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Caesio cuning

2026-05-21T09:33:17Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: New new info

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Caesio cuning (Bloch, 1791).jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Carpenter, K.E. |author2=Russell, B. |author3=Myers, R. |date=2016 |title=''Caesio cuning'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T20249232A65926995 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20249232A65926995.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
| taxon = Caesio cuning
| authority = ([[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]], 1791)
| synonyms = * ''Sparus cuning'' Bloch, 1791
* ''Cichla cuning'' (Bloch, 1791)
* ''Caesio erythrogaster'' [[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1830
* ''Caesio erythrochilurus'' [[Henry Weed Fowler|Fowler]], 1904
| synonyms_ref = <ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase|Caesio|cuning|month=February|year=2021}}</ref>
}}

'''''Caesio cuning''''', the '''redbelly yellowtail fusilier''', '''yellowtail fusilier''', '''red-bellied fusilier''' or '''robust fusilier''', is a species of marine [[ray-finned fish]], a fusilier belonging to the [[Family (taxonomy)|family]] [[Caesionidae]]. It is native to the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans.

==Taxonomy==
''Caesio cuning'' was first formally [[Species description|described]] in 1791 as ''Sparus cuning'' by the [[German people|German]] [[zoologist]] [[Marcus Elieser Bloch]] with the [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] given as Indonesia.<ref name = CofF>{{Cof genus | genus = Caesio | access-date = 5 July 2021}}</ref> This species has been placed in the [[subgenus]] ''Odontonectes''.<ref name = Carpenter>{{cite book | author = Kent E. Carpenter | year = 1988 | title = FAO Species Catalogue Volume 8 Fusilier Fishes of the World | publisher = FAO Rome | pages = 42–44 | url = http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/255670.pdf}}</ref> The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]] ''cuning'' is derived from the local Indonesian name ''ikan Tembra Cuning'', ''ikan'' means "fish".<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web | url = https://etyfish.org/lutjaniformes/ | title = Order LUTJANIFORMES: Families HAEMULIDAE and LUTJANIDAE | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | editor1 = Christopher Scharpf | editor2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | name-list-style = amp | date = 5 January 2021 | access-date = 5 July 2021 | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara | archive-date = 12 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210412135037/https://etyfish.org/lutjaniformes/ }}</ref>

==Description==
''Caesio cuning'' has a deep and laterally compressed body. The jaws, vomer, and palatines have small conical teeth.<ref name = FAO>{{cite book | editor1 = Carpenter, K.E. | editor2 = Volker H. Neim | name-list-style = amp | year = 2001 | title = The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific Volume 5: Bony fishes part 3 (Menidae to Pomacentridae) | series = FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes | publisher = FAO Rome | author = K.E. Carpenter | chapter = Caesionidae | page = 2927 | url = http://www.fao.org/3/y0770e/y0770e16.pdf}}</ref> The [[Dorsal fin|dorsal]] and [[anal fin]]s have scales; the dorsal fin has 10 spines and 14 to 16, typically 15, soft rays while the anal fin contains 3 spines and 10 to 12, usually 11, soft rays. The [[pectoral fin]]s have 17 to 20 fin rays, normally 18 or 19.<ref name = Carpenter/> This species attains a maximum total length of {{cvt|60|cm}}.<ref name = Fishbase/> The rear of the back, the [[caudal fin]] and the dorsal surface of the [[caudal peduncle]] are yellow. The rest of the upper body is greyish blue. The lower flanks and abdomen are white or pinkish. The pectoral, [[pelvic fin|pelvic]], and anal fins are white to pink. The pectoral fin has black on its axil and on the upper part of its base. The dorsal fin is greyish-blue at the front and yellow at the rear.<ref name = Carpenter/>

==Distribution and habitat==
''Caesio cuning'' has an Indo-West Pacific range. It ranges from Sri Lanka and southern India east to Fiji, north to southern Japan and south to northern Australia. It occurs at depths between {{cvt|1 and 60|m}}.<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /> It often occurs in silty areas where visibility is poor, otherwise it is found in coastal waters, typically above rocky and coral reefs.<ref name = Fishbase/>

==Biology==
''Caesio cuning'' gathers in midwater schools<ref name = Fishbase/> where they feed on [[zooplankton]] such as [[salps]], [[doliolid]]s, [[pteropod]]s, [[heteropod]]s, [[chaetognath]]s, among other zooplankton.<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /> It is an oviparous species which lays large numbers of small, pelagic eggs.<ref name = Fishbase/>

==Fisheries==
''Caesio cuning'' is a moderately important target for coastal fisheries. It is common in fish markets in Indonesia and the Philippines. They are caught using [[drive-in net]]s, [[gill net]]s, [[Fish trap|traps]], [[Trawling|trawls]] and [[Handline fishing|handlines]]. The fish caught are normally sold as fresh fish but some of the catch is preserved as [[salted fish]]. The juveniles are caught to be used as bait by tuna fisheries.<ref name = Carpenter/> There have been population declines in some areas because of [[overfishing]] but in other areas populations are stable.<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sealifephotos|278536}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2612847}}

[[Category:Fish of Thailand]]
[[Category:Fish of the Pacific Ocean]]
[[Category:Fish of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Caesio|cuning]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1791]]

Pazhassiraja College

2026-05-07T13:51:22Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Starting A Post

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox college
| name = Pazhassiraja College, Pulpally
| nickname = Pazhassi
| native_name = പഴശ്ശിരാജ കോളേജ് പുൽപള്ളി
| native_name_lang = mal
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| motto = Lighted to Lighten
| type = Government Aided
| image =
| established = {{start date and age|1982}}
| students = 1200+
| principal = Mr Abdul Bari KK
| affiliations = [[University of Calicut]]
| dean =
| address = Pulpally - Sultan Bathery Hwy, Cheppila
| city = [[Pulpally]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = 673579
| coordinates = {{coord|11.7882491|N|76.1777593|E|region:IN-type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| campus = Rural
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| faculty =
| language = English and Malayalam
| website = {{URL|http://www.prc.ac.in}}
| logo =
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pazhassiraja College''', [[Pulpally]], [[Sultan Bathery]], [[Wayanad]] is a first grade college in [[India]]. Reaccredited by NAAC with A+ grade, the college is affiliated with [[University of Calicut]]. Pazhassiraja College is the first NAAC A+ graded college in Wayanad district.

==History==
[[File:Pazhassiraja College, Pulpally.jpg|thumb|Pazhassiraja College, Pulpally]]
Pazhassi Raja College, Pulpally, was started in the year 1982 to cater to the higher education needs of the community in this locality and the surrounding places in Wayanad district. Wayanad is a remotely situated tribal district in Kerala. The College had a humble beginning on 20 October 1982 with two pre-degree batches of students. It was incorporated in 1983. The early times of the college were miserable. Fighting against all the odds, the college started with only 127 students, seven teachers, and eight office staff, and the first Principal, Dr. O. Sooryanaryanan, who came from [[Government Brennen College]], [[Thalassery]]. The Society struggled to get a suitable land for this College, and finally they succeeded in buying a piece of land of about fifteen acres, just 1.5 kilometers away from the zero points of Pulpally. The first Management of the College handed over the ownership of the college to the Bathery Diocese of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]], and the latter took over the college in July 1992. The first patron of the college was Bishop Dr. [[Cyril Baselios]], the first Bishop of the Bathery Diocese. The present patron of the college is Bishop Dr. Joseph Mar Thomas, who retired as Principal from the [[Mar Theophilos Training College, Trivandrum]], and a noted Economist and Educationist.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

==Programmes==
'''Government Aided Departments'''
* Journalism & Mass Communication- PG
* Travel & Tourism Management- UG
* History- UG
* English- UG
* Economics- UG
* Econometrics- UG
* Microbiology- UG
* BBA- UG

'''Self-Financed Programmes'''
* Biochemistry- UG & PG
* Vocational Studies- Food Science and Agriculture- UG
* Journalism and Mass Communication (UG)
* Travel & Tourism Management- PG
* Economics- PG
* Microbiology- PG
* Commerce- M.Com- PG

'''Auxuliary Departments (Aided)'''
* Computer Applications
* Malayalam
* Hindi
* Mathematics
* Political Science
* Physical Education
[[File:PAZHASSIRAJA COLLEGE.jpg|thumb|Pazhassiraja College, Pulpally]]
[[File:Pazhassiraja College.jpg|thumb|Pazhassiraja College]]
'''OTHER PROGRAMS:'''
* UGC Add-on Courses
* Diploma in Computer Application
* Diploma in Cosmetology & Beauty Parlour Management

==Notable alumni==
* [[Shruthi Rajanikanth]], Actress
* Prince Joy, Movie Director ([[Anugraheethan Antony]])
* Basil V Jose, Spot Editor [[Mohan Kumar Fans|(Mohankumar Fans)]]
* [https://www.instagram.com/dharmansudhisha/?hl=en Sudhisha Dharman] (Journalist)
* Riya Baby, Journalist, Mathrubhumi News
* Binil Pothen Babu, Journalist, Manorama News
* Saniyo Manomi, Journalist, Reporter TV
* Jain Mary John, Journalist, Manorama News
* Gokul Manthara, Journalist, Times Internet
==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in Kerala]]
*[[St Mary's College, Sulthan Bathery]]
*[[List of institutions of higher education in Kerala]]
*[[List of colleges affiliated to the University of Calicut]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.pazhassirajacollege.ac.in Pazhassiraja College]
*[http://www.uoc.ac.in/ University of Calicut]
*[http://www.ugc.ac.in/ University Grants Commission]
*[http://www.naac.gov.in/ National Assessment and Accreditation Council]

{{Wayanad}}

[[Category:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]]
[[Category:Christian universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated with the University of Calicut]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Kerala]]

{{Kerala-university-stub}}
{{SyroMalankara-stub}}

Tirunelveli Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T12:22:56Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Creating new entry - done

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tirunelveli constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 224
| map_image = Constitution-Tirunelveli.svg
| mla = [[Nainar Nagendran]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| established = 1951
| district = [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency|Tirunelveli]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| electors = 275,857
}}

'''Tirunelveli Assembly constituency''' is located in [[Tirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency|Tirunelveli Lok Sabha Constituency]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is one of the oldest assembly segments in Tamil Nadu, being in existence since independence. Tirunelveli was one of 17 Assembly constituencies to have [[Voter-verified paper audit trail|VVPAT]] facility with EVMs in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vvpat-used-on-pilot-basis/article8609252.ece?ref=tpnews | title= VVPAT used on pilot basis | date=17 May 2016 | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=10 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN16_04032016.pdf|title=VVPAT usage in 64 seats in 5 states Schedule for the General Elections to the Legislative Assemblies of Assam, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Puducherry.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/voter-verifiable-paper-auditor-trail-units-brought-to-nellai/article8311781.ece| title = Voter Verifiable Paper Auditor Trail units brought to Nellai - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/ec-to-tighten-grip-on-cash-for-votes/article8225776.ece|title=EC to tighten grip on cash for votes|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Tirunelveli voted for the party that formed the government in the state except for 2016 and 2021.
It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[Arumugam (Tirunelveli MLA)|Arumugam]] [[S. N. Somayajulu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[Rajathi Kunjithapatham]] [[M. K. Somasundaram]]
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[Rajathi Kunjithapatham]]
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[A. L. Subramanian]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[P. Padmanabhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[G. R. Edmund]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[S. Narayanan]]
|-
| 1986
| [[R. M. Veerappan]]
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[A. L. Subramanian]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[D. Veliah|D. Veliah Thevar]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| A. L. Subramanian
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[Nainar Nagendran]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[N. Malai Raja]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| Nainar Nagendran
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[A. L. S. Lakshmanan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| Nainar Nagendran
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|Reddiarpatti.V.Narayanan
| {{Full party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|46.70}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.13}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.81}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.85}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|40.93}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.48}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|62.81}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|35.55}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.57}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.96}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|38.50}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|62.16}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.74}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|36.89}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|27.25}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|23.55}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirunelveli}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=MURUGHAN.R.S.|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=75840 |percentage=|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Subramanian|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=64426 |percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=THACHAI GANESARAJA|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=47504 |percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sathya|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=15108 |percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shyam Krishnaswamy|party=Puthiya Tamilagam|votes=10634 |percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =273520 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirunelveli<ref>{{cite web|title=Tirunelveli Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a224|access-date= 2 Jul 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Nainar Nagendran]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=92,282 |percentage=47.20 |change=+44.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. L. S. Lakshmanan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,175 |percentage=35.38 |change=-7.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Sathya |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=19,162 |percentage=9.80 |change=+8.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. P. Mahesh Kannan |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,911 |percentage=4.56 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,091 |percentage=1.07 |change=-0.1 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sivakumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,412 |percentage=0.72 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Srithar Rajan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,342 |percentage=0.69 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,107 |percentage=11.82 |change= 11.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=195,496 |percentage=66.86 |change= -3.63 }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 292,411 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirunelveli<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. L. S. Lakshmanan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=81,761 |percentage=43.13 |change=+12.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Nainar Nagendran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=81,160 |percentage=42.81 |change=-12.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Madasamy |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=8,640 |percentage=4.56 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Maharajan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,017 |percentage=3.17 |change=+2.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,218 |percentage=1.17 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Viyanarasu |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=2,106 |percentage=1.11 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Velammal |party=Independent politician |votes=2,029 |percentage=1.07 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ganesan Kannan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,884 |percentage=0.99 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rajkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,377 |percentage=0.73 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=601 |percentage=0.32 |change= -24.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=189,576 |percentage=70.48 |change= -6.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 268,968 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -11.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirunelveli<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Nainar Nagendran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=86,220 |percentage=54.81 |change=+9.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. L. S. Lakshmanan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,729 |percentage=30.34 |change=-15.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Velammal |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=7,771 |percentage=4.94 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Pasupathipandian |party=Independent politician |votes=4,307 |percentage=2.74 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Madhan |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=2,696 |percentage=1.71 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Murugadhas |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,815 |percentage=1.15 |change=-0.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Subramanian |party=Independent politician |votes=1,200 |percentage=0.76 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ramakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=975 |percentage=0.62 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Vedantham |party=Independent politician |votes=969 |percentage=0.62 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Madasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=814 |percentage=0.52 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=38,491 |percentage=24.47 |change= 24.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=157,304 |percentage=76.68 |change= 4.62 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 205,146 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirunelveli<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Malai Raja]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=65,517 |percentage=45.85 |change=+5.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Nainar Nagendran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,911 |percentage=45.42 |change=+4.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Jayachandran |party=Independent politician |votes=4,080 |percentage=2.85 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Nambirajan |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=2,709 |percentage=1.90 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Sivakumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,257 |percentage=1.58 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Jeyakumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,406 |percentage=0.98 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=606 |percentage=0.42 |change= -0.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=142,908 |percentage=72.06 |change= 18.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 198,312 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.92 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirunelveli<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Nainar Nagendran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,765 |percentage=40.93 |change=+8.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. L. Subramanian]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,043 |percentage=40.24 |change=-12.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Saravanaperumal |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=11,025 |percentage=10.55 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Shanmugasundaram |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,980 |percentage=4.77 |change=-3.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Jabarullakhan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,595 |percentage=1.53 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Sankarapandian |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation |votes=782 |percentage=0.75 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=722 |percentage=0.69 |change= -19.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=104,492 |percentage=53.12 |change= -15.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 196,785 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -11.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirunelveli<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. L. Subramanian]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=59,914 |percentage=52.48 |change=+19.8 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Karuppasamy Pandian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,590 |percentage=32.05 |change=-30.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Achiyur Mani |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=9,295 |percentage=8.14 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Perumal |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=3,141 |percentage=2.75 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Su. Chidambaram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,171 |percentage=1.90 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kalaivanan |party=Janata Party |votes=1,661 |percentage=1.45 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,324 |percentage=20.43 |change= -9.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=114,165 |percentage=68.93 |change= 7.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 170,499 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirunelveli<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[D. Veliah]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,138 |percentage=62.81 |change=+39.11 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. L. Subramanian]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,853 |percentage=32.68 |change=-2.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Thandayuthapani |party=Independent politician |votes=1,874 |percentage=1.86 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Nellaiappan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,803 |percentage=1.79 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=30,285 |percentage=30.13 |change= 21.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=100,516 |percentage=61.90 |change= -10.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,240 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 27.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirunelveli<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. L. Subramanian]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,991 |percentage=35.55 |change=-4.1 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. S. S. Nellai Kannan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,470 |percentage=26.64 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Masana Moorthy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,332 |percentage=23.71 |change=-35.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Muthusamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=12,201 |percentage=11.42 |change=-48.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Gaspar Raja |party=Independent politician |votes=1,513 |percentage=1.42 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,521 |percentage=8.91 |change= -11.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=106,862 |percentage=72.63 |change= -2.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,539 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -24.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirunelveli<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Narayanan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=56,409 |percentage=59.57 |change=+1.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. L. Subramanian]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,547 |percentage=39.65 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,862 |percentage=19.92 |change= 2.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=94,687 |percentage=75.27 |change= 5.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,277 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirunelveli<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=48,338 |percentage=57.96 |change=+19.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Rajathi Kunchithapatham]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,142 |percentage=40.94 |change=+13.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pandian |party=Independent politician |votes=613 |percentage=0.74 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,196 |percentage=17.02 |change= 6.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=83,394 |percentage=69.79 |change= 10.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,570 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 19.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirunelveli<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. R. Edmund]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,419 |percentage=38.50 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishnan Alias Nellai Kannan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,125 |percentage=27.87 |change=-9.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Servaikaren Subbiah |party=Janata Party |votes=8,244 |percentage=12.01 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Nambi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,199 |percentage=11.95 |change=-50.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Abdul Majeed |party=Independent politician |votes=6,090 |percentage=8.87 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Hariramakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=545 |percentage=0.79 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,294 |percentage=10.63 |change= -13.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,622 |percentage=59.49 |change= -10.60 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 116,395 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -23.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirunelveli<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Padmanabhan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,325 |percentage=62.16 |change=+0.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Rajathi Kunchithapatham]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,373 |percentage=37.84 |change=+0.19 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,952 |percentage=24.32 |change= 0.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,698 |percentage=70.10 |change= -6.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,204 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.42 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirunelveli<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Madras201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Madras201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. L. Subramanian]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,589 |percentage=61.74 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. M. Pillai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,364 |percentage=37.65 |change=+0.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. K. R. Iyenger |party=Independent politician |votes=409 |percentage=0.61 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,225 |percentage=24.09 |change= 22.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=67,362 |percentage=76.84 |change= 2.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,938 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 24.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirunelveli<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Rajathi Kunjithapatham]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,985 |percentage=36.89 |change=+9.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramasami (Sundaram) |party=Swatantra Party |votes=24,544 |percentage=34.85 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ahmed Ibrahim |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=18,091 |percentage=25.69 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthiah Pillai |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=809 |percentage=1.15 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rajagopalachari |party=Independent politician |votes=702 |percentage=1.00 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,441 |percentage=2.05 |change= -4.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,430 |percentage=74.44 |change= -7.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,617 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 9.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirunelveli<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Rajathi Kunjithapatham]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,839 |percentage=27.25 |change=+3.7 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Somasundaram]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,648 |percentage=20.80 |change=-2.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kandish |party=Independent politician |votes=16,886 |percentage=11.85 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohammaed Ismail Rowther |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=15,695 |percentage=11.01 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ponnusami (Sc) |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=12,388 |percentage=8.69 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Esakimuthu (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes=7,834 |percentage=5.50 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jacob |party=Independent politician |votes=4,834 |percentage=3.39 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chelliah (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes=4,822 |percentage=3.38 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sankarasubramania Iyer |party=Independent politician |votes=2,791 |percentage=1.96 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=2,781 |percentage=1.95 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kannappa Pillai |party=Independent politician |votes=2,760 |percentage=1.94 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,191 |percentage=6.45 |change= 2.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=142,516 |percentage=82.05 |change= -14.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,695 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirunelveli<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Arumugam (Tirunelveli Mla)|Arumugam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,529 |percentage=23.55 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. N. Somayajulu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,156 |percentage=19.66 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. S. Subramania Pillai |party=Independent politician |votes=20,470 |percentage=14.82 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shammaguam |party=Communist Party of India |votes=19,315 |percentage=13.98 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kankaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=16,604 |percentage=12.02 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nadarajan Alias Mangala Ponnambalam |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=10,458 |percentage=7.57 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subramanian |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=5,857 |percentage=4.24 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthiah |party=Independent politician |votes=3,198 |percentage=2.32 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sethuramalingam Pillai |party=Independent politician |votes=2,550 |percentage=1.85 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,373 |percentage=3.89 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=138,137 |percentage=96.96 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 142,467 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|8.73|77.75|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:Tirunelveli district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Taank Kingdom

2026-05-04T05:24:06Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Creating new article

{{short description|Early medieval kingdom in the Punjab}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Taank Kingdom
| common_name = Taank Kingdom
| status =
| year_start = {{circa|7th century}}
| year_end = {{circa|10th century}}
| date_start =
| date_end =
| event_start =
| event_end =
| p1 =
| p2 =
| s1 =
| s2 =
| image_flag =
| image_map = Taank kingdom, 700 AD.jpg
| map_width = 270
| image_map_caption = Taank Kingdom shown in violet in the north of the [[Indian subcontinent]] circa 700 AD.
| image_map2 =
| image_map2_caption =
| national_anthem =
| capital =
| common_languages =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| title_leader =
| leader1 =
| year_leader1 =
| leader2 =
| year_leader2 =
| footnotes =
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
| today = [[Pakistan]] [[India]]
}}
'''Taank Kingdom''' (also known as '''Takka'''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Handa |first1=Om Chanda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KmaKomlI-UC&q=takka&pg=PA27 |title=Temple Architecture of the Western Himalaya: Wooden Temples |last2=Hāṇḍā |first2=Omacanda |date=2001 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-115-3 |page=27 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&dq=takka+punjab+kingdom&pg=PA4 |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab |date=8 October 1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-63764-0 |page=4 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Bakker |first=Hans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6p2XCgAAQBAJ&dq=tseh+kia+xuanzang&pg=PA113 |title=The World of the Skandapurāṇa |date=29 June 2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-27714-4 |pages=113 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sargana |first=Turab ul Hassan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERW4zQEACAAJ |title=Punjab and the War of Independence 1857-1858 from Collaboration to Resistance |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-070184-0 |pages=34 |language=en |quote=The kings of Kashmir established their influence over upper portions of the remaining ''doabs'', while lower parts were ruled by the powerful '''Kingdom of Taka'''.}}</ref> or '''Taki'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Aijazuddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2QmPHeIowoC&dq=taki+punjab&pg=PA81 |title=Geography of the South Asian Subcontinent: A Critical Approach |date=2009 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-568-1 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref>) was a kingdom based in the [[Punjab]] from 6th to 10th century CE. The kingdom was located south of [[Kashmir]] and north of [[Sindh]], extending from the [[Indus River|Indus]] in the west to the [[Beas River|Beas river]] in the east. Its capital was the city of [[Sagala]] (modern day [[Sialkot]]).

==History==
Takka kingdom was called as ''Tseh-kia'' or ''Zhejia'' (磔迦) by the Chinese pilgrim [[Xuanzang]], who visited it in 629–645 CE. According to him, the kingdom stretched from river [[Beas]] in its east to the [[Indus]] in the west, and the states of Mülasthanapura ([[Multan]]) and ''Bofadou'' or ''Parvata'' (near modern Sialkot) were its vassals.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balogh |first=Dániel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=frnVDwAAQBAJ&dq=tseh+kia+xuanzang&pg=PA307 |title=Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History |date=12 March 2020 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-01-4 |pages=307 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />{{sfnp|Rongxi|1996|pp=97, 306}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=frnVDwAAQBAJ&dq=tseh+kia+xuanzang&pg=PA307 |title=Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History |date=2020 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-01-4 |editor-last=Balogh |editor-first=Dániel |pages=93, 279, 307 |language=en}}</ref> According to Hermann Goetz the Gurjara Takkadeśa was a "buffer vassal state" of the [[Pratihara dynasty]] and Gurjara princes of Takkadeśa used titles of [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] origin, for example, Ālakhāna, originating from ''[[Il khan|Il-Khān]]''.{{sfn|Goetz|1955|p=13, 30}} He further considers [[Gujars]] as descendants of Gurjaras.{{Sfn|Goetz|1955|p=12-13}}

Xuanzang further noted that it produced abundant quantities of non-sticky rice and wheat, also gold, brass, iron and other metals.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6A4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA241 |title=Political Violence in Ancient India |date=2017 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-97527-9 |page=241 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sagar2">Foreign Influence on Ancient India by Krishna Chandra Sagar [https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA216 p.216]</ref><ref name="AG2">{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Amalananda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0NA3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA791 |title=Taxila |date=1965 |publisher=CUP Archive |page=791 |language=en |access-date=11 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118183407/https://books.google.com/books?id=0NA3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA791 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Despite having an illustrious Buddhist heritage as evident from three colossal stupas, Buddhism had declined in the region,<ref>{{cite web |last=Gopal |first=Navjeevan |date=3 May 2019 |title=In ancient Punjab, religion was fluid, not watertight, says Romila Thapar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/in-ancient-punjab-religion-was-fluid-not-watertight-says-romila-thapar-5709145/ |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503143856/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/in-ancient-punjab-religion-was-fluid-not-watertight-says-romila-thapar-5709145/ |archive-date=3 May 2019 |access-date=9 March 2023 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en-IN |quote=But after the Gupta period, Buddhism began to decline}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Fogelin |first=Lars |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPZzBgAAQBAJ&q=Decline+buddhism+gupta |title=An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2015 |isbn=9780199948239 |page=149 |language=en |quote=the emergence and spread of Hinduism through Indian society helped lead to Buddhism's gradual decline in India.}}</ref> and later collapsed after the [[Alchon Hun]] persecution, resulting in it being sparsely practised in only about ten monasteries. On the contrary, [[Brahminism|Brahminical Hinduism]] rose as the primary religion in the region and there were several hundreds of Hindu ''Deva'' shrines.<ref>{{cite book |last=McNair |first=Amy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qsEGIdhcgMoC&dq=mihirakula+persecution&pg=PA89 |title=Donors of Longmen |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=9780824829940 |page=89 |language=en-US |quote=... and the '''destruction''' of Buddhist establishment in Northwest India by the Hephthalite invader, Mihirakula (502-542) in the early sixth century. |access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="AG">{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Amalananda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0NA3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA791 |title=Taxila |date=1965 |publisher=CUP Archive |page=791 |language=en |access-date=11 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118183407/https://books.google.com/books?id=0NA3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA791 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Hyecho]], a Korean Buddhist monk from [[Silla]], also visited the kingdom in the early 8th century. He recorded its name as ''Takshar'' or ''Zhashe'' (吒社), and located it to the west of ''[[Jalandhar|Jālandhara]]''. However he found many Buddhist monasteries, with king and commoners alike believing in the [[Three Jewels and Three Roots|three jewels]].{{sfnp|Whitfield|2012|p=107}}

The earliest [[Muslims|Muslim]] source to mention the kingdom is ''Akhbār al-Ṣīn wa’l-Hind'', written in 851–52, and traditionally attributed to a [[Sulaiman al-Tajir|merchant named Sulaiman]]. He calls the kingdom ''al-Ṭāqā''. According to his account the ruler of the kingdom lived peacefully with its neighbours and was in good terms with the Arabs and the [[Rashtrakuta Empire]] of [[Deccan]]. He described the women of the kingdom as most beautiful of all [[Hindustan|Hind]].{{sfnp|Mackintosh-Smith|2017|p=14}} Several scholars have identified Takka kingdom with the kingdom of ''al-Usaifan'', located between Kashmir, Multan and [[Kabul]]. Its king is reported by [[al-Biladhuri]] to have converted to Islam during the reign of Caliph [[al-Mu'tasim]] ({{reign|833|842}}).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ḍār |first=Saifurraḥmān |url= |title=Taxila and the Western World |date=1984 |publisher=al-Waqar Publishers |location=Lahore |pages=20 |language=en |oclc=1172089120}}</ref>

In 915, the Arab historian [[al-Masudi]] mentions it as ''at-Tákin'', referring to the hills of the Punjab. In ''[[Hudud al-Alam]]'', an anonymous geographical treatise written in 982, the kingdom is called ''Tāqi'' and is described as "a country with populous towns".{{sfnp|Minorsky|Bosworth|1970|p=91}} In the ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' of [[Kalhana]] (12th century CE), the kingdom is called ''Takka-désa'' while [[al-Biruni]] in his ''[[India (Al-Biruni)|Kitab al-Hind]]'' calls it ''Tākēshar'', located in the vicinity of [[Kashmir]].{{sfnp|Minorsky|Bosworth|1970|p=249}} The [[Chach Nama]] (history of Sindh) mentions it as ''Tak''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Vishveshvaranand Indological Journal, Vol XVI |publisher=Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute |location=Hoshiarpur |page=92 |language=English, Hindi, Sanskrit}}</ref> The [[Lawik dynasty]] of [[Ghazni]] is also believed to have belonged to the Takka people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Devra |first1=G.S.L. |last2=Arora |first2=Shashi |date=2012 |title=Hindu Commanders in the Army of Sultans of Ghazna: A Case Study of Vijaypal of Bayana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156207 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=73 |pages=205–211 |issn=2249-1937 |jstor=44156207}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[History of Punjab]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{Cite book |last= |url=https://archive.org/details/hudud-al-alam-minorsky-1970/mode/1up? |title=Hudud al-'Alam: The Regions of the World |date=1970 |publisher=Luzac & Co. |editor=Bosworth, C.E. |editor-link=C.E. Bosworth |edition=second |location=London |translator-last=Minorsky |translator-first=V. |trans-title= |oclc=615158224 |ref={{harvid|Minorsky|Bosworth|1970}} |translator-link=V. Minorsky}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sīrāfī |first=Abū Zayd Ḥasan ibn Yazīd |author-link=Abu Zayd al-Sirafi |title=Accounts of China and India |date=2017 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-1-4798-3059-6 |editor-last=F. Kennedy |editor-first=Philip |series=Library of Arabic literature |location=New York |translator-last=Mackintosh-Smith |translator-first=Tim |ref={{harvid|Mackintosh-Smith|2017}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=[[Xuanzang]] |url=https://archive.org/details/dBET_T2087_GreatTangRecordofWesternRegions_1996_0/mode/1up?q=Takka |title=The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions |date=1996 |publisher=Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research |isbn=978-1-886439-02-3 |edition=1. print |series=BDK English Tripiṭaka |location=Berkeley, California |translator-last=Rongxi |translator-first=Li |ref={{harvid|Rongxi|1996}}}}
* {{Cite book |title=Korean Buddhist Culture: Accounts of a Pilgrimage, Monuments, and Eminent Monks |date=2012 |publisher=Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism |isbn=978-89-94117-17-1 |editor-last=Whitfield |editor-first=Roderick |series=Collected Works of Korean Buddhism |volume=10 |location=Seoul, Korea}}
*{{cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |title=The Ancient Geography of India: I. The Buddhist Period, Including the Campaigns of Alexander, and the Travels of Hwen-Thsang |publisher= Munshiram Manoharlal|year=1871 |isbn=9788121510646 |location= |pages=150–154}}
*{{cite book |last1=Goetz |first1=Hermann |title=The Early wooden temples of Chamba |date=1955 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004643963 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ssBCEQAAQBAJ&q=takka+gurjara}}

[[Category:History of Sialkot]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian monarchies]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Former monarchies in Pakistani history]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]

Ashitha (writer)

2026-05-02T05:54:01Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Stub...

{{Short description|Indian writer (1956–2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Ashitha
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1956|4|5}}
| birth_place = [[Pazhayannur]], [[Trichur]], [[Travancore-Cochin]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2019|3|27|1956|4|5}}
| death_place = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Writer
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = Short story, poetry, novel, translation
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = {{ubl|''Vismaya Chhihnangal''|''Apoorna Viramangal''|''Mazhameghangal''|''Thathagatha''|''Meera Padunnu''}}
| spouse = Raman Kutty
| partner =
| children = A daughter
| parents = Balachandran Nair Thankamani Amma
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = {{ubl|2015 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story]]|2000 [[Malayalam literary awards#Padmarajan Award|Padmarajan Award]]|1994 [[Malayalam Literary Awards#Lalithambika Antharjanam Smaraka Sahitya Award|Lalithambika Anterjanam Smaraka Sahitya Award]]|1986 [[Malayalam Literary Awards#Edasseri Award|Edasseri Award]]|Ankanam Award|Thoppil Ravi Award}}
}}
'''Ashitha''' (5 April 1956 – 27 March 2019) was an Indian writer of [[Malayalam literature]], best known for her short stories, poems and translations. She helped popularize [[haiku poems]] in Malayalam through her translations. She was a recipient of the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story]] and other honours including the [[Malayalam literary awards#Padmarajan Award|Padmarajan Award]], [[Malayalam Literary Awards#Lalithambika Antharjanam Smaraka Sahitya Award|Lalithambika Anterjanam Smaraka Sahitya Award]] and [[Malayalam Literary Awards#Edasseri Award|Edasseri Award]].

==Biography==
[[File:Maharajas Entrance.jpg|thumb|235px|Maharaja's College, Ashitha's alma mater]]
Ashitha was born on 5 April 1956<ref name="Kerala: Malayalam writer Ashita passes away">{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-malayalam-writer-ashita-passes-away-5644542/ |title=Kerala: Malayalam writer Ashita passes away |date=2019-03-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-I|access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref> in [[Pazhayannur]] in [[Thrissur district|Trichur district]] of [[Kerala]] to Kazhangottu Balachandran Nair and Thekkekarupath Thankamani Amma.<ref name="Writer Ashitha, who popularised Haiku in Kerala, passes away">{{Cite web |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2019/03/27/malayalam-writer-ashitha-dies.html |title=Writer Ashitha, who popularised Haiku in Kerala, passes away |date=2019-03-27 |website=OnManorama |language=en |access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref> She completed her schooling from [[Delhi]] and [[Bombay]] and obtained her graduate and master's degrees in English literature from [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://maharajascollege.in/template.php?id=30&page=101&catid=156&subcatid=58 |title="Famous alumni of the Department" |access-date=30 March 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002313/http://maharajascollege.in/template.php?id=30&page=101&catid=156&subcatid=58 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=February 2022}}

Ashitha was married to K. V. Ramankutty and had a daughter, Uma Praseedha.<ref name="books.puzha.com - Author Details">{{Cite web |url=http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/author-detail.cgi?code=586 |title=books.puzha.com - Author Details |date=2019-03-27 |website=www.puzha.com |access-date=2019-03-27 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090344/http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/author-detail.cgi?code=586 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Malayalam writer Ashita passes away - Kalakaumudi">{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralakaumudi.com/en/news/kerala/general/malayalam-writer-ashita-passes-away-63404 |title=Malayalam writer Ashita passes away - Kalakaumudi |date=2019-03-27 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref> She was diagnosed with cancer in 2013 and was undergoing treatment when she died on 27 March 2019, at 62, survived by her husband, daughter and son-in-law.<ref name="എഴുത്തുകാരി അഷിത അന്തരിച്ചു">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/writer-ashitha-passed-away-1.3680356 |title=എഴുത്തുകാരി അഷിത അന്തരിച്ചു |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en |access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref><ref name="Malayalam writer Ashita passes away">{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/malayalam-writer-ashita-passes-away-119032700148_1.html |title=Malayalam writer Ashita passes away |last=ANI |date=2019-03-27 |newspaper=Business Standard|access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Ashitha, who authored over 20 books,<ref name="Noted Malayalam writer Ashitha dead - Times of India">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/noted-malayalam-writer-ashitha-dead/articleshow/68596303.cms |title=Noted Malayalam writer Ashitha dead - Times of India |date=2019-03-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref><ref name="Malayalam Writer and Poet Ashita Passes Away at 63">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/malayalam-writer-and-poet-ashita-passes-away-at-the-age-of-63 |title=Malayalam Writer and Poet Ashita Passes Away at 63 |date=2019-03-27 |website=The Quint |language=en |access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref> was known to have portrayed her life experiences through short stories and poems.<ref name="പ്രശസ്ത സാഹിത്യകാരി അഷിത അന്തരിച്ചു">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mediaonetv.in/kerala/2019/03/27/writer-ashitha-passed-away |title=പ്രശസ്ത സാഹിത്യകാരി അഷിത അന്തരിച്ചു |date=2019-03-27 |website=mediaone |access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref> Counted among the most prominent women writers in Malayalam after [[Kamala Surayya]] and best known for her short stories,<ref name="Ashita, renowned Malayalam poet and writer, dies aged 63 - News Nation">{{Cite web |url=https://www.newsnation.in/india-news/ashita-renowned-malayalam-poet-and-writer-dies-aged-63-article-218411.html |title=Ashita, renowned Malayalam poet and writer, dies aged 63 - News Nation |date=2019-03-27 |website=newsnation.in |language=en |access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref> she translated a number of works of [[Alexander Pushkin]] and [[Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī]] as well as many [[haiku poems|haikus]].<ref name="ആത്മകഥനത്തിന് അപൂര്‍ണവിരാമമിട്ട് മടക്കം; പ്രിയകഥാകാരിക്ക് വിട">{{Cite web |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/kerala/2019/03/27/ashitha-writer-passed-away.html |title=ആത്മകഥനത്തിന് അപൂര്‍ണവിരാമമിട്ട് മടക്കം; പ്രിയകഥാകാരിക്ക് വിട |date=2019-03-27 |website=Manoramanews |language=en |access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref> She also adapted the [[Ramayana]], [[Bhagavatam]], [[Jataka tales]] and [[Aithihyamala]] for children.<ref name="Noted Malayalam writer Ashitha passes away">{{Cite web |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/books/books-news/noted-malayalam-writer-ashitha-passes-away-literature-1.3680400 |title=Noted Malayalam writer Ashitha passes away |date=2019-03-27 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en |access-date=2019-03-27 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327065427/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/books/books-news/noted-malayalam-writer-ashitha-passes-away-literature-1.3680400 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her biography, ''Athu Njanayirunnu'' (That Was I), was published by [[Shihabuddin Poythumkadavu]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://buybooks.mathrubhumi.com/product/athu-njanayirunnu/ |title=Athu Njanayirunnu |date=2019-03-27 |website=mathrubhumi.com |language=en-US |access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref> The annual [[List of Malayalam literary awards#Ashitha Memorial Literary Award|Ashitha Memorial Literary Award]] was instituted in 2022 in her memory.<ref>{{cite news |title=പ്രഥമ അഷിത സ്മാരക സാഹിത്യ പുരസ്‌കാരങ്ങള്‍ വിതരണം ചെയ്തു |newspaper=Mathrubhumi |date=30 March 2022 |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/news/the-first-ashita-memorial-literary-awards-were-presented-1.7389794 |access-date=2 April 2024 |language=ml}}</ref>

==Awards==
Ponnani Edasseri Smaraka Samithi selected Ashitha's work, ''Vismaya Chhihnangal'' for an [[Malayalam Literary Awards#Edasseri Award|Edasseri Award]] in 1986<ref name="Winners of Edasseri Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/edasseri-award/578 |title=Winners of Edasseri Award |website=www.keralaculture.org |language=en |access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref> and she received the [[Malayalam Literary Awards#Lalithambika Antharjanam Smaraka Sahitya Award|Lalithambika Anterjanam Smaraka Sahitya Award]] in 1994.<ref name="എഴുത്തുകാരി അഷിത അന്തരിച്ചു - Asianet News">{{Cite web |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/malayalam-writer-ashitha-is-no-more-pozzu0 |title=എഴുത്തുകാരി അഷിത അന്തരിച്ചു - Asianet News |date=2019-03-27 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref> Her short story anthology, ''Thathagatha'', fetched her the [[Malayalam literary awards#Padmarajan Award|Padmarajan Award]] in 2000.<ref name="Winners of Padmarajan Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/padmarajan-award/583 |title=Winners of Padmarajan Award |date=2019-03-27 |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala |language=en |access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref><ref name="Malayalam writer Ashita passes away - rediff">{{Cite web |url=https://news.rediff.com/commentary/2019/mar/27/malayalam-writer-ashita-passes-away/aac52b72ddaf90c80875dd82fc8ebc43 |title=Malayalam writer Ashita passes away - rediff |website=news.rediff.com |access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref> [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] selected ''Ashithayude Kathakal'', another short story anthology, for its [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story|annual award for story]] in 2015.<ref name="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/08-08-2016/Award2015.pdf |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story |date=2019-03-27 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref> She was also a recipient of Ankanam Award<ref name="Malayalam short story writer and poet Ashitha passes away at 63">{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/mar/27/malayalam-poet-ashitha-passes-away-at-63-1956575.html |title=Malayalam short story writer and poet Ashitha passes away at 63 |date=2019-03-27 |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref> and Thoppil Ravi Foundation Award.<ref name="Thoppil Ravi Foundation Award">{{Cite web |url=https://keralabookstore.com/about-author/ashitha/314/ |title=Thoppil Ravi Foundation Award |date=2019-03-27 |website=keralabookstore.com |access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref>

== Selected works ==
=== Short stories ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.amazon.in/Nilavinte-Nattile-Ashitha/dp/B007E4VMWU/ |title=Nilavinte Nattile |last=Ashitha |publisher=DC Books |year=2002 |asin=B007E4VMWU }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.amazon.in/Mazhameghangal-Ashitha/dp/B007E4VNO2/ |title=Mazhameghangal |last=Ashitha |publisher=DC Books |year=2012 |asin=B007E4VNO2 }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.amazon.in/Amma-Ennotu-Parnha-Nunakal-Ashitha/dp/B00DCQKFJK/ |title=Amma Ennotu Parnha Nunakal |last=Ashitha |publisher=Green Books |year=2007 |isbn=979-8184230535 }}
* {{Cite book |title=Ashithayude Kathakal |last=Ashitha |publisher=Mathrubhumi |year=2015 |isbn=978-8182664937 }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/oru-streeyum-parayathirinnath/11232/ |title=Ori Sthreeyum Parayathathu |last=Ashitha |publisher=Kerala Bhasha Institute |year=2013 |isbn=9788188420100 }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/ma-faleshu/7930/ |title=Ma Faleshu |last=Ashitha |publisher=Kelkkam Audio Books |year=2015 |isbn=9780000104847 |language=ml |quote=(audio book)}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=82523&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Ashitha |title=Vismaya chihnangal |last=Ashitha |date=1987 |publisher=Malayalam |location=Edatt}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=327395&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Ashitha |title=Apoorna viramanghal |last=Ashitha |date=1993 |publisher=Mulberry |location=Kozhikode}}
* {{Cite book |title=Thathagatha |last=Ashitha |date=1999 }}
{{div col end}}

=== Novels and novellas ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |title=Mayilpeelisparsham |last=Ashitha |publisher=Melinda Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-8188420841 }}
* {{Cite book |title=Ashithayude Novallettukal |last=Ashitha |publisher=Saikatham Books |year=2017 |isbn=978-9386222152 }}
* {{Cite book |title=Ashithayude Novallettukal |last=Ashitha |publisher=Saikatham Books |year=2018 |isbn=978-9386222787 }}
{{div col end}}

=== Poetry ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://buybooks.mathrubhumi.com/product/meera-padunnu/ |title=Meera Paadunnu |last=Ashitha |publisher=Mathrubhumi |isbn=978-81-8266-550-7 |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://buybooks.mathrubhumi.com/product/ashithayude-haiku-kavithakal/ |title=Ashithayude Haiku Kavithakal |last=Ashitha |publisher=Mathrubhumi |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://buybooks.mathrubhumi.com/product/sivena-sahanarthanam/ |title=Shivena Sahanarthanam |last=Ashitha |publisher=Mathrubhumi |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |title=Ashithayude Haiku Kavithakal |last=Ashitha |date=2014 |publisher=Green Pepper |isbn=978-8193034453 |language=ml}}
{{div col end}}

=== Children's literature ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{cite book|author=Ashitha|title=Jaathaka Kadhakal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8mgRDgAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Malayala Manorama Co. Ltd.|isbn=978-93-83197-72-9}}
* {{cite book|author=Ashitha|title=365 Kunjukathakal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Me4f4kM37iAC|year=2008|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-264-0918-1}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://buybooks.mathrubhumi.com/product/ramayanam-kuttikalkku-220/ |title=Ramayanam Kuttikalkku |last=Ashitha |publisher=Mathrubhumi |isbn=978-81-8265-516-4 |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://buybooks.mathrubhumi.com/product/bhagavatham-kuttikalkku-2/ |title=Bhagavatham Kuttikalkku |last=Ashitha |publisher=Mathrubhumi |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/book-detail.cgi?code=4990 |title=Kuttikalude Aithihyamala |last=Ashitha |publisher=DC Books |year=2007 |access-date=27 March 2019 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090342/http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/book-detail.cgi?code=4990 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book |title=Kochurajakumaran |last=Ashitha |publisher=Melinda Books |year=2015 |isbn=978-9383885381}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/books/kunjhu-njandum-amma-njandum#; |title=Kunjhu Njandum Amma Njandum |last=Ashitha |publisher=Mambazham |year=2018 |isbn=9789352821907 |access-date=27 March 2019 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327135625/https://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/books/kunjhu-njandum-amma-njandum#; |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/books/chemmariyadinte-soothram |title=Chemmariyadinte Soothram |last=Ashitha |publisher=Mambazham |year=2018 |isbn=9789352821921 |access-date=27 March 2019 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327135049/https://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/books/chemmariyadinte-soothram |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/books/kotiyum-kurukkanum |title=Kottiyum Kurukkanum |last=Ashitha |publisher=Mambazham |year=2018 |isbn=9789352821884 |access-date=27 March 2019 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327135344/https://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/books/kotiyum-kurukkanum |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/books/kothiyan-kakka |title=Kothiyan Kakka |last=Ashitha |publisher=Mambazham |year=2018 |isbn=9789352821860 |access-date=27 March 2019 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327135103/https://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/books/kothiyan-kakka |url-status=dead }}
{{div col end}}

=== Translations ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |title=Rumi Paranja Kathakal |last=Ashitha |publisher=Mathrubhumi |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |title=Parayam Namukku Kathakal |last=Ashitha |publisher=Read Me Books |date=2017 |isbn=978-8193422526}}
* {{Cite book |title=Peter Enna Muyalum Mattu Kathakalum |first=Beatrix |last=Potter |translator=Ashitha |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |year=2016 |isbn=9788182669529 |edition=First |location=Kozhikode, Keralaṃ, India |oclc=971034780}}
* {{Cite book |title=Heidi |first=Johanna |last=Spyri |translator=Ashitha |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |year=2017 |isbn=9788182671591}}
* {{Cite book |title=Padhavinyaasangal: 32 Russian kavithakal |translator=Ashitha |date=1999 |publisher=Cosmo books |location=Thrissur}}
* {{Cite book |title=Tao: Guruvinte vazhi |last=Laotsu |translator=Ashitha |date=2003 |publisher=Sorba Publications |location=Ayiloor |isbn=9789382279419}}
{{div col end}}

=== Memoirs ===
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.amazon.in/Athu-Njanayirunnu-Ashitha/dp/B07P7N27PK/ |title=Athu Njanayirunnu |last=Ashitha |last2=Poythumkadavu |first2=Shihabuddin |date=2019 |publisher=Mathrubhumi |asin=B07P7N27PK}}

=== Others ===
* {{Cite book |title=Vishnu Sahasranamam |last=Ashitha |date=2015 |publisher=Saikatham Books |isbn=978-9382909286}}
* {{Cite book |title=Sneham Thanne Snehathilezhuthiyathu (Ashithayude Kathukal) |last=Ashitha |date=2015 |publisher=Green Pepper |isbn=978-9385253065}}

=== In compilations ===
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=218890&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Ashitha |title=Antharjanam Muthal Ashitha Vare |last=Rajeevkumar |first=M. |date=1984 |publisher=Paridhi Publications, Thiruvananthapuram |location=Paridhi Publications, Thiruvananthapuram}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* [[List of Malayalam literary awards#Ashitha Memorial Literary Award|Ashitha Memorial Literary Award]]
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors by category]]
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.vanitha.in/justin/writer-ashitha-facebook-post-related-cancer.html |title='This Ashitha is a bleeding warrior, wounded waging the war of life' - writer Ashitha |date=2019-03-27 |website=vanitha.in |access-date=2019-03-27}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/fiction/ashithayude-haiku-kavithakal-1.3257678 |title=Haiku Poems of Ashitha |date=2019-03-27 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en |access-date=2019-03-27 |archive-date=26 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326215546/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/fiction/ashithayude-haiku-kavithakal-1.3257678 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/interview/ashitha-share-his-life-experience-with-shihabuddin-poythumkadavu-last-part--1.3408552 |title=As we reach there, father says, Look at those pigs, she is born to them' |last=Shihabuddin Poythumkadavu |website=Mathrubhumi |language=ml |access-date=2019-03-27 |quote=Ashitha in conversation with Shihabuddin Poythumkadavu |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327065430/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/interview/ashitha-share-his-life-experience-with-shihabuddin-poythumkadavu-last-part--1.3408552 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/ashitha-articulates-the-profundity-of-the-simplest-moments-through-haiku-in-ashithayude-haiku-kavithakal/article25556697.ece |title=Small is beautiful |last=Pillai |first=Meena T. |date=2018-11-22 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-03-27}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GMM6wh49kv0 |title=Noted Malayalam Writer Ashitha Passes Away |last=Mathrubhumi News |date=2019-03-26 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-03-27}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tc4KmASirrI |title=Noted Malayalam writer Ashitha passed away |last=Asianet News |date=2019-03-26 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-03-27}}
* {{Cite journal |title=Our Contributors |journal = Indian Literature|volume = 58|issue = 4 (282)|date=2014 |pages=204–208 |jstor = 44753811}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pe-rFRjeCHI |title=KELKAAM Audio Books - ASHITHA-yude VISHU VISHESHANGAL |last=Kerala Book Store |date=2016-04-13 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-03-27}}

{{Malayalam Literature}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:Maharaja's College, Ernakulam, alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]

Shridhar Vyas

2026-05-01T04:22:26Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Creating new stub - done

{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Shridhar Vyas
| image =
| birth_date = later 14th century
| birth_place = [[Idar State|Idar]]
| death_date =
| death_place = [[Idar State|Idar]]
| occupation = Poet Warrior Advisor
| notable_works = {{flatlist|
*''Ranmall Chhand''
*''Dasham Skandh''
}}
| children =
| father =
}}

'''Shridhar Vyas''' was a 14th-15th century poet from western India. He is known for his historical and heroic poetry, ''Ranmall Chhand''.<ref name="Moraes1972">{{cite book|author=[[George M. Moraes]]|title=Historiography in Indian languages: Dr. G.M. Moraes felicitation volume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ngIcAQAAMAAJ|year=1972|publisher=Oriental Publishers|page=142}}</ref>

==Life==
There is not much information regarding his personal life. ''Vyas'' is a designation of the Brahman performing religious tasks in royal households or society. He was probably an officer in royal court with this designation. [[K. M. Munshi]] portrays him as a poet patronized by the king.<ref name="Lal1992">{{cite book|last=Lal|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA4607|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1221-3|pages=4607–4608}}</ref><ref name=a/><ref name="JhaveriAkademi1978">{{cite book|author=Mansukhlal Maganlal Jhaveri|author-link=Mansukhlal Maganlal Jhaveri|title=History of Gujarati Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DA0RAAAAMAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|page=17}}</ref>

He is associated with Ranmall, the [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]] Rajput ruler of [[Idar State|Idar]].<ref name="Lal1992"/>

==Works==
He is known for ''Ranmall Chhand'', the historic-heroic poem written circa 1400. It describes the defeat of Muzzafar Shah I (Zafar Khan), the Muslim governor of [[Anhilwad Patan]] appointed by [[Delhi Sultanate]], at [[Ahmedabad]] by Ranmall in 1398.<ref name="Ayyappappanikkar1997">{{cite book|author=Ayyappappanikkar|title=Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA455|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0365-5|page=455}}</ref><ref name=a>{{cite book|title=Milestones in Gujarati Literature: By Krishnalal Mohanlal Jhaveri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YEvvOwAACAAJ|year=1924|publisher=Gujarati Printing Press|page=62}}</ref><ref name="India1979">{{cite book|author=Institute of Historical Studies (Calcutta, India)|title=Historical biography in Indian literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKIfAAAAMAAJ|year=1979|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies|page=200}}</ref> It is considered one of the best heroic poetry of [[Old Gujarati]] which is mixed with Avahatatha, the artificial literary speech of court poets. He may have personally witnessed the battle. It is also historical work as its veracity can be verified by contemporary Muslim chronicles. The poem starts with ten Sanskrit verses followed by 60 Gujarati verses full of words of Persian and Arabic origin. It employs words with consonants to produce heroic feelings. His description of battle, characterization of hero and metrical patterns made it unique in Gujarati literature.<ref name=a/><ref name="Lal1992"/><ref name="Sharma1992">{{cite book|author=Sita Ram Sharma|title=Gujarati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IVhAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=978-81-7041-545-9|page=56}}</ref>

His ''Dasham Skandh'' is a Gujarati version of the 10th book of ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''. There are only 127 verses of its incomplete form available due to fragmentary manuscript.<ref name="Lal1992"/>

He has also written ''Saptashati Chhand'' or ''Ishvari Chhand'' which is also heroic poem based on ''[[Devi Mahatmya|Durga Saptashi]]'', the part of ''[[Markandeya Purana]]''. It has 120 verses.<ref name="Lal1992"/>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://gujaratonline.com/arts/sahitya.htm History of Gujarati Literature]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vyas, Shridhar}}
[[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rajasthani literature]]

S. Ezhil

2026-04-26T13:10:55Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Starting Entry

{{short description|Indian director|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Ezhil (programming language)|Ezhil]], a programming language developed since 2007}}
{{distinguish|text=the Turkish rapper [[Ezhel]]}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S. Ezhil
| image =
| imagesize =
| birth_name = Ezhilmaaran S.
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1964|2|1}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iflicks.in/StarPage/Director/Ezhil |title=Iflicks: Latest Tamil cinema news | Kollywood latest news | Tamil movie stills |publisher=Iflicks.in |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mayiladuthurai]], [[Tamilnadu]], India
| occupation = Film director
| othername = Ezhil
| yearsactive = 1999-present
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''Ezhilmaaran S.''' is an Indian film director who works in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]]. He made his directorial debut with the 1999 romance film ''[[Thullatha Manamum Thullum]]''. His success streak continued with ''[[Pennin Manathai Thottu]]'' (2000), ''[[Poovellam Un Vasam]]'' (2001) and ''[[Deepavali (2007 film)|Deepavali]]'' (2007). He made a comeback in 2012 after a brief sabbatical with ''[[Manam Kothi Paravai]]'' which opened to moderate reviews from critics but was a commercial hit.<ref>[http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/jun-12-01/manam-kothi-paravai-review.html Manam Kothi Paravai Review – Manam Kothi Paravai Movie Review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918014701/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/jun-12-01/manam-kothi-paravai-review.html |date=18 September 2013 }}. Behindwoods.com. Retrieved on 13 April 2014. This was the breakthrough performance in his film career</ref> He has won two Tamil Nadu state awards. Film Directors [[Suseenthiran]] and [[Karu Pazhaniappan]] were his assistants.

==Career==

===1999-2007: Romance films and initial success===
Ezhil made his debut as a filmmaker with ''[[Thullatha Manamum Thullum]]'' at [[R. B. Choudary]]'s production house. The film features [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] in the lead roles. Prior to release, the role of Vijay's mother in the film was kept under wraps with the media speculating who would play the role. Eventually, no actress played the role, although the character played a pivotal part in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jan/25ss.htm |title=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: Gossip from the southern film industry |work=Rediff.com |date=1999-01-25 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> Vijay took a pay cut for the film, accepting only 3 million rupees instead of 5 million rupees, as he had signed the film before the release of his blockbuster ''[[Kadhalukku Mariyadhai]]'' (1997).<ref name="starbacks1">{{cite web |url=http://www.starbacks.ca/Broadway/8407/bits.htm |title=Starbacks.ca |access-date=2014-03-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105706/http://www.starbacks.ca/Broadway/8407/bits.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Initially, Ezhil wanted comedian [[Vadivelu]] to play the lead role. Vadivelu, who was impressed with the story, told Ezhil that the storyline was too good and he did not know whether it will work with him in the lead. Vadivelu also asked Ezhil to wait for six months, and if the latter did not get anyone else as the hero, then Vadivelu will act in it. Vadivelu was then was replaced by Vijay.<ref>{{cite web|author=cinemalead.com |url=http://cinemalead.com/news-id-vadivelu-was-the-first-choice-of-thullatha-manamum-thullum-ezhil-24-06-132568.htm |title=Vadivelu was the first choice for Thullatha Manamum Thulllum ! - Vadivelu Was The First Choice Of Thullatha Manamum Thullum- Ezhil- Vijay- Karu Palaniapan- Supergood Films |publisher=Cinemalead.com |date=2013-06-24 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> The film went on to become a blockbuster, running for 100 days across dozens of theatres in Tamil Nadu, while it also enjoyed similar success in the neighboring state of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/02ss.htm |title=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: Gossip from the southern film industry |work=Rediff.com |date=1999-07-02 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref>

Vijay and Ezhil immediately decided to follow up this film with another collaboration, ''[[Pennin Manathai Thottu]]'', with either [[Isha Koppikar]] or [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] to be hired as the lead actress. However, soon after pre-production, Vijay was replaced by [[Prabhu Deva]] and the film went on to release in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/26ss.htm |title=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: Gossip from the southern film industry |work=Rediff.com |date=1999-07-26 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref><ref name="starbacks1"/> Like ''Thullatha Manamum Thullum'', it also became a success.

[[Ajith Kumar]] signed the film ''[[Poovellam Un Vasam]]'' in early 2001 after he pulled out of [[Praveen Gandhi]]'s commercial film ''[[Star (2001 film)|Star]]''.<ref name="hindu2002">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/26/stories/2002042600970400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030704153642/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/26/stories/2002042600970400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2003-07-04 |title=A success team reunites |date=2002-04-26 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> The producers had initially approached [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], [[Aishwarya Rai]] and then [[Preity Zinta]] to star, with their refusals leading to the casting of [[Jyothika]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/33Hot%20News%20Just%20for%20U6.htm |title=Whither K |publisher=Cinematoday2.itgo.com |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> [[Miss World]] 2001, [[Yukta Mookhey]] was hired to appear in an [[item number]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinematoday3.itgo.com/Previews%20-%20Poovellam%20Un%20Vaasam.htm |title=SUBAS |publisher=Cinematoday3.itgo.com |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> Ajith gained mass image before the filming so producer Ravichandran expressed his doubts to Ezhil about carrying on with such a family oriented film with an action hero like Ajith in hand. But Ezhil was confident about Ajith's capabilities in pulling off varying roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/when-ajith---the-action-hero-proved-he-could-do-varied-roles-ajith-poovellam-un-vaasam-14-03-13.html |title=When Ajith - the action hero, proved he could do varied roles, Ajith, Poovellam Un Vaasam |website=Behindwoods.com |date=2013-03-14 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> The film opened to positive reviews with [[The Hindu]] critic labelling it as "reasonably interesting", with Ajith's performance being praised as "Ajith is natural and neat" with claims that "he has to work harder on his soliloquies and sad expressions".<ref name="hindu2001">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/08/24/stories/09240222.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020122103647/http://hindu.com/thehindu/2001/08/24/stories/09240222.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2002-01-22 |title=Film Review: Poovellam Un Vaasam |date=2001-08-24 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> The success of the film prompted Ezhil, Ajith Kumar and Jyothika to team up for a venture the following year with ''[[Raja (2002 film)|Raja]]''.<ref name="hindu2002"/>

In 2005, Ezhil directed ''[[Amudhae]]'', which received mixed reviews. His 2007 film ''[[Deepavali (2007 film)|Deepavali]]'', however, received positive reviews and became a success.

===2012-present: Rural comedy films===
In 2012, Ezhil made a comeback after a brief sabbatical with ''[[Manam Kothi Paravai]]''. When his friends, producer Ambeth Kumar and Ranjeev Menon, asked him how the film's shooting was proceeding, he made them listen to the film's songs by [[D. Imman]]. Impressed, they decided to produce it.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3314731.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Manam Kothi Paravai | date=14 April 2012}}</ref> It was initially expected that [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], whom Ezhil had worked with in ''[[Deepavali (2007 film)|Deepavali]]'', would compose the music, but as the budget of this film could not afford to have Yuvan as the music composer, Ezhil opted for Imman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/78500.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301011119/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/78500.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 March 2012 |title=Yuvan, Imman and Ezhil |website=IndiaGlitz|access-date=24 February 2012}}</ref> After the lead role in ''[[Marina (2012 film)|Marina]]'' and an important role in ''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]'', [[Sivakarthikeyan]] is taking up a full-fledged lead role again for ''Manam Kothi Paravai''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-12-02/siva-karthikeyan-manam-kothi-paravai-12-04-12.html |title=Siva Karthikeyan's 3! |website=Behindwoods |access-date=12 April 2012}}</ref> The film, which is set in a village, has been shot at Ezhil's native place Kayathur, near [[Mayiladuthurai]] (erstwhile Mayavaram) and Siva Karthikeyan's Thiruvizhimizhalai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/news/tamil/manam-kothi-paravai-shot-in-two-villages/51533/story.htm |title='Manam Kothi Paravai' shot in two villages |publisher=Nowrunning.com |date=16 May 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012 |archive-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302091601/http://www.nowrunning.com/news/tamil/manam-kothi-paravai-shot-in-two-villages/51533/story.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

After a fairly successful outing with ''Manam Kothi Paravai'', Ezhil started his next film titled ''[[Desingu Raja]]'', which was in a similar genre rural comedy. He hired [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] to play the lead Idhayakani, who has been named so by his parents and is a diehard [[M. G. Ramachandran|MGR]] fan. [[Bindu Madhavi]] was signed to play the female lead as a [[Rajinikanth]] fanatic in the movie, thus pairing with Vimal for the second time after ''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/love-between-a-mgr-fanatic-and-a-rajini-fanatic-vimal-bindu-madhavi-25-01-13.html |title=Love between a MGR fanatic and a Rajini fanatic, Vimal, Bindu Madhavi |website=Behindwoods |date=25 January 2013 |access-date=22 May 2013}}</ref> She said "I play a cheerful, naughty village girl".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-28/news-interviews/38070972_1_next-film-pandiraj-kedi-billa-killadi-ranga |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331054722/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-28/news-interviews/38070972_1_next-film-pandiraj-kedi-billa-killadi-ranga |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 March 2013 |title=Role play for Bindu |date=28 March 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 May 2013}}</ref> [[Muktha (actress)|Muktha Bhanu]] danced for one song along with Vimal and the group dancers which was shot in [[Thiruvarur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php?newsid=10211 |title=Ayngaran International |publisher=Ayngaran.com |access-date=22 May 2013}}</ref> In 2014, Ezhil directed ''[[Vellaikaara Durai]]'', which received mixed reviews but was a hit at the box office. His 2016 film ''[[Velainu Vandhutta Vellaikaaran]]'' was a commercial success. 2017 saw him directing [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] in ''[[Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen]]''. In 2022, Ezhil directed ''[[Yutha Satham]]'' starring [[R. Parthiban]] and [[Gautham Karthik]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/Mar/18/yutha-satham-movie-review-parthiban-gautham-karthik-ezhil-rating-30364.html|title = Yutha Satham Movie Review: More noise, less substance}}</ref> Then, actor Vimal and director Ezhil have reunited for ''[[Desingu Raja 2]]'', a sequel to the duo’s 2013 hit comedy, ''Desingu Raja''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shoot at Site: Vemal shoots in a forest for Ezhil’s 'Desingu Raja 2' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shoot-at-site-vemal-shoots-in-a-forest-for-ezhils-desingu-raja-2/articleshow/111075479.cms |access-date=2024-06-18 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The film was released on July 2025 to negative reviews.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Desingu Raja 2 Movie Review: Comedy that forgot the comedy part |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/desingu-raja-2/movie-review/122383237.cms |access-date=2025-07-11 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== As a film director ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Notes
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Thullatha Manamum Thullum]]'' || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]] (Second Prize) ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thiraipadam.com/cgi-bin/movie_review.pl?id=100&user_name=subashawards&review_lang=english&lang=english |title=Thullaatha Manamum Thullum - Tamil Movie Review |publisher=Thiraipadam.com |access-date=2016-12-01 |archive-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106032230/http://www.thiraipadam.com/cgi-bin/movie_review.pl?id=100&user_name=subashawards&review_lang=english&lang=english |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Pennin Manathai Thottu]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Wanted: A pacemaker
|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/jul/18penn.htm |date=2000-07-18 |work=Rediff}}</ref>
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Poovellam Un Vasam]]'' || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Family Film]] (Second Prize)||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Yawn!|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2001/oct/04poove.htm |access-date=2001-10-04 |work=Rediff}}</ref>
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Raja (2002 film)|Raja]]'' || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/07/12/stories/2002071200790200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040422110949/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/07/12/stories/2002071200790200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-04-22 |title=Raja |date=2002-07-12 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref>
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Amudhae]]'' || || <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2005 |title=Amuthe |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/amuthe-review-tamil-pclvJFbjadcbe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224083826/https://www.sify.com/movies/amuthe-review-tamil-pclvJFbjadcbe.html |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=23 February 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Deepavali (2007 film)|Deepavali]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Deepavali, an early festival for the crew
|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-articles/movies-05/deepavali-movie-review.html |date=2007-02-09 |work=Behindwoods}}</ref>
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Manam Kothi Paravai]]''||Also producer||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/manam-kothi-paravai-review-tamil-14999908.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917000210/http://www.sify.com/movies/manam-kothi-paravai-review-tamil-14999908.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-09-17 |title=Review |website=[[Sify]] |date=2012-06-01 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref>
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Desingu Raja]]'' || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/desingu-raja-review-tamil-15037023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827201713/http://www.sify.com/movies/desingu-raja-review-tamil-15037023.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-08-27 |title=Review |website=[[Sify]] |date=2013-08-24 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Vellaikaara Durai]]'' || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/vellaikara-durai.html |title=Vellaikara Durai (Vellakara Durai) Tamil Movie, Wiki, Story, Review, Release Date, Trailers |publisher=Filmibeat |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Velainu Vandhutta Vellaikaaran]]'' || Also producer ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Velainnu Vandhutta Vellakaran: The grin reaper|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Velainnu-Vandhutta-Vellakaran-The-grin-reaper/article14382452.ece|date=13 January 2024|access-date=18 October 2016|website=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
|| 2017 || ''[[Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen]]'' || ||<ref>{{cite web|title=‘Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen’ review: comedy of horrors
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/saravanan-irukka-bayamaen-review-comedy-of-horrors/article18438563.ece|date=18 May 2017|website=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 ||''[[Yutha Satham]]'' || ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Yutha Satham Movie Review: More noise, less substance
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/saravanan-irukka-bayamaen-review-comedy-of-horrors/article18438563.ece|date=18 March 2017|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 ||''[[Desingu Raja 2]]''|| ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Vemal-Ezhil join again for Desingu Raja 2|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/Mar/18/yutha-satham-movie-review-parthiban-gautham-karthik-ezhil-rating-30364.html|date=13 January 2024|website=Dt Next}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''Aayiram Jenmangal'' || ||
|}

===As actor===
*''[[Manikkam]]'' (1996) - flower seller
*''[[Anjala (film)|Anjala]]'' (2016)

===Frequent collaborators===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | Collaborator
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Thullatha Manamum Thullum]]'' | (1999)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Pennin Manathai Thottu]]'' | (2000)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Poovellam Un Vasam]]'' | (2001)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Raja (2002 film)|Raja]]'' | (2002)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Amudhae]]'' | (2005)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Deepavali (2007 film)|Deepavali]]'' | (2007)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Manam Kothi Paravai]]'' | (2012)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Desingu Raja]]'' | (2013)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Vellaikaara Durai]]'' | (2014)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Velainu Vandhutta Vellaikaaran]]'' | (2016)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen]]'' | (2017)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Yutha Satham]]'' | (2022)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Desingu Raja 2]]'' | (2025)}}
|-
|[[D. Imman]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|-
|[[Soori (actor)|Soori]]
|
|
|
|
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
|-
|[[Robo Shankar]]
|
|
|
|
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}} (special appearance)
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|-
|[[Swaminathan]]
|
|
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
| {{ya}}
|-
|[[Ravi Mariya]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}} (special appearance)
|
| {{ya}}
|-
|[[Vaiyapuri]]
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|-
|[[Madhan Bob]]
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
|
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
|-
|[[Chaams]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|-
|[[Mahanadi Shankar]]
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
| {{ya}}

|
|
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
|-
|[[Krishnamoorthy (actor)|Krishnamoorthy]]
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
|-
|[[Bava Lakshmanan]]
|
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1318819}}

{{Ezhil}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ezhil}}
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:People from Mayiladuthurai district]]

Alleti Maheshwar Reddy

2026-04-25T15:49:50Z

GeorgiannaMoberg:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Alleti Maheshwar Reddy
| image = Alleti Maheshwara Reddy.png
| Office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| constituency2 =
| constituency3 =
| office3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = Allola Indrakaran Reddy
| constituency = [[Nirmal (Assembly constituency)|Nirmal]]
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor1 = [[Allola Indrakaran Reddy]]
| successor1 = Allola Indrakaran Reddy
| term_start1 = 16 May 2009
| term_end1 = 16 May 2014
| constituency1 = [[Nirmal (Assembly constituency)|Nirmal]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party = [[Praja Rajyam Party]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]]
| alma_mater = [[Osmania University]]
}}

'''Alleti Maheshwar Reddy''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[3rd Telangana Assembly]] representing [[Nirmal Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-03 |title=Nirmal constituency Telangana elections results 2023: BJP's Alleti Maheshwar Reddy turns victorious |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/nirmal-constituency-telangana-elections-results-2023-brs-allola-indrakaran-reddy-vs-bjps-aleti-maheshwar-reddy/articleshow/105694797.cms |access-date=2024-07-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is also the [[Parliamentary leader|floor leader]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Telangana|Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the assembly.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-15 |title=Alleti BJP floor leader, joined party last year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/alleti-maheshwar-reddy-appointed-as-telangana-bjp-legislature-party-leader/articleshow/107705959.cms |access-date=2024-07-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

He earlier served as the member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from 2009 to 2014 representing [[Praja Rajyam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rayasam |first=Raj |date=2023-12-04 |title=BJP upsets both Congress and BRS apple carts as it picks up 8 Assembly seats in Telangana |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/telangana/bjp-upsets-both-congress-and-brs-apple-carts-as-it-picks-up-8-assembly-seats-in-telangana/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and Education ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=April 2026}}
Maheshwar Reddy was born in Nirmal, Telangana to A. Padmanabha Reddy and his spouse. His father was a prominent local figure who served as the Ex-Municipal Chairman of Nirmal.

He completed his schooling at St. Paul’s High School and later pursued higher education, earning a Post Graduate Diploma in Business Management (PGDBM). He is also a graduate in Bachelor of Arts from Osmania University.

== Political career ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=April 2026}}
Maheshwar Reddy began his journey in public service as a student leader, actively participating in student-level politics with the [[National Students' Union of India]] (NSUI)

He held several key organizational roles in his ealry stages of Politics, including:

* General Secretary of NSUI.
* State General Secretary of the Youth Congress.
* Chairman of the AICC (All India Congress Committee) Program Implementation Committee.

=== Legislative Career. ===
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=April 2026}}
* '''2009 :''' Entered the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly for the first time representing the [[Praja Rajyam Party]] (PRP) from the Nirmal constituency against [[Allola Indrakaran Reddy]] being nearest rival.
* '''2014''' : As [[Praja Rajyam Party]] merged into [[Indian National Congress]], Maheshwar Reddy contested on Congress Ticket.
* '''2018 :''' Contested on behalf of Congress Ticket and lost to the nearest rival [[Allola Indrakaran Reddy]] with a margin of 9271 votes.
* '''2023 :''' After joining the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in April 2023, he contested the 2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly Elections and was elected as the MLA for Nirmal, defeating the incumbent Allola Indrakaran Reddy.
* '''2024–Present:''' He was appointed as the BJP Floor Leader in the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]].

== Family and Heritage ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=April 2026}}
Maheshwar Reddy comes from a family with a deep history of political and social service:

* Grandfather : A. Rajeshwar Reddy, a noted Freedom Fighter who participated in the armed struggle against the Razakars and was imprisoned in ASIFABAD Jail for his activism. He also served as the first Municipal Chairman of Nirmal and was an advocate by profession.
* Father :A. Padmanabha Reddy, who carried on the family legacy as a local political leader and former Municipal Chairman.

== Philanthrophy and Social Work ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=April 2026}}
He founded the Maheshwara Trust in 2006, which focuses on educational welfare in the Nirmal region.

The trust is known for:

* Providing free education to underprivileged students in professional courses such as Engineering, MBA, and MCA.
* Supporting "few in 100" initiative, where for every 100 students,a specific number receive entirely free education and medical assistance.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Alleti Maheshwar}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Praja Rajyam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:People from Adilabad]]

Sandeep Sharma (politician)

2026-04-24T19:32:36Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Creating a biography - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sandeep Sharma
| image =
| office1 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2014
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = [[Kota South Assembly constituency|Kota South]]
| predecessor1 = [[Om Birla]]
| successor1 =
}}

'''Sandeep Sharma''' (born 1968)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sandeep Sharma(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KOTA SOUTH(KOTA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Rajasthan2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=484 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Rajasthan]]. He is a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kota South Assembly constituency|Kota South]] constituency in [[Kota district]]. He won the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Kota South Election Result 2023 Live, Kota South Elections Vote Counting, Rajasthan Results 2023 {{!}} ABP News |url=https://news.abplive.com/electionselections/rajasthan-assembly-election-2023/rajasthan-kota-south-constituency-190.html |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kota South Assembly Election Results 2023: Kota South Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/rajasthan/kota-south-assembly-result-20190 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Live: Kota South Election Results 2023 {{!}} Rajasthan Election Results {{!}} Elections 2023 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023/kota-south |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sharma is from [[Kota, Rajasthan]]. He is the son of Vijay Shanker Sharma. He completed in 1989 his BA at a college affiliated with [[Kakatiya University]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Sharma won from Kota South Assembly constituency representing Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election. He polled 95,393 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Rakhi Gautam of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 11,962 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kota South Assembly Rajasthan Election 2023 Results Live: Rajasthan constituency Results, Winner list and vote share {{!}} Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election/Kota%20South-190 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216070104/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election/Kota%20South-190 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the 2014 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly by election held in September 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sandeep Sharma(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KOTA SOUTH : BYE ELECTION 13-09-2014(KOTA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/rajasthan2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=2254 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He retained the seat in the [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] and won for a third time winning the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023 Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kota South Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Sandeep Sharma Of BJP Wins - News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/kota-south-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8686982.html |access-date=2025-01-14 |work=News18 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Sandeep}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Kota district]]

Depot Station metro station (Noida)

2026-04-24T05:49:53Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: creating post

{{Short description|Metro station in Greater Noida, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Noida Metro Logo.png|60px]] Depot Station
| type = [[Noida-Greater Noida Metro]] station
| style = Noida Metro
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Sector 34, [[Greater Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], 201310, India.
| coordinates = {{coord|28.488962|77.543994|display=inline}}
| line = {{rcb|Noida Metro|Aqua|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Noida Sector 51 metro station|Noida Sector 51]] '''''(Operational during peak hours)''''' Platform-2 → [[Noida Sector 51 metro station|Noida Sector 51]] Platform-3 → Train Terminates Here
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{start date and age|2019|1|25|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible =
| code =
| owned = [[Noida Metro Rail Corporation]] (NMRC)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Noida Metro|line=Aqua |left=GNIDA Office |right= }}
| map_locator =
| website = http://nmrcnoida.com
| route_map = {{Noida Greater Noida Metro Aqua Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Depot Station''' is the elevated southern terminal metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Aqua Line (Noida Metro)|Aqua Line]] of [[Noida Metro]] in the city of [[Greater Noida]], Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nmrcnoida.com/introduction-metro-rail.htm|publisher=Noida Metro|title=Noida Metro Project|access-date=20 August 2017|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401093740/http://www.nmrcnoida.com/introduction-metro-rail.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greaternoida.com/metro|publisher=Greater Noida|title=Noida Metro Rail}}</ref> It was opened on 25 January 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/metros-aqua-line-linking-noida-and-gr-noida-opens-for-public/articleshow/67687205.cms|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|title=Metro's Aqua line linking Noida and Gr Noida opens for public|date=2019-01-25}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Depot Station track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Noida Metro|Aqua}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map1 = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Noida Metro|GNIDA Office}}
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P3'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to Train Terminates Here
vCONTgfe
| map2 =
HSTg\HSTg
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Noida Metro|GNIDA Office}}
*'''P1'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P2'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Noida Metro|GNIDA Office}}
HSTg\HSTg
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with three tracks <nowiki>|</nowiki> One Side & Island platform</div>
}}}}
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
| width="50" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''
| width="100" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Street Level
| width="390" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/ Entrance
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L1'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Mezzanine
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
| rowspan="5" style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:left;" |'''L2'''
| colspan="2" style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |'''Platform 3''' '''Southbound'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |Towards → Train Terminates Here
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Northbound'''
| width="500" |Towards ← {{stl|Noida Metro|Noida Sector 51}} '''Next Station:''' [[GNIDA Office metro station|GNIDA Office]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Island platform]] | '''P2''' Doors will open on the left | '''P1''' Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Northbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards ← {{stl|Noida Metro|Noida Sector 51}} next station is [[GNIDA Office metro station|GNIDA Office]]'''''(No service / Operational during peak hours)'''''
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |'''L2'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.nmrcnoida.com}}

{{Noida Metro}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2019]]
[[Category:Noida Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Gautam Buddha Nagar district]]
[[Category:Transport in Noida]]

{{UttarPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Saila Kumar Mukherjee

2026-04-23T06:02:44Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Creating a biography - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Saila Kumar Mukherjee
| office = [[List of speakers of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Speaker]] of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 20 June 1952
| term_end = 20 March 1957
| office1 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1951
| term_end1 = 1958
| term_end2 = 1972
| term_start2 = 1962
| constituency1 = Howrah East Assembly constituency
| constituency2 = [[Howrah Uttar Assembly constituency]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}

'''Saila Kumar Mukherjee''' sometimes '''Saila Kumar''' '''Mukhopadhyay''' was an Indian politician. He was 2nd Speaker of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from 20 June 1952 to 20 March 1957.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WEST BENGAL LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/statistical/wbengal.html |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HISTORY OF WEST BENGAL LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY FROM 1861 |url=https://advocatetanmoy.com/history-of-west-bengal-legislative-assembly-from-1861/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=Advocatetanmoy Law Library |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bengal Legislative Assembly Speaker list |url=https://www.oneindia.com/west-bengal-speakers-list/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=CHAUDHURI |first=AMIYA KUMAR |date=1993 |title=Control, Politics and Perspective of a State Legislature |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41855642 |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=86–107 |jstor=41855642 |issn=0019-5510}}</ref> He was Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from Howrah East Assembly constituency in 1951 and the [[Howrah Uttar Assembly constituency]] since 1962 and 1967.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.228075 |title=Bengal Legislative Assembly Proceedings (1965) Vol.40, Pt.1 |date=1965}}</ref> He was associated with [[Indian National Congress]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Saila Kumar}}
[[Category:People from Howrah district]]
[[Category:Speakers of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1951–1957]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1967–1969]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1971–1972]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-INC-politician-stub}}

Dil Padosi Hai

2026-04-22T01:03:11Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: creating new post

{{Infobox album
| name = Dil Padosi Hai
| type = Studio
| artist = [[Asha Bhosle]]
| cover = Dil Padosi Hai.jpg
| border =
| released = {{Start date|1987|8|9|df=yes}}
| recorded = 1987
| studio = HMV Studios
| genre = Hindi classical; [[Ghazal]]-influenced art pop
| length =
| label = The Gramophone
| producer = [[R. D. Burman]]
}}
'''''Dil Padosi Hai''''' is a 1987, private Indian music album by [[Asha Bhosle]], in collaoration with the composer and music director [[R. D. Burman]] and lyricist [[Gulzar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Asha and her two key collaborators |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Asha-and-her-two-key-collaborators/article14628600.ece |access-date=21 April 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 September 2016 |language=en-IN}}</ref> The songs of the album were all penned by Gulzar, composed by Burman, and sung by Bhosle, on whose birthday, September 8, 1987, the album was released in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bharatan |first1=Raju |title=Asha Bhosle: A Musical Biography |date=1 August 2016 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-85827-16-7 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Asha_Bhosle/kK00DQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT91 |language=en}}</ref><ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uwTBsElMeuw ''Dil Padosi Hai'', release]</ref>

==Track listing==
The album comprises 14 songs:
#"Bheeni Bheeni Bhor"
#"Koi Diya Jale Kahin"
#"Manjhi Re Manjhi"
#"Juthe Tere Nain"
#"Jaane Do Mujhe"
#"Saawan Sasura Sataye"
#"Aye Zindagi"
#"Umeed Hogi Koi"
#"Sham Se Aankh Mein Nami Si Hai"
#"Haan Mere Gham"
#"Rishte Bante Hain"
#"Raat Chup Chaap"
#"Saaton Baar Bole Bansi"
#"Raat Christmas Ki Thi"

==Release==
''Bombay: The City Magazine'' wrote a positive review of the film: "''Dil Padosi Hai'' fully exploits Bhosale's rich and versatile voice tripping through Gulzar's exquisite lyrics and Burman's gusty music".<ref>{{cite news |title=Dil Padosi Hai |work=Bombay: The City Magazine |volume=9 |issue=1 |date=1987 |pages=121}}</ref> Subhash K. Kha listed the number "Umid Hogi Koi" as one of Bhosle's most underrated, and said the album "featured a feast of masterpieces".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |title=Asha Bhosle’s 10 most underrated masterpieces |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/show-stopper/asha-bhosles-10-most-underrated-masterpieces/ |access-date=21 April 2026 |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |date=12 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' also reviewed the album positively when it released, wiritng that "the overall charm of experimentation and sincerity cannot be missed".<ref>{{cite news |title=Music: Dil Padosi Hai |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.11905/page/n97/mode/2up |access-date=21 April 2026 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=31 January 1988 |pages=6}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindi-language albums]]
[[Category:Albums by Indian artists]]
[[Category:1987 albums]]
[[Category:Gulzar]]

List of schools in Bengaluru

2026-04-16T12:42:17Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Creating Some Info Nd Citations

{{Short description|Schools in Bengaluru}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
This page provides a '''list of schools in [[Bengaluru]]''', India.

==Historical schools in Bengaluru and their year of establishment==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}


* [[United Mission School]] (1832)
* [[St. John's High School, Bengaluru|St John's High School]] (1854)
* [[Goodwill's Girls' School, Bengaluru|Goodwill's Girls School]] (1855)
* [[St Joseph's Boys' High School, Bengaluru|St. Joseph's Boys' High School]] (1858)
* [[Bishop Cotton Boys' School]] (1865)
* [[Bishop Cotton Girls' School]] (1865)
* [[Cathedral High School, Bengaluru|Cathedral High School]] (1866)
* [[Baldwin Boys' High School]] (1880)
* [[Baldwin Girls' High School]] (1880)
* [[St. Joseph's Indian High School]] (1904)
* [[St. Anthony's Boys' School, Cleveland Town|St Anthony's Boys' School]] (1913)
* [[Clarence High School (India)|Clarence High School]] (1914)
* [[National High School, Basavanagudi|National High School]] (1917)
* [[St. Germain High School]] (1944)
* [[Bangalore Military School]] (1946)


{{div col end}}

==Schools in Bengaluru==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|


* [[AECS Magnolia Maaruti Public School]]
* [[Bangalore International School]]
* [[Bangalore School of Speech and Drama]]
* [[Bethany High]]
* [[Canadian International School (Bengaluru)|Canadian International School]]
* [[Candor International School]]
* [[Chrysalis High]]
* [[Charan's Public School, Ulsoor, Bengaluru|Charan's Public School, Ulsoor]]
* [[Cluny Convent High School, Jalahalli]]
* [[Daffodils English School, Sanjaynagar]]
* [[Eastern Fare Music Foundation]]
* [[Ekya Schools|Ekya Schools, Bangalore]]
* [[Greenwood High International School]], Varthur Sarjapur Road
* [[Innisfree House School]]
* [[Inventure Academy]]
* [[Jain Heritage School]]
* [[Jain International Residential School]]
* [[Jyothy Kendriya Vidyalaya]]
* [[Kendriya Vidyalaya Hebbal, Bengaluru|Kendriya Vidyalaya Hebbal]]
* [[Kendriya Vidyalaya No. 1, Jalahalli West, Bengaluru|Kendriya Vidyalaya, Jalahalli]]
* [[Kendriya Vidyalaya, Malleswaram]]
* [[Lake Montfort School, Virgonagar|Lake Montfort School]]
* [[Mallya Aditi International School]]
* [[Mysore Education Society Kishora Kendra School]]
* [[National Public School, Indiranagar]]
* [[National Public School, Rajajinagar]]
* [[National Public School, Koramangala]]
* [[National Public School, Banashankari]]
* [[New Horizon Public School]]
* [[Orchids The International School, Bengaluru]]
* [[Presidency School]]
* [[Sindhi High School, Hebbal]]
* [[Sophia High School]]
* [[Sri Aurobindo Memorial School, Bengaluru|Sri Aurobindo Memorial School]]
* [[SGPTA|Sri Gururaja Parents and Teachers Association]]
* [[Stonehill International School]]
* [[Trio World Academy|TRIO World Academy]], [[Hebbal, Bangalore|Hebbal]]
* [[The Frank Anthony Public School, Bengaluru]]
* [[The International School, Bangalore]]
* [[The Valley School]]
* [[Venkat International Public School]]
* [[Vidyashilp Academy]]


}}

==See also==
* [[:Category:Schools in Bengaluru]]
* [[:Category:International schools in Bengaluru]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Education in Bangalore}}

[[Category:Lists of schools in Karnataka|Bangalore]]
[[Category:Schools in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Bengaluru-related lists|Schools]]

Korha Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:47:23Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Done!

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Korha
|type= SLA
| map_image = 69-Korha constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Kavita Devi (politician)|Kavita Devi]]
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Katihar district|Katihar]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|69]]
|established = 1967
| electors = 298,867
| reservation = SC
|abolished = 
}}
'''Korha''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Katihar district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No 69. Korha Assembly constituency (SC) is composed of the following: [[Kora, Katihar|Korha]] and Falka [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Korha Assembly constituency is part of No 12 [[Purnia (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |title=Korha Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/korha.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Bhola Paswan Shastri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Akhil Bharatiya Loktantrik Congress}}" |
| Lok Tantrik Congress
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Sita Ram Das
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Vishwanath Rishi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |Sita Ram Das
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|Mahesh Paswan
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" |Sunita Devi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|Mahesh Paswan
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Punam Paswan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|rowspan=2 |[[Kavita Devi (politician)|Kavita Devi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Korha<ref name="election2025"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Kavita Devi (politician)|Kavita Devi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:123495}}
|percentage = 51.82
|change = -1.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Punam Paswan]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:101238}}
|percentage = 42.48
|change = +3.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Nirmal Kumar Raj
|votes = {{formatnum:4028}}
|percentage = 1.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3162}}
|percentage = 1.33
|change = -0.59
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22257}}
|percentage = 9.34
|change = -5.41
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:238305}}
|percentage = 79.74
|change = +12.35
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
'''Source:'''<ref name="election2025">{{cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/korha-bihar-assembly-constituency|title=Korha Assembly Constituency Election Result|accessdate=5 Feb 2025}}</ref>
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Korha<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Kavita Devi (politician)|Kavita Devi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:104625}}
|percentage = 53.31
|change = +10.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Punam Paswan]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:75682}}
|percentage = 38.56
|change = -6.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Wakil Das
|votes = {{formatnum:3654}}
|percentage = 1.86
|change = +1.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Lalit Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2151}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3764}}
|percentage = 1.92
|change = -0.3
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:28943}}
|percentage = 14.75
|change = +11.6
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:196260}}
|percentage = 67.39
|change = -2.27
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Korha<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Punam Kumari Alias Punam Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:78409}}
|percentage = 45.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mahesh Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:72983}}
|percentage = 42.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Jay Prakash Rishi
|votes = {{formatnum:3719}}
|percentage = 2.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Lalit Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3199}}
|percentage = 1.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Sunita Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:2097}}
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ravindra Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1621}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3823}}
|percentage = 2.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5426}}
|percentage = 3.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:172222}}
|percentage = 69.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Purnia Division topics}}

{{coord|25|37|N|87|24|E|region:IN-BR|display=inline,title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Katihar district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Bihar]]

Kishanganj, Bihar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:27:57Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Info!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Bihar legislative assembly in India}}
{{for|former constituency with the same name in [[Kosi division]]|Kishanganj, Madhepura Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kishanganj, Bihar Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image = 54-Kishanganj, Bihar constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| mla = [[Qamrul Hoda]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| preceded_by = [[Ijaharul Hussain]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]]
| constituency_no = 54
| established = 1951
| electors = 283,172
| reservation = None
| abolished = 
}}

'''Kishanganj Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Kishanganj district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No 54 Kishanganj Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Kishanganj]] municipality; Motihara Toluka, Singhia Kulamani, Halamala, Taisa [[gram panchayat]]s of Kishnaganj [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]]; and Pothia CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref> In [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], Kishanganj will be one of the 36 seats to have VVPAT enabled electronic voting machines.<ref name="election2043">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/36-seats-in-bihar-to-have-electronic-voting-machines-with-paper-trail-facility-1204308|title=36 Seats in Bihar to Have Electronic Voting Machines With Paper Trail Facility}}</ref><ref name="election2015">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/poll-bound-bihar-to-get-36-evms-with-paper-trail-facility/|title=Poll-bound Bihar to get 36 EVMs with paper trail facility|date=5 August 2015 }}</ref>

Kishanganj Assembly constituency is part of No 10 [[Kishanganj (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
Following is the list of Members of Legislative Assembly from Kishanganj Assembly Constituency.<ref name="election2019">{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/former_mla.html|title=BIHAR VIDHAN SABHA/Former MLA|website=vidhansabha.bih.nic.in|access-date=2019-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/15.pdf|title=15th Bihar Vidhan Sabha Members}}</ref><ref name="election2010">{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/14.pdf|title=14th(2010-2015) Bihar Vidhan Sabha Member List}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/13.pdf|title=13th Bihar Vidhan Sabha Member List}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/12.pdf|title=12th Bihar Vidhan Sabha Members}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/11.pdf|title=11th Bihar Vidhan Sabha Members}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/10.pdf|title=10th Bihar Vidhan Sabha Members}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/9.pdf|title=9th Bihar Vidhan Sabha Members}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/8.pdf|title=8th Bihar Vidhan Sabha Members}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/7.pdf|title=7th Bihar Vidhan Sabha Members}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/6.pdf|title=6th Bihar Vidhan Sabha Members}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/5.pdf|title=5th Bihar Vidhan Sabha Members}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/4.pdf|title=4th Bihar Vidhan Sabha Members}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/3.pdf|title=3rd Bihar Vidhan Sabha Members}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/2.pdf|title=2nd Bihar Vidhan Sabha Members}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/1.pdf|title=1st Bihar Vidhan Sabha Members}}</ref><ref name="election2019-1">{{Cite web|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/bihar/bihar-by-poll-election-result-2019-aimim-candidate-kamrul-hoda-wins-kishanganj-seat-2122086|title=विधानसभा उपचुनाव 2019: ओवैसी की पार्टी AIMIM ने बिहार में पहली बार खोला खाता, किशनगंज सीट पर जमाया कब्जा|website=NDTVIndia|access-date=2019-10-24|archive-date=12 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112163706/https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/bihar/bihar-by-poll-election-result-2019-aimim-candidate-kamrul-hoda-wins-kishanganj-seat-2122086|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |title=Kishanganj Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/kishanganj.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Rawatmal Agrawal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[Kamleshwari Prasad Yadav]]
|-
|1955^
|[[Kamleshwari Prasad Yadav]]
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Abdul Hayat
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[Mohammad Hussain Azad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|Yashoda Devi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Shushila Kapoor
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|rowspan="3" |[[Rafique Alam]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=3 |
|rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|rowspan="3" |Mohammad Mushtaque
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Rafique Alam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Mohammed Taslimuddin]]
|rowspan=3 style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}"|
|rowspan=3| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Akhtarul Iman]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Mohammad Jawed]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=2 |
|rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2019 elections in India#Bihar|2019^]]
|[[Qamrul Hoda]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}" |
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Ijaharul Hussain]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Qamrul Hoda]]
|}
^by-election

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Kishanganj<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Kishanganj">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Kishanganj |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0454.htm |access-date=31 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231113045/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0454.htm |archive-date=31 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Qamrul Hoda]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:89669}}
|percentage = 39.49
|change = +5.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sweety Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:76875}}
|percentage = 33.86
|change = +0.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Shams Aghaz
|votes = {{formatnum:51370}}
|percentage = 22.63
|change = -0.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1498}}
|percentage = 0.66
|change = +0.08
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12794}}
|percentage = 5.63
|change = +4.85
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:227042}}
|percentage = 80.18
|change = +19.34
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Kishanganj<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ijaharul Hussain]]
|votes = {{formatnum:61078}}
|percentage = 34.2
|change = -4.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sweety Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:59697}}
|percentage = 33.42
|change = -0.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = [[Qamrul Hoda]]
|votes = {{formatnum:41904}}
|percentage = 23.46
|change = +13.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Tasir Uddin
|votes = {{formatnum:2069}}
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1037}}
|percentage = 0.58
|change = -0.06
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1381}}
|percentage = 0.78
|change = -4.25
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:178610}}
|percentage = 60.84
|change = -5.76
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
As per the voter list of 2019, there were 286,240 electorates and 271 polling stations in this constituency. Voter turnout was 64.81% in the 2019 Lok Sabha elections.<ref name="By-election results 2019: List of winners in 51 Assembly and Satara, Samastipur">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |date=25 October 2019 |title=By-election results 2019: List of winners in 51 Assembly and Satara, Samastipur |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/by-election-results-2019-list-of-winners-in-51-assembly-and-satara-samastipur-2241916.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109071426/https://zeenews.india.com/india/by-election-results-2019-list-of-winners-in-51-assembly-and-satara-samastipur-2241916.html |archivedate=9 January 2024 |accessdate=9 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=2019 Bihar Legislative Assembly By election; Kishanganj<ref name="election2019"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = [[Qamrul Hoda]]
|votes = 70,469
|percentage = 41.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sweety Singh
|votes = 60,265
|percentage = 35.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sayeeda Banu
|votes = 25,285
|percentage = 14.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Jannat Nasreen Khan
|votes = 6,772
|percentage = 3.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Md Imran
|votes = 5,093
|percentage = 3.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Firoz Alam
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = {{formatnum:2711}}
|percentage = 1.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:2635}}
|percentage = 1.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10204}}
|percentage = 6.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:169969}}
|percentage = 59.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name="election2019-2">[http://results.eci.gov.in/ACBYEOCT2019/ConstituencywiseS031.htm?ac=1 Bye Election to assembly constituency oct-2019]</ref>

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Kishanganj<ref name="election2015"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mohammad Jawed]]
|votes = {{formatnum:66522}}
|percentage = 38.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sweety Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:57913}}
|percentage = 33.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Tasiruddin
|votes = {{formatnum:16440}}
|percentage = 9.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Qamrul Hoda
|votes = {{formatnum:8025}}
|percentage = 4.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Trilok Chandra Jain
|votes = {{formatnum:4915}}
|percentage = 2.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Shyam Nand Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:2038}}
|percentage = 1.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Prahlad Kumar Sarkar
|votes = {{formatnum:1855}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dhyani Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:1639}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = M.K.Rizvi Alias Nanha Mushtaq
|votes = {{formatnum:1547}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1100}}
|percentage = 0.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:8609}}
|percentage = 5.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:171327}}
|percentage = 66.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
In the [[2010 Bihar legislative assembly election|November 2010 state assembly elections]], Dr. [[Mohammad Jawed]] of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] won the Kishanganj seat defeating his nearest rival Sweety Singh of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners up are being mentioned. [[Akhtarul Iman]] of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] defeated Sanjeev Kumar Yadav of BJP in [[Bihar Assembly Election, Oct 2005|October 2005]] and [[Bihar Assembly Election, Feb 2005|February 2005]]. [[Taslimuddin]] of RJD defeated Rajeswar Baid of BJP in 2000. [[Rafique Alam]] of Congress defeated Md. Mustaque Munna of [[Janata Dal|JD]] in 1995. Md. Mustaque Munna of JD defeated Khalilur Rahman of Congress in 1990. Md. Mustaque Munna of [[Lok Dal|LD]] defeated Md. Usman of Congress in 1985. Md. Mustaque Munna of Janata Party (Secular – Chanara Singh) defeated [[Rafique Alam]] of Congress in 1980. [[Rafique Alam]] of Congress defeated Badri Narayan Mandal of [[Janata Party|JP]] in 1977.<ref name="election2011">{{cite web
| url = http://www.travelindia-guide.com/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-results/kishanganj.php
| title = Kishanganj election results
| publisher = Travel India Guide
| access-date = 2011-01-15
| archive-date = 25 October 2019
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191025124049/http://www.travelindia-guide.com/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-results/kishanganj.php
| url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref name="election2010-1">{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0454.htm |title = Bihar - Kishanganj |work = Bihar Assembly Elections Nov 2010 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-01-10 |archive-date = 3 March 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223504/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0454.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="election1977">{{cite web |url = http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp135.htm |title = 135 - Kishanganj Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-01-15 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120330235839/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp135.htm |archive-date = 2012-03-30 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Purnia Division topics}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Kishanganj district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Hudson Memorial Church, Bengaluru

2026-04-09T07:49:16Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Stub!

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox church
| name = Hudson Memorial Church
| fullname = Josiah Hudson Memorial Church, Bangalore
| image = Hudson Memorial Church.jpg
| imagesize = 300px
| imagealt =
| landscape =
| caption = Entrance of Hudson Memorial Church
| pushpin map =
| pushpin label position = t
| pushpin map alt =
| pushpin mapsize =
| map caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9674008|77.5879109|region:IND|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| osgraw = 
| osgridref = 
| location = [[Bangalore]]
| country = [[India]]
| denomination = [[Church of South India]]
| tradition = [[Wesleyanism|Wesleyan]]
| membership =
| website =
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The '''Hudson Memorial Church''' is located in the [[Bengaluru Pete|Bangalore Pete]], Hudson Circle, surrounded by the Office of the [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|Bangalore Corporation]], Ulsoor Gate Police Station, [[Cubbon Park]] and [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium|Kanteerava Stadium]]. The church was established in 1904, and is a Kannada [[Church of South India|CSI]] church of the [[Diocese of Central Karnataka of the Church of South India|Bangalore Diocese]]. The church has around 4000 registered members and is named after Rev. Josiah Hudson, a missionary, [[Canarese]] scholar and educationist who started many Canarese schools in the Bangalore Petah region. The church was earlier known as the Wesleyan Mission Canarese Chapel, and was located in Ganikara Street, Nagarathpet, and moved the current location at Hudson Circle and renamed as Hudson Memorial Church in 1904.<ref name=AboutHMC>{{cite web|title=About HMC|url=http://www.hudsonmemorialchurch.com/about-hmc.html|website=Hudson Memorial Church|accessdate=12 November 2015|date=2014}}</ref> The church attracts people of all faiths, who visit the church to seek blessing, especially in Thursdays and Sundays.<ref name=MyBangalore />

==History==
The earliest record of Kannada missionaries preaching in the [[Bengaluru Pete|Bangalore Petah]] area is in 1822. These missionaries were from the Wesleyan Mission and London Missionary Society. They started schools around the petah in 1825. The church has its origin at the Wesleyan Mission School with a chapel in its premises, which existed between 1840 and 1849. The Wesleyan pastors who were active at this time were John Garret (who translated the [[Bhagavad Gita]] into [[Kannada|Canarese]]), Edward Hardy, John Gastec, Philip Webber and [[Daniel Sanderson]] (who along with [[William Reeve (missionary)|Rev. Reeve]] of the [[London Missionary Society|LMS]], compiled the first English Canarese dictionary). During this time Kannada church services were help at the Wesleyan Mission School and the chapel. Records of baptisms in this period exists at the Hudson Memorial Church. In 1857, the first native Kannada preachers joined the Wesleyan Mission, with the first pastor being Andrew Philip.

[[File:Bangalore, South India, 1898 - Copy.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Bangalore, South India, 1898, Rough Map by Rev. T E Slater of [[London Missionary Society|LMS]] showing the location of the Wesleyan Canarese Chapel<ref name=Slater>{{cite journal|last1=Slater|first1=T E|title=Our Missionary Districts: Bangalore|journal=The Chronicle of the London Missionary Society|date=September 1898|issue=81|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chronicleoflond1898lond_7/page/214 214]–216|url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleoflond1898lond_7|accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref>]]
The church's predecessor was the Wesleyan Mission Canarese Chapel (not to be confused with the [[London Missionary Society]] Canarese Chapel, now [[Rice Memorial Church]] on [[Avenue Road, Bangalore|Avenue Road]]), which was established in 1859 at Gaanigarapet (now Nagarethpet). Prior to that the site was used as a Wayside Chapel from 1856 to 1859. The chapel was built in a narrow street of Gaanigarapet or Main Street, which is the present Nagarethpet. The chapel was surrounded by Gangamma Halli, Ballapuradapete, Potter's Street and Chakkaliyarugala Halli. Known by the natives as Gudi Hatti or Peta Chapel, the church faced much opposition from the locals, and often church services had to be conducted with police protection. The chapel was used for nearly 45 years. The pastors who served the Peta Chapel were Robert William Faradize, Abijah Samuel, Josiah Hudson, J A Vanes and T Luke. Of these Josiah Hudson was a prominent Wesleyan pastor, who has local pastors Samuel Abijah and T Luke serving under him.<ref name=WordPress>{{cite web|title=History|url=https://hudsonmemorialchurch.wordpress.com/about-us-3/history/|website=Hudson Memorial Church, Bangalore|accessdate=13 November 2015|date=5 October 2011}}</ref>

By 1904, the small chapel could not accommodate its 250 members and hence a need rose to build a new bigger church. In 1900, Rev J A Vanes, a [[Wesleyan]] missionary of the purchased the present church land, and a new stone church building was constructed and named after Rev. Josiah Hudson, a Wesleyan missionary and pastor of the Canarse chapel, who helped start many schools in the Bangalore Pete area (not to be confused with [[Thomas Hodson]], another Wesleyan Missionary who helped establish the first Wesleyan Canarese Chapel in 1856).<ref name=Hindu2013>{{cite news|title=Hudson Memorial Church is now 109|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/hudson-memorial-church-is-now-109/article5157317.ece|accessdate=12 November 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=The Hindu|date=23 September 2013}}</ref><ref name=StayPleasure>{{cite web|title=Hudson Memorial Church – A Church That Lived Through Ages And Time|url=http://www.staypleasure.com/blog/hudson-memorial-church-a-church-that-lived-through-ages-and-time/|website=Stay Pleasure|accessdate=12 November 2015|date=6 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=Offering1857 />

==Wesleyan Canarese Mission==
[[File:A Bazar, or Shop, in One of the Principal Streets of Bangalore (p.97, 1856) - Copy.jpg|thumb|right|280px|A Bazar, or Shop, in One of the Principal Streets of Bangalore (p.97, 1856)<ref name=Offering1856 />]]
According to [[William Arthur (minister)|William Arthur]] (an Irishman, after whom the [[William Arthur Memorial Church, Gubbi|William Arthur Memorial]] [http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xIn7fk6E6RE/UI5BUmvFQoI/AAAAAAAADLs/It8pDKDZmw4/s1600/church+gub.JPG Church] at [[Gubbi|Goobie]] is named after), the Wesleyan Canarese Mission was located in the [[Bengaluru Pete|Bangalore Petah]], at about 3 miles from the Wesleyan Tamil Mission house. The land for the Wesleyan Canarese Mission was obtained by [[Thomas Hodson]], and was located just outside one of the town gates. Initially, it was a school with a school room which served as the residence of the school master. The school provided English education and considerable number of students were enrolled. Thereafter Mr. Webber was sent to this mission. In 1840, Garrett and Jenkins were appointed as Wesleyan Canarese missionaries, with an authority to build a printing press and a mission-house. Thus was established the Wesleyan Mission Press, with the funding coming from English gentry. The missionaries started to preach in the streets of the petah in the early hours of the day. The sermon was simple Christian concepts such as unity of God, atonement of Christ, etc.<ref name=Arthur>{{cite book|last1=Arthur|first1=William|title=A Mission To The Mysore With Scenes And Facts Illustrative Of India, Its People And Its Religion|date=1850|publisher=Partridge and Oakey|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/missiontomysorw00arth/page/163 163]–164|url=https://archive.org/details/missiontomysorw00arth|accessdate=24 November 2015}}</ref>

==Wesleyan Wayside Canarese Chapel, 1856==
[[Thomas Hodson]] in 1856, describes Bangalore as consisting of two parts - the [[Bangalore Cantonment|Cantonment]] where the soldiers lived and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] was primarily spoken, and the Old Town ([[Bengaluru Pete|Petah]]) where [[Canarese]] was the main language. In both parts a total of 130,000 Indians lived.<ref name=Offering1857 /> Further he describes the shops of the Bangalore petah, with mud being used for the walls and the floor, wooden pillars and clay used for flat roofs. There were no windows or any protection from the dust, with a mat from the rooftop for shade. At night, the shops were secured by wooden shutters. The shop-keeper sat on the floor of the shop, or on one of the lower shelves. The traders were cloth merchants, grocers, gold smiths, etc. The shops sold sugarcane, coconut, bananas, rice, sweets which were hung on a string and various grains which were kept in baskets with were smeared with cow-dung. Water carriers carrying water was a common site. There were thousands of monkeys which created mischief, but were unharmed by the natives due to their religious beliefs.<ref name=Offering1856>{{cite journal|last1=Hodson|first1=Richard G|title=A Bazar, or Shop, in One of the Principal Streets of Bangalore|journal=Wesleyan Juvenile Offering|date=September 1856|volume=XIII|url=https://archive.org/details/wesleyanjuvenil18socigoog|accessdate=10 November 2015|publisher=Wesleyan Mission House|location=London}}</ref>

[[File:Bangalore, East Indies - Wesleyan Wayside Preaching-Place (Thomas Hodson, p.72, July 1857) - Copy.jpg|thumb|280px|Wesleyan Wayside Canarese Chapel at the Bangalore Petah (1856)<ref name=Offering1857 />]]
Further, according to [[Thomas Hodson]], the [[Bangalore Cantonment|Cantonment]] had a Wesleyan Chapel for Tamil and English services (the current Wesley Tamil Church, Haines Road, [[Fraser Town, Bangalore|Fraser Town]], and [[East Parade Church]], [[M G Road, Bangalore|M G Road]]). The old town was surrounded by a wall ([[Bangalore Fort]]), with a moat which was dry and full of trees and thorny shrubs. The Wesleyan Canarese missionaries just lived outside the walls, near the town gates. Here they had a printing press where tracks, scriptures were prepared in Canarese. The premises also had a native school for boys and young men. A room in the end of the school was set aside for Christian worship. The Wesleyan missionaries wanted to build a chapel, but had difficulty finding a suitable plot for the building. Hence, they preached on the streets on the street corners. They finally managed to buy an old dwelling by public auction in 1856, which had its front walls knocked off and some alterations made. This served as a wayside preaching chapel. It had 2 rooms, where 80 children were taught to read and write Canarese. So the chapel also served as a school. Thrice a week, missionaries preached from this wayside chapel, which attracted a crowd of 80-100 people who stood on the street to listen, while the children stayed inside the building, behind the preacher.<ref name=Offering1857>{{cite journal|last1=Hodson|first1=Thomas|title=Bangalore: Wesleyan Wayside Preaching-Place|journal=Wesleyan Juvenile Offering|date=July 1857|volume=XIV|pages=[https://archive.org/details/wesleyanjuvenil12socigoog/page/n92 72]–74|url=https://archive.org/details/wesleyanjuvenil12socigoog|accessdate=11 November 2015|publisher=Wesleyan Mission-House|location=London}}</ref> The sketch of the Wesleyan Wayside Canarese Chapel appeared in the July 1857 issue of the 'Wesleyan Juvenile Offering' magazine.

==Canarese Wesleyan Chapel, 1859==
[[File:Village Chapel and School Near Bangalore (March 1859, XVL, p.24, Sarah Sanderson, 24 November 1858) - Copy.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Wesleyan Village Chapel and School Near Bangalore by [[Thomas Hodson]] (1859)<ref name=Offering1859>{{cite journal|last1=Sanderson|first1=Sarah|title=Wesleyan Village Chapel and School Near Bangalore - 24 November 1858|journal=Wesleyan Juvenile Offering|date=March 1859|volume=XVL|page=[https://archive.org/details/wesleyanjuvenil07socigoog/page/n36 24]|url=https://archive.org/details/wesleyanjuvenil07socigoog|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref>]]
[[File:New Canarese Wesleyan Chapel, Bangalore (January 1860, p.2, XVII) - Copy.jpg|right|thumb|280px|New Canarese Wesleyan Chapel, Bangalore (January 1860, p.2, XVII) - Copy.jpg<ref name=Offering1860 />]]
Writing on 24 November 1858, Sarah Sanderson (wife of Rev. [[Daniel Sanderson]]), describes the Wesleyan Mission School and Chapel in a Pariah village near the [[Bengaluru Pete|Bangalore Petah]]. The article also carried a sketch of the same, by [[Thomas Hodson]]. The Mission School and Chapel was raised by contributions from women of [[Hammersmith]] and [[Brentford]], sent through Ms. E Farmer, contributions totaling to £12 or BINR 150. This school had some 30 children, 22 boys and 8 girls. They were taught by John a native catechist. Divine services were held on Sundays in [[Canarese]] at 7:30AM. The congregation consisted of 8-10 men and 25-30 children, and many others listening from outside the door. However, most seemed to attend out of curiosity of seeing the European ladies and men. The church services commenced by ringing the bell. Further, she describes the social scorn and humiliation suffered by the Pariah community and how the church was helping them to gain confidence and dignity by providing education.<ref name=Offering1859 />

Further, Sarah Sanderson, writing on 24 September 1859, describes the pettah as the native town of Bangalore with a population of about 60,000. The petah now had 2 Christian churches, one was the [[London Missionary Society|London Mission]] Canarese Chapel (now [[Rice Memorial Church]] on [[Avenue Road, Bangalore|Avenue Road]]) and the other was the Canarese Wesleyan Chapel opened a few months before September 1859. To the left of the Wesleyan Chapel was a low building, which had been altered and white-washed to serve as a school. The cost of building the chapel and vestries behind and the altering the building to the left all cost £460. Except for £11.10s which was donated by sponsors from [[Leeds]], the rest of the funds came out of profits of the printing press. The chapel did not have pews or a gallery. The floor was covered with bamboo matting, and there were rows of benches with seats of fancy cane-work (or rattan). 8 oil lamps using coconut oil were suspended from the ceiling to be used to lighting in the evenings. The windows which were generally kept open had iron bars to keep out the monkeys. Further, she says that her children liked walking the busy streets of the pettah to reach the chapel along with their father.

Sarah describes some events such as a postman walking up to the pulpit to deliver a letter to the preacher in the middle of his sermon on a Sunday. Another, when the Muslim mourning of '[[Mourning of Muharram|Moharrum]]' was being observed when she attended church one evening. The people used to walk in and out of the chapel as they pleased. All so different from the quiet atmosphere of any Wesleyan Chapel in England.<ref name=Offering1860>{{cite journal|last1=Sanderson|first1=Sarah|title=Letter from Mrs. Sanderson: Bangalore, 24 September 1859|journal=Wesleyan Juvenile Offering|date=January 1860|volume=XVI|pages=[https://archive.org/details/wesleyanjuvenil02socigoog/page/n45 2]–5|url=https://archive.org/details/wesleyanjuvenil02socigoog|accessdate=10 November 2015|publisher=Wesleyan Mission House|location=London}}</ref>

==Hudson Memorial, 1904==
[[File:The Memorial Obelsisk, raised in memory of the British and Indian troops who fell at the siege of Bangalore in 1791.jpg|thumb|280px|Hudson Memorial seen behind the Memorial Obelisk raised for the Men who fell in the [[Siege of Bangalore]], 1791. (The memorial was vandalised on 28 October 1964)]]
The congregation of the Canarese Wesleyan Chapel soon grew to 250, and the present building was congested. Hence a need rose to look for a large plot of land to build a bigger church. At the time, a certain Dr. Aayachamma who was related to Dr. Arokyam Pillay, sold the land of present church to Rev J A Vanes on 19 January 1900, for INR 2000. The church was consecrated on 23 September 1904, Friday 4PM, in memory of the Josiah Hudson by his daughter Mrs. Thorp from Mysore. The first service was conducted by Hudson's son-in-law W H Throp. The first sermon was delivered by Rev E P Rice of the [[London Missionary Society]], under the header 'Put off thy shoes form thy feet for the place where thou standest is a holy ground'. The consecration service was attended by around 600 people, and offering of INR 400 was collected. A public meeting was presided by D A Rees of the Wesleyan Mission. G W Sawday and T Luke addressed the gathering in Canarese and H Guildford in English. The events were closed with a prayer in Tamil by [[Fred Goodwill]].

The cost of building the church was INR 25000, raised by contributions. The Century Fund Movement contributed INR 5276, Christians from the province INR 528, missionaries and friends INR 4429, The Maharani of Mysore contributed INR300 and the [[Dewan of Mysore]] INR200.<ref name=WordPress />

==Architecture==
The church is stone building in the Gothic architecture with no intervening pillars. The building could now hold 500 people. The architect of the building was J H Stephen, who also donated the circular glass over the door. The communion table, pulpit, reading desk chairs were carved from teak at the Industrial School at [[Karur]]. The marble floor of the [[chancel]] was donated in the memory of Mrs. Vanes. An anonymous donor contributed towards the church bell. The pipe organ was donated by Mr. Darling. The Bible and hymn books were donated by Mr. and Mrs. Throp. At that time, the land was surrounded by fields, gardens and ponds, and the Gothic structure in midst of these was an imposing view.<ref name=WordPress /> The church has 9 faces and opening. The altar can be seen from anywhere inside the church. The podium is raised above the road level using a ramp and steps. A mural of 9.7m x 14.5 depicts the nativity scene in [[Jerusalem]].<ref name=MyBangalore>{{cite news|title=Hudson Memorial Church celebrated its 106th anniversary on Sunday|url=http://www.mybangalore.com/article/0910/hudson-memorial-church-celebrated-its-106th-anniversary-on-sunday.html|accessdate=12 November 2015|publisher=My Bangalore|date=27 September 2010|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025512/http://www.mybangalore.com/article/0910/hudson-memorial-church-celebrated-its-106th-anniversary-on-sunday.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Restoration==
The church underwent extensive restoration at around the year 2000. The restoration work was conducted under the Chairmanship of then Presbyter in charge Late. Rev. P. K. Simon John & also is recorded by Late Ronnie Johnson, as appeared on his blog, in form of many photos taken during the restoration.<ref name=Ronnie>{{cite web|last1=Johnson|first1=Ronnie|title=The Hudson Memorial Church, Bangalore Restoration Photo-documentation|url=http://www.oocities.org/andrewjohn_2000/hudson_ren.htm|website=Bangalore Walla|accessdate=12 November 2015}}</ref>

==110 Years Celebrations==
The Hudson Memorial Church, Bangalore, celebrated its 110 years on 23 September 2013. The [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]] [[Siddaramaiah]] and the Home Mister [[K. J. George|K J George]] were supposed to be attendance, however could not make it. On this occasion, several people travelled from far to be a part of this ceremony.<ref name=Hindu2013 /> M S Ramanujan, the Chief Post Master General, Karnataka Circle, released a stamp to commemorate the 110 years of the church. Events such as [[Ikebana]], painting and choreography were held. Meritorious students from the church were given scholarships and awards.<ref name=StayPleasure />

==Controversies==
In 2012, the [[Deccan Herald]] reported that a police complaint had been filed in the Ulsoor Gate Police Station, against the secretary, pastorate committee members and management committee members of the Hudson Memorial Church, alleging breach of trust leading to financial losses for the church.<ref name=Deccan2011>{{cite news|title=Fraud in church affairs alleged|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/171669/content/212867/F|accessdate=12 November 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=25 June 2011}}</ref> In 2010, a cheating case was registered in the same police station against a church member for alleged cheating.<ref name=Deccan2010>{{cite news|title=Cheating case against ex-principal of Bishop Cotton|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/106541/cheating-case-against-ex-principal.html|accessdate=12 November 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=21 October 2010}}</ref>

==List of presbyters (from 1904)==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Rev D A Rees 1904
* Rev H Premaka 1904 – 1905
* Rev W E Tomlinson 1905 – 1906
* Rev Brockbank 1906 – 1907
* Rev Andrew Philip 1907 – 1910
* Rev John Mark 1911 – 1912
* Rev D Sathyaveeriah 1912 – 1914
* Rev E S. Edward 1915 – 1916
* Rev B A. Amrit 1917 – 1921
* Rev G Wesley 1922 – 1923
* Rev D Bankapur 1923 – 1925
* Rev B A. Amrit 1926 – 1930
* Rev D Guruputra 1931 – 1933
* Rev Thomappa 1934 – 1936
* Rev J Bhaktishiromani 1937 – 1944
* Rev P Gurushantha 1945 – 1947
* Rev Victor Karl 1947 – 1949
* Rev V Benjamin B D 1950 – 1953
* Rev M Ananda Murthy 1954 – 1956
* Rev G Yesuvanuja 1956 – 1963
* Rev G Somasundara 1963 – 1974
* Rev Benjamin Dorai Raj 1974 – 1981
* Rev S A Salins 1981 – 1982
* Rev G Somasundara 1982 – 1983
* Rev D Sundara Raj 1983 – 1986
* Rev Chandrasekar Soans 1986 – 1989
* Rev Karunakara 1989 – 1990
* Rev Olvin Prabhakar 1990 – 1992
* Rev A P Ranjan 1992 – 1993
* Rev Edwin Vinod Kumar 1993 – 1996
* Rev P K Simon John 1996 – 2001
* Rev M M George 2001 – 2006
* Rev Olvin Prabhakar 2006 – 2011
* Rev V P Ashwal 2011 – 2013
* Rev William Jones 2013 - 2015
* Rev. Solomon Thomas 2015- <ref name=Presbyters>{{cite web|title=Presbyters in the Past|url=http://www.hudsonmemorialchurch.com/presbyters.html|website=Hudson Memorial Church|accessdate=12 November 2015|date=2011}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==Wesleyan Mission Press==
The Wesleyan Mission Press, located in the [[Bengaluru Pete|Bangalore Petah]] is credited with printing and publishing some of the earliest printed material in [[Canarese]]. Some of these works were
* ''A Dictionary, Canarese and English'', by Rev. [[William Reeve (missionary)|W Reeve]], revised and enlarged by [[Daniel Sanderson]], 1858<ref name="WesleyanMissionPress1858">{{cite book|last1=Reeve|first1=William|editor1-last=Sanderson|editor1-first=Daniel|title=A Dictionary, Canarese and english|date=1858|publisher=Wesleyan Mission Press|location=Bangalore|url=https://archive.org/details/adictionarycana00sandgoog|accessdate=18 January 2017}}</ref>
* ''A Grammatical Volcabulary in English and Canarese'', by M Ramasamy, 1858
* ''An Elementary Grammar of the Kannada or Canarese Language'', by [[Thomas Hodson]], 1864
* ''Dialogues in Canarese'', by Munshi Shrinivasiah, English Translation by Richard G Hodson, Revised by Rev. [[Daniel Sanderson]], 1865
* ''English and Canarese Vocabulary of Familiar Words with Easy Sentences'', 1864
* ''Katha Sangraha (Canarese Selections)'', by Daniel Sanderson, 1865
* ''The Seventy Stories in Canarese'', 1860 (A series of progressive lessons in Canarese)<ref name=Asiatic1870>{{cite journal|title=Text book for the Indian Civil Services|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland|date=1870|volume=4|page=75|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YPkAAAAAYAAJ&q=richard+g+hodson+bangalore&pg=RA1-PA75|accessdate=20 November 2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society|location=London}}</ref>

==Sketches==
A photo of the Hudson Memorial Church, from the [[Fred Goodwill]] collection, dated early 20th century, cannot be displayed here due to licensing issues. Can be viewed at the below link
*[http://www.sharehistory.org/janes/uploads/82-church-3 Image 1]: Hudson Memorial Church, Bangalore<ref name=Goodwill>{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Jane|title=Hudon Memorial Church, Bangalore|url=http://www.sharehistory.org/janes/uploads/82-church-3|website=Share History|accessdate=15 December 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Rice Memorial Church]]
*[[Thomas Hodson]]
*[[United Mission School]]

==References==

{{reflist}}
{{Commons category|Hudson Memorial Church, Bengaluru}}

[[Category:Wesleyan Canarese Mission]]
[[Category:Church of South India church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Churches in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Christian missions in India]]

Kamlesh Kumari Yadav

2026-04-05T14:28:44Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Stub!

{{Short description|Ashoka Chakra recipient}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox police officer
| name = Kamlesh Kumari Yadav
[[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|AC]]
| branch = Bravo Company
| country = {{flag|India}}
| department = [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]]
| service_years = 1994–2001
| awards = [[File:Ashoka Chakra ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]]
| image =
| status = Deceased
}}

'''Kamlesh Kumari ''' was an Indian constable who served with the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF) and a recipient of the [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]], the highest possible award conferred during peacetime by the Republic of India. Kamlesh Kumari died on 13 December 2001 after successfully preventing terrorist gunmen and a terrorist suicide bomber from reaching [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] during the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]].<ref name="mid-day 2009">{{cite news|last=Dutta|first=Anshuman G|title=Armed only with a wireless set, Kumari rushed in to face the terrorists|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2009/aug/110809-Kamlesh-Kumari-CRPF-Constable-2001-Parliament-attacks-Indomitables-Ashok-Chakra-Delhi.htm|accessdate=24 February 2013|newspaper=Mid Day|date=11 August 2009}}</ref>

== Career ==
Constable Kamlesh Kumari joined the CRPF in 1994 and was first posted with the elite 104 [[Rapid Action Force]] (RAF) in [[Allahabad]]. Soon after, she was posted at the 88 Mahila (Women's) Battalion on 12 July 2001. Kumari became part of Bravo Company, the group tasked with securing Parliament when in session.

== 13 December 2001 ==
{{more citations needed section|date=February 2013}}

Kamlesh Kumari was posted at Iron Gate No. 1, next to Building Gate No. 11, of the Parliament House.<ref name="mid-day 2009" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Government website|first=gallantryawards.gov.in|title=Gallantry Awards {{!}} Ministry of Defence, Government of India Kamlesh Kumari Ashok Chakra Awardee 2002|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3800|access-date=2021-11-11|website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref> An [[Hindustan Ambassador|Ambassador]] brand car, bearing the license plate number DL 3C J 1527, drove towards the gate from [[Vijay Chowk]]. She was the first security official to approach the car and, realising something was amiss, ran back to her post to seal the gate. The terrorists, with their cover effectively blown and unable to travel further due to Kumari's foresight, opened fire. Eleven bullets struck Kamlesh in the stomach. The attack occurred at 11:50 in the morning.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

Kamlesh Kumari alertness prevented a suicide bomber among the terrorists from executing their plan; the closing of Gate No. 1 and the alarm raised gave time for other security personnel to take position and neutralize the would-be bomber.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

== Family ==
Kamlesh Kumari Yadav was survived by two daughters, Jyoti Yadav and Shweta Yadav and her husband, Avdhesh Yadav.<ref>https://thebetterindia.com/167534/crpf-hero-ashok-chakra-parliament-attack-kamlesh-kumari/amp</ref><ref>https://www.jagran.com/news/national-constable-kamlesh-kumari-yadav-unsung-heroine-of-2001-indian-parliament-attack-23999709.html</ref><ref>https://www.herzindagi.com/hindi/society-culture/constable-kamlesh-kumari-yadav-story-of-valor-from-the-2001-parliament-attack-article-1037527</ref> Kamlesh's family hails from [[Sikanderpur, Kannauj|Sikanderpur]], [[Kannauj]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Kamlesh and her family had earlier lived in Vikaspuri, [[Delhi]].{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

==Honours==
Constable Kamlesh Kumari was posthumously awarded the nation's highest peacetime Gallantry award, the [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]], by the [[President of India]] on [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] in 2002 in honour of her bravery and courage.<ref name="mid-day 2009"/> Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|A.B. Vajpayee]] also paid tribute to her.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

[[Afzal Guru|Mohammad Afzal]], who was determined to have played a key role as a conspirator in the attack by investigators, was convicted and [[capital punishment in India|sentenced to death]] by the [[Supreme Court of India]]. Afzal's family had "camped" in New Delhi with the hope of conveying a mercy petition to then President [[Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]]. In response, Kamlesh's surviving family publicly declared that they would return the [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashok Chakra]] awarded to her if the President were to accept the petition. As the president neither rejected nor accepted the petition, the families of eight security officials who had been honored for their bravery during the attacks (including Kamlesh's) returned their gallantry medals on 13 December 2006, in protest against the delay in execution of Mohammad Afzal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6175291.stm|title = Families give back bravery medals|date = 13 December 2006}}</ref>

President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] succeeded [[Pratibha Patil]] as President on 25 July 2012. In early 2013, he rejected the petition for clemency. Mohammad Afzal was hanged on 9 February 2013 at [[Tihar Jail]] at approximately 8:00 am IST. On 30 March 2013, the martyrs' families agreed to accept back the gallantry medals which they had returned in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/kin-of-parliament-attack-martyrs-take-bravery-medals-back-157312-2013-03-29|title = Kin of Parliament attack martyrs take bravery medals back}}</ref>
== In popular culture ==
Her character was played by actress Shweta Shrivastav in 2025 Hindi film [[Dhurandhar]].

== See also ==
*[[2001 Indian Parliament attack]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20070310235209/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/12/14/stories/2003121408740300.htm CRPF pays tributes to 13 December heroes]}}

{{Ashoka Chakra award recipients}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumari, Kamlesh}}
[[Category:People from Kannauj district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:Terrorism victims in India]]
[[Category:Indian police officers killed in the line of duty]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian police officers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

Qutb Minar

2026-03-27T11:41:53Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: basic fix intro for consistency and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Short description|Minaret in the Mehrauli area of Delhi, India}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Qutb Minar
| caption = Minar in [[Delhi]], India (2026)
| image = Qutub Minar, 24 March 2026.jpg
| image_size = 230px
| coordinates = {{Coord|28.524355|N|77.185248|E|region:IN-DL_type:landmark_scale:50|display=inline,title}}
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_criteria = 4
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/233 233]
| designation1_free1name = Country
| designation1_free1value = {{IND}}
| designation1_free2name = Continent
| designation1_free2value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Asia|Asia]]
| designation1_date = 1993 (17th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])
| designation1_free3name = Construction
| designation1_free3value = Started in 1199 by [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]] / completed in ~ 1220 by his son-in-law [[Iltutmish]]<ref name="qmd" /><ref name="History And Civics - Page 40">{{cite book |title=History And Civics - Page 40 | publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn = 9788131763193| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K3G49rhXIW8C&q=qutub+minar+height&pg=PA40 }}</ref>
| height = {{convert|72.5|m|ft|0}}
| architecture = [[Islamic Architecture]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
}}
The '''Qutb Minar''', also spelled '''Qutub Minar''' and '''Qutab Minar''', is a [[minaret]] and victory tower, built during the [[Delhi sultanate]], and comprising the [[Qutb complex]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] in [[Mehrauli]], [[South Delhi]], [[India]].<ref name="WHC,UNESCO">{{cite web| title=WHC list| url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/233| publisher=who.unesco.org| year=2009| access-date=27 October 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127002942/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/233| archive-date=27 November 2018| url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Pearson">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JcqySqnQtzwC|title=Longman History & Civics ICSE 7|author=Singh|publisher=Pearson Education India|year=2010|isbn=978-81-317-2887-1|page=42|access-date=27 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528121152/http://books.google.com/books?id=JcqySqnQtzwC|archive-date=28 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> It was mostly built between 1199 and 1220, contains 399 steps, and is one of the most-frequented heritage spots in the city.<ref name="Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque" /><ref name="World Heritage Monuments" /><ref name="WHC,UNESCO" /> After defeating [[Prithviraj Chauhan]], the last Hindu ruler of Delhi before the Ghurid conquest of the region,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/t/019pho0000002s3u00077000.html|title=The Kutub [Qutb] Minar & great arch, Delhi|access-date=23 January 2025|archive-date=29 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829143812/https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/t/019pho0000002s3u00077000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/r/019pho000000052u00015000.html|title=Rao Petarah's Temple, Delhi|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708214913/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/r/019pho000000052u00015000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak|Qutab-ud-din Aibak]] initiated the construction of the victory tower, but only managed to finish the first level. It was to mark the beginning of Islamic rule in the region. Successive dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate continued the construction, and, in 1368, [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] rebuilt the top parts and added a [[cupola]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sajnani |first=Manohar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdMNBxOsvrUC&dq=qutb+ud+din+aibak+feroz+shah+Qutb+minar+construction&pg=PA70 |title=Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India |date=2001 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-017-2 |language=en}}</ref>

It can be compared to the 62-metre all-brick [[Minaret of Jam]] in Afghanistan, of {{circa|1190}}, which was constructed a decade or so before the probable start of the Delhi tower.<ref>Also two huge minarets at [[Ghazni]].</ref> The surfaces of both are elaborately decorated with inscriptions and geometric patterns. The Qutb Minar has a shaft that is [[fluting (architecture)|fluted]] with "superb [[stalactite]] bracketing under the balconies" at the top of each stage.{{sfn|Ettinghausen|Grabar|Jenkins|2003|p=164}}{{sfn|Harle|1994|p=424}}{{sfn|Blair|Bloom|1996|p=149}} In general, minarets were slow to be used in India and are often detached from the main mosque where they exist.{{sfn|Harle|1994|p=429}}

== Architecture ==
The tower includes elements of traditional Islamic architecture and southwestern Asian design. [[Elizabeth Lambourn]]'s ''Islam Beyond Empires: Mosques and Islamic Landscapes in India and the Indian Ocean'' studies the introduction of Islam in [[South Asia]] and how the region influenced the Islamic religious architecture.<ref name=":42">{{cite book |doi=10.1002/9781119069218.ch30 |chapter=Islam beyond Empires |title=A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture |year=2017 |last1=Lambourn |first1=Elizabeth A. |pages=755–776 |isbn=978-1-119-06921-8 }}</ref> These newly arrived Muslims from the [[Muslim world|Islamic West]] escaped the [[Mongol Empire]] and emigrated to India, where they constructed religious centers. The Qutb Minar serves as a central marker to these new [[Muslims|Muslim]] communities as well as being a reminder of Islam's presence in the area.<ref name=":42" /> The architecture of the minaret varies greatly from that of the typical style and design of the mosques constructed in the [[Middle East]]. The style of these structures is influenced by the local architecture such as the Indic temples. This affected the different materials, techniques, and decoration that were used in the construction of the Qutb Minar.<ref name=":42" />

Historically, tower minarets were uncommon in South Asian-Islamic design until the 17th century, due to the slow adoption of the typical Middle Eastern style in India.<ref name=":42" /> It is also detached from the main mosque, showcasing how the native culture affected the design of a Middle Eastern structure.{{sfn|Harle|1994|p=429}} The Qutb Minar is seen as the "earliest and best example of a fusion or synthesis of Hindu-Muslim traditions" according to Ved Parkash in his essay ''The Qutb Minar from Contemporary and Near Contemporary Sources''.<ref name=":42" /> Like many mosques built in South Asia during this time period, the minaret was constructed by Hindu laborers and craftsmen but overseen by Muslim architects.<ref name=":42" /> This led to a construction that synthesized both [[Hindus|Hindu]] and [[Islam]]ic religious architecture. Since some of the craftsmen were Hindu and unfamiliar with the [[Quran]], the inscriptions are a compilation of disarranged Quranic texts and other Arabic expressions.<ref name=":42" />

==History==
The Qutb Minar was built over the ruins of the Lal Kot, the citadel of [[Dhillika]].<ref name="World Heritage Monuments" /> Qutb Minar was begun after the [[Qutb complex#Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque|Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque]]. Drawing references from their Ghurid homeland, [[Qutub-ud-Din Aibak]] and Shamsu’d-Din Iltutmish constructed a minar (minaret) at the south-eastern corner of the Quwwatu’l-Islam between 1199 and 1503.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/233 | title=Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi }}</ref> [[File:Kuttull Minor, Delhi. The Qutb Minar, an aquatint by Thomas Daniell, 1805.jpg|thumb|Kuttull Minor, Delhi. The Qutb Minar, 1805|left]]It is usually thought that the tower is named for [[Qutb al-Din Aibak|Qutb-ud-din Aibak]], who began it. It is also possible that it is named after Khwaja [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki]] a 13th-century [[sufi]] saint, because Shamsuddin Iltutmish was a devotee of his.<ref name="Qutub Minar Height">{{cite web|title=Qutub Minar Height |url=http://www.qutubminardelhi.com/qutub-minar-height |publisher=qutubminardelhi.com |access-date=15 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629080441/http://qutubminardelhi.com/qutub-minar-height/ |archive-date=29 June 2015 }}</ref>

The Minar is surrounded by several historically significant monuments of the Qutb complex. Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, to the north-east of the Minar was built by Qutub-ud-Din Aibak in A.D. 1199. It is the earliest extant - mosque built by the Delhi Sultans. It consists of a rectangular courtyard enclosed by cloisters, erected with the carved columns and architectural members of 27 [[Jain]] and [[Hindu]] temples, which were demolished by Qutub-ud-Din Aibak as recorded in his inscription on the main eastern entrance.<ref name="Rajagopalan2012">{{cite book|last1=Rajagopalan|first1=Mrinalini|title=Reuse Value: Spolia and Appropriation in Art and Architecture from Constantine to Sherrie Levine|date=2012|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=978-1-4094-8684-8|editor1-last=Kinney|editor1-first=Dale|pages=199–221|chapter=A Medieval Monument and Its Modern Myths of Iconoclasm: The Enduring Contestations over the Qutb Complex in Delhi, India|doi=10.4324/9781315606187|editor2-last=Brilliant|editor2-first=Richard|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZflTOVe0wuoC&pg=PA199}}</ref> Later, a lofty arched screen was erected, and the mosque was enlarged by Shams-ud- Din Itutmish (A.D. 1210–35) and Ala-ud-Din Khalji. The Iron Pillar in the courtyard bears an inscription in Sanskrit in [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] script of fourth century A.D., according to which the pillar was set up as a Vishnudhvaja (standard of god Vishnu) on the hill known as Vishnupada in memory of a mighty king named Chandra.<ref name=Rajagopalan2012/>

The mosque complex is one of the earliest that survives in the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque">{{cite web|title=Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque |url=http://qutubminardelhi.com/quwwat-ul-islam-mosque |publisher=qutubminardelhi.com |access-date=15 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725164517/http://qutubminardelhi.com/quwwat-ul-islam-mosque/ |archive-date=25 July 2015 }}</ref><ref name="World Heritage Monuments">{{cite book |author1=Ali Javid |author2=ʻAlī Jāvīd |author3=Tabassum Javeed |title=World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India |pages=14, 105, 107, 130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54XBlIF9LFgC&q=minar |date=1 July 2008 |publisher=Algora |isbn=9780875864846 }}</ref>

The nearby pillared [[cupola]] known as "Smith's Folly" is a remnant of the tower's 19th century restoration, which included an ill-advised attempt to add some more stories.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/r/019pho0000096s1u00006000.html|title=Ruin of Hindu pillars, Kootub temples, Delhi.|last=Wright|first=Colin|website=www.bl.uk|access-date=2019-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630081446/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/r/019pho0000096s1u00006000.html|archive-date=30 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/r/019pho000000052u00015000.html|title=Rao Petarah's Temple, Delhi.|last=Wright|first=Colin|website=www.bl.uk|access-date=2019-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708214913/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/r/019pho000000052u00015000.html|archive-date=8 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1505, [[1505 Lo Mustang earthquake|an earthquake]] damaged the Qutb Minar; it was repaired by [[Sikandar Lodi|Sikander Lodi]]. On 1 September 1803, a [[1803 Garhwal earthquake|major earthquake]] caused serious damage. Major Robert Smith of the British Indian Army renovated the tower in 1828 and installed a pillared cupola over the fifth story, creating a sixth. The cupola was taken down in 1848, under instructions from [[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge|The Viscount Hardinge]], the [[Governor-General of India|Governor General of India]]. at the time. It was reinstalled at the ground level to the east of Qutb Minar, where it remains. This is known as "Smith's [[Folly]]".<ref>[https://rangandatta.wordpress.com/2012/08/15/qutub-minar-and-smiths-folly-an-architectural-disaster "Qutub Minar and Smiths Folly - an architectural disaster."] 👌👍{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007222620/https://rangandatta.wordpress.com/2012/08/15/qutub-minar-and-smiths-folly-an-architectural-disaster/ |date=7 October 2016 }}, [[WordPress]].</ref>

It was added to the list of World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1993.

== The Ghurids ==
[[File:Qutub Minar 07.jpg|thumb|Decorative motifs on upper levels]]
The construction of the Qutb Minar was planned and financed by the Ghurids, who emigrated to India and brought Islam with them. The [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]], historically known as the Shansabanis, were a clan of [[Tajiks|Tajik]] origin that hailed from [[Ghor Province|Ghur]], the mountainous region of modern-day western [[Afghanistan]].<ref name=":02">{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=A. |title=Toward Alternative Receptions of Ghurid Architecture in North India (Late Twelfth-Early Thirtheenth Century CE) |journal=Archives of Asian Art |date=2004 |volume=54 |pages=35–61 |jstor=20111315 |doi=10.1484/aaa.2004.0004 }}</ref> Between the late eleventh century and the early twelfth century, the different sects of this nomadic clan united, relinquishing their nomadic culture. During this time, they also embraced Islam.<ref name=":02" />

They subsequently expanded into modern-day India and quickly took control of a substantial part of the country.<ref name=":02" /> The Ghurids annexed the [[Multan]] and [[Uch]] in the western [[Punjab]] in 1175–76, the northwestern regions around [[Peshawar]] in 1177, and the region of [[Sindh]] in 1185–86. In 1193, Qutb al-Din Aibak conquered Delhi and implemented a Ghurid governorship in the province, and the congregational mosque, the [[Qutb Minar complex]], was founded in 1193.<ref name=":02" /> In the past, scholars believed that the complex was constructed to promote adoption of Islam amongst the Ghurids' new subjects as well as a symbol of the Ghurids' adherence to a socio-religious system.<ref name=":02" /> There is now new information to suggest that spurring the adoption of Islam was not a top priority of the new annexes and instead the Ghurid governors sought to make a synthesis of the local culture and Islam through negotiation.<ref name=":02" />

== Patrons and architects ==
[[Qutb-ud-din Aibak]], a deputy of [[Muhammad of Ghor]], who founded the [[Delhi Sultanate]] after Muhammad of Ghor's death, started construction of the Qutb Minar's first story in 1199. Aibak's successor and son-in-law [[Shamsuddin Iltutmish]] completed a further three stories.<ref name="Qutub Minar Height" /> After a lightning strike in 1369 damaged the then top story, the ruler at the time, [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]], replaced the damaged story and added one more. [[Sher Shah Suri]] also added an entrance while he was ruling and the Mughal emperor [[Humayun]] was in exile.<ref name="qmd">{{cite web|title=Qutub Minar|url=http://www.qutubminardelhi.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622134800/http://qutubminardelhi.com/|archive-date=22 June 2015|access-date=15 June 2015|publisher=qutubminardelhi.com}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:KITLV 377921 - Clifton and Co. - The Qutab Minar in Mehrauli in Delhi - Around 1890.tif|thumb|Qutb Minar in Mehrauli in Delhi. Clifton and Co., circa 1890|left]]
Persian-Arabic and Nagari in different sections of the Qutb Minar reveal the history of its construction and the later restorations and repairs by Firuz Shah Tughlaq (1351–88) and Sikandar Lodi (1489–1517).<ref name="Plaque">[[:File:Plaque at Qutub Minar.jpg|Plaque at Qutb Minar]]</ref>

The height of Qutb Minar is 72.5 meters, making it the tallest minaret in the world built of bricks.<ref name="History And Civics - Page 40" /><ref>{{cite web|title=World's tallest buildings, monuments and other structures|website=[[CBS News]]|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/worlds-tallest-buildings-monuments-and-other-structures/18/}}</ref> The tower tapers, and has a 14.3 metres (47 feet) base diameter, reducing to 2.7 metres (9 feet) at the top of the peak.<ref name="Qutb Minar Height">{{cite web|title=Qutb Minar Height|url=http://www.qutubminardelhi.com/qutub-minar-height|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629080441/http://qutubminardelhi.com/qutub-minar-height/|archive-date=29 June 2015|access-date=15 June 2015|publisher=qutubminardelhi.com}}</ref> It contains a spiral staircase of 379 steps.<ref name="Qutub Minar2">{{Cite web|title=Qutub Minar|url=http://www.qutubminar.org/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116125602/http://www.qutubminar.org/|archive-date=16 January 2018|access-date=24 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="qmd" />

At the foot of the tower is the Quwat Ul Islam [[Mosque]]. The Minar tilts just over 65 cm from the vertical, which is considered to be within safe limits.<ref name="TToI">{{cite news|last=Verma|first=Richi|title=Qutb Minar tilting due to seepage: Experts|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Qutub-Minar-tilting-due-to-seepage-Experts/articleshow/4023978.cms|access-date=30 June 2012|date=24 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031202705/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-24/india/28019525_1_qutub-minar-tilt-qutubuddin-aibak|archive-date=31 October 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|url-status=live}}</ref>

Qutb Minar was an inspiration and prototype for many minarets and towers built. The [[Chand Minar]] and [[Mini Qutub Minar]] bear resemblance to the Qutb Minar and inspired from it.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Copies of the Quṭb Mīnār |journal=Iran |volume=100 |pages=95–186 |jstor=4299851 |last1=Koch |first1=Ebba |year=1991 |doi=10.2307/4299851 }}</ref>

== Levels ==
The stories of the Qutb Minar vary in size, style, and material due to varying architects and builders constructing each section.
[[File:Qutub Minar Inscriptions 2022.jpg|thumb|Inscriptions at the base]]

=== Basement ===
The Qutb Minar consists of five stories of red and grey sandstone. The lowest story, also known as the basement story, was completed during the lifetime of [[Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad]], a sultan of the Ghurid dynasty.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last=Pinder-Wilson|first=Ralph|date=2001|title=Ghaznavid and Ghūrid Minarets|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4300603|journal=Iran|volume=39|pages=155–186|doi=10.2307/4300603|jstor=4300603|issn=0578-6967|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

It is revetted with twelve semicircular and twelve flanged [[pilaster]]s that are placed in alternating order.<ref name=":22" /> This story is separated by flanges and by storied [[Balcony|balconies]], carried on [[Muqarnas]] [[corbel]]s.<ref name="Qutub Minar2"/> The story is placed on top of a low circular plinth that is inscribed with a twelve-pointed star with a semicircle placed with each of the angles between the star's points.<ref name=":22" />

There are also six horizontal bands with inscriptions inscribed in ''[[Naskh (script)|naskh]]'', a style of Islamic calligraphy, on this story. The inscriptions are as follows: Quran, sura II, verses 255–60; Quran, sura LIX, verses 22–23, and attributes of God; The name and titles of Ghiyath al-Din; Quran, sura XLVIII, verses 1–6; The name and titles of Mu’izz al-Din; and Qur’anic quotations and the following titles in this much restored inscription: "The Amir, the most glorious and great commander of the army."<ref name=":22" /> This level also has inscriptions praising Muhammad of Ghor, the sultan of the Ghurids.<ref name="Qutub Minar Height" />

=== Second, third, and fourth stories ===
The second, third, and fourth stories were erected by Sham ud-Din Iltutmish, the first Muslim sovereign to rule from Delhi.<ref name=":32">{{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|1304273557}} |last1=Shafiqullah |first1=Shah Muhammad |title=The Qutb Minar: An Observation on Its Calligraphy |journal=Islamic Quarterly |volume=37 |issue=4 |date=1 January 1993 |pages=281–286 }}</ref> He is considered to be the first of the Delhi Sultan dynastic line.<ref name=":32" /> The second and third stories are also revetted with twelve semicircular and twelve flanged pilasters that are placed in alternating order.<ref name=":22" /> These red sandstone columns are separated by flanges and by storied balconies, carried on Muqarnas corbels.<ref name="Qutub Minar2" /> Prior to its reconstruction and reduction, the fourth story was also decorated with semicircular pilasters.<ref name=":22" /> It was re-constructed in white marble and is relatively plain.<ref name="Qutub Minar2" />

=== Fifth story ===
In 1369, the fourth story was repaired after lightning struck the minaret. During reconstruction, Sultan Firuz Shah Tughlaq elected to reduce the size of the fourth story and then separated it into two stories.<ref name=":32" />

== Controversy ==
[[File:Details of the balcony, Qutub Minar.jpg|thumb|Close-up of balcony]]
On 14 November 2000, Delhi newspapers reported that the Hindu nationalist groups, [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] and [[Bajrang Dal]], planned to conduct a [[Yajna#:~:text=Yajna (Sanskrit: यज्ञ, romanized,Brahmanas, as well as Yajurveda.|''yajna'']], a ritualistic Hindu ceremony related to cleansing or purification, at the Qutb Minar complex where the minaret is located.<ref name=Rajagopalan2012/> [[Delhi Police]] detained 80 "activists" led by Ram Krishan Gaur who congregated near the Qutb Minar and were stopped from performing the ''yajna'' inside the tower. Due to a police barricade, the activists instead performed the ritual on the streets outside the mosque complex.<ref>{{cite news |title=VHP yajna thwarted |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001115/main3.htm |work=The Tribune |location=Chandigarh, India |date=14 November 2000 }}</ref> Since the ''[[spolia]]'' of Jain and Hindu temples were used to construct the minaret, the right-wing Hindu groups claimed that they needed to perform a cleansing at the complex in order to "free" the Hindu icons that were "trapped" in the minaret and the mosque complex.<ref name=Rajagopalan2012/>

On 18 May 2022, a former Regional Director of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], Dharamveer Sharma, claimed that Qutb Minar was built by Raja [[Vikramaditya]] in the fifth century to observe the changing position of the sun, without substantiating his assertion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 18, 2022 |first=Milan |last=Sharma |title=Qutb Minar was built by Raja Vikramaditya to observe the sun: Ex-ASI officer's big claim |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/qutub-minar-raja-vikramaditya-observe-sun-asi-1950972-2022-05-18 |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

On 21 May 2022, the Secretary at the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Govind Mohan, decided to conduct excavation and iconography of idols found at Qutb Minar. The Ministry has asked the ASI to submit an excavation report. Excavation can be started in the south of the minaret at a distance of 15 meters from the mosque.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 22, 2022 |first=Varun |last=Sinha |title=Amid Gyanvapi row, govt now orders ASI to conduct excavation of Qutb Minar complex |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ministry-of-culture-asi-excavation-qutub-minar-complex-1952540-2022-05-22 |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Accidents==
[[File:Qutub minar and a tomb.JPG|thumb|Entrance to Minar]]
On 8 December 1946 [[Tara Devi of Kapurthala|Tara Devi]], a Czech actress and the sixth wife of [[Maharaja]] [[Jagatjit Singh]], fell from the tower to her death with her two [[Pomeranian dog]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sambuy |first1=Livia Manera |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ca5gEAAAQBAJ |title=In Search of Amrit Kaur: An Indian Princess in Wartime Paris |date=2023 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-4735-4629-5 |language=en |chapter=A most Parisian Maharajah}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gaur |first1=Abhilash |url=https://archive.org/details/tara-devi-pdf/mode/2up |title=Nina Grosup-Karatsonyi a.k.a. Rani Tara Devi of Kapurthala |date=2 December 2021}}</ref>

Before 1976, the general public was allowed access to the first floor of the minaret, via the internal staircase. Access to the top ceased after 2000 due to suicides.

On 4 December 1981, the staircase lighting failed. Between 300 and 400 visitors stampeded towards the exit. 45 were killed and some were injured. Most of these were school
children.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/05/world/around-the-world-45-killed-in-stampede-at-monument-in-india.html |title=Around the World; 45 Killed in Stampede at Monument in India |newspaper=The New York Times |date=5 December 1981 |access-date=13 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216212421/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/05/world/around-the-world-45-killed-in-stampede-at-monument-in-india.html |archive-date=16 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since then, the tower has been closed to the public. This incident triggered the imposition of stringent rules regarding entry.<ref>{{cite news |first=Nivedita |last=Khandekar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/31-yrs-after-tragedy-qutub-minar-s-doors-remain-shut/story-MtNgQtIDsYbaIrcmQOZvaM.html |title=31 yrs after tragedy, Qutub Minar's doors remain shut |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=4 December 2012 |access-date=13 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214204245/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/31-yrs-after-tragedy-qutub-minar-s-doors-remain-shut/story-MtNgQtIDsYbaIrcmQOZvaM.html |archive-date=14 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Lighting==

In recent years, the Qutb Minar has been illuminated for special occasions involving international relations. In September 2023, the monument was lit up in the colours of the [[Mexican flag]] to commemorate Mexico's 213th Independence Day, an event that was acknowledged and appreciated by the Embassy of Mexico in India.<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-09-16 |title=Delhi: Qutub Minar illuminated in Mexican flag, pics go viral |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/trending/news/qutub-minar-illuminated-in-mexican-flag-embassy-in-india-ambassador-federico-salas-eam-s-jaishankar-delhi-unesco-world-heritage-site-updates-2023-09-16-893049 |access-date=2023-10-30 |publisher=IndiaTV News}}</ref> Similarly, on October 30, the Qutb Minar was illuminated with the [[Turkish flag]] to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Republic of Turkey, an occasion that received special attention from the Turkish Embassy in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-10-30 |title=Delhi: Qutub Minar illuminated in Turkish flag |url=https://theprint.in/world/delhi-qutub-minar-illuminated-in-turkish-flag/1824152/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |publisher=ThePrint}}</ref>

==In literature==
[[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]]'s poem, ''{{ws|[[s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833/The Cootub Minar, Delhi|The Cootub Minar, Delhi]]}}'' is a reflection on a picture by [[Samuel Prout]] in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833.<ref>{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833|url=https://digital.tcl.sc.edu/digital/collection/annuals/id/9633|section=poetical illustration|page=32|year=1832|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833|url=https://digital.tcl.sc.edu/digital/collection/annuals/id/9634|section=picture|year=1832|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Chakravarti | first=Debnita | title=Parsing the Poetics of Letitia Landon’s “song of grief and love” | journal=PROSPERO | volume=23 | pages=67–87 | year=2018 | publisher=Edizioni Università di Trieste | url=https://www.research.unipd.it/bitstream/11577/3286722/1/ProsperoXXIII_2018.pdf | quote=Landon produced more than sixty poems for ''Fisher’s Drawing-Room Scrapbook'' where she “ventriloquised” India, as it were, through her ekphrastic art. “The Jumma Musjid,” “The Cootub Minar,” “The Caves of Elephanta,” “The Assar Mahal,” all speak of a mighty civilisation in ruins, of an inscrutable past of mystery and mysticism.}}</ref>

In the 1960 comic book ''[[Tintin in Tibet]]'', the main character Tintin and his friend Captain Haddock visit the [[Qutab Minar]], commenting that it is 238 feet high.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soofi |first=Mayank Austen |date=2022-01-13 |title=Delhiwale: When Tintin hung out here |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhiwale-when-tintin-hung-out-here-101642017193124.html |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==In popular culture==

*1963: [[Bollywood]] actor and director [[Dev Anand]] wanted to shoot the song "Dil Ka Bhanwar Kare Pukar" from his film ''[[Tere Ghar Ke Samne]]'' inside the Minar. However, the cameras of that period were too big to fit inside the tower's narrow passage, and therefore the song was shot inside a replica of the Qutb Minar.<ref>{{cite web |author=Mehul S Thakkar, Mumbai Mirror 22 Nov 2011, IST |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-22/news-interviews/30428151_1_qutub-minar-dev-anand-filmmakers |title=30 years later, Qutub ready to face the camera|date=22 November 2011 |access-date=26 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902055502/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-22/news-interviews/30428151_1_qutub-minar-dev-anand-filmmakers |archive-date=2 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*2012: The site served as the pit stop of the second leg of the [[The Amazing Race Australia 2|second series]] of ''[[The Amazing Race Australia]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.holidaytravel.co/destination-dtl/mahrauli-qutub-minar-unesco-world-heritage-complex-tour-guide.htm|title=Mehrauli Qutub Minar UNESCO World Heritage Complex Tour Guide - Destination Overview|website=Holiday Travel|date=12 December 2011|access-date=31 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231180805/https://www.holidaytravel.co/destination-dtl/mahrauli-qutub-minar-unesco-world-heritage-complex-tour-guide.htm|archive-date=31 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2013: A picture of the minaret is featured on the travel cards and tokens issued by the [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]. A recently launched start-up in collaboration with the Archaeological Survey of India has made a 360o walkthrough of Qutb Minar available.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://places.wonobo.com/delhi/Qutub-Minar/1041176/interior |title=Qutub Minar in MEHRAULI, Delhi - 360-degree view on WoNoBo.com |publisher=Places.wonobo.com |access-date=2014-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103141807/http://places.wonobo.com/delhi/qutub-minar/1041176/Interior |archive-date=3 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*2017: The [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]] recently gave seven companies the 'Letters of Intent' for fourteen monuments under its 'Adopt a Heritage Scheme.' Qutb Minar has been chosen to part of that list.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/adopt-a-heritage-scheme-1079564-2017-10-30 |title=Adopt a Heritage Scheme, Qutub Minar, Delhi - to be adopted by Yatra.com |work=India Today|access-date=2017-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230020306/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/adopt-a-heritage-scheme-1079564-2017-10-30 |archive-date=30 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/governance/clean-water-to-free-wifi-what-yatra-com-will-provide-after-adopting-qutub-minar/142707/ |title=Clean water to free WiFi: What Yatra.com will provide after adopting Qutub Minar |publisher=theprint.in |access-date=2018-11-02}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Qutub Minar 932.jpg|Qutb Minar
File:QutbMinar AlaiDarzawa.JPG|Left to Right:[[Qutb Minar complex#Alai Darwaza|Alai Darwaza]], Qutb Minar, Imam Zamin's tomb
File:Plaque at Qutub Minar.jpg|Plaque at Minar
File:2018 Qutub Minar New Delhi.jpg|View through arch
File:Qutb Minar path view.jpg|Qutb Minar path view
File:QutbMinarNewDelhiFromSouth.jpg|Qutb Minar from the south
Lord ganesha idol in qutub minar complex.jpg|[[Ganesha]]'s stone relief
File:Qutub Minar illuminated at night.jpg|Qutb Minar illuminated at night
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Qutb]]
* [[Ghazni Minarets]]
* [[Firoz Minar]]
* [[Fateh Burj]]
* [[List of tallest minarets]]
* [[List of tallest structures built before the 20th century]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book |last1=Blair |first1=Sheila S. |last2=Bloom |first2=Jonathan M. |title=The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800 |date=1996 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-06465-0 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Harle |first1=James C. |title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent |date=1994 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-06217-5 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Ettinghausen |first1=Richard |last2=Grabar |first2=Oleg |last3=Jenkins |first3=Marilyn |title=Islamic Art and Architecture 650-1250: 2nd Edition |date=2003 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-08869-4 }}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}{{Wikisource|Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833/Cootub Minar|'The Cootub Minah, Delhi', a poem by L. E. L.}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150723044609/http://qutubminardelhi.com/ Qutb Minar]
* [https://asi.nic.in/qutb-minar/ Archaeological Survey of India | Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi]
* [https://www.yatra.com/indian-monuments/new-delhi/qutb-complex Qutb Minar Ticket]

{{Qutb Minar complex}}
{{Delhi landmarks}}
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:Minarets in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Delhi]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Delhi]]
[[Category:Architecture of the Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)]]
[[Category:South Delhi district]]

Rajiv Gandhi Kisan Nyay Yojana

2026-03-21T16:51:44Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Starting New Data

{{Short description|India welfare initiative}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox project
| abbreviation = RGKNY
| native_name =
| logo =
| image =
| caption =
| motto = Kisan ki Unnati Rajya ki Pragati
| type = Economic
| country = [[India]]
| chiefminister = [[Bhupesh Baghel]]
| launched = {{Start date and age|2020|05|21|df=y}}
| launch_place =
| current_status = Active
| budget =
| website ={{url|https://rgkny.cg.nic.in/}}
}}
In the state budget presented by the [[Chhattisgarh government]] in [[India]], a provision of Rs 5700 crore was made for the welfare of farmers through which '''''Rajiv Gandhi Kisan Nyay Yojana''''' was launched on 21 May 2020, the martyrdom day of former [[List of prime ministers of India|Prime Minister]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-21 |title=Chhattisgarh launches Rajiv Gandhi Kisan Nyay scheme; farmers to get direct cash benefits |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chhattisgarh-sonia-gandhi-launches-rajiv-gandhi-kisan-nyay-scheme-6421246/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Beneficiary farmers of Rajiv Gandhi Kisan Nyay Yojana.jpg|thumb|Beneficiary farmers of Rajiv Gandhi Kisan Nyay Yojana]]

In [[Chhattisgarh]], the total cultivable land area is 46.77 lakh hectares.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhattisgarh {{!}} Institute |url=http://chtenvis.nic.in/Agriculture.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=chtenvis.nic.in}}</ref> 70% population of the state is engaged in agriculture and around 37.46 Lakh are farm families.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Directorate Agriculture, Chhattisgarh Raipur |url=https://agriportal.cg.nic.in/agridept/AgriEn/Default.aspx#:~:text=The%20total%20population%20of%20the,falling%20under%20Small%20%26%20Marginal%20category |access-date=24 November 2022 |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616133738/http://agriportal.cg.nic.in/agridept/AgriEn/Default.aspx#:~:text=The%20total%20population%20of%20the,falling%20under%20Small%20%26%20Marginal%20category |url-status=dead }}</ref> The objective of this scheme is to encourage crop production and increase agricultural acreage. The amount of Rs. 5750 crores provided under the scheme was transferred to the farmers' accounts in four installments. 19 lakh farmers in the state are benefiting from this scheme. Paddy, maize and sugarcane ([[Rabi crop|Rabi]]) crops were included in the initial year of the plan. In the year 2020–21, it has also been decided to include pulses and oilseed crops. The government of Chhattisgarh has also decided to include the landless agricultural laborers of the state in the second phase of the ''Rajiv Gandhi Kisan Nyay Yojana''.{{fact|date=May 2023}}

On 17 October 2022, Farmers received Rs 1745 crore to prepare for the upcoming [[Kharif crop|Kharif]] season under this scheme. Amount as input [[agricultural subsidy|subsidy]] transferred directly into the bank accounts of 23.99 lakh farmers in the state. This includes those farmers who take paddy, the main crop of the Kharif season, other Kharif crops, those who take other crops instead of paddy and the farmers who plant trees.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2022 |title=Chhattisgarh govt transfers Rs 1,866 crore to farmers, women SHGs |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/chhattisgarh-govt-transfers-rs-1-866-crore-to-farmers-women-shgs-122101701227_1.html |url-status= |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

== Objectives of scheme ==
''Rajiv Gandhi Kisan Nyay Yojana'' was started by the Chhattisgarh government led by [[Bhupesh Baghel]] with the objective of encouraging the farmers of Chhattisgarh for crop production and increasing the agricultural area. This is one of its kind big scheme for the farmers in the country.

* Easy and convenient registration of farmers,
* Farmers have to register for various schemes only once,
* Ease of implementation, management and supervision of schemes,
* Accurate and quick data acquisition and
* Maintaining the original beneficiary's interests and avoiding beneficiary duplication.<ref>{{Cite web |title=राजीव गाँधी किसान न्याय योजना |url=https://rgkny.cg.nic.in/#/homepage |access-date=24 November 2022 |archive-date=24 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224142330/https://rgkny.cg.nic.in/#/homepage |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Chief ministership of Bhupesh Baghel]]
[[Category:Government schemes in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Banking in India]]
[[Category:Rajiv Gandhi]]
[[Category:Agriculture in India]]

History of Assam

2026-03-15T10:56:29Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: further improved details after review and updated info

{{Short description|none}}
<imagemap>
File:Major kingdoms of Assam.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Major kingdoms of Assam{{sfn|Baruah|1986}}
rect 50 50 650 120 [[Kamarupa|Kamarupa Kingdom]]
rect 45 240 160 310 [[Kamata Kingdom]]
rect 165 240 300 310 [[Baro-Bhuyan|Bhuyan chieftains]]
rect 305 240 415 310 [[Ahom Kingdom]]
rect 425 240 540 310 [[Chutiya Kingdom]]
rect 550 240 660 310 [[Kachari Kingdom]]
rect 4 425 80 495 [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Bihar]]
rect 120 425 190 495 [[Koch Hajo]]
rect 125 660 640 760 [[Colonial Assam|History of Assam]]
</imagemap>
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia|BCE=1}}
{{Assam History}}
The '''history of Assam''' is the history of a confluence of people from the east, west, south and the north; the confluence of the [[Austroasiatic]], [[Tibeto-Burman]] (Sino-Tibetan), [[Tai peoples|Tai]] and [[Indo-Aryans|Indo-Aryan]] cultures. Although invaded over the centuries, it was never a vassal or a colony to an external power until the third [[Burmese invasions of Assam|Burmese invasion]] in 1821, and, subsequently, the British ingress into [[Assam]] in 1824 during the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]].

The Assamese history has been derived from multiple sources. The [[Ahom kingdom]] of medieval Assam maintained chronicles, called [[Buranji]]s, written in the [[Ahom language|Ahom]] and the [[Assamese language|Assamese]] languages. History of ancient Assam comes from a corpus of [[Kamarupa inscriptions]] on rock, copper plates, clay; royal grants, etc. that the [[Kamarupa Kingdom|Kamarupa]] kings issued during their reign. Evidence about the cultural history and socio-religious beliefs of the people of the region can also be derived from the ''[[Kalika Purana]]'' and the ''[[Yogini Tantra]],'' both believed to be composed in this region around the early medieval and medieval times. The religious literature of the [[Ekasarana Dharma|Neo-Vaishnavite movement]] introduced by Sankaradeva are other important primary sources for the region's history.

The history of Assam can be divided into four eras. The ancient era began in the 4th century with the mention of Kamarupa in Samudragupta's inscriptions on the [[Allahabad Pillar#Samudragupta inscription|Allahabad pillar]] and the establishment of the [[Kamarupa kingdom]]. The medieval era began with the attacks from the [[Bengal Sultanate]], the first of which took place in 1206 by [[Bakhtiyar Khilji]] as mentioned in the Kanai-boroxiboa rock inscription, after the breakup of the ancient kingdom and the sprouting of medieval kingdoms and chieftain-ships in its place. The colonial era began with the establishment of British control after the [[Treaty of Yandaboo]] in 1826, and the post-colonial era began in 1947 after the [[Independence of India]].

A common theme of Medieval kingship narratives in Assam is associated with [[shaktism]] and the [[Kamakhya temple]].<ref name="Urban 2009">{{harvcol|Urban|2009|p=86}}</ref>

==Prehistory==
===Paleolithic cultures===
The earliest inhabitants of the region are assigned to the [[Middle Pleistocene]] period (781,000 to 126,000 years ago) in the Rongram valley of [[Garo Hills]]. The [[Paleolithic]] sites, which used handaxe-cleaver tools, have affinities to the Abbevillio-[[Acheulean]] culture. Other Paleolithic sites include those in the Daphabum area of [[Lohit district]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] which used stone tools from [[metamorphic rock]]s. The cave-based Paleolithic sites at Khangkhui in [[Ukhrul]], [[Manipur]], are placed in the [[Late Pleistocene]] period.

There exists evidence of a [[microlithic culture]] in the [[Rongram Valley]] of [[Garo Hills]] that lie between the Neolithic layers and virgin soil. The microliths here were made of [[dolerite]], unlike those from the rest of India. Shreds of crude hand-made pottery indicate that the microlithic people were hunters and food-gatherers.

===Neolithic cultures===
Early [[Neolithic]] cultures based on the unifacially flaked hand-axe in the [[Garo hills]] have developed in line with the [[Hoabinhian]] culture, and it is conjectured that this region was the contact point for the Indian and the [[Southeast Asia]]n cultures.

The Late Neolithic cultures have affinities with the spread of the [[Mon Khmer]] speaking people from [[Malaysia]] and the [[Ayeyarwady River|Ayeyarwady]] valley and late Neolithic developments in [[Northern and southern China|South China]]. Since these cultures have been dated to 4500–4000 BCE, the Assam sites are dated to approximately that period.

These Neolithic sites, though widely spread, are concentrated in the hills and high grounds, due possibly to the floods. These cultures performed [[shifting cultivation]] called ''jhum'', which is still practiced by some communities in the region. Some typical sites are [[Daojali Hading]] in [[Dima Hasao]], Sarutaru in [[Kamrup Rural district|Kamrup]] district and Selbagiri in the Garo Hills.

===Metal age===
There exists no archaeological evidence of Copper-Bronze or [[Iron Age]] culture in the region. This might seem like an impossibility given that corresponding cultures have been discovered in [[Bengal]] as well as [[Southeast Asia]]. It can only be conjectured that metal age sites in the region exist but have not yet been discovered.

===Megalithic cultures===
Though the metal age seems to be missing in Assam, the [[Iron Age]] [[Megalithic]] culture of [[South India]] finds an echo in the rich megalithic culture in the region, which begins to appear earlier than the late second millennium BCE,<ref>The Megalithic site at Marakdola in the Khasi Hills were dated to 1296+/-100 BCE (Rao, S. N, {{Harvcol|Singh|Sengupta|1991|p=120}})</ref> and which continues till today among the [[Khasi people|Khasi]] and the [[Naga (people)|Naga]] people. The affinity is with Southeast Asia. The megalithic culture was the precursor of the fertility cult and the [[Saktism]] and the [[Vajrayana Buddhism]] that followed.

==Ancient Assam (350–1206)==
{{main|Kamarupa|Davaka}}
[[File:Kamarupa map.png|thumb|upright=1.25|{{center|The traditional extent of the ''Kamarupa kingdom''}}]]
The historical account of Assam begins with the establishment of Pushyavarman's [[Varman dynasty]] in the 4th century in the [[Kamarupa (History)|Kamarupa kingdom]], which marks the beginning of Ancient Assam. The kingdom reached its traditional extent, from the Karatoya in the west to Sadiya in the east.<ref>"...the temple of the goddess Tameshwari (Dikkaravasini) is now located at modern Sadiya about 100 miles to the northeast of Sibsagar" {{harv|Sircar|1990|pp=63–64}}.</ref> This and the two succeeding dynasties drew their lineage from the mythical [[Narakasura]].<ref>"(I)t is significant that like the kings of the Bhauma-Naraka family they also claim descent from Naraka or Bhagadatta, and this descent is acknowledged outside also outside their own kingdom when the Pashupatinath temple inscription of Nepal described Rajyamati, the daughter of Sri Harsha of the family of Salasthambha as ''bhagadatta-raja-kulaja.''{{harv|Sharma|1978|p=xxxiv}}</ref>

The kingdom reached its zenith under [[Bhaskaravarman]] in the 7th century. [[Xuanzang]] visited his court and left behind a significant account. Bhaskaravarman died without leaving behind an issue and the control of the country passed to Salasthamba, who established the [[Mlechchha dynasty]]. After the fall of the Mlechchha dynasty in the late 9th century, a new ruler, Brahmapala was elected, who established the [[Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)|Pala dynasty]]. The last Pala king was removed by the [[Gaur]] king, Ramapala, in 1110. But the two subsequent kings, Timgyadeva and Vaidyadeva, though established by the Gaur kings, ruled mostly as independents and issued grants under the old Kamarupa seals. The fall of subsequent kings and the rise of individual kingdoms in the 12th century in place of the Kamarupa kingdom marked the end of the Kamarupa kingdom and the period of Ancient Assam.

==Medieval Assam (1206–1826)==
{{See also|Kamata Kingdom|Ahom kingdom|Chutia kingdom|Dimasa Kingdom|Baro-Bhuyan}}
[[Image:Kanai_Baraxiboa_rock_inscription.png|thumb|upright=1.2|The medieval period in Assam begins with the "Kanai Baraxiboa" rock inscription of 1206. That year saw the first Muslim attack by [[Bakhtiyar Khilji]]]]
[[File:Ahom-kingdom-c1826p.png|thumb|upright=1.4|The [[Ahom Kingdom]], c.1826]]

In the middle of the 13th century, Sandhya, a king of Kamarupanagara, moved his capital to Kamatapur, and thus established the Kamata kingdom.<ref>([[Kamarupa]]) was reorganized as a new state. 'Kamata' by name with Kamatapur as capital. The exact time when the change was made is uncertain. But possibly it had been made by Sandhya (c1250-1270) as a safeguard against mounting dangers from the east and the west. Its control on the eastern regions beyond the Manah (Manas river) was lax." {{harv|Sarkar|1992|pp=40–41}}</ref> on account of attacks by the Bengalis. The last of the Kamata kings, the Khens, were
defeated by [[Alauddin Hussain Shah]] in 1498 and Kamatapur was annexed by Bengal Sultanate.<ref>{{Harvcol|Sarkar|1992|pp=46–47}}.</ref> But Hussein Shah and subsequent rulers could not consolidate their rule in the Kamata kingdom, mainly due to the revolt by the [[Bhuyan chieftains]],<ref>{{harv|Neog|1980|p=46}}</ref> a relic of the Kamarupa administration, and other local groups. Soon after in the beginning of the 16th century [[Vishwa Singha]] of the Koch tribe established the [[Koch dynasty]] in the Kamata kingdom. The Koch dynasty reached its peak under his sons, [[Nara Narayan]] and [[Chilarai]].

In the eastern part of present Assam, the [[Kachari kingdom|Kachari]] (south bank of river Brahmaputra, central Assam) and the [[Chutiya kingdom|Chutiya]] (north bank of river Brahmaputra, eastern Assam) kingdoms arose, with some [[Bhuyan chieftains|Bhuyan chiefs]] controlling the region just west of the Chutiya kingdom. In the tract between the Kachari and the Chutiya kingdoms, a [[Shan people|Shan]] group, led by [[Sukaphaa]], established the [[Ahom kingdom]]. The 16th century is crucial in the history of medieval period because of the consolidation of the Ahoms (who annexed the Bhutiya kingdom and pushed the Kachari kingdom away from central Assam) in the east, the Koch in the west and the growth of [[Ekasarana Dharma]] of [[Srimanta Sankardev]]. After the death of Nara Narayan of the Koch dynasty in the late 16th century, the Kamata kingdom broke into [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Bihar]] in the west and [[Koch Hajo]] in the east. The rivalry between the two kingdoms resulted in the former allying with the Mughals and the latter with the Ahoms. Most of the 17th century saw the [[Ahom-Mughal conflicts]], in which the Ahoms held the expansive Mughals at bay epitomized in the [[Battle of Saraighat]] of 1671, and which finally ended in 1682 with the defeat of the Mughals at [[Itakhuli]] in [[Guwahati]].<ref>"In the Battle of Itakhuli in September 1682, the Ahom forces chased the defeated Mughals nearly one hundred kilometers back to the Manas river. The Manas then became the Ahom-Mughal boundary until the British occupation." {{harv|Richards|1995|p=247}}</ref> The Ahom kingdom reached its westernmost boundary till [[Manas River]] which it retains until 1826. Though the Ahom kingdom saw itself as the inheritor of the glory of the erstwhile Kamarupa kingdom and aspired to extend itself to the Karatoya river, it could never do so; though an Ahom general, Ton Kham under [[Suhungmung]], reached the river once when he pursued a retreating invading army in the 16th century.<ref>"The Ahom statesmen and chroniclers wishfully looked forward to the Karatoya as their natural western frontier. They also looked upon themselves as the heirs of the glory that was ancient Kamarupa by right of conquest, and they long cherished infructuously their unfulfilled hopes of expanding up to that frontier." {{Harvcol|Guha|1983|p=24}}, and notes.</ref>

After the Ahom kingdom reached its zenith, problems within the kingdom arose in the 18th century, when it lost power briefly to rebels of the [[Moamoria rebellion]]. Though the Ahoms recaptured power, it was beset with problems,<ref>{{Harvcol|Guha|1991|p=122}}</ref> leading to the [[Burmese invasion of Assam]] in the early 19th century.<ref>{{harv|Baruah|1993|pp=221–222}}</ref> With the defeat of the Burmese in the First Anglo-Burmese war and the subsequent [[Treaty of Yandaboo]], control of Assam passed into the hands of the British, which marks the end of the Medieval period.

==Colonial Assam (1826–1947)==
{{main|Colonial Assam}}

===British annexation of Assam===
{{Multiple image
|direction=vertical
|align=right
|width=220px
|image1=Swahid udyan of Barhampur in Assam.jpg
|caption1=An artistic depiction of the [[Indian independence movement|Indian Independence movement]] in Assam
|image2=Kanaklata Udyan, Tezpur.jpg
|caption2= An artistic depiction of ''[[Kanaklata Barua]]'''s struggle against the [[British Raj|British rule]] in Assam
}}
In 1824, the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]] broke out. The British attacked the Burmese garrison in [[Assam]] and by 1825, the Burmese were expelled from [[Assam]].<ref>Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd Edition 1926 Thackar, Spink & Co Calcutta page 286</ref><ref>Barbaruah Hiteshwar Ahomar Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st Edition 1981 Assam Publication Board Guwahati page 327-328</ref><ref>Barua Gunaviram A History of Assam Fourth Edition 2008 Assam Publication Board page 126-127</ref><ref>Bhuyan S.K. Tungkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam 1681–1826 A.D. Department of Historical and Antiquarian studies in Assam, Guwahati 2nd Edition 1968 page 210-211</ref> According to the [[Treaty of Yandabo]], the Burmese Monarch [[Bagyidaw]] renounce all claims on [[Assam]]. The British thus became the masters of [[Brahmaputra]] Valley and they began to consolidate their rule in Assam. In 1830, the Kachari king Govinda Chandra was assassinated. Seizing this opportunity, the British annexed [[Kachari kingdom]] in 1832. In 1833, the Ahom prince [[Purandar Singha]] was made a tributary ruler in Upper Assam. But owing to mismanagement and failure to pay regular revenue, the British authorities annexed his kingdom in 1838. In 1835, the kingdom of Jaintia was also annexed. In 1842, the Kingdom of Matak and the region of [[Sadiya]] was also annexed by British authorities, and in 1854, the North Cachar Hill district, under Tularam Senapati's administration, was also annexed into British Empire, thereby completing their conquest and consolidation of their rule in [[Assam]].<ref>Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd Edition 1926 Thackar, Spink & Co Calcutta page 303-311</ref>

===Colonial rule===
'''Bengal Presidency (1826–1873):''' Assam was included as a part of the [[Bengal Presidency]]. The annexation of upper Assam is attributed to the successful manufacture of [[Assam tea|tea]] in 1837, and the beginning of the [[Assam Company]] in 1839. Under the Wasteland Rules of 1838, it became nearly impossible for natives to start plantations. After the liberalization of the rules in 1854, there was a [[land run|land rush]]. The Chinese staff that was imported earlier for the cultivation of tea left Assam in 1843, when tea plantations came to be tended by local labor solely, mainly by those belonging to the Kachari group. From 1859 central Indian labor was imported for the tea plantations. This labor, based on an unbreakable contract, led to a virtual slavery of this labor group. The conditions in which they were transported to Assam were so horrific that about 10% never survived the journey. The colonial government already had monopoly over the [[opium]] trade.

There were immediate protests and revolts against the British occupation. In 1828, two years after the Treaty of Yandaboo, [[Gomdhar Konwar]] rose in revolt against the British, but he was easily suppressed. In 1830 ''Dhananjoy Burhagohain'', ''Piyali Phukan'' and ''Jiuram Medhi'' rose in revolt, and they were sentenced to death. In the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], rebels supporters offered resistance in the form of non-cooperation, and [[Maniram Dewan]] and Piyali Baruah were executed for their roles. In 1861 peasants of Nagaon gathered at ''Phulaguri'' for a ''raiz mel'' (peoples' assembly) to protest against taxes on betel-nut and paan. An officer sent to confront the peasants, Lt. Singer, got into a fracas with the peasants and was killed, after which the protests were violently suppressed.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

'''Chief Commissioner's Province (1874–1905):''' In 1874, the Assam region was separated from the Bengal Presidency, [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]] was added to it and its status was upgraded to a Chief Commissioner's Province. The capital was at [[Shillong]]. The people of Sylhet protested the inclusion in Assam. Assamese, which was replaced by Bengali as the official language in 1837, was reinstated alongside Bengali. In 1889, oil was discovered at [[Digboi]] giving rise to an oil industry. In this period [[Nagaon]] witnessed starvation deaths, and there was a decrease in the indigenous population, which was more than adequately compensated by the immigrant labor. [[Colonialism]] was well entrenched, and the tea, oil and coal-mining industries were putting increasing pressure on the agricultural sector which was lagging behind.

The peasants, burdened under the opium monopoly and the [[usury]] by money lenders, rose again in revolt. Numerous ''raiz mels'' decided against paying the taxes. The protests culminated in a bayonet charge against the protesters at Patharughat in 1894. Around 140 people were left dead and in the violent repression that followed villagers were tortured and their properties were destroyed or looted. In 1903, Assam Association was formed with Manik Chandra Baruah as the first secretary.

'''Eastern Bengal and Assam under Lt. Governor (1906–1912):''' Bengal was [[1905 Partition of Bengal|partitioned]] and [[East Bengal]] was added to the Chief Commissioner's Province. The new region, now ruled by a Lt. Governor, had its capital at [[Dhaka]]. This province had a 15-member legislative council in which Assam had two seats. The members for these seats were recommended (not elected) by rotating groups of public bodies.

The [[1905 Partition of Bengal|Partition of Bengal]] was strongly protested in Bengal, and the people of Assam were not happy either. The partition was finally annulled by a royal decree in 1911. The [[Swadeshi movement]] (1905–1908) from this period, went largely unfelt in Assam, though it stirred some, most notably [[Ambikagiri Raychoudhury]].

Beginning 1905 peasants from [[East Bengal]] began settling down in the riverine tracts (''char'') of the [[Brahmaputra river|Brahmaputra]] valley encouraged by the colonial government to increase agricultural production and government had successful on that mission[<ref>https://www.academia.edu/19520196/Akkel_Ali_Seikh_A_forgotten_Freedom_fighter_of_East_Bengal_origin_in_Assam {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216080354/http://www.academia.edu/19520196/Akkel_Ali_Seikh_A_forgotten_Freedom_fighter_of_East_Bengal_origin_in_Assam |date=2015-12-16 }}
Akkel Ali Seikh: A forgotten Freedom fighter of East Bengal origin in Assam</ref>]. Between 1905 and 1921, the immigrant population from East Bengal increased four folds. The immigration continued in post colonial times, giving rise to the [[Assam Agitation]] of 1979.

'''Assam Legislative Council (1912–1920):''' The administrative unit was reverted to a Chief Commissioner's Province (Assam plus Sylhet), with a Legislative Council added. The council had 25 members, of which the Chief Commissioner and 13 nominated members formed the bulk. The other members were elected by local public bodies like municipalities, local boards, landholders, tea planters and Muslims.

As Assam got sucked into the [[Non-Cooperation Movement]], the Assam Association slowly transformed itself into the Assam Pradesh Congress Committee (with 5 seats in [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]]) in 1920–21.

'''Dyarchy (1921–1937):''' Under the [[Government of India Act 1919]] the Assam Legislative Council membership was increased to 53, of which 33 were elected by special constituencies. The powers of the council were increased too; but in effect, the official group, consisting of the Europeans, the nominated members etc. had the most influence.

'''Assam Legislative Assembly (1937–1947):''' Under the [[Government of India Act 1935]], the council was expanded into an Assembly of 108 members, with even more powers. The period saw the sudden rise of [[Gopinath Bordoloi]] and [[Muhammed Saadulah]] and their tussle for power and influence.

==Post-colonial Assam (1947–present)==
In 1979, Assam flared into [[Assam Agitation]] (or Assam Movement) a popular movement against illegal immigration. The movement, led [[All Assam Students Union|AASU]] and [[Asom Gana Sangram Parishad|AAGSP]], set an agitational program to compel the government to identify and expel illegal immigrants and prevent new immigration. The agitational programs were largely non-violent, but there were incidents of acute violence, like the [[Nellie massacre]] where over 3000 (non officially 10000 murdered)<ref>http://www.slideshare.net/umain30/genesis-of-nellie-massacre-and-assam-agitation {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722085207/https://www.slideshare.net/umain30/genesis-of-nellie-massacre-and-assam-agitation |date=2021-07-22 }} Genesis of nellie massacre and assam agitation</ref> Bengali speaking [[Muslim]] were massacred in Nagaon district. It ended in 1985 following the [[Assam Accord]] that was signed by the agitation leaders and the Government of India. The agitation leaders formed a political party, [[Asom Gana Parishad]], which came to power in the state of Assam in the Assembly elections of 1985.

In 2012 violent riots broke out between indigenous people led by NDFB(S) and minority Muslims of BTAD. But those were termed as immigration from Bangladesh, resulting in more than 85 deaths and displacement of 400,000 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/assam-riots-of-ghost-towns-and-relief-camps-4-lakh-people-displaced-248226|title=Assam riots: Of ghost towns and relief camps, 4 lakh people displaced|access-date=5 August 2016|archive-date=31 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231002342/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/assam-riots-of-ghost-towns-and-relief-camps-4-lakh-people-displaced-248226|url-status=live}}</ref>

There are 35 districts in total in Assam, by population, Nagaon is the largest district and Dima Hasao is the smallest district, Karbi Anglong is the largest district in terms of area and Kamrup Metropolitan is the smallest district.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Gargaon'r Kareng Ghor Side View.JPG|[[Kareng ghar]], the palace of the Ahom kings in their former capital [[Garhgaon]]
File:Bhismaknagar ruins.jpg|Chutia Royal Palace [[Bhismaknagar]] ruins
File:Drapeau Cooch Behar.png|Koch kingdom: Coat of Arms
File:Coochbehar palace.jpg|Koch Royal Palace
File:Kachari Palace.JPG|Dimasa palace ruins
</gallery>

==Gallery of Assamese monarchs==
<gallery class="center" mode="nolines" widths="200" heights="200">
File:Sukapha.jpg|First [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] king [[Sukapha|Chao-lung Siu-ka-phaa]]
File:Raja Govinda Chandra Hasnu.jpg|Last Dimasa King, Govindra Chandra Hasnu
File:Swargodeo Siva Singha riding elephant.jpg|Swargodeo Siva Singha riding elephant
File:Rudra Singha Jayata in court.jpg|[[Rudra Singha]] Jayata in court
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Timeline of Assam History]]
* [[Aryan migration to Assam|History of People of Assam]]
* [[History of Assamese literature]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wg6MDwAAQBAJ|last=Urban|first=Hugh|title=The Power of Tantra: Religion, Sexuality and the Politics of South Asian Studies|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2009|isbn=9780857715869|access-date=2020-05-03|archive-date=2024-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418055530/https://books.google.com/books?id=wg6MDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |last=Baruah |first=S. L. |year=1993 |title=Last Days of Ahom Monarchy |place=New Delhi}}
*{{citation
| first = S L
| last = Baruah
| title = A Comprehensive History of Assam
| year = 1986
| publisher = Munshiram Manoharlal
}}
* {{Citation |editor-last=Borpujari |editor-first=H. K. |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam : from the Pre-historic Times to the Twelfth Century A.D. |year=1990 |place=Guwahati }}
* {{Citation |last=Choudhury |first=P. C. |year=1966 |title=The History of Civilisation of the People of Assam to the Twelfth Century A.D. |place=Guwahati}}
* {{Citation |last=Gait |first=Edward A |year=1906 |title=A History of Assam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-6kr1IyHJkC |place=Calcutta |access-date=2020-05-03 |archive-date=2023-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701150816/https://books.google.com/books?id=w-6kr1IyHJkC |url-status=live }}
* {{Citation |last=Guha |first=Amalendu |year=1977 |title=Planter-Raj to Swaraj |place=Delhi}}
* {{Citation |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Jai Prakash |editor2-last=Sengupta |editor2-first=Gautam |title=Archeology of North-Eastern India |year=1991 |place=New Delhi |publisher=Har-Anand Publications}}
* {{Citation |last=Sarkar |first=J. N. |contribution=Chapter II The Turko-Afghan Invasions |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H. K. |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam |volume=2 |pages=35–48 |publisher=Assam Publication Board |place=Guwahati |year=1992}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lahiri |first1=Nayanjot |year=1984 |title=The Pre-Ahom Roots of Medieval Assam |journal=Social Scientist |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=60–69 |doi= 10.2307/3517004|jstor=3517004 }}
*{{Citation|last=Neog |first=M |title=Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam|publisher=Motilal Banarasidass|place=Delhi|year=1980}}
*{{cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |title=The Mughal Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC |access-date=January 26, 2013 |year=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0521566032 |archive-date=February 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201230334/https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC |url-status=live }}
* {{Citation| last = Guha| first = Amalendu| title = The Ahom Political System: An Enquiry into the State Formation Process in Medieval Assam (1228-1714)| journal = Social Scientist| volume = 11| pages = 3–34| date = December 1983| doi = 10.2307/3516963| issue = 12| jstor = 3516963| url = http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/3259| access-date = 2019-12-13| archive-date = 2023-07-06| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230706211727/https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/3259| url-status = live}}
* {{Citation |last=Guha |first=Amalendu |title=Medieval and Early Colonial Assam |publisher=K P Bagchi |place=Calcutta |year=1991}}
* {{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Mukunda Madhava|title=Inscriptions of Ancient Assam| publisher=Gauhati University, Assam|year=1978}}
*{{Cite book|last=Kakati|first=Banikanta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Thx4AAAAIAAJ|title=Aspects of early Assamese literature|date=1953|publisher=Gauhati University|language=en}}
*{{Citation |last=Sircar |first=D C |contribution=Pragjyotisha-Kamarupa |year=1990 |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H K |volume=I |pages=59–78 |place=Guwahati |publisher=Publication Board, Assam}}
{{refend}}

{{Assam}}
{{History of India by State}}

[[Category:History of Assam| ]]

Ranipet

2026-03-10T12:16:49Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: add section additionally and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ranipet
| settlement_type = Municipality
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Ranipet, Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|12|56|55.3|N|79|19|08.4|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranipet district]]
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Selection Grade Municipality
| governing_body = Ranipet Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web | title=Home - RANIPET MUNICIPALITY | url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/ranipet/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203150950/https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/ranipet/ | access-date=2025-08-08 | archive-date=2020-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Major Urban Agglomeration of India, 2011 Census|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42876/download/46544/CLASS_I.xlsx}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 8.52
| area_urban_km2 = 85.32
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 208
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web | title=Home - RANIPET MUNICIPALITY | url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/ranipet/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203150950/https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/ranipet/ | access-date=2025-08-08 | archive-date=2020-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Major Urban Agglomeration of India, 2011 Census|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42876/download/46544/CLASS_I.xlsx}}</ref>
| population_total = 50,764
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban = 264330
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 632401 to 632406
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91 4172
| registration_plate = '''TN-73'''
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Arakkonam Lok Sabha constituency]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ranipet Assembly constituency]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Vellore]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Ranipet municipality
| website = https://vrzconnect.in/
https://ranipet.nic.in/
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ranipet''' (lit. Queen's colony) is an industrial town and the administrative headquarters of [[Ranipet district]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is located on the Northern banks of the [[Palar River]]. It is a Tri-City with the adjacent municipalities of [[Walajapet]], [[Arcot]] and [[Melvisharam]]. It is located about {{convert|115|km|mi|0|abbr=}} west of [[Chennai]], and about {{convert|26|km|mi|0|abbr=}} east of [[Vellore]]. Ranipet is located on the [[Mumbai]]–[[Chennai]] arm of the [[Golden Quadrilateral]].
Ranipet is renowned for its thriving industrial base, which includes numerous small, medium, and large-scale industries, particularly in sectors such as leather tanning, chemical manufacturing, and engineering.

==History==
Ranipet was built around the year 1771 by Sadut-ulla-khan, the Nawab of Carnatic, in honor of the youthful widow of Desingh Raja of Gingee, who committed Sati upon her husband's death. Out of respect for Desingh Raja's valour and his wife's devotion, the Nawab formed a new village opposite to Arcot on the Northern bank of the Palar River and named it Ranipet.<ref>''South Indian Shrines: illustrated, page 185''</ref>

The town gained importance since the establishment of the European cantonment. About a mile west of Ranipet is a remarkable thope extending along the Palar river, for a distance of {{cvt|4.8|km}} which is known as 'Navlakh Bagh'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Ranipet District, Government of Tamilnadu {{!}} India |url=https://ranipet.nic.in/history/ |access-date=2023-09-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> It is supposed to contain 9 lakhs of trees and hence the name "Navlakh Bagh". South India's first rail operation was operated between Royapuram to Ranipet.

On 15 August 2019, Ranipet became the district headquarters for the [[Ranipet district]] after the announcement of the newly created district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/vellore-district-to-be-trifurcated-nov-1-to-be-tamil-nadu-day/articleshow/70686198.cms|title=Vellore district to be trifurcated; Nov 1 to be Tamil Nadu Day|date=August 15, 2019|first=Shanmughasundaram |last=J.|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref>

On 21 October 2021, Arakkonam and Nemili taluks of Ranipet district were added to the [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]].<ref>{{Cite web |url-status=live |archive-date=Dec 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211065133/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/government-issues-order-for-expanding-chennai-metropolitan-planning-area-to-5904-sq-km/article66041750.ece |title=Order issued for expansion of Chennai to 5,904 sq. km |date=October 22, 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en |access-date=16 August 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/government-issues-order-for-expanding-chennai-metropolitan-planning-area-to-5904-sq-km/article66041750.ece}}</ref>

[[File:Bharathiyar Park Entrance ,BHEL Ranipet.jpg|thumb|Bharathiyar Park, Ranipet]]

==Demographics==
{{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|76.42}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|15.19}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|8.02}}{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|0.01}}{{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|Gold|0.04}}{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jain]]|Blue|0.27}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.03}}{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|violet|0.02}}}}
According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Ranipet municipality had a population of 50,764 with a sex-ratio of 1,091 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> Ranipet City (Urban Agglomeration) had a population of 2,64,330 spanning over 85.32 Km² as of 2011 Census.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-02-10 |title=Class 1 Towns/ Urban Agglomerations |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42876/download/46544/CLASS_I.xlsx |access-date= |website=Census of India}}</ref> A total of 5,124 were under the age of six, constituting 2,564 males and 2,560 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 34.3% and .04% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 81.%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The town had a total of 12275 households. There were a total of 18,243 workers, comprising 45 cultivators, 100 main agricultural labourers, 373 in household industries, 16,095 other workers, 1,630 marginal workers, 15 marginal cultivators, 29 marginal agricultural labourers, 95 marginal workers in household industries and 1,491 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Ranipet|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=673860|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> As per the religious census of 2011, Ranipet had 76.42% [[Hindus]], 15.19% [[Muslims]], 8.02% [[Christians]], 0.01% [[Sikhs]], 0.04% [[Buddhists]], 0.27% [[Jainism|Jains]], 0.03% following other religions and 0.02% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.<ref name=religion2011>{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>

==Politics==
[[R. Gandhi|R.Gandhi]] is the sitting MLA of DMK.
Ranipet assembly constituency is part of [[Arakkonam (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date = 2011-06-28
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185928/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date = 2006-05-04
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Ranipet district}}

{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ranipet district]]

Panikkar

2026-03-09T11:10:10Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Starting New Post

{{pp|small=yes}}
'''Panikkar''' is a [[Nair]] variation of the [[Panicker]] title used in India, specifically in the state of [[Kerala]], which roughly comprises the former (British) [[Madras Presidency]] district of [[Malabar District|Malabar]] and the princely states of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] and [[Travancore]]. This title was usually conferred by the kings of [[Travancore]] on those individuals who were proficient in [[Kalaripayattu]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kalaripayattu|url=https://www.ashkerala.com/index.php/my-kerala/42-kerala-arts-culture-and-games/451-kalaripayattu}}</ref>

Notable members included:
*[[Achyuta Panikkar]], an astronomer of Kerala
*[[Ayyappa Panikkar]], (1930–2006), a Malayalam poet, critic.
*[[Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan]] (1935–2008), an Indian writer
*Madhava Panikkar, one of the [[Niranam Poets]]
*[[Sankara Panikkar]], one of the Niranam Poets
*[[Sean Panikkar]] (born 1981), American operatic tenor
*[[Rama Panikkar]], one of the Niranam Poets
*[[Kavalam Madhava Panikkar]] (1894–1963), Indian diplomat and writer
*[[Kavalam Narayan Panikkar]] (1928-2016), dramatist and poet
*[[K. N. Panikkar]] (1936–2026), Indian historian
*[[Raimon Panikkar]] (1918–2010), a Catalan scholar

Note: The main article is under [[Panicker]], although that is not the most common of the many possible spellings of this name.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{surname}}
[[Category:Malayalam-language surnames]]

Koenraad Elst

2026-03-08T14:02:15Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: typo fix

{{Other uses|Elst (disambiguation)}}
{{Short description|Right wing Hindutva activist}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}} {{Infobox person
| name = Koenraad Elst
| image = Koenraad_Elst_at_Varanasi.jpg
| caption = Elst in [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] in 2018.
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|8|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Leuven]], Belgium
| education = [[Katholieke Universitiet Leuven]] [[Benaras Hindu University]]
| occupation = Author
| organization =
}}

'''Koenraad Elst''' ({{IPA|nl|ˈkunraːt ˈɛlst}}; born 7 August 1959) is a Belgian author, known primarily for his adherence to the [[Hindutva]] ideology and support of the [[Indigenous Aryans#The "emerging Out of India" model|Out of India]] theory, which is regarded as [[Hindutva pseudohistory|pseudohistorical]] by mainstream scholarship. Scholars accuse him of harboring [[Islamophobia]].

==Early life and education==
Elst was born into a [[Flemings|Flemish]] [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] family.

He graduated in [[Indology]], [[Sinology]] and [[philosophy]] from the [[Katholieke Universiteit Leuven|Catholic University of Leuven]]. During his student days, he was involved with [[Flemish movement|Flemish nationalism]].{{sfn|Nanda|2009|p=112}} Between 1988 and 1992, Elst was at the [[Banaras Hindu University]]. In 1999, he received a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in Asian Studies from Leuven on [[Hindu revivalism]];<ref>{{cite book|last1=Geybels|first1=Hans|last2=Herck|first2=Walter Van|title=Humour and Religion: Challenges and Ambiguities|date=2011|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781441194831|page=IX|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnUSBwAAQBAJ}}</ref> his doctoral dissertation was published as ''Decolonizing the Hindu Mind''.{{sfn|Nanda|2009|p=112}} [[Prema Kurien]] notes Elst to be unique among Hindutva-leaning scholars in that he had a relevant academic degree.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.questia.com/read/117286860/a-place-at-the-multicultural-table-the-development|title=A Place at the Multicultural Table : the Development of an American Hinduism|last=Kurien|first=Prema A.|date=2007|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=9780813541617|pages=166|oclc=476118265|access-date=27 April 2019|archive-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427071224/https://www.questia.com/read/117286860/a-place-at-the-multicultural-table-the-development|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Works and ideology ==
{{Further information|Hindutva pseudohistory}}
=== Indigenous Aryan theories ===
[[File:OIT map.jpg|thumb|Map based on The [[Indigenous Aryans|Aryan Non-Invasionist Model]] by Koenraad Elst]]

In two books, ''Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate'' (1999) and ''Asterisk in Bhāropīyasthān'' (2007), Elst argues against the academically accepted view that the [[Indo-European languages]] originated in the [[Kurgan]] culture of the [[Central Asia]]n [[steppes]] and that the migrations to [[Indian subcontinent]] in the second millennium BCE brought a [[Indo-European languages|proto-Indo-European language]] with them.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CPP0CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|title=Advances in Forensic Haemogenetics|first1=Walter |last1=Bär |first2=Angelo |last2=Fiori |first3=Umberto |last3=Rossi|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|quote=The Gimbautas hypothesis of an origin in the kurgan region and spread during the Bronze Age (between 4,000 and 2,500 BC) [...] seems to have the greatest support from archaeological and other considerations [...].|access-date=31 March 2019|isbn=9783642787829|date=6 December 2012}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8q06xer0vHkC&pg=PA23|title=Languages of the World: An Introduction|last=Pereltsvaig|first=Asya|date=2012-02-09|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107002784}}</ref> He instead proposes that the language originated in India and it spread to [[Middle East]] and Europe when the Aryans, (who were indigenous) migrated out.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Humes|first=Cynthia Ann|date=2012|title=Hindutva, Mythistory, and Pseudoarchaeology|journal=Numen: International Review for the History of Religions|volume=59|issue=2–3|pages=178–201|doi=10.1163/156852712x630770|jstor=23244958}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XziTDAAAQBAJ|title=India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Subcontinent from c. 7000 BCE to CE 1200|last1=Avari|first1=Burjor|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317236726|page=79|quote=A Belgian revisionist, Koenraad Elst, has nevertheless claimed that the Aryan migration was not towards India but out of India. Their ancestral homeland, their [[Linguistic homeland|Urheimat]], was the land of Sapta-Sindhava (the Punjab), and from there they expanded outwards towards Afghanistan, Iran, Central Asia and, ultimately, towards Europe.}}</ref> According to Elst, the linguistic data are a "soft" type of [[evidence]] and are compatible with a variety of scenarios. To Elst, dominant linguistic theories may be compatible with an out-of-India scenario for Indo-European expansion.<ref>
{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHYnGde4BS4C|title=The Indo-Aryan Controversy|last=Patton|first=Laurie L.|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2005|isbn=9780700714636|editor1-last=Bryant|editor1-first=Edwin|pages=1–19|chapter=Introduction|quote=It is possible that the absorption of foreign words could have taken place after the emigration of other branches of Indo-Europeans from India (p. 8).|editor2-last=Patton|editor2-first=Laurie L.}}
</ref>

One of the few authors to use [[paleolinguistics]],<ref name="bryant">{{Cite book|title=The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate|last=Bryant|first=Edwin|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|place=New York|page=146|quote=In any event, Elst's proposal that earlier tribes could have emigrated from India bearing the ''[[Centum and satem languages|centum]]'' characteristics and, after the [[Velar consonant|velar]]s had evolved into [[Palatal consonant|palatal]]s in the Indian [[Linguistic homeland|Urheimat]], later tribes could have followed them bearing the new ''[[Centum and satem languages|satem]]'' forms (while the Indo-Aryans remained in the homeland), cannot actually be discounted as a possibility on these particular grounds.}}</ref> he is deemed as one of the leading proponents of the [[Indigenous Aryans]] ("Out of India") [[fringe theory]]. The theory has been rejected by the scholarly community and is not deemed as a serious competitor to the [[Kurgan hypothesis]],<ref name=":3" /> except by some authors in India.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.questia.com/read/103786543/in-quest-of-the-origins-of-vedic-culture-the-indo-aryan|title=The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture : The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate|last=Bryant |first=Edwin |date=March 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195169478|page=147|oclc=697790495}}</ref> He has also written against the "Aryan Invasion" theory to defend the fringe Out of India theory in a blog piece for the [[Indian diaspora]] [[think tank]] Bridge India.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Elst |first1=Koenraad |title=Let the "Aryan" debate become a debate again |url=https://www.bridgeindia.org.uk/let-the-aryan-invasion-theory-debate-become-a-debate-again/ |website=bridgeindia.org.uk |publisher=Bridge India |access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref>

=== Hindutva and Islamophobia ===
Elst was an editor of the [[New Right]] [[Flemish Movement|Flemish nationalist]] journal ''[[TeKoS|Teksten, Kommentaren en Studies]]'' from 1992 to 1995, focusing on [[criticism of Islam]]. He had associations with [[Vlaams Blok]], a [[far-right]] [[Flemish Movement]] political party.{{sfn|Nanda|2009|pp=112–113}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alfredvierling.com/?p=3240|title=NIEUW RECHTS TEN ONDER, beschreven door Dr Koenraad Elst|last=Vierling|first=Alfred|date=1 July 2013|access-date=19 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Heidenen voor het blok : radicaal-rechts en het nieuwe heidendom|last=De Zutter |first=Jan |author-link=Jan De Zutter |year=2000|publisher=Houtekiet|isbn=9052405824|location=Antwerpen|pages=17|oclc=50809193}}</ref> He has also been a regular contributor to ''[[The Brussels Journal]]'', a controversial [[Conservatism|conservative]] blog. {{Quote box | width = 25% | align = right | salign = right | border = 1px | halign = center | qstyle = font-style: italic; |quote=Every Muslim is a [[Sita]] who must be released from [[Ravana]]'s prison. We should help [[Muslims]] in freeing themselves from Islam …| author = Koenraad Elst{{sfn|Nanda|2009|p=106}} | quoted=1}}

In ''Ram Janmabhoomi vs Babri Masjid'', Elst argues that the birthplace of the Hindu god-king [[Rama]] corresponds with the site of [[Babri Masjid]], and he portrays Islam as a [[Religious fanaticism|fanatical]] and bigoted faith.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sethi|first=Harish|date=26 January 1991|title=Justifying Hindu Hurt.Ram Janmabhoomi vs Babri Masjid by Koenraad Elst. Review|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=26|issue=4|pages=167–168|jstor=4397247}}</ref> The book was published by [[Voice of India]], a publication house that has attracted substantial criticism for publishing anti-Muslim literature, and describes its own work as furthering [[Hindu nationalism]].{{sfn|Nanda|2009|pp=112–113}}<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Pirbhai|first=M. Reza|date=April 2008|journal=Modern Intellectual History|volume=5|issue=1|pages=27–53|doi=10.1017/S1479244307001527|issn=1479-2451|title=Demons in Hindutva: Writing a Theology for Hindu Nationalism|s2cid=145620682 }}</ref> The book was though praised by [[L. K. Advani]], a former deputy Prime Minister of India who commanded an important role in the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid]].<ref name="Goel">Sita Ram Goel, ''How I became a Hindu''. ch.9</ref> In ''Ayodhya and After'' (1991), Elst was even more explicit in his support of the demolition of the Babri Masjid and termed the demolition an exercise in national integration which provided "an invitation to the [[Islam in India|Muslim Indians]] to reintegrate themselves into the society and culture from which their ancestors were cut off by fanatical rulers and their thought police, the theologians".{{sfn|Anand|2011|p=138}} In another interview, Elst went on to claim that it was a justified act of revenge which enforced fears of Hindu repercussion, thus curtailing Muslim violence.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://www.questia.com/read/125291789/the-god-market-how-globalization-is-making-india|title=The god market : how globalization is making India more Hindu|last=Nanda, Meera|date=2011|publisher=Monthly Review Press|isbn=9781583672501|pages=227|oclc=897104896|access-date=27 April 2019|archive-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427071223/https://www.questia.com/read/125291789/the-god-market-how-globalization-is-making-india|url-status=dead}}</ref> Elst has since claimed to reject the use of violence in the demolition; he has urged Muslims to accept the construction of a peace monument on the site.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A245138092/GPS?sid=GPS&xid=2fd5c0b4|title=Ayodhya: 'Congress-BJP talks are important'|date=2010-12-21|work=New Indian Express (Chennai, India)|access-date=2019-04-27|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A244917542/GPS?sid=GPS&xid=c7715e81|title=Indologist moots 'peace monument' by Muslims|date=2010-12-20|work=New Indian Express (Chennai, India)|access-date=2019-04-27|language=English}}</ref>

An intellectual heir of the school of thought championed by [[Ram Swarup]] and [[Sita Ram Goel]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.questia.com/read/125291725/the-god-market-how-globalization-is-making-india|title=The god market : how globalization is making India more Hindu|last=Nanda, Meera|date=2011|publisher=Monthly Review Press|isbn=9781583672501|pages=163|oclc=897104896|access-date=27 April 2019|archive-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427071218/https://www.questia.com/read/125291725/the-god-market-how-globalization-is-making-india|url-status=dead}}</ref>— the founders of the Voice of India, who were themselves highly critical of both [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]]—Elst is one of the publishing house's most prominent authors,<ref name=":5" /> and he adopts their hard-line stance against the two religions in his book.{{sfn|Nanda|2009|pp=112–113}} Elst argues that there existed a ''universal spirituality'' among all the races and faiths, prior to the introduction of [[Ancient Semitic religion|”Semitic” faiths]] which corrupted it.<ref name=":5" /> In ''Decolonizing the Hindu Mind'', he contends that the "need for 'reviving' Hinduism spring from the fact that the said hostile ideologies (mostly Islam) have managed to eliminate Hinduism physically in certain geographical parts and social segments of India, and also (mostly the Western ideologies) to neutralize the Hindu spirit among many nominal Hindus."{{sfn|Guichard|2010|p=94}}

He is a vocal proponent of [[Hindutva]], a [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] movement which is typically associated with the Indian far-right and supports the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guha|first=Sudeshna|date=May 2005|title=Negotiating Evidence: History, Archaeology and the Indus Civilisation|journal=Modern Asian Studies|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=39|issue=2|pages=399–426|doi=10.1017/s0026749x04001611|jstor=3876625|s2cid=145463239}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Sikand|first=Yogesh|date=Spring 2002|title=Hinduism and Secularism After Ayodhya by Arvind Sharma: A Review|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=41|issue=1|pages=166–169|jstor=20837185}}</ref>{{sfn|Guichard|2010|p=145}} Elst perceives Hindutva as a tool to [[Postcolonialism|decolonize]] the mental and cultural state of Indians and return to the past days of (supposed) Hindu glory.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.questia.com/read/108697836/prophets-facing-backward-postmodern-critiques-of|title=Prophets Facing Backward : Postmodern Critiques of Science and Hindu Nationalism in India.|last=Nanda|first=Meera|date=2004|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=9780813536347|pages=10|oclc=1059017715|access-date=27 April 2019|archive-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427071229/https://www.questia.com/read/108697836/prophets-facing-backward-postmodern-critiques-of|url-status=dead}}</ref> He has written in support of the view that the "[[Vedic science]]" was highly advanced and may be only understood by a Hindu [[Mysticism|mystic]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.questia.com/read/108697932/prophets-facing-backward-postmodern-critiques-of|title=Prophets Facing Backward : Postmodern Critiques of Science and Hindu Nationalism in India.|last=Nanda|first=Meera|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=2004|isbn=9780813536347|oclc=1059017715|access-date=27 April 2019|archive-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427071229/https://www.questia.com/read/108697932/prophets-facing-backward-postmodern-critiques-of|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''The Saffron Swastika'' is widely regarded to be his ''magnum opus<ref name="Camus">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cepsr.com/dwnld/camusx20040402.pdf|title=Camus, J.Y.(2007), ''The European extreme right and religious extremism.'' Středoevropské politické studie (CEPSR), (4), 263–279|access-date=16 October 2019|archive-date=16 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016121224/http://www.cepsr.com/dwnld/camusx20040402.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>'', which argues against the idea that the brand of Hindutva practiced by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) / [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] are [[Fascism|fascist]] in ideology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asianetglobal.com:8080/asianet/2004/news/detailedstory.jsp?catId=10&newsId=2|title=Asianetglobal.com News - 'The Saffron Swastika – The Notion of Hindu Fascism':Konraad Elst|date=20 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060520001544/http://www.asianetglobal.com:8080/asianet/2004/news/detailedstory.jsp?catId=10&newsId=2|archive-date=20 May 2006}}</ref> [[L. K. Advani]] had high regards for the work,<ref>{{cite book|title=My Country, My Life|last=Advani|first=L.K.|publisher=Rupa}}</ref> terming Elst as a 'great historian' and even carried a "heavily marked" copy of the book from which he freely quoted the passages that discussed him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzEEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Saffron+Swastika%22&pg=PA22|title=Outlook|date=8 April 2008|publisher=Outlook Publishing|via=Google Books}}</ref>

In other essays and conferences, Elst has supported outright attacks on the ''enemy'' ideology of Islam which, in his opinion, is supposedly inseparable with [[terrorism]] and hence, must be destroyed.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A396266943/GPS?sid=GPS&xid=74077060|title=A Hindutva Ploy|date=2015-01-05|work=Indian Currents|access-date=2019-04-27|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A395076200/GPS?sid=GPS&xid=d1978df5|title=Indologist triggers row|date=2014-12-21|work=Mail Today (New Delhi, India)|access-date=2019-04-27|language=English}}</ref> He calls for an [[Indianisation|Indianization]] of Muslims and Christians by forcing them to accept the supremacy of Hindu culture and terms it as the ''[[Final Solution]] for the Muslim Problem''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.questia.com/read/108697840/prophets-facing-backward-postmodern-critiques-of|title=Prophets Facing Backward : Postmodern Critiques of Science and Hindu Nationalism in India.|last=Nanda|first=Meera|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=2004|isbn=9780813536347|pages=14|oclc=1059017715|access-date=27 April 2019|archive-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427071218/https://www.questia.com/read/108697840/prophets-facing-backward-postmodern-critiques-of|url-status=dead}}</ref> In his 1992 book, ''Negationism in India: Concealing the Record of Islam'', Elst attempts to demonstrate that there exists a prohibition of [[criticism of Islam]] in India and accuses ''[[Secularism|secular]] historians'' (including the likes of [[Romila Thapar]], [[Bipan Chandra]], [[Ram Sharan Sharma]] et al.) of suffering from "Hindu Cowardice" wherein they ignore Muslim crimes against Hindu communities, in order to fulfill their "[[Marxism|Marxist]] agenda".<ref>{{cite web | title=Taj Mahal or Tejo-Mahalaya? | website=The Express Tribune | date=2016-07-21 | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1146608/taj-mahal-tejo-mahalaya/ | access-date=2018-02-11}}</ref>{{sfn|Guichard|2010|p=89}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.questia.com/read/117286865/a-place-at-the-multicultural-table-the-development|title=A Place at the Multicultural Table : the Development of an American Hinduism|last=Kurien|first=Prema A|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=2007|isbn=9780813541617|pages=171|oclc=476118265|access-date=27 April 2019|archive-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427071223/https://www.questia.com/read/117286865/a-place-at-the-multicultural-table-the-development|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A530835346/GPS?sid=GPS&xid=029de3a9|title=Of historical lies and countering negationism|date=2018-03-14|work=The Pioneer (New Delhi, India)|access-date=2019-04-27|language=English}}</ref>

==Reception==
Anthropologist [[Thomas Blom Hansen]] describes Elst as a "[[Catholic Church in Belgium|Belgian Catholic]] of a radical anti-Muslim persuasion who tries to make himself useful as a '[[fellow traveller]]' of the Hindu nationalist movement".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C&pg=PA262|title=The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India|last=Hansen|first=Thomas Blom|date=1999-03-23|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400823055|pages=262}}</ref> Historian [[Sarvepalli Gopal]] deemed Elst to be "a Catholic practitioner of [[polemic]]s" who was fairly oblivious of modern historiographical methods.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47AARF595dUC&pg=PA21|title=Anatomy of a Confrontation: Ayodhya and the Rise of Communal Politics in India|last=Gopal|first=Sarvepalli|date=1993-10-15|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781856490504|pages=21}}</ref> [[Meera Nanda]] deems him to be a far-right Hindu ''cum'' Flemish nationalist.{{sfn|Nanda|2009|pp=112–113}} Elst has engaged in [[historical revisionism]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6SzC4XbtPKkC|title=Reform, Identity and Narratives of Belonging : The Heraka Movement of Northeast India|last=Longkumer|first=Arkotong|publisher=Continuum, Bloomsbury|year=2010|isbn=978-0-8264-3970-3|pages=210|chapter=Notes|doi=10.5040/9781472549211|chapter-url=https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/reform-identity-and-narratives-of-belonging-the-heraka-movement-of-northeast-india/notes}}</ref> and has been described variedly as a Hindu fundamentalist, pro-Hindutva right-wing ideologue, Hindutva [[Apologetics|apologist]] and Hindutva [[Propaganda|propagandist]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=DeVotta|first=Neil|date=2002|title=Demography and Communalism in India|journal=Journal of International Affairs|volume=56|issue=1|pages=53–70|issn=0022-197X|jstor=24357883}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYbFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA135|title=Hindu Nationalism in India and the Politics of Fear|last=Anand|first=D.|date=2016-04-30|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230339545}}</ref>''<ref name="Camus" />''

Meera Nanda has accused Elst of exploiting the writings of his intellectual forefathers over Voice of India, to "peddle the worst kind of [[Islamophobia]] imaginable".{{sfn|Nanda|2009|pp=112–113}}{{sfn|Nanda|2011|pp=161–163}} [[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]] similarly deems Islamophobia as the common ground between Elst and the traditional Indian [[Far-right politics|far right]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/edit-page/Bad-time-to-be-Muslim/articleshow/1913851.cms|title=Bad time to be Muslim|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-06-05}}</ref>

==Influences==
[[Anders Behring Breivik]], a Norwegian far-right terrorist, responsible for the [[2011 Norway attacks]] extensively borrowed from his works, in writing his manifesto.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=NANDA|first=MEERA|date=2011|title=Ideological Convergences: Hindutva and the Norway Massacre|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=46|issue=53|pages=61–68|issn=0012-9976|jstor=23065638}}</ref> The manifesto, among other things sought to deport all Muslims from Europe and quoted Elst in asserting the existence of a massive movement that was aimed to <nowiki>''</nowiki>deny the large-scale and long-term crimes against humanity committed by Islam<nowiki>''</nowiki>.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gardell|first=Mattias|date=2014-01-01|title=Crusader Dreams: Oslo 22/7, Islamophobia, and the Quest for a Monocultural Europe|journal=Terrorism and Political Violence|volume=26|issue=1|pages=129–155|doi=10.1080/09546553.2014.849930|s2cid=144489939|issn=0954-6553}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite journal|title= Hindu Triumphalism and the Clash of Civilisations|last=Nanda|first=Meera| author-link=Meera Nanda|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|date= 11 July 2009|volume= 44|issue= 28|pages= 106–114|jstor= 40279263 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Nanda|first1=Meera|authorlink1=Meera Nanda|title=The God Market: How Globalization is Making India More Hindu|date=2011|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=9781583672501|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PYcTCgAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Guichard|first1=Sylvie|title=The Construction of History and Nationalism in India: Textbooks, Controversies and Politics|date=2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136949302 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=shnJBQAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Anand|first1=Dibyesh|title=Hindu Nationalism in India and the Politics of Fear|date=2011|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|isbn=9781349371907| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xU8QkAEACAAJ}}

== External links ==
* [https://scroll.in/article/824732/from-macaulay-to-frawley-from-doniger-to-elst-why-do-many-indians-need-white-saviours From Macaulay to Frawley, from Doniger to Elst: Why do many Indians need White saviours?]

{{Sangh Parivar}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Elst, Koenraad}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Belgian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Belgian writers]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:Belgian columnists]]
[[Category:Belgian critics of Islam]]
[[Category:Belgian Indologists]]
[[Category:Belgian political writers]]
[[Category:Hindutva]]
[[Category:Far-right politics in Belgium]]
[[Category:Flemish writers]]
[[Category:Former Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Islam and politics]]
[[Category:KU Leuven alumni]]
[[Category:Pseudo-scholarship]]
[[Category:Indigenous Aryanists]]
[[Category:People from Leuven]]
[[Category:Secular humanists]]
[[Category:Voice of India writers]]
[[Category:Writers about Hindu nationalism]]
[[Category:Pseudohistorians]]

Jitendra Mohan Hans

2026-03-05T12:40:03Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Entry!

{{Short description|Indian otorhinolaryngologist, medical researcher and inventor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jitendra Mohan Hans
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|11|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi, India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = [[Otorhinolaryngologists|Otorhinolaryngologist]]
| yearsactive =
| known for = Hans Speech Valve
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.drjmhans.com/invention.php|drjmhans.com}}
}}
'''J M Hans''' is an Indian [[Otorhinolaryngologists|otorhinolaryngologist]], medical researcher and the inventor of ''HANS speech valve'' for speech rehabilitation after laryngeal cancer surgery.<ref name="Autographs of Scholars and Scientists of India">{{cite web | url=http://www.indianautographs.com/productdetail-209205.html | title=Autographs of Scholars and Scientists of India | publisher=Indian Autographs | date=2015 | access-date=27 November 2015 | archive-date=8 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208044921/http://www.indianautographs.com/productdetail-209205.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> He is a founder member of the Cochlear Implant Group of India and has been a part of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) sponsored project team that developed an indigenous [[Bionic Ear]] in 2013.<ref name="Indian researchers set to test market-busting, low-cost homegrown bionic ear">{{cite web | url=http://www.marketexpress.in/2014/11/indian-researchers-set-test-market-busting-low-cost-homegrown-bionic-ear.html | title=Indian researchers set to test market-busting, low-cost homegrown bionic ear | publisher=Market Express | date=17 November 2014 | access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref> Born on 27 November 1955,<ref name="Autographs of Scholars and Scientists of India" /> he graduated in medicine from the [[University of Meerut]] in 1978<ref name="Indian Medical Registry Search">{{cite web | url=http://www.mciindia.org/InformationDesk/IndianMedicalRegister.aspx | title=Indian Medical Registry Search | publisher=Medical Council of India | date=2015 | access-date=27 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005063228/http://www.mciindia.org/InformationDesk/IndianMedicalRegister.aspx | archive-date=5 October 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He has served as the Honorary ENT Surgeon to the [[Prime Minister of India]] and is a government nominee at Ali Yajur Jung National Institute for Deafness, Mumbai and the [[All India Institute of Speech and Hearing]], Mysore.<ref name="Doctor's Profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.fortiscdoc.com/doctors.php?id=33 | title=Doctor's Profile | publisher=Fortis Hospitala | date=2015 | access-date=27 November 2015 | archive-date=9 October 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009195120/http://www.fortiscdoc.com/doctors.php?id=33 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He is reported to have pioneered the [[Minimally invasive surgery|minimally-invasive surgical]] techniques for [[cochlear implants]]<ref name="Kids to break silence with chip implant">{{cite web | url=http://www.blkhospital.com/uploaded_files/news/pdf_23.pdf | title=Kids to break silence with chip implant | publisher=Times of India | date=3 October 2011 | access-date=27 November 2015 | archive-date=3 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603093209/https://www.blkhospital.com/uploaded_files/news/pdf_23.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> and is a member of the advisory boards of the [[Union Public Service Commission]] and [[World Health Organization]] (WHO).<ref name="Dr. J.M Hans">{{cite web | url=http://www.rocklandhospitals.com/dwarka/doctor.php?id=86&linkid=160 | title=Dr. J.M Hans | publisher=Rockland Hospital | date=2015 | access-date=27 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208131131/http://www.rocklandhospitals.com/dwarka/doctor.php?id=86&linkid=160 | archive-date=8 December 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was Chairman of the 3rd National CIGI Conference in New Delhi, 4–6 November 2005, where President [[Abdul Kalam]] of India presented.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Prez Kalam lends an ear to special cause {{!}} Delhi News - Times of India | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/prez-kalam-lends-an-ear-to-special-cause/articleshow/1285940.cms | access-date=2026-01-25 | website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2005, for his contributions towards medicine.

Prof Dr J M Hans Cochlear Implantation Surgery Former He was the Professor and Head of the department of ENT at Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi (1999.2009)

<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hans, Jitendra Mohan}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Indian otolaryngologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Delhi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian surgeons]]

Mandanmmar Londonil

2026-03-03T21:04:43Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Creating A Entry Needs Work

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mandanmmar Londonil
| image = Mandanmmar-Londanil.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Sathyan Anthikad]]
| producer = P. H. Rasheed
| writer = [[P. Balakrishnan]]
| screenplay = P. Balakrishnan
| starring = [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] [[Nedumudi Venu]] [[Sankaradi]] [[Sukumaran]]
| music = [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
| cinematography = [[Anandakuttan]]
| editing = G. Venkittaraman
| studio = Riyas Movies
| distributor = Riyas Movies
| released = {{Film date|1983|08|19|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Mandanmmar Londonil''''' (English:Idiots in London) is a [[List of Malayalam films of 1983|1983]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[slapstick comedy]] film, directed by [[Sathyan Anthikad]] and produced by P. H. Rasheed. The film stars [[Sukumaran]], [[Jalaja]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Sankaradi]] and [[Nedumudi Venu]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]. The film regarded as the [[cult following]] in Malayalam movie.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1516|title=Mandanmaar Londonil|accessdate=2014-10-19|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4506|title=Mandanmaar Londonil|accessdate=2014-10-19|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/mandanmmar-londanil-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019172703/http://spicyonion.com/title/mandanmmar-londanil-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 October 2014|title=Mandanmmar Londanil|accessdate=2014-10-19|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
Thalayillakkunnu is a rural village in [[Kerala]], India. There is a "Kala Samithi" in this village which performs dramas in temples. When Chandran Menon comes to Thalayillakkunnu from London, he promises them that five people from the village can be taken to London for performing there. Rasheed, Vaasu, Kunjunni Maashu, Choyi Moopan and Ammini decide to go. But when they reach London, they see that Chandran has not come to invite them at the Airport. They are left dumbfounded and find ways to survive in the foreign land without knowing [[English language|English]], until they meet Raghu, who falls in love with Ammini. Trouble begins when the owners of the house force all of them out of the house.

==Cast==
*[[Sukumaran]] as Raghu
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Rasheed
*[[Nedumudi Venu]] as Vaasu Kumar
*[[Sankaradi]] as Kunjunni Maashu
*[[Bahadoor]] as Choyi Moopan
*[[Jalaja]] as Ammini
*Meena Ganesh
*[[Paravoor Bharathan]] as Kuttappan
*[[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Postman Prabhakaran
*[[Philomina]] as Narayani
*[[Sathaar]] as Johny

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] and the lyrics were written by [[Sathyan Anthikad]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Kandille Saayippe" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Sathyan Anthikad]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Mounamohangal Niram Tharum" || [[S. Janaki]] || Sathyan Anthikad ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0345622|Mandanmmar Londanil}}
{{Sathyan Anthikad}}

[[Category:1983 films]]
[[Category:1983 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sathyan Anthikad]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language comedy films]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Mallu Vetti Minor

2026-03-03T04:59:49Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Creating New Stub First Draft...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mallu Vetti Minor
| image = Mallu Vetti Minor.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Manobala]]
| writer = [[P. Kalaimani]]
| producer = P. Kalaimani
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sathyaraj]]|[[Shobana]]|[[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]}}
| cinematography = [[B. R. Vijayalakshmi]]
| editing = M. N. Raja
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Everest Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1990|10|17}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Mallu Vetti Minor''''' ({{Translation|Philanderer}}) is a 1990 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[masala film]] directed by [[Manobala]], produced and written by [[P. Kalaimani]]. The film stars [[Sathyaraj]], [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] and [[Shobana]]. It was released on 17 October 1990. The film was remade in Telugu as ''[[Minor Raja]]'' (1990) and in Kannada as ''Vamshakobba'' (2002).{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=April 2023}}
The story begins with Santhana Lakshmi being released from the jail and remembering her past.

Rassappa Gounder, also known as Mallu Vetti Minor, was a bachelor and rich man who spent his time in the brothels like his father Marappa Gounder. Santhana Lakshmi and Rassappa fell in love. Rassappa Gounder and President were in a feud for several years. In a misunderstanding, Rassappa Gounder had to marry Parimala and married her. A few years later, Rassappa Gounder became the perfect husband and had a son. While Santhana Lakshmi was still unmarried and teased Rassappa Gounder whenever she got the opportunity. One day, that was the [[straw that broke the camel's back|last straw]] so the angry Rassappa Gounder raped Santhana Lakshmi. The rest of story is what happens to Rassappa Gounder, Parimala and Santhana Lakshmi.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sathyaraj]] as Rassappa Gounder and Marappa Gounder
*[[Shobana]] as Santhana Lakshmi
*[[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Parimala
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as President
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]
*[[Senthil]]
*[[Chinni Jayanth]]
*[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] as Pattabhi
*[[M. R. Krishnamurthy|MRK]] as Paramasivam
*Kokila as Pattabhi's wife
*[[Kutty Padmini]] as Paramasivam's wife
*Master Rajesh as Rassappa Gounder's son
*T. K. S. Chandran
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]]
*Sivaraman as marriage broker
*[[Gandhimathi]]
*[[S. N. Lakshmi]]
*[[Bayilvan Ranganathan]]
*[[Periya Karuppu Thevar]]
*Sakthivel
*[[Thalapathi Dinesh]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallu Vetti Mainar (1990) |url=https://www.raaga.com/album/?mid=T0002791 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229063942/https://www.raaga.com/album/?mid=T0002791 |archive-date=29 December 2022 |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallu Vetti Minor Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/mallu-vetti-minor-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019052224/https://mossymart.com/product/mallu-vetti-minor-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=19 October 2021 |access-date=17 October 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Kaathirundha Malli" is set in [[Amritavarshini]] raga,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=30 March 2012 |title=A Raga's Journey — Appealing Amritavarshini |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-appealing-amritavarshini/article3262431.ece |url-status=live |access-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817070719/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-appealing-amritavarshini/article3262431.ece |archive-date=17 August 2022}}</ref>{{Sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=138}} and "Manasukkulle" is set to [[Harikambhoji]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 December 2013 |title=Positively tranquil |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/positively-tranquil/article5429675.ece |url-status=live |access-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230053059/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/positively-tranquil/article5429675.ece |archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>{{Sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=142}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Adi Matthalam" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Sunanda (singer)|Sunanda]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[Piraisoodan]] || 4:33
|-
| "Chinna Mani" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Uma Ramanan]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[Pulamaipithan]] || 4:38
|-
| "Jalakku Jalakku" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || Pulamaipithan || 4:29
|-
| "Kaathiruntha Malli Malli" || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Gangai Amaran]]|| 4:39
|-
| "Manasukkulle" || [[Arunmozhi]], [[S. Janaki]] || rowspan=2|[[Gangai Amaran]] || 4:45
|-
| "Unna Paartha" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Uma Ramanan]] || 4:33
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Mallu Vetti Minor'' was released on 17 October 1990, [[Diwali]] day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2020 |title=தீபாவளிக்கு வெளியான தமிழ் படங்கள் - 2 |trans-title=Tamil films released during Diwali - 2 |url=https://screen4screen.com/news/diwali-released-tamil-movies-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118063727/https://screen4screen.com/news/diwali-released-tamil-movies-2 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=Screen 4 Screen |language=ta}}</ref> C. R. K. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' called the performances of the lead actors and the music as positive points.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சி. ஆர். கே. |date=18 November 1990 |title=மல்லுவேட்டி மைனர் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1990-11-18/page/n17/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230411025515/https://archive.org/details/kalki1990-11-18/page/n17/mode/2up |archive-date=11 April 2023 |access-date=28 December 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=19 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Manobala}}

[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s masala films]]
[[Category:1990 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manobala]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Nagaraja Cholan MA, MLA

2026-03-03T03:28:39Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Creating First Stub More To Come

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by Manivannan}}
{{No plot|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Nagaraja Cholan MA, MLA.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Manivannan]]
| writer = Manivannan
| producer = S.Ravichandran [[Suresh Kamatchi|K. Suresh]]
| starring = [[Sathyaraj]] Manivannan [[Seeman]]
| cinematography = D. Sankar
| editing = [[R. Sudharsan]]
| music = [[James Vasanthan]]
| studio = V House Production
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|05|10}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Nagaraja Cholan MA, MLA''''' (credited as '''''Nagaraja Cholan MA, MLA: Amaidhipadai – 2''''') is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[political satire]] film written and directed by [[Manivannan]]. A sequel to ''[[Amaidhipadai]]'' (1994), it stars [[Sathyaraj]] in his 200th film, reprising his role as Nagaraja Cholan from the original, alongside an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Seeman]], [[Manivannan]], his son [[Raghuvannan]], [[Mrudula Murali]], [[Komal Sharma]] and [[Varsha Ashwathi]]. The film, featuring music composed by [[James Vasanthan]], was produced by Ravichandran and K. Suresh under the banner of V House Production<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2012 |title=Manivannan's 50th movie Nagaraja Cholan MA, MLA |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/manivannan-s-50th-movie-nagaraja-cholan-ma-mla-news-tamil-mkkilLgfghd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012235726/http://www.sify.com/movies/manivannan-s-50th-movie-nagaraja-cholan-ma-mla-news-tamil-mkkilLgfghd.html |archive-date=12 October 2012 |access-date=1 January 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

Unlike the original, ''Nagaraja Cholan MA, MLA'' was unsuccessful. It was Manivannan's 50th and last film as a director and actor, as he died a month after the film's release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2013 |title=Tamil actor-director Manivannan passes away |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130615/news-current-affairs/article/tamil-actor-director-manivannan-passes-away |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714182257/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130615/news-current-affairs/article/tamil-actor-director-manivannan-passes-away |archive-date=14 July 2015 |access-date=8 July 2015 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{castlist|
* [[Sathyaraj]] as Nagaraja Cholan & Rajagopal
* [[Manivannan]] as Ex-MLA Manimaran, the sidekick and ex-officio owner of Nagaraja's illegal properties
* [[Seeman]] as a farmer and farmer rights activist
* [[Raghuvannan]] as Gangaikondaan, Nagaraja's son who was later the acting chief minister
* [[Mrudula Murali]] as Shenbagavalli, Gangaikondaan's wife
* [[Komal Sharma]] as school teacher Kamalini, Seeman's fiancée
* [[Ansiba Hassan]]
* [[Varsha Ashwathi]] as Amudha, Nagaraja Chozhan's mistress who was initially Manimaran's mistress
* [[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Kumbakonam Kootha Perumal MLA, the leader of the party in ruling coalition who merges his party with the ruling party for Nagaraja Chozhan to become CM
* [[Sujatha Sivakumar]] as Kamalini's widow mother and Seeman's sister
* Oorvambu Lakshmi as Journalist
* [[Vaiyapuri]]
* [[K. P. Jagannath]]
* [[Krishnamoorthy (actor)|Krishnamoorthy]]
* Rajkanth
* Ramya
* Madhu
}}

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by [[James Vasanthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagaraja Chozan M.A., M.L.A. (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/nagaraja-chozan-m-a-m-l-a-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1331942621 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619045901/https://music.apple.com/us/album/nagaraja-chozan-m-a-m-l-a-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1331942621 |archive-date=19 June 2023 |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>
* "Kannadi Papa" — Pooja
* "Malamele" — Palaniammal, Mahalingam
* "Mamanukku Ennadi" — Nancy, Vasudha, Sarayu
* "Suda Sudathan" — [[MK Balaji]]
* "Viraivil Vidiyum" — James Vasanthan

==Critical reception==
Sidharth Varma of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film {{fraction|2|1|2}} out of 5 stars and wrote, "If you are familiar with Nagaraja Cholan as a ruthless politician, who rose from being Ammavasai in ''Amaidhipadai'', this movie will definitely disappoint you...his resurrection after almost 20 years ends up a failed attempt to build on the character...The movie is a pale shadow of the original, except for the few scenes involving Cholan and his trusted aide Manimaran".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Varma |first=Sidharth |date=13 May 2013 |title=Nagaraja Cholan MA MLA Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Nagaraja-Cholan-MA-MLA/movie-review/20024325.cms |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305055800/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Nagaraja-Cholan-MA-MLA/movie-review/20024325.cms |archive-date=5 March 2015 |access-date=8 July 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for ''[[The Hindu]]'', "If Manivannan wants to take a hit character from a hit film and spin a new story around him, that's his prerogative — except that the story, this time, doesn't stick".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=11 May 2013 |title=Nagaraja Cholan MA, MLA: The party's over |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/nagaraja-cholan-ma-mla-the-partys-over/article4705969.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304055047/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/nagaraja-cholan-ma-mla-the-partys-over/article4705969.ece |archive-date=4 March 2021 |access-date=29 September 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Vivek Ramz of ''[[In.com]]'' said the film "is no patch on its original. Give it a miss!".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ramz |first=Vivek |date=May 11, 2013 |title=Nagaraja Chozhan MA, MLA fails to impress! |url=http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/tamil-movie-review-nagaraja-cholan-ma-mla-fails-to-impress-50213176-in-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619023148/http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/tamil-movie-review-nagaraja-cholan-ma-mla-fails-to-impress-50213176-in-1.html |archive-date=19 June 2013 |access-date=11 May 2013 |website=[[In.com]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Manivannan}}

[[Category:2010s political satire films]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manivannan]]
[[Category:Films produced by Suresh Kamatchi]]
[[Category:Films scored by James Vasanthan]]
[[Category:Indian political satire films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language political satire films]]

2014 Indian general election in Jammu and Kashmir

2026-02-27T18:44:40Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: cleaned up details after review for clarity

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{For|State Assembly election|2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2014 Indian general election in Jammu and Kashmir
| country = India
| flag_year =
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = no
| party_colour =
| previous_election = Indian general election, 2009 (Jammu and Kashmir)
| previous_year = 2009
| next_election = 2019 Indian general election in Jammu and Kashmir
| next_year = 2019
| seats_for_election = All 6 constituencies from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] to the [[Lok Sabha]]
| election_date = 10, 17, 24, 30 April and 7 May 2014.
| turnout = 49.72% ({{increase}} 10.02%)
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance1 = National Democratic Alliance (India)
| leader1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| last_election1 = 0 seats
| seats1 = 3
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=The official portrait of Shri Narendra Damodardas Modi.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}}
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Mufti Mohammad Sayeed.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}}
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Farooq Abdullah with Greg Barker (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}}
| popular_vote1 =
| seat_change1 = {{gain}} 3
| percentage1 =
| swing1 = 
| party2 = Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party
| alliance2 = ''None''
| last_election2 = 0 seats
| seats2 = 3
| leader2 = [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]]
| popular_vote2 =
| seat_change2 = {{gain}} 3
| percentage2 =
| swing2 = 
| party3 = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
| alliance3 = United Progressive Alliance
| last_election3 = 3 seats
| seats3 = 0
| leader3 = [[Farooq Abdullah]]
| popular_vote3 =
| seat_change3 = {{loss}} 3
| percentage3 =
| swing3 =
| map_image = 2014 Lok Sabha Jammu and Kashmir Result Map.svg
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption = Result of the 2014 Lok Sabha election in Jammu and Kashmir
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}

The '''[[2014 Indian general election]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]''' were held for 6 seats in the state. The voting process was held in five phases on 10, 17, 24, 30 April and 7 May 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lok Sabha polls 2014: EC announces 9 phase schedule|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/lok-sabha-polls-2014-election-commission-to-announce-schedule-shortly_915833.html|publisher=Zee News|accessdate=5 November 2014}}</ref> [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]] won 3 seats each.

{{Multiple image
| align =
| direction = vertical
| width =
| image1 = A woman voter displaying her voter slip, at a polling booth, during the 7th Phase of General Elections-2014, in Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir on April 30, 2014.jpg
| caption1 = A woman voter displaying her voter slip at a polling booth during the 7th Phase of General Elections-2014 in Srinagar on April 30, 2014
| image2 = The polling officials carrying polling materials for use in the first phase of General Elections-2009 at one of the EVM distribution centre at Jammu, in Jammu & Kashmir on April 15, 2009.jpg
| caption2 = Polling officials carrying polling materials for use in the first phase of General Elections-2009 at Jammu on April 15, 2009
}}

== Parties and alliances==

=== {{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}} ===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! No.
! Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white"|'''1.'''
| style="text-align:center| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
| style="text-align:center| [[Narendra Modi]]
| style="text-align:center| 6
|}

=== {{legend2|{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}|[[Jammu & Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party|Peoples Democratic Party]]}} ===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! No.
! Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}};color:white"|'''1.'''
| style="text-align:center| [[Jammu & Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Ink Pot and Pen.png|50px]]
| style="text-align:center| [[Mufti Mohammed Sayeed]]
| style="text-align:center| 5
|}

=== {{legend2|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|[[United Progressive Alliance]]}} ===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! No.
! Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}};color:white"|'''1.'''
| style="text-align:center| [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
|[[File:Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Plough.png|50px]]
| style="text-align:center| [[Farooq Abdullah]]
| style="text-align:center| 3
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};color:white"|'''2.'''
| style="text-align:center| [[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:INC Logo.png|50px]]
| style="text-align:center|[[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]
| style="text-align:center|3
|}

==Result==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Alliance/ Party
! colspan="3" | Popular vote
! colspan="3" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 11,54,220
| 32.36
| {{increase}} 13.75
| 6
| 3
| {{increase}} 3
|-
| {{Party color cell|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|JKPDP]]
| 7,32,644
| 20.54
| {{increase}} 0.49
| 5
| 3
| {{increase}} 3
|-
|rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|United Progressive Alliance}}
!rowspan="3" style="background:#E5F8FF"|[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 8,15,510
| 22.85
| {{decrease}} 1.82
| 3
| 0
| {{decrease}} 2
|-
|{{Party color cell|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
| [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]]
| 3,96,713
| 11.12
| {{decrease}} 7.99
| 3
| 0
| {{decrease}} 3
|-
! colspan="2"style="background:#E5F8FF" | Total
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | 12,12,223
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | 33.99
!style="background:#E5F8FF" | {{decrease}} 9.79
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | 6
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | 0
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | {{decrease}} 5
|-
| {{Party color cell|Other}}
| colspan="3" | [[2014 Indian general election in Jammu and Kashmir#Others|Others]]
| 2,12,728
| 5.96
| {{steady}}
| 28
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| colspan="3" | [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| 2,23,498
| 6.27
| {{decrease}} 0.01
| 33
| 0
| {{decrease}} 1
|-
| {{Party color cell|None of the above (India)}}
| colspan="3" | [[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
| 31,550
| 0.88
| {{steady}}
!colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
! 35,66,863
! 100%
! -
! 78
! 6
! -
|}

==List of Candidates==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}" |[[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|JKPDP]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
! 1
| [[Baramulla Lok Sabha constituency|Baramulla]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Gulam Mohammad Mir
| {{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
| [[Sharifuddin Shariq]]
| {{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}
| [[Muzaffar Hussain Baig]]
|-
! 2
| [[Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Srinagar]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Fayaz Ahmad Bhat
| {{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
| [[Farooq Abdullah]]
| {{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}
| [[Tariq Hameed Karra]]
|-
! 3
| [[Anantnag Lok Sabha constituency|Anantnag]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Mushtaq Ahmad Malik
| {{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
| [[Mirza Mehboob Beg]]
| {{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}
| [[Mehbooba Mufti]]
|-
! 4
| [[Ladakh Lok Sabha constituency|Ladakh]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Thupstan Chhewang]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Tsering Samphel]]
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-
! 5
| [[Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Udhampur]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Jitendra Singh Rana]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]
| {{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}
| Mohd. Arshad Malik
|-
! 6
| [[Jammu Lok Sabha constituency|Jammu]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Jugal Kishore Sharma]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Madan Lal Sharma]]
| {{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}
| Yashpal Sharma
|-
|}

==List of elected MPs==
'''Keys: '''
{{legend2|#FBB917|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (3) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#44D26A|[[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party|JKPDP]] (3) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
|-
!1
|[[Baramulla Lok Sabha constituency|Baramulla]]
|[[Muzaffar Hussain Baig]]
|{{Party color cell|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|JKPDP]]
|175,277
|37.61
|[[Sharifuddin Shariq]]
|{{Party color cell|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]]
|146,058
|31.34
|style="background:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}} ; color:white;"|29,219
|style="background:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}} ; color:white;"|6.27
|-

!2
|[[Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Srinagar]]
|[[Tariq Hameed Karra]]
|{{Party color cell|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|JKPDP]]
|157,923
|50.58
|[[Farooq Abdullah]]
|{{Party color cell|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]]
|115,643
|37.04
|style="background:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}} ; color:white;"|42,280
|style="background:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}} ; color:white;"|13.54
|-

!3
|[[Anantnag Lok Sabha constituency|Anantnag]]
|[[Mehbooba Mufti]]
|{{Party color cell|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|JKPDP]]
|200,429
|53.41
|[[Mirza Mehboob Beg]]
|{{Party color cell|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]]
|135,012
|35.98
|style="background:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}} ; color:white;"|65,417
|style="background:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}} ; color:white;"|17.43
|-

!4
|[[Ladakh Lok Sabha constituency|Ladakh]]
|[[Thupstan Chhewang]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|31,111
|26.13
|Ghulam Raza
|{{Party color cell|Independent}}
|IND
|31,075
|26.10
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|36
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|0.03
|-

!5
|[[Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Udhampur]]
|[[Jitendra Singh Rana]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|487,369
|46.76
|[[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|426,393
|40.91
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|60,976
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|5.85
|-

!6
|[[Jammu Lok Sabha constituency|Jammu]]
|[[Jugal Kishore Sharma]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|619,995
|49.34
|[[Madan Lal Sharma]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|362,715
|28.87
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|257,280
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|20.47
|-
|}

==Post-election Union Council of Ministers from Jammu and Kashmir ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"
|-
!#
!Name
!Constituency
!Designation
!Department
!From
!To
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|1
|Jitendra Singh
|Udhampur (Lok Sabha)
|MoS (I/C); MoS
|
* MoS (I/C): Science and Technology; Earth Sciences (until 9 Nov 2014)
* Development of North Eastern Region (from 9 Nov 2014)
* Youth Affairs and Sports (22 May 2016–5 July 2016) 
* MoS: Prime Minister's Office; Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions; Atomic Energy; Space
|27 May 2014
|30 May 2019
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Assembly segments wise lead of Parties ==

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=2|Party
!Assembly segments
!Position in Assembly (as of 2014 election)
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}"|
! [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]]
| 41
| 28
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 25
| 25
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
! [[Indian National Congress]]
| 12
| 12
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|
! [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
| 5
| 15
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference}}"|
! [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference]]
| 1
| 2
|-
|bgcolor=#FAF8FA|
! Others
| 3
| 4
|-
!colspan=2|Total
!colspan=2|87
|}

==Bye-elections==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" |Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" |Margin
|-
! No.
! Name
! Date
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
! %
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
! %
|-
!rowspan=2 |2
|rowspan=2 |[[Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Srinagar]]
|rowspan=2 |15 April 2017
|[[Farooq Abdullah]]
|{{Party name with colour|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|48,555
|54.02
|Nazir Ahmad Khan
|{{Party name with colour|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|37,779
|42.03
|style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}};Color:white;"|10,776
|-
!colspan=12 |The 2017 Srinagar Lok Sabha by-poll was held because the sitting Member of Parliament, Tariq Hameed Karra, resigned from his seat.
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[Elections in Jammu and Kashmir]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jammu and Kashmir elections}}
{{Indian general election, 2014}}

[[Category:Indian general elections in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:2010s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:2014 Indian general election by state or union territory]]

Shanthamani Muddaiah

2026-02-27T02:13:27Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Creating a data - done

{{Short description|Indian sculptor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shanthamani Muddaiah
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1967
| birth_place = [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Sculptor
| years_active = From 1984
| known_for = [[Sculpture]] and installation artist
| notable_works = www.shanthamani.com
}}
'''Shanthamani Muddaiah''' is a sculptural artist who uses ephemeral natural materials in her visual art work such as [[paper]] and [[charcoal]] to create, install and display exhibits. Her [[sculpture]]s have been exhibited in many [[Biennale|biennial]] art shows in India and at many international centers. She has received many awards for her works.<ref name=Spinal>{{Cite web|url=http://dailyindiamail.com/?p=31976|title=Spinal fragments fuse Shanthamani's thoughts at biennale|date=5 March 2015|access-date=3 March 2016|publisher=Daily India Mail}}</ref><ref name=Mysore>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crimsonartgallery.com/html/shantamani_m.html|title=Shantamani M|access-date=3 March 2016|publisher=crimsonartgallery.com|archive-date=28 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328133101/http://www.crimsonartgallery.com/html/shantamani_m.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Muddaiah was born in [[Mysore]], Karnataka in 1967. She graduated with a [[Bachelor of Fine Arts]] (BFA) in Painting from [[Chamarajendra Academy of Visual Arts]], [[Mysore]]. Following this, she obtained her [[Master of Fine Arts]] (MFA) degree in painting from the [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|M. S. University]] [[Vadodara|Baroda]]. She studied for one year in 2004 for a course in paper-making under the fellowship of the Charles Wallace Scholarship in [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]]. She has also received the National Junior Fellowship from Ministry of Tourism and Culture, [[New Delhi]] for 2006–08.<ref name="Mysore" />

== Work and Exhibits ==
The sculpture titled ''Backbone''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Backbone - Shanthamani Muddaiah|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/backbone-shanthamani-muddaiah/XAFh6l7x9DUNqg|access-date=2021-07-23|website=Google Arts & Culture|language=en}}</ref> made of [[cement]] and luminous cinder in the form of a large spinal column was exhibited at the [[Kochi-Muziris Biennale]] in 2014.<ref name="mathrubhumi">{{citation |title='Back Bone' reminds the menace of carbon use |publisher = Mathrubhumi News |url = http://www.mathrubhumi.com/tv/ReadMore/11880/kochi-muziris-biennale/E}}</ref><ref name="CBinterview">{{citation |title = Interview: Artist Shantamani Muddaiah in conversation with CB Editor-in-Chief K.G |website = YouTube |publisher = Creative Bands | date = March 31, 2015 |access-date = May 31, 2019 |url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LMez6nGtxLI}}</ref> It measured 7x5x70 ft sculpted in the shape of a [[meander]]ing [[river]]. The inspiration for this art work came from her three months tour along the meandering [[Ganges]] river during 2010, and is considered a metaphor as the "backbone of our culture". Muddaiah also said that an [[anesthesia]] injection to her spine when in labour gave her the idea for the sculpture.<ref name=Spinal/><ref name=Jacob>{{Cite news|last= Jacob |first= Rahul |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/kochi-biennale-art-al-fresco-115021900716_1.html|title=Kochi Biennale: Art al fresco|newspaper= Business Standard India |date=21 February 2015|access-date=3 March 2016|publisher=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name=Madhukar>{{Cite web|last= Madhukar |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/columns/sunday-read/The-big-fat-Indian-art-show/articleshow/45507469.cms|title=The big fat Indian art show - Bangalore Mirror|date=13 December 2014|access-date=3 March 2016|publisher=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> [[Jitish Kallat]], the curator of the [[Kochi-Muziris Biennale]] 2014 where the sculpture was displayed in [[Kochi]] said it is "as if some long gone history is invoked in the form of this seemingly unearthed [[fossil]]" and that "the use of [[Volcano|volcanic]] rock like [[Scoria|cinder]] is especially very interesting as the porous surface of the material bears some geological traces, and itself appears like fossils".<ref name=Spinal/>

Another notable sculpture is titled ''Metamorphosis Favourite'' which is a sculpture of [[pupa]] that represents the evolution stage between the pupa and the butterfly. It is made from charcoal of wood and pulp of cotton rags. It is suggestive of "decay, morbidity and death".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://colomboartbiennale.com/shanthamani-muddaiah/|title=Colombo Art Biennale 2014:Shanthamani Muddaiah|year=2014|access-date=3 March 2016|publisher=Colombo Art Biennale|archive-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307205613/http://colomboartbiennale.com/shanthamani-muddaiah/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Over the years, some of her other sculptural exhibits are the ''Frozen Phoenix, Silent Speak, Gestures Speak'' and ''Turning wheel -Tradition unbound'' in India and Sri Lanka. Her sculptures are permanent exhibits at the [[Venkatappa Art Gallery]], of the Karnataka State Museum, Bangalore. Her works are also part of many private galleries.<ref name="Mysore" />

In 2019 she collaborated with [[Settle Stories]] and people of the [[Yorkshire Dales]] to create a new work ''Life in our Hands'' which was a video record of conversations with locals about the life and the history of the [[Craven District|Craven]] district where also created images of the participants' hands through the technique of plaster casting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cravenherald.co.uk/news/17894972.life-stories-told-hand-sculptures/|title = Life stories told through hand sculptures}}</ref> In the same year, she also came up with another sculpture ''Drop''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Drop by Shanthamani Muddaiah {{!}} Swiss Re Art|url=https://www.swissre.com/about-us/art-at-swiss-re/artworks/muddaiah-KB1219-drop.html|access-date=2021-07-23|website=www.swissre.com|language=en}}</ref>''.'' A visualization of a single drop of ink that is frozen in the moment it touches the ground, it was the memorialization of the significance of each drop. Muddaiah said that the sculpture arose out of her journey from the beginning to the mouth of the river Ganga where she witnessed millions of people offering ''[[Arghya]]'' (Hindu ritual of offering water to a deity). Seeing them cupping hands full of water and offering them back to the river made her see the allegory in the cyclical nature of life.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muddaiah, Shanthamani}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Mysore]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:Women artists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women sculptors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women sculptors]]

Senba Mimaba

2026-02-26T07:28:23Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Creating new stub - done

{{Short description|Monarch of historic Manipur, India}}
[[Category:Khuman kings]]
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Senba Mimaba
| title = King of Khuman dynasty and Prince of Luwang dynasty
| image = "Senba Mimaba" (Modern Meitei) and "Senpa Mimapa" (Ancient Meitei), a ruler of the Khuman dynasty.jpg
| reign = 700 C.E – 760 C.E
| reign-type = [[Monarch]]
| predecessor = [[Punshi Yumoiba]]
| successor = [[Yoithongai]]
| issue = Laiku, Laikha, Laipha
| father = [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]]
| mother = Khayoiron Nganbi
| religion = [[Sanamahism]]
}}
'''Senba Mimaba''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯦꯟꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯃꯥꯕ}}) was a monarch of the [[Khuman dynasty]] of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]) who reigned from 700 CE to 760 CE.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Ibobi |first=Laikhuram |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221 |title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron |date=1998 |pages=43}}</ref> He was also inherently a [[Luwang]] prince.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Khelchandra Singh |first=Ningthoukhongjam |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994 |title=Khuman Kangleirol |date=1980 |pages=12-15}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Kullachandra Sharma |first=b |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468 |title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba |date=1998 |pages=36-40}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Goshwami |first=Hareshwar |url=http://archive.org/details/hareshwar-goshwami-history-of-the-people-of-manipur |title=History of the People of Manipur |date=2019 |publisher=Yaol London Publishing Limited |location=London |pages=177-178}}</ref>

He was a contemporary of Meitei king [[Naothingkhong]] of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]].<ref name=":02" /> He succeeded his maternal grandfather, [[Punshi Yumoiba]].<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32" />

== Early life ==
Senba Mimaba was born to [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]] and Khayoiron Nganbi (Nganu Thumbi) from the [[Khuman dynasty]], even though both clans share a common ancestry. Eventually, his mother separated from his father and returned with Senba Mimaba to the Khuman region.<ref name=":12" /> He transported the figure of [[Imoinu]] from the Luwang territory to the Khuman territory.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32" />

Senba Mimaba was reunited with his father during a hunting incident.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32" />

== Reign and integration into hill tribes ==
After the death of his maternal grandfather [[Punshi Yumoiba]], Senba Mimaba took the throne of the [[Khuman kingdom]] in 700 CE. He reigned until 760 CE, when he was succeeded by [[Yoithongai]].<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32" />

During his reign, Senba Mimaba initiated an expedition to the southeastern hills of [[Manipur]]. He ultimately integrated with local hill communities and is recognized as one of the principal ancestral figures of the Maring tribe.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32" />

== Descendants ==
Senba Mimaba had three children: Laiku, Laikha, and Laipha. Following the conclusion of his reign and with Yoithongai taking over the Khuman throne, all three sons escaped the kingdom. Laiku made his home in Leitang, Laikha established himself in Uchiwa, and Laipha moved to the Maring region, where he assimilated into the Maring community.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Sanjenbam Jugeshwor |date=2023-06-29 |title=Relation between Meitei and other Ethnic Communities of Manipur as per old Books |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/articles/relation-between-meitei-and-other-ethnic-communities-of-manipur-as-per-old-books/amp/ |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohen |first=Naorem |date=2025-02-01 |title=No Meitei Without Maring and Arambai: A Forgotten Truth |url=https://themanipurjournal.com/no-meitei-without-maring-and-arambai-a-forgotten-truth/ |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=The Manipur Journal |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>

[[Category:8th-century Indian monarchs]]

Gurukulam (film)

2026-02-23T07:04:10Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Stub!

{{short description|2014 film}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gurukulam
| image =
| alt =
| caption = One Without a Second
| native_name =
| director = Jillian Elizabeth Neil Dalal
| producer = Jillian Elizabeth
| writer =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Dayananda Saraswati (Arsha Vidya)|Swami Dayananda Saraswati]]
}}
| music =
| cinematography = [[J.P. Sniadecki]] Jillian Elizabeth
| editing = Mary Lampson
| production_companies = Advaita Films<ref>{{cite web|url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_nc/1143224|title=Advaita Films - North Carolina corporation|access-date=2021-04-14}}</ref> Soma Productions<ref name="SOMA">{{cite web|title=Soma Productions|url=https://worldcat.org/identities/viaf-631159474209927661888/|access-date=2021-04-14}}</ref>
| distributor = [[Matson Films]]<ref name="PKIT"/> [[1091 Pictures]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://1091.tv/gurukulam-1|publisher=[[1091 Pictures]]|website=1091.tv|date=2016-08-23|access-date=2021-04-12|title=1091 Pictures: Gurukulam}}</ref> [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| released = {{Film date|2014|02|02}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2014/01/santa-barbara-international-film-festival-reveals-2014-lineup-194321/|publisher=[[IndieWire]]|website=www.indiewire.com|date=2014-01-07|title=Santa Barbara International Film Festival Reveals 2014 Lineup}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sbiff.festivalgenius.com/2014/films/gurukulam_jillianelizabeth_sbiff2014|website=festivalgenius.com|access-date=2021-04-14|title=SBIFF 2014 - Gurukulam}}</ref>
| runtime = 108 minutes
| country = United States Canada<ref name="SOMA" />
| language = English, Tamil, Sanskrit
| budget =
| gross = Gross: $25,651 
}}

'''''Gurukulam''''' ({{langx|sa|गुरुकुलम्}}) is a 2014 documentary, directed and produced independently by Jillian Elizabeth and Neil Dalal.<ref>[https://www.mcintyre.ca/titles/PR3385 Trailer and info for 2014 movie, Gurukulam]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ilycpat6Vt8|publisher=[[1091 Pictures]]|website=youtube.com|date=2014|title=Gurukulam (FULL MOVIE)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gurukulamfilm.com/|title=Gurukulam:A film about life at a remote forest ashram in Tamil Nadu, India, and the ancient roots of modern day meditation and yoga practice|date=2015|website=gurukulamfilm.com|access-date=2021-04-12}}</ref>

==Development==
[[Principal photography]] took place{{when|date=April 2021}} in the [[Arsha Vidya Gurukulam]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].

[[Anantanand Rambachan]] served as an advisor for the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gurukulamfilm.com/cast--crew|title=Gurukulam film - cast and crew|access-date=2021-04-12}}</ref>

The film came with support from the [[Hartley Film Foundation]] and the [[Alberta Foundation for the Arts]].<ref name="PKIT"/>

== Release ==
''Gurukulam'' premiered at the 2014 [[Santa Barbara International Film Festival]] to a limited audience.

In 2015, the movie premiered at small theaters in the United States and Canada. In June 2016, more screenings were shown in the United States. It is now available on multiple streaming platforms.

==Reception==
[[Andrew Gow (historian)|Andrew Gow]] of the [[University of Alberta]] praised Gurukulum for providing the "erudite intellectual context" for the practice of [[yoga]]. Gow emphasized the film's teaching of Indian philosophy, from Vedanta to broader aspects of Indian culture.<ref name="PKIT" /> [[Sanjiv Chopra]] of the [[Harvard Medical School]] lauded the applicability of the film to modern humans both in the West and in remote Himalayan villages.<ref name="PKIT">{{cite web|url=https://www.gurukulamfilm.com/press|title=Gurukulam film - press kit|author=Kersh, Adam|publisher=Brigade Marketing|access-date=2021-04-13}}</ref>

Others were critical of the [[fly on the wall]] style of filming and found the pacing difficult to engage with.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-mini-gurukulam-review-20160606-snap-story.html|title= Review: 'Gurukulam' documentary fails to find oneness with itself|author=Goldstein, Gary|date=2016-06-09|access-date=2021-04-14}}</ref> Other reviewers lamented the absence of an explanation of the philosophy and its traditions,<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=[[Asian Ethnology]]|date=2018|author=Lindquist, Steven E.|volume=77|issue=1 & 2|title=Review of film "Gurukulam" by Elizabeth and Dalal|url=https://www.academia.edu/38170906}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/gurukulam-film-review-899456/|work=[[Hollywood Reporter]]|author=Scheck, Frank|date=2016-06-03|access-date=2023-06-30|title='Gurukulam': Film Review}}</ref> while praising the beauty of the setting.<ref>{{Cite web|work=[[New York Times]]|date=2016-06-02|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/03/movies/-gurukulam-review.html|title=Review: 'Gurukulam' Offers Sights and Sounds of a Spiritual Awakening|author=Verongos, Helen T.|access-date=2023-06-30}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2183702}}
* {{Worldcat|oclc=1035150263}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 independent films]]
[[Category:2014 documentary films]]
[[Category:American independent films]]
[[Category:American documentary films]]
[[Category:Canadian documentary films]]
[[Category:Documentary films about Hinduism]]
[[Category:Films shot in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:2014 American films]]
[[Category:2014 Canadian films]]
[[Category:English-language Canadian films]]

{{Hindu-documentary-film-stub}}

J. Vignesh

2026-02-20T15:21:50Z

GeorgiannaMoberg:

{{Short description|Indian child actor}}
{{Infobox person
| name = J. Vignesh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = J. Vignesh
| birth_place = Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2015{{ndash}}present
| known_for = ''[[Kaaka Muttai]]''
| awards = [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist]]
}}

'''J. Vignesh''', also credited as '''Kaakkaa Muttai Vignesh''' is an Indian child actor who works in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language films.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The transformation of 'Kakka Muttai' boys will surprise you |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-transformation-of-kakka-muttai-boys-will-surprise-you/articleshow/76132768.cms |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
When casting for ''[[Kaaka Muttai]]'' (2015), director [[M. Manikandan]] picked Vignesh, hailing from the fishermen community, for a leading role in the film. He was spotted in Kasimedu playing in a slum near the beach, when he was photographed by Manikandan - who then later approached his parents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the 'Kaaka Muttai' Kids Everyone Is Talking About |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/meet-the-kaaka-muttai-kids-everyone-is-talking-about#read-more |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=[[The Quint]] |date=19 June 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kasimedu to Kollywood |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Kasimedu-to-Kollywood/article59835328.ece |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 June 2015 |language=en}}</ref> The film's storyline revolves around two slum children of Chennai, whose desire is to taste a pizza, with Vignesh and fellow newcomer [[Kaakkaa Muttai Ramesh|Ramesh]] cast as brothers. The film opened to widespread critical acclaim praising the performances of the cast members, storyline, screenplay, direction and other major technical aspects. It was further considered one of the "25 Greatest Tamil Films of the Decade" by ''[[Film Companion]]''; the same website ranked the actors Vignesh and Ramesh's and [[Aishwarya Rajesh]]'s performance as two of the "100 Greatest Performances of the Decade". ''Kaaka Muttai'' won the [[National Film Awards|National Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Children's Film|Best Children's Film]] and [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]], for the actors Ramesh and Vignesh, at the [[62nd National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2015 |title=62nd National Film Awards: Dhanush's Kakka Muttai wins the Best Children's film and Best Child Actors award! |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/62nd-national-film-awards-dhanushs-kakka-muttai-wins-the-best-childrens-film-and-best-child-actors-award-487593/ |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=Bollywood Life }}</ref>

Vignesh later went on to work with [[Samuthirakani]] in ''[[Appa (2016 film)|Appa]]'' (2017) and [[Nayanthara]] in the drama, ''[[Aramm]]'' (2017). Despite the success of his first film, several of Vignesh's subsequent ventures were lower in profile.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kaaka-muttai-ramesh-vignesh-exclusive-interview-ig-video-tamil-news-289990|title=We are facing rejection - National Award winners 'Kaaka Muttai' boys frank video interview - Tamil News|date=July 1, 2021|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> In 2017, a film titled ''[[Kuzhali]]'' was announced, where he would portray the lead role alongside actress [[Esther Anil]], though it later had a delayed released in late 2022.<ref name=Hero>{{Cite web |title=Vignesh upbeat about turning hero |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/210517/vignesh-upbeat-about-turning-hero.html |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> He also teamed up to star alongside Ramesh in films including the long-delayed ''Padaippalan'' (2022) and the unreleased ''Vendaikkai Katthirikkai''.<ref name=Hero />

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Kaaka Muttai]]'' || Periya Kaaka Muttai || [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist]]
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Appa (2016 film)|Appa]]'' || Vetriswaran ||
|-
| rowspan="1"|2017 || ''[[Aramm]]'' || Saravanan ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Rudra Thandavam (2021 film)|Rudra Thandavam]]'' || Maaran ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2022 || ''Padaippalan'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Tamil Rockerz]]'' || || Web series
|-
| ''[[Kuzhali]]'' || Subramani ||
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2023 || ''[[Pudhu Vedham]]'' || Arumugam ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2025 || ''[[Phoenix (2025 film)|Phoenix]]'' || || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-04-25 |title=Anl Arasu's Phoenix gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/25/anl-arasus-phoenix-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Central'' || ||
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|7311942}}

{{auth}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vignesh, J.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Child actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Best Child Artist National Film Award winners]]

Suresh Amonkar (writer)

2026-02-12T03:05:07Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Creating page - done

{{Short description|Indian educationist (1935–2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suresh Amonkar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1935|3|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|12|8|1935|3|22|df=y}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|educationist|translator}}
| yearsactive =
| known for =
| spouse = Sudha Amonkar
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2009)
}}

'''Suresh Gundu Amonkar''' (22 March 1935 – 8 December 2019)<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gauree Malkarnekar|date=Dec 8, 2019|title=Goa: Padma Shri awardee Suresh Amonkar passes away at 84 {{!}} Goa News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-padma-shri-awardee-suresh-amonkar-passes-away-at-84/articleshow/72425368.cms|access-date=2021-11-29|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> was an Indian educationist, writer, and chairman of [[Goa Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]].<ref name="About Us">{{cite web | url=http://www.newgoa.in/aboutus.php | title=About Us | publisher=New Goa High School | date=2016 | access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref> He served as the director of State Literacy Mission and Adult Education, as the Chief Commissioner of Goa State chapter of the [[The Bharat Scouts and Guides|Bharat Scouts and Guides]] and as the president of the Council of Boards of Secondary Education (COBSE).<ref name="Kakodkar, Amonkar to get Padma awards">{{cite web | url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/South-of-Zuari/kakodkar-amonkar-to-get-padma-awards/22245.html | title=Kakodkar, Amonkar to get Padma awards | publisher=Goa Herald | date=26 January 2009 | access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref>

== Works ==
He translated several classics into [[Konkani language]], including [[Dhammapada]], [[Tirukkuṛaḷ]], [[Bhagavad Gita]], [[Gospel of John]] and [[Dnyaneshwari]].<ref name="Amonkar on Goa University Library">{{cite web | url=http://libcat.unigoa.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=au:Amonkar,%20Suresh | title=Amonkar on Goa University Library | publisher=Goa University Library | date=2016 | access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="Goa's Padmashree Dr. Suresh Gundu Amonkar on Dr. Jose Pereira and Hinduism">{{cite web | url=http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.culture.region.india.goa/111683 | title=Goa's Padmashree Dr. Suresh Gundu Amonkar on Dr. Jose Pereira and Hinduism | publisher=Gmane | date=8 August 2010 | access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref> He was a recipient of the Goa State Teacher's Award and the 2012 Jyanpithkar Ravindra Kelekar Award.<ref name="Awards announced for Konkani writers">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/awards-announced-for-konkani-writers/article4198731.ece | title=Awards announced for Konkani writers | newspaper=The Hindu | date=14 December 2012 | access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2009, for his contributions to Literature and Education.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=3 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="Assembly Congratulates Kakodkar, Gundu, Kelekar">{{cite web | url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=56437 | title=Assembly Congratulates Kakodkar, Gundu, Kelekar | publisher=Daiji World | date=3 February 2009 | access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|India|Literature}}
* [[Konkani literature]]
* [[List of translators]]
* [[Tirukkural translations into Konkani]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite book | url=http://libcat.unigoa.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=62537 | title=Dhammapad : [Translation into Konkani in Verse and in Prose] | publisher=Asmitai Pratishtan | author=Amonkar, Suresh | year=1997}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{Tirukkural}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amonkar, Suresh Gundu}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Scholars from Goa]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Tamil–Konkani translators]]
[[Category:Translators of the Tirukkural into Konkani]]
[[Category:Tirukkural translators]]
[[Category:Konkani-language writers]]

{{India-translator-stub}}

Prabhakar Bhanudas Mande

2026-02-09T17:12:53Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Starting New Data

{{Infobox person
| name = Prabhakar Bhanudas Mande
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 16 December 1933
| birth_place = [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date = 21 December 2023
| death_place = [[Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar]], Maharashtra, India
| occupation = Scholar, folklorist, educator
| known_for = Marathi folk literature
| awards = Padma Shri (2023)
}}

'''Prabhakar Bhanudas Mande''' (16 December 1933 – 21 December 2023) was an Indian scholar of folklore, folk culture, and literature from [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Padma Shri awardee Mande passes away in Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/padma-shri-awardee-mande-passes-away-in-chhatrapati-sambhajinagar-prabhakar-mande/articleshow/106198013.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref> He was associated with the academic study and institutionalisation of folklore in higher education in Maharashtra. He received the [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)|Padma Shri]] in 2023 in the field of Literature and Education.<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2023 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1909685 |website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Mande was born on 16 December 1933 in Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite news |title=Veteran folklorist Prabhakar Mande no more |url=https://www.loksatta.com/ |newspaper=Loksatta |access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref> He completed his Ph.D. in 1967 with a focus on analytical studies of folklore.<ref>{{cite web |title=Academic work of Prabhakar Bhanudas Mande |url=https://www.sakalmedia.com/ |website=Sakal |access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref>

==Academic career==
He began his career in 1955 as a teacher at a government school in Pishor, [[Aurangabad]] district.<ref>{{cite news |title=Life and work of folklorist Prabhakar Mande |url=https://www.loksatta.com/ |newspaper=Loksatta |access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref> In 1961, he joined Shri Shivaji College, Parbhani. He later served as a Reader at [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University|Marathwada University]] for 17 years and retired as a senior professor in 1993.<ref>{{cite news |title=Noted folklorist Prabhakar Mande honoured with Padma Shri |url=https://www.sakalmedia.com/ |newspaper=Sakal |access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref>

==Research and contributions==
Mande conducted field research on folklore and folk artists and documented folk songs, oral narratives, and performance traditions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Documentation of Marathi folklore |url=https://www.sakalmedia.com/ |website=Sakal |access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref> In 1973, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University included folklore at the postgraduate level; Mande contributed to syllabus preparation and authored prescribed textbooks for the subject.<ref>{{cite web |title=Folklore studies at Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University |url=https://mu.ac.in/ |website=Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University |access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref> He established the ''Loksahitya Research Centre'' and organised academic seminars in Maharashtra and Goa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Loksahitya Research Centre activities |url=https://www.loksatta.com/ |newspaper=Loksatta |access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref>

==Selected works==
* ''Gawgadya Baher''
* ''Ramkathechi Maukhik Parampara''
* ''Lokrangbhoomi''
* ''Mangani Thyanche Magte''

==Awards==
* Sangeet Natak Akademi Award, 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi awards |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1742454816_Amrit%20Award%20Citation%202023_%20(83).pdf |website=Sangeet Natak Akademi |access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi awards |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1742454816_Amrit%20Award%20Citation%202023_%20(83).pdf |access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref>
* Padma Shri, 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2023 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1909685 |website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* [https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1909685 Prabhakar Bhanudas Mande – Padma Awards 2023] at Press Information Bureau
* [https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/ Official Padma Awards Portal]

[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian folklorists]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]
[[Category:People from Maharashtra]]
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

Karpoor Chandra Kulish

2026-02-07T23:26:59Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: refined lead additionally and corrected details to improve readability

{{No footnotes|article|date=January 2008}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Karpoor Chandra Kulish
| image = Karpoor Chandra Kulish 2012 stamp of India.jpg
| image_size =245px
| caption = Kulish on a 2012 stamp of India
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1926|03|20}}
| birth_place = Malpura, Tonk, [[Rajasthan]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2006|01|17|1926|03|20}}
| death_place = [[Jaipur]], Rajasthan, India
| occupation = Founder of [[Rajasthan Patrika]], Journalist, Poet, Philosopher
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Karpoor Chandra Kulish''' (20 March 1926 – 17 January 2006) was the founder of [[Rajasthan Patrika]], a [[Hindi]] language newspaper of [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ajwani|first1=Deepak|title=For Rajasthan Patrika, it is Readers Above Advertisers|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/printcontent/37385|work=Forbes India Magazine|date=18 March 2014|access-date=11 December 2017|archive-date=24 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724025435/http://www.forbesindia.com/printcontent/37385|url-status=live}}</ref>

Born in [[Jainism|Jain]] family, State Rajasthan [[Soda village]] in [[Malpura]] tehsil in [[Tonk district]] in 1926 he started his career in journalism as an employee in a newspaper. On 7 March 1956, Kulish started his own newspaper, which became no. 1 in Rajasthan. He is best remembered for his fearless journalism.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} His family consists of his wife, two sons and one daughter.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} Kulish retired from [[Rajasthan Patrika]] on 20 March 1986.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}

== Literary works ==
Among his literary works, "America Ek Vihangam Drishti" and "Mein Dekhta Chala Gaya" gained a lot of recognition.
His biography is in [[Hindi]] in form of conversations with Kulish under a title "Dharapravah". The biography has been translated in English as, Recollecting yesterdays: glimpses from the life story of K.C. Kulish. Among his other popular literary works is Saat Sainkda. He also contributed towards 'Veda' with his two works including Vedas as Science and Ved-Vidya Praveshika. His compilation of 11 samhitas of the four [[Vedas]], titled Shabd Veda, is considered rare.

In his later years Kulish wrote a segment titled "polampol" for the newspaper on current affairs. The series is published in form of a book, is a popular set of writings in a local [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] dialect. He started Rajasthan Patrika as an evening newspaper in 1956 which later became a morning daily in the 60's. He was a [[Journalism|Journalist]], a scholar of the [[Vedas]], a thinker, a philosopher and a poet.

== Awards ==
Kulish got awards for his contribution to journalism. In 1990, he got the [[B.D. Goenka]] Foundation award for "Outstanding Contribution in the Indian Language Newspaper" category for the year 1987. In 1991, he was felicitated by the then Prime Minister of India, [[Chandra Shekhar]], for influencing the national mainstream through his contributions at the golden jubilee of the All India Editors' Conference.

He received the [[Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi]] Award in 2000. The Hindi Sahitya Sammelan gave him the highest honour of Prayag 'Sahitya Vachaspati'. The Maharishi Sandipani Rashtriya Ved Vidya Pratisthan, [[Ujjain]], honoured him.

India Post released a stamp commemorating him on 16 May 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianstampghar.com/2012/05/stamps-of-india-karpoor-chandra-kulish-by-india-post/ |title=Stamps of India – Karpoor Chandra 'Kulish' – By India Post |access-date=26 July 2012 |archive-date=20 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020215535/http://www.indianstampghar.com/2012/05/stamps-of-india-karpoor-chandra-kulish-by-india-post/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

== Post retirement ==
Kulish later developed an interest in spirituality and Vedic sciences. He put forth the dimensions of the Vedas for the common man to understand and educate himself.

He died on 17 January 2006.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060704182754/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/18/stories/2006011814130500.htm Doyen of Hindi journalism dead]
*[http://jainsamaj.org/magazines/january2006-3.htm Karpoor Chandra Kulish of Rajasthan Patrika is dead]
*[http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Stamps2012.aspx Karpoor Chandra Kulish Commemorative stamp released by India Post]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kulish, Karpoor Chand}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper editors]]
[[Category:Journalists from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:People from Tonk district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]

Nymphaea pubescens

2026-01-24T05:16:42Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: cleaned up article per sources and improved wording to improve readability

{{Short description|Species of water lily}}
{{speciesbox
|image = Nymphaea_pubescens_JNTBGRI.jpg
|image_caption = water lily (''Nymphaea pubescens'')
|genus = Nymphaea
|parent = Nymphaea subg. Lotos
|species = pubescens
|authority = [[Carl Ludwig Willdenow|Willd.]]
|synonyms =
*''Castalia pubescens'' (Willd.) Wood
*''Nymphaea lotus'' var. ''pubescens'' (Willd.) Hook.f. & Thomson
*''Nymphaea devoniensis'' Hook.
*''Nymphaea purpurea'' Rehnelt & F.Henkel
*''Nymphaea semisterilis'' Lehm.
|synonyms_ref = <ref name = "POWO, 2023">{{cite POWO |id=605673-1 |title=''Nymphaea pubescens'' Willd. |accessdate=25 June 2023}}</ref>
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name = "Gupta, 2011">Gupta, A.K. 2011. ''Nymphaea pubescens''. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T168878A6544567. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T168878A6544567.en. Accessed on 03 July 2023.</ref>
}}

'''''Nymphaea pubescens''''', the '''hairy water lily''' or '''pink water-lily''', is a species of [[Nymphaeaceae|water lily]].

==Description==
{{CSS image crop
|Image = Nymphaea pubescens-3-JNTBGRI-kerala-India.jpg
|bSize = 1000
|cWidth = 200
|cHeight = 210
|oTop = 382
|oLeft = 342
|Location = right
|Description = Adaxial leaf surface of ''Nymphaea pubescens''
}}
{{More citations needed section|date=May 2021}}
===Vegetative characteristics===
''Nymphaea pubescens'' is an annual<ref name = "Flora of Australia">S.W.L. Jacobs & C.L. Porter. ''Nymphaea pubescens'', in (ed.), Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Nymphaea%20pubescens [Date Accessed: 27 September 2025] </ref> or perennial,<ref name = "Flora of Australia" /><ref name = "FloraNT">Northern Territory Government. (2013). ''Nymphaea pubescens'' Willd. FloraNT. Retrieved September 26, 2025, from https://eflora.nt.gov.au/factsheet?id=4001</ref> rhizomatous,<ref name = "Flora of Australia" /> aquatic herb<ref name = "Flora of Sri Lanka">Flora of Sri Lanka. (n.d.). Retrieved September 26, 2025, from https://www.floraofsrilanka.com/species/1315</ref> with erect, stoloniferous,<ref name = "Flora of China">''Nymphaea lotus'' var. ''pubescens'' in Flora of China @ efloras.org. (n.d.). Retrieved September 26, 2025, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200007088</ref> tuberous, up to 8 cm long rhizomes<ref name = "Flora of Australia" /> bearing slim stolons.<ref name = "Flora of China" /> The petiolate, ovate, elliptic, suborbicular,<ref name = "Flora of Thailand">Forest Herbarium & Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation. (n.d.). ''Nymphaea pubescens'' Willd. Flora of Thailand. Retrieved September 26, 2025, from https://botany.dnp.go.th/eflora/floraspecies.html?tdcode=07293</ref> orbicular, or sagittate leaves<ref name = "Flora of Pakistan">''Nymphaea pubescens'' Willd. (n.d.). Flora of Pakistan. Retrieved September 26, 2025, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242334156</ref> with a dentate margin<ref name = "Flora of China" /> are 15–40 cm long, and 12–35 cm wide.<ref name = "Flora of Thailand" /> The abaxial leaf surface is pubescent.<ref name = "Flora of Australia" /><ref name = "Flora of China" />
===Generative characteristics===
The flowers are quite large, about 15 cm in diameter when fully open. They tend to close during the daytime and open wide at night. Their color varies from white to pink, [[mauve]] or purple depending from the variety or [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]].

==Taxonomy==
It was published by [[Carl Ludwig Willdenow]] in 1799.<ref name = "POWO, 2023" /> It is placed in [[Nymphaea subg. Lotos|''Nymphaea'' subg. ''Lotos'']].<ref name = "Conard, 1905">Conard, H. S. (1905). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/itempdf/108991 "The waterlilies: A monograph of the genus ''Nymphaea''."] pp. 198-199. Carnegie Institution of Washington.</ref>
===Etymology===
The specific epithet ''pubescens'' means ''with soft short hairs''.<ref>Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T., Ballings, P. & Coates Palgrave, M. (2025). Flora of Mozambique: Species information: ''Holarrhena pubescens''.
https://www.mozambiqueflora.com/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=145020, retrieved 26 September 2025</ref><ref>Lamant, T. (2013, March 23). Species Spotlight: ''Quercus pubescens'' Willd. International Oak Society. Retrieved September 26, 2025, from https://www.internationaloaksociety.org/content/species-spotlight-quercus-pubescens-willd</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Sarasbagh.jpg|thumb|right|White and pink ''Nymphaea pubescens'' blooming in a pond.]]
This plant is common in shallow lakes and ponds throughout temperate and tropical Asia:
[[Bangladesh]], [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Yunnan]], [[Taiwan]], [[Philippines]], [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]],
[[Indonesia]] and [[Malaysia]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

It is also found in northeastern [[Australia]] and [[Papua New Guinea]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Nymphaea%20pubescens |title=Taxonomy |access-date=2009-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924131144/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Nymphaea%20pubescens |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The hairy water lily is found both as a cultivated plant as well as in the wild. It prefers non-acidic waters and it does not tolerate temperatures below 15 °C.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

==Use==
''Nymphaea pubescens'' is used as an [[aquarium]] plant for large aquaria.<ref>''Nymphaea pubescens''. (n.d.). Tropica Plant Database. Retrieved December 22, 2025, from https://www.aquaticcommunity.com/tr/Nymphaeapubescens.php</ref>

==Common names==
''Nymphaea pubescens'' is known ''kokaa'' in [[Hindi]] and ''Kumuda'' in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>Sorting ''Nymphaea'' names. (n.d.). Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database. Retrieved December 22, 2025, from https://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Nymphaea.html#pubescens</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.banglajol.info/index.php/JBS/article/viewFile/2197/1959 Studies on Nymphaea species in Bangladesh]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120916193109/http://www.ars-grin.gov/misc/mmpnd/Nymphaea.html Sorting Nymphaea names]
* [http://www.victoria-adventure.org/waterlilies/species_galleries/lotos_pubescens.html Nymphaea pubescens - Pictures]
* [http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/PDF/PDF06/NYMPHAEA.pdf Flora of China 6: 116–118. 2001 - Nymphaea 睡莲属] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614123416/http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/PDF/PDF06/NYMPHAEA.pdf |date=2011-06-14 }}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3242478}}

[[Category:Nymphaea|pubescens]]
[[Category:Flora of China]]
[[Category:Flora of tropical Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of Australia]]

Bhurum Bhurum

2026-01-22T11:28:13Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Bhurum Bhurum
| cover = Bhurum Bhurum Pandu.jpg
| caption = Official song cover
| type = song
| artist = [[Avdhoot Gupte]], [[Vaishali Samant]]
| album = [[Pandu (film)|Pandu]]
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|11|15}} (video song)
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=3|s=47}}
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| writer = [[Avadhoot Gupte]]
| composer = [[Avadhoot Gupte]]
| producer = [[Zee Studios]]
| tracks = # "'''Bhurum Bhurum'''"
# "Kelewadi"
# "Dada Parat Ya Na"
# "Badluck Kharab Hay"
# "[[Jaanata Raja]]"
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|3NPWTO7TYaY|Bhurum Bhurum}}|type=song}}
}}

"'''Bhurum Bhurum'''" is a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] song from the soundtrack album of the 2021 [[comedy drama]] film ''[[Pandu (film)|Pandu]]'', directed by [[Viju Mane]]. Written and composed by [[Avadhoot Gupte]], who also sung the song with [[Vaishali Samant]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pandu {{!}} Song - Bhurum Bhurum (Lyrical) {{!}} Marathi Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/marathi/pandu-song-bhurum-bhurum-lyrical/videoshow/93780278.cms |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The music video of the track is picturised on actors [[Bhalchandra Kadam|Bhau Kadam]] and [[Sonalee Kulkarni]].<ref name=":1" />

== Credits ==
Credits adapted from [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Bhurum Bhurum {{!}} Pandu {{!}} Sonalee Kulkarni & Bhau Kadam {{!}} Avadhoot Gupte & Vaishali Samant | date=14 November 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3NPWTO7TYaY |access-date=2024-03-17 |language=en}}</ref>
*Singer – [[Avadhoot Gupte]] & [[Vaishali Samant]]
*Composer – Avadhoot Gupte
*Assistant Music Composer – Nitin Dhole
*Lyricist – Avadhoot Gupte
*Arranger/Programmer – Avinash Lohar
*Live Rhythm – Prabhakar Mosamkar
*Recording Studio – Ajivasan Sounds/Audio Art
*Recording – Avdhut Wadkar/Ganesh Pokale
*Mixed And Mastered By Vijay Dayal

== Critical reception ==
Shaheen Irani of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' called it commercial song that comes as a welcome surprise after a dramatic moment. How he gets into trouble with the mother and wife fighting is well explored in the film.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Pandu review: Sonalee Kulkarni's film is a commercial entertainer made for families to enjoy |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/pandu-review-sonalee-kulkarnis-film-is-a-commercial-entertainer-made-for-families-to-enjoy/8b746a791f702 |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient (s) and Nominee (s)
!Result
!{{Reference column heading|multi=yes}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Marathi|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Avadhoot Gupte]]
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-01 |title=6th Planet Filmfare Marathi Awards 2021: Complete winners' list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/6th-planet-filmfare-marathi-awards-2021-complete-winners-list/articleshow/90561300.cms |access-date=2024-03-17 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards Marathi 2021 Nominations |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-marathi-2021/nominations |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Marathi|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Vaishali Samant]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
| rowspan="3" |[[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?]]
|[[MFK Award for Favourite Song|Favourite Song]]
|"'''Bhurum Bhurum'''"
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhirvandekar |first=Harshada |title=Maharashtracha Favourite Kon: यंदा कोण ठरणार 'महाराष्ट्राचा फेवरेट'? नामांकनं जाहीर! |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/maharashtracha-favourite-kon-nominations-declare-know-how-to-vote-141671676182720.html |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=mr |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025234405/https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/maharashtracha-favourite-kon-nominations-declare-know-how-to-vote-141671676182720.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[MFK Award for Favourite Male Playback Singer|Favourite Singer – Male]]
|Avadhoot Gupte
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[MFK Award for Favourite Female Playback Singer|Favourite Singer – Female]]
|Vaishali Samant
|{{Nom}}
|-
|20a23
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar]]
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Playback Singer – Male|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
|Avadhoot Gupte
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=अडसूळ |first=नीलेश |date=2023-03-06 |title=Zee Chitra Gaurav 2023: कुणाला मिळणार 'झी चित्र गौरव' २०२३ पुरस्कार.. नामांकन यादी जाहीर.. |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/zee-chitra-gaurav-2023-nomination-list-announced-nsa95 |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=[[Sakal]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|Radio City Cine Awards
|Best Lyricist
|Avadhoot Gupte
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=City Cine Awards Winners 2022-2023 {{!}} Radio City |url=https://stageorigin.radiocity.in/ccamarathi |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Radiocity}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/bhurum-bhurum/QTItByxeRFw JioSaavn]
*[https://wynk.in/music/song/bhurum-bhurum/zm_INZ031409851 Wynk Music]
*[https://music.apple.com/in/album/bhurum-bhurum-from-pandu-single/1595530193 iTunes]
*[https://www.shazam.com/track/593486933/bhurum-bhurum-from-pandu Shazam]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2021 songs]]
[[Category:Indian songs]]
[[Category:Vaishali Samant songs]]
[[Category:Avadhoot Gupte songs]]
[[Category:Songs in Marathi]]
[[Category:Songs written for Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Dance music songs]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Avadhoot Gupte]]

Abhishek Ambareesh

2026-01-18T18:02:03Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Data...

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abhishek Ambareesh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|10|03|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Actor
| height =
| father = [[Ambareesh]]
| mother = [[Sumalatha]]
| relatives = [[Chowdiah]] (great-grandfather)
| years_active = 2019–present
| spouse = {{marriage |Aviva Bidapa|2023}}
}}

'''Abhishek Ambareesh''' (born 3 October 1992) is an Indian actor who has worked predominantly in [[Kannada language|Kannada]] language films.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-your-bond-with-bengaluru/meet-abhishek-gowda-s/o-ambareesh-736250.html |title=Meet Abhishek Gowda, s/o Ambareesh|website=Deccan Herald |date=26 May 2019 |access-date=26 May 2019}}</ref> The son of actors-politicians [[Ambareesh]] and [[Sumalatha]], Abhishek made his debut as a lead actor in the romantic action film, ''[[Amar (2019 film)|Amar]]'' (2019) for which he won the [[SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – Kannada|SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/amar-heres-when-the-teaser-of-rebel-star-ambareeshs-son-abhisheks-debut-film-will-release/articleshow/67653196.cms |title='Amar' : Here's when the teaser of Rebel Star Ambareesh's son Abhishek's debut film will release|website=Times of India |date=23 January 2019 |access-date=23 January 2019}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Abhishek was born to [[Ambareesh]] and [[Sumalatha]] in [[Bangalore]]. Abhishek completed his master's degree in International Relations and Democratic Politics from a university in the UK.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramakrishna |first1=S. R. |title=Abhishek Ambareesh debuts in films, mulls politics |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/abhishek-ambareesh-debuts-in-films-mulls-politics-737413.html |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=23 September 2023 |language=en |date=1 June 2019}}</ref> He married Aviva Bidapa, an entrepreneur, in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/abishek-ambareesh-and-aviva-bidappa-tie-the-knot/articleshow/100759055.cms |title=Abishek Ambareesh and Aviva Bidappa tie the knot|website=Times of India |date=5 June 2023 |access-date=5 June 2023}}</ref>

== Career ==
Abhishek appeared in his first lead role in the romantic action film ''[[Amar (2019 film)|Amar]]'' (2019) directed by [[Nagashekar]] and paired with actress [[Tanya Hope]]. The film received positive reviews from critics and audiences alike and performed best at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/amar/movie-review/69595548.cms|title=Amar Movie Review {3.0/5}: Critic Review of Amar by Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/amar-review-abhishek-gowdas-big-debut-pleasant-love-story-102763|title='Amar' review: Abhishek Gowda's big debut is a pleasant love story|date=31 May 2019}}</ref> Sunayana Suresh from ''[[The Times of India]]'' reviewed the film expressing that "Abishek Ambareesh shows he has the pedigree and promise to be someone, for he has good screen presence".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/amar/movie-review/69595548.cms |title='Amar' (U/A)|website=Times of India |date=31 May 2019 |access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref>
In 2023, Abhishek's next release was the [[Duniya Suri]] directorial action thriller ''Bad Manners''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/jun/20/release-of-abishek-ambareeshs-bad-manners-postponedto-july-2586597.html |title=Release of Abishek Ambareesh's 'Bad Manners' postponed to July|website=The New Indian Express |date=20 June 2023 |access-date=20 June 2023}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*''All films are in Kannada, unless otherwise noted.''
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Amar (2019 film)|Amar]]''|| Amar || [[SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – Kannada]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rakshit-shetty-rashmika-darshan-and-rachita-ram-among-top-honors-at-siima-2021/articleshow/86347445.cms|title=SIIMA Awards 2021 Winners: Rakshit Shetty, Rashmika, Darshan, and Rachita Ram among top honors|date=19 September 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Bad Manners (2023 film)|Bad Manners]]'' || Rudhra || ||
|-
| 2025 || {{Pending film|Kaali}} || {{TBA}} || ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm10411840}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ambareesh, Abhishek}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Kannada male actors]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1993 births]]

Samirul Islam

2026-01-05T14:00:35Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: further update structure for accuracy further and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 03 August 2023
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal]]
| education = M.Sc (Chemistry)
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| residence = [[Kolkata]], [[Delhi]]
| occupation = Politician, teacher
| alma_mater = [[IIT Delhi]] (2011)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|04|03|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Dunigram]], [[Rampurhat]], [[Birbhum District]], [[West Bengal]], India
| office1 = [[Chairman]] [[West Bengal Migrant Welfare Board]]
| termstart1 = 01 August 2023
| preceding1 = ''Position Established''
| image = Samirul Islam.jpg
}}

'''Samirul Islam''' (born 3 April 1987) is an [[Indian politician]] and former teacher who is serving as [[List of current members of the Rajya Sabha#West Bengal|Member of Rajya Sabha from West Bengal]] since 2023, representing [[Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief minister Mamata Banerjee sends Samirul Islam to Haryana's Nuh district's 'sleepless' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/chief-minister-mamata-banerjee-sends-samirul-islam-to-haryanas-nuh-districts-sleepless/cid/1960188 |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=2023-08-01 |title=RS MP Samirul Islam is chairman of West Bengal migrant welfare board |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/rs-mp-samirul-islam-is-chairman-of-west-bengal-migrant-welfare-board/article67147058.ece |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
He was born on 3 April 1987 at [[Dunigram]], in [[Birbhum district|Birbhum, West Bengal]]. He has earned [[Master of Science|M.Sc]] in Chemistry from [[IIT Delhi]] in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samirul Islam(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):(WEST BENGAL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/rajsab09aff/candidate.php?candidate_id=1017 |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

==Career==
He worked as assistant professor in Andrews College, Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-10 |title=Popular social worker Samirul Islam is TMC face for Rajya Sabha |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/young-educated-muslim-social-worker-is-new-tmc-face-for-rajya-sabha-8824387/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Ahead of the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly elections in West Bengal]], he 'bridged' the 'No Vote to BJP' slogan with other prominent leftist-intellectuals in Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=চক্রবর্তী |first=শোভন |title='নো ভোট টু বিজেপি'র নেতৃত্বে ছিলেন, বীরভূমের কৃষক-সন্তান সামিরুলকে রাজ্যসভায় পাঠাচ্ছে তৃণমূল |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/who-is-samirul-islam-whom-tmc-nominated-to-the-rajya-sabha-dgtl/cid/1443854 |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn}}</ref>

He was appointed member of Rajya Sabha in July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-10 |title=Popular social worker Samirul Islam is TMC face for Rajya Sabha |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/young-educated-muslim-social-worker-is-new-tmc-face-for-rajya-sabha-8824387/ |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Islam has been appointed chairman of West Bengal migrant welfare board since August 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=2023-08-01 |title=RS MP Samirul Islam is chairman of West Bengal migrant welfare board |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/rs-mp-samirul-islam-is-chairman-of-west-bengal-migrant-welfare-board/article67147058.ece |access-date=2024-03-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Islam, Samirul}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Jammu and Kashmir

2026-01-05T02:49:44Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Creating a stub

{{short description|Wikimedia subject-area collaboration}}
{{WikiProject status|inactive|parent=India|type=geo|sc1=WP:INJK}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Jammu and Kashmir/Header}}

Some [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]s have formed this [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|project]] in 2008 to improve organisation and standardised look and feel of articles related to the Indian-administered region of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

If you would like to help, please inquire on the [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|talk page]] and see the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Jammu_and_Kashmir/To_do |To-do list]].

==Participants==
See full list of participants [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Jammu and Kashmir/Members|here]].
You can also add your name if you want to participate in this WikiProject.
===Member identification===
Members of WikiProject Jammu and Kashmir should place one of the following lines of [[Help:Wikitext|Wikitext]] on their [[Special:MyPage|user page]] to add it to '''{{nobreak|[[:Category:WikiProject Jammu and Kashmir participants]]}}'''.
{{yytop}}
{{yycat|WikiProject Jammu and Kashmir participants}}
{{yy|Template:User WikiProject Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{yy|Template:User WikiProject Jammu and Kashmir2}}
{{yy|Template:User WP Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{yy|Template:User WP Jammu and Kashmir|invite}}
{{yyend}}
For other Jammu and Kashmir user templates, see '''{{nobreak|[[:Category:Jammu and Kashmir user templates]]}}'''.

===Departments===
Departments are groups of members who do specific work. Tasks include authoring, maintaining the project pages, administering portals, adding articles, participating in reviews, managing the project and so on. The following is a list of departments within the WikiProject.

==Scope==
The scope of this article fundamentally is loosely defined as all articles and sections relating to [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Almost all of these will be (eventually) categorised under [[:Category:Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[:Category:India]]

===Goals===
# Creation of a generally standard look and feel for all Jammu and Kashmir-related articles.
# To produce as many [[Wikipedia:Featured articles|Featured Articles]] as possible related to Jammu and Kashmir.
# To produce as many [[Wikipedia:Good articles|Good Articles]] as possible related to Jammu and Kashmir.
# To write as many [[WP:DYK|Did you know]] articles as possible related to Jammu and Kashmir.
# Jammu and Kashmir-related Tourist Attractions to be given more importance and it should be improved with suitable images of the places, since these articles will be read by many from outside India.

==Parentage==
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India]]
**[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/States|Indian states]]

==Descendant WikiProjects==
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Bhaderwah]]

==Similar WikiProjects==
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Goa|WikiProject Goa]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Karnataka|WikiProject Karnataka]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Kerala|WikiProject Kerala]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Tamil Nadu|WikiProject Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/West Bengal|WikiProject West Bengal]]

== Discussion ==
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Jammu and Kashmir]]

==Naming conventions==
*[[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Indic)]]

==Structure==
Refer to
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_states#Sections]] for state articles
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_districts#Sections]] for district articles
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_cities#Sections]] for city articles

== WikiProject Jammu and Kashmir banner notice ==

Place this WikiProject notice {{tlx|WikiProject India|2=jandk=yes|3=jandk-importance=}} at the top of an article's talk page to direct editors to the WikiProject Jammu and Kashmir for guidelines. This will automatically place related articles into [[:Category:WikiProject Jammu and Kashmir articles]].

It will produce:
{{WikiProject India|jandk=yes|category=no}}
==Hot articles==
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Jammu and Kashmir/Hot articles}}
== Article alerts ==
{|width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="4" cellpadding="1" style="border:1px solid #000080;margin-bottom:4px;"

|
<table>
<tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background-color:tomato">Article alerts for WikiProject Jammu and Kashmir</td></tr>
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</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:center; background-color:tomato">'''This table is updated daily by a [[WP:BOT|bot]]'''</td></tr>
</table>
|}

==Stubs==
For stubs about the geography of Jammu and Kashmir, use '''<nowiki>{{Jammu and Kashmir-geo-stub}}</nowiki>'''. This will go into the [[:Category:Jammu and Kashmir geography stubs]] category.

==User templates==
{{yytop}}
{{yy|User WikiProject Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{yy|User WikiProject Jammu and Kashmir2}}
{{yy|user WP Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{yyend}}

==Featured articles==
* none at the moment

===Featured lists===
* none at the moment

==Good Articles==
* [[Dal Lake]]
* [[Raghunath Temple]]

==Article alerts==
{{Article alerts columns|Wikipedia:WikiProject Jammu and Kashmir/Article alerts}}

==Articles for Improvement and Expansion==
* [[Sports in Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Crowd control in Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Media in Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Chillai Kalan]]
* [[Raantas]]
* [[Surukot]]

==Articles currently in [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates|FAC]]==
* none at the moment

==Articles currently in [[Wikipedia:Peer review|PR]]==
* [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)]], join
[[Wikipedia:Peer review/Jammu and Kashmir (state)/archive1|discussion]].

==Articles to keep on watchlist==
These articles see a lot of disruptive editing/undiscussed editing/other. If you follow the J&K circuit on Wikipedia then it is a good idea to keep these on your watchlist.
#[[Kashmir]]
#[[Jammu and Kashmir]]
#[[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]]
#[[Fake news in India#Kashmir]]
#[[Indian revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status]]

==Relevant templates==
{{Kashmir Valley}}
{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}
{{States and Union Territories of India}}
{{Kashmir conflict}}

{{User:WolterBot/Cleanup listing subscription|wgcat=WikiProject Jammu and Kashmir articles}}

* Improvement needed for the following articles:
** [[Badugam]]
** [[Dogra Art Museum, Jammu]]
** [[Munshi Aziz Bhat Museum of Central Asian and Kargil Trade Artifacts]]
** [[Dras War Memorial]] (A section in this page is incomplete someone may help sort it out)
** [[Sogam Lolab]] (More Information needed about the area including images)

==Tools==
:''Main tool page: [[tools:~dispenser/view/Tools|toolserver.org]]''
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Reflinks|Reflinks]] - Edits bare references - adds title/dates etc. to bare references
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Checklinks|Checklinks]] - Edit and repair external links
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Dab_solver|Dab solver]] - Quickly resolve ambiguous links.
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Peer_reviewer|Peer reviewer]] - Provides hints and suggestion to improving articles.

{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines|state=collapsed}}
{{WikiProject Footer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jammu and Kashmir}}
[[Category:WikiProject Jammu and Kashmir| ]]
[[Category:WikiProjects participating in Wikipedia 1.0 assessments]]

Star of Mysore

2025-12-28T17:09:15Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Creating a data

{{Short description|Newspaper published in Mysore, India}}
{{more citations needed |date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Star of Mysore
| logo = StarofMysoreLogo.png
| logo_size = 200px
| image = StarofMysoreCover.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption =
| type = [[Daily newspaper]]
| format =
| owners =
| founder = [[K B Ganapathy]]
| publisher = K B Ganapathy
| editor = K B Ganapathy
| chief_editor =
| associate_editor =
| managing_editor =
| news_editor =
| publishing_country = [[India]]
| campus_editor =
| campus_chief =
| opinion_editor =
| photo_editor =
| seniorstaff =
| staff_writers =
| founded = 1978
| political_position =
| language = English
| ceased_publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters = Mysore
| circulation = Daily evening
| sister_newspapers =
| ISSN =
| oclc =
| website = {{URL|http://www.starofmysore.com/}}
| free = {{URL|https://epaper.starofmysore.com/}}
}}

'''''Star of Mysore''''' is an Indian [[English language]] evening daily newspaper<ref name="Raman1994">{{cite book|author=Afried Raman|title=Bangalore - Mysore: A Disha Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBDkVEmLf0cC&pg=PA94|access-date=10 November 2012|year=1994|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-0-86311-431-1|pages=94–}}</ref> published in [[Mysore]], [[India]]. This newspaper was launched in 1978.<ref name="Astadala Yogamala">{{cite book|title=Astadala Yogamala|date = 22 May 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKLXD7paWhMC&pg=PA137|access-date=10 November 2012|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7764-976-5|pages=137–}}</ref> Its founder, editor and publisher was entrepreneur and writer [[K B Ganapathy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Editor|url=http://www.starofmysore.com/main.asp?type=editor|website=Star of Mysore|access-date=12 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830113934/http://www.starofmysore.com/main.asp?type=editor|archive-date=30 August 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
On April 6, 2020, an article titled "Bad apples in the basket" written by the editors K B Ganapathy and M Govinde Gowda was published. The article read "The presence of [[bad apples]] cannot be wished away. They are there in whatever way one wants to identify them, doesn't matter if it is religious, political or social, taking care not to generalise. An ideal solution to the problem created by bad apples is to get rid of them, as the former leader of Singapore did a few decades ago or as the leadership in Israel is currently doing."

It was interpreted that the editors are referring to the people of the Muslim community and calling for a genocide. The article was widely opposed and provoked outrage. The editorial issued an apology stating that the article was mainly focused on the spread of [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Open Call For Genocide: 'Star Of Mysore' Newspaper Refers Muslims As 'Rotten Apples', Calls For Getting 'Rid Of Them'|url=https://thecognate.com/open-call-for-genocide-star-of-mysore-newspaper-refers-muslims-as-rotten-apples-calls-for-getting-rid-of-them/|last=Hussain|first=Shaik Zakeer|date=April 11, 2020|website=The Cognate|access-date=May 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mysuru newspaper served notice for Islamophobic editorial|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mysuru-newspaper-served-notice-islamophobic-editorial-122407|last=Mounika|first=Alithea Stephanie|date=April 12, 2020|website=The News Minute|access-date=May 10, 2020}}</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[Mysooru Mithra]]''
* [[List of Kannada-language newspapers]]
* [[List of Kannada-language magazines]]
* [[List of newspapers in India]]
* [[Media in Karnataka]]
* [[Media of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.starofmysore.com/}}
* [https://epaper.starofmysore.com/ Official site: ''Epaper Star of Mysore'']

{{Newspapers in India|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Mysore]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Karnataka]]

{{india-newspaper-stub}}

Inter-Parliamentary Union

2025-12-28T14:45:44Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: added references

{{Short description|International organization of national parliaments}}
{{Infobox organization
| logo = Inter-Parliamentary Union logo.png
| status = International organization
| headquarters = [[Geneva, Switzerland|Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]
| membership = 183 Members 15 Associate Members
| leader_title = [[President (corporation)|President]]
| leader_name = [[Tulia Ackson]]<ref>{{cite web |title=President |url=https://www.ipu.org/about-ipu/structure-and-governance/president |website=Inter-Parliamentary Union |access-date=30 November 2021}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = [[Secretary General]]
| leader_name2 = [[Martin Chungong]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Secretary General |url=https://www.ipu.org/about-ipu/structure-and-governance/secretary-general |website=Inter-Parliamentary Union |access-date=30 November 2021}}</ref>
| name = Inter-Parliamentary Union
| founder = [[Frédéric Passy]], [[William Randal Cremer]]
| founded = 1889
| website = {{URL|http://www.ipu.org/}}
}}
The '''Inter-Parliamentary Union''' ('''IPU'''; {{langx|fr|Union Interparlementaire}}, '''UIP''') is an [[inter-parliamentary institution|international organization of national parliaments.]]<ref name="UIA">{{Cite web |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100040146 |url-access= |title=Inter-Parliamentary Union |author1=Staff writer |year=2024 |department=UIA Global Civil Society Database |website=uia.org |publisher=[[Union of International Associations]] |agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online |location=Brussels, Belgium |format= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |doi-broken-date= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |access-date=24 December 2024 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |quote= |trans-quote= |ref= |postscript=}}</ref> Its primary purpose is to promote democratic [[governance]], [[accountability]], and cooperation among its members; other initiatives include advancing gender parity among legislatures, empowering [[youth participation]] in politics, and [[sustainable development]].

The organization was established in 1889 as the '''Inter-Parliamentary Conference'''. Its founders were statesmen [[Frédéric Passy]] of [[France]] and [[William Randal Cremer]] of the [[United Kingdom]], who sought to create the first permanent forum for political multilateral negotiations. Initially, IPU membership was reserved for individual [[Member of Parliament|parliamentarians]], but has since transformed to include the legislatures of sovereign states. As of 2025, the national parliaments of 183 countries are members of the IPU, while 15 are associated members, most of whom are regional parliaments.<ref name="Members">{{Cite news|date=2016-05-13|title=Members|language=en|work=Inter-Parliamentary Union|url=https://www.ipu.org/about-us/members|access-date=2017-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Матвиенко избрана председателем ассамблеи Межпарламентского союза|language=ru|work=ТАСС|url=http://tass.ru/politika/4646881|access-date=2017-10-17}}</ref> Some of the organization's member states are not democratic by indexes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-26 |title=Freedom in the World |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Democracy Index 2020 |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/ |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The IPU facilitates the development of international law and institutions, strengthening the foundations and enhancing the vision for peace and the common good, including the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]], the [[League of Nations]], and the [[United Nations]]. It also sponsors and takes part in international conferences and forums, and has permanent [[United Nations General Assembly observers#Other entities|observer status at the United Nations General Assembly]]. Consequently, eight individuals associated with the organization are [[List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates|Nobel Peace Prize laureates]].

==History==

The organisation's initial objective was the arbitration of conflicts. The IPU played an important part in setting up the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] in [[The Hague]]. Over time, its mission has evolved towards the promotion of [[democracy]] and inter-parliamentary dialogue. The IPU has worked for establishment of institutions at the inter-governmental level, including the [[United Nations]], an organization with which it cooperates and with which it has permanent observer status.

The headquarters of the union have been moved several times since its inception.
Locations:
*1892–1911: [[Bern]] (Switzerland)
*1911–1914: [[Brussels]] (Belgium)
*1914–1920: [[Oslo]] (Norway)
*1921–present: [[Geneva]] (Switzerland)

Eight leading personalities of the IPU have received [[Nobel Peace Prize]]s:

*1901: [[Frédéric Passy]] (France)
*1902: [[Charles Albert Gobat]] (Switzerland)
*1903: [[Randal Cremer]] (United Kingdom)
*1908: [[Fredrik Bajer]] (Denmark)
*1909: [[Auguste Marie François Beernaert]] (Belgium)
*1913: [[Henri La Fontaine]] (Belgium)
*1921: [[Christian Lous Lange|Christian Lange]] (Norway)
*1927: [[Ferdinand Buisson]] (France)

== Members and organization ==

===Members===
[[File:Inter-Parliamentary Union Members.png|thumb|right|300px|Map of IPU member states]]

At its founding on 30 June 1889, the Inter-Parliamentary Conference had eight members: Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, Liberia, Spain, and the United Kingdom. The United States also attended but did not formally adopt the treaty of arbitration.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ipu.org/about-ipu/history-ipu|title=History of the IPU|website=Inter-Parliamentary Union}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ipu.org/130years/#1889-1914|title=Inter-Parliamentary Union {{!}} 130 years {{!}} 130 ans|website=Inter-Parliamentary Union}}</ref>

The Inter-Parliamentary Union currently has 183 members.

* Regional parliamentary assemblies may be admitted by the Governing Council as Associate Members
* Every Parliament constituted in conformity with the laws of a sovereign State whose population it represents and on whose territory it functions may request affiliation to the Inter-Parliamentary Union. The decision to admit or readmit a Parliament shall be taken by the Governing Council.

It is the duty of the Members of the IPU to submit the resolutions of the IPU within their respective Parliament, in the most appropriate form; to communicate them to the Government; to stimulate their implementation and to inform the IPU Secretariat, as often and fully as possible, particularly in its annual reports, as to the steps taken and the results obtained.

Almost all countries have a parliament member of IPU, with the notable exception of the United States, although the 12th (1904), the 23rd (1925) and the 42nd (1953) conferences were hosted in the US.

;Associate Members
The participating [[International parliament|parliamentary assemblies]] other than [[national parliament]]s are the following:<ref name="Members"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ececec; vertical-align:top;"
|'''Name'''
|'''Related organization'''
|-
|[[Andean Parliament]]
|[[Andean Community of Nations|CAN]]
|-
|[[Arab Parliament]]
|
|-
|[[Central American Parliament]] (PARLCEN)
|[[Central American Integration System|SICA]]
|-
|[[East African Legislative Assembly]]
|[[East African Community|EAC]]
|-
|[[European Parliament]]
|[[European Union|EU]]
|-
|[[CIS Interparliamentary Assembly]]
|[[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]]
|-
|Inter-Parliamentary Committee of the West African Economic and Monetary Union
|[[West African Economic and Monetary Union|UEMOA]]
|-
|[[Latin American Parliament|Latin American and Caribbean Parliament (PARLATINO)]]
|[[Latin American Parliament|PARLATINO]]
|-
|[[Pan-African Parliament]]
|[[African Union|AU]]
|-
|Parliament of the Economic Community of West African States
|[[Economic Community of West African States|ECOWAS]]
|-
|Parliament of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community
|[[CEMAC]]
|-
|[[Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie|Parliamentary Assembly of La Francophonie]] (APF)
|[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|OIF]]
|-
|[[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe]] (PACE)
|[[Council of Europe|CoE]]
|-
|Parliamentary Assembly of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
|[[Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation|BSEC]]
|}

=== Organs ===

[[Image:IPU Building2010.jpg|thumb|right|Headquarters of the IPU in Geneva (2010)]]

The organs of the Inter-Parliamentary Union are:

* '''Assembly.''' Meeting biannually, the Assembly is composed of parliamentarians designated as delegates by the Members. The Assembly is assisted in its work by Standing Committees, whose number and terms of reference are determined by the Governing Council; Standing Committees shall normally prepare reports and draft resolutions for the Assembly. No one delegate may record more than ten votes.
* '''Governing Council'''. The Governing Council normally holds two sessions a year. The Governing Council is composed of three representatives from each Member. The term of office of a member of the Governing Council lasts from one Assembly to the next and all the members of the Governing Council must be sitting members of Parliament. The Governing Council elects the President of the Inter-Parliamentary Union for a period of three years. It also elects the members of the executive committee and appoints the Secretary General of the Union.
* '''Executive Committee'''. The executive committee is composed of the President of the Inter-Parliamentary Union, 15 members belonging to different Parliaments (elected by the Governing Council; not less than 12 are elected from among the members of the Governing Council) and the President of the Coordinating Committee of the Meeting of Women Parliamentarians. The fifteen elected seats are assigned to the geopolitical groups. Only parliamentarians from States where women have both the right to vote and the right to stand for election are eligible to the executive committee. The executive committee is the administrative organ of the Inter-Parliamentary Union. The current President is Dr. Tulia Ackson, Speaker of the National Assembly of the United Republic of Tanzania and the second woman to hold the position, who was elected in October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Election of the President of the Inter-Parliamentary Union|url=http://archive.ipu.org/cnl-e/201/15-p1.pdf}}</ref>
* '''Secretariat.''' The Secretariat constitutes the totality of the staff of the organisation under the direction of the Secretary General, currently Martin Chungong of Cameroon.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Secretary General|url=https://www.ipu.org/about-ipu/structure-and-governance/secretary-general|access-date=2020-08-25|website=Inter-Parliamentary Union|language=en}}</ref>

The Association of Secretaries General of Parliaments is a consultative body of the Inter-Parliamentary Union.

== Assemblies ==
[[File:Berlin Plaque Medal 1908 Inter-Parliamentary Union.jpg|thumb|[[Art Nouveau]] [[medal|plaque-medallion]] for the 15th Inter-Parliamentary Conference 1908 in [[Berlin]]]]
The Assembly is the IPU's main political body through which the IPU's Member Parliaments adopt parliamentary resolutions on global issues. It plays a pivotal role in addressing the issues which threaten peace, democracy and sustainable development, including through its four thematic standing committees. IPU Assemblies are held twice a year either in Geneva or hosted by Member Parliaments.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! Host city!!Host country !! Year
|-
|150th
|[[Tashkent]]
|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}
|2025
|-
|149th
|[[Geneva]]
|{{flag|Switzerland}}
|2024
|-
|148th
|[[Geneva]]
|{{flag|Switzerland}}
|2024
|-
|147th
|[[Luanda]]
|{{flag|Angola}}
|2023
|-
|146th
|[[Manama]]
|{{flag|Bahrain}}
|2023
|-
|145th
|[[Kigali]]
|{{flag|Rwanda}}
|2022
|-
|144th
|[[Nusa Dua]]
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
|2022
|-
|143rd
|[[Madrid]]
|{{flag|Spain}}
|2021
|-
|142nd
|Virtual
|Virtual
|2021
|-
| 141st||[[Belgrade]]||{{flag|Serbia}}|| 2019
|-
| 140th||[[Doha]]||{{flag|Qatar}}|| 2019
|-
| 139th||[[Geneva]]||{{flag|Switzerland}}|| 2018
|-
| 138th||[[Geneva]]||{{flag|Switzerland}}|| 2018
|-
| 137th||[[Saint Petersburg]]||{{flag|Russia}}|| 2017
|-
| 136th||[[Dhaka]]||{{flag|Bangladesh}}|| 2017
|-
| 135th||[[Geneva]]||{{flag|Switzerland}}|| 2016
|-
| 134th||[[Lusaka]]||{{flag|Zambia}}|| 2016
|-
| 133rd||[[Geneva]]||{{flag|Switzerland}}|| 2015
|-
| 132nd||[[Hanoi]]||{{flag|Vietnam}} || 2015
|-
| 131st||[[Geneva]]||{{flag|Switzerland}} <ref>{{cite web
| title = Cameroon: Ipu Urges Members to Stem Indefensible Terrorism and to Protect Human Rights
| work = allAfrica.com - PR Newswire
| access-date = 2014-10-21
| url = http://allafrica.com/stories/201410171491.html
}}</ref>|| 2014
|-
| 130th||[[Geneva]]||{{flag|Switzerland}}|| 2014
|-
| 129th||[[Geneva]]||{{flag|Switzerland}}|| 2013
|-
| 128th||[[Quito]]||{{flag|Ecuador}}|| 2013
|-
| [[127th Assembly of the Inter-Parliamentary Union|127th]]||[[Quebec City]]||{{flag|Canada}}|| 2012
|-
| 126th||[[Kampala]]||{{flag|Uganda}}||2012
|-
| 125th||[[Bern]]||{{flag|Switzerland}}||2011
|-
| 124th||[[Panama City]]||{{flag|Panama}}||2011
|-
| 123rd||[[Geneva]]||{{flag|Switzerland}}||2010
|-
| 122nd||[[Bangkok]]||{{flag|Thailand}}||2010
|-
| 121st||[[Geneva]]||{{flag|Switzerland}}||2009
|-
| 120th||[[Addis Ababa]]||{{flag|Ethiopia}}||2009
|-
| 119th||[[Geneva]]||{{flag|Switzerland}}||2008
|-
| 118th||[[Cape Town]]||{{flag|South Africa}}||2008
|-
| 117th||[[Geneva]]||{{flag|Switzerland}}||2007
|-
| 116th||[[Nusa Dua]], [[Bali]]||{{flag|Indonesia}}||2007
|-
| 115th||[[Geneva]]||{{flag|Switzerland}}||2006
|-
| 114th||[[Nairobi]]||{{flag|Kenya}}||2006
|-
| 113th||[[Geneva]]||{{flag|Switzerland}}||2005
|-
| 112th||[[Manila]]||{{flag|Philippines}}||2005
|-
| 111th||[[Geneva]]||{{flag|Switzerland}}||2004
|-
| 110th||[[Mexico City]]||{{flag|Mexico}}||2004
|-
| 109th||[[Geneva]]||{{flag|Switzerland}}||2003
|-
| 108th||[[Santiago]]||{{flag|Chile}}||2003
|-
| 107th||[[Marrakesh]]||{{flag|Morocco}}||2002
|-
| 106th||[[Ouagadougou]]||{{flag|Burkina Faso}}||2001
|-
| 105th||[[Havana]]||{{flag|Cuba}}||2001
|-
| 104th||[[Jakarta]]||{{flag|Indonesia}}||2000
|-
| 103rd||[[Amman]]||{{flag|Jordan}}||2000
|-
| 102nd||[[Berlin]]||{{flag|Germany}}||1999
|-
| 101st||[[Brussels]]||{{flag|Belgium}}||1999
|-
| 100th||[[Moscow]]||{{flag|Russia}}||1998
|-
| 99th||[[Windhoek]]||{{flag|Namibia}}||1998
|-
| 98th||[[Cairo]]||{{flag|Egypt}}||1997
|-
| 97th||[[Seoul]]||{{flag|South Korea}}||1997
|-
| 96th||[[Beijing]]||{{flag|China}}||1996
|-
| 95th||[[Istanbul]]||{{flag|Turkey}}||1996
|-
| 94th||[[Bucharest]]||{{flag|Romania}}||1995
|-
| 93rd||[[Madrid]]||{{flag|Spain}}||1995
|-
| 92nd||[[Copenhagen]]||{{flag|Denmark}}||1994
|-
| 91st||[[Paris]]||{{flag|France}}||1994
|-
| 90th||[[Canberra]]||{{flag|Australia}}||1993
|-
| 89th||[[New Delhi]]||{{flag|India}}||1993
|-
| 88th||[[Stockholm]]||{{flag|Sweden}}||1992
|-
| 87th||[[Yaoundé]]||{{flag|Cameroon}}||1992
|-
| 86th||[[Santiago]]||{{flag|Chile}}||1991
|-
| 85th||[[Pyongyang]]||{{flag|North Korea}}||1991
|-
| 84th||[[Punta del Este]]||{{flag|Uruguay}}||1990
|-
| 83rd||[[Nicosia]]||{{flag|Cyprus}}||1990
|-
| 82nd||[[London]]||{{flag|United Kingdom}}||1989
|-
| 81st||[[Budapest]]||{{flag|Hungary}}||1989
|-
| 80th||[[Sofia]]||{{flag|Bulgaria|1971}}||1988
|-
| 79th||[[Guatemala City]]||{{flag|Guatemala}}||1988
|-
| 78th||[[Bangkok]]||{{flag|Thailand}}||1987
|-
| 77th||[[Managua]]||{{flag|Nicaragua}}||1987
|-
| 76th||[[Buenos Aires]]||{{flag|Argentina}}||1986
|-
| 75th||[[Mexico City]]||{{flag|Mexico}}||1986
|-
| 74th||[[Ottawa]]||{{flag|Canada}}||1985
|-
| 73rd||[[Lomé]]||{{flag|Togo}}||1985
|-
| 72nd||[[Geneva]]||{{flag|Switzerland}}||1984
|-
| 71st||[[Geneva]]||{{flag|Switzerland}}||1984
|-
| 70th||[[Seoul]]||{{flag|South Korea}}||1983
|-
| 69th||[[Rome]]||{{flag|Italy}}||1982
|-
| 68th||[[Havana]]||{{flag|Cuba}}||1981
|-
| 67th||[[Berlin]]||{{flag|East Germany}}||1980
|-
| 66th||[[Caracas]]||{{flag|Venezuela|1954}}||1979
|-
| 65th||[[Bonn]]||{{flag|Germany}}||1978
|-
| 64th||[[Sofia]]||{{flag|Bulgaria|1971}}||1977
|-
| 63rd||[[Madrid]]||{{flag|Spain|1945}}||1976
|-
| 62nd||[[London]]||{{flag|United Kingdom}}||1975
|-
| 61st||[[Tokyo]]||{{flag|Japan|1870}}||1974
|-
| 60th||[[Rome]]||{{flag|Italy}}||1972
|-
| 59th||[[Paris]]||{{flag|France}}||1971
|-
| 58th||[[The Hague]]||{{flag|Netherlands}}||1970
|-
| 57th||[[New Delhi]]||{{flag|India}}||1969
|-
| 56th||[[Lima]]||{{flag|Peru}}||1968
|-
| 55th||[[Tehran]]||{{flag|Iran|1964}}||1966
|-
| 54th||[[Ottawa]]||{{flag|Canada}}||1965
|-
| 53rd||[[Copenhagen]]||{{flag|Denmark}}||1964
|-
| 52nd||[[Belgrade]]||{{flag|Yugoslavia}}||1963
|-
| 51st||[[Brasília]]||{{flag|Brazil|1960}}||1962
|-
| 50th||[[Brussels]]||{{flag|Belgium}}||1961
|-
| 49th||[[Tokyo]]||{{flag|Japan|1870}}||1960
|-
| 48th||[[Warsaw]]||{{flag|Poland}}||1959
|-
| 47th||[[Rio de Janeiro]]||{{flag|Brazil}}||1958
|-
| 46th||[[London]]||{{flag|United Kingdom}}||1957
|-
| 45th||[[Bangkok]]||{{flag|Thailand}}||1956
|-
| 44th||[[Helsinki]]||{{flag|Finland}}||1955
|-
| 43rd||[[Vienna]]||{{flag|Austria}}||1954
|-
| 42nd||[[Washington, D.C.]]||{{flag|United States|1912}}||1953
|-
| 41st||[[Bern]]||{{flag|Switzerland}}||1952
|-
| 40th||[[Istanbul]]||{{flag|Turkey}}||1951
|-
| 39th||[[Dublin]]||{{flag|Ireland}}||1950
|-
| 38th||[[Stockholm]]||{{flag|Sweden}}||1949
|-
| 37th||[[Rome]]||{{flag|Italy}}||1948
|-
| 36th||[[Cairo]]||{{flag|Egypt|1922}}||1947
|-
| 35th||[[Oslo]]||{{flag|Norway}}||1939
|-
| 34th||[[The Hague]]||{{flag|Netherlands}}||1938
|-
| 33rd||[[Paris]]||{{flag|France}}||1937
|-
| 32nd||[[Budapest]]||{{flag|Hungary|1920}}||1936
|-
| 31st||[[Brussels]]||{{flag|Belgium}}||1935
|-
| 30th||[[Istanbul]]||{{flag|Turkey}}||1934
|-
| 29th||[[Madrid]]||{{flag|Spain|1931}}||1933
|-
| 28th||[[Geneva]]||{{flag|Switzerland}}||1932
|-
| 27th||[[Bucharest]]||{{flag|Romania}}||1931
|-
| 26th||[[London]]||{{flag|United Kingdom}}||1930
|-
| 25th||[[Berlin]]||{{flag|Germany|Weimar}}||1928
|-
| 24th||[[Paris]]||{{flag|France}}||1927
|-
|rowspan=2|23rd
|[[Washington, D.C.]]
|{{flag|United States|1912}}
|rowspan=2|1925
|-
|[[Ottawa]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
|-
| 22nd||[[Bern]]||{{flag|Switzerland}}||1924
|-
| 21st||[[Copenhagen]]||{{flag|Denmark}}||1923
|-
| 20th||[[Vienna]]||{{flag|Austria}}||1922
|-
| 19th||[[Stockholm]]||{{flag|Sweden}}||1921
|-
| 18th||[[The Hague]]||{{flag|Netherlands}}||1913
|-
| 17th||[[Geneva]]||{{flag|Switzerland}}||1912
|-
| 16th||[[Brussels]]||{{flag|Belgium}}||1910
|-
| 15th||[[Berlin]]||{{flag|Germany|empire}}||1908
|-
| 14th||[[London]]||{{flag|United Kingdom}}||1906
|-
| 13th||[[Brussels]]||{{flag|Belgium}}||1905
|-
| 12th||[[St. Louis]]||{{flag|United States|1896}}||1904
|-
| 11th||[[Vienna]]||{{flag|Austria-Hungary}}||1903
|-
| 10th||[[Paris]]||{{flag|France}}||1900
|-
| 9th||[[Freetown Christiania|Christiania]]||{{flag|Denmark}}||1899
|-
| 8th||[[Brussels]]||{{flag|Belgium}}||1897
|-
| 7th||[[Budapest]]||{{flag|Austria-Hungary}}||1896
|-
| 6th||[[Brussels]]||{{flag|Belgium}}||1895
|-
| 5th||[[The Hague]]||{{flag|Netherlands}}||1894
|-
| 4th||[[Bern]]||{{flag|Switzerland}}||1892
|-
| 3rd||[[Rome]]||{{flag|Italy|1861}}||1891
|-
| 2nd||[[London]]||{{flag|United Kingdom}}||1890
|-
| 1st||[[Paris]]||{{flag|France}}||1889
|}

==Presidents==

{|"
|-
! President
! Years
! Country
|-
|[[August Beernaert]]
|1909–1912
|{{flag|Belgium}}
|-
|[[Philip Stanhope, 1st Baron Weardale|Philip Stanhope]]
|1912–1922
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
|[[Theodor Adelsward]]
|1922–1928
|{{flag|Sweden}}
|-
|[[Fernand Bouisson]]
|1928–1934
|{{flag|France}}
|-
|[[Henri Carton de Wiart]]
|1934–1947
|{{flag|Belgium}}
|-
|[[William Wedgwood Benn, 1st Viscount Stansgate|William Wedgwood Benn]]
|1947–1957
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
|[[Giuseppe Codacci-Pisanelli]]
|1957–1962
|{{flag|Italy}}
|-
|[[Ranieri Mazzilli]]
|1962–1967
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|-
|[[Abderrahman Abdennebi]]
|1967–1968
|{{flag|Tunisia}}
|-
|[[André Chandernagor]]
|1968–1973
|{{flag|France}}
|-
|[[Gurdial Singh Dhillon]]
|1973–1976
|{{flag|India}}
|-
|[[Thomas Williams (Warrington MP)|Thomas Williams]]
|1976–1979
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
|[[Rafael Caldera]]
|1979–1982
|{{flag|Venezuela}}
|-
|[[Johannes Virolainen]]
|1982–1983
|{{flag|Finland}}
|-
|[[Emile Cuvelier]]
|1983
|{{flag|Belgium}}
|-
|[[Izz El Din El Sayed]]
| 1983–1985
|{{flag|Sudan}}
|-
|[[John Page (MP for Harrow West)|John Page]]
|1985
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
|[[Hans Stercken]]
|1985–1988
|{{flag|West Germany}}
|-
|[[Dauda Sow]]
|1988–1991
|{{flag|Senegal}}
|-
|[[Michael Marshall (politician)|Michael Marshall]]
|1991–1994
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
|[[Ahmed Fathi Sorour]]
|1994–1997
|{{flag|Egypt}}
|-
|[[Miguel Ángel Martínez Martínez|Miguel Angel Martinez]]
|1997–1999
|{{flag|Spain}}
|-
|[[Najma Heptulla]]
|1999–2002
|{{flag|India}}
|-
|[[Sergio Paes Verdugo]]
|2002–2005
|{{flag|Chile}}
|-
| [[Pier Ferdinando Casini]]
|2005–2008
|{{flag|Italy}}
|-
|[[Theo-Ben Gurirab]]
|2008–2011
|{{flag|Namibia}}
|-
|[[Abdelwahad Radi]]
|2011–2014
|{{flag|Morocco}}
|-
|[[Saber Hossain Chowdhury]]
|2014–2017
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|-
|[[Gabriela Cuevas Barron]]
|2017–2020
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|-
|[[Duarte Pacheco (21st century)|Duarte Pacheco]]
|2020–2023
|{{flag|Portugal}}
|-
|[[Tulia Ackson]]
|2023–
|{{flag|Tanzania}}
|}

==Amendments to the Statutes ==
Any proposal to amend the Statutes shall be submitted in writing to the Secretariat of the Union at least three months before the meeting of the Assembly. The Secretariat will immediately communicate all such proposals to the Members of the Union. The consideration of such proposed amendments shall be automatically placed on the agenda of the Assembly.

Any sub-amendments shall be submitted in writing to the Secretariat of the Union at least six weeks before the meeting of the Assembly. The Secretariat will immediately communicate all such sub-amendments to the Members of the Union.

After hearing the opinion of the Governing Council, expressed through a simple majority vote, the Assembly shall decide on such proposals by a two-thirds majority vote.

==The IPU and the United Nations==

The IPU marked the 50th anniversary of the United Nations, in 1995, by holding a special session in the [[United Nations General Assembly Hall|General Assembly Hall]] before the start of the session,<ref name="UN_A50561_page2">{{UN document |docid=A-50-561 |type=Document |body=General Assembly |session=50 |document_number=561 |highlight=rect_158,350_882,609 |page=2 |accessdate=2007-09-10}}</ref> where they planned for closer cooperation with the United Nations. The [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution|General Assembly Resolution]] passed during that session requested the Secretary-General to put this into action.<ref name="UN_ARES5015">{{UN document |docid=A-RES-50-15 |type=Resolution |body=General Assembly |session=50 |resolution_number=15 |accessdate=2007-09-10|date=22 November 1995}}</ref> An agreement was signed between the IPU and the Secretary-General on 24 July 1996 and subsequently ratified by a General Assembly Resolution, where the United Nations recognizes IPU as the world organization of parliaments.<ref name="UN_A51402">{{UN document |docid=A-51-402 |type=Document |body=General Assembly |session=51 |document_number=402 |accessdate=2007-09-10| date=25 September 1995}}</ref><ref name="UN_ARES517">{{UN document |docid=A-RES-51-7 |type=Resolution |body=General Assembly |session=51 |resolution_number=7 |accessdate=2007-09-10|date=7 November 1996}}</ref> Pursuant to this resolution, the Secretary-General submitted a report<ref name="UN_A52456">{{UN document |docid=A-52-456 |type=Document |body=General Assembly |session=52 |document_number=456 |accessdate=2007-09-10| date=13 October 1997}}</ref> which was noted with appreciation by the General Assembly, who requested further strengthening of cooperation and another report.<ref name="UN_ARES527">{{UN document |docid=A-RES-52-7 |type=Resolution |body=General Assembly |session=52 |resolution_number=7 |accessdate=2007-09-10|date=6 November 1997}}</ref> This report detailed the measures that had been taken, including opening a liaison office in New York, and cooperation on issues such land-mines and the promotion of representative democracy.<ref name="UN_A53458">{{UN document |docid=A-53-458 |type=Document |body=General Assembly |session=53 |document_number=458 |accessdate=2007-09-10|date=5 October 1998}}</ref> Following an entire morning of debate<ref name="UN_A53PV46_1998">{{UN document |docid=A-53-PV.46 |date=28 October 1998 |type=Verbatim Report |body=General Assembly |session=53 |meeting=46 |accessdate=2007-09-10}}</ref> the General Assembly passed a resolution which simply stated that it "looks forward to continued close cooperation".<ref name="UN_ARES5313">{{UN document |docid=A-RES-53-13 |type=Resolution |body=General Assembly |session=53 |resolution_number=13 |accessdate=2007-09-10}}</ref>

The following year (1999) the Secretary-General reported on an increased number of areas of cooperation,<ref name="UN_A54379">{{UN document |docid=A-54-379 |type=Document |body=General Assembly |session=54 |document_number=379 |accessdate=2007-09-10|date=21 September 1999}}</ref> the issue was debated for an entire afternoon<ref name="UN_A54PV41_1999">{{UN document |docid=A-54-PV.41 |date=27 October 1999 |type=Verbatim Report |body=General Assembly |session=54 |meeting=41 |accessdate=2007-09-10}}</ref> (interrupted by a minute of silence held for tribute to [[Vazgen Sargsyan]], the Prime Minister of [[Armenia]] who had just at that time been [[1999 Armenian parliament shooting|killed by gunmen]]),<ref>{{ UN document |docid=A-54-PV.41 |body=General Assembly |type=Verbotim Report |session=54 |meeting=41 |page=20 |anchor=pg020-bk02 |date=27 October 1999 |meetingtime=15:00 |speakername=The President |accessdate=2007-09-10 }}</ref> and passed a resolution requesting the IPU be allowed to address the Millennium General Assembly directly.<ref name="UN_ARES5412">{{UN document |docid=A-RES-54-12 |type=Resolution |body=General Assembly |session=54 |resolution_number=12 |accessdate=2007-09-10| date=18 November 1999}}</ref>

Following another report,<ref name="UN_A55409">{{UN document |docid=A-55-409 |type=Document |body=General Assembly |session=55 |document_number=409 |accessdate=2007-09-10|date=18 October 2000}}</ref> and another half-day debate,<ref name="UN_A55PV55_2000">{{UN document
|docid=A-55-PV.55
|date=8 November 2000
|type=Verbatim Report
|body=General Assembly
|session=55
|meeting=55
|anchor=top
|accessdate=2007-09-10}}</ref> the General Assembly welcomed the IPU declaration entitled "The Parliamentary vision for international cooperation at the dawn of the third millennium" and called for the Secretary-General to explore new and further ways in which the relationship could be strengthened.<ref name="UN_ARES5519">{{UN document |docid=A-RES-55-19 |type=Resolution |body=General Assembly |session=55 |resolution_number=19 |accessdate=2007-09-10}}</ref>

On 19 November 2002 the IPU was granted [[United Nations General Assembly observers|observer status]] to the General Assembly.<ref name="UN_ARES5732">{{UN document |docid=A-RES-57-32 |type=Resolution |body=General Assembly |session=57 |resolution_number=32 |accessdate=2007-09-10}}</ref>

In the Resolution ''59/19, Cooperation between the United Nations and the Inter-Parliamentary Union'', the UN General Assembly takes note of the recommendations in regard to engaging parliamentarians more systematically in the work of
the United Nations.<ref name="autogenerated1">[https://www.ipu.org/Un-e/a-res-59-19.pdf Resolution adopted by the General Assembly], 17 December 2004</ref>

The final declaration of the Second World Conference of Speakers of Parliament, hosted at United Nations headquarters, took place in September 2005, was entitled ''Bridging the democracy gap in international relations: A stronger role for parliament''.<ref>[https://www.ipu.org/splz-e/sp-conf05/declaration.pdf Bridging the democracy gap in international relations: A stronger role for parliaments] UNO Second World Conference of Speakers of Parliaments, New York, 7 to 9 September 2005</ref>

In the Resolution adopted by the UN General Assembly, ''61/6, Cooperation between the United Nations and the Inter-Parliamentary Union'', on 27 November 2006, it calls for ''the further development of the annual parliamentary hearing at the United Nations and other specialized parliamentary meetings in the context of major United Nations meetings as joint United Nations-Inter-Parliamentary Union events''.<ref name="autogenerated2">[https://www.ipu.org/Un-e/a-61-L6-e.pdf Resolution 61/6: Cooperation between the United Nations and the Inter-Parliamentary Union], 27 November 2006, at IPU official website</ref>

Every year during the fall session of the General Assembly the IPU organises a Parliamentary Hearing.<ref>[http://www.ipu.org/un-e/un-hearings.htm Cooperation with the UN: hearings] at IPU official website</ref> A resolution on cooperation between the United Nations and the IPU allowed for circulation of official IPU documents in the General Assembly.

UN and the IPU cooperate closely in various fields, in particular peace and security, economic and social development, international law, human rights, and democracy and gender issues, but IPU has not obtained the status of UN General Assembly subsidiary organ.

=== Fourth World Conference of Speakers of Parliament ===
The fourth world conference on [[Seventieth anniversary of the United Nations|UN 70th anniversary]] marked by [[Ban Ki-moon|Ban Ki-Moon]] as "[[UN70]]" was organised in September 2015 where Speakers of all IPU ('''''Inter-Parliamentary Union''''') member parliaments and of non-member parliaments were invited from across the world. The theme was on peace, democracy, and development.<ref>{{cite web|title = Press Releases|url = http://www.hellenicparliament.gr/en/Enimerosi/Grafeio-Typou/Deltia-Typou/?press=4cd2f49d-6939-4061-833d-a50a0125d9d9|website = www.hellenicparliament.gr|access-date = 2015-10-01}}</ref>

=== United Nations reports, resolutions, and agreements===

*Resolution of the United Nations: Cooperation between the United Nations and the Inter-Parliamentary Union, 27 November 2006.<ref name="autogenerated2" />
*Report of the United Nations Secretary-General: Cooperation between the United Nations and regional and other organizations, 16 August 2006.<ref>[https://www.ipu.org/Un-e/a-61-256-e.pdf Etpu]</ref>
*Resolution of the United Nations General Assembly: Cooperation between the United Nations and the Inter-Parliamentary Union, 8 November 2004.<ref name="autogenerated1" />
* Report of the United Nations Secretary-General: Cooperation between the United Nations and the Inter-Parliamentary Union (see Part 5 of the Annex), 1 September 2004.<ref>[https://www.ipu.org/Un-e/a-59-303.pdf Microsoft Word – 0447505e.doc]</ref>
* Resolution adopted by the General Assembly: Cooperation between the United Nations and the Inter-Parliamentary Union, 21 November 2002.<ref>[https://www.ipu.org/Un-e/a-res-57-47.pdf Microsoft Word – UND_GEN_N0254074_DOCU_N]</ref>
* Resolution adopted by the General Assembly: Observer status for the Inter-Parliamentary Union in the General Assembly, 19 November 2002.<ref>[https://www.ipu.org/Un-e/a-res-57-32.pdf Resolution 57/32. Observer status for the Inter-Parliamentary Union in the General Assembly] 19 November 2002</ref>
* Report of the United Nations Secretary-General: Cooperation between the United Nations and the Inter-Parliamentary Union, 3 September 2002.<ref>[https://www.ipu.org/Un-e/a-57-375.pdf Cooperation between the United Nations and the Inter-Parliamentary Union: Report of the Secretary-General—Summary] at IPU official website, 3 September 2002</ref>
* Cooperation Agreement between the United Nations and the Inter-Parliamentary Union of 1996.<ref>[https://www.un.org/documents/ga/docs/51/plenary/a51-402.htm Cooperation between the United Nations and the Inter-Parliamentary Union: Report of the Secretary-General] Full item, 25 September 1996, at UNO official website. Accessed 24 February 2014</ref>

==See also==
*[[Inter-parliamentary institution]]
*[[e-democracy]]
*[[Democratic mundialization|Global democracy]]
*[[Third World Conference of Speakers of Parliament]]
*[[International Day of Democracy]]
*[[Internationalism (politics)]]
*[[List of peace activists]]
*[[Millennium Development Goals]]
*[[Supranational union]]
*[[Sustainable Development Goals]]
*[[United Nations Democracy Fund]]
*[[United Nations Parliamentary Assembly]]
*[[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]] (UNDESA)

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.ipu.org/}}
* [http://www.ipu.org/strct-e/un.htm Cooperation with the United Nations] at official website
* ''[https://archive.org/details/ipusterzel The Inter-Parliamentary Union]'' (1968)
* ''[https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryipu1976 Parliaments Across Frontiers: A Short History of the Inter-Parliamentary Union]'' (1976)
* {{20th Century Press Archives|FID=co/071177|NAME=Inter-Parliamentary Union|TEXT=Documents and newspaper clippings about}}

{{International organizations}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Inter-Parliamentary Union| ]]
[[Category:Elections]]
[[Category:Parliamentary assemblies]]
[[Category:United Nations General Assembly observers]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1889]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Geneva]]
[[Category:1889 establishments in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Peace organizations]]
[[Category:Democracy promotion]]

Nasutixalus jerdonii

2025-12-18T04:14:37Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Creating First Stub Nd Citations

{{About-distinguish|treefrog in the family Rhacophoridae|Hyla annectans{{!}}''Hyla annectans'' from the family Hylidae, also known as Jerdon's tree frog}}
{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Nasutixalus jerdonii (adult male).jpg
| status = DD | status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn | author = Ohler, A. | title = ''Philautus jerdonii'' | volume= 2004 | article-number = e.T58930A11858469 | year = 2004 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58930A11858469.en }}</ref>
| taxon = Nasutixalus jerdonii
| authority = ([[Albert C. L. G. Günther|Günther]], 1876)
| synonyms = {{species list
| Polypedates jerdonii | Günther, 1876 "1875"
| Philautus jerdonii | (Günther, 1876)
| Philautus jerdonii | (Günther, 1876)
| Frankixalus jerdonii | (Günther, 1876) }}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=Frost/>
}}

'''''Nasutixalus jerdonii''''' is a species of [[frog]] in the family [[Rhacophoridae]]. It is found in the northeastern India, in the [[West Bengal]], [[Nagaland]], [[Manipur]], and [[Meghalaya]] states. It range might extend into the adjacent Nepal.<ref name=Frost/> The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]] ''jerdonii'' honours [[Thomas C. Jerdon]], an English herpetologist.<ref name="Beolens et al. 2013"/> Common names '''Jerdon's bubble-nest frog''', '''Jerdon's tree frog''', and '''Jerdon's bush frog''' have been coined for this species.<ref name=IUCN/><ref name=Frost/>

==Taxonomy==
This species was first [[species description|described]] as ''Polypedates jerdonii'' in 1876 by [[Albert C. L. G. Günther|Albert Günther]].<ref name=Frost/> Its subsequent placement has included various genera. In 2016, [[Sathyabhama Das Biju]] and colleagues erected a new [[monotypic]] genus for this species, ''Frankixalus''; the name of the genus honours [[Franky Bossuyt]] from the [[Université libre de Bruxelles|Free University of Brussels]].<ref name="Biju et al. 2016"/> However, just two days earlier, Jiang and colleagues had erected the genus ''Nasutixalus'' to accommodate this species and another, new species.<ref name="Jiang et al. 2016"/> This gives priority to ''Nasutixalus''.<ref name="Sivongxay et al. 2017"/>

[[File:Philautus jerdonii.jpg|thumb|left|Illustration from [[George Albert Boulenger]]'s ''Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma'']]

==Description==
Adult males measure {{convert|37|-|42|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} and adult females, based on a single specimen, {{convert|47|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in snout–vent length. The snout is rather truncate and not protruding. The fingers have basal webbing while the toes have moderate webbing. The dorsal colouration is reddish-brown to brownish-grey. Various markings are present, including an X-shaped brownish-black marking in many specimens. Males have a [[vocal sac]].<ref name="Biju et al. 2016"/>

[[File:Nasutixalus jerdonii (tadpoles).jpg|thumb|left|[[Tadpole]]s with ingested eggs]]

==Habitat and conservation==
''Nasutixalus jerdonii'' occurs in montane evergreen forests and secondary forests. It is an [[Arboreal locomotion|arboreal]] species. Males [[Sexual selection in amphibians#Vocal signaling in frogs|call]] from tree holes. The eggs are laid on the inner walls of water-filled hollows, and the [[tadpole]]s develop in water. They are [[oophagous]].<ref name="Biju et al. 2016"/>

This species was for a long time only known from the [[type series]] collected in 1870.<ref name=IUCN/><ref name=BBC/><ref name=Guardian/> However, populations were discovered in surveys conducted in 2007–2010.<ref name="Biju et al. 2016"/><ref name=BBC/><ref name=Guardian/> The species is threatened by habitat disturbance caused by [[slash-and-burn]] agriculture.<ref name="Biju et al. 2016"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=BBC>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35368928|title='Extinct' tree frog rediscovered in India after 137 years|work=BBC News|date=21 January 2016|access-date=21 January 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="Beolens et al. 2013">{{cite book |last1 = Beolens | first1 = Bo | last2 = Watkins | first2 = Michael | last3 = Grayson | first3 = Michael |name-list-style=amp |title=The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJY3BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104 |date=2013 |publisher=Pelagic Publishing |isbn=978-1-907807-42-8 |page=104}}</ref>

<ref name="Biju et al. 2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Biju |first1=S. D. |last2=Senevirathne |first2=Gayani |last3=Garg |first3=Sonali |last4=Mahony |first4=Stephen |last5=Kamei |first5=Rachunliu G. |last6=Thomas |first6=Ashish |last7=Shouche |first7=Yogesh |last8=Raxworthy |first8=Christopher J. |last9=Meegaskumbura |first9=Madhava |name-list-style=amp |date=2016-01-20 |title=''Frankixalus'', a new rhacophorid genus of tree hole breeding frogs with oophagous tadpoles |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=1 |article-number=e0145727 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0145727 |pmc=4720377 |pmid=26790105|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1145727B |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Rhacophoridae/Rhacophorinae/Nasutixalus/Nasutixalus-jerdonii |title=''Nasutixalus jerdonii'' (Günther, 1876) |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2018 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=17 November 2018}}</ref>

<ref name=Guardian>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/21/scientists-find-tree-frog-believed-extinct-for-more-than-100-years |title=Scientists find tree frog believed extinct for more than 100 years |work=The Guardian|date=21 January 2016|access-date=17 November 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Jiang et al. 2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Jiang |first1=Ke |last2=Yan |first2=Fang |last3=Wang |first3=Kai |last4=Zou |first4=Da-Hu |last5=Li |first5=Cheng |last6=Che |first6=Jing |name-list-style=amp |date=2016-01-18 |title=A new genus and species of treefrog from Medog, southeastern Tibet, China (Anura, Rhacophoridae) |journal=Zoological Research |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=15–20 |doi=10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2016.1.15 |pmc=4834735 |pmid=26828030}}</ref>

<ref name="Sivongxay et al. 2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Sivongxay |first1=N. |last2=Davankham |first2=M. |last3=Phimmachak |first3=S. |last4=Phoumixay |first4=K. |last5=Stuart |first5=B. L. |name-list-style=amp |date=2016-08-05 |title=A new small-sized ''Theloderma'' (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Laos |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4147 |issue=4 |pages=433–442 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4147.4.5|pmid=27515627 }}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2701130}}

[[Category:Nasutixalus|jerdonii]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Albert Günther]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 1876]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
[[Category:Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN]]

Pesarapadu

2025-12-02T07:18:06Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Starting New Entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pesarapadu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.7394|N|84.4273|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Map showing location of Pesarapadu|url=https://earth.google.com/web/@18.7394,84.4273|publisher=Google Earth|accessdate=14 February 2024}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 42
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pesarapadu''' is a village in [[Srikakulam district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It located in [[Palasa]] [[mandal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise villages|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/srikakulam.pdf|website=Revenue Department - AP Land|publisher=National Informatics Center|accessdate=20 November 2014|page=26|format=PDF|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208022139/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/Srikakulam.pdf|archivedate=8 December 2014}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Srikakulam district]]

Our Lady Of Queen Of Heaven Church, Kandikuppam

2025-11-29T08:32:26Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Vinnarasi Madha Church, Kandikuppam]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Churches in Krishnagiri district]]

Meduru, NTR district

2025-11-02T02:03:35Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: Creating The Place V1

{{Short description|Village in NTR district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Other places|Meduru}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Meduru
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = Right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.9981|80.4957}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| map_caption = Interactive map
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[NTR district|NTR]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gampalagudem mandal|Gampalagudem]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook, Krishna - Page 260 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/124/download/146/DH_2011_2816_PART_A_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 9.42
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4924
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=627290 |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=14 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924131005/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=627290 |archivedate=24 September 2015 }}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name = Gundla Lakshmi<ref>{{Cite web |title=PANCHAYAT DEVELOPMENT PLAN CAMPAIGN |url=https://gpdp.nic.in/sarpanchWithDetailsReport.html?OWASP_CSRFTOKEN=TC4A-AQKL-1UJO-6PGR-6EIK-KTOP-7RDM-5J81 |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=gpdp.nic.in}}</ref>
}}

'''Meduru''' is a village located in the [[Gampalagudem mandal]], [[NTR district]] of the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is under the administration of [[Tiruvuru revenue division]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandal wise Villages {{!}} NTR District {{!}} India |url=https://ntr.ap.gov.in/mandal-wise-villages/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 census of India]], in Meduru there are 1,358 households with a total population of 4,924. The Scheduled Castes comprise 2,034 individuals, while Scheduled Tribes number 2. The village has 2,631 literate individuals and 2,818 workers. The male population is 2,516, and the female population is 2,408.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh, Krishna District, Gampalagudem Sub-District, Rural Area|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}
{{NTR district}}
[[Category:Villages in NTR district]]
{{improve categories|date=December 2023}}

Kesari Nandan

2025-10-03T08:26:33Z

GeorgiannaMoberg:

{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=August 2019}}
{{Notability|date=July 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kesari Nandan.jpg
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator = [[Abhimanyu Singh (producer)|Abhimanyu Singh]]
| company = [[Contiloe Entertainment]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 142
| list_episodes =
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| channel =
| released =
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2019|1|1}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2019|7|26}}
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| opentheme = ''Kesari Nandan''
| runtime = 23 minutes
}}
'''''Kesari Nandan''''' is an Indian social drama television series that aired on [[Colors TV]] from 1 January to 26 July 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/dastaan-e-mohabbat-to-shift-to-make-way-for-kesari-nandan-on-colors/|title='Dastaan-e-Mohabbat' to shift to make way for 'Kesari Nandan' on Colors|work=bizasialive.com|date=24 December 2018|access-date=2019-03-30|language=}}</ref> It starred Chahat Tewani, [[Manav Gohil]], and [[Aastha Chaudhary]]. The serial was also dubbed in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] as ''Diriya Doni'' on [[Hiru TV]].

==Plot==
Kesari Nandan wants to wrestle to fulfill her father Hanumant's dream. But he believes girls can't wrestle. Kesari fakes being a boy and starts learning wrestling from him. Hanumant is ashamed when people know her truth. Annoyed, he fixes Kesari's marriage to Jawahar, her friend Unnati's brother, who demands dowry. Kesari breaks off the marriage and works hard later when her brother Jagat is paralyzed, Hanumant breaks down thinking his dream will never be fulfilled. In the end, Kesari wins the title of [[Bharat Kesri Dangal|India Kesari]].

==Cast==
*Chahat Tewani as Kesari Nandan Singh: A female [[Professional wrestling|wrestler]]; Hanumant and Madhvi's daughter; Jagat's sister (2019)
*Shivlekh Singh as Pappu: Kesari's friend (2019)
*[[Manav Gohil]] as Hanumant Singh: A [[Professional wrestling|wrestler]]; Bhakti's step-son; Zorawar's half-brother; Madhvi's husband; Jagat and Kesari's father (2019)
*[[Aastha Chaudhary]] as Madhavi Singh: Hanumant's wife; Jagat and Kesari's mother (2019)
*Shoaib Ali as Jagat Singh: Hanumant and Madhvi's son; Kesari's brother (2019)
**Aalok Shaw as Child Jagat Singh (2019)
*[[Dakssh Ajit Singh]] as Bhairon Singh: Hanumant's friend; Kesari's coach (2019)
*[[Nivedita Joshi Saraf]] as Bhakti Singh: Zorawar's mother; Hanumant's step-mother; Jagat and Kesari's step-grandmother (2019)
*[[Ankit Arora]] as Zorawar Singh: Bhakti's son; Hanumant's half-brother; Bijli's husband (2019)
*[[Reshma Shinde]] as Bijli Zorawar Singh: Zorawar's wife (2019) (Dead)
*Deshna Duggad as Kalki Rana: Suyash's daughter; Hanumant and Madhavi's adopted daughter; Jagat and Kesari's adopted younger sister (2019)
*[[Ayaz Khan]] as Suyash Rana: Kalki's father (2019) (Dead)
*Tasheen Shah as Unnati Dunavati: Anand and Namita's daughter; Jawahar's sister; Kesari's friend (2019)
*Mayank Nishchal as Jawahar Dunavati: Anand and Namita's son; Unnati's brother; Kesari's proposed groom (2019)
*Darpan Srivastava as Anand Dunavati: Hanumant's friend; Namita's husband; Jawahar and Unnati's father (2019)
*Anjali Rana as Namita Dunavati: Anand's wife; Jawahar and Unnati's mother (2019)
*Shakku Rana as Police Inspector Aarav Upresh Rao (2019)
*Rajesh Chahar as Chirag Babbar – Jawahar's friend (2019)
*Nikhhil Raaj Khera as ACP Himmat Singh (2019)
*Firoz Ali as Pappu's father (2019)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian sports television series]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series endings]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Rugby Football Association of Bihar

2025-09-23T03:52:29Z

GeorgiannaMoberg:

{{Short description|Indian sports body}}
{{National rugby union
| unionname = Rugby Football Association of Bihar
| nativename =
| abbrev = RFAB
| logo = RFAB logo.svg
| logosize = 150
| founded = 2017<ref>{{cite web |title=Registration of RFAB |url=https://rugbyindia.in/wp-content/uploads/IRFU-List-of-Members.pdf |website=rugbyindia.in |access-date=11 August 2025}}</ref>
| IRB =
| region = [[Asia Rugby]]
| regionyear = 2017
| president = [[Sanjay Mayukh|Sanjay Prakash Mayukh]]<ref name="administration">{{cite web |title=Member of Rugby Football Association of Bihar |url=https://rugbyindia.in/rugby-football-association-of-bihar/ |website=rugbyindia.in |access-date=11 August 2025}}</ref>
| coach =
| womenscoach =
| countryflag = India
| url = [https://rugbyindia.in/rugby-football-association-of-bihar rugbyindia.in]
| leadertitle = Secretary
| leadername = Pankaj Kumar Jyoti
| headquarters = LIG Sector 3, Block 1, Flat No. 75, Bahadurpur Housing
Colony, Kankarbagh, [[Patna]], [[Bihar]] - 800020
}}

The '''Rugby Football Association of Bihar''', also known as '''''Bihar Rugby Football Association''''', abbreviated ("RFAB") is the governing body for [[rugby union]] in [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It is a member of [[India Rugby Football Union]] with a seat on that body's Executive Council. It is affiliated with the [[Bihar Olympic Association]].

==Administration==
The following is the current organisational structure of Rugby Football Association of Bihar:<ref name="administration"></ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| President
|{{Flagicon|India}} Sanjay Prakash Mayukh
|-
| Secretary
| {{Flagicon|India}} Pankaj Kumar Jyoti
|}

== See also ==
* [[Bihar Olympic Association]]
* [[Bihar Football Association]]
* [[India national rugby union team]]
* [[India women's national rugby union team]]
* [[India national rugby sevens team]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://rugbyindia.in/rugby-football-association-of-bihar The Official Website of Rugby India]

{{Rugby union in India}}
{{Sports governing bodies in India}}

[[Category:Rugby union in India]]
[[Category:Sport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rugby football governing bodies in India|Bihar]]

Deoband–Aligarh relations

2025-09-22T00:25:23Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: creating bio

{{short description|Relationship between Deobandi and Aligarh Movements}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}The '''Deoband–Aligarh relations''' refers to the historical and ideological tensions that existed between the [[Deobandi movement|Deobandi]] and [[Aligarh Movement|Aligarh]] movements in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

[[Darul Uloom Deoband]] and [[Aligarh Muslim University]] are two influential Islamic educational institutions in India that have played significant roles in the country's history. Darul Uloom Deoband is a conservative [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] Islamic seminary that was founded in 1866 and has focused on traditional Islamic learning and the promotion of Islamic values and practices. Aligarh Muslim University, primarily [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]], on the other hand, is a modernist Islamic institution that was founded in 1875 and has focused on modern education and the promotion of [[rationalism]], [[science]], and social reform. The relationship between Deoband and Aligarh has been complex and has often been marked by tensions and disagreements.

The Deobandi movement was a traditionalist Islamic movement that sought to preserve and promote Islamic knowledge and practices, while the Aligarh movement was a more [[Liberalism|liberal]] and modernist movement that sought to promote Western-style education and social reform. The tensions between the two movements arose from their differing visions of the role of Islam in Indian society. The Deobandis were opposed to Western-style education and sought to preserve traditional Islamic knowledge and practices, while the Aligarh movement embraced Western education and sought to modernise and reform Indian society. Deoband has been critical of Aligarh's emphasis on modern education and has accused it of promoting Western values and undermining traditional Islamic values. Aligarh, in turn, has criticised Deoband's conservatism and resistance to change, seeing it as an obstacle to progress and modernisation.

Despite their differences, both movements played a significant role in the development of Islamic thought and culture in India. The Deoband movement was instrumental in the spread of Islamic knowledge and education, and played a key role in the development of Islamic scholarship and institutions in India. The Aligarh movement, on the other hand, was influential in the development of a modern and secular Muslim identity in India, and played a significant role in the political and cultural life of the country.

Over time, the tensions between the two movements began to subside, and many scholars and intellectuals began to bridge the gap between the traditionalist and modernist schools of thought. Today, both the Deoband and Aligarh movements continue to play important roles in the intellectual and cultural life of the Muslim world, and their legacy continues to shape the development of Islamic thought and practice.<ref>{{Citation |title=6. The Aligarh-Deoband Divide: Competing Rationalities of Reform in Muslim South Asia |date=2023-12-31 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7312/tare21030-010/html |work=Perilous Intimacies |pages=220–252 |access-date=2023-11-12 |publisher=Columbia University Press |doi=10.7312/tare21030-010 |isbn=978-0-231-55835-8|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== History ==
=== Aligarh Movement ===
{{Main|Aligarh Movement}}
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 2
| image1 = Sir Syed1.jpg
| image2 = Secondary_Section_Building%2C_Minto_Circle_.jpg
| footer = [[Syed Ahmad Khan]] & [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
}}
After [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], Britain captured all of India. [[Syed Ahmad Khan]] was a government employee at that time. He cannot see [[British people|British]] behaviour towards his nation. On the other hand, Muslims also do not want to shake hand with the British. Syed Ahmad Khan wrote booklet ''Reasons of Indian Revolt'' just for overcome the tension among Muslims and the British. Syed Ahmad Khan contemplated that Muslims have just a way of negotiations with the Britishers and their educational system regarding leaving their backwardness.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kozlowski |first=Gregory C. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/muslim-endowments-and-society-in-british-india/7183AC47E5C177A0F8D1DF5DCB7B15A9 |title=Muslim Endowments and Society in British India |date=1985 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-08867-1 |series=Cambridge South Asian Studies |location=Cambridge |pages=158 |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511896873}}</ref>{{Sfn|Asim|Shah|2014|p=1409}} Syed Ahmad affirmed that British educational system have so many faults that if it was adopted over all then national identity and [[Islamic culture|Islamic civilisation]] will be destroyed in all over the India. He started [[Aligarh Movement|Aligarh movement]] just to save Islamic identity along getting benefits from western educational system. [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College|Aligarh College]] was established for this purpose, because Syed Ahmad wanted to make its status like [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Tariq |title=The Aligarh movement and the making of the Indian Muslim mind, 1857-2002 |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Co |isbn=81-291-0847-X |location=New Delhi |pages=65 |language=En |oclc=69734821}}</ref>{{Sfn|Asim|Shah|2014|p=1409}} In fact, there were several reasons of initiating Aligarh school of thought. For escaping Muslims from the drawbacks of British educational system and adopting its good attributes, Syed Ahmad took several steps which are considered to be a part of Aligarh movement under his ideology. Reasons of Aligarh movement are as follows:
# After annihilating in 1857 war, and facing crucial behaviour of the British, Muslims had realised that there is no way except co-operation with the British, because they are not so strong militarily like them. Aligarh College was the first motive regarding adopting this approach.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaina |first=Ema Esa |title=The Aligarh movement; its origin and development, 1858-1906 |publisher=Sri Ram Mehra |year=1965 |location=Agra, India |pages=167 |language=En |oclc=2314778}}</ref>{{Sfn|Asim|Shah|2014|p=1409}}
# The British had got [[Hindus]] co-operation and both wanted to devalue Muslims in Indian economy. Syed Ahmad realised that only modern education can help Muslims get a strong financial position. This thinking also became a reason of starting Aligarh Movement.{{Sfn|Kozlowski|1985|p=159}}{{Sfn|Asim|Shah|2014|p=1409}}
# Hindus, after assimilating modern professional education, had got a status of literate nation, and now they had to get government jobs. Syed Ahmad was feeling that if this routine will remain continue then a day will not far away when India will be led by Hindus. So, this was also a motive to start Aligarh movement.{{Sfn|Kozlowski|1985|p=159}}{{Sfn|Asim|Shah|2014|p=1410}}
# After 1857, all the educational institutes were under the control of British government. So, there was an avid of independent Muslim institution which can protect Muslim civilisation and identity. Therefore, Aligarh College established.{{Sfn|Kozlowski|1985|p=160}}{{Sfn|Asim|Shah|2014|p=1410}}
# British educational system was an effort to destroy Muslims culture. Therefore, Muslims were forced to keep far away their children from such schools.{{Sfn|Kozlowski|1985|p=160}}{{Sfn|Asim|Shah|2014|p=1410}}
# The way of teaching in government schools was in English language that was difficult to understand by unvaried Muslim students. Therefore, there was a need of such educational institute where Muslims can feel comfortable regarding getting education.{{Sfn|Kozlowski|1985|p=160}}{{Sfn|Asim|Shah|2014|p=1410}}
# Government schools were using for preaching of [[Christianity]], and also syllabus was against Muslims history and culture. Even religious education was prohibited but Christianity was preached in schools openly. Therefore, Muslims avoided sending their children in such schools.{{Sfn|Kozlowski|1985|p=160}}{{Sfn|Asim|Shah|2014|p=1410}}

=== Deobandi movement ===
{{Main|Deobandi movement}}
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 200
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| image1 = Darul Uloom Deoband.jpg
| image2 = Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (cropped).jpg
| image3 = Hussain Ahmad Madani (cropped).jpg
| image4 = Sabbir Ahmad Usmani (cropped).jpg
| image5 = Taqi Usmani (cropped).jpg
| image6 = Shah Ahmad Shafi.jpg
| footer = Clockwise from top: [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], [[Taqi Usmani]], [[Shah Ahmad Shafi]], [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]
}}
Due to British educational policies against Islam and Muslim identity, it was felt intensely to protect the Islamic values and education. For this purpose, [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi]] opened a little madrasa in [[Deoband]], Saharanpur district.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tabassum |first=Farhat |title=Deoband Ulema's movement for the freedom of India |date=2006 |publisher=Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind in association with Manak Publications |isbn=81-7827-147-8 |edition= |location=New Delhi |pages=42 |language=English |oclc=71237755}}</ref>{{Sfn|Asim|Shah|2014|p=1410}} He was a pupil of [[Mamluk Ali Nanautawi]] who was a student of [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]]. Therefore, Darul Uloom Deoband became a reason of revival of Shah Wali-Ullah's thoughts. This institute was non-align from the funding of British government. Even it does not accept funded of those Muslims who were westernise in their thinking. This institution is still running since 1866, which generated great Muslim philosophers like [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]], [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]], [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], [[Ilyas Kandhlawi]], [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]] and [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |title=A history of Pakistan and its origins |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2004 |isbn=1-84331-149-6 |edition= |location=London |pages=224 |language=English |oclc=56646546}}</ref>{{Sfn|Asim|Shah|2014|p=1410}} The reasons of Deoband movement under the ideology of this school of thought were as follows:
# Its basic objective was to restore Islamic education which had been almost destroyed by the British government through policies regarding closings of Muslims religious institutions.{{Sfn|Tabassum|2006|p=44}}{{Sfn|Asim|Shah|2014|p=1410}}
# As government was supporting preaching of Christianity, it was an intense need of that time to preach an actual shape of Islam.{{Sfn|Tabassum|2006|p=44}}{{Sfn|Asim|Shah|2014|p=1410}}
# As British educational system was motivating Indian Muslims towards [[materialism]], this movement was started to socialise spiritually.{{Sfn|Tabassum|2006|p=45}}{{Sfn|Asim|Shah|2014|p=1410}}
# British government and Hindus were trying that time to create differences among Muslims, and they were funding to generate different sects among Muslims. This movement was an effort to unite Muslims under their pure identification of Muslim.{{Sfn|Tabassum|2006|p=46}}{{Sfn|Asim|Shah|2014|p=1410}}
# To eliminating impacts of [[Western culture|Western civilisation]] through new inducted educational system by British government, this movement played vital role.{{Sfn|Tabassum|2006|p=46}}{{Sfn|Asim|Shah|2014|p=1410}}

== Impact ==
=== Pakistan ===
Aligarh and Deoband, both the school of thoughts left their huge socio-political impacts on [[Culture of Pakistan|Pakistani society]]. Even Pakistan has gotten independence and at that time, the basic objective of both the school of thoughts and their movements was to get a free homeland for the Muslims of Subcontinent. But after 1947 to till now, there has been created a huge difference among the followers of both the school of thoughts, and have been highlighted internationally as well specially after [[September 11 attacks]].

Aligarh School of Thought gave a modern direction to the new generation in a sense that they got theocratic knowledge at new patterns.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hanif |first=N. |title=Islam and modernity |date=1997 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=81-7625-002-3 |location=New Delhi |pages=11–19 |oclc=41136741}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Asim |first1=Muhammad |last2=Shah |first2=Syed Raheem Abbas |date=2014 |title=A Socio-Political Conflict between Religious Conservatism and Liberalism in Pakistan: A Comparative Study of Aligarh and Deoband School of Thought |url=https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_Socio-Political_Conflict_between_Religious_Conservatism_and_Liberalism_in_Pakistan_-_A_Comparative_Study_of_Aligarh_and_Deoband_School_of_Thought.pdf |journal=I.j.i.a.s. |language=En |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=1411 |issn=2351-8014}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License].</ref> There was a relationship among religion and science. Syed Ahmad Khan's work "''Ilmul-kalaam''" which is also called "New Theology" or "Islamic Modernisation" changed the way of thinking in the Muslims of Subcontinent. Pakistan got independence but this school of thought left an inspired group which is still working on that rational approach that was introduced by the Syed Ahmed Khan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McDonough |first=Sheila |title=Muslim ethics and modernity : a comparative study of the ethical thought of Sayyid Ahmad Khan and Mawlana Mawdudi |date=1984 |others=Canadian Corporation for Studies in Religion |isbn=978-0-88920-702-8 |location=Waterloo, Ont., Canada |pages=110 |oclc=1005663492}}</ref>{{Sfn|Asim|Shah|2014|p=1411}} There is some analysis about socio-political impacts of Aligarh School of Thought on Pakistan society that can be entitled as:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zaidi |first=Syed M. Zulqarnain |title=The emergence of ulema in the politics of India and Pakistan, 1918-1949 : a historical perspective |date=2003 |publisher=Writers Club Press |isbn=978-0-595-26795-8 |location=New York |pages=23–26 |language=English |oclc=863601118}}</ref>{{Sfn|Asim|Shah|2014|p=1411}}
# This movement developed the trends of getting western knowledge.
# Western knowledge became a reason of getting strong financial status.
# Although students of Aligarh were spoken [[Urdu|Urdu language]] and they developed the trends of speaking Urdu language. So, Urdu language became a symbol of elite class language.
# The basic theme of Aligarh movement was to infuse morals and manners in the Muslims of Subcontinent and after independence of Pakistan, the followers of Aligarh School of Thought were shown their specific look and manners and that had been considered idealism among Pakistani society.
# The slandered of civilised nation have been changed in getting Islamic as well as modern western knowledge rather than the adopting militant attitude after getting religious education from traditional madrassas of rigid mind-set.
# Modern education was considered as an essential with the religious education.
# The concept of rationality and Ijtehad became very popular and people found the solution of their modern socio-religious problems in the teaching of Islam under following this concept.
# The patterns of cultural conservatism were gone towards liberalisation.

On the other hand, population inspired by Deoband School of Thought is almost consisted upon 65 percent of total. Their major desire and demand is to make the Pakistan a theocratic Islamic state. Since 1947, its role in the society is most dominant. From the presentation of Objective Resolution in 1949 to the movement against [[Ahmadiyya]] community in 1970s and from anti-Shia sectarian movement in the decades of 1980 and 1990 to the militant struggle in [[Kashmir]] and [[Afghanistan]], this school of thought participated a lot.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farwell |first=James P. |title=The Pakistan cauldron : conspiracy, assassination & instability |date=2011 |publisher=Potomac Books |isbn=978-1-59797-983-2 |edition= |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=23–24 |language=English |oclc=759117242}}</ref>{{Sfn|Asim|Shah|2014|p=1411}} Several organisations like [[Lashkar-e-Jhangvi]], [[Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan]], [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] and [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]] which have been declared as terrorist organisations from the [[Government of Pakistan]], are belonged to this ideology. Similarly, in July 2007, [[Siege of Lal Masjid]] became a big challenge for Pakistani government.{{Sfn|Farwell|2011|p=24–25}}{{Sfn|Asim|Shah|2014|p=1411}} According to the survey report of 1988, Deoband School of thought has deep roots in the society. There were 590 Deobandi institutions in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]. While the ratio of other sectarian institutions was very low. In [[Sindh]], there were 208 Deobandi institutions, 278 Deobandi institutions were in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]. Similarly, 51 Deobandi institutions were in [[Azad Kashmir]]. In [[Islamabad]], the capital of Pakistan, Deobandi institutions were 22. In [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] (Northern areas of Pakistan), Deobandi institutions were 60. But in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] (NWFP), the number of Deoband institutions was very high. There were 631 Deoband institutions. So, according to this survey, there were 1840 Deobandi institutions in all over the Pakistan in 1988 that covering huge mind-set of Pakistani society.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fair |first=C. Christine |title=Madrassah Challenge: Militancy and Religious Education in Pakistan |publisher=United States Institute of Peace |year=2008 |isbn=978-1601270283 |location=USA |pages=132–141 |language=English}}</ref>{{Sfn|Asim|Shah|2014|p=1411}} During analyses the socio-political impacts of this school of thought can be entitled as:{{Sfn|Farwell|2011|p=31–33}}{{Sfn|Asim|Shah|2014|p=1411}}
# [[Westernisation]] and [[Modernisation theory|modernisation]] is un-Islamic.
# Only religious education must be study in educational institutions.
# Method of teachings must be according to the teachings of Islam.
# Modern education is a reason of un-Islamic attitude in the new generation.
# The [[Jihad]] (Militant struggle) is only a source of Islamic orders implementation.
# Women are not allowed to go out from her home without their blood relation.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{URL|https://darululoom-deoband.com/en/|Deobandi Movement}}
* {{URL|https://aligarhmovement.com/|Aligarh Movement}}
{{Deobandi movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deoband-Aligarh relations}}
[[Category:Deobandi movement]]
[[Category:Aligarh Movement]]
[[Category:Islam in South Asia]]
[[Category:Nadwa movement]]

Khalkama

2025-09-11T17:27:43Z

GeorgiannaMoberg: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Kalkhama]]