimla, Bushahr signed an agreement which resulted in its inclusion in the Indian State of Himachal Pradesh.
[[File:Padam Palace (1).jpg|thumb|Padam Palace Rampur Bushahr]]

Rampur, a small township situated at 1,005 meters on the left bank of the [[Sutlej]], served as Bushahar's winter capital. Being well connected with major trading routes that joined Indian markets with [[Central Asia]] and Tibet, it buzzed with mercantile activity, especially in November during the [[Lavi Fair|Lavi fair]], the largest trading event in the north Himalayas attracting traders from [[Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]], [[Yarkant County]], and the Indian mainland. Concerning the origins of the Rampuri fair, the [[1951 census of India|'''Census of India''' (1961)]] reports:

"''About three hundred years ago during the regime of Raja Kehar Singh of Bushahr, a trade treaty was signed between the Bushahr State and Tibet…Horses from Tibet and swords from Bushahr were exchanged in token of this friendship. It was written in the treaty that their friendly relations would continue till this time…Since then, it is presumed that trade relations increased and eventually [the] Lavi fair was held.''"

Rampur was also located along pilgrimage routes to sacred sites in western Tibet shared by Hindus, Bön and [[Buddhists]] alike, i.e., [[Mount Kailash]] and Lake [[Mansarovar]]. Missionary and pilgrimage activities, intensified by trading possibilities, created the conditions for [[Tibetan Buddhism]] to take a firm stronghold in these borderland regions. 22 km from the village of Namgya in upper [[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]], laid the [[Shipki La|Shipki La pass]] which linked caravan routes to and from western [[Tibet]]. This treacherous transcontinental passage must have been in use from ancient times, for among the ruined castles reported by Francke at Shipki La village, there were no living memories of the origins of mKar gog, the oldest of them built above the village in cyclopean style. Rampur also has Hydro Power Stations namely, [[Nathpa Jhakri Dam|Nathpa Jhakri Power Station]] (1500 MW) and [[Rampur Hydro Power Station]] (412 MW) by [[SJVN]] Ltd. A second castle, known as Seng ge mkhar, is said to have received its crooked ground plan “through a race round its base executed in opposite directions by a poisonous snake and a scorpion,” and was built, in all probability, during the [[Ladakhis|Ladakhi]] occupation of mNga’ ris by orders of King [[Sengge Namgyal]] (1570–1642) and called after him.<ref>Halkias, Georgios (2009). “Loss of Memory and Continuity of Praxis in Rampur-Bashahr: an Itinerant Study of Seventeenth-Century Tibetan Murals.” In ''Contemporary Visions in Tibetan Studies'', eds. Brandon Dotson et al. Chicago: Serindia Publications, pp. 139–155.[https://www.academia.edu/601755/Loss_of_Memory_and_Continuity_of_Praxis_in_Rampur-Bashahr_an_Itinerant_Study_of_Seventeenth-Century_Tibetan_Murals]</ref>
[[File:Laxmi Narayan Kothi, Village Kinnu, Rampur Bushahr, Shimla (HP).jpg|thumb|Old Temple of Laxmi Narayan Temple, Kinnu ( Old Kothi)]]
==Geography==
Rampur is located at {{coord|31.45|N|77.63|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/11/Rampur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Rampur]</ref> It has an average elevation of 1021 [[metre]]s (4429 [[foot (length)|feet]]). It is a very beautiful place situated at the bank of the [[Satluj]] river. It borders on the north with [[Nirmand]], on the west with [[Kumarsain]] and Anni, on the east with [[Kinnaur]] and on the south with [[Rohru]]. The city is nearby to popular places like Jhakri, [[Sarahan|Sarahan Bushahr]], [[Bhimakali Temple]], Green valley Bara Bish (12/20) and Shraikoti Temple to name a few. The city is also the home to Asia's Largest underground Hydro Power Project - The Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power Station built by Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd (formerly known as Nathpa Jhakri Power Corporation) at Jhakri with dam sight at Nathpa in [[Kinnaur]] and world's deepest Surge shaft at a Shah (22 km from Rampur).
[[File:Goats on a Mountain Edge.jpg|thumb|Goats in Village Lalsa of Rampur Bushahr ]]

== See also ==

* [[Rampur chaddar]]
* [[Lavi Fair]]
* [[Govt. PG College Rampur Bushahr]]
* [[Bushahr]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* Photographs of Rampur-Bushahr [http://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/cgi/search/advanced?screen=Public%3A%3AEPrintSearch&_action_search=Search&_fulltext__merge=ALL&_fulltext_=&title_merge=ALL&title=rampur&creators_name_merge=ALL&creators_name=&date=&keywords_merge=ALL&keywords=&subjects_merge=ALL&divisions=war&divisions_merge=ALL&collections_merge=ALL&satisfyall=ALL&order=-date%2Fcreators_name%2Ftitle] in SAS-Space

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Shimla district]]

Kinalur inscription

2025-12-12T02:50:45Z

GeorgiannaN07:

{{Infobox artifact
| name = Kinalur Inscription
| native_name_lang = Malayalam
| material = Granite
| writing = Early Malayalam
| created = c. 1083 AD; [[Kerala]]
| location = Kinalur Maha Shiva Temple
| image = Kinalur Inscription.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Kinalur Inscription
}}
'''Kinalur inscription''' (c. 1083 AD) is a [[Jainism|Jain]] record from [[Kinalur]] near [[Balussery]] town, around 30 km north-east of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], in north [[Kerala]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn= |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=484–85 |chapter=Index to Cera Inscriptions |orig-year=1972}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Selvakumar |first=V. |date=2020 |title=Report of the Salvage Digging at Kinalur, 2016-17 |url=https://farookcollege.ac.in/imgserver/uploads/attachments/social-orbit-2020_8eeb2f65-311e-4178-a0e4-2fae8a7aa901_0.pdf |journal=Social Orbit |volume=6 |pages=171-180}}</ref> The inscription describes the donations made by Arappan Kunchi, the chieftain of Kurumpurai Nadu, to "Kunavaynallur Vijayaragishwaram Jain Temple".<ref name=":5" />

The old [[Malayalam]] record, in [[Vatteluttu script|Vattezhuthu (script)]] with necessary [[Grantha script|Grantha]] characters, reveals the ancient name of the Kinalur village as "Kunavaynallur".<ref name=":5" /> It seems that Kunavaynallur was named after Thirukkunavay Shrine, a lost Jain temple near [[Kodungallur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn= |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=341 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref> The inscription is engraved on both sides of a single granite slab (it was discovered from the Puvembayi Shiva Temple compound in Kinalur).<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /> The estampage of the record can be found in Government Epigraphist's Office, [[Mysore]].<ref name=":5" />

* The record is dated in "Thiru Kaliya Padara's Consecration/Installation Year 189" (temple era, 189 years from the establishment of the Kunavaynallur Vijayaragishwaram Jain Temple) [with Jupiter in Makaram, month of Medam, Wednesday and Avittam star (=1083 AD)].<ref name=":5" />
*Arappan Kunchi the Kurumpurai (the chieftain of Kurumpurai Nadu) donated lands to Kunavaynallur Jain Temple and leased them out to Chathan Arukkadi of [[Tiruvanchikkalam]], Kuntan Chiru Nanga and Chathan Chirukanthan (for the below provisions).<ref name=":5" />
* Provisions are made for Thiruppali Shanthi (routine worship), Kudai (umbrella), Chanthanam, Pallithamam (garland of the deity), Nanda-villakku (permanent temple lamp), Akkiram ([[Brahmin]] feeding) and Koothu (temple dance) by Arappan Kunchi the Kurumpurai.<ref name=":5" />
* Another shrine called "Manukulasekharanallur Jain Temple" is mentioned.<ref name=":5" />
* Munnuttuvar, the leader of Three Hundred Nairs Warriors of Kurumpurai Nadu, and certain "Muvayiravar" (the Three Thousand) are mentioned.<ref name=":5" /> Both officers are required to "guarantee regular payment [to the temple] after removing obstacles".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn= |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=252 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:11th-century inscriptions]]
[[Category:Vatteluttu]]
[[Category:Malayalam inscriptions]]
[[Category:Kerala history inscriptions]]

Lathao

2025-11-28T01:17:56Z

GeorgiannaN07: creating new data - done

{{Short description|Village in Arunachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lathao
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Arunachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Arunachal Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|27.74422|95.91018|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lohit district|Lohit]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = Lathao
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2756
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 792103
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 266563
| footnotes =
| pushpin_map_alt = Lohit district
| area_total_ha =
}}

'''Lathao''' is a village in [[Lohit district]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dutta |first=Sristidhar |title=Buddhism in North-East India |last2=Tripathy |first2=Byomakesh |publisher=Indus Pub. Co |year=2006 |isbn=978-817387-190-0 |location=New Delhi |pages=120 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Problems of Internally Displaced Persons & Refugees in the North East India : A Case Study of Arunachal Pradesh |publisher=Himalayan Publishers |others=Sristidhar Dutta, P. K. Mandal, T. Showren, Arunachal University. Department of History |year=2005 |isbn=9788186393499 |edition=1st |location=Itanagar |pages=88 |language=en}}</ref> As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Lathao has a population of 2,756 people including 1,466 males and 1,290 females.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lathao Population |url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Arunachal_Pradesh/Lohit/Lathao/Lathao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712152209/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Arunachal_Pradesh/Lohit/Lathao/Lathao |url-status=usurped |archive-date=12 July 2022 |website=IndiaGrowing.com |access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Lohit district]]

Richmond (Yorks) (UK Parliament constituency)

2025-11-17T23:13:02Z

GeorgiannaN07: enhance details further and added references per sources

#REDIRECT [[Richmond (Yorks)]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R from unnecessary disambiguation}}
{{R unprintworthy}}
}}

Smt. Eashwaramma English Medium School

2025-09-23T03:09:45Z

GeorgiannaN07: created a data first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Refimprove|date=July 2014}}

{{Infobox university
|name = Smt Easwaramma High School
|motto = ''Sathyannasti Paro Dharmah, Dharmo Rakshathi Rakshithah''
|established = 1972
|type = [[School admissions#India|Open admissions]]
|founder = [[Sathya Sai Baba]]
|principal = [[Y Sivarama Krishna]]
|city = [[Anantapur District]]
|state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|country = [[India]]
|campus = [[Puttaparthi]]
}}

The '''Smt Eswaramma High School''' was inspired and initiated by [[Sathya Sai Baba|Bhagawan Sri Sathya Sai Baba]]. In fond memory of His mother, Bhagawan Sri Sathya Sai Baba had inaugurated the Smt. Eswaramma High School on 20 July 1972.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sathyasaibaba.wordpress.com/category/time-line|title=Timeline For Sathya Sai Baba – Time Line}}</ref>

This non residential school is an English Medium school for boys and girls affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], New Delhi [CBSE]. The syllabi and textbooks followed at the school are those prescribed and recommended by the Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi.

The school is located inside the 'Sri Sathya Sai Vidya Giri' complex of [[Prasanthi Nilayam]] and is housed between the Senior boys hostel and Junior boys hostel, behind the Sri Sathya Sai Hill view stadium.

The school provides education free of cost. Students go to Sai Kulwant Hall which is inside the Ashram in Puttaparthi, to attend the bhajans on Wednesday and Saturday.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Schools in Anantapur district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Schools affiliated with the Sathya Sai Organization]]

{{AndhraPradesh-school-stub}}

Lamzawl

2025-09-20T08:09:29Z

GeorgiannaN07: general fix lead after review further and updated info per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lamzawl
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Mizoram#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Mizoram, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.8171183|N|93.2062153|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Mizoram]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Champhai district|Champhai]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Block (district subdivision)|Block]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ngopa]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 1059
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 350
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 271299
| footnotes =
}}
'''Lamzawl''' is a village in the [[Champhai district]] of [[Mizoram]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Ngopa]] [[Block (district subdivision)|R.D. Block]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Mizoram.pdf |title=Mizoram villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806123151/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Mizoram.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Lamzawl has 72 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 95.89%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1504_PART_B_DCHB_CHAMPHAI.pdf |title=District Census Handbook - Champhai |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Mizoram |accessdate=2015-08-22 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 350 || 183 || 167
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 58 || 33 || 25
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 339 || 181 || 158
|-
| Literates || 280 || 143 || 137
|-
| Workers (all) || 229 || 114 || 115
|-
| Main workers (total) || 223 || 112 || 111
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 203 || 104 || 99
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 2 || 0 || 2
|-
| Main workers: Other || 18 || 8 || 10
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 6 || 2 || 4
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 4 || 1 || 3
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 2 || 1 || 1
|-
| Non-workers || 121 || 69 || 52
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Champhai district}}

[[Category:Villages in Ngopa block]]

{{Mizoram-geo-stub}}

Radhe Shyam Pareek

2025-09-15T17:42:13Z

GeorgiannaN07: made new post - done

{{Short description|Indian homeopathic physician and Padma Shri awardee}}
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Radhe Shyam Pareek
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1933|03|25}}
| birth_place = [[Nawalgarh, Rajasthan|Nawalgarh]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| occupation = Homeopathic physician
| known_for = Integrating scientific practices in homeopathy
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2024)
}}

'''Radhe Shyam Pareek''' (born 25 March 1933) is an Indian homeopathic physician known for his contributions to clinical homeopathy, research, and community health. He was conferred the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award, in 2024 for his services in the field of medicine.<ref name="Padma2024">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2024 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/CitationsForTickets/2024/202492.pdf |website=Padma Awards Portal |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

==Career==
Pareek graduated from the Royal London Homeopathic Hospital in 1956. He is a senior member of the International Homeopathic Medical League (LMHI).<ref name="Jagran2024">{{cite news |title=Padma Shri to Dr R.S. Pareek, who gave recognition to homeopathy |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/agra-city-padma-shri-to-dr-rs-pareek-who-gave-recognition-to-homeopathy-23638562.html |work=Dainik Jagran |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

Pareek is noted for introducing modern diagnostic methods and advocating scientific rigor in homeopathic practice. His efforts helped integrate homeopathy with mainstream healthcare approaches.<ref name="HT2024">{{cite news |title=PGI director among 12 from U.P. get Padma Shri |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/pgi-director-among-12-from-u-p-get-padma-shri-101706208109165.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

==Research and publications==
Since 1960, he has presented original research at international conferences in over 20 countries.{{cn|date=June 2025}} His books on complementary cancer care and emergency homeopathy have been translated into German, Russian, and Italian and are used by practitioners across Europe.<ref name="AssamTribune">{{cite news |title=Eminent Agra homeopath Dr. Radhey Shyam Pareek awarded Padma Shri |url=https://assamtribune.com/national/eminent-agra-homeopath-dr-radhey-shyam-pareek-awarded-padma-shri-1531921 |work=The Assam Tribune |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

==Social work==
He established the Sevakunj Mission Hospital at Poiya Ghat, Agra, which provides free healthcare and awareness programs in 40 adopted villages. He also runs charitable dispensaries in Goverdhan, Radha Kund, and Agra offering free treatment, especially to ascetics of the Braj region.<ref name="BhaskarPareek">{{cite news |title=Dr Radheshyam Pareek, a homeopathic doctor from Nawalgarh, was awarded Padma Shri |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jhunjhunu/news/dr-radheshyam-pareek-a-homeopathic-doctor-from-nawalgarh-was-awarded-padma-shri-132919545.html |work=Divya Bhaskar |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

He also founded the Pareek Foundation, which supports 100 widows in Radha Kund and has adopted Lopamudra Vidya Mandir, a school for children of leprosy patients. The foundation has upgraded its infrastructure and supports its students and faculty.<ref name="AgraLeaks">{{cite news |title=Dr Radhe Shyam Pareek after Padma Shri: "I worked continuously, considering human service as my religion" |url=https://agraleaks.com/i-was-continuously-working-considering-human-service-as-my-religion-says-agras-dr-radhe-shyam-pareek-after-announced-padam-shree-award-2024-agra/ |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

==Awards==
In addition to the Padma Shri, Pareek has received:
* Honorary D.Sc (Honoris Causa) from Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar University, Agra (2012){{cn|date=June 2025}}
* ''Hahnemann Preis'' by Hahnemann Klinik, Germany{{cn|date=June 2025}}
* ''Brij Ratna'', ''Citizen of the Year'', ''Uttar Pradesh Ratna'' and other recognitions from regional organizations and media houses including Amar Ujala and Dainik Jagran.<ref name="MedicalDialogues">{{cite news |title=Padma Awards in Medicine 2024: 3 Doctors get Padma Bhushan, 10 Conferred Padma Shri |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/news/health/doctors/padma-awards-in-medicine-2024-3-doctors-get-padma-bhushan-10-conferred-padma-shri-123575 |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pareek, Radhe}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian homeopaths]]
[[Category:People from Jhunjhunu district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Founders of charities]]

Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York

2025-09-14T03:05:28Z

GeorgiannaN07: Created Place

{{Use American English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox SCOTUS case
|Litigants=Permanent Mission of India to the United Nations v. City of New York
|ArgueDate=April 24
|ArgueYear=2007
|DecideDate=June 14
|DecideYear=2007
|FullName=The Permanent Mission of India to the United Nations et al. v. City of New York
|Docket=06-134
|USVol= 551
|USPage= 193
|ParallelCitations=127 S. Ct. 2352; 168 [[L. Ed. 2d]] 85
|Prior=Ruling in favor of the City upheld by the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|Second Circuit]], 446 [[F.3d]] [https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/446/365/554706/ 365] (2d Cir. 2006); cert. granted, 549 U.S. ___ (2007)
|Subsequent=
|Holding=The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act does not preclude federal courts from hearing suits brought to enforce tax liens.
|Majority=Thomas
|JoinMajority=Roberts, Scalia, Kennedy, Souter, Ginsburg, Alito
|Dissent=Stevens
|JoinDissent=Breyer
|LawsApplied={{usc|28|1602}}
}}

'''''Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York''''', 551 U.S. 193 (2007), was a [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] case in which the Court construed the [[Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act]] to allow a federal court to hear a lawsuit brought by the [[New York City|City of New York]] to recover unpaid property taxes levied against [[India]] and [[Mongolia]], both of which own real estate in New York.

==Background==
India and Mongolia owned buildings in [[Manhattan]]. They used part of their buildings for diplomatic business, and another part to house lower-level diplomatic staff, who did not pay rent.

Under New York law, real property owned by foreign governments was exempt from taxation if it was "used exclusively" for diplomatic offices or for the quartering of diplomats "with the rank of ambassador or minister plenipotentiary" to the [[United Nations]]. If the foreign government only used part of its property for these purposes, then the remainder of the property was subject to taxation.

The City of New York had levied taxes against India and Mongolia for the appropriate portions of their buildings, but India and Mongolia refused to pay. Eventually the unpaid taxes became tax [[tax lien|liens]]. As of February 1, 2003, India's lien amounted to $16.4 million, and Mongolia's amounted to $2.1 million.

The City brought suit in state court to enforce the liens, and India and Mongolia [[removal jurisdiction|removed]] the suit to federal court. Once in federal court, India and Mongolia argued they were [[sovereign immunity|immune]] to suit under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA). The district court disagreed, reasoning that the FSIA did not exempt foreign governments from suits in which "rights in immovable property situated in the United States are in issue." The [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|Second Circuit]] agreed with the district court, adding that the tax obligations owed by India and Mongolia qualified as "rights in immovable property." India and Mongolia asked the Supreme Court to review the case, and it agreed to do so.

==Majority opinion==
Under the FSIA, a foreign government is presumptively immune from suit in federal court unless a specific exception applies. This case involves the exception for "rights in immovable property situated in the United States."<ref>''See'' {{USCSub|28|1605|a|4}}.</ref> The question before the Supreme Court was whether a suit declaring the validity of a tax lien places "rights in immovable property" in issue.

A "lien" is a "charge or security or incumbrance upon property." An "incumbrance," in turn, is any "right to, or interest in, land which may subsist in another to the diminution of its value." A tax lien "inhibits one of the quintessential rights of property ownership—the right to convey that property. Thus, a suit to declare the validity of a tax lien inquestionably places "rights in immovable property" in issue.

This interpretation is consistent with the prevailing view of international law in 1976, the year FSIA was enacted. Under international law, sovereign immunity exists for inherently public acts but not with respect to private acts. Property ownership was held to not be an inherently public function.

==Dissenting opinion==
Justice [[John Paul Stevens]] (with whom Justice [[Stephen Breyer]] joined) argued that none of the exceptions to sovereign immunity under the FSIA applied to suits to enforce tax liens. Because tax liens are available to force payment in a variety of situations, such as pest control, litter removal, and emergency repairs, a "whole host of routine civil controversies could be converted into property liens and then used—as the tax lien was in this case—to pierce a foreign sovereign's traditional and statutory immunity." In this way, the tax-lien exception could swallow the rule, imposing upon those foreign governments the duty to defend against these lawsuits.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Permanent Mission of India to United Nations v. City of New York, 551 U.S. 193 (2007) |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/551/193/ |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=Justia Law |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 551]]
*[[List of United States Supreme Court cases]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{caselaw source
| case = ''Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York'', {{Ussc|551|193|2007|el=no}}
| cornell =https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/06-134.ZS.html
| justia =https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/551/193/
| oyez =https://www.oyez.org/cases/2006/06-134
| other_source1 = Supreme Court (slip opinion) (archived)
| other_url1 =https://web.archive.org/web/0/{{SCOTUS URL Slip|06|06-134}}
}}
* [{{SCOTUS URL|oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/06-134.pdf}} Transcript of oral argument]
* [http://www.abanet.org/publiced/preview/briefs/pdfs/06-07/06-134_Petitioner.pdf Brief of petitioners India and Mongolia]
* [http://www.abanet.org/publiced/preview/briefs/pdfs/06-07/06-134_Respondent.pdf Brief of respondent City of New York]
* [http://www.usdoj.gov/osg/briefs/2006/2pet/6invit/2006-0134.pet.ami.inv.pdf Amicus brief of the Solicitor General]

{{USArticleIII}}

[[Category:United States Constitution Article Three case law]]
[[Category:United States Supreme Court cases]]
[[Category:United States Supreme Court cases in 2007]]
[[Category:Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act case law]]
[[Category:India–United States relations]]
[[Category:Mongolia–United States relations]]
[[Category:United States taxation and revenue case law]]
[[Category:Diplomatic missions in New York City]]
[[Category:United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court]]

Raja Ka Tajpur

2025-08-09T16:33:55Z

GeorgiannaN07: fixed intro for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Raja Ka Tajpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Municipality
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.22|N|78.58|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 211
| population_total = 51653
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 246735
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01344
| registration_plate = UP 20
| footnotes =
}}

'''Raja Ka Tajpur''' is a city and a [[municipal board]] in [[Bijnor district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==Geography==
Tajpur is located at {{Coord|29.22|N|78.58|E|type:city}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Raja Ka Tajpur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Raja Ka Tajpur]</ref> It has an average elevation of 211 metres (692 feet).

==Religious places==
[[Sacred Heart Church, Tajpur]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/Century-old-Bijnor-church-built-from-love-celebrates-Christmas/articleshow/50302075.cms|title=Century old Bijnor church built from love celebrates Christmas | Meerut News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bijnor district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bijnor district]]

Yemalur

2025-05-26T16:25:07Z

GeorgiannaN07: rework content per sources and updated info per sources

{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Yemalur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = urban village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bangalore Urban]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Kannada
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 560037
| registration_plate = KA-53
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Bangalore Central
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Mahadevapura]]
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Yemalur''' is a village, about 14 km from [[Bangalore]] city in [[Southern India]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> It is situated between the [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] Airport of Bangalore and the [[Bellandur]] lake. The village has about 4000 inhabitants. Most of the local people have been living here much before Bangalore became a major city.

The village was the birthplace of the renowned social worker and tribal activist, [[Hanumappa Sudarshan|Dr. H. Sudarshan]]. In 2003, [[Karuna Trust (India)]] and Erin Foundation, two [[NGO]]s have collaborated to provide a [[primary health care|primary]] [[health centre]] in this village.

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Areas of Bangalore'''
|Northwest = [[HAL Airport]]
|North = HAL Airport
|Northeast = [[Marathahalli]]
|West = Kempapura
|Centre = ''Yemalur''
|East = Marathahalli
|Southwest = [[Bellandur Lake]]
|South = Kariyammana Agrahara
|Southeast = Kadubisanahalli
}}

{{Bangalore Urban district}}

[[Category:Villages in Bengaluru Urban district]]

{{BangaloreUrban-geo-stub}}

Jhansi (TV series)

2025-04-16T15:55:21Z

GeorgiannaN07: new a details

{{Short description|Indian action thriller television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Jhansi (TV series).jpg
| caption = Promotional poster - Season 2
| genre = [[Action-thriller]]
| writer = Ganesh Kaarthic
| director = [[Thiru (director)|Thiru]]
| creative_director =
| starring = {{plainlist| * [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]]
* [[Chandini Chowdary]]
* [[Mumaith Khan]]
* [[Aadarsh Balakrishna]]}}
| theme_music_composer =
| music = [[Sricharan Pakala]]
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 10
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{Ubl| [[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Krishna]]
| K. S. Madhubala}}
| location =
| cinematography = Arvind Kumar
| editor = [[Anthony (film editor)|Lewellyn Gonsalvez]]
| runtime = 40 minutes
| company = Tribal Horse Entertainment
| budget =
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2022|10|27}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2023|1|19}}
| related =
}}

'''''Jhansi''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action thriller]] television series written by Ganesh Kaarthic and directed by [[Thiru (director)|Thiru]]. The series was produced by [[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Krishna]] and K. S. Madhubala under the banner of Tribal Horse Entertainment. It stars [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] in the titular role alongside [[Chandini Chowdary]], [[Mumaith Khan]], [[Aadarsh Balakrishna]], [[Raj Arjun]], Aberaam Varma, [[Kalyan Master]], Sharanya R, and [[Samyukta Hornad]].

The series premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 27 October 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jhansi OTT release date: When and where to watch the Telugu show starring Anjali, Chandini Chowdary |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jhansi-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-the-telugu-show-starring-anjali-chandini-chowdary/1658cc7eed290 |work=www.ottplay.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=OTT: Anjali's Jhansi series seals its release date {{!}} Latest Telugu cinema news {{!}} Movie reviews {{!}} OTT Updates, OTT |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/ott-anjalis-jhansi-series-seals-its-release-date.html/amp |work=123telugu.com |date=13 October 2022}}</ref> The second season of the series was released on 19 January 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jhansi Season 2 OTT release date: When and where to watch Anjali's web series online |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jhansi-season-2-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-anjalis-web-series-online/8780f6ada3154 |work=www.ottplay.com |access-date=2024-09-03 |archive-date=2023-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202061146/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/jhansi-season-2-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-anjalis-web-series-online/8780f6ada3154 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] as Jhansi aka Mahitha
* [[Chandini Chowdary]] as Barbie
* [[Mumaith Khan]]
* [[Aadarsh Balakrishna]] as Sankeeth
* [[Raj Arjun]] as Caleb
* Aberaam Varma
* [[Kalyan Master]]
* Sharanya R
* [[Samyukta Hornad]]
* [[Talluri Rameswari]] as Amsa Begum
* Devi Prasad
* Chaitanya Sagiraju as Dhurva
* Nithu as Ameesha
* Adithya as Ethan
*[[Kamakshi Bhaskarla]]
}}

== Episodes ==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #000000
| link1 = Jhansi (TV series)#Season 1 (2022)
| episodes1 = 6
| released1 = {{Start date|2022|10|27|df=yes}}
| color2 = #383554
| link2 = Jhansi (TV series)#Season 2 (2023)
| episodes2 = 4
| released2 = {{Start date|2023|1|19|df=yes}}
}}

===Season 1 (2022)===
{{Episode table|background=#005477|overall=|title=|director=|writer=|airdate=|episodes=
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 1 |Title = Glitches |DirectedBy = [[Thiru (director)|Thiru]] |WrittenBy = Ganesh Kaarthic |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|27|df=yes}} |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #005477 }}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 2 |Title = Man from the Past |DirectedBy = Thiru |WrittenBy = Ganesh Kaarthic |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|27|df=yes}} |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #005477 }}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 3 |Title = The Dark Box |DirectedBy = Thiru |WrittenBy = Ganesh Kaarthic |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|27|df=yes}} |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #005477 }}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 4 |Title = Another Murder |DirectedBy = Thiru |WrittenBy = Ganesh Kaarthic |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|27|df=yes}} |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #005477 }}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 5 |Title = The Vigilante |DirectedBy = Thiru |WrittenBy = Ganesh Kaarthic |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|27|df=yes}} |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #005477 }}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 6 |Title = Billu’s Club |DirectedBy = Thiru |WrittenBy = Ganesh Kaarthic |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|27|df=yes}} |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #005477 }}
}}

===Season 2 (2023)===
{{Episode table|background=#005477|overall=|title=|director=|writer=|airdate=|episodes=
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 1 |Title = Love and Betrayal |DirectedBy = Thiru |WrittenBy = Ganesh Kaarthic |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|19|df=yes}} |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #005477 }}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 2 |Title = Italian Panna Cotta |DirectedBy = Thiru |WrittenBy = Ganesh Kaarthic |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|19|df=yes}} |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #005477 }}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 3 |Title = The Wrong Turn |DirectedBy = Thiru |WrittenBy = Ganesh Kaarthic |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|19|df=yes}} |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #005477 }}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 4 |Title = The Beginning of the End |DirectedBy = Thiru |WrittenBy = Ganesh Kaarthic |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|19|df=yes}} |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #005477 }}
}}

== Production ==
Ganesh Kaarthic wrote the script and approached [[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Krishna]] in 2019 to produce the series. Ganesh Kaarthic and Krishna refined the script for over a year and a half before partnering with [[Disney+ Hotstar]] as the presenter.<ref name=":CE1">{{cite news |last1=Rajendran |first1=Gopinath |title=Anjali, Thiru and Krishna team up for Jhansi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/Dec/27/anjali-thiru-and-krishna-team-up-for-jhansi-28667.html |work=Cinema Express |date=5 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Krishna brought in director [[Thiru (director)|Thiru]], who initially had reservations about the longer runtime but was convinced by the narration and ultimately directed the series.<ref name=":CE2" /> The team cast [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] as the lead, seeking an actress who could perform action sequences. The series was filmed in [[Hyderabad]], [[Munnar]], and [[Goa]]<ref name=":CE1" /> over a period of one hundred and ten days. The budget for the first episode was one crore rupees.<ref name=":CE2">{{cite news |last1=Sundar |first1=Anusha |title='Jhansi is about a woman's travel, from her childhood to her 30s' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/Oct/26/jhansi-is-about-awomans-travel-from-her-childhood-to-30s-35992.html |work=Cinema Express |date=26 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The action sequences were choreographed by Yannick Ben.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anjali's latest action drama 'Jhansi' grabs OTT audience attention |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/anjalis-latest-action-drama-jhansi-grabs-ott-audience-attention-769622 |work=www.thehansindia.com |date=18 November 2022 |language=en |access-date=3 September 2024 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117045332/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/anjalis-latest-action-drama-jhansi-grabs-ott-audience-attention-769622 |url-status=live }}</ref> The cinematography was by Arvind Kumar while the editing was handled by [[Anthony (film editor)|Lewellyn Gonsalvez]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Anjali to Star in Telugu Web Series Jhansi |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/anjali-to-star-in-telugu-web-series-jhansi-4608818.html |work=News18 |date=30 December 2021 |language=en |access-date=3 September 2024 |archive-date=28 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028113841/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/anjali-to-star-in-telugu-web-series-jhansi-4608818.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jhansi Season 2 on Disney+ Hotstar: Anjali's web show to return for a new season earlier than expected |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jhansi-season-2-on-disney-hotstar-anjalis-web-show-to-return-for-a-new-season-earlier-than-expected/767202f1d2400 |work=www.ottplay.com}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Season 1 ===
Srivathsan Nadadhur of ''[[OTTplay]]'' rated one-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "''Jhansi'' is a poorly made web show - there are no two things about it. Anjali and Mumaith Khan deliver the goods while better writing and filmmaking could’ve salvaged it to an extent."<ref>{{cite news |title=Jhansi review: A shoddy thriller about a woman who's stuck with her past |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/jhansi-review-a-shoddy-thriller-about-a-woman-who-refuses-to-move-beyond-her-dark-past/15c75e70a9244 |work=OTTPlay |date=27 October 2022 |language=en |access-date=3 September 2024 |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027062838/https://www.ottplay.com/review/jhansi-review-a-shoddy-thriller-about-a-woman-who-refuses-to-move-beyond-her-dark-past/15c75e70a9244 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bhawana Tanmayi of ''The South First'' gave it three out of five stars and wrote, "The show has a solid story but the director fails to establish enough gripping scenes. The screenplay is bad."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tanmayi |first1=Bhawana |title=Jhansi review: Amateurish screenplay leaves this action thriller half-baked |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/anjali-starrer-jhansi-telugu-web-series-review/ |work=The South First |date=28 October 2022 |language=en |access-date=3 September 2024 |archive-date=5 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305082831/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/anjali-starrer-jhansi-telugu-web-series-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Paul Nicodemus of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "the season with impressive performances and decent production values leaves the viewer high and dry with too many unanswered questions."<ref>{{cite news |title=Jhansi Season 1 Review : Anjali owns her character, but the action thriller leaves the viewer high and dry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/jhansi/season-1/seasonreview/95122768.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=2024-09-03 |archive-date=2022-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105061441/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/jhansi/season-1/seasonreview/95122768.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[123telugu]]'' rated two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "''Jhansi'' has an exhilarating premise that is brought down by many flaws in the screenplay. Anjali gives her best in all possible ways, but the narration issues make this action thriller a strictly okay watch this weekend."<ref>{{cite news |title=OTT Review : Jhansi – Telugu series on Disney Plus Hotstar {{!}} Latest Telugu cinema news {{!}} Movie reviews {{!}} OTT Updates, OTT |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/review-jhansi-telugu-series-on-disney-plus-hotstar.html |work=123telugu.com |date=27 October 2022 |language=en |access-date=3 September 2024 |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101002052/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/review-jhansi-telugu-series-on-disney-plus-hotstar.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Season 2 ===
Paul Nicodemus of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "Season 2 of ''Jhansi'' answers the unanswered questions from season 1. While Anjali as Jhansi remains the focal point and delivers, the season needed better writing and screenplay."<ref>{{cite news |title=Jhansi Season 2 Review : Anjali remains the prime focus; unanswered questions see the light |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/jhansi/season-2/seasonreview/97091835.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=2024-09-03 |archive-date=2023-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121070437/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/jhansi/season-2/seasonreview/97091835.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Latha Srinivasan of ''[[India Today]]'' rated one-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "''Jhansi'' Season 2 is below average but those who are fans of women-centric series could attempt to watch it."<ref>{{cite news |title=Jhansi Season 2 Review: Anjali's series is a major disappointment |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/jhansi-season-2-review-anjalis-series-is-a-major-disappointment-2323530-2023-01-19 |work=India Today |date=19 January 2023 |language=en |access-date=2024-09-03 |archive-date=2023-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303233331/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/jhansi-season-2-review-anjalis-series-is-a-major-disappointment-2323530-2023-01-19 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt21935310}}

[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian action television series]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:Telugu-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:2020 web series debuts]]

Chimnabai Lake

2025-03-23T20:56:14Z

GeorgiannaN07: starting a info and citations

{{Short description|Artificial lake in Mehsana district, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox lake
| name = Chimnabai Lake
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| alt = Map showing the extent of lake
| caption =
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = Kadarpur, [[Kheralu]] Taluka, [[Mehsana district]], [[Gujarat]]
| coords = {{coord|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of lake within Gujarat
| lake_type = [[Artificial lake]]
| inflow = Storm water
| outflow = Canals
| catchment = {{convert|33.4|sqmi|sqkm}}
| basin_countries = [[India]]
| length = {{convert|3|mile|km}}
| width =
| area = {{convert|1600|acre|sqkm}}
| depth =
| max-depth = {{convert|190.4|m|ft}}
| volume = {{convert|632000000|cuft}}
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| cities =
}}
'''Chimnabai Lake''' is located near Kadarpur village in [[Kheralu]] Taluka,{{sfn|Gazetteer of the Baroda State: Volume II|p=339}} [[Mehsana district]] in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]].

The lake was created by [[Baroda State]] ruler [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]] in memory of his deceased wife [[Chimnabai I]]. The construction was started in 1898 and completed in 1905.<ref name=":0" /> Local people have long demanded that the lake should be supplied water via [[Narmada Canal|Narmada canal]] or [[Dharoi dam]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2022-05-22 |title=મહેસાણા / પીવા અને સિંચાઇનું પાણી ન મળતા 30 ગામના લોકો નિકળી ગયા રસ્તા પર, ચીમનાબાઇ તળાવ ભરવા યોજી મહારેલી |language=gu |publisher=VTV News |url=https://www.vtvgujarati.com/news-details/villegaers-demand-to-fill-narmada-nir-in-mehsana-chimnabai-lake}}</ref>

The lake is spread over an area of {{convert|1600|acre|sqkm}}. It has a water storage capacity of 632 million cubic feet. The lake provides irrigation to {{convert|900|ha|acre}} land of ten villages.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=30 August 2022 |title=ચીમનાબાઈ સરોવર બન્યું જળસમૃદ્ધ, ધરોઈની સપાટી ૬૨૧ ફૂટને વટાવી |trans-title=Chimnabai lake became water rich, the level of the lake exceeded 621 feet |newspaper=Sandesh |url=https://www.sandesh.com/gujarat/chimnabai-lake-became-water-rich-the-level-of-the-lake-exceeded-621-feet |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book |title=Gazetteer of the Baroda State: Volume II, Administration |date=1923 |publisher=G. H. Desai |location=Baroda |page= |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.94278/page/n481/mode/1up?view=theater |access-date=22 June 2023|ref=CITEREFGazetteer of the Baroda State: Volume II}}

{{Hydrography of Gujarat|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Lakes of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Mehsana district]]
[[Category:Artificial lakes of India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mehsana district]]

Bharatpedia:Userboxes/Military/Indian Armed Forces

2025-03-21T15:11:26Z

GeorgiannaN07: created some article w/ sources

===Indian Army===
{{yytop}}
{{yy|User:AshLin/Userboxes/IndArmy}}
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{{yy|User:Strike Eagle/Userboxes/IndArmy_01}}
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{{yy|User:Strike Eagle/Userboxes/IndArmy_03}}
{{yy|User:Strike Eagle/Userboxes/IndArmy_04}}
{{yy|User:Strike Eagle/Userboxes/IndArmy_05}}
{{yy|User:Strike Eagle/Userboxes/IndArmy_06}}
{{yy|User:Strike Eagle/Userboxes/IndArmy_07}}
{{yy|User:Strike Eagle/Userboxes/IndArmy_08}}
{{yy|User:Strike Eagle/Userboxes/IndArmy_09}}
</noinclude>
{{yy|User:Topcipher/Userboxes/NCC India}}
{{yyend}}

===Indian Airforce===
{{yytop}}
{{yy|User IAF}}
{{yy|User:Strike Eagle/Userboxes/IndAirForce}}
{{yy|User:4-RAZOR 01/IAF MIAF}}
{{yy|User:4-RAZOR 01/IAF ACM}}
{{yy|User:4-RAZOR 01/IAF AM}}
{{yy|User:4-RAZOR 01/IAF AVM}}
{{yy|User:4-RAZOR 01/IAF ACMDR}}
{{yy|User:4-RAZOR 01/IAF GGC}}
{{yy|User:4-RAZOR 01/IAF WC}}
{{yy|User:4-RAZOR 01/IAF SQNL}}
{{yy|User:4-RAZOR 01/IAF FL}}
{{yy|User:4-RAZOR 01/IAF FO}}
{{yyend}}

===Indian Navy===
{{yytop}}
{{yy|User:Strike Eagle/Userboxes/IndNavy}}
<noinclude>
{{yy|User:Strike Eagle/Userboxes/IndNavy_01}}
{{yy|User:Strike Eagle/Userboxes/IndNavy_02}}
{{yy|User:Strike Eagle/Userboxes/IndNavy_03}}
{{yy|User:Strike Eagle/Userboxes/IndNavy_04}}
{{yy|User:Strike Eagle/Userboxes/IndNavy_05}}
{{yy|User:Strike Eagle/Userboxes/IndNavy_06}}
{{yy|User:Strike Eagle/Userboxes/IndNavy_07}}
{{yy|User:Strike Eagle/Userboxes/IndNavy_08}}
{{yy|User:Strike Eagle/Userboxes/IndNavy_09}}
</noinclude>
{{yyend}}

===Indian Coast Guard===
{{yytop}}
{{yy|User:Strike Eagle/Userboxes/IndCoastGuard}}
{{yyend}}

===National Cadet Corps===
{{yytop}}
{{yy|User NCC}}
{{yyend}}

Divyaraj Singh

2025-01-26T20:32:01Z

GeorgiannaN07: starting basic biography initial version - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Sirmour Assembly constituency|Sirmour]]
| term_start = 2013
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Rajkumar Urmaliya]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Divyaraj Singh''' is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh. He is a three time elected [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]], [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]], and [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]], representing [[Sirmour Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

==Political career==
In the [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s, Singh contested from the [[Sirmour Assembly constituency]] as a candidate of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He ran against [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Aruna Vivek Tiwari and won the election with a narrow margin of 5,288 votes, securing a total of 40,018 votes, while Tiwari received 34,730 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sirmour, Election Result 2023 Live: Winning And Losing Candidates & Parties, 2019 vs 2024 Results, Voting Percentage, Exit Polls-News18 Assembly Election 2023 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/madhya-pradesh/sirmour-constituency-s12aed2008a068/ |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sirmour Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Sirmour Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election/sirmour-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s, Singh was again nominated by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] for the same constituency and once more faced off against INC's Tiwari. This time, Singh won with a larger margin of 13,401 votes, receiving a total of 49,443 votes compared to Tiwari's 36,042 votes.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s, Singh again contested from the [[Sirmour Assembly constituency|Sirmour constituency]] on a BJP ticket. He faced candidates from both the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]'s candidate V. D. Pandey and [[Indian National Congress|INC]]'s candidate Ramgarib Vanvasi. Singh won the election with a margin of 13,790 votes, receiving a total of 54,875 votes. Pandey, the BSP candidate, secured 41,085 votes, while Vanvasi of the INC obtained 35,560 votes.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Sirmour Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Divyaraj Singh with 54875 defeats BSP's V. D. Pandey |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/sirmour-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470435-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Divyaraj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

2007 ICC World Twenty20

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#REDIRECT [[2007 World Twenty20]]

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Walter Lumsden

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{{Short description|Royal Navy and Royal Indian Marine officer}}
[[File:Walter Richard Sickert - Portrait of Rear Admiral Walter Lumsden, C.I.E., C.V.O. - 64.73 - Minneapolis Institute of Arts.jpg|alt=Portrait of Rear Admiral Walter Lumsden|thumb|Portrait of Rear Admiral Walter Lumsden]]
Rear-Admiral '''Walter Lumsden''', {{post-nominals|country=UK|CIE|CVO|sep=,|size=100}} (16 April 1865 – 22 November 1947) was a [[Royal Navy]] and [[Royal Indian Marine]] officer. He was Director of the Royal Indian Marine from 1909 to 1917.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=26 November 1947 |title=Rear-Adml. W. Lumsden |pages=7 |work=[[The Times]]}}</ref>

The son of Colonel Henry Lumsden, of [[Pitcaple]] Castle, [[Aberdeenshire]], Walter Lumsden joined the Royal Navy in 1880 and served on HMS ''Invincible'' during the [[bombardment of Alexandria]] in 1882, where he was slightly wounded. He retired from the Royal Navy in 1909 in order to take up the directorship of the Royal Indian Marine.<ref name=":0" />

In retirement, he returned to Scotland, where he had succeeded to the family estate in Pitcaple in 1918.<ref name=":0" /> Lumsden was also a [[Deputy lieutenant of Aberdeenshire|deputy lieutenant]] of Aberdeenshire.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 November 1947 |title=Funeral of Rear-Admiral Lumsden |pages=4 |work=[[Aberdeen Journal]]}}</ref><ref name="LG27260">{{London Gazette
| issue = 27260
| date = 28 December 1900
| page = 8760
| nolink = y
}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lumsden, Walter}}
[[Category:Military personnel of the Anglo-Egyptian War]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:People from Garioch]]
[[Category:Deputy lieutenants of Aberdeenshire]]
[[Category:Royal Indian Navy admirals]]
[[Category:Royal Navy rear admirals]]

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Viluppuram Railway Junction

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#REDIRECT [[Villupuram Junction railway station]]

Kanthapuram

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#REDIRECT [[Poonoor#A-Kanthapuram]]

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Bhawanipur Bihar railway station

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GeorgiannaN07: expand section per standard format and added references as per guidelines

{{short description|Railway station in Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Bhawanipur Bihar railway station
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Passenger train]] station
| image =
| caption =
| address = Bhawanipur, [[Katihar district]], [[Bihar]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|25.594616|N|87.867751|E|format=dms}}
| elevation = {{cvt|37|m}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| line = [[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line]]
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2
| other =
| accessible =
| parking = No
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BWPB
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Katihar}}
}}
| status = Active
| closed =
| former = [[East Indian Railway Company]]
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Eastern Railway zone|left=Mukuria|right=Azamnagar Road|type=[[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line]]}}
| map_locator =
}}
{{Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line|collapse=yes}}
'''Bhawanipur Bihar railway station''' is a railway station on the [[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line]] of [[Katihar railway division]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]. It is situated at Bhawanipur of [[Katihar district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/bhawanipur-bihar-bwpb/7889|title=Bhawanipur Bihar Railway Station Map/Atlas NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone – Railway Enquiry|last=M|first=Yash|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2019-10-05}}</ref> Number of passengers trains stop at Bhawanipur Bihar railway station.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/bhawanipur-bihar-bwpb-station|title=Bhawanipur Bihar Railway Station (BWPB) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|publisher=NDTV|access-date=2019-10-05}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Katihar district]]
[[Category:Katihar railway division]]

{{Bihar-railstation-stub}}