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S. H. Raza

2026-05-07T10:25:27Z

GeorgeNobbs1: new new info needs work

{{confused|Haider Raza}}
{{Short description|Indian painter}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Sayed Haider Raza
| image = Sayed_Haider_Raza_(1995).png
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date |df=y|1922|02|22}}
| birth_place = Kakkaiya, [[Mandla district|Mandla]], [[Central Provinces and Berar]] (now in [[Madhya Pradesh]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age |df=y|2016|07|23|1922|02|22}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], India
| education = • Chitrakala Mahavidyalaya, [[Nagpur]] 
• [[Sir J. J. School of Art]]
| awards = [[Padma Vibhushan]] (2013) [[Padma Bhushan]] (2007) [[List of Lalit Kala Akademi fellows|Fellow of Lalit Kala Academy]] (1984) [[Padma Shri]] (1981) {{nowrap|[[Commandeur de la Legion d'honneur]] (2015)}}
| honorific_suffix = [[Legion of Honour|LH]]
| website = {{URL|Therazafoundation.org}}
| field = |
| known_for = [[Painting]]
| movement = [[Bombay Progressive Artists' Group]]
}}
'''Sayed Haider Raza''' {{post-nominals|list= [[Legion of Honour|LH]]}} (22 February 1922 – 23 July 2016) was an Indian painter who lived and worked in [[France]] for most of his career.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070410200659/http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/21/stories/2007022115260200.htm "Syed Haider Raza turns 85"], ''[[The Hindu]]'', 21 February 2007.</ref> He moved to France in 1950, marrying the French artist Janine Mongillat in 1959. Following her death from cancer in 2002, Raza returned to India in 2010, where he would live until his death.<ref>{{cite web|title=S H Raza on Tao Art Gallery|url=http://www.taoartgallery.com/s-h-raza/|website=www.taoartgallery.com|publisher=Tao Art Gallery|access-date=28 July 2016|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305061156/http://www.taoartgallery.com/s-h-raza/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=S H Raza dies at 94; end of an era in Modern Indian art |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/S-H-Raza-dies-at-94-end-of-an-era-in-Modern-Indian-art/articleshow/53353797.cms|date=23 July 2016|access-date=28 July 2016|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=S.H. Raza in 10 questions {{!}} Christie's|url=https://www.christies.com/features/10-things-to-know-about-S-H-Raza-8931-3.aspx|access-date=2021-03-24|website=www.christies.com|language=en}}</ref>

Having maintained strong ties with India throughout his career, Raza was an acclaimed for his art both there and in France.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=2380 Painting is like sadhana...], dnaindia, 18 September 2005.</ref><ref>[http://www.serigraphstudio.com/artists-details.asp?aid=8 Artist Details] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712154433/http://www.serigraphstudio.com/artists-details.asp?aid=8 |date=12 July 2009 }} Raza at serigraphstudio.com.</ref> He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 1981,<ref name="Lalit">[http://www.lalitkala.gov.in/golden_jubilee/awards.asp Lalit Kala Ratna Profiles] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105021235/http://www.lalitkala.gov.in/golden_jubilee/awards.asp |date=5 January 2008 }} Official list of Awardees at lalitkala.gov.in.</ref> [[List of Lalit Kala Akademi fellows|Fellowship of the Lalit Kala Academi]] in 1984,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-06-15 |title=Lalit Kala Akademi Fellows |url=http://lalitkala.gov.in/recognition/fellows.asp |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=Lalit Kala Akademi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615063915/http://lalitkala.gov.in/recognition/fellows.asp |archive-date=15 June 2009 }}</ref> [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2007,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Padma Awards {{!}} Interactive Dashboard|url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Name=Sayed%20Haider%20Raza|access-date=2021-03-31|website=www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in|language=en}}</ref> and [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=91838|title= Padma Awards|publisher=pib|date= 29 January 2013 |access-date= 29 January 2013 }}</ref> He was conferred with the ''Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur'' ([[Legion of Honour]]) on 14 July 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/noted-indian-artist-sayed-haider-raza-conferred-highest-french-civilian-honour/article7425197.ece|title=Noted artist Raza conferred highest French civilian honour|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 July 2015|access-date=17 July 2015}}</ref>

His seminal work ''Saurashtra'' sold for {{INR}}16.42 crore ($3,486,965) at a [[Christie's]] auction in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|title=Raza work fetches record Rs 16.3cr|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Raza-work-fetches-record-Rs-163cr/articleshow/6034825.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215154/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-11/india/28305318_1_syed-haider-raza-indian-art-s-h-raza|url-status=live|archive-date=4 October 2013|access-date=27 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 June 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://osianama.com/econ-agp8-1202844 Raza's ''Saurashtra'' Artwork and Auction details] OSIANAMA.COM</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Sayed Haider Raza was born in Kakkaiya,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shraza.net/biography.html |title=Syed Haider Raza : His Biography |access-date=23 February 2008 |archive-date=8 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108230218/http://www.shraza.net/biography.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> [[Mandla District|Mandla district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], to Sayed Mohammed Razi, the [[Forest Ranger|Deputy Forest Ranger]] of the district and Tahira Begum.<ref name=retro>[http://www.saffronart.com/Events/2007/shraza7/asps7raza/artistbio.asp Artist Bio] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306061205/http://www.saffronart.com/Events/2007/shraza7/asps7raza/artistbio.asp |date=6 March 2008 }} Raza Retrospective 2007, New York.</ref><ref>[http://www.delhiartgallery.com/artist/profile-sh-raza.aspx Profiles] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130124714/http://delhiartgallery.com/artist/profile-sh-raza.aspx |date=30 January 2009 }} S H Raza at delhiartgallery.com.</ref> It was here where he spent his early years, completed primary education, and took to drawing at the age of 12. He moved to [[Damoh]] (also in Madhya Pradesh) at 13;<ref>[http://www.indianartcircle.com/arteducation/sayed.shtml Profile of the Month] Sayed Haider Raza at indianartcircle.com.</ref> where he completed his high school education from Government High School, Damoh.<ref name=art>[http://www.artfact.com/features/viewArtist.cfm?artistRef=4H1A44A4LE Artist Summary] Sayed Haider Raza at artfact.com.</ref>

After high school, he studied further at the Nagpur School of Art, [[Nagpur]] (1939–43), followed by [[Sir J. J. School of Art]], [[Mumbai]] (1943–47),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saffronart.com/details.asp?artistId=142|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050209191241/http://www.saffronart.com/details.asp?artistId=142|url-status=dead|title=Artist Background|archivedate=9 February 2005}}</ref> before moving to France in October 1950 to study at the École Nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts (ENSB-A), [[Paris]] (1950-1953) on a Government of France scholarship.<ref>[http://www.art.in/artists/s-h-raza.htm Artist Directory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304114301/http://www.art.in/artists/s-h-raza.htm |date=4 March 2008 }} S H Raza at art.in.</ref> After his studies, he traveled across Europe, and continued to live and exhibit his work in Paris.<ref name=art/> He was later awarded the [[Prix de la critique]] in Paris in 1956, becoming the first non-French artist to receive the honor.

== Art career ==
=== Early career ===
[[File:Bombay Progressive Artists Group.jpg|thumb|The Bombay Progressive Artists group]]
Sayed Haider Raza, had his first solo show when he was 24 in 1946 at [[Bombay Art Society]] Salon, and was awarded the Silver Medal of the society.<ref name=retro/>

His work evolved from painting expressionistic landscapes to abstract ones. From his fluent watercolours of landscapes and townscapes executed in the early 1940s, he moved toward a more expressive language, painting landscapes of the mind.

Raza carefully crafted his career to become an inspiration to two generations of artists. The year of 1947 proved to be a very important year for him. First, his mother died. Then, he co-founded the revolutionary [[Bombay Progressive Artists' Group]] (PAG) (1947–1956) along with [[K. H. Ara]] and [[F. N. Souza]].<ref>[http://www.saffronart.com/artistdetails.asp?sourceid=142 Artist Details] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110042215/http://www.saffronart.com/artistdetails.asp?sourceid=142 |date=10 November 2007 }} Raza at saffronart.com.</ref> This group set out to break free from the influences of European realism in Indian art and bring Indian inner vision (Antar gyan) into the art.<ref name=enews/> The group had its first show in 1948.<ref name=Lalit/> A revolutionary amount of art was created by the people in this group from 1940 to 1990. Raza's father died the same year his mother had died in Mandla. The majority of his four brothers and sister, migrated to [[Pakistan]], after the [[partition of India]]. In the early years, the group continued its close rapport. [[Krishen Khanna]] speaks of the first exhibition Raza, [[Akbar Padamsee]] and [[F. N. Souza]] mounted together at the Gallery Cruz in Paris. "Souza and Padamsee painted in a quasi-modern fashion. Raza, however, made a throwback to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal period]], creating jewel-like watercolours, with the pigment rubbed in with a shell. He was vastly successful and acquired by important collectors."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/obituary/story/20160808-syed-haider-raza-obituary-indian-painter-829313-2016-07-27|title=Bindu. Period|first=Gayatri|last=Sinha|author-link=Gayatri Sinha|date=27 July 2016|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2022-04-02}}</ref>

Once in France, he continued to experiment with currents of Western Modernism, moving from Expressionist modes towards greater abstraction and eventually incorporating elements of [[Tantra|Tantrism]] from Indian scriptures.<ref name=enews/><ref name=hero>[http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/sh-raza.html Indian Heroes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213143207/http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/sh-raza.html |date=13 February 2011 }} S. H. Raza at iloveindia.com.</ref><ref>[http://www.asianart.com/articles/vora/raza/index.html Raza's runes: visions of the self] Swapna Vora at asianart.com.</ref> Whereas his fellow contemporaries dealt with more figural subjects, Raza chose to focus on landscapes in the 1940s and 50s, inspired in part by a move to France. In 1956, he was awarded the prestigious [[Prix de la critique|Prix de la Critique]], this was a monumental award to the art scene in India.

In 1962, he became a visiting lecturer at the University of California in Berkeley, [[United States|USA]].<ref>[http://www.osbornesamuel.com/pages/biography/27014.html Artist Biography] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724185434/http://www.osbornesamuel.com/pages/biography/27014.html |date=24 July 2008 }} Raza at osbornesamuel.com.</ref> Raza was initially enamored of the bucolic countryside of rural France. ''Eglise'' is part of a series which captures the rolling terrain and quaint village architecture of this region. Showing a tumultuous church engulfed by an inky blue night sky, Raza uses gestural brushstrokes and a heavily impasto-ed application of paint, stylistic devices which hint at his later 1970s abstractions.{{Citation needed|date=March 2007}}

=== The "Bindu" and beyond ===
[[File:Black Sun by S. H. Raza.jpg|alt=Painting by S. H. Raza|thumb|''Black Sun'' based on Bindu by S. H. Raza]]
By the 1970s Raza had grown increasingly unhappy and restless with his own work and wanted to find a new direction and deeper authenticity in his work, and move away from what he called the 'plastic art'. His trips to India, especially to caves of [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] - [[Ellora]], followed by those to Varanasi, Gujarat and Rajasthan, made him realize his role and study Indian culture more closely, the result was "Bindu",<ref name=conversation>[http://www.saffronart.com/Events/2007/shraza7/asps7raza/conversation.asp Retrospective 2007] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131091304/http://www.saffronart.com/Events/2007/shraza7/asps7raza/conversation.asp |date=31 January 2008 }} A Conversation with Raza at saffronart.com.</ref> which signified his rebirth as a painter.<ref>[http://www.saffronart.com/Events/2007/shraza7/asps7raza/foreword.asp Foreword] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304120608/http://www.saffronart.com/Events/2007/shraza7/asps7raza/foreword.asp |date=4 March 2008 }} Raza Retrospective, 2007.</ref> The Bindu<ref>[http://osianama.com/econ-agp8-1193499?mastid=3284 Raza's ''Bindu'' Artwork Image and Auction details] OSIANAMA.COM</ref><ref>[http://osianama.com/econ-agp8-1192684?mastid=3284 Raza's ''Bindu'' Artwork Image and Auction details] OSIANAMA.COM</ref><ref>[http://osianama.com/econ-agp8-1193370?mastid=3284 Raza's ''Bindu'' Artwork Image and Auction details] OSIANAMA.COM</ref> came forth in 1980, and took his work deeper and brought in, his new-found Indian vision and Indian ethnography. One of the reasons he attributes to the origin of the "Bindu", have been his elementary school teacher, who on finding him lacking adequate concentration, drew a dot on the blackboard and asked him to concentrate on it.<ref>[http://www.indianartcollectors.com/news-display.php?newsid=242 S H Raza reveals plans to open a cultural centre] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025557/http://www.indianartcollectors.com/news-display.php?newsid=242 |date=13 July 2011 }} indianartcollectors.com, 7 February 2008.</ref> The "Bindu" is related to Indian philosophy of being the point of all creation. The reason this interested Raza so much is because he was looking for new inspiration for his art and this created a new point of creation for himself.

After the introduction of "BUNDU" (a point or the source of energy), he added newer dimensions to his thematic oeuvre in the following decades, with the inclusion of themes around the ''Tribhuj'' (Triangle),<ref>[http://osianama.com/econ-agp7-1191882?mastid=3284 Raza's ''Triangles'' Artwork Image and Auction details] OSIANAMA.COM</ref> which bolstered Indian concepts of space and time, as well as that of "[[prakriti]]-[[purusha]]" (the cosmic substance and the energy or the spirit respectively), his transformation from an expressionist to a master of abstraction and profundity, was complete.<ref name=enews>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080222200159/http://www.indiaenews.com/art-culture/20080220/98853.htm Art & Culture] indiaenews.com, 20 February 2008.</ref> His multiple works of art with the bindu is what truly tied him to his Indian roots and culture. This art created a sense of pride for his culture. The bindu is now widely regarded as a trademark for Raza and he said in 2010 that "It's the centre of my life".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.christies.com/features/10-things-to-know-about-S-H-Raza-8931-3.aspx|title=S.H. Raza in 10 questions {{!}} Christie's|website=www.christies.com|language=en|access-date=2019-12-02}}</ref>

{{Rquote|right|"My work is my own inner experience and involvement with the mysteries of nature and form which is expressed in colour, line, space and light". - S. H. Raza}}

Raza abandoned the expressionistic landscape for a geometric abstraction and the "Bindu".<ref name=Lalit/> Raza perceived the Bindu as the center of creation and existence progressing towards forms and color as well as energy, sound, space and time.

His work took another leap in 2000, when he began to express his increasingly deepened insights and thoughts on Indian spiritual, and created works around the [[Kundalini energy|Kundalini]],<ref>[http://osianama.com/econ-agp8-1193283?mastid=3284 Raza's ''Kundalini'' Artwork Image and Auction details] osianama.com</ref> [[Ouroboros|Nagas]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Kishore|date=2016-07-30|title=A tribute to the legacy of S H Raza|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/a-tribute-to-the-legacy-of-s-h-raza-116072901542_1.html|access-date=2021-03-24}}</ref> and the [[Mahabharat]].<ref name=conversation/><ref>[http://osianama.com/econ-agp8-1199167?mastid=3284 Raza's ''Maha Bharata'' Artwork Image and Auction details] osianama.com</ref>

== Public contributions ==
For the promotion of art among Indian youth, he established the [[Raza Foundation]] in India which gives the Annual Raza Foundation Award to young artists in India.
The Raza Foundation in France, based in the artist village of Gorbio, runs the Estate of Sayed Haider Raza.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-10|title=Sayed Haider Raza: One of India's most celebrated artists|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-school/sayed-haider-raza-one-of-india-s-most-celebrated-artists-101612947899725.html|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== Later years and death ==
In 2011, a few years after the death of his wife, S.H. Raza decided to move back from France to New Delhi, where he continued to work several hours a day up until his death on 22 July 2016, at the age of 94, in New Delhi. His last wish being laid to rest in his hometown Mandla beside his father's grave was fulfilled. He was buried in Mandla city's [[kabristan]].{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

== Awards ==
* 1946: Silver Medal, [[Bombay Art Society]], Mumbai
* 1948: Gold Medal, [[Bombay Art Society]], Mumbai
* 1956: [[Prix de la critique]], Paris
* 1981: [[Padma Shri]]; the [[Government of India]]
* 1984: [[List of Lalit Kala Akademi fellows|Fellowship of the Lalit Kala Akademi]], New Delhi
* 1992–1993: [[Kalidas Samman]], Government of [[Madhya Pradesh]]
* 2004: Lalit Kala Ratna Puraskar, [[Lalit Kala Akademi|Lalit Kala Academy]], New Delhi
* 2007: [[Padma Bhushan]]; the Government of India[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Vibhushan Award to Shri Sayed Haider Raza, at an Investiture Ceremony-II, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 20, 2013.jpg|alt=S. H. Raza receiving Padma Vibhushan Award|thumb|Raza receiving Padma Vibhushan from then President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] in 2013]]
* 2013: [[Padma Vibhushan]]; the Government of India
* 2013: one of the greatest living global Indian legends ... [[NDTV India|NDTV INDIA]]
* 2014: [[Doctor of Letters|D. Litt]] (Honoris Causa), Indira Kala Sangit Vishwavidyalaya, Khairagarh, [[Chhattisgarh]]
* 2015: [[Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur|Commandeur de la Légion d’Honneur]] (the Legion of Honour); [[Republic of France]]
* 2015: D. Litt (Honoris Causa), [[Shiv Nadar University]], Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh

== Solo exhibitions ==
* 2016; Nirantar, Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata
* 2015: Galerie Lara Vincy, Paris, "Raza: Paintings"
* 2015: Akar Prakar, Kolkata, "Aarambh – Raza at 93"
* 2015: Art Musings, Mumbai, "Aarambh @ 93: Solo Show of SH Raza"
* 2014: Grosvenor Vadehra, London, "SH Raza – Pyaas"
* 2014: Sovereign FZE, Dubai, "Raza: Paysage, Select Works 1950s – 1970s"
* 2014: Vadehra Art Gallery, New Delhi, "SH Raza - Parikrama – Around Gandhi"
* 2013: Akar Prakar, Kolkata, "Shabd- bindu – A show of recent works by SH Raza & poetry by [[Ashok Vajpeyi]]"
* 2013: Vadehra Art Gallery, New Delhi, "Antardhwani"
* 2012: ICIA, The Art Trust, Mumbai, "SH Raza – Solo Show"
* 2012: Art Musings, Mumbai, "SH Raza: Vistaar"
* 2012: Grosvenor Gallery, London, "Bindu Vistaar"
* 2011: Vadehra Art Gallery & Lalit Kala Akademi, New Delhi, "SH Raza, Punaraagman"
* 2010: Flora Jansem Gallery, Raza Ceramiques, Paris
* 2010: Galerie Patrice Trigano, Paris, "Sayed Haider Raza, Œuvres 1950-2001"
* 2010: Akar Prakar Art Gallery, Kolkata, Ahmadabad, Jaipur, Delhi, INDIA in 2010
* 2010: Vadehra Art Gallery, New Delhi, "Recent Works – SH Raza"
* 2008: Art Alive Art Gallery, Delhi, India in 2008
* Exhibition Magnificent Seven at Art Alive Gallery<ref>{{cite web|title=Shows Magnificent Seven|url=http://www.artalivegallery.com/shows.php?cat=shows&scat=&show_display=41|publisher=www.artalivegallery.com|access-date=1 July 2016}}</ref>
* 2007: Ayran Art Gallery, Mumbai, New Delhi, Hong Kong, "SH Raza - Celebrating 85 Years of living Legend"
* 2007: RL Fine ARTS, New York, "SH Raza: Master of Colors – Selected Works"
* 2007: The Arts Trust at the ICIA, Mumbai, "SH Raza- Solo Show"
* 2007: National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi, "Swati – S.H. Raza"
* 2006: TAO Art Gallery, Mumbai, "Rang Ras – S.H. Raza"
* 2006: RL Fine Arts, New York, SH Raza: Selected Works
* 2006: Vadehra Art Gallery, New Delhi, "Raza"
* 2006: Hong Kong, Aryan Art Gallery, "Raza: Metamorphosis"
* 2005: Aryan Art Gallery, New Delhi, "Raza – Recent Works"
* 2005: Saffronart & Berkeley Square Gallery, London & New York, "SH Raza: Summer 2005"
* 2004: Art Musings, Mumbai, "SH Raza"
* 2003: Berlin, The Fine Art Resource, "SH Raza: Paintings from 1996 to 2003"
* 2001: [[Delhi Art Gallery]], New Delhi, "Mindscapes: The Sacred Search: a select collection of works from 1951- 2002 by Raza"
* 1999: Gallery 54, New York, "Raza"
* 1997: Roopankar Museum of Fine Arts, [[Bharat Bhavan]], Bhopal
* 1997: Jehangir Art Gallery Mumbai
* 1997: National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi.
* 1997: Vadhera Art Gallery & Chemould Gallery, Bhopal, Mumbai & New Delhi, "Raza: Avartan 1991-1996"
* 1994: The Art Rental Corporate, Group Michael Ferrier, Échirolles, Grenoble
* 1992: [[Jehangir Nicholson Art Foundation|Jehangir Nicholson]] Museum, National Centre for Performing Arts, Mumbai
* 1992: Courses Arts Lalouvesc, France
* 1991: Gallery Eterso, Cannes, "Bindu ou la quête de l'essentiel", 28 June – 17 August
* 1991: Palais de Carnolès, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Menton, "Raza: Rétrospective 1952-1991"
* 1991: Chemould Gallery, Bombay, "Raza Anthology 1980-1990"
* 1988: Chemould Gallery, Bombay; Koloritten Galleri, Stavanger, Norway
* 1987: The Head of the artist, Grenoble
* 1985: Galerie Pierre Parat, Paris
* 1984: Chemould Gallery, Bombay
* 1982: Gallery Loeb, Bern, Switzerland; Gallery JY Noblet, Grenoble
* 1980: Galleriet, Oslo
* 1976: Mumbai, Gallery Chemould at the Jehangir Art Gallery, Raza, 26 February – 1 March 1976.
* 1975: Sanremo, Galleria Matuzia, Raza, 4 – 31 October 1975.
* 1969: Paris, Galerie Lara Vincy, Raza: Peintures Recentes, 27 November 1969 – 5 January 1970.
* 1968: Bombay, Gallery Chemould, Raza, 15 – 27 April 1968.
* 1968: Toronto, Gallery Dresdnere, Raza – Recent Oil Paintings, 25 October – 9 November 1968.
* 1968: Cologne, Dom Galerie, Sayed Haider Raza, 26 March – 4 May 1968.
* 1967: Paris, Galerie Lara Vincy, 1967.
* 1966: Düsseldorf, Tecta Galerie, Raza – Paris: 25 Oil Paintings from 1962- 1966, 6 October – 10 November 1966.
* 1963 Cologne, Dom Galerie, Raza, June – July 1963.
* 1964: Paris, Galerie Lara Vincy, Raza: Peintures récentes, 18 November 1964 – 10 January 1965.
* 1962: Galerie Dresdnere, Montreal
* 1962: Galerie Lara Vincy, Paris, Raza, 15 July 1962.
* 1961: Paris, Galerie Lara Vincy, Raza, 19 April- 18 May 1961.
* 1960: Montreal, Galerie Dresdnere, Autumn 1960.
* 1959: Montreal, Galerie Dresdnere, Raza: Peintures et Gouaches, 5th – 19th MAY 1959.
* 1958: Galerie Lara Vincy, Paris, "Raza - Prix de la Critique 1956. Peintures et gouaches" (April–May)
* 1956: Galerie Saint-Placide, Paris, "Raza"
* 1950: Charles Petrat's Institute of foreign Languages, Mumbai (September)
* 1950: The IFL International Centre, Bombay, "SH Raza: Farewell Exhibition of Paintings" (September)
* 1948: Exhibition Hall, New Delhi, "Raza: 100 paintings of Kashmir", organised by Rudolf Von Leyden, (September)
* 1947: [[Bombay Art Society]], "Raza's Watercolour Landscapes", (November)
* 1946: First solo exhibition at the Bombay Art Society Salon

== Selected Biennales ==
* 1956: Venice Biennale, Italy.
* 1957: Biennale 57, [[Pavillon de Marsan]], Paris, France.
* 1958: Bienal de São Paulo, Brazil.
* 1958: Biennale, Brussels, Belgium.
* 1958: Biennale of Young Contemporary Painters, Bruges, Belgium.
* 1958: Venice Biennale, Italy.
* 1961: Biennale of Tokyo, Japan.
* 1962: Salon Comparaisons, Paris, France.
* 1963: Biennale du Maroc, Rabat, Morocco.
* 1964: Biennale de Menton, France.
* 1966: Biennale de Menton, France.
* 1966: Salon Comparaisons, Paris.
* 1968: Biennale de Menton, France.
* 1972: Biennale de Menton, France.
* 1976: Biennale de Menton, France.
* 1978: Biennale de Menton, France.
* 1986: Bienal de la Habana, Havana,

== Further reading ==
* ''S.H Raza,'' by [https://www.therazafoundation.com/ Soufiane Bensabra], Les Éditions de la Différence, Paris, 2020
* "Yet Again: Nine New Essays on Raza", by Ashok Vajpeyi, Mapin Publishing Pvt, Ahmedabad, India, 2015.
* "SH Raza: The Journey of a Master", published by Vadehra Art Gallery, New Delhi, 2014.
* "Understanding Raza: Many Ways of Looking at a Master", Ashok Vajpeyi (ed.), Vadehra Art Gallery, New Delhi, 2013.
* "My Dear: Letters Between Sayed Haider Raza & Krishen Khanna", Ashok Vajpeyi, The Raza Correspondence, Vadehra Art Gallery, New Delhi, 2013.
* "SH Raza: Vistaar", by [[Ranjit Hoskote]], Ashok Vajpeyi, Yashodhara Dalmia and [[Avni Doshi]], Afterimage Publishing, Mumbai, 2012.
* "Mandalas", by [[Olivier Germain-Thomas]], Art Alive Gallery, 2009 (originally published in French by [[Éditions Albin Michel]], Paris, 2004)
* ''Raza'' by Alain Bonfand, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721002954/http://www.ladifference.fr/raza,1780.html?indextitre=4&titre=R#livre1780 Les Éditions de la Différence], Paris, 2008. (French and English Edition. Lithographs [https://web.archive.org/web/20100207231435/http://www.ladifference.fr/estampes.html Estampes - Éditions de La Différence] edited by Éditions de la Différence, Paris)
* ''A Life in Art: S.H. Raza'', by Ashok Vajpeyi, Art Alive Masters Series Books, New Delhi, 2007
* ''Raza: A Life in Art'', by Ashok Vajpeyi, 2007, Art Alive Gallery, New Delhi. {{ISBN|978-81-901844-4-1}}.
* ''Passion....Life and Art of Raza'', by Sayed Haider Raza, [[Ashok Vajpeyi]] (Ed.). 2005, Rajkamal Books. {{ISBN|81-267-1040-3}}.
* "Atma Ka Taap", by Rajkamal Prakashan, S.H. Raza et Ashok Vajpeyi, New Delhi, 2004.
* "Raza. An Introduction to his Painting", by Michel Imbert, Rainbow Publishers, Noida, 2003.
* "Raza: Text-Interview-Poetry, Ravi Kumar" by ashok Vajpeyi, New Delhi, 2002.
* ''Bindu: Space and time in Raza's vision'', by Geeti Sen. Media Transasia, 1997. {{ISBN|962-7024-06-6}}.
* Jacques Lassaigne, "Raza", in Cimaise, n°79, Paris, January–February–March 1967

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|auto=1}}
*[https://www.therazafoundation.org/ The Raza Foundation]
* [https://www.astaguru.com/artists/s-h-raza Profile] on AstaGuru
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cmwt5doP5Dc Documentary] produced by [[NDTV]]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l8B-_YQEFLw Interview] with [[Sansad TV]] (in [[Hindi]])

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raza, S.H.}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Sir J. J. School of Art alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi]]
[[Category:People from Mandla]]
[[Category:People from Damoh]]
[[Category:École des Beaux-Arts alumni]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in France]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian watercolourists]]
[[Category:Indian Expressionist painters]]
[[Category:Painters from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]

Lakhat Ek Aamcha Dada

2026-04-28T04:22:50Z

GeorgeNobbs1: done!

{{Short description|2024 Indian Marathi language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_size =
| company = [[Vajra Production]]
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2025|10|04}}
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2024|07|08}}
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| num_episodes = 428
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| editor =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| writer = Swapnil Chavan Vishal Kadam
| producer = [[Shweta Shinde]] Sanjay Khambe
| country = India
| director = Kiran Dalvi
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| genre = [[Drama]]
| caption =
| location = [[Satara (city)|Satara]], [[Maharashtra]]
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| related = ''[[Anna (Tamil TV series)|Anna]]''
}}

'''''Lakhat Ek Aamcha Dada''''' ({{translation|Our Brother is One in a Million}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] TV series which aired from 8 July 2024 on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='लाखात एक आमचा दादा'मध्ये दिसणार भावा बहिणींच्या प्रेमाची गोष्ट; मराठी मालिकेत पहिल्यांदाच… |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/television/lakhat-ek-amcha-dada-serial-actor-nitish-chavan-latest-marathi-news-1229090.html |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=पत्रिकेत विधवा योग म्हणून तुळजाचं रेड्याशी लग्न…, ‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’ मालिकेचा नवा प्रोमो प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-new-promo-out-can-surya-save-tulja-nsp-98-4533117/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref> It is an official remake of [[Zee Tamil]]'s TV series ''[[Anna (Tamil TV series)|Anna]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title='अशा मालिका दाखवू नका' झी मराठीवरील 'लाखात एक आमचा दादा'च्या प्रोमोवर प्रेक्षकांचा संताप |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/netizens-reacted-on-lakhat-ek-amcha-dada-new-promo/articleshow/116945051.cms |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=तेजूच्या लग्नाची सुपारी फुटली; डॅडी म्हणाले, “खरे नवरदेव…”, पाहा प्रोमो
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/surya-family-excited-for-tejus-wedding-daddys-evil-plan-twist-in-lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-marathi-serial-nsp-98-4715461/ |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref> It stars [[Nitish Chavan]] and Disha Pardeshi in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |title=पुष्पा काकीच्या ‘त्या’ कृतीमुळे तुळजासमोर सत्य येणार का? मालिकेत पुढे काय घडणार? पाहा
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-will-tulja-knows-trut-pushpa-kaki-watch-promo-nsp-98-4841490/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Zee Marathi launches 'Lakhat Ek Amcha Dada' |url=https://indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/zee-marathi-launches-%E2%80%98lakhat-ek-amcha-dada%E2%80%99-240708 |website=Indian Television |access-date=2024-07-08}}</ref> Later, Mrunmayee Gondhalekar replaced Disha as lead actress.<ref>{{Cite news |title=“गावासमोर धिंड काढली नाही, तर…”, तुळजाचे डॅडींना चॅलेंज; नेटकरी सल्ला देत म्हणाले, “काहीही करून तुमचं नातं…”
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-tulja-replied-to-daddys-threat-she-will-challange-her-father-surya-in-jail-watch-promo-netizens-reacts-nsp-98-4781516/ |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/marathi-actor-girish-oak-to-play-negative-role-in-lakhat-ek-amcha-dada-zee-marathi-new-serial-a-a971/|title='लाखात एक आमचा दादा' मालिकेत गिरिश ओक यांची एन्ट्री, डॅडींच्या भूमिकेत दिसणार, प्रोमो समोर|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr|date=2 July 2024}}</ref>

It is produced by [[Shweta Shinde]] and Sanjay Khambe under the banner of ''[[Vajra Production]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=माझी होशील का? सूर्याने प्रपोज करताच तुळजा…; पाहा ‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’मालिकेचा नवीन प्रोमो
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/surya-will-propose-tulja-in-upcoming-episode-watch-video-nsp-98-4666801/ |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref> It aired curtain raiser episode for character introduction on 7 July 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/tulja-fall-in-love-with-surya-new-twist-in-lakaht-ek-aamcha-dada-marathi-serial-promo-nsp-98-4685641/|title=अखेर तो क्षण आला, तुळजाला झाली प्रेमात पडल्याची जाणीव; ‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’ मालिकेत नवीन वळण|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr|access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref> It aired its last episode on 4 October 2025 completing 428 episodes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=“एका वर्षाच्या आत…”, लग्नानंतर सूर्याने तुळजाला दिला ‘हा’ शब्द, हात जोडून म्हणाला, “आधीच मोठा डाग लागलाय…”
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/lakhat-ek-amcha-dada-upcoming-episode-after-marriage-surya-gave-the-word-to-tulja-pps-98-4587421/ |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The heart-warming tale of Surya-aka-Dada, who devotes his life to ensuring his four sisters get married into caring and wealthy families.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-upcoming-twist-surya-will-teach-a-lesson-to-jalindar-who-wants-a-grandson-as-his-heir-nsp-98-5278863/|title=मुलींच्या जन्माला नाकारणाऱ्या जालिंदरला सूर्या शिकवणार धडा; जबरदस्त प्रोमो पाहून नेटकरी म्हणाले, “असाच भाऊ…”|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr|access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Nitish Chavan]] as Suryakant Shankar Jagtap (Dada)<ref>{{Cite news |title=“सूर्याने शाळेतील मुलांच्या जीवाशी…”, डॅडींचे नवे कारस्थान अन् वाढदिवशीच पोलीस सूर्याला अटक करणार; ‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’ मालिकेचा प्रोमो
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-police-will-arrest-surya-on-his-birthday-daddys-new-intrigue-new-promo-nsp-98-4793371/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
** Atharva Gade as child Surya<ref>{{Cite news |title='लाखात एक आमचा दादा' मालिकेत नितेश चव्हाणच्या बहिणी म्हणून झळकणार 'या' चार अभिनेत्री, नवा दमदार प्रोमो पाहा |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/nitish-chavan-new-serial-lakhat-ek-amcha-dada-second-promo-out-pps-98-4385159/ |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Disha Pardeshi / Mrunmayee Gondhalekar as Tulja Jalindar Nimbalkar / Tulja Suryakant Jagtap<ref>{{Cite news |title=गळ्यात माळा अन् कपाळावर…; सूर्या देवीचे खडतर व्रत करणार; ‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’चा नवा प्रोमो प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-upcoming-twist-new-promo-new-look-of-surya-will-do-strict-fast-of-goddess-watch-promo-nsp-98-4950973/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
** Ananya Tambe as child Tulja<ref>{{Cite news |title=जो विषय घराघरात लपवला जातो त्याला वाहिनीने घातला हात; मालिकेतील मासिक पाळीच्या भागावर नेटकरी म्हणतात |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-serial-speak-up-on-menstruation-topic-got-praised-by-netizens-psn14 |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=[[Sakal]] |language=mr}}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
;Nimbalkar family
* [[Girish Oak]] as Jalindar Nimbalkar (Daddy)<ref>{{Cite news |title=“मुलगी म्हणजे संधी नाही, जबाबदारी असते…”, भाग्याला छेडणाऱ्याला सूर्या देणार शिक्षा; नेटकरी कौतुक करत म्हणाले, “आता झाला ना न्याय”
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-new-promo-surya-will-punish-boy-who-harasses-his-sister-netizens-praised-nsp-98-4819558/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Sumedha Datar as Shalan Jalindar Nimbalkar<ref>{{Cite news |title=“ही सीसीटीव्हीच…”, सूर्या निर्दोष असल्याचा पुरावा तुळजाला मिळणार का? ‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’चा प्रोमो प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-promo-will-tulja-get-proof-that-surya-is-innocent-watch-marathi-serial-nsp-98-4802329/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Kalyani Chaudhari as Malan Jalindar Nimbalkar / Kusumavati Hanumant Khairnar<ref>{{Cite news |title=झी मराठीच्या लोकप्रिय मालिकेत नवीन एन्ट्री; संकर्षण कऱ्हाडेचा भाऊ साकारणार महत्त्वाची भूमिका
|url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/sankarshan-karhade-brother-adhokshaj-karhade-entry-in-zee-marathi-serial-lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-actor-shared-post/articleshow/115186669.cms |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Atul Kudale as Shatrughna Jalindar Nimbalkar<ref>{{Cite news |title=आईवरून मारला टोमणा आणि सूर्याने केली मारामारी; ‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’ मालिकेत सूर्या दादा आणि शत्रू यांच्यात राडा होणार
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-fight-between-surya-and-shatru-action-seen-new-promo-twist-in-serial-nsp-98-4670946/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Komal More as Tejashri Shankar Jagtap / Tejashri Shatrughna Nimbalkar<ref>{{Cite news |title=“मी आता तुळजा सूर्यकांत जगताप…”, बाप-लेक समोरासमोर येणार; तुळजा डॅडींना सणसणीत उत्तर देणार, पाहा प्रोमो |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/tulja-will-stand-against-daddy-for-surya-will-come-face-to-face-twist-in-serial-lakhat-ek-amna-dada-nsp-98-4765004/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>

;Jagtap family
* Prakash Tope as Shankar Jagtap (Tatya)<ref>{{Cite news |title=अखेर डॅडींचा प्लॅन यशस्वी होणार; तेजूचा होणारा नवरा लग्नातून गायब होणार, पाहा ‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’ मालिकेचा प्रोमो |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/daddys-plan-will-succeed-tejus-future-husband-will-disappear-from-the-marriage-watch-the-promo-of-lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-serial-nsp-98-4758506/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Rajashri Nikam as Asha Shankar Jagtap<ref>{{Cite news |title=“माझा सूर्या तुझा नाश…”, सूर्याच्या आईचा डॅडींना इशारा; ‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’मध्ये मोठा ट्विस्ट, पाहा
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-upcoming-twist-first-glimpse-of-suryas-mother-will-warn-daddy-says-surya-will-destroy-him-watch-promo-nsp-98-4878287/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Isha Sanjay as Rajashri Shankar Jagtap<ref>{{Cite news |title=अज्या परत आला! 'झी मराठी'च्या नव्या मालिकेतून नितीश चव्हाण पुन्हा प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीस, पाहा दमदार प्रोमो |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-new-serial-lakhat-ek-amcha-dada-promo-out-nitish-chavan-play-lead-role-pps-98-4366322/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Juee Tanpure as Bhagyashri Shankar Jagtap<ref>{{Cite news |title='लाखात एक आमचा दादा' मालिकेचा नवा दमदार प्रोमो प्रदर्शित, पाहायला मिळाली मुख्य अभिनेत्रीची झलक |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/nitish-chavan-serial-lakhat-ek-amcha-dada-new-promo-out-disha-pardeshi-play-lead-role-pps-98-4415711/ |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr |access-date=2024-06-08}}</ref>
* Pushpa Chaudhari as Pushpa Baji Jagtap<ref>{{Cite news |title=सूर्याला त्रास देण्यासाठी शत्रूचा नवा डाव; व्रतात विघ्न आणण्यासाठी नेमकं करणार काय? जाणून घ्या…
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-shatrus-new-plan-to-trouble-surya-what-exactly-will-he-do-to-disrupt-fast-watch-promo-nsp-98-4960079/ |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>

;Sarnobat family
* Yogesh Tanpure as Shashikant Sarnobat<ref>{{Cite news |title='लाखात एक आमचा दादा' मालिकेत मोठा ट्विस्ट, डॅडीच लावणार तुळजा आणि सूर्याचं लग्न |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/lakhat-ek-amacha-dada-zee-marathi-serial-surya-dada-and-tulja-wedding-a-a971/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Swapnil Pawar as Satyajeet Sarnobat<ref>{{Cite news |title=अखेर तो क्षण आला! मायलेकाची भेट होणार; सूर्या आईला पाहताच म्हणाला….; ‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’चा भावनिक प्रोमो |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-emotional-promo-surya-will-finally-meet-his-mother-what-will-daddy-do-watch-twist-nsp-98-4976930/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Smita Oak as Rambha Sarnobat<ref>{{Cite news |title=बहिणी देणार सूर्याला आश्चर्याचा धक्का! ‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’ मालिकेचा पाहा नवीन प्रोमो
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-new-promo-suryas-sisters-give-him-surprise-watch-video-nsp-98-4546741/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Akash Patil as Prasad Sarnobat<ref>{{Cite news |title=सूर्याचं तुळजाला रोमँटिक सरप्राईज! प्रोमोमधील किसिंग सीन पाहून प्रेक्षकांना बसला धक्का; म्हणाले.. |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/surya-and-tulja-kissing-scene-from-lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-serial-of-zee-marathi-went-viral-entertainment-news-kds07 |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=[[Sakal]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Smita Prabhu as Narmada Sarnobat<ref>{{Cite news |title=शत्रूच्या ‘त्या’ कृतीने सर्वांच्या भुवया उंचावल्या; म्हणाला, “तेजूच्या नावापुढं…”
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/shatru-sure-about-his-marriage-to-teju-tulja-concern-over-his-statement-watch-promo-lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-nsp-98-4719561/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>

;Sane family
* Shubham Patil as Dattatray Nana Sane (Dattu)<ref>{{Cite news |title=“आपल्याला एन्ट्री आवडलीय…”, डॅडी पुष्पाकाकीच्या मदतीने सूर्याविरुद्ध पुन्हा कट करणार; पाहा, मालिकेतील ट्विस्ट…
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/lakaht-ek-aamcha-dada-daddy-will-again-plot-against-surya-with-the-help-of-pushpakaki-watch-promo-nsp-98-4838858/ |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Samruddhi Salvi as Dhanashri Shankar Jagtap / Dhanashri Dattatray Sane<ref>{{Cite news |title=“डॅडीसारखा देवमाणूस…”, शत्रूचे स्वप्न पूर्ण होणार अन् तेजूचे आयुष्य पालटणार; सूर्याने केली बहिणीची पाठवणी, पाहा प्रोमो
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/shatrus-dream-of-marrying-teju-will-come-true-her-life-will-change-lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-new-twist-promo-nsp-98-4759159/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Ranjit Randive as Nana Sane<ref>{{Cite news |title=तुळजा देणार सूर्यासमोर प्रेमाची कबुली? ‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’ मालिकेत मोठा ट्विस्ट
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-tulja-fall-in-love-with-tulja-diwali-special-entertainment-new-promo-out-nsp-98-4676203/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Neelima Kamane as Usha Nana Sane (Nani)<ref>{{Cite news |title=तुळजाची ‘ती’ मागणी तात्यांच्या जीवावर बेतणार; ‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’चा नवा प्रोमो, सूर्या म्हणाला, “त्यांची दारू…”
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-suryas-father-unconscious-due-to-alcohol-overdose-surya-tulja-fight-must-watch-promo-nsp-98-4622935/ |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Sharvari Dhadawai as Yamuna Nana Sane<ref>{{Cite news |title=डॅडी व शत्रूचा प्लॅन फसणार; पिंट्याचे सत्य सूर्यासमोर येणार? पाहा ‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’ मालिकेचा प्रोमो
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-marathi-serial-daddy-and-the-shatrus-plan-have-chances-of-fail-surya-will-know-the-truth-of-pintya-watch-promo-nsp-98-4749495/ |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>

;Others
* [[Madhugandha Kulkarni]] as Kalindi Dharmadhikari<ref>{{Cite news |title=सूर्या दादाच्या मदतीला ‘ती’ येणार! मालिकेत प्रसिद्ध लेखिका-अभिनेत्रीची एन्ट्री, साकारणार ‘ही’ भूमिका, पाहा… |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-new-entry-in-lakhat-ek-amcha-dada-serial-writer-actress-madhugandha-kulkarni-sva-00-5340193/ |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Adhokshaj Karhade as Sameer Nikam (Pintya)<ref>{{Cite news |title=‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’ निर्णायक वळणावर; तुळजाचा ‘तो’ निर्णय मालिकेला देणार नवं वळण
|url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/television/mumbai-lakhat-ek-amcha-dada-tulja-and-surya-lovestory-latest-marathi-news-1240182.html |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
* Mahesh Jadhav as Tulshiram (Kaju)<ref>{{Cite news |title=“…तसा सूर्या तुमचा जावई”, तुळजाने केली डॅडींकडे ‘ही’ मागणी; मालिकेत पुढे काय होणार? पाहा प्रोमो
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-new-promo-tulja-demand-to-daddy-regarding-surya-watch-video-nsp-98-4763458/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Swapnil Kanase as Pundalik (Pudya)<ref>{{Cite news |title=देवीचे चोरीला गेलेले दागिने सूर्याच्या बहिणीकडे सापडले आणि पोलीस…; ‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’ मालिकेचा नवीन प्रोमो पाहिलात का?
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-marathi-serial-new-twist-devis-stolen-jewellery-found-with-suryas-sister-nsp-98-4653949/ |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Omkar Karale as Vyankatesh<ref>{{Cite news |title=“आशूच्या केसालादेखील धक्का…”, आशूचा जीव वाचवण्यासाठी शिवा-सूर्या येणार एकत्र; पाहा व्हिडीओ |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/aashu-in-denger-shiva-surya-will-united-for-save-him-watch-promo-shiva-and-lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-nsp-98-4741964/ |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Bipin Surve as Siddharth<ref>{{Cite news |title=“भिकारी वाटलो का…”, शत्रूचा प्लॅन यशस्वी होणार, सूर्या तुळजावर हात उचलणार; पाहा ‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’मध्ये नेमकं काय घडणार?
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-twist-in-serial-shatrus-plan-will-be-successful-surya-will-hurt-tulja-watch-promo-video-nsp-98-4892908/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Vanraj Kumkar as Chhatri<ref>{{Cite news |title=आशू भर मंडपात शिवाबरोबरच्या घटस्फोटाचे पेपर फाडणार तर सारंग सावलीला…; मालिकांमध्ये येणार मोठा ट्विस्ट, पाहा
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/twist-in-shiva-lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-savalyachi-janu-savali-upcoming-episode-new-promo-marathi-serial-watch-nsp-98-4855059/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Apeksha Chavan as Kamini<ref>{{Cite news |title=आजपासून सुरू होणार तुळजाचा लग्नसोहळा, सूर्याने दिलं आमंत्रण; पण तुळजा कोणाशी लग्नगाठ बांधणार सिद्धार्थ की सत्यजितशी?
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/lakhat-ek-amcha-dada-upcoming-episode-surya-invited-tulja-wedding-pps-98-4560180/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Sayali Mane as Pappi<ref>{{Cite news |title=तेजूला लग्नासाठी पुन्हा नकार; भाग्यश्रीला मात्र दादाची काळजी; ‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’ मालिकेत नवे वळण
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/bhagyashree-worried-for-surya-dada-thinking-his-life-after-leaving-tulja-lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-promo-nsp-98-4698875/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Vasu Patil as Sakha<ref>{{Cite news |title=सूर्याच्या घरात अचानक आलेली बाई कोण? मालिकेत नव्या अभिनेत्रीची एन्ट्री; यापूर्वी ‘झी मराठी’च्या लोकप्रिय मालिकांमध्ये केलंय काम
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-new-actress-entered-in-the-show-watch-promo-sva-00-4827536/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Sandip Naikwade as Raj<ref>{{Cite news |title=“त्या बाईचं नाव…”, आशा सूर्याची आई असल्याचे सत्य तुळजाला समजणार अन्…; ‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’ मालिकेत पुढे काय होणार? पाहा |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-upcoming-twist-tulja-will-know-truth-asha-is-suryas-mother-promo-release-nsp-98-5056043/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Priyanka Swami as Manjula<ref>{{Cite news |title=शत्रूचा प्लॅन फसणार, तुळजाला ‘त्या’ युक्तीसाठी डॅडींकडून शाबासकीची थाप मिळणार; पाहा ‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’ मालिकेचा नवा प्रोमो
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-marathi-serial-new-promo-watch-video-nsp-98-4684289/ |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Shrikant K.T. as Prabhakar<ref>{{Cite news |title="बाईवर हात उचलणारा पुरुष हा…", शत्रूने तेजूवर हात उचलल्यानंतर सूर्याचा संताप अनावर; ‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’ मालिकेत काय होणार?
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/lakhat-ek-amcha-dada-surya-gets-angry-after-shatru-raised-hands-on-teju-surya-will-beat-him-zee-marathi-serial-netizen-praised-nsp-98-4920353/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Shubhada Naik as Nirmala<ref>{{Cite news |title=सत्यजितचा डाव त्याच्यावरच उलटणार, सूर्याच्या खेळीने धक्का बसणार; पाहा ‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’ मालिकेचा नवा प्रोमो
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-zee-marathi-serial-new-promo-satyajeet-will-marry-with-donkey-watch-video-nsp-98-4539169/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards]] 2024<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/aj-from-navari-mile-hitlerla-won-best-son-in-law-and-best-serial-award-goes-to-paaru-read-zee-marathi-award-2024-winners-list-here-psn14|title='या' मालिकेने जिंकले सर्वाधिक पुरस्कार तर अक्षरा अधिपतीचा झाला हिरमोड, वाचा 'झी मराठी अवॉर्ड २०२४ 'च्या विजेत्यांची नावं|website=[[Sakal]]|date=28 October 2024 |language=mr}}</ref>
!Category
!Recipient
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|Best Siblings
|
|Surya and his 4 sisters
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=“आय लव्ह यू सूर्या…” म्हणत तुळजाने सूर्यादादाला ‘असं’ केलं प्रपोज, पाहा ‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’चा जबरदस्त प्रोमो
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/lakhat-ek-amcha-dada-marathi-serial-tulja-propose-to-surya-watch-new-promo-pps-98-4705078/ |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Best Negative Actor
|[[Girish Oak]]
|Jalindar Nimbalkar (Daddy)
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=“माझ्या पायाशी…”, सिद्धार्थचा खरा चेहरा समोर येताच तुळजाचा निर्धार; ‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’ मालिकेचा नवीन प्रोमो पाहा
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-marathi-serial-new-twist-tulja-want-to-punish-boyfriend-siddhart-navratri-special-nsp-98-4638367/ |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== Reception ==
=== Special episode (1 hour) ===
* 2 February 2025<ref>{{Cite news |title=‘सर्वोत्कृष्ट कुटुंब’ स्पर्धेत डॅडी आणि सूर्या समोरासमोर येणार, ‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’मधील डॅडी म्हणाले, “निंबाळकर घराण्याच्या इज्जतीचा…”
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-promo-daddy-and-surya-will-face-each-other-in-the-best-family-competition-nsp-98-4848410/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* 18 May 2025<ref>{{Cite news |title=आशा व भाग्या गुंडांच्या हल्ल्यातून वाचणार आणि सूर्या…; ‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’मध्ये ट्विस्ट, पाहा
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-upcoming-twist-will-surya-lose-his-own-life-while-saving-his-mother-and-sister-nsp-98-5092796/ |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* 8 June 2025<ref>{{Cite news |title=“तुमचा उलटा प्रवास सुरू…”, तुळजाने दिली डॅडींना ताकीद; सूर्यासमोर त्यांचा खरा चेहरा येणार का? पाहा प्रोमो
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-new-twist-tulja-will-warn-daddy-will-his-real-face-be-revealed-before-surya-nsp-98-5144187/lite/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>

=== Mahasangam ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Date !! Series !! Ref.
|-
|24-30 November 2024
|''[[Shiva (Marathi TV series)|Shiva]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=‘सूर्या’ संकटात असताना ‘शिवा’ मदतीला धावून येणार; बालपणीचे मित्र आले एकत्र, पाहा जबरदस्त प्रोमो
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/shiva-will-come-to-help-when-surya-is-in-trouble-childhood-friends-came-together-lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-and-shiva-promo-nsp-98-4730363/ |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=तुळजा-शिवाच्या हाती लागणार मोठे सत्य! कोट्यवधीच्या संपत्तीचा मालक कोण? दोन्ही मालिकांच्या ‘महासंगम’मध्ये काय घडणार? |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/who-is-the-owner-of-crores-of-wealth-watch-promo-shiva-and-lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-nsp-98-4739440/ |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|7-12 April 2025
|''[[Savalyachi Janu Savali]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=बिझनेसच्या निमित्ताने जगताप व मेहेंदळे कुटुंब एकत्र येणार; पण…; ‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’ व ‘सावळ्याची जणू सावली’ मालिकांचा महासंगम|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/mahasangam-of-zee-marathi-lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-and-savalyachi-janu-savali-watch-promo-what-will-when-jagatap-and-mehendale-family-will-get-together-watch-nsp-98-4994785/|access-date=2025-04-03|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=…अन् शिवाने थेट डॅडींची कॉलरच धरली; जबरदस्त प्रोमो पाहिल्यानंतर प्रेक्षक झाले खूश, म्हणाले, “सूर्यादादा ती…” |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/shiva-and-lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-shiva-marathi-serial-directly-grabbed-daddys-collar-netizens-reacts-wants-more-positive-things-watch-promo-nsp-98-4734601/ |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

=== Airing history ===
{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! Airing Date !! Days !! Time (IST)
|-
| 1 || 7 July – 22 December 2024 || rowspan="4"| Daily || 8.30 pm<ref>{{Cite news |title=‘भावा बहिणीचं नातं स्वर्गाहूनी सुंदर’, ‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’ मालिकेतील नवीन गाणं ऐकलं का?
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-new-song-rakshabandhan-specail-watch-video-nsp-98-4545608/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| 2 || 23 December 2024 – 14 March 2025 || 9.30 pm<ref>{{Cite news |title=२३ डिसेंबरपासून ‘झी मराठी’वर होणार मोठा बदल! ३ मालिकांच्या वेळा बदलल्या, ‘ही’ सिरीयल होणार बंद, तर नवीन मालिका…
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-three-serial-time-slot-change-and-one-serial-going-to-off-air-sva-00-4771289/ |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| 3 || 17 March – 9 August 2025 || 6.30 pm<ref>{{Cite news |title=झी मराठीच्या या ३ मालिकांच्या वेळेत बदल, कारण आहे खास?
|url=https://marathi.timesnownews.com/entertainment/changes-in-three-serials-timing-of-zee-marathi-for-chal-bhava-cityt-reality-show-article-151260392 |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=[[Times Now]] News |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| 4 || 11 August – 4 October 2025 || 6 pm<ref>{{Cite news |title=‘झी मराठी’वर ११ ऑगस्टपासून होणार मोठा बदल! ३ मालिकांची वेळ बदलणार, जाणून घ्या…
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-changes-three-serial-timing-amid-new-serial-starts-on-11th-august-sva-00-5254915/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Language
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Title
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Original release
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Notes
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Ref.
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''[[Anna (Tamil TV series)|Anna]]'' அண்ணா
|22 May 2023
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|18 January 2026
|Original
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=“मला जर मेडिकल लायसन्स…”, तुळजाच्या पदवीदान समारंभात होणार असे काही की…; मालिकेत पुढे काय होणार?
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-upcoming-promo-what-will-happen-at-tuljas-mbbs-graduation-ceremony-nsp-98-5232775/ |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|''Maa Annayya'' మా అన్నయ్యా
|25 March 2024
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|7 June 2025
|rowspan="5"|Remake
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=मंदिरात होणार माय-लेकाची भेट? सूर्याला कळेल का त्याच्या खऱ्या आईचं सत्य, ‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’ मालिकेचा नवीन प्रोमो पाहिलात का?|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/lakhat-ek-amcha-dada-serial-new-promo-surya-and-tulja-visits-temple-where-his-mother-finds-him-ads-02-5038218/|access-date=2025-04-22|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|''Lakhat Ek Aamcha Dada'' लाखात एक आमचा दादा
|8 July 2024
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|4 October 2025
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=पैसे मिळतात म्हणून काहीही करशील? 'लाखात एक आमचा दादा'मधील सूर्याचा लूक पाहून प्रेक्षकांचा संताप; नितीशला म्हणाले|url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/lakhat-ek-amcha-dada-aserial-and-actor-nitish-faces-fan-backlash-over-suryas-look-psn14|access-date=2025-05-28|website=[[Sakal]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''Annayya'' ಅಣ್ಣಯ್ಯ
|12 August 2024
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|Ongoing
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=डॅडी सूर्याच्या आईचा छळ करणार, बांधून ठेवणार अन्…; ‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’मध्ये ट्विस्ट|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-upcoming-twist-daddy-will-torture-suryas-mother-upcoming-promo-nsp-98-5044134/|access-date=2025-04-24|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''[[Amader Dadamoni]]'' আমাদের দাদামনি
|7 July 2025
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|17 April 2026
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=गावात राहण्यासाठी आशाला करावी लागणार गावकऱ्यांची ‘ही’ अट पूर्ण; जालिंदरची योजना यशस्वी होणार का? पाहा प्रोमो
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-upcoming-twist-asha-will-have-to-fulfill-condition-of-the-villagers-to-stay-in-the-village-will-jalindars-plan-be-successful-nsp-98-5081748/ |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|''Valyettan'' വല്യേട്ടൻ
|20 April 2026
|[[Zee Keralam]]
|Ongoing
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=लवकरच सूर्या आणि तुळजा अडकणार लग्नबंधनात! ‘लाखात एक आमचा दादा’ मालिकेचा नवा प्रोमो प्रदर्शित
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/lakhat-ek-aamcha-dada-surya-and-tujla-get-married-new-promo-out-nsp-98-4525582/ |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt33034551}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/lakhat-ek-amcha-dada/0-6-4z5566988 ''Lakhat Ek Aamcha Dada''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television series based on Tamil-language television series]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]

Peroor Sree Krishna Swamy Temple

2026-04-24T11:14:20Z

GeorgeNobbs1: new new place initial version

{{Multiple issues|
{{refimprove|date=May 2015}}
{{Unreferenced|date=April 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Peroor Sree Krishna Swamy Temple
|image =
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption =
|map_type =
|coordinates =
|coordinates_footnotes=
|map_caption =
|map_size = 250

|other_names =
|proper_name =
|sanskrit_translit =
|oriya =
|script_name = 
|script = 

|country = India
|state = [[Kerala]]
|district = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|locale =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_footnotes =

|deity = Sree Krishna Swamy
|festivals = 10 Days Annual Festival, Sree Krishna Jayanthi

|architecture = Dravidian Architecture
|architect =
|temple_quantity =
|monument_quantity =
|inscriptions =

|date_established = 
|date_built = 
|creator =
|temple_board = Travancore Devaswom Board
|governing_body =
|website =
}}
'''Peroor Sree Krishna Swamy Temple''' is a Hindu Temple situated near Ambalamukku in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] Municipal Corporation. The temple is dedicated to [[Krishna]] and is administered by [[Travancore Devaswom Board]]. The town of [[Peroorkada]] derives its name from the temple. The temple is also called ''Thekkan'' (southern) [[Guruvayoor]].

==Deities==
The main deity is Krishna. Sub-deities include [[Ganesha|Ganapathi]], [[Shiva]], [[Bhagavati|Bhagavathy]], [[Ayyappan]], [[Muruga]], Nagas and [[Navagrahas]].

==Festivals==
The annual festival continues for ten days. It begins by hoisting the flag on the golden flagstaff on [[Thiruvonam]] Star day in the [[Malayalam]] month of [[Meenam]] and finishes by Aarattu on the tenth day. The Aarattu ritual is held on [[Sasthamangalam Mahadevar Temple]] premises; in the evening, a procession commences from the temple. The procession goes along Peroorkada, Paipinmoodu Jn, Kadappathala Nagar, [[Kowdiar]], Ambalamukku Jn, and back to the temple.

[[Krishna Janmashtami|Krishna Jayanthi]], Mandala and [[Makara Vilakku]] season are also celebrated.

==Main offerings==
[[Payasam]], Paalpayasam (sweetened milk porridge), Archana, [[Pushpanjali]], (flower offerings), [[Neeranjanam]], Muzhukappu, Ganapathi Homam, Bhagavathy Homam and many more offerings are made. Annadanam (feast) is performed during festival days.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}
[[Category:Hindu temples in Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Krishna temples]]

Sammathame

2026-04-24T04:42:27Z

GeorgeNobbs1: adding new info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sammathame
| image = Sammathame poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Gopinath Reddy
| writer = Gopinath Reddy
| producer = Kankanala Praveena
| music = [[Shekar Chandra]]
| starring = [[Kiran Abbavaram]] [[Chandini Chowdary]] Goparaju Ramana
| editing = Viplav Nyshadam
| cinematography = Sateesh Reddy Masam
| studio = UG Productions
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|2022|06|24|df=yes}}
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sammathame''''' ({{translation|Agreed}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu Language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by Gopinath Reddy. The film stars [[Kiran Abbavaram]], [[Chandini Chowdary]] and Goparaju Ramana with music composed by [[Shekar Chandra]].

''Sammathame'' was theatrically released on 24 June 2022.

== Plot ==
The film revolves around Krishna ([[Kiran Abbavaram]]) being desperate to get married. He moves to Hyderabad in search of a bride and stumbles across Sanvi ([[Chandini Chowdary]]). The rest of the movie is about how the lead pair overcome their differences and falls in love.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Kiran Abbavaram]] as Krishna
*[[Chandini Chowdary]] as Saanvi
*[[Goparaju Ramana]] as Krishna's father
*[[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]] as Music director
*Saddam Hussain
*[[Chammak Chandra]] as Astrologer
*[[Sivannarayana Naripeddi|Siva Narayana]] as Saanvi's father
*[[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] as Krishna's mother
*[[Duvvasi Mohan]] as Bus Conductor
*[[Rajendran|Mottai Rajendran]] as Music Director's Assistant
}}

== Production and release ==
Nearly 80% of the shoot was completed by June 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title='సమ్మతమే' ఫస్ట్‌లుక్‌ పోస్టర్‌ విడుదల|website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]|url=https://m.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/kiran-abbavaram-sammathame-movie-first-look-released-1379083|access-date=19 Feb 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Poster of Kiran Abbavaram's next film, 'Sammathame', out |url=https://telanganatoday.com/poster-of-kiran-abbavarams-next-film-sammathame-out |access-date=19 Feb 2022 |website=[[Telangana Today]]}}</ref> The film was theatrically released on 24 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-06-24 |title=Sammathame: Come, fall in Love with Krishna and Satyabhama |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/live-updates/sammathame-movie-review-and-release-day-live-updates-come-fall-in-love-with-krishna-and-satyabhama-750300 |access-date= |website=The Hans India |language=}}</ref>

== Music ==
The film's soundtrack is composed by [[Shekar Chandra]]. The first song "Krishna and Satyabhama" was released in November 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sammathame Song - Krishna And Sathyabhama (Lyrical)|website=[[The Times Of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/sammathame-song-krishna-and-sathyabhama-lyrical/videoshow/88024777.cms|access-date=19 Feb 2022}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Reviewing the film for ''[[The Hindu]]'', Sangeetha Devi Dundoo stated ''Sammathame'' was a "middling urban romance that saves its best for the final portions." Dundoo felt that the film could have been more enjoyable with a better writing.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2022-06-24 |title='Sammathame movie review': Kiran Abbavarm and Chandini Chowdary prop up a middling urban romance |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/sammathame-movie-review-kiran-abbavarm-and-chandini-chowdary-prop-up-a-middling-urban-romance/article65560486.ece |access-date= |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In a more critical review, Murali Krishna CH of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' called it a "haphazardly mounted film that fails to appeal."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review {{!}} 'Sammathame' let down by an imperfect script |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/jun/25/review-sammathame-let-down-by-an-imperfect-script-2469370.html |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Home media ==
The movie was released on [[Aha (streaming service)|aha]] on 15 July 2022

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|15710228}}
__FORCETOC__
[[Category:Films scored by Shekar Chandra]]
[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2022 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]

M. S. Ramachandra Rao (judge)

2026-04-23T04:40:56Z

GeorgeNobbs1: new!

{{Short description|9h Chief Justice of Tripura High Court}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. S. Ramachandra Rao
| image = Justice M.S. Ramachandra Rao.jpg
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Tripura High Court|9th Chief Justice]] of [[Tripura High Court]]
| nominator = [[B. R. Gavai]]
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| term_start = 22 July 2025
| term_end =
| predecessor = {{ubl|[[Aparesh Kumar Singh|A. K. Singh]]|[[T. Amarnath Goud|T. A. Goud]] ''(acting)''}}
| office1 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Jharkhand High Court|16th Chief Justice]] of [[Jharkhand High Court]]
| term_start1 = 25 September 2024
| term_end1 = 21 July 2025
| appointer1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator1 = [[D. Y. Chandrachud]]
| predecessor1 = {{ubl|[[Bidyut Ranjan Sarangi|B. R. Sarangi]]|Sujit Narayan Prasad ''(acting)''}}
| successor1 = {{ubl|[[Tarlok Singh Chauhan|T. S. Chauhan]]|Sujit Narayan Prasad ''(acting)''}}
| office2 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Himachal Pradesh High Court|28th Chief Justice]] of [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]]
| term_start2 = 30 May 2023
| term_end2 = 24 September 2024
| appointer2 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator2 = [[D. Y. Chandrachud]]
| predecessor2 = {{ubl|[[Amjad Ahtesham Sayed|A. A. Sayed]]|[[Sabina (judge)|Sabina]] ''(acting)''|[[Tarlok Singh Chauhan|T. S. Chauhan]]| ''(acting)''}}
| successor2 = [[Rajiv Shakdher]]
| office3 = [[Judge]] of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]
| appointer3 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| term_start3 = 12 October 2021
| term_end3 = 29 May 2023
| nominator3 = [[N. V. Ramana]]
| office4 = [[Judge]] of [[Telangana High Court]]
| term_start4 = 29 June 2012
| term_end4 = 11 October 2021
| appointer4 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| nominator4 = [[S. H. Kapadia]]
| term_label5 =
| term_start5 = 31 August 2021
| term_end5 = 11 October 2021
| appointer5 = [[Ramnath Kovind]]
| predecessor5 = [[Hima Kohli]]
| successor5 = [[Satish Chandra Sharma]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|8|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| alma_mater = [[Osmania University]], [[University of Cambridge]]
| parents = [[M. Jagannadha Rao]] (Father)
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice
| caption =
| education = [[Bachelor of Law|LLB]], [[Master of Law|LLM]]
| status5 = Acting Chief Justice
}}
'''Mamidanna Satyaratna Ramachandra Rao''' (born 7 August 1966) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[jurist]] who is currently serving as the [[Chief Justice]] of [[Tripura High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=New chief justice to be sworn in today in Raj Bhawan in solemn ceremony |url=https://www.tripurainfo.com/EnglishNews.aspx?intnid=2581 |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=tripurainfo DOT com |language=en}}</ref> He is also former chief justice of the High Courts of [[Jharkhand High Court|Jharkhand]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 September 2024|title=Justice M. S. Ramachandra Rao Sworn In As Chief Justice Of Jharkhand High Court|work=Live Law|url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/jharkhand-high-court/justice-ms-ramachandra-rao-sworn-in-chief-justice-jharkhand-high-court-270814|access-date=27 September 2024}}</ref> and [[Himachal Pradesh High Court|Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ritu |date=2023-06-07 |title=Know Thy Judge {{!}} Justice M. S. Ramachandra Rao, the 28th Chief Justice of High Court of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2023/06/07/know-thy-judge-justice-m-s-ramachandra-rao/ |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=SCC Times |language=en-US}}</ref> He was also [[judge]] of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] and [[Telangana High Court]]. He has also served as [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[Telangana High Court]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 August 2021|title=Justice MS Ramachandra Rao appointed acting Chief Justice of TS High Court|work=News Meter|url=https://newsmeter.in/telangana/justice-ms-ramachandra-rao-appointed-acting-chief-justice-of-ts-high-court-682479|access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref>

== Career ==
Born on 7 August 1966 at [[Hyderabad]], he passed law from [[Osmania University]] in 1989. On 7 September 1989 he was enrolled as an Advocate. He secured [[Master of Law|LL.M]] from the [[University of Cambridge]], U.K. in 1991. He was awarded the Cambridge Commonwealth Scholarship and the Bank of Credit and Commerce International Scholarship for study of the LL.M Course at the Cambridge University, U.K. He was also awarded the Pegasus Scholarship by the Pegasus Scholarship Trust, Inner Temple, London headed by Lord Goff of Chievely, a Judicial Member of the House of Lords. Under this Scholarship, he was provided training in the Brick Court Chambers, Middle Temple, London and in Clifford Chance, a multinational Solicitors firm, London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon'ble Sri Justice M.S.Ramachandra Rao |url=https://tshc.gov.in/judprofile.action?judcode=114 |website=High Court for the State of Telangana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon'ble Chief Justice and Judges of the High Court of Punjab and Haryana |url=https://highcourtchd.gov.in/?trs=chief |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=highcourtchd.gov.in}}</ref> He practiced in Civil Law, Arbitration, Company Law, Administrative and Constitutional Law, Labour and Service Law.

He was elevated as an Additional Judge of [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]] on 29 June 2012 and made permanent on 4 December 2013. He took over as [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[Telangana High Court]] on 31 August 2021 consequent upon the appointment of [[Hima Kohli|Justice Hima Kohli]], [[Chief Justice]] of [[Telangana High Court]] as a [[Judge]] of [[Supreme Court of India]]. He was transferred as [[Judge]] of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] on 5 October 2021 and took oath on 12 October 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 August 2021|title=Justice MS Ramachandra Rao appointed acting Chief Justice of Telangana High Court|work=Bar & Bench|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/justice-ms-ramachandra-rao-appointed-acting-chief-justice-of-telangana-high-court?s=08|access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref>

He was appointed as Chief Justice of [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]]<nowiki/>an took oath of office on 30 May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ani {{!}} |date=2023-05-30 |title=Justice MS Ramachandra Rao sworn in as Chief Justice of Himachal Pradesh High Court |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/justice-ms-ramachandra-rao-sworn-in-as-chief-justice-of-himachal-pradesh-high-court/videoshow/100627320.cms |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> He was then transferred<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2024-07-11 |title=Collegium recommends transfer of Chief Justice MS Ramachandra Rao from Himachal Pradesh to Jharkhand High Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/collegium-recommends-transfer-chief-justice-ms-ramachandra-rao-himachal-pradesh-jharkhand-high-court |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref> as Chief Justice of [[Jharkhand High Court]] and took oath on 25 September 2024.<ref name="M S Ramachandra Rao sworn in as chief justice of Jharkhand HC">{{cite news|title=M S Ramachandra Rao sworn in as chief justice of Jharkhand HC|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/m-s-ramachandra-rao-sworn-in-as-chief-justice-of-jharkhand-hc/articleshow/113654981.cms|accessdate=29 May 2025|publisher=The Times of India|date=25 September 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529035938/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/m-s-ramachandra-rao-sworn-in-as-chief-justice-of-jharkhand-hc/articleshow/113654981.cms|archivedate=29 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="M.S. Ramachandra Rao sworn in as Chief Justice of Jharkhand High Court">{{cite news|title=M.S. Ramachandra Rao sworn in as Chief Justice of Jharkhand High Court|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jharkhand/ms-ramachandra-rao-sworn-in-as-chief-justice-of-jharkhand-hc/article68680662.ece|accessdate=29 May 2025|publisher=The Hindu|date=25 September 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529034525/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jharkhand/ms-ramachandra-rao-sworn-in-as-chief-justice-of-jharkhand-hc/article68680662.ece|archivedate=29 May 2025|language=en-IN}}</ref>

The Supreme Court Collegium has recommended his transfer to the [[Tripura High Court]] in the same capacity during a Collegium meeting held on May 26<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Ratna |date=2025-05-28 |title=Collegium recommends transfer of Jharkhand HC Chief Justice MS Ramachandra Rao to Tripura High Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/collegium-recommends-transfer-jharkhand-hc-chief-justice-ms-ramachandra-rao-to-tripura-high-court |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Subrata |title=SC Collegium recommends transfer of Tripura HC Chief Justice AK Singh to Telangana, M.S. Ramachandra Rao to be new of CJ of Tripura HC |url=https://www.neherald.com/tripura/sc-collegium-recommends-transfer-of-tripura-hc-chief-justice-ak-singh-to-telangana-ms-ramachandra-rao-to-be-new-of-cj-of-tripura-hc |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Northeast Herald |language=English}}</ref> and this was cleared by central government and he took oath as Chief Justice of Tripura High Court on 22 July 2025.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, M. S. Ramachandra}}
[[Category:Chief justices of the Telangana High Court]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Judges of the Punjab and Haryana High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Andhra Pradesh High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Telangana High Court]]

Singhbhum Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-19T08:49:59Z

GeorgeNobbs1: adding a bio...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Jharkhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Singhbhum {{Small|JH-10}}
| type = LS
| constituency_no =
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Jharkhand/Singhbhum.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive map of Singhbhum Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1957
| mp = [[Joba Majhi]]
| preceded_by = [[Geeta Koda]]
| party = {{Party index link|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image =
| assembly_cons = [[Seraikella (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Seraikella]] [[Chaibasa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chaibasa]] [[Majhgaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Majhgaon]] [[Jaganathpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jaganathpur]] [[Manoharpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manoharpur]] [[Chakradharpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chakradharpur]]
}}

'''Singhbhum Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 14 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Jharkhand]] state in eastern [[India]]. This constituency is reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Adivasi|Scheduled tribes]]. This constituency covers the entire [[West Singhbhum district]] and part of [[Seraikela Kharsawan district]].

==Assembly segments==
Singhbhum Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/ceo/2005/constituencies.html|title=Parliamentary Constituency|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Jharkhand website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226080317/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/ceo/2005/constituencies.html|archive-date=2012-02-26}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|51
|[[Seraikella (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Seraikella]] (ST)
|[[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]]
|[[Champai Soren]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|52
|[[Chaibasa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chaibasa]] (ST)
| rowspan="5" |[[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]]
|[[Deepak Birua]]
|{{party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=5}}
|-
|53
|[[Majhgaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Majhgaon]] (ST)
|[[Niral Purty]]
|-
|54
|[[Jaganathpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jaganathpur]] (ST)
|[[Sona Ram Sinku]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|55
|[[Manoharpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manoharpur]] (ST)
|[[Jagat Majhi]]
|{{party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=2}}
|-
|56
|[[Chakradharpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chakradharpur]] (ST)
|[[Sukhram Oraon]]
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| [[Shambhu Charan Godsora]]
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Jharkhand Party}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Jharkhand Party]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| [[Hari Charan Soy]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Kolai Birua]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Moran Singh Purty]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|rowspan=4|[[Bagun Sumbrai|Bagun Sumbrui]]<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1977 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| [[Krishna Marandi]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}" |
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Chitrasen Sinku]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| [[Vijay Singh Soy]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| [[Laxman Giluwa]]<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Bagun Sumbrai|Bagun Sumbrui]]<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Madhu Koda]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| [[Laxman Giluwa]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Jharkhand|2019]]
|[[Geeta Koda]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Joba Majhi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Singhbhum]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Joba Majhi]]
|party= Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|votes= 5,20,164
|percentage= 51.62
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Geeta Koda]]
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes= 3,51,762
|percentage= 34.91
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Damodar Singh Hansda
|party= Independent
|votes= 44,292
|percentage= 4.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 23,982
|percentage = 2.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,68,402
|percentage = 16.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,11,759
|percentage = 69.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Singhbhum<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13539-33-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="Lok Sabha elections results 2019: Here is the full list of winners constituency-wise">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |date=22 May 2019 |title=Lok Sabha elections results 2019: Here is the full list of winners constituency-wise |language=en |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-5741562/ |accessdate=18 September 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220918103330/https://indianexpress.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-5741562/ |archivedate=18 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Geeta Koda]]
|votes = 4,31,815
|percentage = 49.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Laxman Giluwa]]
|votes = 3,59,660
|percentage = 40.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 24,270
|percentage = 2.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 72,155
|percentage = 8.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,79,516
|percentage = 69.26
|change = +0.26
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Singhbhum<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Laxman Giluwa]]
|votes = 3,03,131
|percentage = 38.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jai Bharat Samanta Party
|candidate = [[Geeta Koda]]
|votes = 2,15,607
|percentage = 27.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Chitrasen Sinku]]
|votes = 1,11,796
|percentage = 14.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)
|candidate = [[Dashrath Gagrai]]
|votes = 35,681
|percentage = 4.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|candidate = [[Salkhan Murmu]]
|votes = 25,547
|percentage = 3.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 27,037
|percentage = 3.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 87,524
|percentage = 11.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,95,352
|percentage = 69.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Singhbhum<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/98-general-election-2009/ |title=General Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Madhu Koda]]
|votes = 2,56,827
|percentage = 44.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Barkuwar Gagrai
|votes = 1,67,154
|percentage = 28.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate =[[Bagun Sumbrai|Bagun Sumbrui]]
|votes = 95,604
|percentage = 16.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 89,673
|percentage = 15.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,81,827
|percentage = 60.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[West Singhbhum|West Singhbhum district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/jharkhand/singhbhum/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Singhbhum lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]
* http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS272.htm?ac=2

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Jharkhand}}
{{Kolhan Division topics}}

{{coord|22.47|85.47|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:West Singhbhum district]]

Antony Varghese

2026-04-17T21:33:27Z

GeorgeNobbs1: new

{{short description|Indian film actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Antony Varghese
| image = Antony Varghese 2025.jpg
| caption = Varghese in 2025
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|10|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Angamaly, Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]]
| occupation = Actor
| years active = 2017–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Anisha Poulose|2021}}
| notable_works = [[Angamaly Diaries]]
}}

'''Antony Varghese''', also known by his screen name '''Pepe''',<ref>{{Cite news |last=George |first=Vijay |date=2019-09-26 |title=Antony Varghese on 'Jallikattu', his experience at TIFF, and life changing after 'Angamaly Diaries' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/antony-varghese-on-jallikattuexperience-at-the-toronto-international-film-festival/article29517445.ece |access-date=2023-02-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> is an Indian actor who appears in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]]. He made his acting debut in 2017 through the film ''[[Angamaly Diaries]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/did-you-know/antony-varghese-of-angamaly-diaries-impressed-its-director-through-the-role-in-a-short-filml/articleshow/57532999.cms |title=Antony Varghese of 'Angamaly Diaries' impressed its director through the role in a short film|work=[[The Times of India]]|date= |access-date=2017-11-10}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Antony Varghese was born in [[Angamaly]], [[Kerala]] to Varghese and Alphonsa on 11 October 1989. He did his graduation in [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]]. On 7 August 2021, he married his longtime girlfriend, Aneesha Paulose.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/movies-music/movie-news/actor-antony-varghese-marries-longtime-girlfriend-aneesha-vincent-pepe-angamaly-diaries-jallikkattu-1.5891743 |title=Antony Varghese marries his longtime girlfriend, Aneesha Paulose |date=7 August 2021 |access-date=2 October 2021 |work=English Mathrubhumi News}}</ref>

==Career==
Antony Varghese made his debut in 2017 by portraying the lead role of Vincent Pepe in ''[[Angamaly Diaries]]'', which was directed by [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]. The film became a blockbuster which rose him to fame and is now well known by his screen name ''Pepe''. The character took him to great heights and won several awards including [[Filmfare Awards South]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/200317/palliyangadis-own-pepe.html|title=Palliyangadi's own Pepe |work=The Deccan Chronicle |access-date=2 October 2021}}</ref> His second film was ''[[Swathandriam Ardharathriyil]]'' which was directed by debutant Tinu Pappachan. It is a [[Kottayam]]-based [[action thriller film|action thriller]]. Antony signed ''[[Jallikattu (2019 film)|Jallikattu]]'' marking his second collaboration with [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]. Both the films were commercially successful while ''Jallikattu'' was nominated as one of [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|India's Oscar entries under the feature film category]], and the actor's performance was critically acclaimed. His film ''[[Ajagajantharam]]'' marks his second collaboration with Tinu Pappachan, which was released on 23 December 2021, where it was praised for its well-choreographed action sequences and became a commercial success at the box office.

In 2022, Antony played a cameo role in ''[[Super Sharanya]]''.

In 2023 he played one of the lead roles in RDX along with [[Shane Nigam]] and [[Neeraj Madhav]].

==Filmography==
=== Films ===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes !! Ref
|-
|2017 || ''[[Angamaly Diaries]]'' || Vincent Pepe || Debut Film || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/angamaly-diaries/movie-review/57449113.cms |title=Angamaly Diaries movie review |date=3 March 2017 |access-date=2 October 2021|work=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
|2018 || ''[[Swathandriam Ardharathriyil]]'' || Jacob || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/angamaly-diaries-actor-antony-varghese-scores-big-second-outing-78873 |title='Angamaly Diaries' actor Antony Varghese scores big in second outing |date=2 April 2018 |access-date=2 October 2021 |work=The News Minute}}</ref>

|-
|2019 || ''[[Jallikkattu]]'' || Antony || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/antony-varghese-i-did-jallikattu-with-the-same-excitement-and-nervousness-as-my-first-film/articleshow/71166431.cms | title=Antony Varghese: I did Jallikattu with the same excitement and nervousness as my first film |date=18 September 2019 |access-date=20 December 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

|-
|2021 || ''[[Ajagajantharam]]'' || Lali || || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/antony-varghese-starring-ajagajantharam-to-reach-theatres-on-pooja-holidays-qzuk1l |title=പൂജ റിലീസ് പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ച് 'അജഗജാന്തരം'; മുന്നൂറിലധികം തിയറ്ററുകളില്‍ |date=22 September 2021 |access-date=2 October 2021 |work=Asianet News}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"|2022||''[[Super Sharanya]]'' || Sumeshettan || Cameo appearance ||
|-
|''[[Innale Vare]]''|| Vinod Sreedhar/ Sharath||
|<ref>{{cite news |date=23 September 2021 |title=Asif Ali completes Jis Joy's next, a thriller |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/Sep/23/asif-ali-completes-jis-joys-next-a-thriller-2362401.html |access-date=2 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aanaparambile World Cup]]''|| Hesham||
|<ref>{{cite news |date=29 September 2021 |title=Aanaparambile World Cup gearing up for release |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/Sep/29/aanaparambile-world-cup-gearing-up-for-release-2365016.html |access-date=2 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Oh Meri Laila]]'' || Lailasuran || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/antony-varghese-s-aaravam-launched-119827 |title=Antony Varghese's 'Aaravam' launched |date=9 March 2020 |access-date=2 October 2021 |work=The News Minute}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2023 || ''[[Poovan]]''|| Hari || ||
|-
| ''[[RDX: Robert Dony Xavier]]'' || Dony || ||
|-
|''[[Chaaver]]'' || Kiran || || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kunchacko Boban-Tinu Pappachan film Chaaver promises plenty of action, watch motion poster |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jan/30/kunchacko-boban-tinu-pappachan-film-chaaver-promises-plenty-of-action-watch-motion-poster-39422.html |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=30 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Kondal]]'' || Manuel || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-08 |title=Kondal trailer: Antony Varghese lets his fists do the talking in this high-octane actioner set at sea |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Sep/08/kondal-trailer-antony-varghese-lets-his-fists-do-the-talking-in-this-high-octane-actioner-set-at-sea |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2025 || ''[[Daveed (film)|Daveed]]'' || Aashiq Abu || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-02-02 |title=First single 'Edakochi Ishq' from Antony Varghese-starrer Daveed is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/02/first-single-edakochi-ishq-from-antony-varghese-starrer-daveed-is-here |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Maine Pyar Kiya (2025 film)|Maine Pyar Kiya]]''
|| Danny
|| Cameo appearance
|| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-09-01 |title=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2025/09/01/antony-varghese-cameo-maine-pyaar-kiya.html |access-date=1 September 2025 |website=malayalamanorama |language=malayalam}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2026 || {{Pending film| [[Kattalan]]}} || {{TableTBA}} || rowspan=2 | Filming ||<ref>{{Cite news |title='Kattalan' first look: Antony Varghese Pepe's wild transformation; 'Marco team promises a thriller|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kattalan-first-look-antony-varghese-pepes-wild-transformation-marco-team-promises-a-thriller/articleshow/124495717.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251013171830/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kattalan-first-look-antony-varghese-pepes-wild-transformation-marco-team-promises-a-thriller/articleshow/124495717.cms|archive-date=13 October 2025 |access-date=12 October 2025 |website=[[Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film| Thottam}} || {{TableTBA}} ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-06 |title='Thottam' first look out: Keerthy Suresh and Antony Varghese Pepe unite for high-octane action adventure |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/thottam-first-look-out-keerthy-suresh-and-antony-varghese-pepe-unite-for-high-octane-action-adventure/articleshow/125120426.cms |access-date=2025-12-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Short films ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2018 || ''Mouse Trap'' || Subash Chandra Bose || Malayalam Short Film<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/antony-varghese-acts-in-a-short-film-named-mouse-trap/articleshow/63297220.cms |title=Antony Varghese acts in a short film named 'Mouse Trap' |date=14 March 2018 |access-date=2 October 2021 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''Wabi Sabi'' || Himself || Travel Vlog<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/antony-varghese-gives-us-tour-of-beautiful-snow-capped-himalayas-in-travel-vlog/articleshow/82659679.cms |title=Antony Varghese gives us tour of beautiful snow capped Himalayas in travel vlog |date=15 May 2021 |access-date=2 October 2021 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Film
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2018
|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South|South Filmfare Award for Best Malayalam Male Debut]]
|''[[Angamaly Diaries]]''
| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Winners: 65th Jio Awards (South) 2018|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018/articleshow/64617904.cms|website=Times of India|accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|8801016}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varghese, Antony}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Angamaly]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]

Rajdhani Express (film)

2026-04-04T23:39:33Z

GeorgeNobbs1:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rajdhani Express
| image = Rajdhani Express Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ashok Kohli
| producer = Manoj Kejriwal Ritika Kohli Rajesh K Patel
| music = Lahu-Madhav Ritesh Nalini Bappi Tutul
| starring = [[Leander Paes]] [[Sudhanshu Pandey]] [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]] [[Jimmy Sheirgill]]
| studio = Cine Acts production
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|01|04|ref1=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.sulekha.com/hindi/rajdhani-express/default.htm |title=Rajdhani Express – Movie Reviews, Story, Trailers, Wallpapers, Hindi, Pictures |publisher=Movies.sulekha.com |date=2012-12-25 |accessdate=2013-01-05}}</ref>}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}} 50 million
}}

'''''Rajdhani Express''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action thriller film|film]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/rajdhani-express-v575769|title=Rajdhani Express (2013) – Ashok Kohli|publisher=[[AllMovie]]}}</ref> directed by Ashok Kohli.<ref>{{cite web|author=Vaibhav Shastry|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Rajdhani-Express-Sudhanshus-next/articleshow/14956443.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105080334/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-15/news-interviews/32684321_1_jimmy-shergill-sayali-bhagat-sudhanshu |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-11-05 |title='Rajdhani Express' Sudhanshu's next |date=2012-07-15 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-01-05}}</ref> Produced by CineActs Production, Trueman Entertainment & SLA Impex Pvt Ltd, the film features [[Tennis|tennis player]] [[Leander Paes]] in the lead role and marks his [[Bollywood]] debut<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/leander-paes-takes-to-the-bollywood-court/660283/|title=Leander Paes takes to the Bollywood court |work=The Indian Express|date=2010-08-14 |accessdate=2013-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Garima Sharma|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Ashok-Kohlis-chasing-Leander-Paes/articleshow/6787090.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116180806/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-22/news-interviews/28246250_1_leander-paes-train-ashok-kohli |url-status=live |archive-date=2014-01-16 |title=Ashok Kohli's chasing Leander Paes |date=2010-10-22 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-01-05}}</ref> alongside [[Jimmy Sheirgill]], [[Puja Banerjee]], [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]], [[Gulshan Grover]], [[Kiran Kumar]], [[Mukesh Rishi]], [[Sudhanshu Pandey]], [[Sayali Bhagat]], [[Achint Kaur]] and [[Shilpa Shukla]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20120214091&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=bollywood&nid=262308 |title=Leander Paes' debut in Bollywood back on track |publisher=NDTV |date=2012-09-03 |accessdate=2013-01-05 |archive-date=30 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130214253/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20120214091&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=bollywood&nid=262308 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Paes' voice has been dubbed by actor [[Amitosh Nagpal]]. This movie is named after an Express Train of India connects with New Delhi and various routes [[Rajdhani Express]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/leander-paes-loses-his-voice/articleshow/32055871.cms|title=Leander Paes loses his voice|website=Pune Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/accented-paes-voice-to-be-dubbed-in-film-140040-2011-08-30|title=Accented Paes voice to be dubbed in film|website=[[India Today]]|date=30 August 2011 }}</ref>

The film follows a man who goes on the run to escape from his godfather, and in the process, boards the Mumbai-bound [[Rajdhani Express]] where he soon finds himself labeled a terrorist after some incidents prompt him to pull out a gun.

The film was released theatrically on 4 January 2013. It received largely unfavorable reviews, with some critics labeling the film an "unintentional comedy" while also criticizing the performances (especially Paes) and narration.<ref name=TOI/><ref name=FP/> The film [[Box office bomb|bombed at the box office]], grossing ₹0.35 crores.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/worst-best-of-q1-bolly/cid/1555874|title=Worst & Best of Q1 bolly|website=The Telegraph|location=India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rajdhani-express/box-office/|title=Rajdhani Express Box Office|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=4 January 2013 }}</ref>

==Synopsis==

Tired of working for his godfather, who's a notorious gunrunner, Keshav ([[Leander Paes]]) flees away with a bag of arms and boards the [[Rajdhani Express]] bound for Mumbai. He has no idea that he has been set up by his boss' daughter. She has reported him to the police, following which Deputy Commissioner Yadav ([[Jimmy Sheirgill]]) of Mumbai's [[Anti-Terrorism Squad]] wants to arrest him at any cost. While sharing the same cabin during the journey with some passengers, Keshav initially acts as an outcast before he is prompted to pull out a gun and eventually get declared a terrorist. This leads to Yadav hatching a scheme to settle scores with the minister and further silence the passengers who have understood his plan. With the train racing to Mumbai, Keshav must devise a plan to win back his freedom and expose Yadav.

==Cast==
* [[Leander Paes]] as Keshav
* [[Jimmy Sheirgill]] as Deputy Commissioner Yadav
* [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]] as Mr. Banerjee
* [[Sudhanshu Pandey]] as Muneesh
* [[Puja Banerjee]] as Sunita
* [[Sayali Bhagat]] as Reena
* [[Mukesh Rishi]] as S.I.
* Ishrat Ali as Minister Indrale
* [[Kiran Kumar]] as Bhaijee
* [[Achint Kaur]] as Pearl
* [[Shilpa Shukla]] as Lady Si
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as T.T.E
* [[Sanjay Gagnani]]

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack is composed by Lahu-Madhav, Bappi Tutul & Ritesh Nalini.

# Tera Zikr – [[Suresh Wadkar]], Madhusmita Borthakur
# Koi Umeed – Hitesh Prasad
# Karte Hain Dil Se – [[Udit Narayan]]
# Koi Umeed (Indian) – [[Shahid Mallya]]
# Main Hoon Pathit -
# Armaan Jagaati Hai – [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]

===Reception===
The soundtrack received negative reviews. Joginder Tuteja from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the soundtrack 1.5 stars out of 5, and expressed surprise at the very inclusion of songs in the film. He, however praised the song ''Koi Umeed (Western)''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rajdhani-express/songs/music-critic-review/|title=Rajdhani Express Music Review|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=4 January 2013 }}</ref>

==Critical reception==
The film received generally unfavorable reviews from critics.

Vinayak Chakravorty from ''[[India Today]]'' gave the film 2 stars out of 5 and felt it lacked "a story and imagination to thrill".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/rajdhani-express-movie-review-150817-2013-01-04|title=Movie review: Rajdhani Express|website=[[India Today]]|date=4 January 2013 }}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 1.5 stars out of 5 and felt the film was "more of an unintentional comedy than a socio-political thriller". The reviewer also criticized the editing, performances and dialogues while praising Gulshan Grover and Priyanshu Chatterjee.<ref name=TOI>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/rajdhani-express/movie-review/17883791.cms|title=Rajdhani Express Movie Review|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Similarly giving the film 1.5 stars out of 5, [[Taran Adarsh]] from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' felt the film's writing was a "mixed bag" while praising a few performances.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rajdhani-express/critic-review/rajdhani-express-movie-review/|title=Rajdhani Express Review 1.5/5|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=4 January 2013 }}</ref>
Gaurav Malani from ''[[The Economic Times]]'' gave it 1 stars out of 5 and criticized the writing, direction and Paes' performance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/rajdhani-express-movie-review/articleshow/17887112.cms|title=Rajdhani Express: Movie Review|website=[[The Economic Times]]|date=4 January 2013 |last1=Malani |first1=Gaurav }}</ref> Ankur Pathak from [[Rediff.com]] gave the film no rating and felt the plot was "non-existent" while also criticizing the performances and execution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-rajdhani-express-is-a-train-wreck/20130104.htm|title=Review: Rajdhani Express is a train wreck|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> A reviewer writing for ''[[Firstpost]]'' labelled the film an unintentional comedy and criticized Paes' performance, editing, writing, dialogues and direction.<ref name=FP>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/movie-review-rajdhani-express-goes-off-the-rails-with-leander-paes-579186.html|title=Movie Review: Rajdhani Express goes off the rails (with Leander Paes)|publisher=[[Firstpost]]|date=6 January 2013 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://rajdhaniexpress.in Official site]
*{{IMDb title|2560016}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set on trains]]

Dayananda Saraswati

2026-03-29T18:31:29Z

GeorgeNobbs1: fix section for clarity

{{short description|Indian philosopher and socio-religious reformer (1824–1883)}}
{{About|founder of the [[Arya Samaj]]|founder of [[Arsha Vidya Gurukulam]]|Dayananda Saraswati (Arsha Vidya)}}
{{Disputed|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| honorific-prefix = ''[[Maharshi]]''
| name = Dayananda Saraswati
| image = Dayananda Saraswati.jpg
| alt = Swami Dayananda Saraswati
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1824|02|12|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Tankara]], [[Morvi State]], [[Company rule in India|Company Raj]] (present-day [[Gujarat]], [[India]])
| birth_name = Mool Shankar Tiwari<ref>{{cite book|title=Religions and Communities of India|author=Prem Nath Chopra|page=27}}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|1883|10|30|1824|02|12|df=yes}}<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
| death_place = [[Ajmer]], [[Ajmer-Merwara]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Rajasthan]], [[India]])
| nationality = Indian
| founder = [[Arya Samaj]]
| guru = [[Virajanand Dandeesha]]
| philosophy = [[Vedic]]
| literary_works = ''[[Satyarth Prakash]]'' (1875)
| influences = [[Kanada (philosopher)|Kanada]], [[Yāska]], [[Kashyapa]], [[Patanjali]], [[Pāṇini]], [[Kapila]], [[Badarayana]]
| influenced = [[Madam Cama]], [[Pandit Lekh Ram]], [[Swami Shraddhanand]], [[Shyamji Krishna Varma]], [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]], [[Lala Hardayal]], [[Madan Lal Dhingra]], [[Ram Prasad Bismil]], [[Mahadev Govind Ranade]], [[Mahatma Hansraj]], [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] and others
}}
{{quote box
| width = 32em
| title = Quotation
| quote = There are undoubtedly many learned men among the followers of every religion. They should free themselves from prejudice, accept the universal truths – that is those truths that are to be found alike in all religions and are of universal application, reject all things in which the various religions differ and treat each other lovingly, it will be greatly to the advantage of the world.
}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}
'''Dayanand Saraswati'''<ref name=":0" /> ({{audio|Dayananda Saraswati.ogg|pronunciation}}) born '''Mool Shankar Tiwari''' (12 February 1824 – 30 October 1883), was a [[Hindu philosophy|Hindu philosopher]], social leader and founder of the [[Arya Samaj]], a [[Hindu reform movements|reform movement]] of [[Hinduism]]. His book ''[[Satyarth Prakash]]'' has remained one of the influential texts on the philosophy of the Vedas and clarifications of various ideas and duties of human beings. He was the first to give the call for ''[[Swaraj]]'' as "India for Indians" in 1876, a call later taken up by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Lokmanya Tilak]].<ref name=":0">Aurobindo Ghosh, ''Bankim Tilak Dayanand'' (Calcutta 1947, p. 1.) "Lokmanya Tilak also said that Swami Dayanand was the first who proclaimed Swaraj for Bharatpita i.e. India."</ref><ref>Dayanand Saraswati ''Commentary on Yajurved'' (Lazarus Press Banaras 1876).</ref> Denouncing the [[idolatry]] and ritualistic worship, he worked towards reviving [[Vedas|Vedic]] religion. Subsequently, the [[Philosophy|philosopher]] and [[President of India]], [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], called him one of the "makers of Modern India", as did [[Sri Aurobindo]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Living with a Purpose|year=2005 |first= S. |last = Radhakrishnan|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|isbn=978-81-222-0031-7 |page= 34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8_DrAZbdlTAC&pg=PA34 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kumar |first=Raj |title=Essays on Modern Indian Abuse |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-7141-690-5 |page=62 |chapter=5. Swami Dayananda Saraswati: Life and Works |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5L_2-w13fMMC&pg=PA62}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Salmond |first=Noel Anthony |title=Hindu Iconoclasts: Rammohun Roy, Dayananda Sarasvati and Nineteenth Century Polemics Against Idolatry |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-88920-419-5 |page=65 |chapter=3. Dayananda Saraswati |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxjArixq5hcC}}</ref>

Those who were influenced by and followed Dayananda included [[Charan Singh|Chaudhary Charan Singh]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Satendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHmHEAAAQBAJ |title=Popular Democracy and the Politics of Caste: Rise of the Other Backward Classes in India |date=2022-09-21 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-68431-5 |language=en}}</ref> [[Bhikaiji Cama|Madam Cama]], [[Pandit Lekh Ram]], [[Swami Shraddhanand]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aryasamaj.org/newsite/node/538 |title=Gurudatta Vidyarthi |publisher=Aryasamaj |access-date=19 December 2012 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106045415/http://www.aryasamaj.org/newsite/node/538%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Shyamji Krishna Varma]], [[Kishan Singh Gargaj|Kishan Singh]], [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]], [[Bhai Parmanand]], [[Har Dayal|Lala Hardayal]], [[Madan Lal Dhingra]], [[Ram Prasad Bismil]], [[Mahadev Govind Ranade]], [[Ashfaqulla Khan|Ashfaqullah Khan]],<ref name="Isrj.net"/> [[Mahatma Hansraj]], [[Lala Lajpat Rai]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.culturalindia.net/leaders/lala-lajpat-rai.html|title=Lala Lajpat Rai|work=culturalindia.net|access-date=14 January 2016|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225122334/https://www.culturalindia.net/leaders/lala-lajpat-rai.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2023 |title=Lala Lajpat Rai {{!}} Biography & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lala-Lajpat-Rai |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Yogmaya Neupane]], [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] and others.<ref>{{Cite book|title=बहुमुखी व्यक्तित्वकी धनी योगमाया by Pawan Alok|last=Neupane|first=Dr. Kedar|publisher=Nepal Shrastha Samaj|year=2014|isbn=978-9937-2-6977-3|location=Kathmandu|pages=15–21}}</ref>

He was a [[Sannyasa|sannyasi]] (ascetic) from boyhood and a scholar. He believed in the [[Infallibility|infallible]] [[Moral absolutism|authority]] of the Vedas. Dayananda advocated the doctrines of [[karma]] and [[reincarnation]]. He emphasised the Vedic ideals of [[brahmacharya]], including [[celibacy]] and [[Bhakti|devotion to God]].

Among Dayananda's contributions were his opposition to [[untouchability]], promotion of the [[equal rights for women]] and his commentary on the [[Vedas]] from [[Vedic Sanskrit]] in [[Sanskrit]] as well as in [[Hindi]].

== Early life ==

Dayananda Saraswati was born on the 10th day of waning moon in the month of Purnimanta Phalguna (12 February 1824) on the [[tithi]] to an Indian [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Brahmin]] family<ref>{{cite book|author=Robin Rinehart|title=Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&pg=PA58|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-905-8|pages=58–}}</ref> in [[Tankara]], [[Kathiawar]] region (now [[Morbi district]] of [[Gujarat]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/devdutt-pattanaik-dayanand--vivekanand/17911158|title=Devdutt Pattanaik: Dayanand & Vivekanand|date=15 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://gu.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%83%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A0:Jhanda_Dhari_Maharshi_Dayanand.pdf/%E0%AB%A7%E0%AB%AC| title = ઝંડાધારી – મહર્ષિ દયાનંદ – Gujarati Wikisource}}</ref> He belonged to the [[Audichya Brahmin]] sub-division.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Vishun Lal |url=http://archive.org/details/handbookoftheary00sharuoft |title=Hand-book of the Arya Samaj |date=1912 |publisher=Tract Department of the Arya Pratinidhi Sabha, United Provinces |others=Robarts – University of Toronto |location=Allahabad}}</ref> His original name was Mool Shankar Tiwari, because he was born in [[Hindu astrology#Elements|Dhanu Rashi]] and [[Mula (nakshatra)|Mul Nakshatra]]. His father was Karshanji Lalji Tiwari,<ref>{{cite web|last=Krishnan|first=Aishwarya|title=Swami Dayanand Saraswati Jayanti: 7 Things to know about the righteous Hindu religious scholar {{!}} India.com|url=https://www.india.com/viral/swami-dayanand-saraswati-jayanti-7-things-to-know-about-the-righteous-hindu-religious-scholar-1857610/|access-date=12 November 2021|website=www.india.com|language=en}}</ref> and his mother was Yashodabai.

When he was eight years old, his [[Upanayana|Yajnopavita Sanskara]] ceremony was performed, marking his entry into formal education. His father was a follower of [[Shiva]] and taught him the ways to worship Shiva. He was also taught the importance of keeping fasts. On the occasion of [[Maha Shivaratri|Shivratri]], Dayananda sat awake the whole night in obedience to Shiva. During one of these fasts, he saw a mouse eating the offerings and running over the idol's body. After seeing this, he questioned that if Shiva could not defend himself against a mouse, then how could he be the saviour of the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiansaga.com/history/congress_arya.html|title=History of India|website=indiansaga.com|access-date=5 October 2018}}</ref>

The deaths of his younger sister and his uncle from [[cholera]] led Dayananda to ponder the meaning of life and death. He began asking questions which worried his parents. He was engaged in his early teens, but he decided marriage was not for him and ran away from home in 1846.<ref name="iloveindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/spirituality/gurus/dayanand-saraswati.html|title=Dayanand Saraswati|work=iloveindia.com|access-date=14 January 2016|archive-date=13 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082150/http://www.iloveindia.com/spirituality/gurus/dayanand-saraswati.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="culturalindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.culturalindia.net/reformers/swami-dayanand-saraswati.html|title=Swami Dayanand Saraswati|work=culturalindia.net|access-date=14 January 2016|archive-date=22 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422210213/http://www.culturalindia.net/reformers/swami-dayanand-saraswati.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Dayanand Saraswati spent nearly twenty-five years, from 1845 to 1869, as a wandering ascetic, searching for religious truth. He found out that the joy from material goods was not enough, therefore he decided to devote himself to spiritual pursuits in forests, retreats in the [[Himalayas|Himalayans]], and pilgrimage sites in North India. During these years he practised various forms of [[yoga]] and became a disciple of a teacher named [[Virajanand Dandeesha]]. Virajanand believed that [[Hinduism]] had strayed from its historical roots and that many of its practices had become impure. Dayananda Sarasvati promised Virajanand that he would devote his life to restoring the rightful place of the [[Vedas]] in the Hindu faith.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarasvati, Dayananda – World Religions Reference Library|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3448400050.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610083329/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3448400050.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 June 2014|publisher= World Religions Reference Library |access-date=5 September 2012|date=1 January 2007}}</ref>

== Teachings of Dayananda ==
Maharshi Dayanand advocated that all human beings are equally capable of achieving anything. He said all the creatures are the eternal Praja or citizens of the Supreme Lord. He said the four Vedas which are [[Rigveda]], [[Yajurveda]], [[Samaveda]], and [[Atharvaveda]] are the only true uncorrupted sources of Dharma, revealed by the Supreme Lord, at the beginning of every creation, also because they are the only perfectly preserved knowledge without alterations using [[Sanskrit prosody|Sanskrit prosody or Chandas]] and different techniques of counting the number of verses with different [[Vedic chant]]ing techniques. He says that confusion regarding the Vedas arose due to the misinterpretations of the Vedas, and the Vedas promote science and ask humans to discover the Ultimate Truth, which he has emphasised throughout his Commentary on the Vedas.

He accepted the teachings of the first ten [[Principal Upanishads]] also with [[Shvetashvatara Upanishad]], which explains the Adhyatma part of the Vedas. He further said that any source, including [[Upanishads]], should be considered and accepted to only that extent as they conform with the teachings of the Vedas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Swami Dayanand Saraswati |title=Satyarth Prakash, English Translation |publisher=Virjanand Press |year=1908 |edition=2nd}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Swami Dayanand Saraswati |year=1908 |title=Satyarth Prakash English Translation |url=https://archive.org/details/satyarthprakashl00dayauoft/page/n5/mode/2up |website=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Swami Dayanand Saraswati |title=Satyarth Prakash, Hindi |url=https://archive.org/details/SatyarthPrakash_201803/mode/2up |website=Internet Archive}}</ref>

He accepted the six [[Vedanga]] texts, which include grammar and the like required for the correct interpretation of the Vedas. Among Sanskrit grammatical texts, he says, [[Pāṇini]]'s [[Aṣṭādhyāyī]] and its commentary, [[Mahabhashya]] by Maharshi [[Patanjali]] are the current surviving valid texts, and all other surviving modern-grammatical texts should not be accepted as they are confusing, dishonest, and will not help people in learning the Vedas.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

He accepted the six Darshana Shastras which includes [[Samkhya]], [[Vaisheshika]], [[Nyaya]], [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali]], [[Purva Mimamsa Sutras]], [[Brahma Sutras|Vedanta Sutras]]. Unlike medieval Sanskrit scholars, Dayanand said that all six Darshanas are not opponents, but each throws light on different aspects required by the creation. Hence, they are all independent in their own right, and all of them conform to the teachings of the Vedas. He says Acharya [[Kapila]] of Sankhya Darshan was not an atheist, but it is the scholars who misinterpreted his sutras.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

He said the books called [[Brahmana|Brahamanas]], such as [[Aitareya Brahmana]], [[Shatapatha Brahmana]], Sāma Brahmana, [[Gopatha Brahmana]], etc., which are authored by the seers to explain the meaning of the Vedas, are also valid, but again only to that extent as they agree with the four Vedas, because these texts are prone to interpolations by others. He said it is these books which are called by the names "Itihasa, Purana, Narashamsa, Kalpa, Gatha" since they contain information about the life of seers and incidents, they inform about the creation of the World, etc...<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

He stated that the eighteen [[Puranas]] and the eighteen [[Upapurana]]s are not the authentic Puranas and are not authored by sage [[Vyasa]], and they violate the teachings of the Vedas and therefore should not be accepted. The eighteen Puranas and Upapuranas are filled with contradictions, idol worship, incarnations, and personification of God, temples, rituals, and practices that are against the Vedas. In his book ''Satyarth Prakash'', he says whatever 'good' is present in these eighteen Puranas and Upapuranas is already present in the Vedas, and since they contain too many false pieces of information that can mislead people, they should be rejected.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

He points out that the sage Vyasa was called so not because he divided the Vedas, but the name indicates the "diameter or breadth," which means sage Vyasa had studied the Vedas in great depth.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

He lists out various texts that should not be treated as honest texts to develop one's understanding of the World and the Lord. He rejected all of the Tantric texts, including [[Pancharatra]]. He said that these texts are not valid as they teach different customs, rituals, and practices which are against the Vedas.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

Dayanand based his teachings on the Vedas, which can be summarised as follows:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
# three entities are eternal: 1. The Supreme Lord or Paramatma, 2. The Souls or Jivatmas, which are vast in number but not infinite, 3. Prakriti or Nature.
# [[Prakriti]] or Nature, which is the material cause of the creation, is eternal and is characterised by [[Sattva]], [[Rajas]], and [[Tamas (philosophy)|Tamas]], which tend to be in equilibrium. In every cycle of creation, the conscious Supreme Lord will disturb its equilibrium and make it useful for the creation of the World and its forces and to manufacture the bodies required by the Souls. After a specific time called the Day of Brahma (Brahma means great, lengthy, etc.), the creation would be dissolved, and nature would be restored to its equilibrium. After a period called the Night of Brahma, which is equal to the length of the Day of Brahma, the creation would set forth again. This cycle of creation and dissolution is eternal.
# [[Jiva]] or Jivatma or Soul or Self, many are different from one another yet have similar characteristics and can reach the 'same level' of bliss in the state of Moksha or Liberation. They are not made out of natural particles and are bodiless, beyond all sexes and all other characteristics as seen in the World, but they acquire a body made out of Nature, and it is known as taking birth. These souls are subtler than Nature itself but take birth through the body as per the creative principles set by the Supreme Lord based on their past Karma, and they put effort into improving themselves. By realising oneself, Nature, and the Supreme Lord, Souls are liberated. But this realisation depends on their efforts and knowledge. They keep coming to the World, use Nature, obtain the fruits of their actions, and appear to take of lives of different animals (Those who have attained higher bodies can also go back to lower forms based on their actions or Karma), they redo their actions, and are free to choose their actions, learn and relearn, and attain Liberation. After the long duration of Moksha or Liberation, one would come back again into the World. Since this period of Moksha or Liberation is long, it appears as though they never return or they never take birth again, to the other beings who are still in the World. Since they are eternal and capable of working, these characteristics cannot be destroyed. They are timeless, eternal, but are not omniscient and hence cannot be the pervaders of the entire Space.
# The Supreme Lord who is one without a second like him, whose name is [[Om]], is the efficient cause of the Universe. Lord's Chief characteristics are – Sat, Chit, and Ananda, i.e., "Exists", has "Supreme Consciousness", and is "Eternally Blissful". The Lord and his characteristics are the same. The Supreme Lord is ever present everywhere, whose characteristics are beyond Nature or Prakriti, and pervades all the Souls and the Nature. It is not characteristic of the Supreme Lord to take birth or incarnate. He is ever pure, i.e., unmixed by the characteristics of Nature and the Souls. The Supreme Lord is bodiless, infinite, hence has no form and hence cannot be worshipped through idols but can only be reached by any being through Yogic [[Samadhi]] as advocated in the Vedas, which is summarised in the [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali]]. Since the Lord is bodiless and hence beyond all sexes, the Vedas address him as Father, Mother, Friend, Cause of the Worlds, Maker, etc He is the subtlest entity which is subtler than Nature, pervading and filling the entire existence and Space. It is due to his subtlety that he could take hold of Nature to create the Worlds, and he proposes no difficulty for the motion of the Worlds in Space. Hence, he is called [[Paramatman]], which means 'Ultimate Pervader". There exists neither one who is equal to him nor completely opposed to him. The ideas of Satans, Ghosts, etc., are foreign to the Vedas.
# He said the names Agni, Shiva, Vishnu, Brahma, Prajapati, Paramatma, Vishva, Vayu, etc. are the different characteristics of the Supreme Lord, and the meaning of each of the names should be obtained by [[Dhatupatha]] or [[Root (linguistics)|Root]]. And these names do not refer to any Puranic Deities. Also, certain names may also refer to the worldly elements, which should be distinguished from their contexts.
# Regarding the notion of Saguna and Nirguna in explaining the nature of the Lord. Saguna, he says, refers to characteristics of the Lord such as Pervasiveness, Omnipotency, Bliss, Ultimate Consciousness, etc. and, Nirguna, he says, refers to those characteristics which do not characterise the Lord, for example: Nature and the Souls such as different states of existence, taking birth, etc.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
# [[Moksha]] or Liberation does not refer to any characteristic place, but it is the state of Souls who have achieved Liberation. The Jivas or Souls are characterised by four different states of existence, which are: 1. Jagrat (Wakefulness), 2. Swapna (Dreaming), 3. Sushupti (Deep Sleep) and 4. [[Turiya]]. It is in the fourth Turiya state that the Souls exist without contact with Nature but are conscious of their own selves, other Souls, and the Supreme Lord (or Eternal Truth). This state of Moksha or Turiya is not seen in the World, hence incomparable, but can only be realised. In this state, they are free of every tinge of Nature and possess their own minds and experience bliss, the pleasure of their freedom, and the like, which are incomparable with any form of pleasure in the World. They are bodiless in that state and can attain any form of pleasure by their own will without requiring any external agent, such as, for example, they can perform the function of ears on their own without requiring material ears, etc. In that state, they are capable of fulfilling all their wishes, can go anywhere they want right then and there, witness the creation, maintenance, and dissolution of the Worlds, and they also come in contact with other individuals who are Liberated. But in that state, the creative powers remain with the Supreme Lord because the powers of the Lord and the Lord himself are not different things. In Moksha, the Souls remain distinct from one another and from the Supreme Lord. And, by means of their own capability and with the Supreme Lord as their means, they enjoy the bliss. After the period of Moksha, they pass on to this World again, in support of which, he quotes Vedic Mantras and [[Mundaka Upanishad]], in his book [[Satyarth Prakash|'' Satyarth Prakash'']] and [[Rigvedadi Bhashya Bhumika|'' Rigvedadi Bhashya Bhumika'']].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
# Again, it is the mark of Maharshi Dayanand's wit that he reconciles the notion of unending or eternal Moksha. He says, "The 'Eternal Moksha' or 'Ananta Moksha', refers to the 'permanency of pleasures of Moksha', unlike the momentary pleasures of the World, and does not necessarily mean the Souls will remain in Moksha permanently." He clarifies it by saying that the Souls are permanent and hence their characteristics also, and it is 'illogical' to consider that a Soul would get trapped in one of the moments of the beginningless time, and escape the World for eternity by using the finite time period of his lives in different creature forms. Even if the illogical is accepted, then also it means that even before he got trapped in creation, he was in Moksha, and hence his Moksha period may fail at times is a conclusion that is contradictory to the assumption that Moksha is an infinite period of time. Hence, the Vedic teaching that the Souls should come back after Liberation should be considered valid. In a different point of view, he clarifies the same idea by saying that all actions whatever, are done for a finite time period cannot yield infinite results or fruits of actions, and after the period of Moksha, the Jivas should not have the capability to enjoy the bliss of Moksha further.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />

He opposed [[Caste system in India|caste system]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Hinduism |date=2001-03-01 |title=Dayananda's Arya Samaj |url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/march-april-2001/2001-03-dayananda-s-arya-samaj/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=Hinduism Today |language=en-US}}</ref>, [[Sati (practice)|Sati practice]], [[Child marriage in India|child marriage]], etc. which are against the spirit of the Vedas and advocated that all evils of society should be thoroughly investigated and should be removed. The [[Varna (Hinduism)|Varna]] should be based on education and profession, and in his book ''Satyarth Prakash'', he quotes passages from [[Manusmriti]], [[Grihya Sutras]], and [[Vedas]] which support his claims. He advocated the notion of ''Chakradhipatya'' (One Government Throughout the World).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

== Dayanand's mission ==

[[File:O3m AryaSamaj Red.svg|right|thumb|[[Om|Aum]] or Om is considered by the [[Arya Samaj]] to be the highest and most proper name of God.]] He believed that Hinduism had been corrupted by divergence from the founding principles of the Vedas and that Hindus had been misled by the priesthood for the priests' self-aggrandisement. For this mission, he founded the [[Arya Samaj]], enunciating the [[Arya Samaj#Core beliefs|Ten Universal Principles]] called ''Krinvanto Vishwaryam''. With these principles, he intended the whole world to be an abode for Aryas (Nobles).

His next step was to reform Hinduism with a new dedication to God. He travelled the country challenging religious scholars and priests to discussions, winning repeatedly through the strength of his arguments and knowledge of Sanskrit and Vedas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boloji.com/people/04018.htm|title=Swami Dayananda Sarasvati by V. Sundaram|work=Boloji|access-date=14 January 2016|archive-date=13 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213120012/http://boloji.com/people/04018.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hindu [[priest]]s discouraged the [[laity]] from reading [[Vedas|Vedic]] scriptures, and encouraged rituals, such as bathing in the [[Ganges]] and feeding of priests on anniversaries, which Dayananda pronounced as [[superstition]]s or self-serving practices. By exhorting the nation to reject such superstitious notions, his aim was to educate the nation to return to the teachings of the Vedas, and to follow the Vedic way of life. He also exhorted Hindus to accept social reforms, including the importance of cows for national prosperity as well as the adoption of [[Hindi]] as the national language for national integration. Through his daily life and practice of yoga and asanas, teachings, preaching, sermons and writings, he inspired Hindus to aspire for ''Swarajya'' (self-governance), nationalism, and spiritualism. He advocated the equal rights and respects to women and advocated for the education of all children, regardless of sex.

Dayanand also made critical analyses of faiths including [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]], as well as of other Indian faiths like [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Sikhism]]. In addition to discouraging [[idolatry]] in Hinduism,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geocities.com/Athens/Ithaca/3440/books.html |title=Light of Truth |access-date=9 October 2010 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028134700/http://geocities.com/Athens/Ithaca/3440/books.html |archive-date=28 October 2009 }}</ref> he was also against what he considered to be the corruption of the true and pure faith in his own country. Unlike many other reform movements of his times within Hinduism, the Arya Samaj's appeal was addressed not only to the educated few in India, but to the world as a whole as evidenced in the sixth principle of the Arya Samaj. As a result, his teachings professed universalism for all the living beings and not for any particular sect, faith, community or nation.

Arya Samaj allows and encourages converts to Hinduism. Dayananda's concept of [[Dharma]] is stated in the "Beliefs and Disbeliefs" section of ''Satyartha Prakash,'' he says:{{Blockquote|"I accept as Dharma whatever is in full conformity with impartial justice, truthfulness and the like; that which is not opposed to the teachings of God as embodied in the [[Vedas]]. Whatever is not free from partiality and is unjust, partaking of untruth and the like, and opposed to the teachings of God as embodied in the Vedas—that I hold as [[Adharma]]." 
"He, who after careful thinking, is ever ready to accept truth and reject falsehood; who counts the happiness of others as he does that of his own self, him I call just."|''Satyarth Prakash''}}Dayananda's Vedic message emphasised respect and reverence for other human beings, supported by the Vedic notion of the divine nature of the individual. In the Ten Universal Principles of the Arya Samaj, he enshrined the idea that "All actions should be performed with the prime objective of benefiting mankind", as opposed to following dogmatic rituals or revering idols and symbols. The first five principles speak of Truth, while the last five speak of a society with nobility, civics, co-living, and disciplined life. In his own life, he interpreted [[Moksha]] to be a lower calling, as it argued for benefits to the individual, rather than calling to emancipate others.

Dayananda's "Back to the Vedas" message influenced many thinkers and philosophers the world over.<ref name="Panicker">{{cite book |author=Panicker |first=P. L. John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4s2kBMLeXoEC |title=Gandhi on Pluralism and Communalism |publisher=ISPCK |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-7214-905-5 |pages=30–40}}</ref>

===Activities===

Dayanand Saraswati is recorded to have been active since he was 14, which time he was able to recite religious verses and teach about them. He was respected at the time for taking part in religious debates. His debates were attended by large crowds.

On 22 October 1869 in [[Varanasi]] he debated against 27 scholars and 12 expert [[Pandit|pandits]]. The debate was said to have been attended by over 50,000 people. The main topic was "Do the Vedas uphold deity worship?"<ref name="The World p. 123">{{cite book|author=Clifford Sawhney|title=The World's Greatest Seers and Philosophers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YUvLhVrizAoC|date= 2003|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-0824-2|page=123}}</ref><ref>[[Dayananda Saraswati#Sinhal|Sinhal]], p. 17.</ref>

== Creation of Arya Samaj ==
{{Main|Arya Samaj}}

Dayananda Saraswati's creation, the [[Arya Samaj]], condemned practices of several different religions and communities, including such practices as [[animal sacrifice]], [[pilgrimage]]s, priest craft, offerings made in temples, [[Caste system in India|the castes]], [[Child marriage in India|child marriage]], [[Meat|meat eating]] and discrimination against women. He argued that all of these practices ran contrary to good sense and the wisdom of the [[Vedas]].

== Views on superstitions ==

He severely criticised practices which he considered to be superstitions, including sorcery, and astrology, which were prevalent in India at the time. Below are several quotes from his book, ''Satyarth Prakash'':{{Blockquote|"All alchemists, magicians, sorcerers, wizards, spiritists, etc. are cheats and all their practices should be looked upon as nothing but downright fraud. Young people should be well counseled against all these frauds, in their very childhood, so that they may not suffer through being duped by any unprincipled person."|''[[Satyarth Prakash]]''
}}

On [[astrology]], he wrote:

{{Blockquote|When these ignorant people go to an astrologer and say "O Sir! What is wrong with this person?" He replies "The sun and other stars are maleficent to him. If you were to perform a propitiatory ceremony or have magic formulas chanted, or prayers said, or specific acts of charity done, he will recover. Otherwise, I should not be surprised, even if he were to lose his life after a long period of suffering."

Inquirer – Well, Mr. Astrologer, you know, the sun and other stars are but inanimate things like this earth of ours. They can do nothing but give light, heat, etc. Do you take them for conscious being possessed of human passions, of pleasure and anger, that when offended, bring on pain and misery, and when propitiated, bestow happiness on human beings?

Astrologer – Is it not through the influence of stars, then, that some people are rich and others poor, some are rulers, whilst others are their subjects?

Inq. – No, it is all the result of their deeds ... good or bad.

Ast. – Is the science of stars untrue then?

Inq. – No, that part of it which comprises Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, etc., and which goes by the name of Astronomy is true; but the other part that treats of the influence of stars on human beings and their actions and goes by the name of Astrology is all false.|Chapter 2.2 ''[[Satyarth Prakash]]'' }}

He makes a clear distinction between [[Jyotiḥśāstra]] and astrology, calling astrology a fraud.

{{Blockquote|"Thereafter, they should thoroughly study the Jyotiḥśāstra – which includes Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, Geography, Geology, and Astronomy – in two years. They should also have practical training in these Sciences, learn the proper handling of instruments, master their mechanism, and know how to use them. But they should regard Astrology – which treats of the influence of stars and constellation on the destinies of man, of auspiciousness and inauspiciousness of time, of horoscopes, etc. – as a fraud, and never learn or teach any books on this subject. |"The Scheme of Studies" p. 73 of the English Version of ''[[Satyarth Prakash]]''.}}

== Views on other religions ==

He considered the prevalent religions to have either immoral stories, or badly practised, or some of them have sufficiently moved away from the Vedas.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati |title=Satyarth Prakash |publisher=Arsha Sahitya Prachara Trust |year=1875 |location=Delhi, India |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Satyarth Prakash |url=https://www.aryasamajjamnagar.org/satyarth_prakash_eng.htm |website=Arya Samaj Jamnagar}}</ref> In his book ''Satyarth Prakash'', Maharshi Dayanand has analysed critically current form of [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]].

===Islam===
{{see also|Criticism of Islam}}

He viewed Islam to be waging wars and immorality. He doubted that Islam had anything to do with the God, and questioned why a God would hate every non-believer, allowing the slaughter of animals, and command [[Muhammad]] to slaughter innocent people.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research|volume=1|issue=1|publisher=ICPR|year=2002|page=73|title=Rationalization of the Life-World}}</ref>

He further described Muhammad as "imposter", and one who held out "a bait to men and women, in the name of God, to compass his own selfish needs." He regarded [[Quran|Qur'an]] as "Not the Word of God. It is a human work. Hence it cannot be believed in."<ref>{{cite book |last=Saraswati |first=Dayanand |title=Satyarth Prakash (The Light of Truth) |publisher=Star Press |year=1875 |location=Varanasi, India |pages=672–683 |chapter=An Examination of the Doctrine of Islam |access-date=2 April 2012 |chapter-url=http://www.aryasamajjamnagar.org/chapterfourteen.htm}}</ref>

===Christianity===
{{see also|Criticism of Christianity|Criticism of Jesus#Dayanand Saraswati}}

His analysis of the [[Bible]] was based on an attempt to compare it with scientific evidence, morality, and other properties. His analysis claimed that the Bible contains many stories and precepts that are immoral, praising cruelty, deceit and that encourage sin.<ref>{{cite book |author=J. T. F. Jordens |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ysKAQAAMAAJ |title=Dayānanda Sarasvatī, His Life and Ideas |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1978 |isbn=9780195609950 |page=267}}</ref> One commentary notes many alleged discrepancies and fallacies of logic in the Bible e.g. that God fearing Adam eating the fruit of life and becoming his equal displays jealousy. His critique attempts to show logical fallacies in the Bible, and throughout he asserts that the events depicted in the Bible portray God as a man rather than an omniscient, omnipotent or complete being.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

He opposed the [[perpetual virginity of Mary]], adding that such doctrines are simply against the law of nature, and that God would never break his own law because God is omniscient and infallible.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

===Sikhism===
{{see also|Criticism of Sikhism}}

He regarded [[Guru Nanak]] as "rogue", who was quite ignorant about Vedas and Sanskrit otherwise Nanak wouldn't be mistaken with words.<ref>{{cite book|doi=10.4135/9788132108412.n19|title=Reduced to Ashes |title-link=Reduced to Ashes (book)|volume=1|page= 15|isbn= 978-99933-53-57-7|chapter=Reduced to Ashes: The Insurgency and Human Rights in Punjab |year=2009 |last1=Kumar |first1=Ram Narayan }}</ref> He further said that followers of Sikhism are to be blamed for making up stories that Nanak possessed miraculous powers and met God. He criticised [[Guru Gobind Singh]] and other Sikh Gurus, saying they "invented fictitious stories", although he also recognised Gobind Singh to be "indeed a very brave man."<ref>{{cite book|author=V. S. Godbole|title=God Save India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9UtAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Swatantraveer Savarkar Sahitya Abhyas Mandal|page=9}}</ref>

===Jainism===
{{see also|Criticism of Jainism}}

He regarded Jainism as "a most dreadful religion", writing that Jains were intolerant and hostile towards the non-Jains.<ref name=Panicker/>

===Buddhism===
{{Main|Criticism of Buddhism}}

Dayanand described Buddhism as "anti-Vedic" and "atheistic." He noted that the type of "salvation" Buddhism prescribes, is attainable even to dogs and donkeys. He further criticised the [[Buddhist cosmology]] which says that Earth was not created.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hindu Nationalists of Modern India: A Critical Study of the Intellectual Genealogy of Hindutva|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2XXAAAAMAAJ&q=Hindu+Nationalists+of+Modern+India|page=14|author=Jose Kuruvachira|year=2006| publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn = 9788170339953}}</ref>

==Assassination attempts==

Dayananda was subjected to many unsuccessful assassination attempts on his life.<ref name="The World p. 123"/>

According to his supporters, he was poisoned on a few occasions, but due to his regular practice of [[Hatha yoga|Hatha Yoga]] he survived all such attempts. One story tells that attackers once attempted to drown him in a river, but Dayananda dragged the assailants into the river instead, though he released them before they drowned.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bhavana Nair|title=Our Leaders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2uBqRoRyqQC|year=1989|publisher=Children's Book Trust|isbn=978-81-7011-678-3|volume=4|page=60}}</ref>

Another account claims that he was attacked by Muslims who were offended by his criticism of Islam while meditating on the Ganges. They threw him into the water but he is claimed to have saved himself because his [[Pranayama]] practice allowed him to stay under water until the attackers left.<ref>Vandematharam Veerabhadra Rao (1987) ''Life Sketch of Swami Dayananda'', Delhi. p. 13.</ref>

== Assassination ==

[[Nahar Singh of Shahpura|Raja Nahar Singh]] was one of the devotees of Swami Dayanand Saraswati and he welcomed him with open heart when visited [[Shahpura, Bhilwara|Shahpura]] on 9th March 1883. While Swami was in Shahpura, he received invitation to come to [[Jodhpur]] but Nahar Singhji had warned him against going to Jodhpur.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Arya |first1=Krishan Singh |last2=Shastri |first2=P. D. |title=Swami Dayananda Sarasvati: A Study of His Life and Work |date=1987 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-85054-22-3 |pages=165–66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4vXAAAAMAAJ&q=NAHAR+SINGH+SHAHPURA+ATTEND |access-date=4 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=R. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NUpkEAAAQBAJ&dq=NAHAR+SINGH+SHAHPURA++swami+dayananda&pg=PA66 |title=Swami Dayanand Saraswati: Inspiring Episodes |date=15 March 2022 |publisher=K.K. Publications |pages=66 |language=en |access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref> In 1883, the [[Maharaja]] of [[Kingdom of Marwar|Jodhpur]], [[Jaswant Singh II]], invited Dayananda to stay at his palace. The Maharaja was eager to become Dayananda's disciple and to learn his teachings. Dayananda went to the Maharaja's restroom during his stay and saw him with a dancing girl named Nanhi Jaan. Dayananda asked the Maharaja to forsake the girl and all unethical acts and to follow the [[Dharma]] like a true [[Aryan|Arya]] (Noble). Dayananda's suggestion offended Nanhi, who decided to take revenge.<ref name="autogenerated1">Krant (2006) ''Swadhinta Sangram Ke Krantikari Sahitya Ka Itihas''. Delhi: Pravina Prakasana. Vol. 2, p. 347. {{ISBN|81-7783-122-4}}.</ref>

On 29 September 1883, Nanhi Jaan bribed Dayananda's cook, Jagannath, to mix small pieces of glass in his nightly milk.<ref name="rg" /> Dayananda was served glass-laden milk before bed, which he promptly drank, becoming bedridden for several days, and suffering excruciating pain. The Maharaja quickly arranged doctor's services for him. However, by the time doctors arrived, his condition had worsened, and he had developed large bleeding sores. Upon seeing Dayananda's suffering, Jagannath was overwhelmed with guilt and confessed his crime to Dayananda. On his deathbed, Dayananda forgave him, and gave him a bag of money, telling him to flee the kingdom before he was found and executed by the Maharaja's men.<ref name="autogenerated1" />

Later, the Maharaja arranged for him to be sent to [[Mount Abu]], however, after staying for some time in Abu, on 26 October 1883, he was sent to [[Ajmer]] for better medical care.<ref name="rg" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab Past and Present |url=https://www.vidhia.com/Historical%2C%20Political%2C%20Philosophical%20and%20Informational/SINGH_SABHA_AND_OTHER_SOCIO-RELIGIOUS_MOVEMENTS.pdf}}</ref> There was no improvement in the Swami's health, no medical aid was given and he died on the morning of the Hindu festival of [[Diwali]] on 30 October 1883 chanting [[Mantra]]s.<ref name="rg">[[Dayananda Saraswati#Garg|Garg]], pp. 96–98.</ref><ref name="hin1">{{Cite web |title=Arya Samaj founder Swami Dayanand Saraswati's idea of a modern India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/arya-samaj-swami-dayanand-saraswati-modern-india-1378699-2018-10-30 |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=India Today |date=30 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

==Cremation and commemoration==
[[File:NavlakhaMahal.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Information board inside Navlakha Mahal.]]

He died at ''Bhinai Kothi'' at [[Bhinai]] 54 km south of Ajmer, and his ashes were scattered at Ajmer in [[Ana Sagar Lake#Rishi Udyan|Rishi Udyan]] as per his wishes.<ref name="swa1">{{Cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Ramananda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wsFAAAAMAAJ&q=Bhinai+Kothi+swami+dayanand |title=The Modern Review |date=1933 |publisher=Prabasi Press Private, Limited |language=en}}</ref> Rishi Udyan, which has a functional Arya Samaj Mandir with daily morning and evening [[Yajna]] [[Homa (ritual)|Homa]], is located on the banks of [[Ana Sagar Lake]] off the [[National Highway 58 (India)|NH58 Ajmer-Pushkar Highway]]. An annual three day ''Arya Samaj [[melā|Mela]]'' is held every year at ''Rishi Udyan'' on Swami Dayanand's death anniversary at the end of October, which also entails Vedic seminars, Vedas memorisation competition, Yajna, and [[Dhvaja|Dhavaja Rohan]] flag march.<ref name=swa2>[https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/rishi-dayanand-mela-start-in-ajmer-arya-scholors-in-ajmer-1447262/ Rishi Dayanand mela start in Ajmer Arya scholors in Ajmer], [[Rajasthan Patrika]], 20 November 2015.</ref> It is organised by the ''Paropkarini Sabha'', which was founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati on 16 August 1880 in [[Meerut]], registered in Ajmer on 27 February 1883, and since 1893 has been operating from its office in Ajmer.<ref name=swa2/>

Every year on [[Maha Shivaratri]], Arya Samajis celebrate [[Tankara#Rishi Bodh Utsav|Rishi Bodh Utsav]] during the 2 days Mela at Tankara organised by the Tankara Trust, during which the [[Mangal Shobhajatra|Shobha Yatra]] procession and [[Yajna|Maha Yajna]] is held; the event is also attended by the Prime Minister of India [[Narendra Modi]] and Chief Minister of Gujarat [[Vijay Rupani]].<ref>[https://issuu.com/first_india/docs/first_india_gujarat_for_gujarat_samachar_epaper_22 Rishi Ustsav celebrated in presence of CM]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729031538/https://issuu.com/first_india/docs/first_india_gujarat_for_gujarat_samachar_epaper_22|date=29 July 2020}}, First Paper.</ref>

[[Gulab Bagh and Zoo#Navlakha Mahal|Navlakha Mahal]] inside [[Gulab Bagh and Zoo]] at [[Udaipur]] is also associated with him; he wrote there the second edition of his seminal work, Satyarth Prakash, in [[Vikram Samvat|Samvat]] 1939 (1882-83 CE).<ref>{{cite news|title=Udaipur Garden Palace now a shrine to Arya Samaj founder|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Udaipur-Garden-Palace-now-a-shrine-to-Arya-Samaj-founder/articleshow/55282697.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=7 November 2016 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd|access-date=8 November 2016}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Dayananda Saraswati 1962 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Dayananda Saraswati on a 1962 stamp of India.]]
[[Maharshi Dayanand University]] in [[Rohtak]], [[Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University]] in Ajmer, [[DAV University]] (Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Schools System) in [[Jalandhar]] are named after him. So are over 800 schools and colleges under [[D.A.V. College Managing Committee]], including [[Dayanand College]] at Ajmer. Industrialist [[Nanji Kalidas Mehta]] built the Maharshi Dayanand Science College and donated it to the Education Society of Porbandar, after naming it after Dayananda Saraswati.

Dayananda Saraswati is most notable for influencing the freedom movement of India. His views and writings have been used by various individuals, including [[Shyamji Krishna Varma]], [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], [[Bhikaiji Cama|Madam Cama]], [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]], [[Har Dayal|Lala Hardayal]], [[Madan Lal Dhingra]], [[Ram Prasad Bismil]], [[Mahadev Govind Ranade]],<ref name="Isrj.net">{{cite web |date=17 May 1996 |title=Mahadev Govind Ranade: Emancipation of Women |url=http://www.isrj.net/PublishArticles/520.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225122331/http://www.isrj.net/PublishArticles/520.aspx%20 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=17 September 2012 |publisher=Isrj.net}}</ref> [[Swami Shraddhanand]], [[S. Satyamurti]], [[Pandit Lekh Ram]], [[Mahatma Hansraj]] and others.

He also had a notable influence on [[Bhagat Singh]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Dhanpati Pandey|title=Swami Dayanand Saraswati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9xKAAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|page=8}}</ref> Singh, after finishing primary school, had joined the Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Middle School, of Mohan Lal Road, in [[Lahore]].<ref>{{cite book |author=K. S. Bharathi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=enmjrZiAe9EC |title=Encyclopaedia of Eminent Thinkers |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-7022-684-0 |volume=7 |page=188}}</ref> [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], on Shivratri, 24 February 1964, wrote about Dayananda:

{{blockquote|Swami Dayananda ranked highest among the makers of modern India. He had worked tirelessly for the political, religious and cultural emancipation of the country. He was guided by reason, taking Hinduism back to the Vedic foundations. He had tried to reform society with a clean sweep, which was again needed today. Some of the reforms introduced in the Indian Constitution had been inspired by his teachings.<ref>World Perspectives on Swami Dayananda Saraswati, Ganga Ram Garg, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Siv6V1VDX-AC&pg=PA198 198].</ref>}}

The places Dayanand visited during his life were often changed culturally as a result. [[Jodhpur]] adopted [[Hindi]] as main language, and later the present day [[Rajasthan]] did the same.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Holloman |first=Regina E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zL40AAAAIAAJ |title=Perspectives on Ethnicity |author2=S. A. Aruti︠u︡nov |publisher=Mouton |year=1978 |isbn=978-90-279-7690-1 |pages=344–345}}</ref> Other admirers included [[Swami Vivekananda]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Basant Kumar Lal|title=Contemporary Indian Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGxYTLq6XzUC|year=1978|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0261-2|page=3}}</ref> [[Ramakrishna]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher Isherwood|title=Ramakrishna and His Disciples|url=https://archive.org/details/ramakrishnahisdi0000ishe/page/159|year=1980|publisher=Vedanta Press|isbn=978-0-87481-037-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/ramakrishnahisdi0000ishe/page/159 159]}}</ref> [[Bipin Chandra Pal]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Narendra Nath Bhattacharyya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqTXAAAAMAAJ |title=Indian Religious Historiography |date=1996 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=978-81-215-0637-3 |page=58}}</ref> [[Vallabhbhai Patel]],<ref>Krishan Singh Arya, P. D. Shastri (1987) ''Swami Dayananda Sarasvati: A Study of His Life and Work''. Manohar. p. 327. {{ISBN|8185054223}}.</ref> [[Shyama Prasad Mukherjee]], and [[Romain Rolland]], who regarded Dayananda as a remarkable and unique figure.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mitra |first1=Sisir Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qHRAAAAMAAJ |title=Resurgent India |last2=Ghose |first2=Aurobindo |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=1963 |page=166}}</ref>

American Spiritualist [[Andrew Jackson Davis]] described Dayanand's influence on him, calling Dayanand a "Son of God", and applauding him for restoring the status of the Nation.<ref>{{cite book|author=Andrew Jackson Davis|title=Beyond the Valley: A Sequel to "The Magic Staff": An Autobiography of Andrew Jackson Davis ...|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000476737|year=1885|publisher=Colby & Rich|page=383}}</ref> [[Sten Konow]], a Swedish scholar noted that Dayanand revived the history of India.<ref>{{cite book|author=Har Bilas Sarda (Diwan Bahadur)|title=Dayanand Commemoration Volume: A Homage to Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati, from India and the World, in Celebration of the Dayanand Nirvana Ardha Shatabdi|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.237056|year=1933|publisher=Vedic Yantralaya|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.237056/page/n230 164]}}</ref>

Others who were notably influenced by him include [[Ninian Smart]], and [[Benjamin Walker (author)|Benjamin Walker]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://truthabouthinduism.wordpress.com/2014/05/12/swami-dayananda-saraswati-as-a-hindu-fundamentalist-and-nationalist/ |title=Ninian Smart & Benjamin Walker were influenced by Dayananda Saraswati |access-date=18 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418231958/https://truthabouthinduism.wordpress.com/2014/05/12/swami-dayananda-saraswati-as-a-hindu-fundamentalist-and-nationalist/ |archive-date=18 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Achievements ==

Dayananda Saraswati wrote more than 60 works. This includes a 16-volume explanation of the [[Vedanga]]s, an incomplete commentary on the [[Aṣṭādhyāyī|Ashtadhyayi]] (Panini's grammar), several small tracts on ethics and morality, Vedic rituals and sacraments, and a piece on the analysis of rival doctrines (such as [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita]] [[Vedanta]], [[Islam]] and [[Christianity]]). Some of his major works include the [[Satyarth Prakash]], Satyarth Bhumika, Sanskarvidhi, [[Rigvedadi Bhashya Bhumika]], Rigved Bhashyam (up to 7/61/2) and Yajurved Bhashyam. The Paropakarini Sabha located in the city of [[Ajmer]] was founded by Saraswati to publish and preach his works and [[Vedic]] texts.

=== Complete list of works ===
{{col-begin|2}}
{{col-break}}
# ''Sandhya'' (Unavailable) (1863)
# ''Bhagwat Khandan'' or ''Paakhand Khandan'' or ''Vaishnavmat Khandan'' (1866)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/BhagwatKhandan-SwamiDayanandSaraswati|title=Bhagwat Khandan – Swami Dayanand Saraswati|via=Internet Archive|access-date=14 January 2016}}</ref> which criticised the [[Srimad Bhagavatam]]
# ''Advaitmat Khandan'' which criticised [[Advaita Vedanta]].
# ''Panchmahayajya Vidhi'' (1874 & 1877)
# ''Satyarth Prakash'' (1875 & 1884)
# ''Vedanti Dhwant Nivaran'' (1875) which criticised [[Vedanta philosophy]].
# ''Vedviruddh mat Khandan'' or ''Vallabhacharya mat Khandan'' (1875) which criticised [[Shuddhadvaita]] philosophy.
# ''Shikshapatri Dhwant Nivaran'' or ''Swaminarayan mat Khandan'' (1875) which criticised the [[Shikshapatri]].
# ''Ved Bhashyam Namune ka Pratham Ank'' (1875)
# ''Ved Bhashyam Namune ka Dwitiya Ank'' (1876)
# ''Aryabhivinaya'' (Incomplete) (1876)
# ''Sanskarvidhi'' (1877 & 1884)
# ''Aaryoddeshya Ratna Maala'' (1877)
# ''Rigvedaadi Bhasya Bhumika'' (1878) which is a foreword on his commentary on the Vedas.
# ''Rigved Bhashyam'' (7/61/1) (Incomplete) (1877 to 1899) which is a commentary on the [[Rigveda]] according to his interpretation.
# ''Yajurved Bhashyam'' (Complete) (1878 to 1889) which is a commentary on the [[Yajurveda]] according to his interpretation.
# ''Asthadhyayi Bhashya'' (2 Parts) (Incomplete) (1878 to 1879) which is a commentary on [[Pāṇini|Panini]]'s [[Astadhyayi]] according to his interpretation.
{{col-break}}
# Vedang Prakash (Set of 16 Books)
## Varnoccharan Shiksha (1879)
## Sanskrit Vakyaprabodhini (1879)
## VyavaharBhanu (1879)
## Sandhi Vishay
## Naamik
## Kaarak
## Saamaasik
## Taddhit
## Avyayaarth
## Aakhyatik
## Sauvar
## Paaribhaasik
## Dhatupath
## Ganpaath
## [[Unadi-Sutra|Unaadikosh]]
## Nighantu
{{col-break}}
# ''Gautam Ahilya ki Katha'' (Unavailable) (1879)
# ''Bhrantinivaran'' (1880)
# ''Bhrmocchedan'' (1880)
# ''Anubhrmocchedan ''(1880)
# ''Go Karuna Nidhi'' (1880) which contains his views on [[cow slaughter in India]].
# ''Chaturved Vishay Suchi'' (1971)
# ''Gadarbh Taapni Upnishad'' (As per Babu Devendranath Mukhopadhyay) (Unavailable)
# ''Hugli Shastrarth Tatha Pratima Pujan Vichar'' (1873) which is a record of his arguments with orthodox [[pandits]] at [[Bengal]] and his views regarding validity of [[idol worship]] in Hinduism.
# ''Jaalandhar Shastrarth'' (1877) which is a record of his arguments with orthodox pandits at [[Jalandhar]].
# ''Satyasatya Vivek (Bareily Shastrarth)'' (1879) which is a record of his arguments with orthodox pandits at [[Bareily]].
# ''Satyadharm Vichar (Mela Chandapur)'' (1880) which is a record of his arguments with Muslim and Christian theologians at an interfaith dialogue held in Chandapur of [[Shahjahanpur district]].
# ''Kashi Shastrarth'' (1880) which is a record of his arguments with orthodox pandits at [[Varanasi]].

For other miscellaneous Shastrarth read:
* ''Dayanand Shastrarth Sangrah'' published by Arsh Sahitya Prachar Trust, Delhi.
* ''Rishi Dayanand ke Shastrarth Evam Pravachan'' published by Ramlal Kapoor Trust Sonipat (Haryana).
* ''Arya Samaj ke Niyam aur Upniyam'' (30 November 1874) which deals with code of conduct for the [[Arya Samaj]].
* ''Updesh Manjari (Puna Pravachan)'' (4 July 1875) which is a record of his sermons delivered to his followers at [[Pune]].
* ''Swami Dayanand Dwara Swakathit Janm Charitra'' (During Puna Pravachan) (4 August 1875) which is a record of his early life spoken by himself to his followers at [[Pune]].
* ''Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati Jivan Charitra'' Photo Gallery<ref>{{citation|title=Maharshi Dayanand Jivan Charitra|url=http://www.aryasamajjamnagar.org/photogallary/photogallary.htm}}</ref>
* ''Swami Dayanand Dwara Swakathit Janm Charitra'', for the Theosophist Society's monthly Journal: Nov & 1 Dec
* ''Rishi Dayanand ke Patra aur Vigyapan'' which is a collection of the letters and pamphlets written by him.{{col-end}}

==See also==
* [[Cow protection movement]]
* [[Swami Shraddhanand]]
* [[Sudhakar Chaturvedi]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|ref=Garg|author=Garg, Gaṅgā Rām |title=World Perspectives on Swami Dayananda Saraswati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Siv6V1VDX-AC&pg=PR44|year=1984|publisher=Concept Publishing Company}}
* {{cite book |title=Swami Dayanand Saraswati|last=Sinhal |first=Meenu |year=2009 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-81-8430-017-8 |ref=Sinhal }}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* ''Dayananda Saraswati, Founder of Arya Samaj'', by Arjan Singh Bawa. Published by Ess Ess Publications, 1979 (1st edition:1901).
* ''Indian Political Tradition'', by D. K. Mohanty. Published by Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. {{ISBN|81-261-2033-9}}. Chapter 4: Dayananda Saraswati.
* ''Rashtra Pitamah Swami Dayanand Saraswati'' by Rajender Sethi (M. R. Sethi Educational Trust Chandigarh 2006).
* [[Aurobindo Ghosh]], in ''Bankim Tilak Dayanand'' (Calcutta 1947 pp. 1, 39).
* ''Arya Samaj And The Freedom Movement'' by K. C. Yadav & K. S. Arya, Manohar Publications Delhi 1988.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140517123343/http://www.vivekananda.net/PDFBooks/TXTVersion/ProphetsofNewIndia.html ''The Prophets of the New India''], [[Romain Rolland]] p. 97 (1930).
* ''[[Satyarth Prakash]]'' (1875) Light of Truth – first English translation 1908. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0vwYAAAAMAAJ&q=Dayananda+Sarasvati The Light of Truth].
* R̥gvedādi Bhāṣya Bhūmikā / An Introduction to the Commentary on the Vedas. ed. B. Ghasi Ram, Meerut (1925). [https://books.google.com/books?id=7SggAAAAMAAJ&q=Dayananda+Sarasvati Glorious Thoughts of Swami Dayananda: Being a Treasury of Several Thousand Inspiring and Valuable Thoughts of the Great Social Reformer Classified Under Several Hundered [sic] Subjects]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028143808/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Ithaca/3440/int1.html |date=28 October 2009 }}.
* ''Glorious Thoughts of Swami Dayananda''. ed. New Book Society of India, 1966 {{google book|7SggAAAAMAAJ}}.
* ''An Introduction to the Commentary on the Vedas''. Jan Gyan Prakashan, 1973. [https://archive.today/20130123135533/http://www.flipkart.com/introduction-commentary-vedas-dayananda-rigvedadi-book-8170771293 An Introduction to the Commentary on the Vedas].
* ''Autobiography'', ed. Kripal Chandra Yadav, New Delhi : Manohar, 1978. [https://books.google.pl/books/about/Autobiography_of_Dayanand_Saraswati.html?id=XdYcAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y Autobiography of Dayanand Saraswati].
* Yajurvēda Bhāṣyam: Samskr̥ta Bhāṣyaṃ, Āndhraṭīkātātparyaṃ, Āṅglabhāvārthasahitaṅgā, ed. Mar̲r̲i Kr̥ṣṇāreḍḍi, Haidarābād: Vaidika Sāhitya Pracāra Samiti, 2005.
* ''The Philosophy of Religion in India'', Delhi: Bharatiya Kala Prakashan, 2005, {{ISBN|81-8090-079-7}}.
* Prem Lata, Swami Dayananda Sarasvati (1990) [https://books.google.com/books?id=m0YdAAAAMAAJ&q=Dayananda Swami Dayānanda Sarasvatī].
* Autobiography of Swami Dayanand Saraswati (1976) [https://books.google.com/books?id=NR7tCyHEw6EC&q=Dayananda Autobiography of Swami Dayanand Saraswati].
* M. Ruthven, ''Fundamentalism: A Very Short Introduction'', Oxford University Press, USA (2007), {{ISBN|978-0-19-921270-5}}.
* N. A. Salmond, Hindu Iconoclasts: Rammohun Roy, Dayananda Sarasvati, and Nineteenth-Century Polemics against Idolatry (2004) [https://books.google.com/books?id=wxjArixq5hcC&dq=Dayananda&pg=PP1 Hindu Iconoclasts: Rammohun Roy, Dayananda Sarasvati, and Nineteenth-Century Polemics Against Idolatry].
*[http://www.aryasamajjamnagar.org/the_renaissance_rishi_ar1.htm 'THE RENAISSANCE RISHI' by Brigadier Chitranjan Swant, VSM: www.aryasamajjamnagar.org].
{{Refend}}
==External links==
{{Prone to spam|date=March 2017}}

{{Commons category|Dayananda Saraswati}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{wikisourcelang|1|Author:स्वामी दयानंद सरस्वती|स्वामी दयानंद सरस्वती}}
* {{official website|https://www.maharshidayanand.com}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Dayananda Saraswati}}

{{Arya Samaj by country}}
{{Hindu reform movements}}
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Modern Hindu writers}}
{{Criticism of religion}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dayananda Saraswati, Swami}}
[[Category:1824 births]]
[[Category:1883 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Rajkot district]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Arya Samajis]]
[[Category:Founders of new religious movements]]
[[Category:19th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Hindu reformers]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Indian murder victims]]
[[Category:Indian reformers]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Indian critics of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian critics of Christianity]]
[[Category:Critics of Jainism]]
[[Category:Critics of Sikhism]]
[[Category:Critics of Buddhism]]
[[Category:Anti-caste activists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Social leaders]]
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[[Category:Hinduism and Islam]]
[[Category:People murdered in India]]
[[Category:Brahmins who fought against discrimination]]

Pathankot district

2026-03-27T12:53:01Z

GeorgeNobbs1: improved article

{{Multiple issues|
{{Tone|date=January 2021}}
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pathankot district
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Punjab, India|District of Punjab ]]
| image_skyline = Dhar Kalan, Pathankot view.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Dhar Kalan, Pathankot - The Mini Goa of Punjab
| image_map = Pathankot in Punjab (India).svg
| image_map1 =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Punjab
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|32.266814|N|75.643444|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of Punjab (India) on a white background (1).png}} [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| named_for = [[Pathania]] [[Rajput]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Pathankot]]
| parts_type =
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 = [[Deputy commissioner]]
| leader_name1 = Sh. Ramveer
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="pathankot.nic.in">{{cite web |url=https://pathankot.nic.in/ |title=Home |website=pathankot.nic.in}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 929
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 676,598
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="pathankot.nic.in">{{cite web |url=https://pathankot.nic.in/ |title=Home |website=pathankot.nic.in}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Pin Code
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = PB-35 / PB-68
| blank1_name_sec1 = Largest City
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Pathankot]]
| website = https://pathankot.nic.in
| footnotes =
| leader_name2 = R.K. Bakshi (PPS)
| leader_title2 = [[Senior Superintendent of Police]]
| leader_name3 = [[Sukhjinder Singh Randhawa]]
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament]]
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], Hindi, English
| demographics1_title3 =
| demographics1_info3 =
| official_name =
}}

'''Pathankot district''', the northernmost district of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]], was formed on 27 July 2011, after being carved out from [[Gurdaspur district]]. Pathankot serves as the district headquarters. The district shares its [[Border|borders]] with Pakistan to the west and lies strategically close to the Union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]] and the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]], making it a vital trade and transportation hub in the region.

==Etymology==
The original name of Pathankot was ''Paithan'' during [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] times, which is in turn believed to be a derivative of Sanskrit ''Pratisthana''. Later Paithan was retrieved again by Chandravanshi Rajput clan (Pathania “meaning No Pathans”) and named Pathankot.<ref>[https://pathankot.nic.in/history/ History], Pathankot District, Government of Punjab, retrieved 6 February 2022.</ref> The suffix 'kot' stands for fort.

==Geography==
[[File:Ravi River at Pathankot.jpg|thumb|right|270px|The Ravi river at Pathankot]]
Pathankot is located in the foothills of the [[Sivalik Hills]]. It shares [[India-Pakistan border|international borders]] with the [[Narowal District]] of [[Punjab Pakistan|Pakistan's Punjab]]. It also shares borders with the [[Kathua District]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and the [[Chamba District|Chamba]] and [[Kangra District|Kangra]] districts of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. [[Hoshiarpur district]] shares a boundary with Pathankot in [[Punjab, India|Eastern Punjab]]. The two main rivers, – the [[Beas River|Beas]] and the [[Ravi River|Ravi]], pass through the district.

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Pathankot district (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|88.42}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|7.81}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Punjab, India|Islam]]|green|2.12}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Punjab, India|Christianity]]|blue|1.08}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.57}}
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, the area that would become Pathankot district had a population of 676,598. Out of these 378,432 were rural and 298,166 urban. Pathankot has a sex ratio of 860 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes are 207,032 (30.60%) of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Gurdaspur|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/994/download/2990/DH_2011_0301_PART_A_DCHB_GURDASPUR.pdf|website=Census of India |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ ''Religion in Pathankot District''{{efn|Pathankot tehsil, which was later divided into Pathankot and Dhar Kalan tehsils}}
|-
! Religion
! Population (1941)<ref name="GurdaspurDistrict1941">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/south-asia-open-archives/saoa/censusofindia1941-28216851/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI PUNJAB PROVINCE|access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref>{{rp|60-61}}
! Percentage (1941)
!Population (2011)<ref name="religion">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11389/download/14502/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS|title=Table C-01 Population by Religious Community: Punjab|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
!Percentage (2011)
|-
| [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|16x16px]]{{efn|name=ad-dharmi|1941 census: Including [[Ad-Dharmi]]s}}
| 83,330
| 54.42%
| 598,237
| 88.42%
|-
| [[Islam]] [[File:Star_and_Crescent.svg|15x15px]]
| 59,548
| 38.89%
| 14,317
| 2.12%
|-
| [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|19x19px]]
| 7,580
| 4.95%
| 52,858
| 7.81%
|-
| [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian_cross.svg|21x21px]]
| 2,307
| 1.51%
| 7,292
| 1.08%
|-
| Others{{efn|Including [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], or not stated}}
| 369
| 0.24%
| 3,894
| 0.57%
|-
| '''Total Population'''
| '''153,134'''
| '''{{Percentage | 1153511 | 1153511 | 2 }}'''
| '''676,598'''
| '''{{Percentage | 2298323 | 2298323 | 2 }}'''
|}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption=Languages of Pathankot (First Language) (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|value1 = 89.86
|color1 = pink
|label2 = [[Hindi]]
|value2 = 5.30
|color2 = Orange
|label3 = [[Dogri language|Dogri]]
|value3 = 1.20
|color3 = Indigo
|label4 = Others
|value4 = 3.64
|color4 = Grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 89.86% of the population spoke [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], 5.30% [[Hindi]] and 1.20% [[Dogri language|Dogri]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Punjab |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10219/download/13331/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0300.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Governance and administration==
[[File:Ranjit Sagar Dam 1.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Ranjit Sagar dam over the Ravi river]]
In the past, It was a Tehsil of the district of Gurdaspur. The present district was formed, as the 22nd district of the state on 27 July 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=Eye on urban voter, Fazilka, Pathankot made districts|author=Naveen S. Garewal|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110728/main4.htm|newspaper=The Tribune, Chandigarh|date=27 July 2011|access-date=23 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="pathankot">{{cite news |title=The state gets Fazilka and Pathankot districts|author=News services|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/state-gets-fazilka-pathankot-districts/823445/|newspaper=Indian Express|date=28 July 2011|access-date=23 January 2012}}</ref> Pathankot includes the two sub-divisions of [[Pathankot]] and [[Dhar Kalan]] and the two sub-tehsil of Narot Jaimal Singh and Bamial <ref name=pathankot/>

===City and towns===
There are two statutory Cities Pathankot and Sujanpur in this district. The district also has 12 census towns, according to census 2011 which are listed below:<ref name="Cities in Punjab">[http://www.punjabdata.com/Cities-in-Punjab.aspx List of cities and towns in Punjab]</ref>
* [[Sujanpur]] (City Municipal Council)
* [[Pathankot]] (City Municipal Corporation)
* [[Jugial]] (Township)
* Narot Jaimal Singh (Nagar Panchayat)
* Narot Mehra (Town)
* Mamun (Pathankot Urban)
* Manwal (Town)
* Sarna (Pathankot Urban)
* Bungal (Rural Town)
* Malikpur (Pathankot Urban)
* Dunera (Town)
* Dhar Kalan (Town)
* Madhopur (Pathankot Urban)
* Gharota (Rural Town)
* Dhaki (Town)
* Daulatpur (Town)
* Jhakolari (Town)
* Kamini (Settlement)
* Mirthal (Town)
* Taragarh (Rural Town)
*
===Other villages and settlements===
*[[Abadgarh]]
*[[Kataruchak]]
*Mirthal, Near Beas river (Last town of Pathankot district)

===Politics===
Pathankot district is part of the [[Pathankot Assembly Constituency]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.
! Constituency
! Name of MLA
! colspan="2" | Party
!Bench
|-
!1
|[[Sujanpur (Punjab Legislative Assembly constituency)|Sujanpur]]
| [[Naresh Puri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Opposition
|-
!2
|[[Bhoa Assembly constituency|Bhoa]] (SC)
| [[Lal Chand Kataruchakk]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Government
|-
!3
|[[Pathankot Assembly constituency|Pathankot]]
| [[Ashwani Kumar Sharma (Punjab politician)|Ashwani Kumar Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Opposition
|}

==Healthcare==
The table below shows the number of road accidents and people affected in Pathankot district by year.

{| class = "wikitable sortable"
|+Road accidents and people affected in Pathankot district by year<ref>{{cite web | url =https://punjab.data.gov.in/catalog/road-accidents-punjab | title = Road Accidents in Punjab | website = punjab.data.gov.in | date = 21 January 2022 | access-date = 1 October 2024 }}</ref>
!Year!!Accidents!!Killed!!Injured!!Vehicles Involved
|-
|2022||95||83||38||137
|-
|2021||131||85||46||139
|-
|2020||92||63||43||104
|-
|2019||115||97||44||112
|}

==Notable people==


* [[Ashwani Kumar Sharma (Punjab politician)|Ashwani Kumar Sharma]] (MLA)
* [[Seema Kumari]] (Ex MLA)
* [[Siddarth Kaul]] (Cricketer)

==See also==

* [[Kathlaur Kushlian Wildlife Sanctuary]], wildlife sanctuary in the district

==References==
{{reflist}}{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/punjab/tehsil/pathankot.html Pathankot tehsil map], Maps of India, retrieved 31 July 2019

{{Pathankot district}}
{{Punjab (India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pathankot District}}
[[Category:Pathankot district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Punjab, India]]

Saravanan (actor)

2026-03-25T20:26:11Z

GeorgeNobbs1: quick expand page as per guidelines also and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
|image =
|imagesize =
| caption =
| name =Saravanan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1966|12|5}}
| birth_place = [[Salem, Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| birth_name = Saravanan
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| years_active = 1991–present
|spouse(s)= Suryashree
|children= 1
}}

'''Saravanan''' is an Indian actor who has appeared in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chennaionline.com/movies/cine-buzz/Saravanan-is-back-with-Vilai/20095131025104.col |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119062041/http://chennaionline.com/movies/cine-buzz/Saravanan-is-back-with-Vilai/20095131025104.col |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 January 2013 |title=Saravanan is back with 'Vilai' |publisher=ChennaiOnline |date=2010-01-01 |accessdate=2012-07-11}}</ref> He made his acting debut through ''Vaidhehi Vanthachu'' (1991), where he portrayed the lead role. He continued to play the lead roles in films throughout the 1990s, later turning into a producer and director for his films. After a sabbatical, Saravanan made a comeback through ''[[Paruthiveeran]]'' (2007) in a supporting role. and has since continued to play character roles in Tamil films

==Early life and family==
Saravanan was born into a Tamil family in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] and was the second of five children. His father was a police inspector and his mother was a staff nurse. Saravanan obtained a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in Tamil Literature from the [[Government Arts College, Salem]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/movie-actor/saravanan |title=Tamil Movie Actor Saravanan {{!}} Nettv4u |website=www.nettv4u.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425035308/http://www.nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/movie-actor/saravanan |archive-date=2016-04-25}}</ref>

Saravanan has been married twice. His first marriage was to Suryashree, a [[Telugu people|Telugu woman]] with whom he studied in Adyar Film Institute. In an episode of ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil 3]]'', he opened up on his second marriage and that it was his first wife who accepted the second marriage as they wanted a child.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/saravanan-sentimental-opens-up-on-marriages-bigg-boss-3-tamil-news-239179|title=Saravanan breaks out on his marriages in Bigg Boss 3!|date=27 June 2019|accessdate=4 July 2019|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

==Career==
Saravanan had an interest in Tamil films as a child and regularly took part in performance arts during school. He visited the sets of a film being shot in Salem by director [[M. Sivachandran]] and requested him for an opportunity to act in his films. He consequently became acquainted with Sivachandran and his then-wife, [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], and the pair were keen to launch him as an actor opposite Lakshmi's daughter [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]], but the plans did not materialise. Saravanan then moved to [[Chennai]] and completed a course in acting at the [[M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute|Adyar Film Institute]]. While on campus, he was spotted by director [[Radha Bharathi]], who offered him the chance to be a part of the film ''Vaidehi Vandhachu'' (1991). Saravanan subsequently played a series of the lead role in films in the 1990s, but his career came to a halt in the latter end of the decade. Towards the end of the first phase of his career, he produced two of his films ''[[Vishwanath (1996 film)|Vishwanath]]'' (1996) and ''[[Santhosham (1998 film)|Santosham]]'' (1998). Though ''Santhosam'' did well at the box office, still, he incurred losses as a producer which led him to take a long break from acting. He organised concerts abroad to clear the losses.<ref name = if>{{Cite web | url=http://www.iflicks.in/News/2018/11/26134148/TR-rightly-predicted-my-film-career.vpf |title = 'TR rightly predicted my film career' |date = 26 November 2018 |work=iFlicks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909072225/http://www.iflicks.in/News/2018/11/26134148/TR-rightly-predicted-my-film-career.vpf|archive-date=9 September 2019}}</ref> In 2001, Saravanan appeared in a negative role in [[Bala (director)|Bala]]'s ''[[Nandhaa]]'', winning critical acclaim, but did not appear in any other roles at the time.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article1409292.ece |title = Back with a bang|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 8 March 2008}}</ref> He also directed, ''[[Thayumanavan]]'' (2003) in an attempt to get his career back on track however the film went unnoticed.

He went on to make a comeback in [[Ameer Sultan]]'s ''[[Paruthiveeran]]'' (2007) playing the paternal uncle of the character portrayed by [[Karthi]], and won critical acclaim for his performance. A critic from Rediff.com noted "Saravanan excels and doesn't look like someone back from a long break", while Sify.com's reviewer stated his performance as the "wayward uncle with a heart of gold is terrific".<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/feb/26sspar.htm |title = Paruthiveeran: A remarkable effort}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.sify.com/movies/paruthiveeran-review--pclwmdeeaccfe.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001182305/http://www.sify.com/movies/paruthiveeran-review--pclwmdeeaccfe.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=1 October 2018 |title = Review : Paruthi Veeran (2007)| website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> Saravanan was awarded the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Actor]] and also received a nomination in the same category for the [[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actor|Vijay Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/29745.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311204341/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/29745.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 March 2007 |title=Saravanan bounces back in style - Tamil Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz |date=2007-03-09 |accessdate=2012-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/30221.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406173923/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/30221.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 April 2007 |title=Saravanan on a high - Tamil Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz |date=2007-03-31 |accessdate=2012-07-11}}</ref> The success of ''Paruthiveeran'' subsequently triggered more offers for the actor including the opportunity to be a part of Sanjay Ram's biopic, ''[[Veeramum Eeramum]]'' (2007), based on the real life of Venkatesa Pannaiyar. In the late 2000s and early 2010s, Saravanan continued to play supporting roles in Tamil films, sometimes appearing in negative roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/mar-07-04/30-03-07-saravanan.html|title=Now a real life encounter in Kollywood |website=Behindwoods.com |date= |accessdate=2012-07-11}}</ref>

His supporting roles in ''[[Enakku Innoru Per Irukku]]'' (2016), ''[[Kadaikutty Singam]]'' (2018) and ''[[Kolamavu Kokila]]'' (2019), among others won him praise.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/unforgettableones-paruthiveeran-actor-saravanan/articleshow/89765741.cms|title =#UnforgettableOnes: 'Paruthiveeran' actor Saravanan}}</ref>

On 23 June 2019, he entered the reality television show ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil 3]]'' hosted by [[Kamal Haasan]] on [[Star Vijay]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-tamil-3-live-updates-grand-launch-contestants-names-photos-800175|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 3: Meet the 15 contestants of Kamal Haasan's show|date=24 June 2019|accessdate=4 July 2019|publisher=[[International Business Times|IBTimes]]}}</ref> He was ejected from the show after making controversial remarks on a televised show, where he admitted to harassing women on public transport during his youth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/bigg-boss-3-saravanan-shocking-elimination-tamil-news-241765|title=Breaking: Saravanan's shocking elimination from Bigg Boss 3! - Tamil News|date=5 August 2019}}</ref>

He started season 2 of the series ''[[Suzhal: The Vortex]]'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Prime Video announces premiere date for Suzhal 2 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/Feb/12/prime-video-announces-premiere-date-for-suzhal-2 |access-date=2025-02-12 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 1991 || ''Vaidehi Vanthachu'' || Karuppa ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1992 || ''[[Pondatti Rajyam]]'' || Krishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Abhirami (1992 film)|Abhirami]]'' || Saravanan ||
|-
| rowspan="7"| 1993 || ''[[Maamiyar Veedu]]'' || Aravind ||
|-
| ''[[Suriyan Chandiran]]'' || Marudhu ||
|-
| ''[[Pettredutha Pillai]]'' || Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Nallathe Nadakkum]]'' || Prakash ||
|-
| ''[[Parvathi Ennai Paradi]]'' || Siva ||
|-
| ''Akkarai Cheemayile'' || Prakash ||
|-
| ''Muthupandi'' || Muthupandi ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 1994 || ''[[Veettai Paaru Naattai Paaru]]'' || Siva ||
|-
| ''[[Sevatha Ponnu]]'' || Chellappa ||
|-
| ''[[Thaai Manasu]]'' || Chinna Marudhu ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1996 || ''[[Thirumbi Paar (1996 film)|Thirumbi Paar]]'' || Veeraiyan ||
|-
| ''[[Vishwanath (1996 film)|Vishwanath]]'' || Vishwanath || Also producer
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Thambi Durai]]'' || Thambi Durai ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1998 || ''[[Santhosham (1998 film)|Santosham]]'' || Indran || Also producer
|-
| ''[[Ponmaanai Thedi]]'' || Sundaram ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Nandhaa]]'' || Durai ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Thayumanavan]]'' || Senbagapandian & Duraipandian ||[[Double role]] Also director
|-
| rowspan="2"|2007 || ''[[Paruthiveeran]]'' || Chevvaazhai || [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil]] Nominated, [[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actor]]
|-
| ''[[Veeramum Eeramum]]'' || Shankar Ayya ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Azhagar Malai]]'' || || Special appearance
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Pinju Manasu]]'' || Thulasi ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Vilai]]'' || DCP Shanmugavel ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2011 || ''[[Thambi Vettothi Sundaram]]'' || Salai ||
|-
| ''[[Gurusamy]]'' || [[Karuppu Sami]] || Special appearance
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Orange (2012 film)|Orange]]'' || Thevar || [[Malayalam]] film
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''[[Alex Pandian]]'' || Parthiban ||
|-
| ''Keeripulla'' || Naaga ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Aranmanai]]'' || Ayyanar ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2016 || ''Meenakshi Kadhalan Elangovan'' || A. Saamy ||
|-
| ''[[Sowkarpettai]]'' || Senior ||
|-
| ''[[Enakku Innoru Per Irukku]]'' || "Naina" Doss ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Pandigai]]'' || Muni ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018 || ''[[Kadaikutty Singam]]'' || Thamarai Manala Sendayar ||
|-
| ''[[Kolamavu Kokila]]'' || Guru ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019 || ''[[Oviyavai Vitta Yaru]]'' || Annachi ||
|-
| ''[[100 (2019 film)|100]]'' || Ganesh ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2021 ||''[[3:33 (film)|3:33]]'' || Kathir's father||
|-
|''Kaayam'' || ||
|-
|''[[Anandham Vilayadum Veedu]]'' || Kasi ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022 ||''[[Marutha (2022 film)|Marutha]]'' || Maruthapandi ||
|-
|''[[Gargi (film)|Gargi]]'' || Saravanan ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2023 || ''[[Naan Kadavul Illai]]'' || Veerappan ||
|-
|''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]'' || Seenu ||
|-
|''Vivasayi Ennum Naan'' || ||
|-
|''[[Kapil Returns]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Aayiram Porkaasukal]]'' || Animuthu ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2024 ||''[[Kumbaari]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Lover (2024 film)|Lover]]'' || Arun's father ||
|-
|''[[Pambattam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Turbo (2024 film)|Turbo]]'' || CM Arivazhagan || Malayalam film
|-
|''[[Raayan]]'' || Durai ||
|-
|''[[Sir (2024 film)|Sir]]'' || Ponnarasan ||
|-
|''Iravinil Aatam Par'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2025 ||''[[Kuzhanthaigal Munnetra Kazhagam]]'' || ||
|-
|''Thotram'' || ||
|-
|''[[Thalaivan Thalaivii]]'' || Sembaiyya ||
|-
|''[[Kumaara Sambavam]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Mirage (2025 film)|Mirage]]'' || Rajkumar || Malayalam film
|-
|''[[Kutram Thavir]]'' || Manivasagam ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026 ||''[[With Love (2026 film)|With Love]]'' || Swaminathan ||
|-
|''Police Family'' || Dhana ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=“Police Family” Movie Review |url=https://chennaivision.com/police-family-movie-review/ |access-date=2026-03-15 |work=Chennai Vision}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Programme / Show !! Role !! Channel
! Notes
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil 3]]'' || Contestant Ejected (Day 44)|| [[Star Vijay]] || Reality TV Series
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Mahanadhi (TV series)|Mahanadhi]]''|| Santhanam || [[Star Vijay]] || Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025 || ''[[Suzhal: The Vortex]]'' || Inspector Moorthy || [[Amazon Prime Video]] || Season 2
|-
|''Sattamum Neethiyum''
|Sundaramoorthy
|[[ZEE5]]
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1422741}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saravanan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:People from Salem, Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]

Medical education in India

2026-03-24T14:47:29Z

GeorgeNobbs1: data!

{{short description|Medical education}}
{{For|introductory information about medical schools and information about medical schools in other countries|Medical school}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox education in country
|country name =India
|agency image =
|agency =Medical Education
|leader titles =Minister of Health and Family Welfare
|leader names =Jagat Prakash Nadda
|budget ={{INRConvert|94371|c|lk=on}}
|funding per student =
|budget year =2024-25
|primary languages =English
|system type =National
|established events =Medical Education Start
|established dates =1947
|literacy year =
|literacy total =
|literacy men =
|literacy women =
|enroll total =
|enroll primary =
|enroll secondary =
|enroll post-secondary =
|enrollment year =
|attain secondary =
|attain post-secondary =
|attainment year =
|footnotes =
}}
[[File:A statue of Sushruta at RACS, Melbourne.jpg|thumb|A statue of [[Sushruta]] (800
BCE), author of [[Sushruta Samhita]] and the founding father of [[History of surgery#India|surgery]], at [[Royal Australasian College of Surgeons]] (RACS) in [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]].]]

The standard entry-to-practice degree in modern [[evidence-based medicine]] in India is the [[Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery]] (MBBS). Alternative systems of Medicine in India are [[Ayurveda]] ([[Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery|BAMS]]), [[Unani medicine|Unani]] (BUMS), [[Siddha medicine|Siddha]] (BSMS) and [[Homeopathy]] (BHMS).
[[M.B.B.S.]] (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) a credential earned upon completion of a five-and-a-half-year undergraduate program. The curriculum is divided into one year of preclinical studies in general science subjects and three and a half years of paraclinical and clinical studies, followed by a one-year clinical internship. Before beginning the internship, students are required to pass several examinations, the final one of which is conducted in two parts. Postgraduate education in medical specialties typically takes 3 additional years of study after the MBBS and concludes with the award of a [[Master of Surgery]] or [[Doctor of Medicine]] (MD). Postgraduate diplomas in medical specialities may also be awarded upon the completion of two-year training programs.
After that a person can further get a degree in superspeciality (D.M. or M.Ch.) in his or her respective branch after successful completion of 3 years of superspeciality in a medical college.

India has various ancient systems of medicine that long predate the introduction of modern evidence based medicine during British colonial rule. Ancient Indian system of medicine is referred to as [[Ayurveda]] (Science of life).
All traditional systems like Ayurveda, [[Yoga]], [[Naturopathy]], Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy (collectively referred to as AYUSH) are common forms of medical care in India, especially in rural regions. While these forms of medicine also play a major role in India's public health care system along with modern system of medicine and are often practiced informally, practitioners are officially mandated to be licensed by one of the country's 29 state medical councils. Professional degree programs in traditional systems are structured similarly: Credentials like the [[Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery]] (BAMS), the Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery (BHMS) are awarded upon the completion of five-and-a-half-year undergraduate programs. Graduation typically requires passing annual examinations and completing a final one-year clinical internship. Graduate education in medical specialties typically takes three additional year of studies After BAMS And BHMS And conclude with Award of Master of Ayurveda ([[BAMS MD/MS (AYU)]]) And Master of Homeopathy (BHMS MD(HOMEO)). In BAMS
Postgraduate diplomas in medical specializations may also be awarded upon the completion of two-year training programs.

In terms of oversight, Ayush system of medical Education regulated by a separate ministry
CCIM ([[Central Council Of Indian Medicine]]) and CCH (Central Council of Homeopathy. Modern system of medicine MCI (Medical Council of India) or the new National Medical Commission.

== Colleges and Universities ==
{{Main|Medical college in India}}
{{wide image|File:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani - অখিল ভারতীয় আয়ুর্বিজ্ঞান সংস্থান, কল্যাণী ৬.jpg|align-cap=center|1089px|The campus of [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani]].}}
In India, a '''medical college''' is an educational institution that provides [[medical education]]. These institutions may vary from stand-alone colleges that train doctors to conglomerates that offer training related in all aspects of medical care. The term is synonymous with "medical school" as used in the US and some other countries. MBBS is a degree in Modern Scientific Medicine established by Indian Medical Council Act 1956 and continued in [[National Medical Commission]] Act 2019. After MBBS, they register with state medical councils. Indian law requires these [[List of medical colleges in India|institutions]] to be recognized by the [[National Medical Commission]].<ref>[http://www.mciindia.org Medical Council of India: Home Page]</ref> The Indian government keeps an updated list of these approved medical colleges.<ref>{{cite web|title=STATUS OF MEDICAL COLLEGES FOR ADMISSION FOR THE ACADEMIC SESSION 2007–08|url=http://mohfw.nic.in/Amedical.html|access-date=19 March 2018|website=mohfw.nic.in}}</ref> Many Persons without MBBS degrees practice like doctors in India. They are called quacks. According to National Medical Commission Act 2019, punishment for quackery has been enhanced to up to 1 year imprisonment and up to Rs. 5 lakh fine.<ref>{{Cite news|title=NMC Act: Punishment for quackery enhanced up to one year imprisonment and fine of Rs. 5 lakh says Harsh Vardhan|url=https://www.business-standard.com/multimedia/video-gallery/general/nmc-act-punishment-for-quackery-enhanced-upto-1-year-imprisonment-and-fine-of-rs-5-lakh-says-harsh-vardhan-88899.htm|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=9 August 2019 }}</ref>

== Admissions ==
Admissions to courses in Medical Colleges of India have been streamlined in the last few years. There criteria vary from one country to other. For example, applicants should be undergraduates when they apply to American universities while they pursue bachelor's degrees when they apply to China medical colleges.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} The whole admission process is under a major reform with ongoing court cases from parties against it. In general, admission was based on one of the following:

# Marks obtained in the competitive examinations conducted at central level (NEET)
# Minimum 50%(for general category) Marks obtained in PCB (P stands for physics, C stands for chemistry and B stands for biology) in the final examinations of Std. XII.
# Donation/Management based seats.

Similarly for Post-graduate degrees and diplomas (residencies) the competitive examinations conducted at central (NEET) level forms the basis for admission or donation based seats. Specific institutions may also require a personal interview of the candidate but this is more in cases of sub-specialty courses.

These donation based seats have come under heavy criticism because this makes effectively India the only country that authorises, as official policy, the sale of medical seats by private medical colleges, implicitly accepting the principle that the ability to pay, and not merit, is what counts. These illegal capitation fees range from {{INRConvert|50|l|year=2020}} to {{INRConvert|2.25|c|year=2020}} for a MBBS seat. For any medical seat a student from general category should minimum have scored 50 percentile in NEET UG to get seat in UG courses.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rao|first=Sujatha|date=26 June 2013|title=Doctors by merit, not privilege|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/doctors-by-merit-not-privilege/article4850500.ece|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629224723/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/doctors-by-merit-not-privilege/article4850500.ece|archive-date=29 June 2013}}</ref> But medical colleges in states like Kerala, require minimum marks / ranks in their respective competitive entrance exams even for the management seats.

In order to reduce stress of multiple examinations and ensuring minimum competence and importantly with the purpose to weed out corruption in medical education across the country [[National Testing Agency|NTA-NEET-UG]] and NEET-PG were first proposed in the Vision 2015 by Board of Governors (BOGs) appointed after by Government of India after dissolution of MCI.NEET examination is a single window for entry into a medical college.<ref>{{cite book|author=Medical Council of India|url=http://www.mciindia.org/tools/announcement/MCI_booklet.pdf|title=Vision 2015|date=March 2011|publisher=Medical Council of India|editor=Prof S.K. Sarin|access-date=11 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717115215/http://www.mciindia.org/tools/announcement/MCI_booklet.pdf|archive-date=17 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Although specifics of implemented NEET for UG and PG courses are different from what was proposed in Vision 2015 document, it has essentially maintained its core purpose.

Entrance examinations were conducted by the following agencies and abolished in 2019:
* [[AIIMS]] Entrance Exams – All India Institute of Medical Science
* [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET]] (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) - National Testing Agency (NTA)
* [[JIPMER]] Entrance Exams – Jawaharlal Institute of Post-graduate Medical Education and Research

=== Undergraduate Admission ===
NTA-NEET (Undergraduate), for MBBS and BDS courses, was conducted in 2013 by the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE). NEET-UG replaced the [[All India Pre Medical Test]] (AIPMT) and all individual MBBS exams conducted by states or colleges themselves. However, many colleges and institutes took a stay order and conducted private examinations for admission to their MBBS and BDS courses. Nevertheless, many other reputed institutes such as the [[Armed Forces Medical College, Pune|Armed Forces Medical College]] and [[Banaras Hindu University]] have opted to admit students on the basis of the NEET-UG. The first exam was held on 5 May 2013,<ref>{{cite web|title=National Eligibility cum Entrance Test - NEET UG, 2013|url=http://cbseneet.nic.in/cbseneet/Welcome.html|work=Central Board of Secondary Education}}</ref> and the results were announced on 5 June 2013.<ref name="NEET">{{cite web|title=National Eligibility cum Entrance Test - NEET UG, 2013 Results|url=http://cbseresults.nic.in/|work=Central Board of Secondary Education}}</ref> In India, there is a huge competition to qualify for an MBBS seat. In NEET-UG 2024, among the registered candidates, a total of 2,406,079{{clarify|date=April 2020}} candidates were eligible to appear in the NEET-UG, 2024, out of which 2,333,297{{clarify|date=April 2020}} candidates appeared in the test and 1,316,268 {{clarify|date=April 2020}} candidates qualified the test for 108,915 seats. This makes a 4.52% appearing the exam to securing a seat success rate, and around 2.32% appearing the exam to securing a seat success rate for government medical colleges.<ref>{{cite news|author=himanshu|date=5 June 2013|title=CBSE NEET UG 2013 results announced, 3 lakh Students qualified but the irony is that the NEET UG 2013 has been quashed by supreme court bench headed by judje kabir almtas.|newspaper=One India|url=http://education.oneindia.in/news/2013/06/05/cbse-neet-ug-2013-results-announced-005271.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609153349/http://education.oneindia.in/news/2013/06/05/cbse-neet-ug-2013-results-announced-005271.html|archive-date=9 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=himanshu|date=6 May 2013|title=Medical entrance exam NEET UG 2013 held Smoothly|newspaper=One India|url=http://education.oneindia.in/news/2013/05/06/medical-entrance-exam-neet-ug-2013-held-smoothly-004868.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705151911/http://education.oneindia.in/news/2013/05/06/medical-entrance-exam-neet-ug-2013-held-smoothly-004868.html|archive-date=5 July 2013}}</ref>

On 18 July 2013 the Indian Supreme Court struck down the NEET exam with a 2:1 decision. The Medical Council of India has appealed for a review in August 2013, in may of 2016 supreme court of India cancelled all medical exams and NEET (UG) and NEET (PG) becomes an only way to get admission in almost all medical colleges of India. From 2019 NEET Examinations are conducted by the [[National Testing Agency]] (NTA).

=== Postgraduate Admission ===
Similarly for Post graduation courses (residencies), the [[National Board of Examinations|NBE]] NEET (PG) is the most popular eligibility cum entrance examination for MD/MS and post-graduate diploma courses. This effectively replaced the existing AIPGMEE and similar state level exams for entry into post-graduate courses. The first NEET (PG) was conducted by the [[National Board of Examinations]] from 23 November – 6 December 2012, which was referred to as the testing window (with 24th, 25th, 28 November and 2 December as non-testing days). The test was a computer-based test unlike the traditional paper and pen based test [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences|AIIMS]] had been conducting over years for admission to 50% all India quota Post graduate courses in the country. In all, 90,377 candidates took the exam.

In addition to NEET-PG, The INI CET (Institute of National Importance Combined Entrance Test) is another significant examination conducted in India for admission to postgraduate medical courses. It is a combined entrance test for MD, MS, MCh (3–6 years), DM (3–6 years), and MDS courses in various Institutes of National Importance ([[Institutes of National Importance|INIs]]) like [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|AIIMS]], [[Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research|JIPMER]], [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research|PGIMER]], and [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences|NIMHANS]].

The INI CET was introduced to streamline the admission process to these prestigious institutions, replacing the separate entrance exams that were previously conducted by each institute. The INI CET is conducted twice a year, typically in January and July sessions.

This examination is computer-based and consists of multiple-choice questions that cover a wide range of topics related to the medical field. The INI CET is known for its rigorous standard and high competition, as it opens doors to some of the most sought-after postgraduate medical programs in India. Candidates who score well in the INI CET are eligible for admission to various specialties in the participating INIs, making it a crucial step for those pursuing advanced medical education.

=== Superspeciality Course Admission ===
Similarly for Superspeciality courses (residencies), the [[National Board of Examinations|NBE]] NEET (SS) is the most popular eligibility cum entrance examination for DM/MCh. This successfully replaced other exams conducted for superspeciality course admission. In addition to NEET-SS, another important examination for post-graduate medical courses in India is the INI-SS (Institute of National Importance Super Specialty) exam. The INI-SS is conducted for admission to various DM, MCh, and MD (Hospital Administration) courses in prestigious institutes like AIIMS, JIPMER, PGIMER, and NIMHANS, which are designated as Institutes of National Importance (INIs).

The INI-SS exam is held twice a year and is designed to select candidates for super-specialty programs. It is a computer-based test, much like the NEET-PG, and includes questions that assess candidates' knowledge and aptitude for advanced medical and surgical training. This exam is considered the most competitive and challenging in the medical field due to the high standards and limited seats available in the INIs.

=== Admission for Foreign nationals ===
Apart [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|AIIMS]] [[non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin]] (NRI) quotas in different government as well as private colleges, [[Government of India]] has also allocated a number of seats for students from developing countries where facilities for medical education are either inadequate. The exact number and country-based allocation of these reserved seats may vary annually.

Students seeking admission to the reserved seats are required to apply through the Indian missions abroad or through the diplomatic missions of the respective countries in India. The Indian Embassy or [[High Commission]] in a country will be able to provide more information on request. The requirement for an entrance is usually waived for such sponsored candidates.<ref>{{cite web|title=AIIMS: Admission Guidelines|url=http://www.aiims.edu/aiims/academic/mbbs/mbbs2k.htm|access-date=11 July 2013|publisher=AIIMS}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=BHU: ADMISSION PROCEDURES|url=http://www.bhu.ac.in/admission/admissio.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105085047/http://www.bhu.ac.in/admission/admissio.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2006|access-date=11 July 2013|publisher=Banaras Hindu University}}</ref>

Its important to note that foreign nationals wishing to take seats through NRI quota should still qualify through NEET (at least for all government colleges) and seats will be allotted on merit in that quota from all the NRI candidates eligible.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhalla|first=Sanjeev|date=10 July 2013|title=NRI students into Medical Colleges|newspaper=Hindustan Times|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Jalandhar/NRI-students-alleges-foul-in-forcing-condition-of-NEET-for-admission-into-Medical-Colleges/SP-Article1-1090374.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711071346/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Jalandhar/NRI-students-alleges-foul-in-forcing-condition-of-NEET-for-admission-into-Medical-Colleges/SP-Article1-1090374.aspx|archive-date=11 July 2013}}</ref> The fee structure for NRI candidates is also different.

== Undergraduate Education ==

=== MBBS ===
A medical college offers graduate degree [[Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery]] (MBBS). Only institutions offering MBBS course in its curriculum are referred to as a Medical Colleges.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MBBS providers are medical colleges|url=https://www.mciindia.org/documents/rulesAndRegulations/Estt-of-New-Med-Coll-Regulations-1999.pdf}}</ref> The college may teach Post Graduate as well as Paramedical courses. The admission to government MBBS programs is highly competitive.

The MBBS course starts with the basic pre and para-clinical subjects such as [[biochemistry]], [[physiology]], [[anatomy]], [[microbiology]], [[pathology]] and [[pharmacology]]. The students simultaneously obtain hands-on training in the wards and out-patient departments, where they interact with real patients for five years. The curriculum aims to inculcate standard protocols of history taking, examination, differential diagnosis and Complete patient Management. The student is taught to determine what investigations will be useful for a patient and what are the best treatment options. The curriculum also contains a thorough practical knowledge and practice of performing standard clinical procedures. The course also contains a 12-month-long internship, in which an intern is rotated across various specialties. Besides standard clinical care, one also gets a thorough experience of ward management, staff management and thorough counselling skills.

The degree awarded is "Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery". The minimum requirements for the MBBS course are 50% marks in [[physics]], chemistry, biology and English in the '10+2' examinations. For reserved category students the requirement is 40%. MBBS admissions are not centralised. The admission requirements differ across universities. Generally, students who attain higher marks in the qualifying examinations and in the Medical Entrance examinations conducted by various agencies are accepted onto the MBBS course.

==== I (First) MBBS ====
The pre-clinical course consists of [[Anatomy]], [[Physiology]] and [[Biochemistry]], and these are the basic subjects of medical students and it lasts for a year. Prior to 1997 the I MBBS consisted of 1½ years, but this was trimmed to make more time available for clinical exposure. Passing the I MBBS final examination is mandatory to proceed with the course. A candidate failing the first MBBS examination is detained until all the 1st MBBS subjects are cleared. However the MCI has changed this in regulations on graduate medical education 2012. In many universities if one does not clear a subject that student will get into an intermediate batch. It is a severe drawback. Morning session usually consist of an Anatomy lecture followed by dissection, except for one day when a class in biostatistics may be taken. Afternoon sessions consist of a theory class followed by laboratory work in Physiology or Biochemistry or it may be histology branch of anatomy.

==== II (Second) MBBS ====
[[Pathology]], [[Pharmacology]], [[Microbiology]], and [[Forensic Medicine]] for one and half years. After clearing all the four subjects a student advances to III MBBS. The lecture classes and lab work of these subjects are usually held in the afternoons to enable students to attend the clinical wards and out patient departments in the mornings. These are followed by Short postings (15days duration) in Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Forensic medicine, Skin & Leprosy,& Respiratory medicine & TB. This may be followed directly by major postings or a clinical posting in [[Community Medicine]] may intervene.

==== III (Final) MBBS – Part I ====
Part I consists of one year, where Social and Preventive Medicine ([[Community Medicine]]), [[Otolaryngology|Ear Nose and Throat]] and [[Ophthalmology]] form the core subjects.

==== III (Final) MBBS – Part II ====
One year of focused training in the four basic clinical subjects, namely: Medicine, Surgery (incl. Orthopaedics), Paediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology. On passing the final MBBS examination, a candidate is awarded provisional registration by the MCI or the State medical council and can start the [[internship]]. Permanent registration (license to practice) and the final Medical degree (i.e., MBBS) is given ''only'' after successful and satisfactory completion of the [[Compulsory Rotating Medical Internship]].

==== Internship ====
After successful completion of the MBBS course, one has to compulsorily work in the hospital attached to the [[medical college]] or in any other approved hospital allowed in some medical colleges, for a period of one year. This posting is called the [[Compulsory Rotating Medical Internship]] or the House Surgeon in Kerala/Tamil Nadu. The student gets the degree only after satisfactory completion of their internship. Interns are posted in all clinical departments of the hospital on a rotation basis, receiving basic clinical and practical knowledge about all the disciplines of medicine to make the medical graduate fit to work in the community as a General Physician. The schedules of an intern is usually extremely exhaustive. For example, one may have to work for the whole night and then have to start the next day duty only after about one or two hours. This may last till the afternoon. 24-hour sleepless duty at a stretch is not uncommon and sometimes the scheduled breaks are also not allowed by the superiors. The intern is also paid a monthly stipend for work at the hospital, which differs in different medical colleges on the basis of the management. The person is licensed to practice medicine only after completion of this internship. And only after finishing internship, one can receive his MBBS degree and can pursue postgraduate studies.

Post-internship, some graduates may choose to work in different medical specialities and are often referred to as House Officers or House Physicians or House Surgeons. This is different from postgraduate training and does not lead to award of a degree. A doctor undergoing higher speciality training is referred to as a "post-graduate trainee" or simply a PGT. House Physicians, PGTs and interns are also called junior doctors across Indian hospitals. PGTs and House Officers are sometimes referred to as Junior Residents. After completion of postgraduate work, doctors may enter subspeciality training and are then known as "post-doctoral trainees" or simply PDTs. They are also called as senior residents at some institutes.

==== Residency ====
The Internship is different from ''House Officership'' (which may follow Internship), as understood in UK and other countries. The latter is not a compulsory tenure. The House Physician or House Surgeon, unlike an Intern, works in a particular department of his or her choice and is paid a monthly 'salary' for his work in the hospital (especially, in the UK). The American counterpart is simply called a "Resident" (i.e., a Resident Physician or a Resident Surgeon). The entire period of residency in India can be very demanding, both physically and psychologically. The Maharashtra Association of Resident Doctors (MARD) had filed a complaint with the Maharashtra Human Rights Commission (MHRC) regarding resident doctors being made to work for more than 30 hours at a stretch.<ref>Asian Age. http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/resident-doctors-being-mentally-harassed-194</ref> There have been instances of doctor suicides due to stress and burnout.<ref>Times Of India http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Overworked-KEM-doctor-attempts-suicide-by-slitting-wrists/articleshow/48395905.cms</ref> Institutions have been criticised for lack of hygienic food supply to resident doctors and their shabby living conditions.<ref>{{cite web|title="Overworked" PGI resident docs seek better living conditions - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-overworked--pgi-resident-docs-seek-better-living-conditions/612750/|access-date=19 March 2018|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>

===Alternative Medicine===
Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha Homeopathy are collectively called as [[AYUSH]] – Alternative medicine.

* [[Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery|B.A.M.S.]], Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery followed by M.D.
* [[B.H.M.S.]], Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine & Surgery followed by M.D.
* B.N.Y.S., [[Bachelor of Naturopathy and Yoga|Bachelor of Naturopathy & Yogic Sciences]] followed by M.D.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://punenin.org/attach/BNYS.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=7 May 2021 |archive-date=22 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822022042/http://punenin.org/attach/BNYS.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* B.S.M.S., Bachelor of Siddha Medicine and Surgery followed by M.D.
* B.U.M.S., Bachelor of Unani Medine and Surgery followed by M.D.

===Other Undergraduate courses===
* [[BSc]] in [[Nursing]]
* [[BSc]] in Medical Lab Technology
* [[BSc]] in [[Speech Therapy]]
* [[BSc]] in [[Neurology]]
* B.P.T ([[Physiotherapy]])
* [B.O.T] ([[Occupational therapy|Occupational Therapy]])
* B.D.S, ([[Dental surgery|Dental Surgery]])

===Pharmacy===
# [[B.Pharm]]a

== Postgraduate Education ==
=== Speciality degrees and residency===
After completing M.B.B.S. ([[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]]) and obtaining a valid medical license which is the primary medical qualification in India, physicians can pursue postgraduate medical education to pursue specialisation in various specialities. The system is based on degree-cum-residency model.

Postgraduate medical training operates on a residency model, where trainees are officially referred as residents or ''junior residents''. The residents live and work full-time in an academic college or hospital and are paid stipends.

Candidates pursuing postgraduate medical education in India are selected through two major entrance examinations: [[NEET (PG)]], conducted by the [[National Board of Examinations]] (NBE) for admission to general medical colleges across the country, and INI-CET, conducted by [[AIIMS New Delhi]] for admission to [[Institutes of National Importance]] (INIs). Afterwards the candidates are matched into various residencies primarily on the basis of merit and choice. Candidates opting for medical specialities are enrolled in [[Doctor of Medicine]] (M.D.) course and candidates opting for surgical specialities are enrolled in [[Master of Surgery]] (M.S.) course, both being 3-year courses.

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="float:center"
|+
! colspan="3" |List of medical specialities
|-
!Subject
!Degree
!Category
|-
|[[Anesthesiology]]
| Rowspan=35|[[Doctor of Medicine]] (M.D.)
| Rowspan=20|''Core Clinical''
|-
|[[Internal Medicine|General medicine]]
|-
|[[Cardiology]]
|-
|[[Neurology]]
|-
|[[Oncology]]
|-
|[[Pediatrics]]
|-
|[[Endocrinology]]
|-
|[[Psychiatry]]
|-
|[[Urology]]
|-
|[[Immunology]]
|-
|[[Gastroenterology]]
|-
| [[Dermatology]], [[Venereology]] and [[Leprosy]]
|-
| [[Pulmonology]]
|-
| [[Family medicine]]
|-
| [[Emergency medicine]]
|-
|[[Nuclear medicine]]
|-
|[[Sports medicine]]
|-
| [[Radiology|Diagnostic Radiology]]
|-
| [[Radiotherapy|Radiation oncology]]
|-
|[[Physical medicine and rehabilitation]]
|-
|[[Community medicine]]
|Rowspan=8|''Laboratory & Allied''
|-
|[[Laboratory medicine]]
|-
|[[Pathology]]
|-
|[[Haematology]]
|-
|[[Forensic medicine]]
|-
|[[Microbiology]]
|-
|[[Biochemistry]]
|-
|[[Pharmacology]]
|-
|[[Geriatric medicine]]
| Rowspan=7|''Basic Medical Sciences''
|-
|[[Anatomy]]
|-
|[[Physiology]]
|-
|[[Palliative medicine]]
|-
|[[Aerospace medicine]]
|}
 
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="float:center"
|+
! colspan="2" |List of surgical specialities
|-
! Speciality
!Degree
|-
| [[Cardiothoracic surgery]]
| Rowspan=15|[[Master of Surgery]] (M.S.)
|-
|[[General surgery]]
|-
| [[Neurosurgery]]
|-
| [[Gynaecology]]
|-
| [[Otolaryngology]] (ENT)
|-
|[[Orthopaedic surgery]]
|-
| [[Pediatric surgery]]
|-
| [[Plastic surgery]]
|-
| [[Vascular surgery]]
|-
| [[Ophthalmology]]
|-
|[[Surgical oncology]]
|-
|[[Trauma surgery]]
|-
|[[Endocrine surgery]]
|-
| [[Urology]]
|-
|[[Podiatry]]
|-
|[[Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery]]
| [[Master of Dental Surgery]] (M.D.S.)
|-
|}

===Super speciality residency===
Super speciality training and education is the highest tier of formal clinical education in India. Candidates seeking super-speciality training may do so either directly after completing M.B.B.S via 6-year integrated course or after obtaining a postgraduate qualification, such as Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) or Master of Surgery (M.S.) through a 3-year course.

Candidates pursuing super-speciality training are allotted either the Doctorate of Medicine (DM) course for medical disciplines or the Master of Chirurgiae (MCh) course for surgical disciplines. Admission and residency placement are determined through two main examinations — NEET-SS, conducted for general medical colleges across India, and INI-SS, conducted for the Institutes of National Importance (INIs). Additionally, candidates who have completed only MBBS may gain entry into direct 6-year DM/MCh programs offered by some INIs through the INI-CET examination.

Candidates undergoing super-speciality training follow a structured residency system and are designated as ''Senior resident(s)'', receiving a monthly stipend from their respective teaching hospitals.

==== List of surgical sub specialities====
*'''Neurosurgery'''
**[[Neuro-oncology|Neuro oncology]]
** Vascular neurosurgery
** Spinal surgery
** Skull base surgery
** Pediatric neurosurgery
** Endoscopic & minimally invasive surgery
** [[Epilepsy]] surgery
** Functional and movement disorder surgery
** Neuro trauma and neurocritical care
** [[Stereotactic surgery|Stereotactic radiosurgery]]
* '''Cardiothoracic surgery'''
** Pediatric cardiac surgery
** Thoracic surgery
** Robotic & minimally invasive surgery
** Adult cardiac surgery
** [[Heart transplantation|Heart transplant]] and mechanical circulatory support
* '''Orthopaedic surgery'''
** [[Arthroplasty]]
** [[Injury|Orthopaedic trauma]]
** Hand & upper extremity surgery
** Paediatric orthopedics
** Reconstructive orthopedics

== Doctoral and Post Doctorate ==

[[Post-doctoral fellowship]] courses in Neuro-radiology, Neuro or Cardiac anesthesiology, etc. are offered by select institutions.

=== Doctoral/Fellowship ===

* [[Doctor of Philosophy]] (PhD)
* [[Doctor of Pharmacy|Pharm D]], Doctor of Pharmacy

=== Post Doctorate ===

* [[Postdoctoral researcher]]
* [[Post-doctoral degree]]

== Research ==

{{Empty section|date=June 2021}}

== Brain Drain ==
{{Main|Human capital flight}}
India has been one of the most important source country of medical doctors for the advanced countries since the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Basant|last=Potnuru|year=2017|title=Aggregate availability of doctors in India: 2014–2030|url=http://www.ijph.in/article.asp?issn=0019-557X;year=2017;volume=61;issue=3;spage=182;epage=187;aulast=Potnuru#ref8|journal=Indian Journal of Public Health|volume=61|issue=3|pages=182–187|doi=10.4103/ijph.IJPH_143_16|pmid=28928301|doi-access=free|s2cid=6267127}}</ref>
High academic pressure and limited institutional mental health support have been cited as contributing factors to dissatisfaction among Indian medical students, potentially influencing decisions to seek training or work abroad.<ref name="clavikl2025">[https://clavikl.com/t/inside-indian-medical-colleges-what-students-are-actually-saying/6639 Inside Indian Medical Colleges: What Students Are Actually Saying – Clavikl]</ref>
An estimated total of 20,315 emigrated Indian physicians and 22,786 Indian nurses were working in the OECD countries in the year 2000.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Ayona|last=Bhattacharjee|date=2013|title=Migration of Indian health professionals to selected European nations: The Case of Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden|work=CARIM-India Research Report 2013/07|url=http://www.india-eu-migration.eu/media/CARIM-India-2013-07.pdf}} Page 10.</ref> With 59,523 physicians of Indian origin working in the English speaking Western world (the US, UK, Australia and Canada combined) in 2004, India had become by far the single largest source of emigrated physicians in the world.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mullan|first1=Fitzhugh|year=2005|title=The Metrics of the Physician Brain Drain|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=353|issue=17|pages=1810–1818|doi=10.1056/NEJMsa050004|pmid=16251537|s2cid=20495489|doi-access=free}}</ref> Indian Physician Dr Edmond Fernandes called for engaging doctors beyond medicine and building them holistically to strengthen Indian medical education.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pai |first1=R. |last2=Fernandes |first2=Edmond |date=2017-01-01 |title=Engage medical postgraduates beyond medicine |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA486227210&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=09719903&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon~16bd4cca&aty=open-web-entry |journal=Journal of Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences |language=English |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.4103/jmgims.jmgims_5_17 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Education in India]]
* [[List of Indian inventions and discoveries]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.natboard.edu.in/ National Board of Examinations]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Medical College In India}}
[[Category:Medical colleges in India| ]]
[[Category:Medical education in India| ]]

Santi Sudha Ghosh

2026-03-24T11:20:28Z

GeorgeNobbs1: adding article...

{{Short description|Indian revolutionary (1893–1966)}}
{{about|the Indian freedom fighter (1893 – 1966)|the Indian politician and teacher (1907 – 1992)|Shantisudha Ghosh}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Santi Sudha Ghosh
| image = Santi_Sudha_Ghosh.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1893
| birth_place = [[Barisal]], [[Bengal]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 1966
| death_place = [[Kolkata, West Bengal]], India
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
| occupation = Educationist
| known_for = [[Indian freedom movement]]
}}

'''Santi Sudha Ghosh''' (1893–1966) was an [[Indian freedom fighter]] from esrtswhile [[Bengal Presidency]].

== Early life and education ==
Ghosh was born into a [[Bengali Hindu]] [[Kayastha]] family in [[Barisal]], which was part of a place called undivided Bengal. She is the sister of [[Debaprasad Ghosh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mahotsav |first=Amrit |title=Santi Sudha Ghosh |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?4320 |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=[[75th Anniversary of Indian Independence|Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav]], [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], [[Government of India]] |language=English}}</ref>

== Career ==
She was an educationist and taught at various colleges across Bengal; [[Victoria Institution (College)|Victoria Institution]], Calcutta, Mohammad Mohasin College, Hooghly, and [[Brojomohun College]], Barisal. However, she remained active as a revolutionary collaborator.<ref name=":0" />

In 1934, arrested in Calcutta, interned in Barishal, released in 1937 due to health concerns. Imprisoned again in 1942–43, she later focused on famine relief work and started working as a headmaster at Jagadish Saraswat Girls' High School until 1947.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JAGADISH SARASWAT SECONDARY GIRLS' SCHOOL |url=https://www.barisalboard.gov.bd/100751 |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=www.barisalboard.gov.bd}}</ref>

== Publications ==

* ''Gololkdhandha (1938)''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=Sutanuka |date=2012 |title=Imagining Love in Early Twentieth Century Bengal: Santisudha Ghosh's Golokdhãdha and Sabitri Roy's Meghna Podma |url=https://www.bangabidya.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/21-Bangabidya.pdf |journal=International Journal of Bengal Studies |volume=2-3 |pages=244–258 |issn=2277-7717}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Santi Sudha}}
[[Category:Indian socialists]]
[[Category:Indian independence armed struggle activists]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:People from Banaripara Upazila]]
[[Category:Brojomohun College alumni]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Barisal]]
[[Category:Writers from Barisal]]

{{India-activist-stub}}

Malinithan

2026-03-15T06:21:54Z

GeorgeNobbs1:

{{Short description|Archaeological site in Arunachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Malinithan
| religious_affiliation = Ethnic religion
| image = Malinithan2.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Ruins of Malinithan
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|27|39|24|N|94|42|21|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Lower Siang district]]
| location = Likabali
| elevation_m =
| deity = Kechai-Khati/Pishasi (tribal goddess)<ref>{{harvcol|Shin|2023|p=71}}</ref> (equivalent to Nang Hoo Toungh)<ref>{{harvcol|Laine|2019|pp=17–18}}</ref>
| year_completed = 13th-14th century
| architecture =
| creator = [[Chutia kingdom|Chutia kings]]
| website =
}}

[[File:Malini Than temple complex.jpg|thumb|Malinithan temple complex]]
{{Assam History}}
'''Malinithan''' is an archaeological site containing the ruins of an early medieval period temple on the northern bank of the [[Brahmaputra River]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. It is assumed to be built by the [[Chutia kingdom|Chutia kings]] in the 13th-14th century.<ref>[https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/67102/11/11_chapter%203.pdf Sarma, P.C.''A study of the temple architecture of Assam from the Gupta period to the end of the Ahom rule: Chutiya architecture'', p. 205]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiawijzer.nl/tourism_travelling_to_india/northeasternindia/assam/assam_mixedbag/heritage_of_architecture_of_assam.pdf |title=Choudhury, R.D, ''Heritage of Architecture of Assam'', p.5 |access-date=28 February 2020 |archive-date=28 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228224530/http://www.indiawijzer.nl/tourism_travelling_to_india/northeasternindia/assam/assam_mixedbag/heritage_of_architecture_of_assam.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://asi.nic.in/Ancient_India/recent_issues/new_series_1/article_14.pdf Sengupta, Gautam, ''Archeology in Northeast India'', p.359]</ref><ref name="jstor.org">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44144827?read-now=1&seq=6#page_scan_tab_contents Thakur, A.K, ''Pre-historic Archeological Remains of Arunachal Pradesh and People's perception: An Overview'', p.6]</ref>

[[Kecaikhati|Kechai-Khaiti]], a tribal goddess found among the [[Bodo-Kachari people|Kachari groups]]<ref>[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/66509/5/05_chapter%201.pdf Kechai Khati worshipped by Bodo-kacharis]</ref><ref>[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/67118/10/10_chapter%206.pdf Rabhas worship Kechai-khati and celebrate the Kechai-khati festival once every year]</ref><ref>[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/116438/10/10_chapter%203.pdf Kechai-khati festival of Rabhas]</ref><ref>The [[Tiwa (Lalung)|Tiwas]], as well as the [[Koch dynasty|Koch]], also worshipped Kechai Kati. The Koch general Gohain Kamal built temples dedicated to Kesai Khati in Khaspur for the Dehans who were Tiwa and [[Mech people|Mech]] soldiers from Gobha, Nellie and Kabi.</ref><ref>"There is at Sadiya a shrine of ''Kechai Khaiti'' the tutelar deity of the Kacharis, which the [[Dimasa kingdom|Dimasa]] rulers continued to worship even after the establishment of their rule in Cachar." {{Harvcol|Bhattacharjee|1992|p=393}}</ref><ref>"The most famous temple of the Chutiyas was that of Kechaikhati, their primodial female deity.{{harvcol|Dutta|1985|pp=49}}</ref> or the Buddhist goddess [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]]<ref>"In her fearsome self this deity bears so many resemblances to the fierce manifestation of Buddhist Tara that many scholars have suggested a Buddhist origin for her"{{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=236}}</ref> is considered to be the chief deity worshipped in the ruined temple. The worship of the goddess Kechaikheiti even after coming under Hindu influence was performed according to her old tribal customs.<ref>"(S)he [Kesai Khati] was incorporated into the Sanskritized cosmos of goddess tradition and as her tribal attributes were so strong to be denounced as non-Brahminical, her worship continued according to old customs."{{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=236}}</ref> The goddess was taken care of by tribal priest known as the [[Deori people|Deori]]s and was worshipped by the Borgoya khel of the Deoris.<ref>{{harvcol|Shin|2023|pp=70–71}}</ref> There were four different kinds of Deori priest who looked after the deity Kechaikhati. The Bar Bharali and the Saru Bharali collected dues of the temple and provides animals for sacrifice. The Bar Deori (Deori Dema) and the Saru Deori (Deori Surba) performs the sacrifice and sung hymns.<ref>{{harvcol|Shin|2023|p=70}}</ref>

Some scholars identify ''Kesaikhaiti'' to the [[Khamti people|Tai Khamti]] female deity of ''Nang Hoo Toungh''.<ref>"Towards the north of the Lohit River is the Nang Hoo Toungh territory. The third phi muang is, as the prefix "nang" (lady) indicates, a female divinity. The territory it is said to protect is more easily identifiable than that of the two-previous phi muangs. Nang Hoo Toungh is known in Assamese as Kesakhati ("person who eats raw meat")."{{harvcol|Laine|2019|pp=17–18}}</ref>

==Location==
The Malinithan archaeological site is located at the base of the Siang mountains in the [[Likabali]] town and a sub-division of the [[Lower Siang district]] of Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name=Arun>{{Cite web|url=http://arunachalpradesh.gov.in/malinithan.htm|title=Malini Than|access-date=3 May 2015|publisher=Government of Arunachal Pradesh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512062032/http://arunachalpradesh.gov.in/malinithan.htm|archive-date=12 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Likabali|url=http://villagemap.in/arunachal-pradesh/west-siang/likabali+circle/249900.html|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> It is situated on a hill that rises to a height of {{Convert|21| m}}, which affords a commanding view of the plains around it and of the [[Brahmaputra River]].{{Sfn|Sali|1998|p=148}}

==Legend==
A legend was implanted around the site by [[Srimanta Sankardev]] in the 16th century, connecting the place to the mythological king of [[Bhishmaka]] (Lord of [[Vidarbha]]) of the epics.<ref>"Among many works of Śaṅkaradeva, the Rukmiṇiharaṇa, the poem of Rukmimi and Krishna, gained considerable popularity in the Sadiya area and influenced its regional identity construction. Rukmiṇī, in this poem, was a daughter of king Bhīṣmaka"{{harvcol|Shin|2020|p=55}}</ref> The association of the legend with the place led to a widespread renaming of the region.<ref>"Considering the wide popularity of the Rukmiṇīharaṇa among the people, especially as the staged performance, it is not surprising that many toponyms of the area were derived from this Vaiṣṇava legend and the legendary places associated with Bhīṣmaka were reproduced in the local landscape. For instance, Vidarbha, the name of the country, once ruled by Bhīṣmaka according to the Epics and Purāṇas and perhaps identical with [[Berar Province|Behar]] in [[Maharashtra]], was applied to the area around Sadiya."{{harvcol|Shin|2020|p=56}}</ref>

As per the mythology constructed, when [[Krishna]] wanted to marry [[Rukmini]], the daughter of King Bhishmaka of Vidarbha, he abducted her prior to her wedding with [[Shishupala]]. Krishna and Rukmini then travelled from Bhishmakanagar to [[Dwarka]], stopping at Malinithan on the way over, where they were guests of [[Shiva]] and [[Durga]], who were doing penance. [[Parvati]], Shiva's consort, warmly welcoming her guests, presented them with garlands made of flowers plucked from her orchard.<ref>{{harvcol|Shin|2020|p=56}}</ref>

==History==
From all archaeological evidences at the site, archaeologists have opined that the temple belonged to the 13th century. Stonemason marks found in Malinithan<ref name="jstor.org"/><ref>Dikshit, K.N, "Bulletin of the Archaeological Society(1997-98)", p.75</ref> were also found in other sites of [[Sadiya]] like [[Tamreswari Temple|Tamreswari temple]], Bura-buri, Padum pukhuri as well as other places like Nakshaparbat and Buroi. The boundary stone-cum-brick wall which contains the mason marks was built by the [[Chutia kingdom|Chutia king]] Muktadharmanarayan in 1442 AD. <ref>"
As mentioned earlier, Mukta-dharmanarayana, who constructed the wall of Tamresvari (alias Kecaikhati, Dikkaravasini) Temple or the temple itself in AD 1442"{{harvcol|Shin|2023|p=69}}</ref><ref>"The Pãyã-Tãmresvari (Dikkaravãsiní) temple inscription announces that King Dharmanãrãyana raised in 1364 Šaka [1442 AD] a wall (prãkãra) around the temple of Dikkaravãsiní, popularly known as Tãmresvari."{{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=817}}</ref>

==Features==
The archaeological excavations revealed a very well designed and carved plinth of a temple, {{Convert|8| ft}} high, with sculptures of deities and animals, designs of flowers, damaged columns and panels. Four sculptures of lions on two elephants were found at the four corners of the ruins of the temple.

Among the sculptures found at Malinthan, five notable ones carved out of granite stone are of [[Indra]] riding his mount [[Airavata]], [[Kartikeya]] riding a peacock, [[Surya]] (Sun) riding a chariot, and [[Ganesha]] mounted over a mouse and a large [[Nandi bull]].{{Sfn|Sali|1998|p=148}} On the basis of the erotic [[Maithuna]] sculptures found here in different postures, it is believed that [[Tantra|tantricism]] prevailed here as a fertility rite of the primitive tribal people who held the "mother principal as the procreative power of nature".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Religious history of Arunachal Pradesh |date=2008 |publisher=Gyan Pub. House |others=Byomakesh Tripathy, Sristidhar Dutta, Rajiv Gandhi University. Department of History, Indian Council of Social Science Research |isbn=978-81-212-1002-7 |location=New Delhi |pages=351 |oclc=263065510}}</ref>

The temple is carved entirely out of stone, a type of temple known as ''Asmamayai''. Iron dowels discovered in the ruins of the stone temple resembles the ones found in the Tamreswari temple of Sadiya, showing that it was probably built by the same people.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=58i0me3mj2YC&dq=tamreswari+temple+granite&pg=PA348 Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh by Byomakesh Tripathy, p.354]</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="traditional">
File:Malini than Mother godess scuplture.jpg|Malinithan Mother goddess sculpture
File:Gaja-singha of Malini Than.jpg|Gaja-singha of Malinithan
File:Malini than Shiva sculpture.jpg|Malinithan Buddhist [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]] sculpture
File:Malini than Kartika scuplture.jpg|Malinithan Kartika sculpture
File:Malini than Apsara scuplture.jpg|Malinithan Apsara sculpture
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{citation |last1=Shin|first1=Jae-Eun|year=2023|title=Kecaikhaiti, Eater of Raw Flesh: A Profile of the Multifaceted Goddess in the North-East|publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors}}
* {{citation|last=Laine|first=Nicolas|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02344765/document|title= Phi Muangs. Forces of the Place among the Khamti in Arunachal Pradesh|date=2019}}
* {{cite book|last= Sali |first=M. L. |title=India-China Border Dispute: A Case Study of the Eastern Sector|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6y2E9gw5oIC&pg=PA148|date=1 January 1998|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7024-964-1}}
* {{Citation |last=Bhattacharjee |first=J. B. |contribution=The Kachari (Dimasa) state formation |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H. K. |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam |volume=2 |pages=391–397 |publisher=Assam Publication Board |place=Guwahati |year=1992}}
* {{Citation |last=Dutta |first=Sristidhar |title=The Mataks and their Kingdom |publisher=Chugh Publications |place=Allahabad |year=1985}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Shin|first1=Jae-Eun|year=2020|title=Descending from demons, ascending to kshatriyas: Genealogical claims and political process in pre-modern Northeast India, The Chutiyas and the Dimasas|journal=The Indian Economic and Social History Review|volume=57|issue=1|pages=49–75|doi=10.1177/0019464619894134|s2cid=213213265}}
* {{Cite journal| last = Gogoi| first=Kakoli| title = Envisioning Goddess Tara: A Study of the Tara Traditions in Assam | journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress| volume=72 | year=2011| pages= 232–239| jstor=44146715|issn= 2249-1937}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Neog|first=Maheswar|title=Light on a Ruling Dynasty of Arunachal Pradesh in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries|date=1977|journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|volume=58/59|pages=813–820|jstor=41691751|issn=0378-1143}}
[[Category:Shiva temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Lower Siang district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:13th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:14th-century Hindu temples]]

United Provinces (1937–1950)

2026-03-14T12:02:48Z

GeorgeNobbs1: Expanded content with additional details

{{short description|Province of British India and later, the Dominion of India}}
{{redirect|United Province|other uses|United Provinces (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Former Subdivision
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = United Provinces
| common_name = United Provinces
| subdivision = [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|Province]]
| nation = [[British Raj|British India]] (1937–1947) [[Dominion of India]] (1947–1950)
| image_map = Map of the United Provinces from The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1907-1909).jpg
| image_map_caption = Map of the United Provinces
| capital = [[Lucknow]]
| p1 = United Provinces of Agra and Oudh
| p2 = Rampur State
| p3 = Benares State
| p4 = Garhwal Kingdom
| s1 = Uttar Pradesh
| flag_s1 = Seal of Uttar Pradesh.svg
| border_s1 = no
| image_flag =
| flag_type = [[Star of India (flag)|Flag]]
| image_coat = Badge of British United Provinces.svg
| s2 =
| image_s2 =
| year_start = 1937
| year_end = 1950
| today = [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[Uttarakhand]]
}}

The '''United Provinces''' ('''UP''') was a [[province]] of [[British Raj|British India]] and, subsequently, [[independent India]].

==History==
It came into existence on 1 April 1937 as a result of the shortening of the name of the "[[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]]". It corresponded approximately to the combined regions of the present-day Indian states of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_BrProvinces.htm|title=Provinces of British India|website=www.worldstatesmen.org}}</ref>

===Provincial autonomy===
The [[Government of India Act 1935]] enlarged the elected provincial legislature and expanded provincial autonomy vis-a-vis the central government.

In the elections held in 1937, the [[Indian National Congress]] won the majority seats, but declined to form a government. Therefore, on 1 April 1937, the [[Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari|Nawab of Chhatari]], the leader of the National Agriculturist Parties, was invited to form a minority provisional government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1937/apr/19/provincial-governments-ministers|date=19 April 1937|title=PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS (MINISTERS). (Hansard, 19 April 1937)|website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Minister
! Portfolio
|-
|[[Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari|Nawab of Chhatari]]
|Home Affairs
|-
|Sir Muhammad Yusuf
|Local Self-Government and Health
|-
|[[Jwala Prasad Srivastava]]
|Finance
|-
|Raja Syed Ahmad Alvi of Salempur
|Education
|-
|Raja Maheshwar Dayal Seth
|Home and Agricultural
|-
|[[Maharajkumar of Vizianagram]]
|Justice
|-
|Raja Durga Narayan Singh of Tirwa
|Industries and Communications
|}

The Congress reversed its decision and resolved to accept office in July 1937. Therefore, the Governor [[Sir Harry Graham Haig]] invited [[Govind Ballabh Pant]] to form the government.<ref>{{cite book |title=AFTERMATH OF THE ELECTIONS |publisher=Shodganga |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17221/9/09_chapter%202.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Information Series, Volumes 4-5|date=1939|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CeQVAQAAMAAJ}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Minister
! Portfolio
|-
|[[Govind Ballabh Pant]]
|Premier, Home and Finance
|-
|[[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai]]
|Revenue and Jails
|-
|[[Kailash Nath Katju]]
|Justice, Development, Agriculture and Veterinary
|-
|[[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]]
|Local Self-government and Health
|-
|[[Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim|Muhammad Ibrahim]]
|Communication and Irrigation
|-
|P. L. Sharma
|
|}

In 1939, all of the Congress ministries in British Indian provinces resigned and the United Provinces were placed under the Governor's rule. In 1945, the British Labour government ordered new elections to the Provincial legislatures. The Congress won a majority in the 1946 elections in the United Provinces and Pant was again the Premier, continuing even after India's [[Partition of India|independence]] in 1947.

===Post-independence===
Following independence in 1947, the [[princely states]] of [[Rampur State|Rampur]], [[Benares State|Banares]] and [[Garhwal Kingdom|Tehri-Garwal]] were merged into the United Provinces. On 24 January 1950, this unit was renamed as [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/up-diwas-the-interesting-story-on-how-united-province-became-uttar-pradesh-118012400555_1.html|title=UP Diwas: The interesting story on how United Province became Uttar Pradesh|date=24 January 2018|website=Business Standard}}</ref> In 2000, the separate state of Uttaranchal, now known as [[Uttarakhand]], was carved out of Uttar Pradesh.

==See also==
*[[Presidencies and provinces of British India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/current-affairs/up-diwas-the-interesting-story-on-how-united-province-became-uttar-pradesh-118012400555_1.html The interesting story on how United Province became Uttar Pradesh] at ''Business Standard''

{{EB1911|wstitle=United Provinces of Agra and Oudh}}
{{Presidencies and provinces of British India}}
{{Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Uttarakhand}}

{{coord|26.847|N|80.947|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:United Provinces (1937-1950)}}
[[Category:1937 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:1950 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Provinces of British India]]
[[Category:British administration in Uttar Pradesh| ]]

Pai Tiatrist

2026-03-13T08:23:36Z

GeorgeNobbs1:

{{short description|Goan playwright and actor (1871–1947)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pai Tiatrist
| image = João Agostinho Fernandes (Pai Tiatrist).jpg
| caption = Portrait of Fernandes from the 20th century
| birth_name = João Agostinho Fernandes
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1871|12|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Margão]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1947|8|29|1871|12|14|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Gokuldas Tejpal Hospital|Goculdas Tejpal Hospital]], [[Bombay]], [[Dominion of India]]
| other_names = {{hlist|Comic Fernandes|J.A. Fernandes}}
| alma_mater = St. Xavier's School, [[Dhobitalao]]
| employer = Messrs Phillips and Company, Bombay
| occupation = {{hlist|Playwright|actor}}
| spouse = {{ubl|
*{{marriage|[[Regina Fernandes]]|1892|1908|end=died}}
*{{marriage|Luiza Colaço|1909}}}}
| children = 8
| years_active = 1892–1947
}}

'''João Agostinho Fernandes'''{{efn|According to the baptism register from 1871 at the Church of the Holy Spirit in Margao, Agustinho was recorded as his middle name. However, Fernandes personally spelled it with an 'o' instead of 'u', so the spelling has been changed to Agostinho. Portuguese names may vary in spelling due to the availability of [[diacritical marks]] like [[~]] and [[¸]] on typewriters and the knowledge of computer typists to use them, for example João or Conceição.<ref name=":0" />}} (14 December 1871 – 29 August 1947), popularly known as '''Pai Tiatrist''' ({{lit|Father ''[[Tiatrist]]''|lk=yes}}), was a [[Goan]] playwright, theatre actor, and former [[chemist]]. Referred to as the "Father of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[tiatr]]''",<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Aug 2009 |title=Pai Tiatrist remembered on 62nd death anniversary |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/The-Sunday-Roundtable/pai-tiatrist-remembered-on-62nd-death-anniversary-/32652 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref> he is known for his contribution to the first ''[[tiatr|teatro]]'', ''[[Italian Bhurgo]]'' ({{Translation|''Italian Boy''}}). The play was first performed on 17 April 1892 in [[Bombay]] at the New Alfred Theatre, along with playwright [[Lucasinho Ribeiro]], Caitaninho Fernandes, and Agostinho Mascarenhas.{{efn|Five individuals participated in the production of the first ''teatro''. At the time of the book ''When the Curtains Rise'' was published in 2010, the last person involved was unknown. However, [[Brazinho Soares Kalapurkar]]'s subsequent research uncovered the identity of the fifth artiste as Fransquino Fernandes,<ref>{{Cite web|date=Dec 11, 2015|url=https://www.thegoan.net/The-Great-Goan-Weekend//The-culinary-scientist/07577.html|title=Remembering Pai Tiatrist|website=The Goan EveryDay}}</ref> who performed in the initial ''teatro Italian Bhurgo''.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Michael |last=Gracias |date=Jan 1, 2016|url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/no-one-can-dethrone-lucasinho-ribeiro/8657.html|title=No one can dethrone Lucasinho Ribeiro|website=The Goan EveryDay}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fernandes |first=João Agostinho |date=25 November 1943 |title=''Theatrancho Bhangaracho Jubileo'' |work=Ave Maria via [[Goa Konkani Akademi]]}}</ref>

Fernandes continued the ''tiatr'' tradition when his mentor Ribeiro quit being part of [[tiatr|Konkani theatre]] during the early 20th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=1–24 |language=en}}</ref> Over a span of more than fifty years, he created 30 plays, with the majority being original works crafted by him, totaling 26, while the remaining four were [[Theatrical adaptation|adaptations from external sources]].

==Early life==
João Agostinho Fernandes was born on 14 December 1871, in [[Margão]], [[Portuguese Goa]]. His [[baptism]] took place a week later. His mother, Maria Francisca, was a native of [[Portuguese Macau]], while his father, Conceiçao Fernandes, worked as a [[mariner]]. Initially, there was some confusion regarding his date of birth, as it was erroneously linked to his baptism on 21 December 1871. Fernandes received his [[primary education]] in the Portuguese language and initially pursued studies at the [[Rachol Seminary]]. However, he later opted to discontinue his education there and relocated to [[Bombay]]. In Bombay, he completed his [[matriculation]] at St. Xavier's School in [[Dhobitalao]] and subsequently secured employment as a [[chemist]] at Messrs Phillips and Company,{{efn|On 13 June 1916, Fernandes released ''Batcara Part II'' while employed at Messrs Phillips and Company. He proposed to supply the music for the play at a low cost and used the company's contact information for the arrangement.<ref name=":0" />}} where he gained experience over the course of several years.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=André Rafael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |title=When the Curtains Rise--: Understanding Goa's Vibrant Konkani Theatre |date=2010 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |isbn=978-93-80739-01-4 |pages=63–69 |language=en |access-date=2024-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126045216/https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |archive-date=2023-11-26 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:House of 'PAI TIATR' at Modsai in Margao.JPG|thumb|Fernandes's residence located at Modsai, Margao, Goa in 2019.]]
Using his acquired knowledge, Fernandes began working with a [[Parsi]] individual, starting a business of importing [[pharmaceutical drugs]] from France. The establishment, named Shorabji Hormusji and Company, operated a [[drug store]] situated at [[Crawford Market]], situated opposite the [[Jama Mosque, Mumbai|Jama Masjid]]. Fernandes's proficiency in the French language likely proved advantageous in facilitating business correspondence related to this enterprise. Unfortunately, he encountered treachery from his partner and consequently severed ties. Fernandes then sought new opportunities by joining Sequeira and Sons, another company operating in a similar field. However, the business faced a setback when the [[British India|British Government of colonial India]] imposed a ban on the importation of drugs from France. As a result, Fernandes and his associate found themselves compelled to cease operations and close down their business.<ref name=":0" />

==Theatrical career==
Fernandes achieved several milestones in his career. In 1908, he made history by becoming the first individual to record songs in the [[Konkani language]] when he collaborated with [[Gramophone Company India|His Master's Voice]]. During this endeavor, his daughter Sophia accompanied him in the recording sessions. Recognizing the importance of preserving his theatrical works, Fernandes took proactive measures to publish his plays. In 1909, his play ''Batcara I'' (The Landlord I) was printed, and he further made available a printed album containing sixteen songs along with their [[musical notations]]. Continuing his creative journey, Fernandes published ''Batcara II'' on 13 June 1916. Subsequently, in January 1937, a compilation of three of his plays, namely ''Battkara'', ''Ven(eravel) Padr José Vaz'', and ''Dotichem Kestaum'', was released in a single volume.<ref name=":0" />

Fernandes's dedication to his craft extended beyond these initial achievements. He meticulously planned the printing of several other theatrical works, categorized into distinct volumes. Among them, Volume Two encompassed ''Battcara Part II'', ''Bebddo'' (The Drunkard), ''Belle of Cavel'', and ''Pandurang Kusmonncar''. Volume Three included ''Geraldina'', ''Rukmibai'', ''Ranneanchem Traisaum'', and ''Paichi Dusri Bail''. Volume Four featured ''Vauraddi'' (The Labourer), ''Kunbi Jaki'', and ''Cazar Matarponnar''. In Volume Five, readers could explore ''Mozo Khapri Chakor'', ''Professor Leitaum'', and ''Bomboicho Telegrafist''. Fernandes also ventured into translating notable works, such as ''Dongui Voiz'' by Molière and ''Teg Zann Tubbokar'' by Alexander Dumas. Notably, Fernandes personally undertook the printing of ''Kunbi Jaki'', one of his most acclaimed plays, which showcased the lifestyle and capabilities of [[indigenous communities]].<ref name=":0" />

On 11 September 1941, Fernandes, perhaps motivated by the loss or theft of three of his plays, took measures to secure [[copyright protection]] for one of his works. In response, John Sargent, [[Esquire]], [[M.A.]], [[C.I.E.]], a [[Joint secretary to the Government of India]], Department of Education, Health and Lands in [[New Delhi]], informed Fernandes on 25 September of the absence of a formal [[copyright registration]] system in [[British India]]. However, Sargent clarified that copyright protection was granted automatically under the provisions of the [[Copyright law of India#Applicable Copyright Act before 1958|Indian Copyright Act of 1914]]. Fernandes's play, ''Kunbi Jaki'', has since been included in the publication ''Tiatrancho Jhelo'' by the [[Goa Konkani Akademi]].<ref name=":0" />

==Impact as a hyperpolyglot==
Fernandes's literary works in the [[Konkani language]] were significantly influenced by early studies in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. This influence had an impact on the syntax of Konkani used by him, resulting in a distinct lyrical and poetic quality in Fernandes's writing. The incorporation of a substantial number of Portuguese words into Konkani further contributed to the plays' historical charm. Fernandes demonstrated a conscientious approach to language evolution, updating the vocabulary in his works to reflect contemporary usage through revisions made over time.<ref name=":0" />

Fernandes's proficiency in French enabled him to effectively employ the language in his early romantic comedies, exemplified in ''The Belle of Cavel''. In addition to Portuguese and French, he incorporated [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] and [[Latin]] into his dramas whenever the narrative demanded their usage, as seen in ''[[The Belle of Cavel]]'' and ''[[Kunbi Jakki]]'', respectively. Fernandes's mastery of English is evident in his plays, songs, and promotional material for the ''[[tiatrs]]''. Notably, in the composition of ''Rukmibhai'' (also known as ''Broken Promise'' or ''The Broken Heart'') in June 1926 in [[Margão]], all stage directions were provided in English, highlighting his proficiency in the language.<ref name=":0" />

==Philanthropy==
Fernandes was known for his generosity, often prioritizing the well-being of others over personal financial gain in his theatrical endeavors. His son, Anthony, attested to Fernandes's commitment to ensuring adequate remuneration for the artists involved, even if he himself did not receive a portion of the earnings. Many of Fernandes's plays were dedicated to serving [[social cause|social]] or [[charitable cause]]s.<ref name=":0" />

On 22 November 1904, Fernandes's play ''[[Batcara]]'' was staged to mark the inauguration of the Goan Union Dramatic Club. Subsequently, on 7 December 1915, a re-enactment of the same play was organized to raise funds for the Women's War Relief Fund of the Goan Ladies Circle. Similarly, the proceeds from the performance of ''Bebdo'' at the [[Capitol Cinema (Mumbai)|Gaiety Theatre]] on 8 October 1925, were allocated towards establishing a scholarship at [[St. Sebastian Goan High School]] in [[Dabul]].<ref name=":0" />

On 21 January 1927, Fernandes presented ''Geraldina'' at Harmonia Hall, [[Borda, Goa]], with the purpose of supporting the [[Leper colony|Lepers Home]] in Macazana, [[Salcete]]. Likewise, on 15 May 1932, ''The Belle of Cavel vo Sundor Cheddum Cavelchem'' was staged in [[Margão]] to benefit the ''Vauraddeanche Ekvottachea Fundac'' (Workers Unity Fund), also known as the ''Sociedade dos Operarios de Goa''.<ref name=":0" />

Fernandes presented a performance of the aforementioned play at Princess Theatre in [[Baiganwadi|Bhangwadi]], [[Bombay]], on 27 September 1938, with the proceeds contributing to the Instituto Luso-Indiano. On 9 April 1940, the play ''Vauraddi'' was staged at Princess Theatre, Bhangwadi, in aid of the Society of Nossa Senhora de Piedade in Dabul. Additionally, on 5 November 1940, ''Batcara'' was performed at Princess Theatre under the [[patronage]] of Sir [[Homi Mody]], [[Order of the British Empire|KBE]], and with the support of the Instituto Luso-Indiano, to benefit the Bombay War Gifts Fund.<ref name=":0" />

Following the devastating impact of a cyclone that caused widespread suffering in [[Goa]], particularly affecting areas such as Arossim, Cansaulim, Majorda, [[Colva]], Betalbatim, and [[Carmona, Goa|Carmona]], the Goa Flood Relief Fund Committee took action to provide aid and support to those who had been left homeless and impoverished. To achieve this objective, the committee organized a charitable event on 16 February 1941, at the [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St Xavier's College Hall]] in Bombay. The primary purpose of this event was to raise funds for the cyclone victims. To attract donations, the committee arranged a performance of the play ''Leopold and Carolin'' or ''Vauraddi'', written by Fernandes. [[Handbill]]s were distributed to promote the event, inviting both [[Goans]] and sympathizers to contribute to this philanthropic cause by purchasing tickets. Attendees would enjoy a three-hour entertainment experience at a reasonable price, and the proceeds from ticket sales would be directed towards the relief efforts. Another theatrical production, ''Bebdo'', was organized on 2 May 1943, in [[Mapuça]], Goa, with the aim of benefiting the [[Oxel]] church. A decade later, on 25 January 1957, [[A. R. Souza Ferrão]], a devoted follower of Fernandes, directed a revival of ''Bebdo'' to support the Goan Social Welfare League.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
Fernandes was married twice. [[Regina Fernandes]], his first wife, is regarded to be the first woman actress in the history of [[Tiatr|Konkani theater]], debuting in the play ''[[Batcara]]'' at [[Bombay]]'s [[Capitol Cinema (Mumbai)|Gaiety Theatre]] in 1904. They got married on 22 August 1892 at the St. Francis Xavier Church in [[Dabul]], Bombay. At the time of their marriage, Regina was 12 years old, while Fernandes was 20. Regina died due to an illness on 20 December 1908, after a twelve-day battle. Together, they had two sons named Michael and Manuel, and two daughters named Sophia and Annie.<ref name=":0" />

Following the loss of his first wife, Fernandes married Luiza Maria Colaço (b. 1892) of [[Salcete#Salcette territory|Seraulim]]. She was 16 years old when they got married on 3 March 1909, leaving an age disparity of eighteen years between them. Together, they bore four children: Anthony (Antonelio), Rosy, Tereza, and Eugene. Luiza Maria actively participated in Fernandes's plays. Moreover, their children and granddaughters continued the tradition of actively participating in theatre.<ref name=":0" />

==Death==
On Friday, 29 August 1947, a fortnight after [[Indian independence movement|India achieved its independence]], Fernandes died at [[Gokuldas Tejpal Hospital|Goculdas Tejpal Hospital]] in [[Bombay]].<ref name=":0" />

==Legacy==
In honour of Fernandes's contributions, the [[Goa Konkani Akademi]] annually organizes the Tiatr Manuscript Writing Competition. Furthermore, the [[Government of Goa]] has chosen to commemorate Fernandes by bestowing his name upon the auditorium located at Ravindra Bhavan in [[Margao]]. Hence, the venue is now recognized as the Pai Tiatrist João Agostinho Fernandes Auditorium.{{efn|The [[cultural center]] Ravindra Bhavan in Margao officially refers to the auditorium as the Pai Tiatrist Joao Agustinho Fernandes Auditorium,<ref>{{Cite web|website=Ravindra Bhavan Margao|url=https://ravindrabhavanmargao.com/pai-tiatrist-joao-agustinho-fernandes-auditorium/|title=Pai Tiatrist Joao Agustinho Fernandes Auditorium|access-date=2024-01-05|archive-date=2023-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608030808/https://ravindrabhavanmargao.com/pai-tiatrist-joao-agustinho-fernandes-auditorium/|url-status=live}}</ref> but other sources indicate that the correct name is the Pai Tiatrist Joao Agostinho Fernandes Auditorium.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 Oct 2023|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/TIATR-UPSTAGED-BY-IFFI/212809|title=TIATR UPSTAGED BY IFFI|website=oHeraldo|access-date=2024-01-05|archive-date=2023-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029074430/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/TIATR-UPSTAGED-BY-IFFI/212809|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref name=":0" />

The legacy of Fernandes's work, particularly his play ''Pandurong Kusmonnkar'', can be observed in the present-day portrayal of [[Hindu]] characters and their accents in ''[[tiatr]]'' performances. This artistic style was subsequently inherited by individuals such as Souza Ferrão. Fernandes holds the distinction of being the first to introduce [[Kunbi]] dances and songs to the stage, incorporating original rhythms. Among his compositions, the song "Sintidan paim ghal re, Jaki...." from ''Kunbi Jaki'' achieved significant popularity among the general public due to its vibrant and engaging rhythm.<ref name=":0" />

==Plays==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Location
!Notes
|-
|1892
|''[[Italian Bhurgo]]''
|New Alfred Theatre, [[Bombay]]
|Professional debut
|-
|1893
|''[[The Belle of Cavel]]''
|[[Bombay]]
|Debut as writer
|-
|rowspan="2"|1897
|''Revolt De Sattari'' or ''Ranneanchem Traisaum''
|Bombay
|
|-
|''Cazar Matarponnar''
|Bombay
|[[One-act play|One-act]] [[farce]]; rev. 1942, 1943
|-
|1898, 1901
|''[[Bebdo (play)|Bebdo]]''
|Bombay
|Rev. 1942, [[Margao]]
|-
|1904
|''[[Batcara]]''
|
|The print version was published by L. M. Furtado and Sons in Bombay in 1909. Later revised in 1932, and reprinted as part of ''João Agostinho Fernandes-ache Drama, Comed ani Farsam: Battkara, Veneravel Padr José Vaz and Dotichem Kestaum'', Volume I in 1937 by Ave Maria P.
|-
|1905
|''[[Batcara II]]''
|
|The print version was published by Victoria P. Works in Bombay in 1916
|-
|1908
|''Dhotichem Kestaum''
|[[Capitol Cinema (Mumbai)|Gaiety Theatre]], [[Bori Bunder]]
|The print version is available in Volume I
|-
|1910
|''Pandurang Kusmonncar''
|
|Rewritten in Bombay in 1941
|-
|1913
|''Nid Naslolo Bomboicho Telegraphis''
|Bombay
|Farce
|-
|1914
|''Professor Leitao''
|Bombay
|One-act farce
|-
|1925
|''Geraldina''
|Bombay
|
|-
|1926
|''Rukmibai''
|Margão
|
|-
|1927
|''Noureamcho Bazar''
|Margão
|One-act farce
|-
|1931
|''Dhongui Voiz''
|Margão
|Translation of [[Molière (play)|Molière]]
|-
|
|''American Minstrels/Khapreachem Band''
|
|Created before 1909 as ''Hispano-American War Minstrels''; rev. 1931, Margão
|-
|1932
|''Josefina'' or ''Paichi Dusri Bail''
|Margão
|
|-
|1933
|''[[Vauraddi]]''
|Margão
|
|-
|1934
|''[[Kunbi Jakki]]''
|Margão
|
|-
|1936
|''Veneravel Padre José Vaz''
|Margão
|The print version is available in Volume I
|-
|
|''Mozo Khapri Chakor''
|Margão
|One-act farce, rewritten in Bombay in 1939
|-
|1940
|''Deu Naslolo Communist''
|Bombay
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1941
|''Goan Ponch'', Part I
|Bombay
|One-act farce
|-
|''[[Kunbi Jakki Part II]]''
|Bombay
|Rev. 1945, Margao
|-
|1942
|''Hirmigild'' or '''Modian Ratcho Deuchar''
|Margão
|[[Three-act structure|Three-act play]]
|-
|1944
|''Tandulanchem Kestaum''
|Margão
|Rev. 1945
|-
|1945
|''Goan Ponch'' Part II
|Margão
|Two-acts farcial [[Sketch story|sketch]]
|-
|
|''Sociedade de Rom Tom''
|
|There are no copies of this work available, as it is believed to have been stolen. It is noted on the [[title page]] of ''Batcara'', suggesting that it must have been written before 1909, when ''Batcara'' was published.
|-
|
|''Teg Bondukka''
|
|Translation of [[The Three Musketeers]], no full copy available
|-
|
|''Mothes Tiu''
|
|Translated work, no copy available
|-
|
|''Henry VIII''
|
|Translated work, no copy available
|}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Vaz |first=J. Clement |author-link=J. Clement Vaz|year=1997 |title=Profiles of Eminent Goan: Past and Present |location=[[New Delhi]], India |publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788170226192|pages=76–77}}
*{{cite book |last=Gomes |first=John |year=2010 |title=Pai Tiatrist: Joao Agostinho Fernandes |location=[[Panaji, Goa]], India |publisher=[[Goa Konkani Akademi]]|oclc=871186744}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pai Tiatrist}}
[[Category:1871 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Actors from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Writers from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Goa]]

Thirumalai

2026-03-12T06:16:06Z

GeorgeNobbs1: fixed lead and improved wording

{{short description|2003 film by Ramana}}
{{other uses|Tirumalai (disambiguation){{!}}Tirumalai}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thirumalai
| image = Thirumalai poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Ramana
| starring = [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] [[Jyothika]]
| director = [[Ramana (director)|Ramana]]
| producer = [[K. Balachander]] Pushpa Kandaswamy
| cinematography = [[R. Rathnavelu]]
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| studio = [[Kavithalayaa Productions]]
| distributor = Kavithalayaa Productions
| released = {{Film date|2003|10|24|df=y}}
| runtime = 167 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Thirumalai''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic action film]] written and directed by [[Ramana (director)|Ramana]] and produced by [[Kavithalayaa Productions]]. The film stars [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and [[Jyothika]], alongside [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Avinash Yelandur]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Raghuvaran]], [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]] and [[Karunas]]. The music was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], while cinematography and editing were handled by [[R. Rathnavelu]] and [[Suresh Urs]].

The film was released on 24 October 2003, coinciding with [[Diwali]]. ''Thirumalai'' became a box-office success and completed more than 100 days in theatres.<ref>{{cite web |last=Vinothkumar |first=S |date=2023-10-25 |title=20 years of thirumalai:விஜய்க்கு திருப்பம் தந்த திருமலை..மகிழ்ச்சியில் தளபதி செய்த காரியம்..நெகிழ்ச்சியான இயக்குனர்..! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/20-yeras-of-vijay-thirumalai-movie/articleshow/104689635.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915151606/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/20-yeras-of-vijay-thirumalai-movie/articleshow/104689635.cms |archive-date=2024-09-15 |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=ta}}</ref> It became a turning point in Vijay's career, marking his transformation into an action hero from a romantic once.<ref>{{Cite news |title=5 films that rose Thalapathy Vijay to stardom |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/article/5-films-that-rose-thalapathy-vijay-to-stardom/745407|access-date=2021-04-16 |work=Zoom TV Entertainment}}</ref> The film was remade in Telugu as ''[[Gowri (2004 film)|Gowri]]'' (2004).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie review - Gowri |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-gowri.html |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Thirumalai, a rough-looking kind-hearted mechanic, lives a peaceful life in [[Chennai]] with his friends and also has close relations with his neighbors – Selvam and Nagalakshmi, a couple. Thirumalai considers Nagalakshmi as his sister. Thirumalai develops feelings for Shwetha after meeting her on [[New Year's Day]]. At first, Shwetha doesn't want to associate with Thirumalai and swears to her father Ashok, the owner of six [[TV channels]], that she doesn't even know about him. Thirumalai tries out many ways to win Shwetha's heart.

One day, one of Thirumalai's friends elopes with his lover from her wedding. Thirumalai went with them to the wedding venue and becomes successful in winning the heart of the girl's father and her fiancé, letting the girl marry Thirumalai's friend. Shwetha reciprocates his feelings after understanding his good nature. However, Ashok gets enraged with their relationship due to status issues and assigns Arasu, a gangster, to finish Thirumalai.

Arasu kidnaps Thirumalai's friends & neighbors and threatens him. Later, Arasu releases them, where he understands Thirumalai's kind-heartedness and decides to reform himself, which is not accepted by his assistant Dass. Dass turns Arasu's men against him to finish Arasu and Thirumalai. Thirumalai eventually fixes the issue and reunites with Shwetha, making Ashok realizing his mistakes.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] as Thirumalai
* [[Jyothika]] as Swetha
* [[Manoj K. Jayan]] as Arasu
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Ashok, Swetha's father
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Palanisamy
* [[Raghuvaran]] as Selvam (Artistu), Thirumalai's neighbour
* [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]] as Nagalakshmi, Selvam's wife
* [[Karunas]] as Gopi
* [[Five Star Krishna]] as Krishna
* [[T. P. Gajendran]] as Gopal, Gopi's father
* [[Shanthi Williams]] as Thirumalai's friend's mother
* [[Ajay Rathnam]] as Traffic Police Officer
* [[Lavanya (actress)|Lavanya]] as Uma
* [[Bonda Mani]] as Fake Astrologer
* Anju Mahendran as Thirumalai's friend
* [[Pasi Sathya]] as Paravatham, Palani's grandmother
* [[Cell Murugan]] as a Telugu devotee from [[Tirumala]]
* Annadurai Kannadasan as S. Raja (Company Owner)
* [[Kalairani]] as Gopi's mother
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Dass, Arasu's assistant
* [[Vijay Krishnaraj]] as Rathnavel, Uma's father
* Sakthi Kumar
* [[Kovai Senthil]] as Selvam's neighbour
* [[Udayaraj|Master Udayaraj]] as Suma, Thirumalai's friend
* [[R. Sundaramoorthy]] as Arasu's victim
* [[Nellai Siva]] as Thirumalai's friend
* [[Kovai Babu]] in a special appearance
* [[Raghava Lawrence]] in a special appearance in the song "Thaamthakka Dheemthakka"
* [[Kiran Rathod]] as Jakkamma in a special appearance in the song "Vaadiyamma Jakkamma"
* Ashok Raja in a special appearance in the song "Vaadiyamma Jakkamma"
}}

== Production ==
The filming began, when [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] was simultaneously shooting for his previous films like ''[[Vaseegara]]'' and ''[[Pudhiya Geethai]]''. Directing the film was debutant [[Ramana (director)|Ramana]] who had apprenticed with director [[R. K. Selvamani]]. The shooting finally ended in April 2003. On 20th of April 2003, Vijay stated that he had started dubbing for his portions of the film. Vijay also sported a new look, which he maintained and varied for his subsequent films until ''[[Sivakasi (film)|Sivakasi]]''. It was actually director Ramana, who suggested Vijay that he maintain a new look in the film, with his mustache trimmed and growing a beard. Vijay was initially hesitant to do so, but upon seeing the screen test, he was impressed with his new getup. [[Namrata Shirodkar]] was chosen initially to play the female lead, but the director was not satisfied with her onscreen presence and she was replaced by [[Jyothika]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thirumalai Unseen Stills ~ Namrata shirodkar As heroine. | Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.283179755099575.67083.110150319069187&type=3 |via=Facebook |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624201934/https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.283179755099575.67083.110150319069187&type=3 |url-status=live }}{{Primary source inline|date=February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jyothika Replaces Ms Shirodkar - Sify.com |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=13049683 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031129193451/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=13049683 |archive-date=29 November 2003 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> This was her second film with Vijay after ''[[Kushi (2000 film)|Kushi]]'' (2000).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/030505/85/240ma.html|date=5 May 2002|access-date=29 July 2025|title=Vijay - Jyothika in Thirumalai! Namratha discarded.|website=Yahoo Movies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030804134507/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/030505/85/240ma.html|archive-date=4 August 2003}}</ref>

Since the film's protagonist portrays a mechanic residing in Pudhupettai area, a set resembling Pudhupettai with a mechanic shop in it was erected at Mohan Studios at a cost of about {{INR}}50 lakh within 40 days.<ref>{{cite web|work=Cinesouth|access-date=6 September 2023|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/specials/interviews/vijay-t.shtml|title=Vijay works like a man possessed!|date=27 June 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040410165338/http://www.cinesouth.com/specials/interviews/vijay-t.shtml|archive-date=10 April 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]|language=ta|access-date=29 January 2024|url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-11-16/page/n17/mode/2up|title=புதுப்பேட்டை பிரம்மா|date=16 November 2003|page=17}}</ref> Designed by art director Kathir, the film shooting took place there for 30 days and shooting occurred in [[Chennai]], [[Nellore]] and [[Vishakhapatnam]], while the songs were filmed overseas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2003 |title=Thirumalai |url=http://chennaionline.com/location/thirumalai.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031222002619/http://chennaionline.com/location/thirumalai.asp |archive-date=22 December 2003|website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== Music ==

{{Infobox album
| name = Thirumalai
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 22 June 2003
| recorded = 2002–2003
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = New Music Hit Musics Classic Audio [[Ayngaran International|Ayngaran Music]]
| producer = Vidyasagar
| prev_title = [[Dhool]]
| prev_year = 2002
| next_title = [[Iyarkai]]
| next_year = 2003
}}

The music was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thirumalai Songs Download, Thirumalai Tamil MP3 Songs, Raaga.com Tamil Songs |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/thirumalai-songs-T0000540 |website=raaga.com |access-date=29 September 2019 |archive-date=29 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929100109/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/thirumalai-songs-T0000540 |url-status=live }}</ref> The audio's album consisting of five songs, was released on 22nd June 2003, which marked Vijay's 29th birthday. It was the third collaboration of Vijay and Vidyasagar, preceded by [[Coimbatore Mappillai|''Coimbatore Maapillai'']] and ''[[Nilaave Vaa]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thirumalai (2002) – Vidyasagar |url=https://mio.to//album/Thirumalai+%282003%29 |via=mio.to |access-date=29 June 2020 |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629061101/https://mio.to//album/Thirumalai+(2003) |url-status=live }}</ref> The audio was also well received among the audience and marked a series of collaborations between Vijay and Vidyasagar with ''[[Ghilli]], [[Madhurey]], [[Aathi]], [[Kuruvi]]'' and ''[[Kaavalan]].''

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Picturization
|-
| "Thaamthakka Dheemthakka" || [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] || [[Na. Muthukumar]] || Vijay, [[Raghavendra Lawrence]]
|-
| "Vaadiyamma Jakkamma" || [[Udit Narayan]] || [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]] || Vijay, Kiran Rathod
|-
| "Neeyaa Pesiyadhu" || [[Shankar Mahadevan]] || [[Yugabharathi]] || Vijay, Jyothika
|-
| "Azhagooril Poothavale" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sujatha Mohan]] || [[Arivumathi]] || Vijay, Jyothika
|-
| "Dhimsu Katta" || Tippu, [[Srilekha Parthasarathy]] ||[[Pa. Vijay]]|| Vijay, Jyothika
|}

== Release ==
The film was released on 24 October 2003 worldwide, on the occasion of [[Diwali]], and was commercially successful. The film released alongside ''[[Pithamagan]]'' and ''[[Anjaneya (film)|Anjaneya]]''.

== Critical reception ==
''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 39 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=சார்லஸ் |first=தேவன் |date=22 June 2021 |title=பீஸ்ட் : 'நாளைய தீர்ப்பு' டு 'மாஸ்டர்'... விஜய்க்கு விகடனின் மார்க்கும், விமர்சனமும் என்ன? #Beast |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/how-vijay-movies-scored-in-vikatan-reviews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008100344/https://cinema.vikatan.com/amp/story/tamil-cinema/how-vijay-movies-scored-in-vikatan-reviews |archive-date=8 October 2021 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''Chennai Online'' wrote, "There's nothing fresh here that we haven't seen in an earlier Vijay film. The Vijay-Jyotika pair, after their successful combination in [[Kushi (2000 film)|''Kushi'']], was expected to re-create the same magic on screen. But it doesn't happen".<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2003 |title=Thirumalai |url=http://chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov307.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031130001344/http://chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov307.asp |archive-date=30 November 2003 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Kavithalaya Productions}}

[[Category:2003 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2003 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Egypt]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic action films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Navneet Kaur Rana

2026-03-09T08:26:11Z

GeorgeNobbs1:

{{short description|Indian actress and politician (born 1985)}}
{{for|the Indian field hockey player|Navneet Kaur (field hockey)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Navneet Kaur Rana
| image = Navneet Kaur at Amravati Mass Marriage announcement (5).jpg
| caption = Kaur in 2019
| alt =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 23 May 2019
| term_end = 4 June 2024
| constituency = [[Amravati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amravati]]
| predecessor = [[Anandrao Vithoba Adsul|Anandrao Adsul]]
| successor = [[Balwant Baswant Wankhade|Balwant Wankhade]]
| birth_name = Navneet Kaur
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|04|06|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India<ref name="cinegoer1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/navneet.htm |title=An Interview With Navneet Kaur |access-date=15 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528184508/http://www.cinegoer.com/navneet.htm |archive-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (since 2024)
| otherparty = [[Independent politician|Independent]] {{small|(2019-2024)}} [[Nationalist Congress Party]] {{small|(until 2019)}}
| module = {{Infobox person
|embed=yes
| known_for =
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|Actress}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ravi Rana]]|2011}}
| children = 2
}}
}}

'''Navneet Kaur Rana''' (born 6 April 1985), also known as '''Navneet Ravi Rana''', is an Indian politician and former actress, primarily known for her work in [[Telugu cinema]]. She was elected as a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] (MP) from [[Amravati Lok Sabha constituency|Amravati]] in the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 Lok Sabha elections]] as an independent candidate. In the [[2024 elections in India|2024 elections]], she contested from the same constituency on a [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] ticket but lost to [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] candidate [[Balwant Wankhade|Balwant Wankhede]] by a margin of 19,731 votes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=5191 |title=Biography of Smt. Navneet Ravi Rana |work=Parliament of India |access-date=9 June 2021 |archive-date=15 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315213148/http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=5191 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://myneta.info/loksabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=6376 |title=Criminal & asset declaration of Smt. Navneet Ravi Rana |work=MyNeta |access-date=9 June 2021 |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609053159/https://myneta.info/loksabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=6376 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Film career==
Kaur was born and brought up in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref name="cinegoer1"/> Her parents are of Punjabi origin of [[Ravidassia]] caste;<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Abraham |title=SC sets aside order cancelling Amravati MP Navneet Rana’s caste certificate |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sc-sets-aside-order-cancelling-amravati-mp-navneet-rana-s-caste-certificate-101712217255753.html |access-date=26 August 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |agency=Hindustan Times |date=4 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="thehindu">{{cite web |date=9 June 2021 |title=HC cancels caste certificate of Amravati MP Navneet Rana |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/hc-cancels-caste-certificate-of-amravati-mp-navneet-rana/article34766283.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=11 September 2022 |archive-date=11 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911091033/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/hc-cancels-caste-certificate-of-amravati-mp-navneet-rana/article34766283.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> her father was an army official.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/25468/ |title=ബാങ്കോക്കിലെ പഞ്ചാബിപ്പെണ്ണ്‌ |trans-title=Punjabi girl from Bangkok |access-date=19 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219063801/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/25468/ |archive-date=19 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Third-time-lucky/etarticleshow/4435960.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195036/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-23/news-interviews/28007215_1_navneet-kaur-film-army-official |url-status=live |archive-date=29 October 2013 |title=Third time lucky? |date=23 April 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref> She completed her studies up to 10th standard in Karthika High School, Kurla (Mumbai). After finishing 12th class, she discontinued her education and began working as a model, going on to appear in six music videos.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/navneetkaur.php |title=Chitchat with Navneet Kaur |access-date=15 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190112/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/navneetkaur.php |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kaur made her feature film debut in "[[Darshan (2004 film)|Darshan]]" a Kannada film.<ref name="cinegoer1"/> Then followed her debut in Telugu with ''[[Seenu Vasanthi Lakshmi]]'' (2004). ''Chetna'' (2005), ''Jagapathi'' (2005), ''Good Boy'' (2005), and ''[[Bhuma]]'' (2008) are some of her subsequent releases. Additional works include ''Kalachakram'', ''Terror'', ''Flash News'' and ''Jabilamma'', which was a Telugu remake of the Hindi film ''Chameli''. She was a contestant in the [[Gemini TV]] reality show ''Humma Humma''. She starred in the Malayalam film ''[[Love in Singapore (2009 film)|Love In Singapore]]'', directed by [[Rafi Mecartin]]. In 2010, she acted in the Punjabi film ''Lad Geya Pecha'' opposite [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]].

==Political career==
After the marriage with [[Ravi Rana]], she unsuccessfully contested the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 Lok Sabha Election]] as a [[Nationalist Congress Party]] candidate.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

She was elected as an MP from [[Amravati]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=30 May 2019 |title=Navneet Kaur only actress to be MP from Maharashtra |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/navneet-kaur-only-actress-to-be-mp-from-maharashtra-119053000151_1.html |access-date=1 June 2019 |archive-date=1 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601151436/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/navneet-kaur-only-actress-to-be-mp-from-maharashtra-119053000151_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Maharashtra]] constituency in Lok Sabha Elections 2019 as an Independent candidate, with support of [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Nationalist Congress Party]] defeating [[Anandrao Adsul]] of [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]. In this election as an independent candidate, she has spent Rs.65 Lakh while the previous two times MP, [[Anandrao Vithoba Adsul|Adsul]] has spent Rs.49 Lakh for a democratic process.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2019 |first=Shishir |last=Arya |title=Lok Sabha elections: Spent Rs65L on campaign, says Rana; 2-time MP Adsul Rs49L |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/maharashtra/news/spent-rs65l-on-campaign-says-rana-2-time-mp-adsul-rs49l/articleshow/68913326.cms |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523065327/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/maharashtra/news/spent-rs65l-on-campaign-says-rana-2-time-mp-adsul-rs49l/articleshow/68913326.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

On various level (i.e. local, regional and national; in public or, in various institutions like Lok Sabha) she is seen to have altercation with Shiv Sena and its party members time-to-time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2021 |title='तू महाराष्ट्र में कैसे घूमती है, मैं देखता हूं...', अमरावती से निर्दलीय MP नवनीत राणा का शिवसेना MP पर गंभीर आरोप |trans-title='How you roam in Maharashtra, I see...', independent MP from Amravati Navneet Rana's serious allegation on Shiv Sena MP |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/maharashtra/aurangabad-maharashtra-amravati-mp-navneet-ravi-rana-lok-sabha-speaker-shiv-sena-mp-arvind-sawant-parliament-bjp-mp-rama-devi-3530259.html |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi |archive-date=13 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513081003/https://hindi.news18.com/news/maharashtra/aurangabad-maharashtra-amravati-mp-navneet-ravi-rana-lok-sabha-speaker-shiv-sena-mp-arvind-sawant-parliament-bjp-mp-rama-devi-3530259.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2014 |title=Shiv Sena MP Anandrao Adsul booked for abusing actress Navneet Kaur-Rana |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/shiv-sena-mp-anandrao-adsul-booked-for-abusing-actress-navneet-kaur-rana-674542.html |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=14 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514013619/https://www.news18.com/news/india/shiv-sena-mp-anandrao-adsul-booked-for-abusing-actress-navneet-kaur-rana-674542.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=टीम |first=एबीपी माझा वेब |date=9 July 2019 |title=नवनीत कौर राणा यांच्या खासदारकीला आव्हान, उच्च न्यायालयात याचिका दाखल |trans-title=Navneet Kaur Rana's MP challenge, petition filed in High Court |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/maharashtra/anandrao-adsul-file-petition-against-navneet-kaur-rana-nagpur-in-high-court-680790 |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr |archive-date=14 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514143517/https://marathi.abplive.com/news/maharashtra/anandrao-adsul-file-petition-against-navneet-kaur-rana-nagpur-in-high-court-680790 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Joining BJP===

[[File:Campaign of Navneet Rana in General Elections 2024.jpg|thumb|Campaign of Navneet Rana in General Elections 2024.]]

She joined the [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] on 28 March 2024 and contested from [[Amravati Lok Sabha constituency]] as a BJP candidate in the 2024 general elections but lost the seat to [[Balwant Baswant Wankhade]] of [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Independent MP Navneet Rana Joins BJP |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/maharashtra-independent-mp-navneet-rana-joins-bjp-5323690 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S137.htm}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
On 8 June 2021, the [[High Court of Bombay]] fined her Rs. 2 lakh, for submitting a fake [[Mochi (Hindu)|Mochi caste]] certificate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HC cancels caste certificate of Amravati MP Navneet Rana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hc-cancels-caste-certificate-of-amravati-mp-navneet-rana/articleshow/83336055.cms |date=8 June 2021 |work=The Times of India |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608155433/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hc-cancels-caste-certificate-of-amravati-mp-navneet-rana/articleshow/83336055.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The court cancelled her caste certificate, however, it remained silent on the validity of her position as an elected representative from a Lok Sabha seat reserved for people belonging to Scheduled Caste category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra first-time MP fined Rs 2 lakh for "Fake" caste papers |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mp-navneet-kaur-ranas-caste-certificate-fake-told-to-pay-rs-2-lakh-2458963 |date=8 June 2021 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608084402/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mp-navneet-kaur-ranas-caste-certificate-fake-told-to-pay-rs-2-lakh-2458963 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/hc-cancels-caste-certificate-of-amravati-mp-navneet-rana/article34766283.ece/ |title=HC cancels caste-certificate of Amravati MP Navneet Rana |work=The Hindu |date=9 June 2021 |access-date=9 June 2021 |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609093755/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/hc-cancels-caste-certificate-of-amravati-mp-navneet-rana/article34766283.ece/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 4 April 2024, the Supreme Court of India reversed the Bombay High Court's judgement and mentioned that there was no reason for the High Court to interfere in Scrutiny Committee's decision to validate Kaur's Scheduled Caste certificate of [[Ramdasia|Sikh- Chamar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=SC sets aside order cancelling Amravati MP Navneet Rana's caste certificate |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sc-sets-aside-order-cancelling-amravati-mp-navneet-rana-s-caste-certificate-101712217255753.html |access-date=25 May 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-05 |title=Supreme Court restores Scheduled Caste status to BJP leader Navneet Kaur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/supreme-court-restores-scheduled-caste-status-to-bjp-leader-navneet-kaur/articleshow/109046058.cms |access-date=2024-05-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2024-04-04 |title=SC sets aside Bombay HC verdict cancelling Amravati MP Navneet Kaur Rana's caste certificate |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-sets-aside-hc-verdict-cancelling-caste-certificate-of-amravati-mp-navneet-kaur-rana/article68027374.ece |access-date=2024-05-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In April 2022, Kaur and her husband Ravi were arrested by Mumbai police following their insistence to recite Hanuman Chalisa in front of ''Matoshree'' the residence of then [[Maharashtra]] [[Chief Minister]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]], with charges of sedition, promoting enmity and assaulting a public servant to prevent discharge of duty.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |date=2022-04-24 |title=Hanuman Chalisa row: MP-MLA Couple Navneet Rana and Ravi Rana Granted Bail By Mumbai Court |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/hanuman-chalisa-row-mp-navneet-rana-her-mla-husband-ravi-rana-granted-bail-by-mumbai-court-reports-news-agency-pti-2944190 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> Later they were sent to 14 days of judicial custody, where Rana was sent to the Byculla women's jail on the orders of local magistrate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |date=24 April 2022 |title=Hanuman Chalisa Row: MP Navneet Rana & MLA Ravi Rana Sent To 14 Days Of Judicial Custody |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/hanuman-chalisa-row-amravati-mp-navneet-rana-her-mla-husband-ravi-rana-sent-to-14-days-judicial-custody-1528017 |access-date=25 April 2022 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425095848/https://news.abplive.com/news/india/hanuman-chalisa-row-amravati-mp-navneet-rana-her-mla-husband-ravi-rana-sent-to-14-days-judicial-custody-1528017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chalisa tussle: MP Navneet Rana, husband sent in 14-day judicial custody |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/chalisa-tussle-mp-navneet-rana-husband-sent-in-14-day-judicial-custody-122042400423_1.html |date=24 April 2022 |website=Business Standard |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505101037/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/chalisa-tussle-mp-navneet-rana-husband-sent-in-14-day-judicial-custody-122042400423_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
After a short hiatus from her film career, on 3 February 2011, she married Ravi Rana, an [[Independent politician|independent]] [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Badnera Assembly constituency|Badnera]] constituency in [[Amravati]] city. It has been reported that they got married along with a mass marriage ceremony.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Navneet-Kaur-marries-Ravi-Rana/etarticleshow/7417073.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104175943/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-03/news-interviews/28378581_1_mass-marriage-navneet-kaur-mla-ravi-rana |url-status=live |archive-date=4 November 2012 |title=Navneet Kaur marries Ravi Rana |date=3 February 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2004 || ''[[Seenu Vasanthi Lakshmi]]'' || Lakshmi || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
| ''[[Darshan (2004 film)|Darshan]]'' || Nandini || [[Kannada]]
|
|-
| ''Sathruvvu'' || || Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2005 || ''Chetna: The Excitement'' || Aastha || [[Hindi]]
|
|-
| ''[[Jagapati]]'' || Divya || rowspan="2" | Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Good Boy (2005 film)|Good Boy]]'' || Krishna Veni
|
|-
| ''Sitam'' || Sharmila
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2006 || ''[[Style (2006 film)|Style]]'' || || rowspan="3" | Telugu
|Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Roommates (2006 Telugu film)|Roommates]]'' || Pallavi
|
|-
| ''[[Ranam (2006 film)|Ranam]]''||
|Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007 || ''[[Maharadhi]]'' || Naveena || rowspan="3" | Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Yamadonga]]'' || [[Rambha (apsara)|Rambha]]
|
|-
| ''Bangaru Konda'' || Alekhya
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2008 || ''Bhuma'' || || rowspan="3" | Telugu
|
|-
| ''Jabilamma'' || Jabilamma
|
|-
| ''Terror'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Arasangam]]'' || Aarthi || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
| ''[[Love in Singapore (2009 film)|Love In Singapore]]'' || Diana Perreira || [[Malayalam]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009 || ''Flash News'' || Nakshatra || rowspan="2" | Telugu
|
|-
| ''Edukondalavada Venkataramana Andaru Bagundali'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2010 || ''Lad Gaya Pecha'' || Lovely || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|
|-
| ''Nirnayam'' || || rowspan="2" | Telugu
|
|-
| ''Kalachakram'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Ambasamudram Ambani]]'' || Nandhini || Tamil
|
|-
| ''Chhevan Dariya (The Sixth River)'' || Reet || Punjabi<ref>{{Cite book |date=2020 |editor-last=Pecha |editor-first=Lukáš |title=Orientalia antiqua nova XX |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.24132/zcu.2020.09679 |doi=10.24132/zcu.2020.09679|isbn=978-80-261-0967-9 }}</ref>
|
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Album
! Song
! Singer
! Co-star
|-
|2001
|''Dil Ka Haal Sune Dilwala''
|Dil Ka Haal Sune Dilwala
|[[Altaf Raja]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002
| rowspan="2" |''Dil Mera Dhadkan Teri''
| Akhiyon Mein Akhiyaan Daal Ke
| rowspan="2" |[[Anuradha Paudwal]] & [[Nitin Mukesh]]
|[[Arjan Bajwa]]
|-
| Inn Nasheeli Aankhon Se
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220514232656/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=5191&lastls=17 Profile on Lok Sabha website]
* {{IMDb name|id=2486724|name=Navaneet Kaur}}
* {{Twitter|navneetravirana}}
* {{Facebook|navneetkaurranaofficial}}
* {{Instagram|navneetravirana}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Anandrao Vithoba Adsul|Anandrao Adsul]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Amravati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amravati]] |years=2019}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{17th LS members from Maharashtra}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rana, Navaneet}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Women in Maharashtra politics]]
[[Category:United Progressive Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Aata Vel Zaali

2026-03-04T09:33:10Z

GeorgeNobbs1: new - done

{{Short description|2024 film directed by Ananth Mahadevan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aata Vel Zaali
| image = Aata Vel Zaali Movie.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|English|It's Time to Go!}}
| director = [[Ananth Mahadevan]]
| writer = [[Anant Mahadevan]] Mahendra Patil
| producer = Dinesh Bansal G K Agrawal [[Ananth Mahadevan]]
| starring = [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]] [[Rohini Hattangadi]]
| cinematography = Pradeep Khanvilkar
| editing = Kush Tripathy [[Ananth Mahadevan]]
| music = [[Sanjoy Chowdhury]]
| studio = Imagine Entertainment and Media Ananth Mahadevan Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2023|02||Pune|2024|02|23|df=y}}
| runtime = 92 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget = {{INR|1.40 crore}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=Small budget Big Bonanza: Marathi Cinema shines amidst fierce competition |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/small-budget-big-bonanza-marathi-cinema-shines-amidst-fierce-competition/articleshow/112941796.cms |access-date=2024-09-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| gross =
}}

'''''Aata Vel Zaali''''' ({{Translation|Now it's time}}) is a 2023 [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[psychological drama]] film written and directed by [[Anant Mahadevan|Ananth Mahadevan]] and produced by Dinesh Bansal, G. K. Agrawal, and [[Anant Mahadevan|Ananth Mahadevan]] under Imagine Entertainment and Media, and Ananth Mahadevan Films.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-01 |title=सर्व सांगून टाकायची 'आता वेळ झाली'; दिलीप प्रभावळकर आणि रोहिणी हट्टंगडी मुख्य भूमिकेत |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/aata-vel-zaali-upcoming-marathi-movie-first-look-out-dilip-prabhavalkar-rohini-hattangadi-read-role-film-direct-by-ananth-mahadevan-know-about-movie-details-release-date-entertainment-latest-update-marathi-news-1252227 |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-04 |title=अनंत महादेवन यांच्या चित्रपटाची घोषणा |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/first-poster-of-the-film-aata-vel-zaali-directed-by-ananth-mahadevan-seen-on-social-media-zws-70-4192410/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref> The film stars [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]] and [[Rohini Hattangadi]] in a story inspired by a true incident, which explores the controversial topic of [[active euthanasia|euthanasia]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-21 |title=Anant Mahadevan: We have lost Manmohan Desai, Prakash Mehra, Rishikesh Mukherjee... audience totally to formula films - Exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/anant-mahadevan-we-have-lost-manmohan-desai-prakash-mehra-rishikesh-mukherjee-audience-totally-to-formula-films-exclusive/articleshow/107874269.cms |access-date=2024-02-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-11 |title=इच्छामरणावर आधारित 'आता वेळ झाली'चा भावूक ट्रेलर पाहिलात का? |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/aata-vel-zaali-trailer-released-starring-rohini-hattangadi-dilip-prabhavalkar-1138375.html |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=रोहिणी हट्टंगडी आणि दिलीप प्रभावळकरांचा नवा चित्रपट लवकरच... |url=https://www.mahamtb.com/Encyc/2023/8/4/rohini-hattangadi-adn-dilip-prabhavalkar-new-movie.html |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=Maha MTB |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=विनाकारण जगत आहोत, म्हणून आम्हाला...'आता वेळ झाली' चा ट्रेलर प्रदर्शित |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/dilip-prabhavalkar-and-rohini-hattangadi-marathi-movie-based-on-euthanasia-aata-vel-zaali-trailer/articleshow/107582909.cms |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref>

''Aata Vel Zaali'' was screened at the [[Dallas International Film Festival]], the [[Pune International Film Festival]], the Rajasthan International Film Festival, the [[Jagran Film Festival]], the 15th Indian Film Festival of Ireland and the LIFE AFTER OIL International Film Festival.<ref name=":3" /> The film was theatrically released on 23 February 2024 with English subtitles.

== Plot ==
The true story of an existential crisis in the lives of an elderly couple who feel that they are leading unproductive and obsolete lives and hence seek active euthanasia as an unusual remedy. Shashidhar, a gentleman who has lived happily with his wife Ranjana Lele, wishes to make a dignified, painless exit before two likely calamities can befall them...either being reduced to a vegetative state or living a life deprived of the company of the spouse who passes first. Shashidhar and Ranjana attempt to convince a disbelieving world of their unorthodox outlook towards life and its reality until the universe itself conspires for an unexpected closure.

== Cast ==

* [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]] as Shashidhar Lele<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bodke |first=Chetan |date=2024-02-10 |title='कशाला करताय हे सर्व, मरण जेव्हा याययचंय तेव्हा...'; इच्छामरणावर आधारित 'आता वेळ झाली'चा हृदयस्पर्शी ट्रेलर रिलीज |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/actor-dilip-prabhavalkar-and-actress-rohini-hattagandi-starrer-aata-vel-zali-marathi-movie-trailer-released-in-social-media-cb99 |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=[[Saam TV]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Rohini Hattangadi]] as Ranjana Lele<ref>{{Cite web |title="आम्ही सन्मानपुर्वक का मरु शकत नाही?", 'आता वेळ झाली' चा भावूक करणारा ट्रेलर प्रदर्शित |url=https://www.mahamtb.com/Encyc/2024/2/10/aata-vel-zali-movie-trailer-released.html |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=Maha MTB |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=BHATTACHARYA |first=ROSHMILA |title='Films offer you life lessons' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/films-offer-you-life-lessons/20240221.htm |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>
* Bhagyashree Limaye as Young Ranjana Lele
* Shivraj Waichal as Young Shashidhar Lele
* Jaywant Wadkar as neighbour
* Bharat Dabholkar as newspaper editor
* Abhinav Patekar
* [[Guru Thakur]] as advocate
* [[Smita Tambe]]

== Production ==
[[National Film Awards]] winner [[Anant Mahadevan|Ananth Mahadevan]] wrote, directed, co-produced and co-edited the film with Mahendra Patil writing the dialogue.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-18 |title=इच्छामरणाचा अधिकार मागणाऱ्या जोडप्याची गोष्ट {{!}} director ananth mahadevan actor dilip prabhavalkar actress rohini hattangadi in loksatta office for movie aata vel zaali promotion zws 70 |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/director-ananth-mahadevan-actor-dilip-prabhavalkar-actress-rohini-hattangadi-in-loksatta-office-for-movie-aata-vel-zaali-promotion-zws-70-4215193/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-05 |title=Dilip Prabhavalkar and Rohini Hattangadi starrer 'Aata Vel Zaali' will uplift spiritual cinematic experience! |url=https://www.cinebuster.in/dilip-prabhavalkar-and-rohini-hattangadi-starrer-aata-vel-zaali-will-uplift-spiritual-cinematic-experience/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=CineBuster |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] started in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-14 |title='Aata Vel Zaali': Ananth Mahadevan shares new BTS picture of Dilip Prabhavalkar and Rohini Hattangadi from the sets of the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/aata-vel-zaali-ananth-mahadevan-shares-new-bts-picture-of-dilip-prabhavalkar-and-rohini-hattangadi-from-the-sets-of-the-film/articleshow/88893350.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-19 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In January 2022 Mahadevan confirmed that Shivraj Waichal and Bhagyashree Limaye will be playing young characters of Prabhavalkar and Hattangadi respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-18 |title=Shivraj Waichal and Bhagyashree Limaye roped in for Anant Mahadevan's 'Aata Vel Zaali' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/shivraj-waichal-and-bhagyashree-limaye-roped-in-for-anant-mahadevans-aata-vel-zaali/articleshow/88975427.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Release ==
===Theatrical===
The film was [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|shortlisted]] for the [[94th Academy Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-24 |title=India's Oscar entry Koozhangal is a poetic tribute to Ray, says Oscar jury |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/indias-oscar-entry-koozhangal-is-a-poetic-tribute-to-ray-says-oscar-jury/articleshow/87235182.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film was screened at the [[Dallas International Film Festival]], the [[Pune International Film Festival]], the Rajasthan International Film Festival, the [[Jagran Film Festival]], the 15th Indian Film Festival of Ireland, the LIFE AFTER OIL International Film Festival and the Indian Film Festival of Houston.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Aata Vel Zaali |url=https://www.piffindia.com/aata-vel-zaali.php |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=[[Pune International Film Festival]]}}</ref>

The film was expected to release in theaters in December 2023, but it was postponed to 23 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-10 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Ananth Narayan Mahadevan's The Storyteller expected to release in cinemas in September; BLASTS new-age filmmakers who are hailed for making sensible cinema: "Their films are inspired by Tarantino and Scorsese. The violence pours out like an avalanche so that it is graphic enough for the world to accept" 15 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-ananth-narayan-mahadevans-storyteller-release-cinemas-september-15-blasts-new-age-filmmakers-hailed-making-sensible-cinema-films-inspi/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> The official poster of the film was released on 1 February featuring Prabhavalkar and Hattangadi with an hour glass seen in the title and the passing of the time, along with the tagline, "If you want a happy ending, you must know where to end the story"<ref>{{Cite web |last=More |first=Priya |date=2024-02-01 |title=Aata Vel Zaali Movie: इच्छामरणावर आधारित 'आता वेळ झाली', दिलीप प्रभावळकर आणि रोहिणी हट्टंगडी मुख्य भूमिकेत |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/dilip-prabhavalkar-and-rohini-hattangadi-marathi-film-aata-vel-zaali-film-will-release-23-february-pvm91 |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=Saam TV |language=mr}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Subsequently, a 1 minute and 20 second trailer was released on 9 February 2024, captioned, "Why can't we die with dignity?", which attracted audiences.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-10 |title=Aata Vel Zaali Trailer: "कृष्णानं जेव्हा ठरवलं की त्याच्या मृत्यूची वेळ आलीये..."; 'आता वेळ झाली' चा भावूक करणारा ट्रेलर रिलीज |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/aata-vel-zaali-trailer-out-rohini-hattangadi-and-dilip-prabhavalkar-movie-pvk21 |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=[[Sakal]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aata Vel Zaali - Official Trailer {{!}} Marathi Movie News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/marathi/aata-vel-zaali-official-trailer/videoshow/107579842.cms |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Borade |first=Aarti Vilas |title=Don 3: सावधान! 'डॉन' पुन्हा येतोय; अमिताभ, SRKच्या जागी 'या' अभिनेत्याची वर्णी |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/makers-of-the-upcoming-action-thriller-film-don-3-starring-ranveer-singh-141708352615658.html |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=mr}}</ref> After the trailer launch, [[Hema Malini]] highlighted the importance of this film through a video and appealed viewers to watch the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=Hema Malini, Nana Patekar, Abbas Mustan send best wishes for "Aata Vel Zali"! |url=https://www.cinebuster.in/hema-malini-nana-patekar-abbas-mustan-send-best-wishes-for-aata-vel-zali/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=CineBuster |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Home media===
The film was available for streaming on [[Ultra Jhakaas]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-08 |title=दिलीप प्रभावळकर-रोहिणी हट्टंगडी यांचा 'आता वेळ झाली' चित्रपट ओटीटीवर प्रदर्शित, कुठे पाहायचा? घ्या जाणून... |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/ott/rohini-hattangadi-dilip-prabhavalkar-aata-vel-zhali-on-ott-watch-this-movie-on-ultra-jhakkas-ads-02-5697082/ |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Kalpeshraj Kubal of ''[[The Times of India]]'' praised the performances of the protagonists, the simple and realistic approach, and concluded "Aata Vel Zaali makes you think hard though, not just on the topic it addresses, but also on the life of elderly people in general. For that, the treatment of the film and for the performances, this one is worth a watch", rating the film 3 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aata Vel Zaali Movie Review : Watch it for the topic and performances |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/aata-vel-zaali/movie-review/107944536.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Award
!Year
!Category
!Recipient(s)
!Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|[[Pune International Film Festival]]
|2023
|Best Actor
|[[Dilip Prabhavalkar]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref name=":2" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |Rajasthan International Film Festival
| rowspan="2" |2023
|Best Regional Film
|''Aata Vel Zaali'' (''It's Time to Go!'')
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Director
|[[Anant Mahadevan|Ananth Mahadevan]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Sharjah International Film Festival
|2023
|Honorable Mention Fiction Feature
|''Aata Vel Zaali'' (''It's Time to Go!'')
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=sharjah-art-foundation-announces-winning-films-for-sharjah-film-platform-6 - Sharjah Art Foundation |url=https://sharjahart.org/press/sharjah-art-foundation-announces-winning-films-for-sharjah-film-platform-6 |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=sharjahart.org}}</ref>
|-
|Indian Film Festival of Houston
|2024
|Special Recognition
|''Aata Vel Zaali'' (''It's Time to Go!'')
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C3-q-rLqPnn/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
|[[59th Maharashtra State Film Awards|2024]]
|Best Debut Film Production
|''Aata Vel Zaali''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=ससाणे |first=सायली |date=2024-08-22 |title=५९ वा महाराष्ट्र राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्कार सोहळा संपन्न; वाचा विजेत्यांची संपूर्ण यादी! |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/movies/bollywood/list-of-59th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-winners-605956.html |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=Navarashtra |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|24076214|Aata Vel Zaali}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2020s psychological drama films]]
[[Category:Films about euthanasia]]
[[Category:2024 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2023 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological films]]

Vykuntapuram barrage

2026-03-04T06:29:05Z

GeorgeNobbs1: adding a post...

{{short description|Dam in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
'''Vykuntapuram Barrage''' is an Indian [[Barrage (dam)|barrage]] and water storage project. It is under construction on [[Krishna River]] 23 kilometers upstream of existing [[Prakasam Barrage]] with FRL 25M.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/111016/new-barrage-on-krishna-river-vastu-favours-vykuntapuram.html|title=New barrage on Krishna river: Vastu favours Vykuntapuram|last=ilyas|first=md|date=2016-10-11|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-02-18}}</ref> It is designed to store 10 TMC of flood water coming from the Vyra and [[Munneru River|Munneru rivers]]. The backwater of this dam will extend beyond [[Pokkunuru]] to the toe of [[Pulichinthala Project|Pulichintala dam]]. [[List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister]] [[N. Chandrababu Naidu|Nara chandrababu Naidu]] laid the foundation stone<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/naidu-lays-foundation-stone-for-barrage-across-krishna/article26265021.ece|title=Naidu lays foundation stone for barrage across Krishna|last=Srinivas|first=Rajulapudi|date=2019-02-14|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-02-18|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> for this project on 13 February 2019.

== Features ==
Vykuntapuram Barrage features include:<ref>{{Citation|last=Amaravati Capital Updates|title=Vykuntapuram Barrage in Krishna River Amaravati {{!}}{{!}} New Barrage in Amaravati|date=2019-02-17|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5YpO-rvYS8|access-date=2019-02-18}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Feature
! Value
|-
|Storage capacity (in TMC)
|10 TMC
|-
|River Basin
|Krishna River
|-
|Purpose
|Irrigation and water supply
|-
|Length of Barrage
|1187.5 m
|-
|Length of Earth Bund
|1807.5 m
|-
|Pond level (m)
| + 25 m (MSL)
|-
|Number under sluice /bays
|12 Nos
|-
|Width of Under sluices/bays
|15 × 8 m
|-
|Crest Level
| + 17 m (MSL)
|-
|Number of Barrage Bays
|56 Nos
|-
|Width of Barrage Bays
|15 × 7 m
|-
|Crest Level
| + 18 m (MSL)
|}

==Godavari Penna River link==

To stabilize the existing irrigated area under [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam|Nagarjuna sagar right canal]], a new lift project construction was started.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/godavari-penna-rivers-interlinking-naidu-to-lay-stone-for-the-mega-project-on-november-26/articleshow/66797138.cms|title=Godavari-Penna rivers interlinking: Naidu to lay stone for the mega project on November 26 | newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=18 November 2020|first=Syed|last=Akbar|date=25 November 2018}}</ref> The project was to provide five step pumping stages and a canal to transfer 7,000 [[Cusec|cusecs]] of Godavari water from Prakasam barrage back waters into the canal near [[Nekarikallu]]. The first phase was expected to utilize 73 [[tmcft]] of Godavari water.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/naidu-lays-stone-for-godavari-penna-linking-project/article25600805.ece|title=Naidu lays stone for Godavari-Penna linking project|last=Jonathan|first=P. Samuel|date=2018-11-26|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-02-25|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Vykuntapuram Barrage backwaters stretch beyond [[Pokkunuru]] to the toe of [[Pulichinthala Project]]. The project's first stage was to build a pump house to lift water from [[Prakasam Barrage]] backwater into Vykuntapuram Barrage pond. The second lift stage moves water from Vykuntapuram Barrage pond to the existing [[KLRao Sagar multipurpose irrigation project|K.L Rao sagar]] pulichintala Project. Later lift Stages carry water from [[Pulichinthala Project|K.L Rao Sagar]] to [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam|Nagarjuna sagar]]. A pressure main enables lifting water to [[Srisailam Dam|Srisailam Project]] via the existing [[Francis turbine|reversible turbine]] pump houses in [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam|Nagarjuna Sagar dam]] and its [[Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond|tail pond project]]. A gravity canal from Ibrahimpatnam to Vykuntapuram Barrage pond can deliver the [[Polavaram Project|Polavaram right main canal]]/ [[Budameru Rivulet|Budameru diversion canal]] waters directly into the Vykuntapuram barrage pond since Polavaram right main canal level is 33 m MSL at Ambapuram hill near [[Vijayawada]].
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Krishna River Projects Salient Features
! rowspan="2" |Project Name
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |FRL
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Creast Level
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |MDDL
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tail Race Level
! colspan="2" |Power Generation
!Reservoir
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |Storage capacity in TMC
|-
!Capacity
!Turbines
!Area
|-
!
!m
!Ft
!m
!Ft
!m
!Ft
!m
!Ft
!MW
!Type
!km2
!Gross
!Live
!Dead
|-
|[[Srisailam Dam|Srisailam Project]]
|269.75
|885
|252.98
|830
|214.88
|705
|163
|535
|1670<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://krmb.cgg.gov.in/html/project19.html|title=Srisailam Project|website=krmb.cgg.gov.in|access-date=2019-03-05|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043500/http://krmb.cgg.gov.in/html/project19.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|[[Francis turbine|Francis]]
|541.9
|215.8
|178.7
|3.42
|-
|[[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam|Nagarjuna Sagar]]
|179.83
|590
|166.42
|546
|155.45
|510
|73.15
|240
|816<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://krmb.cgg.gov.in/html/project39.html|title=Nagarjunasagar Dam|website=krmb.cgg.gov.in|access-date=2019-03-05|archive-date=17 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317201505/http://krmb.cgg.gov.in/html/project39.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|[[Francis turbine|Francis]]
|285
|312
|181
|
|-
|[[Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond|Nagarjuna Sagar Tail pond]]
|75
|246
|
|
|
|
|48.33
|158.56
|50
|[[Kaplan turbine|Kaplan]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Pulichinthala Project]]
|53.34
|175
|36.34
|119.23
|
|
|20
|65.6
|120<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/static/approjects/KLRaoProject.html|title=K.L. Rao Sagar Pulichintala Project|website=irrigationap.cgg.gov.in|access-date=2019-03-05|archive-date=6 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206134433/http://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/static/approjects/KLRaoProject.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|[[Kaplan turbine|Kaplan]]
|144
|45.77
|36.23
|3.61
|-
|Vykuntapuram Barrage
|25
|82
|17
|55.77
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|10
|
|
|-
|[[Prakasam Barrage]]
|17.39
|57.05
|13.73
|45.05
|
|
|
|
|
|
|30
|3.07
|
|
|}
There is a proposal to link [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]] across the Krishna River and [[Somasila Dam]] across Penna River with 400 km canal as part of national river linking program. With help from the Indian Government, AP Govt can construct a new canal up to [[Somasila Dam]] as per DPR of Indian Rivers Inter-link program specifications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nwda.gov.in/content/innerpage/FRofN-Somasila.php|title=Feasibility Report of Nagarjunasagar Somasila Link Project :: National Water Development Agency|website=nwda.gov.in|access-date=2019-02-25}}</ref> Thus the Godavari River water will travel up to Somasila Dam and then Swarnamukhi in Chittoor district via existing Somasila Swarnamukhi link canal. [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|GoAP]] can also provide water to [[Tamil Nadu]] with this Godavari water and retained water in Krishna River (15 TMC allocation of Krishna water to Telugu Ganga) will be used for other projects in Rayalaseema region.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

In the future, a large new dam named Palnadu Sagar across a hill range near [[Bollapalle]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-12-21/Detailed-project-report-in-2-months-for-new-reservoir/346897|title=Godavari-Penna interlinkingproject set to take off soon|last=Jonathan|first=P. Samuel|date=2018-07-31|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-02-25|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> with 700 TMC capacity reservoir is possible using of flood water of Krishna River and Godavari River diverted with this lift project. It will submerge nearly 300Sq KM of land at FRL 260m MSL.Palnadu Sagar spillway with [[Francis turbine|Francis Turbine]] will take and release water into Nagarjuna Sagar right canal along with Hydroelectricity power generation. Flood water of Krishna River will be pumped to Palnadu Sagar. The water stored in Palnadu Sagar will be used for irrigation and drinking in drought years.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|16|35|25|N|80|24|13|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Barrages in India]]
[[Category:Dams in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bridges over the Krishna River]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures under construction in India]]

Gangster (1994 film)

2026-03-04T00:03:08Z

GeorgeNobbs1: adjusted page based on references and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{infobox film
| name = Gangster
| image = Gangster (1994).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Dev Anand]]
| writer = Dev Anand
| producer = Dev Anand
| starring = Dev Anand Manu Gargi [[Mamta Kulkarni]] [[Anita Ayoob]]
| studio = Navketan Films International
| released = {{Film date|1994|5|8|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| cinematography = Uday Burman
| music = [[Jatin-Lalit]]
}}
'''''Gangster''''' is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1995|1995]] Hindi film. The movie starred [[Dev Anand]] as the lead actor. It also featured [[Mamta Kulkarni]] and Manu Gargi as the romantic pair of the movie.

==Plot==
The story<ref>{{cite web|title=Amazon.com- Editorial Review Section|website=Amazon |date=8 January 2002 |url=https://www.amazon.com/Gangster-Hindi-Bollywood-Indian-Cinema/dp/B004V2FUBM}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=You Tube - About Section| website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WaFeweHJhlU}}</ref> is about a priest, Father Pereira, who unwittingly becomes a witness to the rape and murder of a village woman by the rich man of the village, Chandulal Seth. Father Ferriera is framed for the crime by Chandulal Seth and is sent to the jail instead. During the jail time spent, Father Ferriera develops a good friendship with some of the jail mates. On release from the jail, he along with his former jail mates decide on taking revenge with Chandulal Seth, who is now one of the richest jewelers of the world.

==Cast==
*[[Dev Anand]] as Father Pereira
*[[Mamta Kulkarni]] as Pooja
*[[Manu Gargi]] as Rahul
*[[Ajit Khan|Ajit]] as Chandulal Seth
*[[Sudhir (Hindi actor)|Sudhir]] as Jaichand
*[[Deepak Tijori]] as Harmesh
*[[Anita Ayoob]] as Anuja
*[[Navneet Nishan]] as Anju
*[[Deepshikha Nagpal]]
*[[Alok Nath]] as Somnath

==Soundtrack==
Soundtrack was composed by [[Jatin–Lalit|Jatin-Lalit]] and penned by M. G. Hashmat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://muvyz.com/moviepage/vj619937/songs/#tabs|title=Gangster (1994) film songs|website=muvyz.com|accessdate=14 October 2015|archive-date=24 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324113329/http://muvyz.com/moviepage/vj619937/songs/#tabs|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Maine Pyar Kisise"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Gangster"
| [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Kumar Sanu]]
|-
| "Ek Ladki Mili" - 1
| Asha Bhosle, [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
| "Ek Ladki Mili" - 2
| Asha Bhosle, Udit Narayan
|-
| "Jaanoon Main"
| [[Sushma Shrestha|Poornima]], [[Vinod Rathod]]
|-
| "Ab Hamen Tumse Kitna Pyar Hai"
| [[Alka Yagnik]], Vinod Rathod
|-
| "Baahon Mein Aake"
| [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Sapna Mukherjee]], [[Vijayeta Pandit]]
|-
| "Lachak Lachakke Jab Bhi"
| [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], Sadhana Sargam, Vijayeta Pandit
|-
| "Naar Naveli Toofani"
| [[Suchitra Krishnamurthy]], [[Bali Brahmbhatt]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0275364}}

[[Category:1994 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dev Anand]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jatin–Lalit]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian rape and revenge films]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Rushiraj Pawar

2026-03-02T03:27:10Z

GeorgeNobbs1: new first article needs work

{{short description|Indian television actor (born 1997)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rushiraj Pawar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1997|10|15}}<ref name="birthday" />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2011{{ndash}}present
| known for = ''[[Chandragupta Maurya (2011 TV series)|Chandragupta Maurya]]'' ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]'' ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]'' ''[[RadhaKrishn]]'' ''[[Shrimad Ramayan]]''
}}

'''Rushiraj Pawar''' (born 15 October 1997) is an Indian actor who mainly works in Hindi television. Pawar earned recognition with his portrayals of [[Chandragupta Maurya]] in ''[[Chandragupta Maurya (2011 TV series)|Chandragupta Maurya]]'', [[Kartikeya]] in ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]'', Patta in ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]'', Ayan in ''[[RadhaKrishn]]'' and [[Indrajit|Meghnada]] in ''[[Shrimad Ramayan]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/shrimad-ramayan-promo-meghanada-practices-for-yudh-abhyas-aims-to-become-the-best-1280166?amp | title=Shrimad Ramayan: Rushiraj Pawar aka Meghanada practices for Yudh Abhyas; aims to become the best | access-date=17 February 2024 |work=Pinkvilla}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Pawar was born on 15 October 1997 in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] in a [[Hindu]] [[Marathi people|Marathi]] family.<ref name="birthday">{{cite web|url=https://ndtv.in/television/mahadev-kartikeya-aka-rushiraj-pawar-once-gave-up-his-dream-of-becoming-a-doctor-for-acting-now-transformation-will-shocked-fans-4247927|title=Know unknown facts about actor Rushiraj Pawar|website=NDTV India|language=en|access-date=28 September 2022|quote=Rushiraj Pawar was born on 15 October 1997 and he entered the TV industry at a very young age}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dont-have-time-to-study-science-so-took-up-commerce-rushiraj-pawar/articleshow/27467609.cms|title=Don't have time to study science, so took up commerce: Rushiraj Pawar|date=16 December 2013|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=28 June 2021}}</ref>

== Career ==
Pawar made his acting debut with the Marathi film, ''Manyaa The Wonder Boy'', playing the young Manya. He then made his television debut the same year, playing the young [[Chandragupta Maurya]] in ''[[Chandragupta Maurya (2011 TV series)|Chandragupta Maurya]]''. For his performance, he won the [[ITA Award for Best Child Artist]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/chandragupta-maurya-is-back/articleshow/7670941.cms|title=Rushiraj Pawar as Chandragupta Maurya|date=11 March 2011|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref>

From 2012 to 2014, Pawar played [[Kartikeya]] in ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/television/i-want-to-become-a-superstar-said-rushiraj-pawar|title=I want to be a superstar: Rushiraj Pawar aka Kartikeya|date=22 May 2013|website=Amar Ujala|language=en|access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref> Also in 2013, he played Suryakant "Surya" Shastri (younger version of [[Akshay Kumar]]) in ''[[Boss (Hindi film)|Boss]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/566663 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027103935/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/566663 |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 October 2012 |title=Boss (2013) | Hindi Movie Critic Review By Taran Adarsh |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=28 June 2012}}</ref>

In 2015, Pawar first played Parijaat in ''[[Maharakshak: Devi]]''.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.zeetvusa.com/zeetv/news/zee-tv-presents-indias-first-female-superhero-devi-the-epitome-of-strength.html
|title=ZEE TV presents India's First Female Superhero 'DEVI' - The Epitome of Strength
|accessdate=20 September 2019
|website=[[Zee TV]]
|archive-date=21 September 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921215424/http://www.zeetvusa.com/zeetv/news/zee-tv-presents-indias-first-female-superhero-devi-the-epitome-of-strength.html
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> That same year Pawar played, Patta Chundawat in ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ssharad-malhotra-and-rushirajs-pawars-love-for-horse-riding/articleshow/46250996.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308040346/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ssharad-Malhotra-and-Rushirajs-Pawars-love-for-horse-riding/articleshow/46250996.cms |url-status=live |archive-date=8 March 2015 |newspaper=Times of India |title=Rushiraj Pawar's love for horse riding! |access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref>

In 2016, he played Sona Nanda in ''[[Chandra Nandini]]''. Then, he played Young [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] in ''[[Peshwa Bajirao (TV series)|Peshwa Bajirao]]'', in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/140417/rushiraj-pawar-excited-about-role-in-peshwa-bajirao.html|title=Rushiraj Pawar excited about role in Peshwa Bajirao|date=14 April 2017|website=The Asian Age|language=en|access-date=25 November 2020}}</ref> From 2017 to 2018, he played [[Shani]] in ''[[Baal Krishna|Chakradhari Ajay Krishna]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/rushiraj-pawar-to-play-lord-shani-next-in-chakradhari-ajaya-krishna-2023580.html/amp|title=Rushiraj Pawar to play Lord Shani next in Chakradhari Ajaya Krishna|date=13 July 2017|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref>

From 2018 to 2020, Pawar played Ayan in ''[[RadhaKrishn]]''. For his performance, he received the [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role]] nomination.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Star Bharat's Radhakrishn makes an entry in Top 5; Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai loses its spot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/radhakrishn-makes-an-entry-in-top-5-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-loses-its-spot/articleshow/66862794.cms |access-date=30 March 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=29 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, Pawar played Udmi Ram in an episode of ''[[Swaraj (TV series)|Swaraj]]''. In the same year, he also played [[Banasura]] in ''[[Tulsidham Ke Laddu Gopal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doordarshan and Contiloe Pictures's Swaraj is made on a budget of Rs 50 crore, yet lacks in TRP|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/doordarshan-swaraj-made-on-budget-of-rs-50-crore-yet-lacks-in-trp-on-tuesday-trivia-2383110-2023-05-23 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Since February 2024, Pawar is seen portraying [[Indrajit|Meghnath]] in ''[[Shrimad Ramayan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shrimad Ramayan Review, Episodes 1 and 2: A cinematic visual spectacle on small screen |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/shrimad-ramayan-review-episodes-1-and-2-a-cinematic-visual-spectacle-on-small-screen-1269662?amp |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref> From June to September 2025, he also portrayed the contrasting twin brothers [[Khandoba|Malla and Mani]] in ''Shiv Shakti'' <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DLPIQg_NsmC/ |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>. From February 2026 to present, he is playing Shanidev for the third time in ''Gatha Shiv Parivaar Ki: Ganesh Kartikey''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Pawar |first=Rushiraj |title=Shani dev 2026 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DVNvcaljRzI/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!class="unsortable"|Notes
!class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2011
| ''Manyaa The Wonder Boy''
| Young Manyaa
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film
|{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Boss (Hindi film)|Boss]]''
| Young Suryakant "Surya" Shastri
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/18/movies/boss-where-lush-bollywood-numbers-meet-flying-fists.html |title=Action, Comedy and the Brisk Snap of Breaking Bones |last=Gates |first=Anita |date=17 October 2013 |work=The New York Times|access-date=24 July 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!class="unsortable"|Notes
!class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"|2011
| ''[[Chandragupta Maurya (2011 TV series)|Chandragupta Maurya]]''
| Young [[Chandragupta Maurya]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/chandragupta-maurya-comes-to-small-screen_79683.html|title=Chandragupta Maurya comes to small screen|date=13 January 2011|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nachle Ve with Saroj Khan]]''
| Contestant
| Guest appearance
|{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
|-
| 2012-2014
| ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''
| [[Kartikeya]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news|title=An epic battle|last=Bhattacharyya|first=Anushree|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/an-epic-battle/1160681/|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=27 August 2013|access-date=30 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109095117/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/an-epic-battle/1160681/|archivedate=9 January 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015
| ''[[Maharakshak: Devi]]''
| Parijaat
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/a-homegrown-superhero-series/|title=A homegrown superhero series
|accessdate=21 September 2019|last=Bhadani|first=Priyanka|date=24 October 2014|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]''
| Patta Chundawat
|
|{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Chandra Nandini]]''
| Sona Nanda
|
|{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Peshwa Bajirao (TV series)|Peshwa Bajirao]]''
| Young [[Malhar Rao Holkar]]
|
|{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
|-
| 2017-2018
| ''[[Baal Krishna|Chakradhari Ajay Krishna]]''
| [[Shani]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestatesman.com/news/entertainment/new-show-to-explore-stories-about-lord-krishna-s-life/125951.html|title=Exclusive - New show to explore stories about Lord Krishna's life|newspaper=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=25 February 2016|accessdate=27 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2018-2020
| ''[[RadhaKrishn]]''
| Ayan
|
|{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023
| ''[[Swaraj (TV series)|Swaraj]]''
| Udmi Ram
| Episode: "Udmi Ram and Ratni Devi"
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-08 |title=Doordarshan's new series Swaraj to narrate India’s untold stories and historical journey from 1498 to 1947 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/doordarshans-new-series-swaraj-to-narrate-indias-untold-stories-and-historical-journey-from-1498-to-1947-10770591.html |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tulsidham Ke Laddu Gopal]]''
| [[Banasura]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Praveen |date=22 August 2023 |title=Shemaroo TV's First Original Socio-Mytho Series, Tulsi Dham Ke Laddoo Gopal |url=https://businessnewsthisweek.com/news/shemaroo-tvs-first-original-socio-mytho-series-tulsi-dham-ke-laddoo-gopal/ |access-date=26 December 2023 |website=Business News |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Shrimad Ramayan]]''
| [[Indrajit|Meghanada]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shrimad Ramayan producer: Negativity faced by Adipurush is why I'm making this |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/shrimad-ramayan-producer-on-negativity-faced-by-adipurush-explains-why-he-is-making-tv-show-2476701-2023-12-16 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2025
| ''[[Veer Hanuman|Veer Hanuman - Bolo Bajrang Bali Ki Jai]]''
| [[Shani]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Shiv Shakti – Tap Tyaag Tandav]]''
| Malla / Mani
|
||<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2026
|[[Ganesh Kartikey|Gatha Shiv Parivar Ki Ganesh Kartikeya]]
|Shani Dev
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| 2011
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| [[ITA Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]
| rowspan="2"|''[[Chandragupta Maurya (2011 TV series)|Chandragupta Maurya]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/amitabh-dharmendra-honoured-at-indian-television-awards/story-O2X93YKjClQ9iwUEidosdL.html |title=IndianTelevision Academy Awards 2012 winners list |work=Hindustan Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021114031/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/amitabh-dharmendra-honoured-at-indian-television-awards/story-O2X93YKjClQ9iwUEidosdL.html |archive-date=21 October 2013 |accessdate=11 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| rowspan="2"|[[Indian Telly Awards]]
| [[Indian Telly Award for Best Child Artiste - Male|Best Child Artiste - Male]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Telly Awards 2012: Check the Popular Awards winners list |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winners.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702115232/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winners.php |archive-date=2 July 2012 |work=Indian Telly Awards |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Actor in a Negative Role]]
| ''[[RadhaKrishn]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-telly-awards-2019-winners-list-divyanka-tripathi-hina-khan-nakuul-mehta-5636869/|title=Indian Telly Awards 2019: Complete list of winners|archive-date=2019-03-22|website=The Indian Express|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322115232/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-telly-awards-2019-winners-list-divyanka-tripathi-hina-khan-nakuul-mehta-5636869/|access-date=2019-09-22}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|Indian Telly Awards
|Best actor in a negative role
|[[Shiv Shakti – Tap Tyaag Tandav|Shiv Shakti]]
|Nominated
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/32358022090480238/ |title=10K views · 15 reactions {{!}} The 25th ITA Awards 2025 - Top 5 Nominees - Best Negative Actor - Drama - TV 1. Hemant Kher - Puspha Impossible (Sony SAB TV) 2. Krunal Pandit - Puspha Impossible (Sony SAB TV) 3. Mahir Pandhi - Veer Hanuman (Sony SAB TV) 4. Rushiraj Pawar - Shiv Shakti - Tap, Tyag, Tandav (Colors TV) 5. Satya Tiwari - Anupamaa (Star Plus) Your TICKET to India's No. 1 Awards - The 25th ITA Awards on Wed. 17th DEC 2025 at Jio World Convention Centre BKC, Mumbai. Available on District book at website or App. #ITAAwards #ITA2025 #JuryNominations #BestNegativeActorDramaTV #BiggestAwardsNight #DistrictByZomato {{!}} Indian Television Academy |language=en |access-date=2026-02-27 |via=www.facebook.com}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm4496208}}
* {{Instagram|rushirajpawar_official}}
{{Portal bar|India|Biography|Television|Films}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Rushiraj Pawar
| list =
{{Indian Television Academy Awards}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pawar, Rushiraj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actors]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1997 births]]

Cheitharol Kumbaba

2026-03-01T01:31:36Z

GeorgeNobbs1: adjust section to improve readability and corrected details after review

{{Short description|Court chronicle of the kings of Manipur}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Kingdom of Manipur}}
'''''Cheitharol Kumbaba''''' or '''''Cheithalon Kumpapa''''' ('''''Ch. K.'''''), the "Royal Chronicle of Manipur", is a court chronicle of the kings of [[Manipur]], which claims to start from 33 CE and to cover the rule of 76 Kings until 1955.{{sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 1|2005|p=4}} The work of chronicling actually began during the reign of [[Senbi Kiyamba|King Kiyamba]] in 1485 CE.{{sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 1|2005|loc=p. 3: "The chronicle itself indicates that in the year 1485 CE King Kyampa began to keep the court chronicle in accurate detail, with the cheithapa method of dating after a meeting with the king of Pong, an ancient kingdom in what is now upper Myanmar."}} The earlier events were reconstructed later during the reign of [[Bhagyachandra]], presumably from oral sources or from scattered written records.{{sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 1|2005|p=4}} According to scholar [[Saroj Nalini Arambam Parratt|Saroj Nalini Parratt]], the earlier parts have relatively little detail but contain numerous inaccuracies.{{sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 1|2005|loc=p. 2: "It claims to trace the history back to 33 CE, though as we shall see the earlier part is problematic. Comparatively little has been written about the early history of Manipur, and what there is, is often inaccurate."}} But they are still said to be useful in reconstructing Manipur's early history.{{sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 1|2005|p=4}}

==Etymology==
Ancient Meitei counting methods involved sticks (''chei'') being placed (''thapa'') to represent a base number. ''Kum'' signifies a period of time and ''paba'' is a verb meaning to read or reckon. The chronicle's title therefore connotes the "placing of sticks or using a base as a means of reckoning the period of time, the years" and is indicative of the Meitei approach to counting and recording.{{sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 1|2005|p=3}}

== Description ==
The oldest extant version was copied in the early 19th century, under [[Ching-Thang Khomba]] (Bhagyachandra or Jai Singh), as "the former copy was no more available".<ref>“The Cheitharol Kumbaba or the royal chronicle has been the most valuable for historical investigations, as it professes to record all the important daily transactions and occurrences of the State.... By orders of Jai Singh this book was rewritten as the former copy was no more available then”.
Jyotirmoy Roy, History Of Manipur, 1958, p. 8.</ref>
It is the main source for the [[List of Manipuri kings|list of pre-modern kings of Manipur]], tracing the genealogy of the ruling [[Ningthouja dynasty]] back to a ruler named Nongda Lairen Pakhangba, said to have ruled for more than a century, from 33–154 CE.
It is to the Meiteis what the ''[[Buranji]]'' is to the [[Assamese people|Assamese]] and the ''[[Maha Yazawin|Yazawin]]'' to the [[Burma|Burmese]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |year=2003 |publisher=Sahitya Akadami |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788126000869|pages=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yiBkAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

''Ch. K'' is regarded as the primary source concerning ancient and medieval Manipur. It dates the first king to 33 CE.{{sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 1|2005|pp=2,13}}{{sfnp|Sebastian, Cultural Fusion in a Religious Dance Drama|2019|pp=45-46}} However, the historical record herein up to the reign of [[Senbi Kiyamba|King Kyampa]] (1467–1508 CE) are noted to have been redrafted during the reign of [[Ching-Thang Khomba]] (Bhagyachandra) in the mid- to late-18th century because those leaves were "lost". This part of the chronicle remains particularly unreliable.{{sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 1|2005|p=4}} The kings of that period are assigned extraordinary spans of length, and there is a scarcity of objective information.{{sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 1|2005|pp=4, 13}}{{sfnp|Sebastian, Cultural Fusion in a Religious Dance Drama|2019|pp=46}} Saroj Nalili Parratt hypothesizes that many of these monarchs were probably borrowed from the cultural pantheon and interspersed with religious myths to fit into their collective memory of intra-clan conquests and legitimize the current rule by the Meitei.{{sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 1|2005|pp=5,13}} Parratt as well as [[Gangmumei Kamei]] suspect that the initiation date of 33 CE was arrived upon by the scribes via astrological calculations.{{sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 1|2005|pp=6}}

''Ch. K''. is also a Meitei chronicle – [[Meitei people|Meitei]] being one of the migrant clans, originally named Ningthouja, who (at some unknown point of time) assimilated others into a confederacy, and gained rulership of the monarchy – with the early sections being essentially themed on the expansion of the Meitei across the valley of Manipur and other exploits.{{sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 1|2005|p=4}}{{sfnp|Sebastian, Cultural Fusion in a Religious Dance Drama|2019|pp=57-58}}

==Bengali versions==
''Cheitharol Kumbaba'' was transliterated to [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] script by Pundit Thongam Madhob Singh and published by Vishvabharati Mandir {{circa|1940}}. With [[Maharaja Churchand Singh]]'s permission, the chronicle was edited by L. Ibungohal Singh and Pundit [[N. Khelchandra Singh]] and published by the [[Manipuri Sahitya Parishad]] in 1967; this edited version is the Hindu-oriented version. The [[Sanamahism|Sanamahi]] followers (people of [[Kangleipak]]) do not want to consider the book edited by Khelchandra Singh as a final version as he added many words which are imported from Sanskrit and Hindi in his translation.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

==English versions==
In 1891, [[Major Maxwell]], the Political Agent of Manipur, instructed the court to translate the ''Cheitharol Kumbaba'' into English. The translation was carried out by a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] clerk named Mamacharan. It was edited and published by [[L. Joychandra Singh]] in 1995 under the title ''The Lost Kingdom''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=L. Joychandra |title=The Lost Kingdom |year=1995 |location=Imphal}}</ref>

A Meitei scholar, [[Saroj Nalini Arambam Parratt|Saroj N. Arambam Parratt]], produced another English version of the Chronicle under the title ''The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: Cheitharon Kumpapa'' in 2005.{{sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 1|2005|p=3}} Parratt includes a facsimile of the original manuscript of the ''Cheitharol Kumbaba''. The ''Cheitharol Kumbaba'' adopted three chronological systems or eras: Kalyabda, [[Saka]] era, Chandrabda or Kangleipak era. From 1666 CE onwards, days of the week are mentioned in the ''Cheitharol Kumbaba''.

In 2010, Rajkumar Somorjit Sana produced an edited English version of the ''Cheitharol Kumbaba'' with the corresponding Western dates for each Meitei date under the title ''The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs'' (From 1666 CE to 1850 CE) (Imphal: Waikhom Ananda Meetei, 2010).<ref>{{cite book |last=Sana |first=Raj Kumar Somorjit |title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE |date=19 September 2023 |publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eybpM1KZjVoC |isbn=978-81-8465-210-9}}</ref> In 2012, Mr. Nepram Bihari, a retired bureaucrat of Manipur made another translation of ''Cheitharol Kumbaba'' into English. It took him 17 years to complete the task.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pisharoty |first=Sangeeta |title=Walk with the kings |newspaper=The Hindu |date=25 February 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article2931958.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228221916/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article2931958.ece |archive-date=28 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Kingdom of Pong]]
*[[Meitei literature]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cite book |first=Saroj Nalini Arambam |last=Parratt |title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: The Cheitharon Kumpapa, Volume 1 |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-34430-1 |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oDQ2HMmU8_MC |ref={{sfnref|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 1|2005}}}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Sebastian |first=Rodney |title=Cultural Fusion in a Religious Dance Drama: Building the Sacred Body in the Manipuri Rāslīlās |date=2019 |publisher=University of Florida |id={{ProQuest|2464172212}} |ref={{sfnref|Sebastian, Cultural Fusion in a Religious Dance Drama|2019}}}}

{{Puyas}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Manipur Kingdom]]
[[Category:Indian chronicles]]
[[Category:Puyas (Meitei texts)]]

Rafta Rafta (web series)

2026-02-23T14:12:15Z

GeorgeNobbs1: new first article from scratch

{{Short description|2023 Indian romantic comedy web series}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Rafta Rafta poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = {{ubl|[[Comedy]]|[[Romance film|Romance]]}}
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Abbas Dalal
* [[Hussain Dalal]]
* Chris George
* Husain Hardawala
}}
| director = Vishal Shankar Gupta
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Bhuvan Bam]]
* Srishti Ganguli Rindani
}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Bhuvan Bam]]
* Rohit Raj
}}
| cinematography = Bijitesh De
| editor = 
| music = 
| camera = Single-camera
| runtime = 14–18 minutes
| company = [[BB Ki Vines]]
| network = [[Amazon miniTV]]
| released = {{Start date|2023|01|25|df=y}}
}}
'''''Rafta Rafta''''' is a 2023 Indian Hindi [[romantic comedy]] web series directed by Vishal Shankar Gupta and produced by BB Ki Vines, with [[Bhuvan Bam]] and Rohit Raj serving as producers. The seven-episode series premiered on January 25, 2023, and is available for free streaming on [[Amazon miniTV]] through the Amazon Shopping app.

The series features Bhuvan Bam and Srishti Ganguli Rindani as a newly [[Marriage|married couple]] adjusting to their relationship while encountering various situations in early marital life. The narrative incorporates elements of situational [[comedy]] and domestic life.

== Premise ==
The series follows Karan and Nithya, a newly married couple with contrasting personalities who are brought together by unforeseen circumstances. As they adjust to life as husband and wife, they encounter a range of everyday challenges, including intrusive neighbors, unexpected visitors, and frequent misunderstandings. Despite their differences, the couple gradually begins to understand each other better, and their relationship evolves from initial awkwardness to genuine emotional intimacy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-18 |title=Bhuvan Bam’s web series 'Rafta Rafta' on OTT platform: Release date, where to watch, cast and plot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/bhuvan-bams-web-series-rafta-rafta-on-ott-platform-release-date-where-to-watch-cast-and-plot-2323169-2023-01-18 |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Rafta Rafta' Trailer: Bhuvan Bam and Srishti Ganguli Rindani starrer 'Rafta Rafta' Official Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/hindi/rafta-rafta-trailer-video-bhuvan-bam-and-srishti-ganguli-rindani-starrer-rafta-rafta-official-trailer-video/videoshow/97140531.cms |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |date=2023-02-21 |title=Bhuvan Bam on Rafta Rafta co-star: Despite never meeting, our on-screen chemistry looks natural |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/bhuvan-bam-on-rafta-rafta-co-star-despite-never-meeting-our-on-screen-chemistry-looks-natural |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Bhuvan Bam]] as Karan Malhotra
* Srishti Ganguli Rindani as Nithya Nair
* Enab Khizra as Laxmi
* [[Rakesh Bedi]] as Mr. Sharma
* Kamini Khanna as Mrs. Sharma
* Jaineeraj Rajpurohit as Atul Mama
* Atul Srivastava as Mangal Chacha
* Vijayant Kohli as Gautam Malhotra
* Madhu Sachdeva as Shalini Malhotra
* Vijay Meenu as Vidya Nair
* Ritika Arora as Tanya
* RJ Kisna as Michael D'costa
* Ashish Singh as Interviewer (video call)

== Episodes ==
=== Season 1 (2023) ===
{{Episode table|background=#74E387|overall=8|season=8|title=25|director=20|writer=30|airdate=18|country=India|episodes=

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Shagun
| DirectedBy = Vishal Shankar Gupta
| WrittenBy = Abbas Dalal, Hussain Dalal
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|25|df=y}}
| ShortSummary = Karan and Nithya settle into their new home as a married couple and are welcomed by their overly enthusiastic neighbors, the Sharmas. When the Sharmas leave their grandson with the couple for a day, chaos follows—but also a growing bond between the two.
| LineColor = 74E387
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = One Two Cha Cha
| DirectedBy = Vishal Shankar Gupta
| WrittenBy = Abbas Dalal, Hussain Dalal
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|25|df=y}}
| ShortSummary = Karan’s eccentric uncle Chachaji arrives uninvited and announces an extended stay. While Karan is excited, Nithya is quickly annoyed by Chachaji's behavior, leading to friction and a clever counter by Nithya.
| LineColor = 74E387
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Elon Mouse
| DirectedBy = Vishal Shankar Gupta
| WrittenBy = Abbas Dalal, Hussain Dalal
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|25|df=y}}
| ShortSummary = An argument over a sandwich turns into a joint battle with a mouse in their house. Despite multiple failed attempts, a twist from their neighbor Mr. Sharma brings comic relief and laughter.
| LineColor = 74E387
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Made in India
| DirectedBy = Vishal Shankar Gupta
| WrittenBy = Abbas Dalal, Hussain Dalal
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|25|df=y}}
| ShortSummary = A runaway romance between their driver Pandey and maid Laxmi leads to police involvement and family chaos. Karan finds himself wrongly accused until the help returns and clears the air.
| LineColor = 74E387
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Rakshas Ki Hawas
| DirectedBy = Vishal Shankar Gupta
| WrittenBy = Abbas Dalal, Hussain Dalal
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|25|df=y}}
| ShortSummary = A casual movie night turns eerie when strange happenings mimic the horror film they watched. A suspenseful sequence ends in a humorous twist when the “ghost” is revealed.
| LineColor = 74E387
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Ex Ki Shaadi
| DirectedBy = Vishal Shankar Gupta
| WrittenBy = Abbas Dalal, Hussain Dalal
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|25|df=y}}
| ShortSummary = Flashbacks reveal how Karan and Nithya’s friendship turned romantic and led to an unplanned marriage after an awkward incident at work. The present-day argument triggers memories of their origin.
| LineColor = 74E387
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = Pyaar Dosti Hai
| DirectedBy = Vishal Shankar Gupta
| WrittenBy = Abbas Dalal, Hussain Dalal
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|25|df=y}}
| ShortSummary = A final argument prompts Nithya to seek out her artistic passion, while Karan receives unexpected wisdom from a local ironwala. In a heartfelt climax, the couple confesses their love and enjoys their first true date.
| LineColor = 74E387
}}
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
*Rafta Rafta was co-produced by YouTube personality [[Bhuvan Bam]] under his production banner [[BB Ki Vines]]. The show was directed by Vishal Shankar Gupta and written by Abbas Dalal, [[Hussain Dalal]], Chris George, and Husain Hardawala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-01-24 |title='ताजा खबर' के बाद अब इस प्लेटफॉर्म पर 'रफ्ता रफ्ता' से कमाल करेंगे! बीबी की वाइन्स फेम भुवन बाम |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/bb-ki-vines-fame-bhuvan-bam-starer-rafta-rafta-release-on-25-january-ott-platform-mini-tv-2315718 |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-19 |title='Rafta Rafta' Trailer Out: Bhuvan Bam’s New Series Looks Heartwarming |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/web-series/rafta-rafta-trailer-out-bhuvan-bam-s-new-series-looks-heartwarming-1576743 |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=This Indian YouTuber Has A Net Worth Of Rs 122 Crore; Take A Guess |url=https://www.news18.com/business/this-indian-youtuber-has-a-net-worth-of-rs-122-crore-take-a-guess-8556809.html |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming and Technical Crew ===
The cinematography was handled by Bijitesh De. Production design was led by Nadiri Tariq Khan and [[Tariq Umar Khan]]. Costume design was by Hinna Akhtar, with makeup by Payal Bhatia and Sakshi Deshwal Malik. The sound team included Vaishakh Karivellur (foley editor) and Niranjan Rasne (dialogue editor). Visual promotions were led by Vasudevan Kothandath, Dorin Mehta, and Roshan Navghare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhuvan Bam Set To Make His Amazon miniTV Debut Alongside Srishti Ganguli Rindani In Rafta Rafta |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/bhuvan-bam-set-to-make-his-amazon-minitv-debut-alongside-srishti-ganguli-rindani-in-rafta-rafta-5856689/ |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-21 |title=Bhuvan Bam: Won't Be Wrong To Say We've Tried Shooting In Between Our Busy Cricket Schedules |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/bhuvan-bam-won-t-be-wrong-to-say-we-ve-tried-shooting-in-between-our-busy-cricket-schedules-news-263977 |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The series premiered on January 25, 2023, on [[Amazon miniTV]], a free streaming service accessible via the Amazon Shopping app.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-24 |title=Bhuvan Bam to play lead in upcoming action thriller helmed by debutant director |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/bhuvan-bam-lead-in-upcoming-action-thriller-by-a-new-filmmaker-2383718-2023-05-24 |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhuvan Bam starrer ‘Rafta Rafta’ releases teaser, to stream on OTT |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bhuvan-bam-starrer-rafta-rafta-releases-teaser-to-stream-on-ott-553044 |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception and awards ==
''Rafta Rafta'' received generally positive reviews for its light-hearted tone and performances. Critics praised [[Bhuvan Bam]]’s portrayal of a maturing partner and Srishti Ganguli Rindani’s grounded performance. The writing was noted for blending situational humor with emotional nuance without veering into melodrama. The fifth episode, in particular, was highlighted as a comedic high point.<ref>{{Cite web |title=“This is one such show which I would love to watch as an audience”, Bhuvan Bam on his web series Rafta Rafta |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/one-such-show-which-i-would-love-watch-audience-bhuvan-bam-his-web-series-rafta-rafta |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=www.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhuvan Bam to Make His Amazon MiniTV Debut Alongside Srishti Ganguli Rindani In Rafta Rafta |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bhuvan-bam-to-make-his-amazon-minitv-debut-alongside-srishti-ganguli-rindani-in-rafta-rafta-6843823.html |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

===Awards===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Awards and nominations for ''Rafta Rafta'' (2023 web series)
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Result !! Ref
|-
| 2023 || [[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Awards]]|| Best Actor – Comedy || Bhuvan Bam || Nominated || {{cite web |title=Nominations for the Filmfare OTT Awards 2023: Full list out! |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-filmfare-ott-awards-2023-full-list-out-62712.html |website=Filmfare |access-date=18 July 2025}}
|-
| 2023 || [[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Awards]]|| Best Actress – Comedy || Srishti Ganguli Rindani || Nominated || {{cite web |title=Nominations for the Filmfare OTT Awards 2023: Full list out! |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-filmfare-ott-awards-2023-full-list-out-62712.html |website=Filmfare |access-date=18 July 2025}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[Taaza Khabar]]
* [[Dhindora]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt26315676}}
* [https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Rafta-Rafta/0O4UKDNM5OQUCNXY18NHM1P4N7 Rafta Rafta] on [[Amazon miniTV]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rafta Rafta}}
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2023 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]

Bima Bharti

2026-02-18T19:54:02Z

GeorgeNobbs1: slightly adjusted information per sources and updated info

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bima Bharti
| caption =
| office = [[Sixth Nitish Kumar ministry|Minister of Sugarcane industries, Bihar]]
| successor =
| predecessor =
| term_end = 16 Nov 2020
| term_start = 3 June 2019
| successor2 = Shankar Singh
| predecessor2 = [[Shankar Singh (Bihar politician)|Shankar Singh]]
| term_end2 = 13 July 2024
| term_start2 = November 2005
| majority =
| assembly = Bihar Legislative
| alt =
| birth_place =
| smallimage =
| office2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| successor3 = [[Shankar Singh (Bihar politician)|Shankar Singh]]
| predecessor3 = Bal Kishore Mandal
| termstart3 = November 2000
| termend3 = February 2005
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1973|01|01}}
| death_date =
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (2024 – present)
| religion =
| constituency2 = [[Rupauli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rupauli]]
| date =
| footnotes =
| website =
| signature_alt =
| signature =
| profession =
| death_place =
| occupation =
| alma_mater =
| residence =
| children =
| relations =
| spouse = Awadhesh Mandal
| honorific-prefix =
| constituency3 = [[Rupauli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rupauli]]
| image = File:Beema bharti.jpg
| otherparty = [[Janata Dal (United)]] (till 2024)
}}

'''Bima Bharti''' (born 1 January 1973<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/member_profile/60.pdf|title=Member profile - 60|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=[[Bihar Vidhan Sabha]]|language=hi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427102400/http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/member_profile/60.pdf|archive-date=27 April 2020|access-date=}}</ref>) is an [[India|Indian]] politician and the former Minister of Sugarcane Industries in the [[Government of Bihar]]. She is a leader of the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] since 2024 after leaving [[Janata Dal (United)]]. She was a member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] elected as the representative of the [[Rupauli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rupauli constituency]] 4 times from November 2000 onward. [[Shankar Singh (Bihar politician)|Shankar Singh]] had defeated her in February 2005 but she was re-elected in October 2005.

== Political career ==
Bima Bharti began her political career in 2000.<ref name=":0" /> She contested as an independent candidate from the [[Rupauli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rupauli constituency]] and was elected to the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3900-bihar-2000/|title=Bihar 2000|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Election Commission of India]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515060944/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3900-bihar-2000/|archive-date=15 May 2019|access-date=}}</ref> Subsequently, she became a member of the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Dons-in-doomsland-make-poll-a-boom-boom-affair/articleshow/1016624.cms|title=Dons in doomsland make poll a boom-boom affair {{!}} Patna News - Times of India|last=Mishra|first=Dipak|date=9 February 2005|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427161208/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Dons-in-doomsland-make-poll-a-boom-boom-affair/articleshow/1016624.cms|archive-date=2020-04-27}}</ref> In the February 2005 election, she lost the seat to [[Shankar Singh (Bihar politician)|Shankar Singh]] of the [[Lok Janshakti Party]] but in the following October election, she was able to win back the seat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3901-bihar-2005/|title=Bihar 2005|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Election Commission of India]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515060939/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3901-bihar-2005/|archive-date=15 May 2019|access-date=}}</ref> She subsequently quit the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] and joined the [[Janata Dal (United)]] before the [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Fair-sex-gets-unfair-deal-in-Bihar-polls/articleshow/6718571.cms|title=Fair sex gets unfair deal in Bihar polls {{!}} India News - Times of India|last=|first=|date=9 October 2010|website=The Times of India|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020133858/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Fair-sex-gets-unfair-deal-in-Bihar-polls/articleshow/6718571.cms|archive-date=2010-10-20|access-date=}}</ref> She was re-elected in 2010 and again in 2015 as a member of the [[Janata Dal (United)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3902-bihar-2010/|title=Bihar 2010|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Election Commission of India]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/|title=Bihar 2015|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Election Commission of India]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515060930/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/|archive-date=15 May 2019|access-date=}}</ref> She has resigned from [[Janata Dal (United)]] and joined [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|Rastriya Janta Dal]] (RJD) ahead of [[2014 Indian general election|2024 general election]].<ref name="Former JD(U) MLA Bima Bharti quits party, joins RJD ahead of Lok Sabha polls">{{cite news |title=Former JD(U) MLA Bima Bharti quits party, joins RJD ahead of Lok Sabha polls |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bima-bharti-jdu-rjd-bihar-rupauli-purnia-2518743-2024-03-24 |accessdate=5 February 2025 |publisher=India Today |date=24 March 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205165451/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bima-bharti-jdu-rjd-bihar-rupauli-purnia-2518743-2024-03-24 |archivedate=5 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Bima Bharti contested from [[Purnia Lok Sabha constituency]] as RJD candidate and lost to Independent Candidate [[Pappu Yadav]].<ref name="Lok Sabha 2024 Election results: Purnai">{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha 2024 Election results: Purnai |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0412.htm |access-date=5 February 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205165831/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0412.htm |archive-date=5 February 2025}}</ref> She contested as RJD candidate in [[Rupauli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rupauli constituency]] by poll and stood at third place.<ref name="रुपौली में बड़ा उलटफेर, निर्दलीय उम्मीदवार की जीत, बीमा भारती तीसरे नंबर पर">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=रुपौली में बड़ा उलटफेर, निर्दलीय उम्मीदवार की जीत, बीमा भारती तीसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/state/bihar/rupauli-by-election-results-rjd-bima-bharti-jdu-kaladhar-mandal-2723414.html |access-date=5 February 2025 |publisher=TV9 Bharatvarsh |date=13 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205165859/https://www.tv9hindi.com/state/bihar/rupauli-by-election-results-rjd-bima-bharti-jdu-kaladhar-mandal-2723414.html |archive-date=5 February 2025 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Bharti is married to Awadhesh Mandal who was convicted of [[intimidation]] of witnesses in a murder case.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Santosh|date=2016-01-19|title=JD(U) MLA's husband held, supporters free him from police station|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/jdu-mlas-husband-held-supporters-free-him-from-police-station/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914021951/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/jdu-mlas-husband-held-supporters-free-him-from-police-station/|archive-date=14 September 2021|access-date=|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Bihars-biwi-brigade/articleshow/23601794.cms | title=Bihar's biwi brigade | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=6 October 2013 | accessdate=22 November 2017 | archive-date=17 January 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117092038/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Bihars-biwi-brigade/articleshow/23601794.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2015, she helped her husband, who had multiple criminal cases against him, escape from jail.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 18, 2016|title=Accused escapes from police station in MLA wife's vehicle|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/accused-escapes-from-police-station-in-mla-wifes-vehicle/articleshow/50630214.cms|access-date=2021-02-19|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=14 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914023453/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/accused-escapes-from-police-station-in-mla-wifes-vehicle/articleshow/50630214.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Her 21-year-old son was discovered dead in August 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Deepika|date=2018-08-03|title=Bihar: JDU MLA Bima Bharti's son found dead on railway track in Patna|url=https://www.oneindia.com/patna/bihar-jdu-mla-bima-bhartis-son-found-dead-on-railway-track-in-patna-2748503.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914022003/https://www.oneindia.com/patna/bihar-jdu-mla-bima-bhartis-son-found-dead-on-railway-track-in-patna-2748503.html|archive-date=14 September 2021|access-date=2020-09-17|website=One India|language=en}}</ref> Another son was beaten in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 3, 2019|title=Bihar minister's son beaten up in Madhepura district|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-ministers-son-beaten-up-in-madhepura-district/articleshow/71878879.cms|access-date=2020-09-17|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=26 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826160946/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-ministers-son-beaten-up-in-madhepura-district/articleshow/71878879.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/purnia/bihar-politics-jdu-leshi-singh-vs-bima-bharti-entered-in-politics-on-the-basis-of-husband/articleshow/93640873.cms|title=बिहार: भरी अदालत में लेसी सिंह के पति का मर्डर, कई बार बाल-बाल बचे अवधेश मंडल, खूनी अदावत से सियासी 'कुर्सी' तक|website=navbharat Times|accessdate=19 February 2023}}</ref> Bharati is an animal lover, in 2023, she came into limelight after she took out funeral procession of her pet dog.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/purnia-former-minister-and-jdu-mla-bima-bharti-took-out-pet-dog-funeral-procession-watch-video-6161197.html|title=Beema Bharti took out funeral procession of her pet dog|website=News18|accessdate=7 October 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharti, Bima}}
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:People from Purnia district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]

Phulwa Khamkar

2026-02-12T01:27:34Z

GeorgeNobbs1: new new stub added tags

{{Short description|Indian choreographer and dancer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| name =
| imagesize =220px
| alt = Phulwa Khamkar is smiling towards the camera.
| caption =Megha Ghadge, Phulwa Khamkar (centre) and [[Urmila Kanetkar]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|9|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| children = 1
| occupation = [[Choreographer]], [[Dancer]]
| spouse = Amar Khamkar<ref>{{cite web|title=Phulwa Khamkar Wiki, Dance Class, Biography|url=http://www.marathi.tv/actress/phulwa-khamkar-wiki-dance-class-biography/|website=Marathi TV|date=7 February 2016}}</ref>
| relatives =
| website = {{URL|http://www.phulawadanceschool.com|Official website}}
}}
'''Phulwa Khamkar''', also spelt as '''Phulawa Khamkar'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Sonalee's classical classmate avatar|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Sonalees-classical-classmate-avatar/articleshow/45688547.cms|work=[[Times of India]]|date=30 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Radhika's last minute thumri for Gajjendra|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/Postcard-thumri-Radhika-Apte-Phulawa-Khamkar-Gajjendra-Ahirey-Sai-Tamhankar-Girish-Kulkarni/articleshow/33699804.cms|work=[[Times of India]]|date=13 April 2014}}</ref> (born 17 September 1974), is an Indian choreographer and dancer, who works in [[Bollywood]] and [[Marathi film]]s.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Palit Singh|first1=Debarati|title=‘It's not a cakewalk for me’|url=http://www.sakaaltimes.com/CricketCarnival/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5438929086071270756&SectionId=4724885822106096577&SectionName=Bollywood&NewsDate=20130627&Provider=Debarati%20Palit%20Singh&NewsTitle=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924233048/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/CricketCarnival/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5438929086071270756&SectionId=4724885822106096577&SectionName=Bollywood&NewsDate=20130627&Provider=Debarati%20Palit%20Singh&NewsTitle=|url-status=usurped|archive-date=24 September 2016|work=[[Sakaal Times]]|date=27 June 2013}}</ref> She is the winner of India's first dance reality show [[Boogie Woogie (Indian TV series)|Boogie Woogie]], Season 1 in 1997 and was among 5 finalist in [[Dance India Dance Super Moms]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhopatkar|first1=Tejashree|title=Phulwa Khamkar to participate in DID Super moms|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Phulwa-Khamkar-to-participate-in-DID-Super-moms/articleshow/20242427.cms?from=mdr|work=[[Times of India]]|date=24 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='I am THRILLED that I won DID Super Moms'|url=http://rediff.com/movies/report/i-am-thrilled-that-i-won-did-super-moms-tv/20130911.htm|work=[[Rediff]]|date=11 September 2013}}</ref> in 2013. She has choreographed Hindi and Marathi films like, [[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]] (2014), [[Julie 2]] (2016),<ref>{{cite news|title=Phulwa Khamkar to Make Bollywood Debut|url=http://marathicineyug.com/news/latest-news/366-phulwa-khamkar-to-make-bollywood-debut|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505101018/http://marathicineyug.com/news/latest-news/366-phulwa-khamkar-to-make-bollywood-debut|url-status=usurped|archive-date=5 May 2016|work=Marathi Cineyug|date=17 February 2016}}</ref> [[Natarang]] (2010), [[Kuni Mulgi Deta Ka Mulgi]] (2012), and [[Mitwaa]] (2015).
She also won the [[Zee Marathi]]'s dance reality show Eka Peksha Ek (season 1) and was a judge for second and third season of the same. She received [[Zee Gaurav Puraskar|Zee Gaurav Award]] 2010 for best choreography for song Apsara Aali from [[Natrang]].

== Early life ==
She was named Phulwa by her father, who was a [[Marathi literature]] writer and named her Phulwa as it was the first magazine he wrote for.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ladies special|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=ladies-special&section_url_key=vivacity|work=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]|date=7 September 2013|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408073430/http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=ladies-special&section_url_key=vivacity|url-status=dead}}</ref> Khamkar went to Balmohan Vidyamandir in [[Dadar]] for her education. Later, she completed her graduation in commerce from [[Ramniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics]]. She has been learned Gymnastics at [[Samarth Vyayam Mandir]] in [[Dadar]]. She is trained in [[Kathak]] and in [[contemporary dance]].

== Career ==
Marathi movies like [[Natrang]], [[Popat (film)|Popat]], Jhapatlela, Mitwaa, Aika Dajiba, [[Ideachi Kalpana]], [[Sanngto Aika]], [[Priyatama]], [[Classmates (2015 film)|Classmates]] had her as a dance choreographer.<ref>{{cite news|title=फुलवाची बी-टाऊनमध्ये एंट्री|url=http://m.maharashtratimes.com/cine-news/phulwa-khamkar/articleshow/51025925.cms|work=[[Maharashtra Times]]|date=18 February 2016|language=Marathi}}</ref> She trained Aishwarya Rai for the Bollywood film Taal. She assisted Farah Khan for song [[Manwa Laage]] of film [[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]].<ref>{{cite news|title=A special for mothers|url=http://www.afternoondc.in/television/tv-tattles/article_87709|work=[[Afternoon DC]]|date=29 July 2013|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424071945/http://www.afternoondc.in/television/tv-tattles/article_87709|archive-date=24 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> She also participated in [[Zee TV]]'s reality show [[Dance India Dance Super Moms]] contest, where she was among 5 finalist. Phulwa was the winner of [[Sony TV]]'s dance show [[Boogie Woogie (Indian TV series)|Boogie Woogie]], season 1. She guided [[Amruta Khanvilkar]], [[Atul Kulkarni]] and [[Sonalee Kulkarni]] on perfecting their art. Apart from Bollywood and Marathi films, She has choreographed few [[South Indian film industry|South Indian films]] and [[Punjabi film]]s.<ref>{{cite news|title=फुलवाचं चक दे फट्टे!|url=http://m.maharashtratimes.com/gossip/phulwa-khamkar/articleshow/45075199.cms|work=[[Maharashtra Times]]|date=8 November 2014|language=Marathi|archive-date=7 February 2017|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207021851/http://m.maharashtratimes.com/gossip/phulwa-khamkar/articleshow/45075199.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> She is running her own dance school, called Phulwa's School of dance and Gymnastics in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Phulwa Khamkar : Dance is my passion and that is all, I want to do all my life|url=http://www.zeetalkies.com/celebs-speak/phulwa-khamkar-dance-is-my-passion-and-that-is-all-i-want-to-do-all-my-life.html|work=[[Zee Talkies]]|date=October 2014|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-date=24 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424072101/http://www.zeetalkies.com/celebs-speak/phulwa-khamkar-dance-is-my-passion-and-that-is-all-i-want-to-do-all-my-life.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Attarwala|first1=Adnan|title=A class apart|url=http://www.afternoondc.in/city-news/a-class-apart/article_20240|work=[[Afternoon DC]]|date=15 March 2011|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424072005/http://www.afternoondc.in/city-news/a-class-apart/article_20240|archive-date=24 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|title=घराच्या प्रेमात|url=http://m.maharashtratimes.com//articleshow/47043129.cms|work=[[Maharashtra Times]]|date=25 April 2015|language=Marathi|archive-date=16 September 2016|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916222654/http://m.maharashtratimes.com//articleshow/47043129.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
* [[Photocopy (film)|Photocopy]] (2016)
* [[Poshter Girl]] (2016)
* [[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]] (2014)
* [[Classmates (2015 film)|Classmates]] (2015)
* [[Sanngto Aika]] (2014)
* [[Priyatama]] (2014)
* Postcard (2014)
* [[Julie 2|Julie]] (2016)
* [[Kuni Mulgi Deta Ka Mulgi]] (2012)
* [[Mitwaa]] (2015)
* [[Popat (film)|Popat]] (2013)
* Sa Sasucha (2010)
* [[Natarang]] (2010)
* [[Ideachi Kalpana]] (2010)
* [[Jhing Chik Jhing]] (2010)

== TV shows ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Show !! Network !! Notes
|-
| 1997 || [[Boogie Woogie (Indian TV series)|Boogie Woogie]] || [[Sony TV]] || Winner<ref>{{cite news|title=Ex-Boogie Woogie fame rocked the stage|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Boogie-Woogie-will-be-filled-with-nostalgia-as-contestants-from-the-previous-seasons-of-the-show-will-grace-the-stage-with-their-presence-/articleshow/30661098.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 February 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2009 || Eka Peksha Ek || [[Zee Marathi]] || Judge
|-
| 2013 || [[Dance India Dance Super Moms]] || [[Zee TV]] || 3rd runner up
|-
| 2013-2014 || Eka Peksha Ek || [[Zee Marathi]] || Judge
|-
| 2014 || Lux Jhakaas Heroine || [[9X Jhakaas]] || Jury/Special panel<ref>{{cite news|title=GSEAMS partners with 9X Jhakaas to launch ‘Lux Jhakaas Heroine’|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-shows/talent/gseams-partners-with-9x-jhakaas-to-launch-lux-jhakaas-heroine|publisher=IndianTelevision.com|date=9 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || Dance Maharashtra Dance || [[Zee Yuva]] || Judge
|}

== Awards ==
* Won [[Zee Gaurav Puraskar|Zee Gaurav Award]] 2010 for best choreography for [[Natrang]].
* Won MAAI Award 2016 for film [[Mitwaa]].<ref>{{cite news|title=MICTA Awards 2016: कांगारूंच्या देशात मराठी कलाकारांची मांदियाळी|url=http://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/1208484/marathi-celebrities-in-austaralia-for-micta-2016-award/|work=[[Loksatta]]|language=Marathi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=मराठी सेलिब्रिटींची परदेशवारी, MICTAच्या निमित्ताने सिडनीत अशी केली धमाल-मस्ती|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-marathi-celebs-enjoyed-alot-in-australia-5264062-PHO.html|publisher=[[Divya Bhaskar]]|date=2 March 2016|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915044340/http://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-marathi-celebs-enjoyed-alot-in-australia-5264062-PHO.html|archive-date=15 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Won Chhatrapati Puraskar for gymnastics by [[Government of Maharashtra]].
* Best Choreographer Award for film [[Jhing Chik Jhing]].<ref>{{cite news|title='Jhing Chik Jhing' bags eight Chitrapati Shantaram awards|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-jhing-chik-jhing-bags-eight-chitrapati-shantaram-awards-1408390|work=[[DNA India]]|date=11 July 2010|location=[[Mumbai]]}}</ref>
* Best choreographer award for film luckdown be positive at 59th Maharashtra state film awards.

==See also==
* [[Indian women in dance]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|7357244}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khamkar, Phulwa}}
[[Category:Indian film choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Women artists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]

Jagdish Narain Sapru

2026-02-07T22:59:39Z

GeorgeNobbs1: started

{{short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jagdish Narain Sapru
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date |1933|11|16 }}
| birth_place = [[Allahabad]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age |2007|05|08|1933|11|16 }}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| education = [[Allahabad University]]
| occupation = businessman
| known_for = Chairman of [[ITC Limited]], [[Nicco Park]], [[Indian Chamber of Commerce]], [[The BOC Group|BOC India]], [[Tollygunge Club]]
| spouse = Gita
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Tej Bahadur Sapru]] (Grandson)
}}

'''Jagdish Narain Sapru''' (16 November 1933 – 8 May 2007) was an Indian businessman. He was the former chairman of [[ITC Limited]], [[The BOC Group|BOC]] India, DIC India (Formerly Coates of India), [[Nicco Park]], and the [[Indian Chamber of Commerce]].

He was also the president of the [[Tollygunge Club]], a golf club in [[Kolkata]]. Sapru was voted as one of the 'CEOs who Rock' by Asia Africa Intelligence Wire in 2003 and was also an honorary fellow of the All India Management Association. He was the grandson of Indian lawyer, political, and social leader Sir [[Tej Bahadur Sapru]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aima-ind.org/Honorary_Fellows.asp |title=Honorary Fellows of AIMA |date=July 1, 2007 |publisher=All India Management Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011023049/http://www.aima-ind.org/Honorary_Fellows.asp |archive-date=October 11, 2007 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Jagdish Narain Sapru was born on 16 November 1933 in [[Allahabad]] (in the [[India]]n state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]) to a [[Kashmiri Brahmin]] family. He was educated at the [[Allahabad University]] where he achieved an [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in [[Economics]].

== Career ==
Sapru joined [[ITC Limited|ITC]] as a 'sales pupil' in 1955. In the mid '60s, he was posted in [[Calcutta]] (now [[Kolkata]]), and eventually made his permanent home there. He joined the board in 1974, and became chairman in 1983, succeeding his brother-in-law [[Ajit Narain Haksar]]. In his tenure as chairman, Sapru was responsible for [[ITC Limited|ITC]] diversifying into the agriculture sector. He retired from [[ITC Limited|ITC]] in 1991.

==Family life==
Sapru was survived by his wife Gita, two sons, Nirukt and Rakesh, daughters-in-law Abha and Sonya, and three grandchildren Abhirukt, Mihika and Sarojini. He was a keen golfer and cricketer.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070510/asp/business/story_7757112.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203133326/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070510/asp/business/story_7757112.asp |archive-date=February 3, 2013 |title=JN Sapru, an officer and a gentleman |date=May 10, 2007 |publisher=The Telegraph (Calcutta , India) }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.financialexpress.com/news/always-supportive-never-intrusive/198891/0 Always Supportive Never Intrusive]{{dead link|date=October 2025}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sapru, Jagdish Narain}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]
[[Category:Scholars from Allahabad]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]

Government of Chhattisgarh

2026-02-04T16:02:08Z

GeorgeNobbs1:

{{Short description|Indian state government}}

{{infobox government
| government_name = Government of Chhattisgarh
| image = Coat of arms of Chhattisgarh.svg
| image_size = 150px
| division_type = [[Seat of government|Seat of Government]]
| division = [[Raipur]]
| leader_type = [[Governor of Chhattisgarh|Governor]]
| leader_title = [[Ramen Deka]]
| leader_type2 = [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vishnudeo Sai]]
| leader_type3 = [[Deputy Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| leader_title3 = [[Arun Sao]] [[Vijay Sharma (politician)|Vijay Sharma]]
|leader_type4 = [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]]
|leader_title4 = Amitabh Jain, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| legislature_label = [[State legislative assemblies of India|Assembly]]
| legislature = {{ubl|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]|}}
| speaker_label = [[List of current Indian legislative speakers and chairmen|Speaker]]
| speaker = [[Dr. Raman Singh]]
| deputyspeaker =
| members_in_assembly_label = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members in Assembly]]
| members_in_assembly = 90
| branch4 = [[Judiciary of India|Judiciary]]
| court_name = [[High courts of India|High Court]]
| court = [[Chhattisgarh High Court]]
| chief_justice_label = [[List of current Indian chief justices|Chief Justice]]
| chief_justice = [[Ramesh Sinha]]
}}

'''Government of Chhattisgarh''' also known as the ''' State Government of Chhattisgarh''', or locally as ''' State Government''', is the supreme governing authority of the Indian state of [[Chhattisgarh]] and its [[Districts of Chhattisgarh|33 districts]]. It consists of an [[executive branch|executive]], led by the [[Governor of Chhattisgarh]], a [[judiciary]] and a [[legislative]] branch.

Like other states in India, the head of state of Chhattisgarh is the [[governor]], appointed by the [[president of India]] on the advice of the central government. The post of governor is largely ceremonial. The [[chief minister]] is the elected head of government and is vested with most of the executive powers. [[Raipur]] is the capital of Chhattisgarh, and houses the [[Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) and the secretariat. The [[Chhattisgarh High Court]], located in [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], has jurisdiction over the whole state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/hcourts.htm|title=Jurisdiction and Seats of Indian High Courts|access-date=2008-05-12|publisher=Eastern Book Company}}</ref>

[[File:Mantralaya Naya Raipur (Atal Nagar).png|thumb|Mantralaya Naya Raipur (Executive)]]

The present Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh is [[unicameral]], consisting of 90 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members of Legislative Assembly]] (M.L.A) (90 elected
). Its term is five years, unless dissolved sooner.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/chhatisgarh.htm| trans-title = Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly |title=Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha | access-date = 2008-05-12| work = Legislative Bodies in India| publisher = National Informatics Centre, Government of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228100226/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/chhatisgarh.htm |archive-date= Dec 28, 2008 }}</ref>

==Council of Ministers==
{{Transcluded section|source=Sai ministry|part=Council of Ministers|table=yes}}{{Trim|{{#Section-h:Sai ministry|Council of Ministers}}}}
== Head Leaders==
==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://chhattisgarh.nic.in/}}

{{Government of India by state or territory}}
{{Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Government of Chhattisgarh| ]]

Kavita Kaushik

2026-01-29T23:21:54Z

GeorgeNobbs1: Updated article with clearer structure

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kavita Kaushik
| image = File:Kavita Kaushik at the 20th Lions Gold Awards.jpg
| caption = Kaushik in 2014
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|02|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|television host|model}}
| years_active = 2001–present
| known_for = {{plainlist|
* ''[[F.I.R. (TV series)|F.I.R.]]''
* ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]''
}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Ronnit Biswas|2017}}<ref name="Marriage">{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/fir-actor-kavita-kaushik-gets-married-in-the-lap-of-kedarnath-mountains-see-pics-4495635/ |title=FIR actor Kavita Kaushik gets married in the lap of Kedarnath mountains. See pics |work=The Indian Express |date=28 January 2017 |access-date=14 January 2018 |archive-date=28 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328053910/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/fir-actor-kavita-kaushik-gets-married-in-the-lap-of-kedarnath-mountains-see-pics-4495635/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''Kavita Kaushik''' (born 15 February 1981) is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Hindi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] television.
Kaushik is well known for her portrayal of Chandramukhi Chautala in [[Sony SAB|SAB TV]]'s sitcom ''[[F.I.R (SAB TV)|F.I.R.]]'', a role which established her career in the [[Indian television|television industry]] and made her a household name.
<ref name=hindu>{{cite news |title=Got the guts! |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Got-the-guts/article15939440.ece |access-date=21 January 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=21 August 2009 |language=en-IN |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808233808/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Got-the-guts/article15939440.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

She made her debut with [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s ''[[Kutumb (TV series)|Kutumb]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kavita Kaushik to play an army doctor in her new show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kavita-Kaushik-to-play-an-army-doctor-in-her-new-show/articleshow/51891672.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 April 2016 |access-date=22 June 2016 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327220039/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kavita-Kaushik-to-play-an-army-doctor-in-her-new-show/articleshow/51891672.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=hindu /><ref name=IE>{{cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/chandramukhi-s-case-files/1172040/0 |title=Chandramukh's Case Files |work=The Indian Express |date=21 September 2013 |access-date=15 July 2015 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915233838/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/chandramukhi-s-case-files/1172040/0 |url-status=live }}</ref> She participated in reality shows ''[[Nach Baliye]]'' (2007), ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'' (2015) and ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss ]]'' (2020).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-14-fir-actress-kavita-kaushik-wild-card-contestant-salman-khan-bigg-boss-2020-1368964/amp |title=Bigg Boss 14: TV Hottie Kavita To Enter Salman Khan's Show As A Wild Card Contestant? |date=20 October 2020 |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028002937/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-14-fir-actress-kavita-kaushik-wild-card-contestant-salman-khan-bigg-boss-2020-1368964/amp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2020 |title=Kavita Kaushik walks out of Bigg Boss Season 14 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kavita-kaushik-walks-out-of-bigg-boss-14-7076511/ |access-date=3 December 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=3 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203004133/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kavita-kaushik-walks-out-of-bigg-boss-14-7076511/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Kaushik was born on 15 February 1981 to a Brahmin family in [[New Delhi]], India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kavita Kaushik celebrates 40th birthday with the F.I.R gang; misses Aamir Ali |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kavita-kaushik-celebrates-40th-birthday-with-the-f-i-r-gang-misses-aamir-ali/articleshow/80970463.cms |access-date=23 February 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=16 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=19 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219003437/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kavita-kaushik-celebrates-40th-birthday-with-the-f-i-r-gang-misses-aamir-ali/articleshow/80970463.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Walia">{{cite news |last1=Walia |first1=Prateek |title=When three is comedy |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/when-three-is-comedy/story-W0aCYkOvzQaVMLPWOCIDYJ.html |access-date=16 June 2017 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=20 September 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170616191852/http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/when-three-is-comedy/story-W0aCYkOvzQaVMLPWOCIDYJ.html |archive-date=16 June 2017 |quote=Born and brought up in Delhi, Kaushik... |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |user=Iamkavitak |number=1233940851388084224 |title=I'm real, I'm full of the truth and the world is my stage ! Thanks for this wake up call paid bigoted twitterFace throwing a kissFace throwing a kiss I'm motivated to stand by my people and speak fearlessly! Ab roz kutch aisa karungi ki tumhaari rooh tumse poochegi "who is she" Smiling face with 3 hearts❤ |access-date=10 April 2021}}</ref> She is the daughter of Dinesh Chandra Kaushik, a former [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] officer.<ref name=IE /> She graduated in Philosophy from [[Indraprastha College for Women|Indraprastha College for Women, Delhi]].<ref name=toi>{{cite news|title=Chandramukhi is based on my friend: Kavita|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Chandramukhi-is-based-on-my-friend-Kavita/articleshow/7111233.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 December 2010|access-date=9 July 2015|archive-date=15 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915233845/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Chandramukhi-is-based-on-my-friend-Kavita/articleshow/7111233.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== 2001–2006: Debut ===
Kaushik had started modelling, hosting events and anchoring during her college days. In 2001 she went for auditions in [[New Delhi]] for ''[[Kutumb (TV series)|Kutumb]]'' and moved to [[Mumbai]].<ref name="IE" /> Kaushik joined [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'', portraying the role of Manya Doshi. In 2002, she appeared in two shows ''[[Kohi Apna Sa]]'' and ''[[Kammal]]''.

In 2003, Kavita acted in Sony TV's ''[[Kahani Terrii Merrii]]'' and [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Piya Ka Ghar (TV series)|Piya Ka Ghar]]'' In 2004, she appeared in shows ''Dil Kya Chahtha Hai'', ''[[Raat Hone Ko Hai]]'' in an episodic appearance, ''[[Ruby Duby Hub Dub]]'' and ''[[Tumhari Disha]]''. From 2004 to 2005, she portrayed Naina Kulkarni, in [[StarPlus|Star Plus]]'s longest running daily soap ''[[Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]''<ref name="hindu" /> This followed by appearing in another daily soap ''[[Remix (TV series)|Remix]]'' as Pallavi. Kaushik made brief appearances in ''[[Ye Meri Life Hai]]'' and ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]'' as Sub Inspector Anushka.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/kavita-kaushik-shares-throwback-video-from-cid-takes-a-dig-at-bigg-boss-1774020-2021-02-28 |title=Kavita Kaushik shares throwback video from CID, takes a dig at Bigg Boss |author=Shweta Keshri |date=28 February 2021 |magazine=India Today |access-date=21 November 2021 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021043433/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/kavita-kaushik-shares-throwback-video-from-cid-takes-a-dig-at-bigg-boss-1774020-2021-02-28 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kaushik made a debut in Bollywood with the 2004 film, ''[[Ek Hasina Thi (film)|Ek Hasina Thi]]'' playing [[Saif Ali Khan]]'s girlfriend.<ref name="David">{{cite web |title=The Films of Ram Gopal Varma – An Overview |publisher=Cinema Strikes Back |date=16 June 2006 |url=http://www.cinemastrikesback.com/?p=1202 |access-date=22 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725153007/http://www.cinemastrikesback.com/?p=1202 |archive-date=25 July 2009}}</ref> In 2005, Kaushik returned to television with the show, ''Rooh'', followed by playing Deepika in ''[[Saarrthi]]''

=== 2006–2015: Breakthrough and success ===
[[File:Kavita Kaushik bappa lahiri wedding.jpg|thumb|Kaushik at a wedding]]
In 2006, Kaushik's breakthrough finally came when she was roped in to playing the main lead in [[Sony SAB|SAB TV]]'s longest running sitcom, ''[[F.I.R. (TV series)|F.I.R.]]'' as Chandramukhi Chautala. She portrayed the role until the end. In her initial days in the industry, Kaushik was offered mostly glamorous and negative roles owing to her tall frame and appealing personality.<ref name="IE" /> Her stint as Chandramukhi Chautala in ''F.I.R.'' proved to be a watershed role in her career and it marked a break from the negative roles that she was being offered at that time.<ref name="times">{{cite news |title=Chandramukhi Chautala's F.I.R. completes 8 years on TV |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Chandramukhi-Chautalas-F-I-R-completes-8-years-on-TV/articleshow/39418403.cms? |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 August 2014 |access-date=15 July 2015 |archive-date=9 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609024643/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Chandramukhi-Chautalas-F-I-R-completes-8-years-on-TV/articleshow/39418403.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The sitcom proved to be a success, completing 1000 episodes. The role of a gusty female cop who speaks in a ''Haryanavi'' accent made Kaushik a renowned face of Indian television and won several accolades for her.<ref name="express">{{cite news |date=1 July 2013 |title=Kavita Kaushik is back on F.I.R., Chitrashi Rawat asked to quit |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kavita-kaushik-is-back-on-f.i.r.-chitrashi-rawat-asked-to-quit/1136221/ |access-date=15 July 2015 |archive-date=1 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901235857/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kavita-kaushik-is-back-on-f.i.r.-chitrashi-rawat-asked-to-quit/1136221/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During her time off ''FIR'', the show took a 20-year leap with actor [[Chitrashi Rawat]] playing the role of ''Jawalamukhi Chautala'', Chandramukhi's daughter. Kaushik made a comeback in ''FIR'' donning her previous role of Chandramukhi Chautala in July 2013 while Rawat was asked to quit the show.<ref name="express" /> The show ended in January 2015.

In 2009, Kaushik presented Star Plus's reality show ''Arre Deewano Mujhe Pehchano.'' Despite the sitcom's success, Kaushik left the show in January 2013 to star in another [[SAB TV]] sitcom ''Tota Weds Maina'' opposite [[Gaurav Gera]]. The story focused on Tota (Gera) and Maina (Kaushik), and the situations that ensued when they mistakenly marry one another. However, the show continually saw a dip in the ''TRPs'' and went off air in the April of the same year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tota Weds Maina to go off-air on 5 April |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Tota-Weds-Maina-to-go-off-air-on-5-April/articleshow/19216105.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 March 2013 |access-date=15 July 2015 |archive-date=16 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816155141/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Tota-Weds-Maina-to-go-off-air-on-5-April/articleshow/19216105.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live }}</ref>

In addition to her various television roles, Kaushik has played minor roles in films like ''[[Mumbai Cutting]]'' (2009) and ''[[John Abraham|Phillum City]]'' (2011).<ref name="hindu" /> She has even performed to an item song, Shakila Bano, in Apoorva Lakhia's ''[[Zanjeer (2013 film)|Zanjeer]]'' (2013).<ref>{{cite news |date=5 September 2013 |title=Television actress Kavita Kaushik performs Qawwali in Zanjeer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/television-actress-kavita-kaushik-performs-qawwali-in-zanjeer/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location=Mumbai |agency=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=5 May 2024 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=7 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607084642/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/television-actress-kavita-kaushik-performs-qawwali-in-zanjeer/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2015–present: Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa and later projects ===
In 2014, Kaushik presented [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]'s sports reality show, ''Box Cricket League'' along with [[VJ Andy]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/ajaz-khan-seen-flirting-with-kavita-kaushik/videoshow/45452818.cms |title=Ajaz Khan seen flirting with Kavita Kaushik! |access-date=26 March 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 December 2014 |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326161110/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/ajaz-khan-seen-flirting-with-kavita-kaushik/videoshow/45452818.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2015, Kaushik participated [[Colors TV]]'s celebrity dance show, ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 8)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8]]'', however she was eliminated in 2nd week. Kaushik stormed out of the Jhalak stage during its grand finale in October 2015 after the ''[[Comedy Nights Bachao]]'' team insulted her and turned her mike off. Kaushik said: {{blockquote|text="Yes it's true, I am totally against shows like the roast where national personalities are insulted with cheap comments, people do it but I don't have any such ''majboori'' nor am I comfortable projecting myself in a shallow manner to create content or money. I had signed Jhalak and not "Bachaao", without my permission or a brief some random people threw a volley of insults at me and when I tried to retaliate they cut power off my Mike."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kavita-kaushik-storms-out-of-jhalak-dikhlaa-jaa-finale/ |title=Kavita Kaushik storms out of 'Jhalak Dikhlaa Jaa' finale, read to know why |date=8 October 2015 |access-date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202749/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kavita-kaushik-storms-out-of-jhalak-dikhlaa-jaa-finale/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} In October, Kaushik hosted a show ''[[Fakebook with Kavita]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/kavita-kaushik-to-feature-in-satirical-comedy-fakebook-with-kavita-268263-2015-10-15 |title=Kavita Kaushik to take on hypocrisy through Fakebook with Kavita |work=India Today |date=15 October 2015 |access-date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200949/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/kavita-kaushik-to-feature-in-satirical-comedy-fakebook-with-kavita-268263-2015-10-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2016, Kaushik landed the lead role of Bhanumati in [[Sony SAB|SAB TV]]'s ''[[Dr. Bhanumati On Duty]]''.<ref name ="Dr. Bhanumati On Duty">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dr-bhanmati-on-duty/updates/52310718.cms |title=Dr. Bhanumati On Duty |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 May 2016 |access-date=19 May 2016 |archive-date=24 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524034152/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dr-bhanmati-on-duty/updates/52310718.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kavita-kaushik-impressed-with-spirit-of-indian-army-2796310/ |title=Kavita Kaushik impressed with spirit of Indian Army |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=12 May 2016 |accessdate=19 May 2016 |archive-date=13 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513115258/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kavita-kaushik-impressed-with-spirit-of-indian-army-2796310/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Within a month, she quit the show and got replaced by [[Debina Bonnerjee]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/sab-tv-dr-bhanumati-dr-madhumati-kavita-kaushik-rati-pandey-debina-bonnerjee-lifetv-327868-2016-07-07 |title=SAB TV's Dr Bhanumati to be changed to Dr Madhumati? |date=7 July 2016 |website=India Today |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203153456/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/sab-tv-dr-bhanumati-dr-madhumati-kavita-kaushik-rati-pandey-debina-bonnerjee-lifetv-327868-2016-07-07 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, after the exit of Kaushik the show failed to do well and ended in September 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-debina-bannerjee-dr-madhumati-on-duty-nd-last-episode-348249#:~:text=by%20September%20end-,'Dr.,the%20show%20going%20off%20air. |title='Dr. Madhumati On Duty' to go off air by September end; Here is what the lead actress has to say |date=15 September 2016 |access-date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202036/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-debina-bannerjee-dr-madhumati-on-duty-nd-last-episode-348249#:~:text=by%20September%20end-,'Dr.,the%20show%20going%20off%20air. |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kaushik starred in a Bollywood film titled ''Lollipop Since 1947''. The film, which was directed by Anirudh Chautala, is a political satire set in a lower middle-class household where Kaushik plays wife to actor [[Deepak Dobriyal]]. In 2017, Kaushik made a celebrity guest appearance for [[Sakshi Tanwar]]'s cooking reality show, ''[[Tyohaar Ki Thaali]]'' as a contestant. Kaushik made a debut in the Punjabi film industry with ''[[Vekh Baraatan Challiyan]]'' (2017).<ref>{{cite news |last=Vashist |first=Neha |date=19 February 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/kavita-kaushik-says-she-would-not-be-doing-movies-with-binnu-dhillon-in-the-future/articleshow/68063452.cms |title=Kavita Kaushik says she would not be doing movies with Binnu Dhillon in the future |access-date=19 February 2019 |archive-date=27 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227102926/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/kavita-kaushik-says-she-would-not-be-doing-movies-with-binnu-dhillon-in-the-future/articleshow/68063452.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She later appeared in two more Punjabi films, ''[[Vadhayiyaan Ji Vadhayiyaan]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vashist |first=Neha |date=11 July 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/kavita-kaushik-binnu-dhillon-treats-me-like-a-queen/articleshow/64942307.cms |title=Kavita Kaushik: Binnu Dhillon treats me like a queen |work=The Times of India |access-date=13 July 2018 |archive-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121232511/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/kavita-kaushik-binnu-dhillon-treats-me-like-a-queen/articleshow/64942307.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[Nankana (film)|Nankana]]'' along with [[Anas Rashid]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/nankana-trailer-gurdas-maan-kavita-kaushik-will-leave-you-impressed-watch-2116505.html |title=Nankana trailer: Gurdas Maan, Kavita Kaushik will leave you impressed—Watch |date=14 June 2018 |website=zeenews.india.com |access-date=14 July 2018 |archive-date=19 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719173934/http://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/nankana-trailer-gurdas-maan-kavita-kaushik-will-leave-you-impressed-watch-2116505.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

From 2018 until 2019, Kaushik presented [[Star Bharat]]'s crime show, ''[[Savdhaan India]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/fir-kavita-kaushik-comeback-savdhaan-india-sushant-singh-lifetv-1101393-2017-12-06 |title=F.I.R. actress Kavita Kaushik to make her comeback on TV with this show |date=6 December 2017 |access-date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200341/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/fir-kavita-kaushik-comeback-savdhaan-india-sushant-singh-lifetv-1101393-2017-12-06 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, she starred in the Punjabi film, ''Mindo Taseeldarni'' as Mindo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Mindo+Taseeldarni+kavita+kaushik |title=Mindo Taseeldarni: Here's how Mindo aka Kavita Kaushik is counting down days to release |date=19 June 2019 |access-date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505032548/https://www.google.com/search?q=Mindo+Taseeldarni+kavita+kaushik#ip=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, Kaushik participated in [[Colors TV]]'s ''Kitchen Champion 5'' along with [[Aamir Ali]] and presented by [[Arjun Bijlani]].

In October 2020, Kaushik participated in the reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]'', entering as a wild card contestant.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-14-wild-card-contestants-kavita-kaushik-and-naina-singh-to-enter-tonight-1734676-2020-10-24 |title=Bigg Boss 14 Wild Card Contestants Kavita Kaushik and Naina Singh to enter tonight |work=India Today |date=23 October 2020 |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616000019/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-14-wild-card-contestants-kavita-kaushik-and-naina-singh-to-enter-tonight-1734676-2020-10-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> She first got evicted but later re-entered.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kavita-kaushik-and-nishant-singh-malkani-evicted-from-bigg-boss-14-6913771/ |title=Kavita and Nishant evicted from Bigg Boss 14 |date=3 November 2020 |access-date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128172832/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kavita-kaushik-and-nishant-singh-malkani-evicted-from-bigg-boss-14-6913771/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-14-kavita-kaushik-gets-fighting-chance-to-re-enter-the-house-663157 |title=Bigg Boss 14: Kavita Kaushik gets fighting chance to re-enter the house |date=7 November 2020 |access-date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200522/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-14-kavita-kaushik-gets-fighting-chance-to-re-enter-the-house-663157 |url-status=live }}</ref> She walked out of the house after a fight with [[Rubina Dilaik]] in November.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Olivera |first1=Roshni |title=Exclusive Interview! Kavita Kaushik speaks out on Abhinav Shukla, Eijaz Khan and why she walked out of #BiggBoss14 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-always-knew-that-i-was-an-absolute-misfit-for-a-show-like-bigg-boss-kavita-kaushik/articleshow/80910162.cms |access-date=16 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=15 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=14 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214205302/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-always-knew-that-i-was-an-absolute-misfit-for-a-show-like-bigg-boss-kavita-kaushik/articleshow/80910162.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:Kavita Kaushik and Ronit Biswas at Kapil and Ginny Sharma's wedding, 2018.jpg|thumb|Kavita with her husband Ronit Biswas, 2018]]

Kaushik was in a relationship with fellow television actor [[Karan Grover]] and they participated in celebrity couples dance reality show [[Nach Baliye|Nach Baliye 3]]. The couple parted their ways in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=TV couples who should never have broken up! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv-couples-who-should-never-have-broken-up/photostory/46443150.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 July 2015 |archive-date=1 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601172522/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tv-couples-who-should-never-have-broken-up/photostory/46443325.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She married her best friend businessman Ronnit Biswas, in January 2017.<ref name="Marriage" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/fir-actress-kavita-kaushik-gets-her-marriage-certificate-5-months-post-wedding-lifetv-984616-2017-06-25 |title=FIR actress Kavita Kaushik finally gets marriage certificate 5 months after her temple wedding |work=[[India Today]] |date=25 June 2017 |access-date=12 December 2020 |archive-date=15 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615233235/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/fir-actress-kavita-kaushik-gets-her-marriage-certificate-5-months-post-wedding-lifetv-984616-2017-06-25 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Ek Hasina Thi (film)|Ek Hasina Thi]]'' || Karan's girlfriend || rowspan="3"|Hindi
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Mumbai Cutting]]'' ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Phillum City]]'' || Kalyani
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Zanjeer (2013 film)|Zanjeer]]'' || || Hindi/Telugu
|-
|2017 ||''[[Vekh Baraatan Challiyan]]'' || Sarla Dangi || rowspan="4"|Punjabi
|-
|2018 || ''[[Vadhayiyaan Ji Vadhayiyaan]]'' || Gagan
|-
|2019 || ''Mindo Taseeldarni'' || Mindo
|-
|2023 || ''[[Carry on Jatta 3]]'' || Daljeet
|-
|2025
|''[[Loveyapa]]''
|Kavita Bhabhi
|Hindi
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ Dubbing roles
|-
! Film title !! Original Voice(s) !! Character !! Dub Language !! Original Language !! Original Year Release !! Dub Year Release !! Notes
|-
| [[Bolt (2008 film)|Bolt]] || [[Susie Essman]] || Mittens '''(Milli)''' || Hindi || English || 2008 || 2008 ||
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Ref
|-
| 2001–2003
| ''[[Kutumb (TV series)|Kutumb]]''
|Sakshi Malhotra
|<ref name=Tribun1>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040411/spectrum/tv.htm |title=Recipe for a vamp |access-date=14 December 2023 |archive-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301065947/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040411/spectrum/tv.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''
| Manya Doshi
|<ref name=Tribun1/>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002
| ''[[Kohi Apna Sa]]''
| Rachana Gill
|
|-
| ''[[Kammal]]''
| Rushal
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2003
| ''[[Kahani Terrii Merrii]]''
| Kavita
|
|-
| ''[[Piya Ka Ghar (TV series)|Piya Ka Ghar]]''
| Rashi
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2004
| ''Dil Kya Chahtha Hai''
| Nari Merchant
|
|-
| ''[[Raat Hone Ko Hai]]''
| Kavita
|
|-
| ''[[Ruby Duby Hub Dub]]''
| Sneha
|
|-
| ''[[Tumhari Disha]]''
| Porineeta
|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/10sli1.htm|title=TV's hot item cop|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=24 March 2024|archive-date=24 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324031059/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/10sli1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2004–2005
| ''[[Ye Meri Life Hai]]''
| Annie
|
|-
| ''[[Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]''
| Naina Kulkarni / Naina Rahul Wadhwa
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| ''Arre Deewano Mujhe Pehchano''
| Host
|
|-
| 2004–2006
| ''[[Remix (STAR One)|Remix]]''
| Pallavi
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/bigg-boss-14-just-who-is-kavita-kaushik/20201102.htm|title=Bigg Boss 14: Just who is Kavita Kaushik?|first=NAMRATA|last=THAKKER|website=Rediff|access-date=24 March 2024|archive-date=24 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324031100/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/bigg-boss-14-just-who-is-kavita-kaushik/20201102.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2005–2006
| ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]''
| Inspector Anushka
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005
| ''[[Rooh]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Saarrthi]]''
| Deepika
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Kyaa Hoga Nimmo Kaa]]''
| Natasha
|
|-
| 2006–2015
| ''[[F.I.R. (TV series)|F.I.R.]]''
| Inspector Chandramukhi Chautala
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007
| ''[[Ghar Ek Sapna]]''
| Vanshika
|
|-
| ''[[Kesar]]''
| Kadambari Abhinav Pandey
|
|-
| 2008
|''[[Nach Baliye#Season 3|Nach Baliye 3]]''
| rowspan="2" | Contestant
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/aug/24slide6.htm|title=rediff.com: Meet the couples in Nach Baliye 3|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=24 March 2024|archive-date=24 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324031101/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/aug/24slide6.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Nachle Ve with Saroj Khan]]''
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Comedy Circus Ka Jadoo]]''
| Guest
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Tota Weds Maina]]''
| Maina
|
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''Box Cricket League 1''
| Host
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
| ''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]''
| Guest
|
|-
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 8)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8]]''
| Contestant
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/know-why-kavita-kaushik-got-angry-and-walked-out-of-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded-finale-267247-2015-10-09|title=Kavita Kaushik is livid, storms out of Jhalak Reloaded finale|website=India Today|date=9 October 2015 |access-date=24 March 2024|archive-date=24 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324030901/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/know-why-kavita-kaushik-got-angry-and-walked-out-of-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded-finale-267247-2015-10-09|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''[[Fakebook with Kavita]]''
| Host
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Dr. Bhanumati On Duty]]''
| Dr. Bhanumati
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Tyohaar Ki Thaali]]''
| Guest
|
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
| Host
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Kitchen Champion]]''
| Guest
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]''
| Contestant
|15th place
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Lakshmi Ghar Aayi]]''
| Baksa Mausi
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022
| ''Goodnight India''
| Guest
|
|-
| ''[[Maddam Sir]]''
| IPS Chandramukhi Chautala (Guest)
|
|-
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Role
! Show
! Ref
! Result
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
| ''[[Indian Telly Awards]]''
| ''Best Actress in a Comic Role: Jury''
| rowspan="8" | ''Chandramukhi Chautala''
| rowspan="8" | ''[[F.I.R. (TV series)|F.I.R.]]''
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" {{n/a}}
| rowspan="10" {{Won}}
|-
| ''[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]''
| ''Best Actress: Comedy''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
| ''[[Zee Gold Awards]]''
| ''Best Comic Actress: Jury''
|-
| ''[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]''
| ''Best Actress: Comedy''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/amitabh-dharmendra-honoured-at-indian-television-awards/story-O2X93YKjClQ9iwUEidosdL.html |title=Amitabh, Dharmendra honoured at Indian Television Awards |date=26 September 2011 |access-date=20 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202932/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/amitabh-dharmendra-honoured-at-indian-television-awards/story-O2X93YKjClQ9iwUEidosdL.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
| ''[[Indian Telly Awards]]''
| ''Most Popular Actress in a Comic Role''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/indian-telly-awards-2012-winners/ |title=Indian Telly Awards 2012: Winners |date=31 May 2012 |access-date=20 June 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603151616/https://www.bizasialive.com/indian-telly-awards-2012-winners/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gold Awards]]''
| ''Best Comic Actress: Popular''
| style="text-align:center;" {{n/a}}
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]''
| ''Best Actress: Comedy''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/ita-awards-pics-10364.html |title=Telly babes at ITA awards 2013 |date=25 October 2013 |access-date=20 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201419/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/ita-awards-pics-10364.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{Commonscatinline}}
*{{IMDb name|2817027}}
*{{Bollywood Hungama person|kavita-kaushik}}
*{{Instagram|ikavitakaushik}}

{{Portal|India|Bollywood}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Kavita Kaushik
| list =
{{Indian Telly Award Best Comic Actress}}
{{Indian Television Academy Award Best Comic Actress}}
}}
{{Nach Baliye 3}}
{{Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa}}
{{Bigg Boss}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaushik, Kavita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Indraprastha College for Women alumni]]
[[Category:Actresses from Delhi]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]

Ain-ul-Mulk's Tomb

2026-01-21T04:19:19Z

GeorgeNobbs1: info - done

{{Infobox historic site
| image = Chota Gol Gumbaz 5.jpg

| location = [[Bijapur]]

| coordinates = {{coord|16.8346491|N|75.7680482|E|display=inline, title}}
| designation1 = MANI
| designation1_offname = Ain-ul-mulk's tomb
| designation1_date =
| designation1_number = N-KA-D124
}}

'''Ain-ul-Mulk's Tomb''', also known as '''Chota Gumbaz''', is a [[mausoleum]] located on the outskirts of [[Bijapur]], in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-10-12 |title=Minaret of protected tomb crumbles |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/minaret-protected-tomb-crumbles-2091441 |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> It is listed as a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|monument of national importance]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alphabetical List of Monuments – Karnataka – Dharwad |url=https://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-karnataka-dharwad/ |website=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]}}</ref>

== History ==
The tomb was built during the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Adil Shahi]] period for Ain-ul-Mulk, a nobleman in the court of [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I|Ibrahim I]]. Ain-ul-Mulk had rebelled against the sultan and was killed in 1556.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cousens |first=Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/bijapuroldcapita00cousrich/page/76/mode/2up |title=Bijapur, the old capital of the Adil Shahi kings: a guide to its ruins with historical outline |date= |publisher=Scottish Mission Industries Company |year=1889 |pages=76 |language=en |author-link=Henry Cousens}}</ref>

== Description ==
It is located in [[Ainapur, Bijapur|Ainapur]], which is a suburb of Bijapur located about 2.5 kilometers east of the main city.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bijapur's grandeur |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/the-medieval-splendour-of-bijapur/article35210141.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525023300/https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/the-medieval-splendour-of-bijapur/article35210141.ece |archive-date=2023-05-25 |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>

The tomb is a square building surmounted by a large, hemispherical dome. Domed pavilions are provided on all four corners of the main dome. The facade has two tiers of three recessed arches on all its sides. Its walls are decorated with [[stucco]] work.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Michell |first=George |url=https://the-deccan.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/cambridge_history_michell_zebrowski_art_architecture_deccan_sultanates.pdf |title=Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates |last2=Zebrowski |first2=Mark |publisher=Cambridge University Press |series=[[The New Cambridge History of India]] I : 7 |pages=88 |access-date=2023-07-25 |archive-date=2023-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718003730/https://the-deccan.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/cambridge_history_michell_zebrowski_art_architecture_deccan_sultanates.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Mosque ===
[[File:Mosque_beside_Ain-ul-Mulk's_Tomb.png|thumb|Mosque beside Ain-ul-Mulk's Tomb]]
A highly decorated mosque is located beside the tomb. A parapet wall runs along the roof, dotted by pot-like finials with domical tops.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority Control}}–
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Tombs in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bijapur district]]
[[Category:Sultanate of Bijapur]]
[[Category:Architecture of the Deccan sultanates]]

Zion Church, Tharangambadi

2026-01-17T20:40:59Z

GeorgeNobbs1:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox church
|name = C.S.I Zion Church, Tranquebar, Tamil Nadu, India
|fullname =
|image = Zion Church in tranquebar.JPG
|caption = Front view of the church
|pushpin map = India Tamil Nadu
|pushpin label position =
|pushpin map alt =
|pushpin mapsize =
|map caption =
|coordinates = {{coord|11|01|33|N|79|51|17|E|display=inline,title}}
|location = [[Tharangambadi]], [[Mayiladuthurai district]]
|country = [[India]]
|denomination = [[Church of South India]]
|website =
|bull date =
|founded date =
|founder =
|dedication = {{start date|df=yes|1701}}
|dedicated date =
|consecrated date =
|cult =
|relics =
|events =
|status =
|functional status = Active
|architect =
|architectural type = [[Chapel]]
|style = [[Gothic architecture]]
|groundbreaking =
|completed date =
|demolished date =
|capacity =
|parish =
|archdiocese = [[Trichy-Tanjore Diocese of the Church of South India]]
|archbishop =
|priestincharge =
|priest =
|asstpriest =
|chaplain =
|logo =
|logosize =
|logolink =
|logoalt =
}}
'''Zion Church''' is one of the oldest churches in [[Tharangambadi]] (Tranquebar), a Danish settlement in [[Mayiladuthurai district]] in the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is in the premises of [[Fort Dansborg]], built with the help of Danish king Christian IV in an agreement with Danish Admiral [[Ove Gjedde]] in 1717 and acted as the base for Danish settlement in the region during the early 17th century. The Church was built in 1717 Rev Bartholomew zigenbalg by A.D<ref name="Rangan">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Tranquebar — A piece of Denmark on the coast of the Bay of Bengal |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/exploring-the-danish-history-and-coastal-charms-of-tharangambadi-or-tranquebar-near-puducherry-in-tamil-nadu/cid/1870111 |access-date=26 September 2023 |agency=My Kolkata |publisher=The Telegraph |date=15 June 2022}}</ref> by Rev. Bartholomaus Ziegenbalg and has records from the 18th and 19th centuries. He is believed to be the first Protestant missionary in India and the Church is believed to be the first Protestant Church in India.

New Jerusalem Church is a working church with hourly prayer and daily services and follows [[Protestant]] sect of [[Christianity]]. In modern times, it is under the dominion of Tamil evajalical Lutheran Church It is one of the most prominent landmarks of Tranquebar (Tharangambadi).

==History==
[[File:Zion Church, Tranquebar.jpg|200px|left|thumb|Historic image of the church]]
The Dansborg Fort was the most important gateway in the trade route from Europe to Coramandel for the Danish Empire. Protestant missionaries were sent from Denmark by King [[Frederick IV of Denmark|Fredric IV]], who was also the head of [[Church of Denmark|Lutheran Church of Denmark]]. Two of them, namely, [[Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg]] and Heinrich Plütschua came to Tranquebar on 9 July 1706 and established the [[Tranquebar Mission]]. They learnt [[Tamil language|Tamil]] in a few years and were the first to translate and print ''The New Testament'' of the ''Bible'' in Tamil, in the printing press inside the fort. The Danish mission was the first Protestant mission in India and from its inception, was staffed by German missionaries trained at Pietist schools and seminary founded by [[Francke Foundations|Francke]] at the end of the 17th century.<ref name="Hoiberg">{{cite book|title=Students' Britannica India: Select essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xzljvnQ1vAC&q=fort+Dansborg&pg=PA407|last=Hoiberg|first=Dale|page=407|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2004|isbn=9780852297629}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Christians and Missionaries in India: Cross-cultural Communication Since 1500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3CfIl2v8PYC&q=tranquebar+fort&pg=PA72|page=96|last1=Frykenberg|first1=Robert Eric|last2=Low|first2=Alaine M.|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2003|isbn=9780700716005}}</ref> The Danes built the Zion Church in 1701, believed to be the first Protestant Church in India and the [[New Jerusalem Church]] in 1717.<ref name=sea>{{cite web|title=Sea Side Story; Follow the East Coast and the Planes to Unravel Some of the Dravidian Soil's Most Ancient Places of Prayer and History|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-37940963.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220213422/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-37940963.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 February 2016|date=18 May 2015|publisher=India Today|access-date=15 November 2015|first=Saranya|last=Chakrapani}}</ref> During 1919, a Tranquebar manifesto targeting a single episcopacy for all of Anglican, Lutheran, Presbyterian, Congregational and Wesleyan churches over South India was discussed at this Church, but failed to arrive at a conclusion.<ref>{{cite journal|title=We Began at Tranquebar. Vol. 1: SPCK, the Danish-Halle Mission, and Anglican Episcopacy in India (1706-1843); vol. 2: The Origin and Development of Anglican-CSI Episcopacy in India (1813-1947.(Book review)|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-274953957.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220151250/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-274953957.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 February 2016|journal=International Bulletin of Missionary Research|first=Robert Eric|last=Frykenberg|date=1 October 2011|publisher=Overseas Ministries Study Center|doi=10.1177/239693931103500412|s2cid=147870618 |access-date=15 November 2015|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Architecture==
Zion Church is enclosed in [[Fort Dansborg]] along with a set of buildings, the notable ones being the fort built in 1620, the Masilamaninathar Temple built in the 13th century, [[New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar|New Jerusalem Church]] built in 1718, the Town Gateway built in 1792, the Danish Governor Bungalow built in 1784 and a series of tomb stones built during the 17th and 18th centuries. The settlement inside the citadel is modeled like a small European town with a land gate and wooden doors leading to the main street, namely, the King's Street.<ref name="Vol">{{cite book|title=Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-cultural Exchange Volume 2 of Nalanda-Sriwijaya series|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ni9AlOLTFZYC&q=tranquebar+fort&pg=PA226|page=226|last1=Manguin|first1=Pierre-Yves|last2=A.|first2=Mani|last3=Wade|first3=Geoff|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian|year=2011|isbn=9789814345101}}</ref><ref name="arch28">{{cite book|title=Annual Report of the Archaeological Department, Southern Circle, Madras|last=Archaeological Survey of India|url=https://archive.org/details/annualreportarc00indigoog|quote=tranquebar fort.|ref=arch|year=1903|location=Madras|page=[https://archive.org/details/annualreportarc00indigoog/page/n96 28]}}</ref><ref name="nic">{{cite web|title=Tharangambadi|url=http://www.nagapattinam.tn.nic.in/tara.html|publisher=Nagapattinam District Administration|access-date=24 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="Mint">{{cite web|title=Town of the singing waves|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2429835321.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610085925/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2429835321.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 June 2014|location=New Delhi|date=20 August 2011|publisher=Mint|access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref>

The church is located two blocks away from the [[Bay of Bengal]] and has an exterior made of brick, stained glass windows and tiled brick spires. The architecture indicates common features in Indian structure of the time. The altar houses conventional Methodist images and a prayer hall for the devotees. The plaques of Jesus Christ and some of the apostles are housed in glass chambers in standing posture, on the walls facing the devotees. The church was partially modified in 1782, which is believed to be the structure in modern times. There is a historic bell tower in the church and numerous tombstones too.<ref name=sea/>

==Culture==
[[File:Fort Dansborg.JPG|200px|thumb|left|[[Fort Dansborg]], where the Zion Church is enclosed]]
In modern times, the Lutheran Mission administrates the New Jerusalem Church, while the Zion church is under the dominion of the [[Trichy-Tanjore Diocese of the Church of South India]] (CSI).<ref name=naz>{{cite book|title=1400 Bananas, 76 Towns & 1 Million People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PlPeBAAAQBAJ&q=zion+church+tharangambadi&pg=PT212|page=212|last=Nazareth|first=Samir|publisher=Leadstart Publishing PvtLtd|year=2014|isbn=9789381115800}}</ref> The Danish built the Zion Church for the Governors and the New Jerusalem Church for soldiers and the community. Ziegenbalg was the first pastor of the church and he preached in [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref name=naz/> There are records from the Church during the period of 1781 to 1814, indicating the burials carried out in the church. They indicate the expenses incurred for building of tombs, funeral services and maintenance of the cemetery.<ref>{{cite book|title=Artistic and Cultural Exchanges Between Europe and Asia, 1400-1900: Rethinking Markets, Workshops and Collections|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7JScE4Q0TU8C&q=zion+church+tharangambadi&pg=PA61|page=161|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|year=2010|last=North|first=Michael |isbn=9780754669371}}</ref>

The Church along with other buildings in the fort were renovated twice in modern times, once by Tranquebar Association with the help of the Danish royal family and the State Archaeology Department in 2001 and secondly by a project named Destination Development of Tranquebar by the Department of Tourism of the Government of Tamil Nadu in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=Capturing the lost magic|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/04/10/stories/2009041050840100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414150717/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/04/10/stories/2009041050840100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 April 2009|last=Chari|first=Pushpa|date=10 April 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2013-07-07}}</ref><ref name="project">{{cite news|title=Dansborg Fort set to get a facelift|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/dansborg-fort-set-to-get-a-facelift/article2231696.ece|date=16 July 2011|access-date=24 November 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|last=P.V.|first=Srividya|location=Nagapattinam}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Church of South India church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1701]]
[[Category:1701 establishments in the Danish colonial empire]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Danish India]]
[[Category:Tranquebar]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Churches in Mayiladuthurai district]]

List of mayors of Moradabad

2025-12-29T15:52:30Z

GeorgeNobbs1: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
'''Moradabad Mayoral Constituency''' is one of the 16 mayoral constituency in [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==Total Number of Voters==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election !! Polling Stations !! Male Voters !! Female Voters !! Total Voters
|-
| 2017 || 137 || 3,33,205 || 2,89,955 || 6,23,160
|}

==List of Mayors==
{| class="wikitable" width=80%
|-
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Member
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Political Party
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|| 1995 || Humayun Qadeer || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|| 2000 || Veena Agarwal || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|| 2006 || [[S. T. Hasan]] || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|| 2012 || Veena Agarwal || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|| 2016* || Vinod Agarwal || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|| 2017 || Vinod Agarwal || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|| 2023 || Vinod Agarwal || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

[[Election|*By Election]]

==Election results==
{{Election box begin | title=Uttar Pradesh Local Body Election, 2023: Moradabad}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Vinod Agarwal
|votes = 121,415
|percentage = 44.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rizwan Qureshi
|votes = 117,826
|percentage = 42.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mohammad Yamin
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 15,845
|percentage = 5.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Syed Raisuddin Naiyami
|votes = 13,441
|percentage = 4.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gurbinder Singh
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 5,567
|percentage = 2.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 1,636
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,589
|percentage = 1.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,65,600
|percentage = 42.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=Uttar Pradesh Local Body Election, 2017: Moradabad}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Vinod Agarwal
|votes = 94,677
|percentage = 35.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rizwan Qureshi
|votes = 73,042
|percentage = 27.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mohammad Yusuf
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 47,740
|percentage = 17.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Lakhan Singh Saini
|votes = 32,268
|percentage = 12.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gurbinder Singh
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 5,567
|percentage = 2.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 1,636
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 21,635
|percentage = 8.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,65,600
|percentage = 42.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=Uttar Pradesh Local Body By Election, 2016: Moradabad}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Vinod Agarwal
|votes = 66,535
|percentage = 48.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Raj Kumar Prajapati
|votes = 30,720
|percentage = 22.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = Kaiser Ali Quddusi
|votes = 18,750
|percentage = 13.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Anand Mohan Gupta
|votes = 6,830
|percentage = 5.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 35,815
|percentage = 26.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,36,090
|percentage = 24.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=Uttar Pradesh Local Body Election, 2012: Moradabad}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Veena Agarwal
|votes = 99,182
|percentage = 44.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = Humayun Qadir
|votes = 29,071
|percentage = 13.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dr. Mohammad Sadiq
|votes = 25,990
|percentage = 11.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 70,111
|percentage = 31.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,23,105
|percentage = N/A
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bjp-candidate-wins-moradabad-mayoral-race-116080500678_1.html|title=BJP candidate wins Moradabad mayoral race|date=5 August 2016|accessdate=12 December 2017|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/uttar-pradesh-civic-polls-2017-results-live-counting-of-votes-for-652-local-bodies-to-begin-soon-4236265.html|title=Uttar Pradesh Civic Polls Result 2017 updates: BJP sweeps elections with 14 mayoral seats, BSP gets 2; Congress, SP fail to open account |date=1 December 2017|website=Firstpost.com|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref>
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of mayors of places in Uttar Pradesh|Moradabad]]
[[Category:People from Moradabad]]
[[Category:Politicians from Moradabad]]

ALCO DL560C

2025-12-21T00:35:27Z

GeorgeNobbs1: improved formatting per standard format and corrected details

{{Short description|Series of diesel–electric locomotives}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox locomotive
|powertype = [[Diesel fuel|Diesel]]
|name = ALCO DL560C
|image = File:WDM3A-16276R+WDM2-16839 Jaipur Junction, 2008.JPG
|caption= A [[Indian locomotive class WDM-2|WDM-2]] (right) and a [[Indian locomotive class WDM-3A|WDM-3A]] (left), both long-hood forward at [[Jaipur Junction railway station|Jaipur Junction]], 2008
|builder = [[American Locomotive Company|ALCO]], [[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]] (Manufacturing) & [[Diesel-Loco Modernisation Works|DLMW]], Parel workshop (overhauling and rebuilding)
|buildmodel = ALCO DL560C
|builddate = 1962–2016
|totalproduction =
|aarwheels = C-C
|gauge = {{track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}}
|trucks =
|bogies = [[Co-Co locomotives|Co-Co]]
|fueltype = [[Diesel fuel]]
|fuelcap =
<div>
*{{convert|1,320.86|USgal|impgal L|abbr=on|lk=in}} (WDM-2)(WDM-3D)
*{{convert|1,585.032|USgal|impgal L|abbr=on|lk=in}} (WDM-3A/2C)(WDG-3A)
</div>
|primemover = [[American Locomotive Company|ALCO]] [[ALCO 251|16-251-B, C]]
|enginetype = [[Four-stroke engine|4-stroke]] [[V16 engine|V16]] [[Diesel engine|diesel]]
|displacement =
|aspiration = [[Twincharger|Turbo-Supercharged]]
|alternator =
|cylindercount = 16,6
|transmission = [[Diesel–electric transmission|Diesel electric]]
|poweroutput =
<div>
*{{convert|2,600|hp|kW|-1|abbr=on}} (WDM-2)
*{{convert|3,100|hp|kW|-1|abbr=on}} (WDM-3A/2C)
*{{convert|3,100|hp|kW|-1|abbr=on}} (WDG-3A)
*{{convert|3,300|hp|kW|-1|abbr=on}} (WDM-3D)
</div>
|locobrakes = [[Railway air brake|Air]]
|trainbrakes = [[Railway air brake|Air]]
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| locale = [[India]]<ref>{{cite web| title=ALCO locomotives| url=http://www.dlw.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,295,329,389,392| website=DLW| year=2010| access-date=31 March 2015}}</ref>
}}
The '''ALCO DL560C''' is a series of [[diesel–electric locomotive]] with AC electric transmission designed by the [[American Locomotive Company]] and produced under license by [[Banaras Locomotive Works]] (BLW) Varanasi, India for [[Indian Railways]] as their classes [[Indian locomotive class WDM-2|WDM-2]], [[Indian locomotive class WDM-3A|WDM-3A/2C]], [[Indian locomotive class WDM-3D|WDM-3D]] and [[Indian locomotive class WDG-2/3A|WDG-3A]] for operation in [[India]]. The locomotive is fitted with a 16-cylinder ALCO 251 B, C diesel engine. In the early 1960s [[Indian Railways]] needed a reliable [[Diesel locomotive|diesel]] workhorse to gradually replace its [[steam locomotive]] fleet. Equal numbers (40 each) of ALCO's DL560C and EMD's [[EMD G16|G16]] were chosen for trials. More locomotives of each of these were purchased for more trials. Indian Railways was keen on producing these locomotives in the country rather than depending on imports. [[Electro-Motive Diesel|EMD]] did not agree for a Transfer-of-Technology, while [[American Locomotive Company|ALCO]] did. Thus ALCO DL560C was chosen for the job due to its easy maintenance, reliability and simple operation. And from then on vast numbers of this loco in different configurations have been produced and remain the main diesel traction power of Indian Railways.<ref name=loco2d>{{Cite web| url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-loco2d.html| website=IRFCA| title=Broad Gauge Diesel Locomotives}}</ref>

==Indian Versions ==
There are four main variants of this loco, which are extensively modified for particular needs. They are, as follows:

=== WDM-2 ===
{{main|Indian locomotive class WDM-2}}
The first loco of the type DL560C to arrive in India is WDM-2. Initial batches arrived from the ALCO manufacturing facility in ready-to-ride condition. And 12 more arrived from ALCO in,to be assembled kits. This loco remained as the workhorse of Indian Railways in the 20th century. This loco solely can haul 9 passenger compartments and can haul 18 with the help of another WDM-2. This model had a maintenance schedule of {{cvt|3000|km|mi}} every 10 days. After later improving the fluid level and bearings, the schedule was increased to 30 days. The gear ratio being 65:18 and having a max speed of {{cvt|120|km/h|mph}}. JUMBOS (full-width short hood) and WDM-2A/2B are some of WDM-2s variants with minor modifications. The production began in the late 1960s, and went on till the late 1990s. They are being eventually retired. They belong to series 18xxx, 17xxx and 16xxx.<ref name=loco2d />

=== WDM-3A/2C ===
{{main|Indian locomotive class WDM-3A}}
WDM-3A, previously known as WDM-2C, are more powerful than the previous WDM-2 version by {{cvt|500|hp|kW}}. The first loco was delivered in 1994. This loco was shown to do the work of two WDM-2S. They too had a top speed of {{cvt|120|km/h|mph}}. The gear ratio is same as the WDM-2. Some locomotives had their maximum power output increased to {{cvt|3900|hp|kW}} and classed as WDM-3A. They are still{{when|date=February 2016}} under production. WDM-3C is an upgraded loco from its previous WDM-3A. Their series is 14xxx.<ref name=loco2d />

=== WDM-3D ===
{{main|Indian locomotive class WDM-3D}}
This is the latest and the most advanced variant of all the available ALCOs. The WDM-3D are fitted with micro-processors. This variant has enhanced cabin facilities including left hand driving. This loco also has some features borrowed from its mate [[EMD GT46PAC]]. Features such as microprocessors to detect wheel slipping and phased manner power supply, monitoring engine parameters are incorporated from the latest [[EMD GT46PAC]]. This variant proved highly successful, as after serial production began in 2005 almost all broad gauge diesel sheds were allotted with this loco. The minor variants of this loco include WDM–3E and WDM–3F. They belong to series 11xxx.<ref name=loco2d />

=== WDG-3A ===
{{main|Indian locomotive class WDG-2/3A}}
[[File:WDM KZJ LPY.jpg|thumb|A WDG-3A of Kazipet Junction at Lingampally railway station]]
[[File:Kamakhya photo by Atra.jpg|thumb|13109 'Shakti' WDG-3A Bondamunda at [[Kamakhya Junction railway station|Kamakhya]] in July 2018 attached with another WDG-3A]]
WDG-3A, previously known as WDG-2 were designed owing to the problems which arose with WDM-2 on hauling freight. This loco normally hauls freight. The common problems were poor ride quality, lateral oscillations, and poor traction with heavy loads. First loco was manufactured in 1995. The gear ratio is 74:18. This loco has a balancing speed of 69 km/h with a load of 58 BOXN wagons (Max. speed 100 km/h). This variant is being gradually modernized to the level of WDM-3Ds. Some of its minor improvements include WDG-3B, WDG-3C and WDG-3D. Their series are in 14501-14999 and 13000–13665. Last one built for Indian Railway was 13665 rolled out in 2012. Total 1171 were built for Indian Railways and a considerable number were supplied to non Railway customers like thermal power plants, port trusts and steel plants.<ref name=loco2d />

=== WDM-7 ===
{{Main|Indian locomotive class WDM-7}}

They are lower powered (2000 HP instead of 2600 HP''')''' version of the WDM-2. These locomotives were built from 1987 to 1989. A few were at [[Diesel Loco Shed, Ernakulam|Ernakulam]] earlier, but later all were transferred to [[Tondiarpet railway station|Tondiarpet]] seen shunting at Chennai Central or for light passenger haulage. Some are at the thermal power station, Chennai.

They were formerly housed at [[Diesel Loco Shed, Erode|Erode]] and [[Diesel Loco Shed, Golden Rock|Golden Rock]] also. They are reliable and rugged locomotives even though low powered. They can be easily recognized by the lack of grilles on the short hood. Two locomotives are running on a mixture of bio-diesel and diesel. All 15 are still in service.

=== Export versions ===

==== Sri Lanka ====
WDM-2 - Class M8 In Sri Lanka

{{Main|Sri Lanka Railways M8}}

Eight WDM-2 locomotives were purchased by the [[Sri Lanka Railways]], the state run railroad operator in [[Sri Lanka]] in 1996. They were the longest and most powerful locomotives at that time. They were allocated the '''M8''' class. However, some modifications to the appearance were done by SLR. These locomotives belong to road number 841 to 848 and all are still operational.

==== Bangladesh ====
{{Main|Bangladesh Railway Class 6400}}

Ten WDM-2 locomotives were purchased by [[Bangladesh Railway]] in 2001. They were the most powerful locomotives at that time. They were allocated Class 6400 or '''BED-26''' numbered from 6401 to 6410. All are fitted with air brake and [[Janney coupler|AAR coupling]]. Unlike their Indian counterparts, these locomotives do not have the [[Dynamic braking|dynamic braking system]]. All locomotives are still in service.

On 27 July 2020 [[Indian Railways]] (IR) handed over 10 [[Indian locomotive class WDM-3D|WDM-3D]] diesel locomotives to [[Bangladesh Railway]]s under its “grant assistance” plan. The vehicles cost an estimated ₹600m ($US 8m) to manufacture.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.railjournal.com/infrastructure/india-increases-rail-connections-with-bangladesh/|title = India increases rail connections with Bangladesh|date = 27 July 2020}}</ref>

==Manufacturers==
They were manufactured and designed by [[American Locomotive Company|ALCO]]. Now they are licensed produced by [[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]] and are overhauled and rebuilt by [[Diesel-Loco Modernisation Works|DLMW]]. The rebuilt locos carry an 'R' behind their serial number.

==Users==
The locomotive is used by the following zones of Indian Railways:
* [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
* [[Southern Railway Zone (India)|Southern Railway]]
* [[Central Railway (India)|Central Railway]]
* [[South Central Railway]]
*[[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast Railway]]
* [[Northern Railway Zone (India)|Northern Railway]]
* [[North Western Railway]]
* [[Northeast Frontier Railway]]
* [[West Central Railway Zone (India)|West Central Railway]]
* [[East Central Railway Zone (India)|East Central Railway]]
* [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
* [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central Railway]]
* [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
* [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
* [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]
* [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
* [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html| website=IRFCA| title=Sheds and Workshops}}</ref>

In addition, DL560Cs were exported to

* [[PeruRail]]
* [[Bangladesh Railway]]
* [[Sri Lanka Railways]]

==See also==

*[[Indian Railways]]
*[[Locomotives of India]]
*[[Rail transport in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Broad gauge locomotives of India}}
{{ALCO diesels}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:DL560C}}
[[Category:ALCO locomotives|DL560C]]
[[Category:Banaras Locomotive Works locomotives]]
[[Category:Diesel–electric locomotives of India|ALCo DL560C]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1962]]

Indian Deep Space Network

2025-11-30T02:58:05Z

GeorgeNobbs1: fixed layout and improved wording as per guidelines

{{Short description|ISRO's observatory}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox Observatory
| name = Indian Deep Space Network
| logo = Indian Space Research Organisation Logo.svg
| caption =
| organization = [[Indian Space Research Organization]]
| established = {{start date and age|df=y|2008|10|17}}
| location = [[Byalalu]], [[Ramanagara| Ramanagar district]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| website = http://www.istrac.gov.in
}}

'''Indian Deep Space Network''' ('''IDSN''') is a sophisticated telecommunications infrastructure operated by the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)]] to provide telemetry, tracking and command support its [[Interplanetary spaceflight|interplanetary missions]]. Located at the Bayalu campus near [[Bengaluru|Bengaluru, Karnataka]], the IDSN comprises a worldwide network of large antennas capable of communicating with spacecrafts at lunar and interplanetary distances.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/indian-space-science-data-centre-issdc-gateway-to-indias-space-science-data |title=Indian Space Science Data Centre (ISSDC) - Gateway to India's Space Science Data - ISRO |access-date=3 December 2019 |archive-date=1 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901140723/https://www.isro.gov.in/indian-space-science-data-centre-issdc-gateway-to-indias-space-science-data |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The network operates under the purview of [[ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network|ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC)]] and functions as part of a global network, receiving complementary support from similar networks run by [[NASA Deep Space Network|NASA]], [[Chinese Deep Space Network|China]], [[Soviet Deep Space Network|Russia]], [[ESTRACK|ESA]], and [[Japanese Deep Space Network|Japan]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Brothers-in-arms Nasa, ESA support Isro in tracking Chandrayaan-3, will play key role in landing mission|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/brother-in-arms-nasa-esa-support-isro-in-tracking-chandrayaan-3-will-play-key-role-in-landing-mission/articleshow/102973343.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2023-08-23|access-date=2025-11-29|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Facilities and Infrastructure==

The IDSN occupies nearly 120 acres at Bayalu, located 60 kilometers from Bengaluru. The campus houses the antenna systems, mission operations complexes and the [[Indian Space Science Data Centre]] along with other facilities and administrative buildings.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=ISTRAC - Brochure|url=https://www.istrac.gov.in/brochure.html|website=www.istrac.gov.in|access-date=2025-11-29}}</ref>

=== Mission Operation Complex (MOX) ===
The IDSN operates two Mission Operations Complexes: MOX-1 established in 2008 and MOX-2 established in 2010.<ref name=":0" />

=== Indian Space Science Data Centre (ISSDC) ===
Located within the IDSN campus, ISSDC processes and archives scientific payload data from ISRO's space missions.<ref name=":0" />

=== ISRO Navigation Centre (INC) ===
Byalalu campus also houses the ISRO Navigation Centre (INC). The centre became active on 12 June 2013, at the time of launch of [[IRNSS-1A]], the first of the [[Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System]] series of satellites. The INC has a high stability [[atomic clock]]. It will be used to co-ordinate across 21 ground stations in India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/isro-unveils-hub-for-its-navigation-fleet/article4761288.ece |title=ISRO unveils hub for its navigation fleet |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 May 2013 |access-date=1 June 2013 |location=Jaduguda, India}}</ref>

==Antenna Systems==

Along with the existing infrastructure of the [[ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network]] (ISTRAC), the IDSN is augmented by multiple large antennas to improve the visibility duration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vssc.gov.in/VSSC_V4/index.php/ground-segment/82-chandrayaan-1/967-indian-deep-space-network-idsn|title=Welcome to VIKRAM SARABHAI SPACE CENTRE - Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN)|website=www.vssc.gov.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020022026/http://www.vssc.gov.in/VSSC_V4/index.php/ground-segment/82-chandrayaan-1/967-indian-deep-space-network-idsn|archive-date=2015-10-20}}</ref>

===32-Meter S/X-Band Antenna===
The main antenna of the network is a 32-meter antenna that employs a parabolic reflector. The antenna mount utilizes wheel-and-track system for azimuth motion. Built in a [[Beam waveguide antenna|beam waveguide]] configuration, this state-of-the-art system has supported the [[Chandrayaan-1]] and [[Mars Orbiter Mission]] mission operations.<ref name="bwg">{{cite journal |title=Two Stage Gain Magnification in Beam Wave Guide Feed of Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN-32) Station|last1=Srinivasan|first1=VV|last2=Kumar|first2=Chandrakanta|last3=Bhatnagar|first3=Deepak|last4=Lakshmeesha|first4=VK|last5=Pal|first5=Surendra|journal=IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation|volume=60|number=7|pages=3481–3484|year=2012|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/TAP.2012.2196913|bibcode=2012ITAP...60.3481S}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mangalyaan successfully placed into Mars Transfer Trajectory |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/12/mangalyaan-successfully-placed-into-mars-transfer-trajectory/ |access-date=1 December 2013}}</ref> Currently, it supports the [[Chandrayaan-2]] orbiter, the [[Aditya-L1]] mission and [[Chandrayaan-3]].

A fibre optics / satellite link will provide the necessary connectivity between the IDSN site and Spacecraft Control Centre / Network Control Centre. This antenna is designed to provide uplink in both S-Band (20/2 kW) and X-Band (2.5 kW), either through Right circular polarization or Left circular polarization. The reception capability will be in both S-Band and X-Band (simultaneous RCP & LCP). It can receive two carriers in S-Band and one carrier in X-Band, simultaneously. The system will have a G/T of 37.5/51 dB/K (45° elevation, clear sky) for S/X-Band. The base-band will adhere to [[CCSDS]] Standards facilitating cross-support among the space agencies. The station is also equipped for remote control from the ISTRAC Network Control Centre (NCC).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://isro.org/chandrayaan/htmls/ground_segment_spacenetwork.htm |title=Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) - Website |access-date=27 October 2008 |archive-date=5 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105203059/http://www.isro.org/Chandrayaan/htmls/ground_segment_spacenetwork.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===18-Meter S/X-Band Antenna (D-18 Tarang)===
Commissioned in November 2021, the second antenna is an indigenous 18-meter antenna that provides supplementary deep space support.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vssc.gov.in/VSSC_V4/index.php/ground-segment/82-chandrayaan-1/967-indian-deep-space-network-idsn |title=Welcome to VIKRAM SARABHAI SPACE CENTRE - Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) |website=www.vssc.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020022026/http://www.vssc.gov.in/VSSC_V4/index.php/ground-segment/82-chandrayaan-1/967-indian-deep-space-network-idsn |archive-date=2015-10-20}}</ref> It shares technical architecture with the 32m antenna at a reduced scale.

===11-Meter antenna===
An additional 11-meter antenna operates at the facility for additional flexibility and lower power applications.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Ch Sushil |title=Hyderabad-based ECIL supplied crucial infra for Chandrayaan-3 mission |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-based-ecil-supplied-crucial-infra-for-chandrayaan-3-mission/articleshow/103039340.cms |work=The Times of India |date=25 August 2023}}</ref>

== Missions Supported ==

=== Chandrayaan missions ===
{{main|Chandrayaan programme}}

The Indian Deep Space Network was built to track and support India's first lunar mission Chandrayaan-1, an uncrewed [[Exploration of the Moon|lunar exploration]] mission. The IDSN provided continuous tracking and orbit control support and received images and data through the mission.

IDSN supported the partially successful Chandrayaan-2 mission completely, from lunar orbit insertion and lander descent to rover operations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chandrayaan-2 - eoPortal|url=https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/chandrayaan-2|website=www.eoportal.org|access-date=2025-11-29|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241127053943/https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/chandrayaan-2|archive-date=2024-11-27|language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, the Chandrayaan-3 successfully placed a lander and rover on lunar south polar region. IDSN provided primary tracking support with supplementary supports from NASA and ESA networks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISTRAC’s Decisive role in India’s Space missions|url=https://www.indiastrategic.in/istracs-decisive-role-in-indias-space-missions/|website=India Strategic|date=2025-10-11|access-date=2025-11-29|language=en-US|first=India Strategic Staff/|last=Agency}}</ref>

=== Mars Orbiter Mission ===
{{main|Mars Orbiter Mission}}

IDSN had been used to track Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) also known as [[Mangalyaan]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.isro.org/mars/updates.aspx |title=ISRO - Mars updates |access-date=12 July 2014 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010404/http://isro.org/mars/updates.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Venus Orbiter Mission ===
The 32m antenna will be used for science data collection from the [[Venus Orbiter Mission]] Spacecraft, planned to be launched in 2028.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Cabinet Approves India's Mission to Venus, and Sample Return from the Moon |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/UnionCabinetApprovesIndiasMission.html |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Deep Space Network]]
* [[Chinese Deep Space Network]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|India|Space}}
*[http://www.isro.gov.in Official ISRO website]
*[https://www.istrac.gov.in/ Indian Deep Space Network]
*[https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/chandrayaan-1 Official Chandrayaan-1 Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708043347/https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/chandrayaan-1 |date=8 July 2019 }}

{{ISRO facilities|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Indian space programme}}

[[Category:Deep space networks]]
[[Category:ISRO facilities]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Ramanagara district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2008]]

Vivek Shauq

2025-11-25T04:27:34Z

GeorgeNobbs1: content fix

{{Short description|Indian actor (1963–2011)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vivek Shauq
| image = Vivek Shauq.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Vivek Shauq in 2010
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1963|06|21}}
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], [[East Punjab|Punjab]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2011|01|10|1963|06|21}}
| death_place = [[Thane]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| notable_works = {{flatlist|
*[[Flop Show]]
*[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha]]
*[[Andaaz]]}}
*[[Full Tension]]
}}

'''Vivek Shauq''' (21 June 1963 – 10 January 2011) was an Indian actor, comedian, writer and singer. He had acted in [[Hindi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] films, television serials, theatre and television commercials. He was also a popular writer and singer. Shauq was also involved with the [[Sant Nirankari Mission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nirankari.org |title=Sant Nirankari Mission |publisher=Nirankari.org |access-date=2012-10-01}}</ref> He was fluent in [[Urdu]].<ref name="toi.com" /> He was also the founding member of the Nonsense Club.<ref name="indianexpress.com" /> He died of a heart attack on 10 January 2011 in Mumbai, at the age of 47.

==Early life==
Shauq was born on 21 June 1963 in [[Chandigarh]]. His father died in 1980 and his mother in the late 80s. He did his study from Indo-Swiss Training Centre (ISTC).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/He-was-a-brother-child-teacher/Article1-649371.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115071107/http://www.hindustantimes.com/He-was-a-brother-child-teacher/Article1-649371.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 January 2011 |title=He was a brother, child, teacher |work=Hindustan Times|date=2011-01-12 |access-date=2012-10-01}}</ref>

==Career==
Shauq started his acting career in theatre and television. He starred in ''Ulta Pulta'' and ''[[Flop Show]]'' on [[Doordarshan]], alongside [[Jaspal Bhatti]].<ref name="indianexpress.com" /> He then shifted his focus to [[Punjwood|Punjabi films]] and [[Hindi films]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vivekshauq.com/aboutme.html |title=vivekshauq.com |publisher=vivekshauq.com |access-date=2012-10-01}}</ref> His first Hindi film was ''Barsaat Ki Raat'' in 1998. He was noticed in ''[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha]]''.<ref name="Actor_dies_of_heart_attack" /> His prominent films included ''[[Delhi Heights]]'', ''[[Aitraaz]]'', ''[[36 China Town]]'', ''[[Hum Ko Deewana Kar Gaye]]'', ''[[Asa Nu Maan Watna Da]]'', ''[[Dil Hai Tumhaara]]'', ''Mini Punjab'' and ''Nalaik''.<ref name="indianexpress.com" /> He had worked with and was greatly influenced by [[Jaspal Bhatti]], who considered him his right-hand man.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040227/cth2.htm#12 |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Chandigarh Stories |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |access-date=2012-10-01}}</ref>

==Death==
He had a heart attack on 3 January 2011 and was admitted to Jupiter Hospital in Thane.<ref name="Actor_dies_of_heart_attack" /> He was on life support, but slipped into a coma and could not be revived. On Monday, 10 January 2011, Shauq died from [[sepsis]].<ref name="Vivek Shauq passes away" /> His funeral was held on Tuesday, 11 January 2011 at Sant Nirankari Mission.<ref name="Actor_dies_of_heart_attack" />

==Filmography==
{{incomplete list|date=December 2018}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[International Khiladi]] (1999)
* [[Mahaul Theek Hai]] (1999)
* [[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha]] (2001)
* [[Andaaz]] (2003)
* [[Aitraaz]] (2004)
* [[Asa Nu Maan Watna Da]] (2004)
* [[Sadiyaan]] (2010)
* [[Delhii Heights]] (2007)
* [[Chak De Phatte]] (2008)
* [[Aitraaz]] (2004)
* [[36 China Town]] (2006)
* [[Hum Ko Deewana Kar Gaye]] (2006)
* [[Dil Hai Tumhaara]]
* Mini Punjab (2009)
* Nalaik
* Dil Deewana
* [[Bardaasht]]
* Shabaash! You Can Do It
* [[Vaada Raha]] (2009)
* Baabarr (2009)
* Apni Boli Apna Desh
* [[Life Partner]] (2009)
* Lagda Ishq Ho Gaya (2009)
* Maharathi (2008)
* Wattna Ton Door
* Satsriakal
* [[Heroes (2008 film)|Heroes]] (2008)
* [[Haal-e-Dil]]
* [[Krazzy 4]] (2008)
* Sajna Ve Sajna
* Mitti Vajjan Mardi
* [[Nanhe Jaisalmer]] (2007)
* Swami (2007)
* Raqeeb (2007)
* Zindadil
* Unns (2006)
* Utthaan
* Hota Hai Dil Pyar Mein Pagal
* Humko Tumse Pyar Hai
* [[Vaah! Life Ho To Aisi]] (2005)
* [[Yaaran Naal Baharan]]
* [[Barsaat (2005 film)|Barsaat]]
* Shabnam Mausi (2005)
* [[Tango Charlie]] (2005)
* [[Zameer: The Fire Within]] (2005)
* [[Jurm (2005 film)|Jurm]] (2005)
* [[Sheesha (2005 film)|Sheesha]] (2005)
* [[Kisna]] (2005)
* [[Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Saathiyo]] (2004) as Col Abhay Sodhi
* Kuchh To Gadbad Hai
* Ek Se Badkar Ek
* [[Hawas (2004 film)|Hawas]]
* [[Khel (1992 film)|Khel]]
* [[Koi... Mil Gaya]] (2003)
* Pran Jaye Per Shan Na Jaye
* Kaash Aap Hamare Hote
* Baaz—A Bird in Danger
* [[Dum (2003 Hindi film)|Dum]] (2003)
* Jee Ayaan Nu (Pun)
* 23 March 1931, Shaheed
* Ab Ke Baras
* Maa Tujhe Salaam
* [[Indian (2001 film)|Indian]]
* [[Champion]]
* [[Barsaat Ki Raat]]
* [[The Lion of Punjab (film)|The Lion of Punjab]] (2011)
}}

===TV serials===
* Ulta Pulta directed by [[Jaspal Bhatti]]
* [[Flop Show]] directed by [[Jaspal Bhatti]]
* [[Full Tension]] directed by Jaspal Bhatti
* Afsane directed by [[Lalit Behl]]

==See also==
*[[List of Indian Punjabi films]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|refs=
<ref name="indianexpress.com">[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/actor-vivek-shauq-passes-away-at-47/735832/ Actor Vivek Shauq passes away at 47][[The Indian Express]]</ref>
<ref name="toi.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104101444/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-10/ludhiana/28352408_1_vivek-shauq-full-tension-demise Fans mourn Vivek Shauq's demise] [[The Times of India]]</ref>
<ref name="Actor_dies_of_heart_attack">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104101451/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-11/mumbai/28377145_1_heart-attack-vivek-shauq-punjabi-films Actor dies of heart attack] [[The Times of India]]</ref>
<ref name="Vivek Shauq passes away">[http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=30&contentid=201101112011011102195898855a269d0 Vivek Shauq passes away] [[The Mumbai Mirror]]</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [http://www.loudbeats.com/ Vivek Shauq Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002215011/http://www.loudbeats.com/ |date=2 October 2018 }}
* {{IMDb name|1022181}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shauq, Vivek}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian satirists]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Male actors in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]

Padma Rao Sundarji

2025-11-24T05:15:52Z

GeorgeNobbs1: new the bio w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian Author}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=August 2021}}
{{Notability|Not a writer of eminence – awards are dubious|date=February 2022}}
{{Cleanup|reason=to give links for the references, and dates for the positions.|date=August 2021}}
{{Cleanup press release|1=article|date=August 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
'''Padma Rao Sundarji''' aka '''Padma Rao''' is an Indian author<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Srilanka: The new country|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2015|isbn=978-93-5177-030-5|location=India}}</ref> and an international [[correspondent]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=29 February 2016|title=Padma Rao's Sri Lanka|work=Ceylon Today}}</ref> based in New Delhi, India.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=9 July 2015|title=An Interview with Padma Rao Sundarji|work=Newsfirst Sri Lanka}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rao was the India correspondent for GEO magazine<ref>{{cite book | last=Vollmert | first=Wolfgang | title=Indien | publication-place=Hamburg | date=1993 | isbn=978-3-570-01775-3 | oclc=75429933 | language=de}}</ref> on India in 1992–1993 and also co-authored a travel guide on South India for Meridien Super Travel<ref>{{Cite book|title=South India for Meridien Super Travel|publisher=Graefe und Unzer Verlag|year=1994|isbn=978-3774201132}}</ref> – Germany in 1994 {{ISBN |978-3774201132}}.<ref name=":5" />

Rao was the long-standing South Asian bureau chief of German news magazine Der Spiegel,<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 April 2013|title=An Indian journalist strikes back at Der Spiegel |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/an-indian-journalist-strikes-back-at-der-spiegel-694963.html|access-date=2021-08-09|website=Firstpost}}</ref> during which time, the [[Sri Lankan Civil War|Sri Lankan civil war]] was an intensive part of her beat.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=3 December 2019|title=Revisiting Padma Rao's Sri Lanka|work=Daily Mirror}}</ref> She wrote the book ''Srilanka: The New Country'' ({{ISBN|978-93-5177-030-5}})<ref name=":0" /> [[HarperCollins|HarperCollins India]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 April 2015|title=Book review: Sri Lanka, a nation that underwent a remarkable bloodbath|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/book-review-sri-lanka-a-nation-that-underwent-a-remarkable-bloodbath/story-mCxQwRBKfpUZjnDGRhPEfN.html|access-date=2021-08-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> covering the [[Sri Lankan Civil War|thirty year long civil war]] that ended in 2009<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=IANS|date=25 June 2015|title=Book Review: Sri Lanka: The New Country by Padma Rao Sundarji|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Education-and-Careers/2015-06-25/Book-Review-Sri-Lanka-The-New-Country-by-Padma-Rao-Sundarji/159315|access-date=2021-08-09|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref>

During her stint at Der Spiegel,<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 March 2013|title=Indian journalist — a target of racism?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/indian-journalist-a-target-of-racism/story-01RlMVRJBcORELNldva1iI.html|access-date=2021-08-14|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> she was chosen to interview heads of the government<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 May 1996|title=Padma Rao Sundarji interviews John Sevilla|work=Outlook India}}</ref> and rebel leaders of the times<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=19 May 2017|title=WION's Senior International Correspondent Padma Rao Sundarji travels to Killinochi to speak to an ex-LTTE child soldier|work=WION Television India}}</ref> including the formerly underground [[Maoism|Maoist]] leader [[Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path|Prachanda]],<ref name=":1" /> [[Velupillai Prabhakaran|Vellupillai Prabhakaran]] of the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=26 March 2016|title=Untold Stories of Sri Lanka|work=The Express Tribune}}</ref>

Rao writes in English and German<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=March 2015|title=Padma Rao Sundarji|work=IBN News}}</ref> and her work has appeared in syndicate in ''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 December 2005|title=Padma Rao Sundarji|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> She worked as special correspondent<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 July 2015|title=Padma Rao Sundarji|work=Sunday Times, Srilanka}}</ref> at [[WION (TV channel)|Wion Television India]]<ref name=":4" /> before moving on to ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' as national editor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HT's National Editor Padma Rao moves on – Exchange4media|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/announcements-news/hts-national-editor-padma-rao-moves-on-104916.html|access-date=2021-08-09|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|language=en}}</ref>

== Award ==
Rajiv Gandhi Excellence Award 2015 for Best Literary Personality of the year (Pehchan, New Delhi)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 April 2021|title=Award winner Senior Journalist Padma Rao Sundarji|journal=Tillotoma, Srilanka}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=30 November 2016|title=Delhiberations: Journalism 101|work=The Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>{{dubious|date=February 2022}}{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

== Other publications ==
* Essay on [[Diego Garcia]] in ''Foreign Correspondent: 50 years'' – [[Penguin Books|Penguin India]], 2009.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Foreign Correspondent : Fifty Years of reporting South Asia|publisher=Penguin India|year=2009|isbn=978-0143067559|location=India}}</ref>
* Essay on [[Germany–India relations|India-German relations]] in ''Rising India: Europe's Partner?'' - Weissensee Verlag, Germany<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Voll|first1=Klaus|title=Rising India: Europe's Partner?|year=2006|isbn=978-3-89998-098-1|location=Berlin}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite news |last1=Kalarickal |first1=Jasmin |title=Ex-Korrespondentin klagt gegen Spiegel: Die falsche Muttersprache |url=https://taz.de/Ex-Korrespondentin-klagt-gegen-Spiegel/!5070127/ |website=[[Die Tageszeitung]] |language=de |date=3 April 2013}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao Sundarji, Padma}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Writers from New Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Daya Narain Nigam

2025-10-16T17:12:38Z

GeorgeNobbs1: Creating Data

{{Short description|Indian writer and poet (1882–1942)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Munshi Daya Narain Nigam
| birth_date = 22 March 1882
| birth_place = Kanpur, United Provinces, British India
| death_date = 2 November 1942
| death_place = Kanpur, United Provinces, British India
| occupation = Poet, Journalist, Writer
| language = [[Urdu]]
| nationality = Indian
| notableworks = ''Zamana'', ''Azad''
| alma_mater = Christchurch College, Kanpur
| genre = Poetry, Journalism
| subjects = Hindu-Muslim Unity, Freedom of India
}}

'''Munshi Daya Narain Nigam''' (22 March 1882 – 2 November 1942) was an Indian Urdu poet, Journalist and writer. He was the editor and publisher of ''Zamana'', a monthly Journal launched by Munshi Shiv Brat Lal Vermen in February 1903 from [[Bareilly]].

He was the founder of ''Azad'', a weekly Journal published from [[Kanpur]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Parekh |first=Rauf |date=2019-10-28 |title=Literary notes: Daya Narain Nigam and literary environment in today's India |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1513268 |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Media |first=Maneesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQVxEAAAQBAJ&dq=Daya+Narain+Nigam&pg=PA69 |title=Jewels of India: Leading Indo-Canadian Personalities |date=2022-04-23 |publisher=Maneesh Media |isbn=978-81-950154-8-1 |pages=69 |language=en}}</ref> He advocated for the [[Hindu–Muslim unity|Hindu-Muslim Unity]] and the Freedom of India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muhammad |first=Shan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7BCcgC0kvsC&dq=Daya+Narain+Nigam&pg=PA122 |title=Education and Politics: From Sir Syed to the Present Day : the Aligarh School |date=2002 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-275-2 |pages=122 |language=en}}</ref> He was a contemporary and friend of [[Premchand|Munshi Premchand]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-31 |title=अंग्रेज़ों की वजह से बने 'प्रेमचंद' |trans-title=Premchand was created because of the British |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india/2015/07/150730_premchand_vivechana_ml |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=BBC News हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Nigam was born in Kanpur, [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], India on 22 March 1882 to Kanhaiya Lal Nigam, a native of [[Kannauj]] but later shifted to Kanpur.{{Sfn|Ansari|1999|p=8}} He was taught [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] at home. He was admitted to Government High School, Kanpur in 1899 and passed with First Class.{{Sfn|Ansari|1999|p=8}} He completed his Bachelor of Arts from [[Christ Church College, Kanpur|Christchurch College, Kanpur]] in 1903 and started teaching Urdu and Persian at the same college. His parents wanted him to be a Lawyer, but he joined Journalism in 1903 and worked for about 39 years.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=संवाद |first=भारतीय |date=2020-06-21 |title=दिग्गज पत्रकार मुंशी दया नारायण निगम |trans-title=Veteran Journalist Munshi Daya Narayan Corporation |url=https://www.bharatiyasanvad.com/literature/veteran-journalist-munshi-daya-narayan-nigam |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=भारतीय संवाद |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Death ===
Nigam died in Kanpur on 2 November 1942.<ref name=":0" />

== Literary works ==

=== Books ===
* ''Insaaf''
* ''Islamyan-e-Hind''
* ''Hindu Mat''
* ''Khutbat-e-Sadarat''
* ''Makateeb-e-Nigam''
* ''Mashaheer-e-Adab urdu''

=== Journals ===

* ''Zamana''
* Azad

== References ==

<references />

=== Bibliography ===
* {{Cite book |last=Ansari |first=Nami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATnK-QSdXAoC |title=Daya Narain Nigam |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi|Sahitya Akademi Publications]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-81-260-0690-8 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Shaishta |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/daya-narayan-nigam-ka-iqbal-shaista-khan-ebooks?lang=hi |title=Daya Narain Nigam Ka Iqbal |publisher=[[Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library]] |location=Patna |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k1AWtwAACAAJ |title=Munshi Daya Narain Nigam: māhnāma Zamāna 1903-1949, haftāwar Āzad |date=1981 |publisher=Saral Printing Pres |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/daya-narayan-nigam-resala-e-zamana-wa-akhbar-aazad-ebooks?lang=hi |title=Daya Narayan Nigam: Resala-e-Zamana Wa Azad Akhbar |publisher=[[Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library]] |year=1995 |location=Patna |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nigam |first=Siri Narain |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/munshi-daya-narain-nigam-yadgar-e-jashn-e-sad-sala-ebooks?lang=hi |title=Munshi Daya Narain Nigam: Yadgar-e-Jashn-e-Sad Sala |publisher=Brij Narain Nigam |year=1982 |language=ur}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nigam, Daya Narain}}
[[Category:1882 births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Kanpur]]
[[Category:Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]

Painta

2025-10-13T14:43:12Z

GeorgeNobbs1: new new pg v1

{{orphan|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Painta
| official_name =
| other_name = Painte
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal,India
| mapframe = Yes
| coordinates = {{coord|22.9829|N|87.8009|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = West Bengal
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = Purba Bardhaman
| area_total_km2 =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_rural_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_max_m =
| population_total = 3,841
| population_as_of = 2011
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713427
| area_code = 03451
| area_code_type = Telephone
| website = {{URL|purbabardhaman.gov.in/}}
| demographics1_info1 =
}}

'''Painta''' is a village located in [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Painta Village Population - Raina - II - Barddhaman, West Bengal |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/321002-painta-west-bengal.html |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=India TV |title=Painta Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Painta, Bardhaman, West Bengal, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/west-bengal/bardhaman/painta |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=PAINTA PANNA RANI BALIKA VIDYA - Painta-ii/iii District Barddhaman (West Bengal) |url=https://schools.org.in/barddhaman/19092907403/painta-panna-rani-balika-vidya.html |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=schools.org.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Weather forecast of painta |url=https://www.accuweather.com/en/in/painta/3190796/weather-forecast/3190796}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Bardhaman district]]

List of Sanskrit plays in English translation

2025-09-29T16:31:08Z

GeorgeNobbs1: details

{{Short description|none}}
{{Expand list|date=December 2022}}

{{multiple image
| footer = Jones published the first English translation of any Sanskrit play (''Śakuntalā'') in 1789. In 1827, Wilson published the first major survey of Sanskrit drama in English.
| total_width = 400
| image1 = Portrait of Sir William Jones (4671559) (cropped).jpg
| width1 = 676
| height1 = 826
| caption1 = [[William Jones (philologist)|Sir William Jones]]
| image2 = HoraceHaymanWilson.jpg
| width2 = 654
| height2 = 800
| caption2 = [[Horace Hayman Wilson]]
}}
Of around 155 extant '''Sanskrit plays''',{{efn|Schuyler listed 142 extant Sanskrit dramas;{{sfn|Schuyler|1991|pp=101-105}} adding the 13 dramas discovered shortly thereafter and attributed to Bhāsa would bring the total to 155.}} at least 46 distinct plays by at least 24 authors have been translated into English. [[William Jones (philologist)|William Jones]] published the first English translation of any Sanskrit play (''[[Shakuntala (play)|Shakuntala]]'') in 1789. About 3 decades later, [[Horace Hayman Wilson]] published the first major English survey of Sanskrit drama, including 6 full translations (''[[Mṛcchakatika]]'', ''[[Vikramōrvaśīyam]]'', ''[[Uttararamacarita]]'', ''Malatimadhava'', ''[[Mudrarakshasa]]'', and ''[[Ratnavali]]''). These 7 plays — plus ''[[Nagananda]]'', ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]]'', and ''[[Svapnavasavadattam]]'' (the text of which was not discovered until almost a century after Wilson's volumes) — remain the most-translated plays.

The period of [[Indian classical drama|Sanskrit dramas in India]] begins roughly with the composition of the ''[[Natya Shastra]]'' (c. 200 BCE – 200 CE) — though this treatise evidences a mature theatrical practice already in existence. Literarily, the period dwindles around the composition of the Natya Shatra's influential abridgment: ''[[Dasharupakam]]'' (late 10th century CE) — though derivative works continued to be written. "Sanskrit drama" typically contains a mix of [[Sanskrit]] and [[Prakrit]] though, for example, [[Bhāsa]]'s ''Dūtavākya'' contains no Prakrit,{{sfn|Keith|1924|p=121}} and [[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Rajashekhara]]'s ''Karpuramanjari'' is written entirely in Prakrit.{{sfn|Keith|1924|pp=233-234}}
{{TOC limit|3}}
==List of translations==
===Key===

* '''Published as''' — The titles of the English translations, with links to their full bibliographic entries.
* '''Year''' — The year of the ''translation's first publication''. However, ''revised editions'' are frequently cited in the bibliography.

Fragmentary passages are not considered here, nor are modern dramas written in Sanskrit.

===Table===

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Author
! Sanskrit Title
! Acts
! class="unsortable"| Published as
! Translator
! Year
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Abhijñāna Śākuntalam]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1792|''Sacontalá; or, The Fatal Ring''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Jones" | [[William Jones (philologist)|William Jones]] || 1789
|-
|Krsna Misra || ''Prabodhacandrodaya'' || 6 || {{citeref|Krsna Misra|1812|''The Moon of Intellect''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Taylor" | J. Taylor || 1812
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Abhijñāna Śākuntalam]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1822|''Abhijnana Sakuntalam''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Vidyaratna" | Nabin Chandra Vidyaratna || 1822
|-
|[[Shudraka]] || ''[[Mṛcchakatika]]'' || 10 || {{citeref|Wilson|1835a|''The Toy Cart''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Wilson"| [[Horace Hayman Wilson]] || 1827
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Vikramōrvaśīyam]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Wilson|1835a|''Vikrama and Urvasi''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Wilson"| [[Horace Hayman Wilson]] || 1827
|-
|[[Bhavabhūti]] || ''[[Uttararamacarita]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Wilson|1835a|''The Latter History of Rama''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Wilson"| [[Horace Hayman Wilson]] || 1827
|-
|[[Bhavabhūti]] || ''Malatimadhava'' || 10 || {{citeref|Wilson|1835b|''Malati and Madhava''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Wilson"| [[Horace Hayman Wilson]] || 1827
|-
|[[Vishakhadatta]] || ''[[Mudrarakshasa]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Wilson|1835b|''The Signet of the Minister''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Wilson"| [[Horace Hayman Wilson]] || 1827
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Ratnavali]]'' || 4 || {{citeref|Wilson|1835b|''The Necklace''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Wilson"| [[Horace Hayman Wilson]] || 1827
|-
|Subhata || ''Mahanataka'' || 9 || {{citeref|Subhata|1840|''The Dramatic History of King Rama''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Bahadur" |Maharaja Kalikrishna Bahadur || 1840
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Vikramōrvaśīyam]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1851|''Vikramorvaśí''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Cowell" | [[Edward Byles Cowell|E. B. Cowell]] || 1851
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Abhijñāna Śākuntalam]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1855|''Śakoontalá; or, The Lost Ring''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Monier-Williams" | [[Monier Monier-Williams]] || 1855
|-
|[[Bhavabhūti]] || ''[[Mahaviracharita]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Bhavabhūti|1871|''Adventures of the Great Hero Rama''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Pickford" | John Pickford || 1871
|-
|[[Bhavabhūti]] || ''[[Uttararamacarita]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Bhavabhūti|1874|''Uttara Ráma Charita''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Tawney" | [[Charles Henry Tawney]] || 1871
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Nagananda]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Harsha|1872|''Joy of the Snake-world''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Boyd" | Palmer Boyd || 1872
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1891|''Malavika and Agnimitra''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Tawney" | [[Charles Henry Tawney]] || 1875
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1879|''Mālavikāgnimitra''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Nandargikar"| Gopal Raghunatha Nandargikar || 1879
|-
|[[Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa]] || ''Veni Samhara'' || 6 || {{citeref|Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa|1880|''The Binding of the Braid''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Tagore" | [[Sourindra Mohun Tagore]] || 1880
|-
|[[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Rajashekhara]] || ''Viddhasalabhanjika'' || 4 || {{citeref|Rajashekhara|1886|''Viddhasâlabhanjikâ''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Godabole" | Kesava Ravaji Godabole || 1886
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Nagananda]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Harsha|1887|''Nagananda''|style=plain}} || Anonymous || 1887
|-
|[[Bhavabhūti]] || ''[[Uttararamacarita]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Bhavabhūti|1891|''Uttararama Charita''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Bhattacharya"| Krishna Kamal Bhattacharya || 1891
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Abhijñāna Śākuntalam]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1894|''Shakuntala; or, The Recovered Ring''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Edgren" | [[August Hjalmar Edgren]] || 1894
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1896|''Malavikagnimitra''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Ayyar"| S. Seshadri Ayyar || 1896
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1897|''Mâlavikâgnimitram''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Apte"| V. S. Apte || 1897
|-
|[[Bāṇabhaṭṭa]] || ''Parvati Parinaya'' || 5 || {{citeref|Bāṇabhaṭṭa|1898|''Parvati Parinaya''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Aiyar" | G. R. Ratnam Aiyar || 1898
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Abhijñāna Śākuntalam]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1969|''Abhijnānaśākuntalam''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Kāle" | M. R. Kāle || 1898
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Vikramōrvaśīyam]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1915a|''The Vikramorvasiya''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Kāle" | M. R. Kāle || 1898
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Vikramōrvaśīyam]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1898|''Vikramorvasíyam''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Paranjpe" | Kesava Balakrishna Paranjpe || 1898
|-
|[[Vishakhadatta]] || ''[[Mudrarakshasa]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Vishakhadatta|1930|''The Signet Ring''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Dhruva" | [[Keshavlal Dhruv|K. H. Dhruva]] || 1900
|-
|[[Vishakhadatta]] || ''[[Mudrarakshasa]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Vishakhadatta|1916a|''Mudrarakshasa''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Kāle" | M. R. Kāle || 1900
|-
|[[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Rajashekhara]] || ''Karpuramanjari'' || 4 || {{citeref|Rajashekhara|1901|''Karpūra-mañjarī''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Lanman"| [[Charles Rockwell Lanman]] || 1901
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Ratnavali]]'' || 4 || {{citeref|Harsha|1902b|''Ratnavali''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Chakravartī" | Srīsachandra Chakravartī || 1902
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Ratnavali]]'' || 4 || {{citeref|Harsha|1902a|''Ratnavali''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Goswami?" | Bidhubhusan Goswami? || 1902
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Abhijñāna Śākuntalam]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1902a|''Sakuntala''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Jennings" | J. G. Jennings || 1902
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Abhijñāna Śākuntalam]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1902b|''The Abhijnânaŝakuntala''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Patankar" | Paraṣurāma Nārāyana Patankar || 1902
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Abhijñāna Śākuntalam]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1903|''Sakuntala''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Row" | R. Vasudeva Row || 1903
|-
|Harihara || ''Bhartrharinirveda'' || 5 || {{citeref|Harihara|1904|''Bhartrharinirveda''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Gray"| [[Louis Herbert Gray|Louis H. Gray]] || 1904
|-
|[[Shudraka]] || ''[[Mṛcchakatika]]'' || 10 || {{citeref|Shudraka|1905|''The Little Clay Cart''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Ryder"| [[Arthur W. Ryder]] || 1905
|-
|[[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Rajashekhara]] || ''Viddhasalabhanjika'' || 4 || {{citeref|Rajashekhara|1906|''Viddhaśālabhañjikā''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Gray"| [[Louis Herbert Gray|Louis H. Gray]] || 1906
|-
|[[Bhavabhūti]] || ''Malatimadhava'' || 10 || {{citeref|Bhavabhūti|1967|''Mālatīmādhava''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Kāle"| M. R. Kāle || 1908
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Priyadarśikā]]'' || 4 || {{citeref|Harsha|1908|''Priyadarsika''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Srinivasachariar" | T. V. Srinivasachariar || 1908
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Abhijñāna Śākuntalam]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1946|''Abhijnana Sakuntalam''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Ray" | [[Saradaranjan Ray|S. Ray]] & K. Ray || 1908
|-
|[[Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa]] || ''Veni Samhara'' || 6 || {{citeref|Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa|1910|''Venị̂samhâra''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Kāle"| M. R. Kāle || 1910
|-
|[[Bhavabhūti]] || ''[[Uttararamacarita]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Bhavabhūti|1911|''Uttararamacharita''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Kāle"| M. R. Kāle || 1911
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Nagananda]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Harsha|Somadeva|1911|''Joy of the World of Serpents''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Wortham" |B. Hale Worthham || 1911
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Vikramōrvaśīyam]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1911|''Vikramorvasie''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Ghosh" | [[Sri Aurobindo|Aurobindo Ghosh]] || 1911
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Abhijñāna Śākuntalam]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1912|''Shakuntala''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Ryder"| [[Arthur W. Ryder]] || 1912
|-
|Subhata || ''Dūtāṅgada'' || 1 || {{citeref|Subhata|1912|''Dūtāṅgada''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Gray"| [[Louis Herbert Gray|Louis H. Gray]] || 1912
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Vikramōrvaśīyam]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1914|''Vikramorvaśî''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Āchārya" | Śrî Ānanda Āchārya || 1914
|-
|[[Bhavabhūti]] || ''[[Uttararamacarita]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Bhavabhūti|1915|''Rama's Later History''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Belvalkar" | [[Shripad Krishna Belvalkar]] || 1915
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1915b|''Malavika''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Ryder"| [[Arthur W. Ryder]] || 1915
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Abhijñāna Śākuntalam]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1915c|''Sakuntala and her Keepsake''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Datta" | [[Rabindranath Datta|Roby Datta]] || 1915
|-
|[[Vishakhadatta]] || ''[[Mudrarakshasa]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Vishakhadatta|1916b|''Mudrarakshasa''|style=plain}} || Shastri & Abhyanker || 1916
|-
|[[Vedanta Desika]] || ''Sankalpa-suryodayam'' || 10 || {{citeref|Desika|1917|''The Dawn of the Divine Will''|style=plain}} || Narayanacharya & Iyengar || 1917
|-
|Umāpati Upādhyāya || ''Parijataharana'' || 1 || {{citeref|Umāpati Upādhyāya|1917|''Pārijāta-Harana''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Grierson" | [[George Abraham Grierson|George Grierson]] || 1917
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''[[Svapnavasavadattam]]'' || 6 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1918|''The Dream Queen''|style=plain}} || Shirreff & Lall || 1918
|-
|[[Vishakhadatta]] || ''[[Mudrarakshasa]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Vishakhadatta|1956|''Mudra-Rakshasam''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Ray" | [[Saradaranjan Ray|S. Ray]] & K. Ray || 1918
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Nagananda]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Harsha|1919a|''Nagananda''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Kāle"| M. R. Kāle || 1919
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Nagananda]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Harsha|1919c|''Nâgânanda''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Karmarkar"| R. D. Karmarkar || 1919
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Nagananda]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Harsha|1919b|''Nāgānanda''|style=plain}} || Nerurkar & Joshi || 1919
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Ratnavali]]'' || 4 || {{citeref|Harsha|1922|''Ratnavali''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Ray"| [[Saradaranjan Ray|S. Ray]] & K. Ray || 1919
|-
|[[Vishakhadatta]] || ''[[Mudrarakshasa]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Vishakhadatta|1919|''Mudra-rakshasa''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Chakravarti"| S. C. Chakravarti || 1919
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''[[Svapnavasavadattam]]'' || 6 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1920a|''Svapnavasavadattam''|style=plain}} || Jain & Shastri || 1920
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''Pancaratram'' || 3 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1920b|''Pancaratram''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Urdhwareshe"| Waman Gopal Urdhwareshe || 1920
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Abhijñāna Śākuntalam]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1920a|''Sakuntala''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Binyon" | [[Laurence Binyon]] || 1920
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Abhijñāna Śākuntalam]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1920c|''The Abhijñāna-Sākuntala''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Gajendragadkar" | A. B. Gajendragadkar || 1920
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Vikramōrvaśīyam]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1920b|''Vikramorvaśîya''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Karmarkar" | R. D. Karmarkar || 1920
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''[[Madhyamavyayoga]]'' || 1 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1921|''The Madhyama Vyayoga''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Janvier"| Ernest Paxton Janvier || 1921
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Ratnavali]]'' || 4 || {{citeref|Harsha|1921|''Ratnavali''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Kāle"| M. R. Kāle || 1921
|-
|[[Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa]] || ''Veni Samhara'' || 6 || {{citeref|Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa|1922|''Veṇīsaṃhāra''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Dravid"| K. N. Dravid || 1922
|-
|[[Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa]] || ''Veni Samhara'' || 6 || {{citeref|Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa|1933|''Venisamhara''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Gajendragadkar"| A. B. Gajendragadkar || 1922
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''[[Svapnavasavadattam]]'' || 6 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1923|''Vāsavadattā''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Sukthankar"| [[Vishnu Sitaram Sukthankar|V. S. Sukthankar]] || 1923
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Priyadarśikā]]'' || 4 || {{citeref|Harsha|1923|''Priyadarśikā''|style=plain}} || Nariman, [[A. V. Williams Jackson|Jackson]] & Ogden || 1923
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''Avimaraka'' || 6 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1924a|''Avimaraka'' [part 1]|style=plain}}, {{citeref|Bhāsa|1925a|[part 2]|style=plain}}, {{citeref|Bhāsa|1926|[part 3]|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Pisharoti"| K. Rama Pisharoti || 1924
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''Duta-Ghatotkacam'' || 1 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1924b|''Duta Ghatotkaca''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Pisharoti"| K. Rama Pisharoti || 1924
|-
|[[Bhavabhūti]] || ''[[Uttararamacarita]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Bhavabhūti|1966|''Uttaracharitam''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Ray"| [[Saradaranjan Ray|S. Ray]] & K. Ray || 1924
|-
|[[Shudraka]] || ''[[Mṛcchakatika]]'' || 10 || {{citeref|Shudraka|1962|''Mrichchhakatika''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Kāle" | M. R. Kāle || 1924
|-
|Umāpati Upādhyāya || ''Traivikramam'' || 1 || {{citeref|Umāpati Upādhyāya|1924|''Traivikramam''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Rama Pisharoti" | K. Rama Pisharoti || 1924
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''[[Svapnavasavadattam]]'' || 6 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1925b|''The Vision of Vāsadattā''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Sarup"| Lakshman Sarup || 1925
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''Dutuvakyam'' || 1 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1925c|''Envoy's Declaration''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Jayaswal"| Dharmasila Jayaswal || 1925
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Ratnavali]]'' || 4 || {{citeref|Harsha|1954|''Ratnavali''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Devadhar" | C. R. Devadhar || 1925
|-
|[[Vararuchi]] || ''[[Ubhayābhisārika]]'' || 1 || {{citeref|Vararuchi|1926|''Ubhayabhisarika''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Sen" | Sukumar Sen || 1926
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''Pratima-natakam'' || 7 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1930b|''Pratimā''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Devadhar"| C. R. Devadhar || 1927
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''Pratima-natakam'' || 7 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1927a|''Pratima Nataka''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Pranjape"| Shivaram Mahadeo Pranjape || 1927
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''Pratima-natakam'' || 7 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1927b|''Pratimā nātakam''|style=plain}} || Kangle & Trivedi || 1927
|-
|[[Sakthibhadran]] || ''Āścaryacūḍāmaṇi'' || 7 || {{citeref|Sakthibhadran|1927|''The Wonderful Crest-jewel''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Sastri" | C. Sankarama Sastri || 1927
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Priyadarśikā]]'' || 4 || {{citeref|Harsha|1928a|''Priyadarsika''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Kāle"| M. R. Kāle || 1928
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Priyadarśikā]]'' || 4 || {{citeref|Harsha|1928b|''Priyadarśikā''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Suru" | N.G. Suru || 1928
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''[[Svapnavasavadattam]]'' || 6 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1929|''Svapnavasavadatta''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Kāle"| M. R. Kāle || 1929
|-
|[[Bhavabhūti]] || ''[[Uttararamacarita]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Bhavabhūti|1962|''Uttaramcharitam''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Joshi"| C. N. Joshi || 1929
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Vikramōrvaśīyam]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1929|''Vikramorvasiya Nataka''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Shastri" | Charu Deva Shastri || 1929
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''Abhisheka-natakam'' || 6 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1930d|''Abhiṣekanāṭakaṃ''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Shastri"| V. Venkatarama Shastri || 1930
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''Pratima-natakam'' || 7 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1930c|''Pratimā''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Kāle"| M. R. Kāle || 1930
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1930|''Mālavikāgnimitra''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Krishna Rao"| A. S. Krishna Rao || 1930
|-
|[[Mahendravarman I|Mahendravarman]] || ''[[Mattavilasa Prahasana]]'' || 1 || {{citeref|Mahendravarman|1930|''Matta-vilāsa''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Barnett" | L. D. Barnett || 1930
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''[[Pratijnayaugandharayana]]'' || 4 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1930a|''The Minister's Vows''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Wollner"| [[A. C. Woolner|Woolner]] & Sarup || 1930
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''[[Svapnavasavadattam]]'' || 6 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1930a|''The Vision of Vasavadatta''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Wollner"| [[A. C. Woolner|Woolner]] & Sarup || 1930
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''Daridra-Carudattam'' || 4 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1930a|''Carudatta in Poverty''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Wollner"| [[A. C. Woolner|Woolner]] & Sarup || 1930
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''Pancaratram'' || 3 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1930a|''The Five Nights''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Wollner"| [[A. C. Woolner|Woolner]] & Sarup || 1930
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''[[Madhyamavyayoga]]'' || 1 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1930a|''The Middle One''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Wollner"| [[A. C. Woolner|Woolner]] & Sarup || 1930
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''Pratima-natakam'' || 7 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1930a|''The Statue Play''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Wollner"| [[A. C. Woolner|Woolner]] & Sarup || 1930
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''Dutuvakyam'' || 1 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1931|''The Embassy''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Wollner"| [[A. C. Woolner|Woolner]] & Sarup || 1931
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''Duta-Ghatotkacam'' || 1 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1931|''Potsherd as an Envoy''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Wollner"| [[A. C. Woolner|Woolner]] & Sarup || 1931
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''[[Karnabharam]]'' || 1 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1931|''Karna's Task''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Wollner"| [[A. C. Woolner|Woolner]] & Sarup || 1931
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''[[Urubhanga]]'' || 1 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1931|''The Broken Thighs''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Wollner"| [[A. C. Woolner|Woolner]] & Sarup || 1931
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''Avimaraka'' || 6 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1931|''Sheep-killer''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Wollner"| [[A. C. Woolner|Woolner]] & Sarup || 1931
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''Bala-caritam'' || 5 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1931|''The Adventures of the Boy Krishna''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Wollner"| [[A. C. Woolner|Woolner]] & Sarup || 1931
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''Abhisheka-natakam'' || 6 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1931|''The Consecration''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Wollner"| [[A. C. Woolner|Woolner]] & Sarup || 1931
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Abhijñāna Śākuntalam]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1950d|''Abhijñāna-śākuntalam''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Bose" | Ramendra Mohan Bose || 1931
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Nagananda]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Harsha|1947|''Nāgānanda''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Śāstrī" | Śaṅkararāma Śāstrī || 1932
|-
|Diṇnāga || ''Kundamālā'' || 6 || {{citeref|Diṇnāga|1937|''Kundamālā''|style=plain}} || Bhanot & Vyas || 1932
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1960|''Malavikāgnimitram''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Kāle" | M. R. Kāle || 1933
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1933b|''Mālavikāgnimitra''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Karmarakar" | R. D. Karmarakar || 1933
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1933a|''Malvikagnimitra''|style=plain}} || Shastri & Shastri || 1933
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Nagananda]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Harsha|1950|''Nâgânanda''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Ramanujaswami" | P. V. Ramanujaswami || 1934
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''Abhisheka-natakam'' || 6 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1935a|''Abhiśeka-Nāṭaka'' [part 1]|style=plain}}, {{citeref|Bhāsa|1935b|[part 2]|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Pisharoti"| K. Rama Pisharoti || 1935
|-
|[[Bhavabhūti]] || ''Malatimadhava'' || 10 || {{citeref|Bhavabhūti|2003|''Mālatīmādhava''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Karmarkar"| R. D. Karmarkar || 1935
|-
|[[Bhavabhūti]] || ''Malatimadhava'' || 10 || {{citeref|Bhavabhūti|1935|''Mālatīmādhavam''|style=plain}} || Devadhar & Suru || 1935
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Ratnavali]]'' || 4 || {{citeref|Harsha|1935|''Ratnāvalī''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Śāstrī" | Śaṅkararāma Śāstrī || 1935
|-
|Diṇnāga || ''Kundamālā'' || 6 || {{citeref|Diṇnāga|1935|''The Jasmine Garland''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Woolner" | [[A. C. Woolner]] || 1935
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''[[Svapnavasavadattam]]'' || 6 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1936|''Svapnavasuvadattam''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Mitra"| S. K. Mitra || 1936
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''[[Svapnavasavadattam]]'' || 6 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1955|''Swapna-vasavadattam''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Sen"| Satyendra Nath Sen || 1937
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''[[Urubhanga]]'' || 1 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1937|''Ūrubhaṅgam''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Bhatnagar"| Kailash Nath Bhatnagar || 1937
|-
|[[Shudraka]] || ''[[Mṛcchakatika]]'' || 10 || {{citeref|Shudraka|1937b|''Mrcchakatika''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Karmarakar" | R. D. Karmarakar || 1937
|-
|[[Shudraka]] || ''[[Mṛcchakatika]]'' || 10 || {{citeref|Shudraka|1937a|''The Toy-cart of Clay''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Paranjpe" | Vasudeva Gopala Paranjpe || 1937
|-
|[[Shudraka]] || ''[[Mṛcchakatika]]'' || 10 || {{citeref|Shudraka|1938|''The Little Clay Cart''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Oliver" | [[Revilo P. Oliver]] || 1938
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''[[Pratijnayaugandharayana]]'' || 4 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1939|''Pratijñāyaugandharāyaṇam''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Devadhar"| C. R. Devadhar || 1939
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''Daridra-Carudattam'' || 4 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1943a|''Charudattam''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Devadhar"| C. R. Devadhar || 1939
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Ratnavali]]'' || 4 || {{citeref|Harsha|1939|''Ratnavali''|style=plain}} || Bhattacharya & Das || 1939
|-
|[[Shudraka]] || ''[[Mṛcchakatika]]'' || 10 || {{citeref|Shudraka|1939|''The Little Clay Cart''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Basu" | Satyendra Kumar Basu || 1939
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''[[Pratijnayaugandharayana]]'' || 4 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1940b|''Yaugandharayana's Vows''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Simha"| S. N. Simha || 1940
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''[[Urubhanga]]'' || 1 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1940a|''Breaking of Thighs''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Devadhar"| C. R. Devadhar || 1940
|-
|[[Vishakhadatta]] || ''[[Mudrarakshasa]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Vishakhadatta|1940|''Mudrārāksasa''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Karmarakar" | R. D. Karmarakar || 1940
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''[[Pratijnayaugandharayana]]'' || 4 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1941a|''Yaugandharayana's Vows''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Ayyar"| [[A. S. P. Ayyar]] || 1941
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''[[Svapnavasavadattam]]'' || 6 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1941a|''The Vision of Vasavadatta''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Ayyar"| [[A. S. P. Ayyar]] || 1941
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''[[Karnabharam]]'' || 1 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1941b|''Karna's Burden''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Hariyappa"| B. V. Hariyappa || 1941
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''Pratima-natakam'' || 7 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1942|''Pratima-Natakam''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Ray"| [[Saradaranjan Ray|S. Ray]] & K. Ray || 1942
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''Pancaratram'' || 3 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1943b|''The Five Nights''|style=plain}} || Anonymous || 1943
|-
|[[Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa]] || ''Veni Samhara'' || 6 || {{citeref|Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa|1943a|''Venisamhara''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Sastri"| R. S. Venkatarama Sastri || 1943
|-
|[[Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa]] || ''Veni Samhara'' || 6 || {{citeref|Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa|1943b|''Veṇīsaṃhāram''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Śāstrī"| Śaṅkararāma Śāstrī || 1943
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''[[Svapnavasavadattam]]'' || 6 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1944|''Svapnavāsavadattā''|style=plain}} || Gore & Mehendale || 1944
|-
|[[Vishakhadatta]] || ''[[Mudrarakshasa]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Vishakhadatta|1944|''The Signet Ring''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Pandit"| [[Ranjit Sitaram Pandit]] || 1944
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Abhijñāna Śākuntalam]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1945|''Shakuntala; or, The Lost Token''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Bose"| Bela Bose || 1945
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Vikramōrvaśīyam]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1945|''Vikrama and Urvasi''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Bose"| Bela Bose || 1945
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1945|''Malavika and Agnimitra''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Bose"| Bela Bose || 1945
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''[[Svapnavasavadattam]]'' || 6 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1946|''Svapnavāsavadattam''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Devadhar"| C. R. Devadhar || 1946
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Nagananda]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Harsha|1948b|''The Delight of Serpents''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Bose" | Bela Bose || 1948
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Priyadarśikā]]'' || 4 || {{citeref|Harsha|1948b|''The Good-looking''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Bose" | Bela Bose || 1948
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Ratnavali]]'' || 4 || {{citeref|Harsha|1948b|''A Necklace of Pearls''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Bose" | Bela Bose || 1948
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Priyadarśikā]]'' || 4 || {{citeref|Harsha|1948a|''Priyadarsika''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Ramanujaswami" | P. V. Ramanujaswami || 1948
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Vikramōrvaśīyam]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1948|''The Vikramorvaśīyam''|style=plain}} || Athalye & Bhawe || 1948
|-
|[[Vishakhadatta]] || ''[[Mudrarakshasa]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Vishakhadatta|1948|''Mudrārākṣasam''|style=plain}} || Devadhar & Bedekar || 1948
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''[[Svapnavasavadattam]]'' || 6 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1961|''Swapnavasavadattam''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Ray"| [[Saradaranjan Ray|S. Ray]] & K. Ray || 1949
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''Pratima-natakam'' || 7 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1950|''The Statues Play''|style=plain}} || Anonymous || 1950
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1950b|''Malavikagnimiytra''|style=plain}} || Gaidhani, Mangrulkar & Parikh || 1950
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1950a|''Malavikagnimatra''|style=plain}} || Sane, Godbole & Uresekar || 1950
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Abhijñāna Śākuntalam]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1950c|''Abhijnana-Sakuntalam''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Śrīnivāsācārya" | Śatāvadhāna Śrīnivāsācārya || 1950
|-
|Anonymous || ''[[Kaumudi-Mahotsava]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Anonymous|1952|''Kaumudī Mahotsava''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Shastri" | S. R. Shastri || 1952
|-
|[[Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa]] || ''Veni Samhara'' || 6 || {{citeref|Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa|1953a|''Veṇīsaṃhāram''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Deshpande"| R. R. Deshpande || 1953
|-
|[[Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa]] || ''Veni Samhara'' || 6 || {{citeref|Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa|1953b|''Veṇīsaṃhāram''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Devasthali"| G. V. Devasthali || 1953
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Nagananda]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Harsha|1953b|''Nāgānanda''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Karandikar" | M. A. Karandikar || 1953
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Nagananda]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Harsha|1953c|''Nāgānand''|style=plain}} || Toraskar & Deshpande || 1953
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Ratnavali]]'' || 4 || {{citeref|Harsha|1953a|''Ratnavali''|style=plain}} || Joshi & Watwe || 1953
|-
|[[Bhavabhūti]] || ''[[Uttararamacarita]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Bhavabhūti|1954|''Uttararāmacarita''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Karmarkar"| R. D. Karmarkar || 1954
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Ratnavali]]'' || 4 || {{citeref|Harsha|1955|''Ratnavali''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Gaidhani" | R. N. Gaidhani || 1955
|-
|[[Shudraka]] || ''Padmaprabhritaka'' || 1 || {{citeref|Shudraka|1956|''Padmaprābhṛtakam''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Loman" | J. R. A. Loman || 1956
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''[[Karnabharam]]'' || 1 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1957d|''Karṇabhāram''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Devadhar"| C. R. Devadhar || 1957
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''[[Madhyamavyayoga]]'' || 1 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1957b|''Madhyamavyāyoga''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Devadhar"| C. R. Devadhar || 1957
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''Duta-Ghatotkacam'' || 1 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1957e|''Dūtaghaṭotkacam''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Devadhar"| C. R. Devadhar || 1957
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''Dutuvakyam'' || 1 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1957c|''Dūtavākyam''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Devadhar"| C. R. Devadhar || 1957
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''Pancaratram'' || 3 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1957a|''Pañcharātram''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Devadhar"| C. R. Devadhar || 1957
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Abhijñāna Śākuntalam]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1958|''Abhijñāna Śākuntalam''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Devadhar" | C. R. Devadhar || 1958
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Vikramōrvaśīyam]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1958|''Vikramorvaśiyam''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Devadhar" | C. R. Devadhar || 1958
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1958|''Mālavikāgnimitram''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Devadhar" | C. R. Devadhar || 1958
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Abhijñāna Śākuntalam]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1962|''Abhijn̄āna-Sakuntala''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Emeneau" | [[Murray Barnson Emeneau| M. B. Emeneau]] || 1962
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Abhijñāna Śākuntalam]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Lal|1964|''Shakuntala''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Lal"| [[Purushottama Lal|P. Lal]] || 1964
|-
|[[Shudraka]] || ''[[Mṛcchakatika]]'' || 10 || {{citeref|Lal|1964|''The Toy Cart''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Lal"| [[Purushottama Lal|P. Lal]] || 1964
|-
|[[Vishakhadatta]] || ''[[Mudrarakshasa]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Lal|1964|''The Signet Ring of Rakshasa''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Lal"| [[Purushottama Lal|P. Lal]] || 1964
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''[[Svapnavasavadattam]]'' || 6 || {{citeref|Lal|1964|''The Dream of Vasavadatta''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Lal"| [[Purushottama Lal|P. Lal]] || 1964
|-
|[[Bhavabhūti]] || ''[[Uttararamacarita]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Lal|1964|''The Later Story of Rama''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Lal"| [[Purushottama Lal|P. Lal]] || 1964
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Ratnavali]]'' || 4 || {{citeref|Lal|1964|''Ratnavali''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Lal"| [[Purushottama Lal|P. Lal]] || 1964
|-
|[[Shudraka]] || ''[[Mṛcchakatika]]'' || 10 || {{citeref|Buitenen|1968|''The Little Clay Cart''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Buitenen"| [[J. A. B. van Buitenen]] || 1968
|-
|[[Vishakhadatta]] || ''[[Mudrarakshasa]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Buitenen|1968|''The Minister's Seal''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Buitenen"| [[J. A. B. van Buitenen]] || 1968
|-
|Baudhāyana || ''[[Bhagavadajjukam]]'' || 1 || {{citeref|Baudhāyana|1971|''The Hermit and the Harlot''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Buitenen"| [[J. A. B. van Buitenen]] || 1971
|-
|Śyāmilaka || ''Pādatāḍitaka'' || 1 || {{citeref|Śyāmilaka|1976|''Pādatāḍitaka''|style=plain}} || Schokker & Worseley || 1976
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Abhijñāna Śākuntalam]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Coulson|1981|''Śakuntalā''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Coulson" | Michael Coulson || 1981
|-
|[[Vishakhadatta]] || ''[[Mudrarakshasa]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Coulson|1981|''Rākshasa's Ring''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Coulson" | Michael Coulson || 1981
|-
|[[Bhavabhūti]] || ''Malatimadhava'' || 10 || {{citeref|Coulson|1981|''Mālati and Mādhava''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Coulson" | Michael Coulson || 1981
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Abhijñāna Śākuntalam]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1984|''Śakuntalā and the Ring of Recollection''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Miller" | [[Barbara Stoler Miller]] || 1984
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Vikramōrvaśīyam]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1984|''Urvasī Won By Valor''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Gitomer" | David Gitomer || 1984
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|1984|''Mālavikā and Agnimitra''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Gerow" | Edwin Gerow || 1984
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''[[Madhyamavyayoga]]'' || 1 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1993|''The Middle One''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Haksar"| [[A. N. D. Haksar]] || 1993
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''Pancaratram'' || 3 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1993|''Five Nights''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Haksar"| [[A. N. D. Haksar]] || 1993
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''Dutuvakyam'' || 1 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1993|''The Envoy''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Haksar"| [[A. N. D. Haksar]] || 1993
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''Duta-Ghatotkacam'' || 1 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1993|''The Message''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Haksar"| [[A. N. D. Haksar]] || 1993
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''[[Karnabharam]]'' || 1 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1993|''Karna's Burden''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Haksar"| [[A. N. D. Haksar]] || 1993
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''[[Urubhanga]]'' || 1 || {{citeref|Bhāsa|1993|''The Shattered Thigh''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Haksar"| [[A. N. D. Haksar]] || 1993
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|2002|''Mâlavikâgnimitram''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Rajan" | Chandra Rajan || 2002
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Vikramōrvaśīyam]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|2002|''Vikramorvasíyam''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Rajan" | Chandra Rajan || 2002
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Abhijñāna Śākuntalam]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|2006a|''The Recognition of Śakuntalā''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Rajan" | Chandra Rajan || 2002
|-
|[[Jayanta Bhatta]] || ''[[Āgamaḍambara]]'' || 4 || {{citeref|Jayanta Bhatta|2005|''Much Ado About Religion''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Dezső" | Csaba Dezső || 2005
|-
|[[Vishakhadatta]] || ''[[Mudrarakshasa]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Vishakhadatta|2005|''Rākṣasa's Ring''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Coulson"| Michael Coulson || 2005
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Ratnavali]]'' || 4 || {{citeref|Harsha|2006|''The Lady of the Jewel Necklace''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Doniger"| [[Wendy Doniger]] || 2006
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Priyadarśikā]]'' || 4 || {{citeref|Harsha|2006|''The Lady who Shows her Love''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Doniger"| [[Wendy Doniger]] || 2006
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Abhijñāna Śākuntalam]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|2006b|''The Recognition of Shakúntala''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Vasudeva" | Somadeva Vasudeva || 2006
|-
|Murāri || ''[[Anargharāghava]]'' || ? || {{citeref|Murāri|2006|''Rāma Beyond Price''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Törzsök" | Judit Törzsök || 2006
|-
|[[Bhavabhūti]] || ''[[Uttararamacarita]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Bhavabhūti|2007|''Rama's Last Act''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Pollock"| [[Sheldon Pollock|Sheldon I. Pollock]] || 2007
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Abhijñāna Śākuntalam]]'' || 7 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|2008|''The Recognition of Śakuntalā''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Johnson" | W. J. Johnson || 2008
|-
|[[Harsha]] || ''[[Nagananda]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Skilton|2009|''How the Nāgas were Pleased''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Skilton" | Andrew Skilton || 2009
|-
|[[Bhāsa]] || ''[[Urubhanga]]'' || 1 || {{citeref|Skilton|2009|''The Shattered Thighs''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Skilton" | Andrew Skilton || 2009
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|2009b|''Mālavikā and Agnimitra''|style=plain}} || Balogh & Somogyi || 2009
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Vikramōrvaśīyam]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|2009a|''How Úrvashi was Won''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Rao" | [[Narayana Rao (author)|Rao]] & [[David Dean Shulman|Shulman]] || 2009
|-
|[[Shudraka]] || ''[[Mṛcchakatika]]'' || 10 || {{citeref|Shudraka|2009|''The Little Clay Cart''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Acharya" | [[Diwakar Acharya]] || 2009
|-
|Krsna Misra || ''Prabodhacandrodaya'' || 6 || {{citeref|Krsna Misra|2009|''The Rise of Wisdom Moon''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Kapstein" | [[Matthew Kapstein]] || 2009
|-
|Śyāmilaka || ''Pādatāḍitaka'' || 1 || {{citeref|Dezső|Vasudeva|2009|''The Kick''|style=plain}} || Dezső & Vasudeva || 2009
|-
|[[Vararuchi]] || ''[[Ubhayābhisārika]]'' || 1 || {{citeref|Dezső|Vasudeva|2009|''The Mutual Elopement''|style=plain}} || Dezső & Vasudeva || 2009
|-
|[[Shudraka]] || ''Padmaprabhritaka'' || 1 || {{citeref|Dezső|Vasudeva|2009|''The Lotus Gift''|style=plain}} || Dezső & Vasudeva || 2009
|-
|Īśvaradatta || ''Dhūrtavitasaṃvāda'' || 1 || {{citeref|Dezső|Vasudeva|2009|''Rogue and Pimp Confer''|style=plain}} || Dezső & Vasudeva || 2009
|-
|[[Shudraka]] || ''[[Mṛcchakatika]]'' || 10 || {{citeref|Shudraka|2018|''The Clay Toy-Cart''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Rajappa"| Padmini Rajappa || 2018
|-
|[[Kālidāsa]] || ''[[Vikramōrvaśīyam]]'' || 5 || {{citeref|Kālidāsa|2021|''Quest for Urvashi''|style=plain}} || data-sort-value="Haksar"| [[A. N. D. Haksar]] || 2021
|}

==Notes and references==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}
===References===
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
===Translations===
{{refbegin|30em}}
====Anonymous====
* {{cite book |last=Anonymous |translator-last=Shastri |translator-first=Sakuntala Rao |title=Kaumudī Mahotsava |date=1952 |location=Bombay |url=https://archive.org/details/KaumudimahotsavaNatakam}}
====Bāṇabhaṭṭa====
* {{cite book |last=Bāṇabhaṭṭa |author-link=Bāṇabhaṭṭa |translator-last=Aiyar |translator-first=G. R. Ratnam |title=The Parvati Parinaya of Banabhatta |date=1898 |publisher=L.V. Ramachandra Iyer |location=Madras |oclc=663420957}}
====Baudhāyana====
* {{cite journal |last=Baudhāyana |translator-last=Buitenen |translator-first=J. A. B. van |translator-link=J. A. B. van Buitenen |title=The Hermit and the Harlot |journal=Mahfil |date=1971 |volume=7 |issue=3/4 |pages=149–166 |jstor=40874441 |issn=0025-0503}}
====Bhāsa====
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last1=Shirreff |translator-first1=A. G. |translator-last2=Lall |translator-first2=Panna |title=The Dream Queen: A Translation of the Svapnavasavadatta of Bhasa |date=1918 |publisher=Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UzwUI8xsjt0C}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last1=Jain |translator-first1=Banarsi Das |translator-last2=Shastri |translator-first2=Madan Gopal |title=Svapnavasavadattam |date=1920a |publisher=P. Charan Das |location=Lahore |oclc=557433768}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Urdhwareshe |translator-first=Waman Gopal |title=Pancaratram |date=1920b |publisher=Holkar State Printing Press |location=Indore |oclc=878273052}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Janvier |translator-first=Ernest Paxton |title=The Madhyama Vyayoga: a drama composed by the poet Bhasa |date=1921 |publisher=Wesleyan Mission Press |location=Mysore |url=https://archive.org/details/madhyamavyayogad00bhas}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Sukthankar |translator-first=V. S. |translator-link=Vishnu Sitaram Sukthankar |title=Vāsavadattā: Being a Translation of an Anonymous Sanskrit Drama, Svapanavāsavadatta, Attributed to Bhāsa |date=1923 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wq5DAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite journal |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Pisharoti |translator-first=K. Rama |title=Avimaraka [Act I?] |journal=Shama'a |date=1924a |volume=IV |pages=285–295}}
* {{cite journal |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Pisharoti |translator-first=K. Rama |title=Duta Ghatotkaca |journal=Shama'a |date=1924b |volume=IV |pages=129–151}}
* {{cite journal |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Pisharoti |translator-first=K. Rama |title=Avimaraka [Acts II-V?] |journal=Shama'a |date=1925a |volume=V |pages=47-59, 114-126, 270-284}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Sarup |translator-first=Lakshman |title=The Vision of Vāsadattā (Svapnavāsavadattam) &c. |date=1925b |publisher=Das Bros. |location=Lahore |oclc=936468387}}
* {{cite journal |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Jayaswal |translator-first=Dharmasila |title=Duta-Vakyam; or Envoy's Declaration |journal=The Modern Review |date=1925c |volume=38 |issue=6 (December) |pages=665–669 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.09834 |issn=0026-8380}}
* {{cite journal |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Pisharoti |translator-first=K. Rama |title=Avimaraka [Act VI] |journal=Shama'a |date=1926 |volume=VI |issue=4 (July) |pages=213–225 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.92359}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Pranjape |translator-first=Shivaram Mahadeo |title=Pratima Nataka |date=1927a |publisher=Oriental Book Agency |location=Pune |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.242259}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last1=Kangle |translator-first1=R. P. |translator-last2=Trivedi |translator-first2=F. C. |title=Pratimā nātakam of Bhāsa |date=1927b |publisher=Vasanta Press |location=Ahmedabad |oclc=1222778541}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Kāle |translator-first=M(oreshvar) R(amchandra) |title=Svapnavasavadatta |date=1929 |publisher=Booksellers Publishing Co. |location=Bombay |edition=3rd |oclc=977771182}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last1=Woolner |translator-first1=A. C. |translator1-link=A. C. Woolner |translator-last2=Sarup |translator-first2=Lakshman |title=Thirteen Trivandrum Plays Attributed To Bhasa |volume=I |date=1930a |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283893}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Devadhar |translator-first=C[hintamani] R[amachandra] |title=Pratimā |date=1930b |orig-date=1927 |publisher=N. Bhide & Co. |location=Pune |edition=2nd revised and enlarged |oclc=557433755}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Kāle |translator-first=M(oreshvar) R(amchandra) |title=Pratimā |date=1930c |publisher=Gopal Narayen & Co. |location=Bombay |oclc=557433764}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Shastri |translator-first=V. Venkatarama |title=Abhiṣekanāṭakaṃ; a Sanskrit drama in seven acts |date=1930d |publisher=Punjab Sanskrit Book Depot |location=Lahore |oclc=48255755}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last1=Woolner |translator-first1=A. C. |translator1-link=A. C. Woolner |translator-last2=Sarup |translator-first2=Lakshman |title=Thirteen Trivandrum Plays Attributed To Bhasa |volume=II |date=1931 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.326685}}
* {{cite journal |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Pisharoti |translator-first=K. Rama |title=Abhiśeka-Nāṭaka |journal=Journal of the Annamalai University |date=1935a |volume=IV |pages=131-148, 275-286 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.29745}}
* {{cite journal |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Pisharoti |translator-first=K. Rama |title=Abhiśeka-Nāṭaka |journal=Journal of the Annamalai University |date=1935b |volume=V |pages=119-134, 243-253 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.29746}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Mitra |translator-first=S. K. |title=Svapnavasuvadattam |date=1936 |location=Bangla |oclc=229482733}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Bhatnagar |translator-first=Kailash Nath |title=Bhāsa's Ūrubhaṅgam |date=1937 |publisher=M. L. Banarsi Das |location=Lahore |oclc=586808764}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Devadhar |translator-first=C[hintamani] R[amachandra] |series=Poona Oriental Series |volume=61 |date=1939 |title=Pratijñāyaugandharāyaṇam: a Sanskrit drama in four acts |publisher=Oriental Book Agency |location=Pune |oclc=36274668}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Devadhar |translator-first=C[hintamani] R[amachandra] |series=Poona Oriental Series |volume=72 |date=1940a |title=Ūrubhaṅgam (Breaking of Thighs): a Sanskrit one-act play |publisher=Oriental Book Agency |location=Pune |oclc=214677185}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Simha |translator-first=S. N. |title=Yaugandharayana's Vows (a play in four acts) |date=1940b |publisher=Sanskrit Literature Society |location=Bangalore City |oclc=69395822}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Ayyar |translator-first=A. S. P. |translator-link=A. S. P. Ayyar |title=Two Plays Of Bhasa |date=1941a |publisher=Madras Law Journal Office |location=Madras |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283947}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |editor-last=Narayanaswamy Naidu |editor-first=B. V. |translator-last=Hariyappa |translator-first=H. L. |title=Rajah Sir Annamalai Chettiar Commemoration Volume |contribution=Karna's Burden |date=1941b |publisher=Annamalai University |location=Madras |pages=210–225 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72838/page/n321}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last1=Ray |translator-first1=Saradaranjan |translator1-link=Saradaranjan Ray |translator-last2=Ray |translator-first2=Kumudranjan |title=Bhasa's Pratima-Natakam |date=1942 |publisher=Nalanda Press |location=Calcutta |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.313649}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Devadhar |translator-first=C[hintamani] R[amachandra] |title=Charudattam |series=Poona Oriental Series |volume=65 |date=1943a |orig-year=1939 |publisher=Oriental Book Agency |location=Pune |edition=2nd revised |url=https://archive.org/details/charudatta-bhasa-chintamani-ramachandra-devadhar-1943-second-revised-edition}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Anonymous |title=Pancharatram: The Five Nights [a play in three acts] |date=1943b |publisher=Sanskrit Literature Society |location=Bangalore City |oclc=1080737270}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last1=Gore |translator-first1=N. A. |translator-last2=Mehendale |translator-first2=M. A. |title=The Svapnavāsavadattā of Bhāsa |date=1944 |publisher=Good Companions |location=Baroda |oclc=17130649}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Devadhar |translator-first=C[hintamani] R[amachandra] |series=Poona Oriental Series |volume=27 |title=Svapnavāsavadattam: a Sanskrit drama in six acts |date=1946 |orig-year=1925? |edition=4th |publisher=Oriental Book Agency |location=Pune |oclc=28794638}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |title=Bhasa's Pratima-Nataka: The Statues Play |date=1950 |publisher=Samskrita Sahitya Sadana |location=Bangalore City |oclc=40886055}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Sen |translator-first=Satyendra Nath |title=Bhasa's Swapna-vasavadattam |date=1955 |orig-date=1937 |publisher=Chattopadhyaya Brothers |location=Calcutta |edition=4th |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.553747}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Devadhar |translator-first=C. R. |title=Pañcharātram |date=1957a |publisher=Oriental Book Agency |location=Pune |url=https://archive.org/details/pancharatra_bhasa}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Devadhar |translator-first=C. R. |title=Madhyamavyāyoga |date=1957b |publisher=Oriental Book Agency |location=Pune |oclc=18722806}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Devadhar |translator-first=C. R. |title=Dūtavākyam |date=1957c |publisher=Oriental Book Agency |location=Pune |oclc=917020286}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Devadhar |translator-first=C. R. |title=Karṇabhāram |date=1957d |publisher=Oriental Book Agency |location=Pune |oclc=19356833}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Devadhar |translator-first=C. R. |title=Dūtaghaṭotkacam |date=1957e |publisher=Oriental Book Agency |location=Pune |oclc=69188867}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last1=Ray |translator-first1=Saradaranjan |translator1-link=Saradaranjan Ray |translator-last2=Ray |translator-first2=Kumudranjan |title=Bhasa's Swapnavasavadattam |date=1961 |orig-year=1949 |publisher=K. Ray |location=Calcutta |edition=3rd revised |oclc=964321526}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhāsa |author-link=Bhāsa |translator-last=Haksar |translator-first=A. N. D. |translator-link=A. N. D. Haksar |title=The Shattered Thigh and the Other Mahābhārata Plays of Bhasa |date=1993 |publisher=Penguin Books India |location=New Delhi |isbn=9780140178371}}
====Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa====
* {{cite book |last=Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa |author-link=Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa |translator-last=Tagore |translator-first=Sourindra Mohun |translator-link=Sourindra Mohun Tagore |title=Veṉí-sanhára Nátaka; or, The Binding of the Braid |date=1880 |publisher=The Translator |location=Calcutta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b6Y_AAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa |author-link=Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa |translator-last=Kāle |translator-first=M(oreshvar) R(amchandra) |title=The Venị̂samhâra of Bhaṭṭa Nârâyana |date=1910 |publisher=Oriental Publishing Company |location=Bombay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wa9DAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa |author-link=Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa |translator-last=Dravid |translator-first=K. N. |title=Veṇīsaṃhāra: A Sanskrit Drama in Six Acts |date=1922 |publisher=Oriental Book-supplying Agency |location=Pune |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529020}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa |author-link=Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa |translator-last=Gajendragadkar |translator-first=A. B. |title=The Venisamhara of Bhatta Narayana |date=1933 |orig-year=1922 |publisher=Aryabhushan Press |location=Bombay |edition=2nd revised |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.486171}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa |author-link=Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa |translator-last=Sastri |translator-first=R. S. Venkatarama |title=The Venisamhara of Bhatta Narayana |date=1943a |publisher=Malati Trades |location=Madras |oclc=428363841}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa |author-link=Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa |translator-last=Śāstrī |translator-first=Śaṅkararāma |title=Veṇīsaṃhāram |date=1943b |location=Madras |edition=2nd |oclc=26620910}}
*{{cite book |last=Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa |author-link=Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa |translator-last=Deshpande |translator-first=R. R. |title=Veṇīsaṃhāram |date=1953a |publisher=Dadar Book Depot |location=Bombay |url=https://archive.org/details/venisamhara_english |oclc=1016209057}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa |author-link=Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa |translator-last=Devasthali |translator-first=Govind Vinayak |title=Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa's Veṇīsaṃhāram |date=1953b |publisher=Book-sellers Publishing Co. |location=Bombay |oclc=793351570}}
====Bhavabhūti====
* {{cite book |translator-last=Pickford |translator-first=John |last=Bhavabhūti |author-link=Bhavabhūti |title=Maha-vira-charita: The Adventures of the Great Hero Rama |date=1871 |publisher=Trübner |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/mahaviracharitaa00bhav}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhavabhūti |author-link=Bhavabhūti |translator-last=Tawney |translator-first=C. H. |translator-link=Charles Henry Tawney |title=Uttara Ráma Charita: A Sanskrit Drama |date=1874 |edition=Second |orig-year=1871 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |location=Calcutta |url=https://archive.org/details/uttararmacharit00bhavgoogglish}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhavabhūti |author-link=Bhavabhūti |translator-last=Bhattacharya |translator-first=Krishna Kamal |title=An English Translation of Uttararama Charita |date=1891 |publisher=Kedar Nath Bose |location=Calcutta |oclc=4538216}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhavabhūti |author-link=Bhavabhūti |translator-last=Kāle |translator-first=M(oreshvar) R(amchandra) |title=Uttararamacharita |date=1911 |publisher=Gopal Narayan & Co. |location=Bombay |url=https://archive.org/details/UttaraRamacharitamu}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhavabhūti |author-link=Bhavabhūti |translator-last=Belvalkar |translator-first=Shripad Krishna |translator-link=Shripad Krishna Belvalkar|title=Rama's Later History; or, Uttara-Drama Charita; An Ancient Hindu Drama |date=1915 |series=[[Harvard Oriental Series]] |volume=21 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, MA |url=https://archive.org/details/ramaslaterhistor00bhavuoft}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhavabhūti |author-link=Bhavabhūti |translator-last1=Devadhar |translator-first1=C[hintamani] R[amachandra] |translator-last2=Suru |translator-first2=N.G. |title=Mālatīmādhavam |date=1935 |publisher=C.R. Devadhar and N.G. Suru |location=Pune |oclc=21790895}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhavabhūti |author-link=Bhavabhūti |translator-last=Karmarkar |translator-first=R. D. |title=Uttararāmacarita of Bhavabhūti |date=1954 |publisher=K.G. Sharangpani |location=Pune |oclc=976504997}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhavabhūti |author-link=Bhavabhūti |editor-last=Kane |editor-first=P. V. |editor-link=Pandurang Vaman Kane |translator-last=Joshi |translator-first=C. N. |title=Uttaramcharitam Of Bhavabhuti |date=1962 |orig-year=1929 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |edition=4th revised |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.400872}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhavabhūti |author-link=Bhavabhūti |translator-last1=Ray |translator-first1=Saradaranjan |translator1-link=Saradaranjan Ray |translator-last2=Ray |translator-first2=Kumudranjan |title=Bhavabhuti's Uttaracharitam |date=1966 |orig-year=1924 |publisher=S. Ray |location=Calcutta |edition=7th revised and enlarged |oclc=213442}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhavabhūti |author-link=Bhavabhūti |translator-last=Kāle |translator-first=M(oreshvar) R(amchandra) |title=Bhavabhūti's Mālatīmādhava |date=1967 |orig-year=1908 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |edition=3rd |oclc=60189807}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhavabhūti |author-link=Bhavabhūti |translator-last=Karmarkar |translator-first=R. D. |title=Mālatīmādhava of Bhavabhūti |date=2003 |orig-year=1935 |publisher=Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan |location=Delhi |isbn=9788170841807 |edition=Reprint |oclc=55108066}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhavabhūti |author-link=Bhavabhūti |translator-last=Pollock |translator-first=Sheldon I. |translator-link=Sheldon Pollock|title=Rama's Last Act |date=2007 |publisher=New York University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8147-6733-7}}
====Diṇnāga====
* {{cite book |last=Diṇnāga |translator-last=Woolner |translator-first1=A. C. |translator-link=A. C. Woolner |title=The Jasmine Garland |date=1935 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.1217}}
* {{cite book |last=Diṇnāga |editor-last=Shastri |editor-first=Jagdish |translator-last1=Bhanot |translator-first1=Saran Dass |translator-last2=Vyas |translator-first2=Ved |title=Kundamālā Of Diṇnāga |date=1937 |orig-year=1932 |publisher=Oriental Booksellers |location=Lahore |edition=2nd revised and enlarged |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280759}}
====Harihara====
* {{cite journal |translator-last=Gray |translator-first=Louis H. |translator-link=Louis Herbert Gray |last=Harihara |title=The Bhartrharinirveda of Harihara, Now First Translated from the Sanskrit and Prākrit |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=1904 |volume=25 |pages=197–230 |doi=10.2307/592562 |jstor=592562 |jstor-access=free}}
====Harsha====
* {{cite book |translator-last=Boyd |translator-first=Palmer |last=Harsha |author-link=Harsha |title=Nágánanda; or The Joy of the Snake-world |date=1872 |publisher=Trübner |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_2JfomcFOiEICglish}}
* {{cite book |last=Harsha |author-link=Harsha |translator-last=Anonymous |title=Nagananda |date=1887 |publisher=Nundo Lall Chatterjee |location=Calcutta |oclc=771415301}}
* {{cite book |last=Harsha |author-link=Harsha |translator-last=Goswami? |translator-first=Bidhubhusan |title=The Ratnavali of Sriharsha Deva |date=1902a |publisher=Kedarnath Bose |location=Calcutta |oclc=43285209}}
* {{cite book |last=Harsha |author-link=Harsha |translator-last=Chakravartī |translator-first=Srīsachandra |title=The Ratnavali: A Sanskrit Drama |date=1902b |publisher=Hari Ram Dhar |location=Dhaka |url=https://archive.org/details/ratnavaliasansk00chakgoog}}
* {{cite book |last=Harsha |author-link=Harsha |translator-last=Srinivasachariar |translator-first=T. V. |title=Priyadarsika |date=1908 |publisher=Oriental Press |location=Madras |url=https://archive.org/details/b31362515}}
* {{cite book |last1=Harsha |author1-link=Harsha |last2=Somadeva |author2-link=Somadeva |translator-last=Wortham |translator-first=B. Hale |title=The Buddhist Legend of Jîmûtavâhana [...] dramatized in the Nâgânanda (the Joy of the World of Serpents) |date=1911 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/buddhistlegendof00somarich}}
* {{cite book |last=Harsha |author-link=Harsha |translator-last=Kāle |translator-first=M(oreshvar) R(amchandra) |title=The Nagananda |date=1919a |publisher=Standard Publishing Co. |location=Bombay |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.537078}}
* {{cite book |last=Harsha |author-link=Harsha |translator-last1=Nerurkar |translator-first1=V. R. |translator-last2=Joshi |translator-first2=G. M. |title=Nāgānanda of Shri Harsha |date=1919b |publisher=Keshav Bhikaji Dhavale |location=Bombay |oclc=80577242}}
* {{cite book |last=Harsha |author-link=Harsha |translator-last=Karmarkar |translator-first=Raghunath D. |title=Nâgânanda |date=1919c |publisher=Chitra Shala Press |location=Pune |oclc=82851340}}
* {{cite book |last=Harsha |author-link=Harsha |translator-last=Kāle |translator-first=M(oreshvar) R(amchandra) |title=The Ratnavali |date=1921 |publisher=Standard Publishing Co. |location=Bombay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bAuwm5Q1T_kC}}
* {{cite book |last=Harsha |author-link=Harsha |translator-last1=Ray |translator-first1=Saradaranjan |translator1-link=Saradaranjan Ray |translator-last2=Ray |translator-first2=Kumudranjan|title=Sriharsha's Ratnavali |date=1922 |orig-year=1919 |publisher=Manoranjan Ray |location=Calcutta |oclc=250016740}}
* {{cite book |last=Harsha |author-link=Harsha |translator-last1=Nariman |translator-first1=G. K. |translator-last2=Jackson |translator-first2=A. V. Williams |translator2-link=A. V. Williams Jackson |translator-last3=Ogden |translator-first3=Charles J. |title=Priyadarśikā: a Sanskrit Drama |date=1923 |series=Indo-Iranian Series |volume=10 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/priyadarsikasans00hars}}
* {{cite book |last=Harsha |author-link=Harsha |translator-last=Kāle |translator-first=M(oreshvar) R(amchandra) |title=The Priyadarsika |date=1928a |publisher=Gopal Narayan and Co. |location=Bombay |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.536124}}
* {{cite book |last=Harsha |author-link=Harsha |translator-last=Suru |translator-first=N.G. |title=Priyadarśikā |date=1928b |publisher=N.G. Suru |location=Pune |oclc=663318397}}
* {{cite book |last=Harsha |author-link=Harsha |translator-last=Śāstrī |translator-first=Śaṅkararāma |title=Ratnāvalī: A Sanskrit Play by Śrī Harṣa Deva |date=1935 |publisher=Sri Balamanorama Press |location=Madras |oclc=249013628}}
* {{cite book |last=Harsha |author-link=Harsha |translator-last1=Bhattacharya |translator-first1=Ashokanath |translator-last2=Das |translator-first2=Maheshwar |title=Ratnavali of Emperor Shri Harsha |date=1939 |publisher=Modern Book Agency |location=Calcutta |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.510493}}
* {{cite book |last=Harsha |author-link=Harsha |translator-last=Sastri |translator-first=C. Sankarama |title=Nāgānanda of Harṣa Deva |date=1947 |orig-year=1932 |publisher=Sri Balamanorama |location=Mylapore |oclc=41293314}}
* {{cite book |last=Harsha |author-link=Harsha |translator-last=Ramanujaswami |translator-first=P(aravastu) V(enkata) |title=Priyadarsika |date=1948a |publisher=Ramaswamy Sastrul |location=Madras |oclc=1016423874}}
* {{cite book |last=Harsha |author-link=Harsha |translator-last=Bose |translator-first=Bela |title=The Dramas of Shrí Harsha |date=1948b |publisher=Ketabistan |location=Allahabad |oclc=458650526}}
* {{cite book |last=Harsha |author-link=Harsha |translator-last=Ramanujaswami |translator-first=P. V. |title=Sri Harsha's Nâgânanda |date=1950 |orig-year=1934 |publisher=Sastrulu |location=Madras |oclc=642973977}}
* {{cite book |last=Harsha |author-link=Harsha |translator-last1=Joshi |translator-first1=V. K. |translator-last2=Watwe |translator-first2=G. M. |title=Ratnavali: A Sanskrit Drama |date=1953a |publisher=Vasant Vihar |location=Belgaum |oclc=1016423756}}
* {{cite book |last=Harsha |author-link=Harsha |translator-last1=Karandikar |translator-first1=M. A. |translator-last2=Karandikar |translator-first2=S. |title=The Nāgānanda Of Srīharṣa |date=1953b |publisher=New and Second Hand Book Stall |location=Bombay |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.507627}}
* {{cite book |last=Harsha |author-link=Harsha |translator-last1=Toraskar |translator-first1=Asha V. |translator-last2=Deshpande |translator-first2=N. A. |title=Nāgānand of Harshadev |date=1953c |publisher=Bookseller's Publishing Co. |location=Bombay |oclc=642986145}}
* {{cite book |last=Harsha |author-link=Harsha |translator-last1=Devadhar |translator-first1=C(hintaman) R(amachandra) |translator-last2=Suru |translator-first2=N. G. |title=Ratnavali of Sri Harsa |date=1954 |orig-year=1925 |publisher=Poona Oriental Book House |location=Pune |oclc=45694377}}
* {{cite book |last=Harsha |author-link=Harsha |translator-last=Gaidhani |translator-first=R. N. |title=The Ratnavali of Sri Harsa-Deva |date=1955 |publisher=A.A. Kulkarni |location=Pune |oclc=613005226}}
* {{cite book |last=Harsha |author-link=Harsha |translator-last=Doniger |translator-first=Wendy |translator-link=Wendy Doniger |title=The Lady of the Jewel Necklace; and, The Lady who Shows her Love |date=2006 |publisher=New York University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8147-1996-1}}
====Jayanta Bhatta====
* {{cite book |last=Jayanta Bhatta |author-link=Jayanta Bhatta |translator-last=Dezső |translator-first=Csaba |title=Much Ado About Religion |date=2005 |publisher=New York University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8147-1979-4}}
====Kālidāsa====
* {{cite book |translator-last=Jones |translator-first=William |translator-link=William Jones (philologist) |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |title=Sacontalá; or, The Fatal Ring |date=1792 |orig-year=1790 |publisher=Edwards |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/sacontalaorfatal00kali_0}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Vidyaratna |translator-first=Nabin Chandra |title=Kalidasa's Abhijnana Sakuntalam |date=1822 |publisher=S. C. Bhattacharjya |location=Calcutta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sGNpAAAAcAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Cowell |translator-first=Edward Byles |translator-link=Edward Byles Cowell |title=Vikramorvaśí |date=1851 |publisher=Stephen Austin |location=Hertford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4o-AAAAcAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Williams |translator-first=Monier |translator-link=Monier Monier-Williams |title=Śakoontalá; or, The Lost Ring: An Indian Drama |date=1855 |publisher=Stephen Austin |location=Hertford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4tVbAAAAQAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Nandargikar |translator-first=Gopal Raghunatha |title=Mālavikāgnimitra, a Sanskrit Drama |date=1879 |publisher=Shivaji Press |location=Pune |oclc=48270466}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Tawney |translator-first=C. H. |translator-link=Charles Henry Tawney |title=The Malavikágnimitra |date=1891 |orig-year=1875 |edition=Second |publisher=Thacker, Spink |location=Calcutta |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924022967578}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Edgren |translator-first=A Hjalmar |translator-link=August Hjalmar Edgren |title=Shakuntala; or, The Recovered Ring; a Hindoo Drama |date=1894 |publisher=Henry Holt |location=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PC4pAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Ayyar |translator-first=S. Seshadri |title=The Malavikagnimitra Of Kalidasa |date=1896 |publisher=Dyan Prakash Press |location=Pune |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.406473}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Apte |translator-first=V. S. |translator-link=Vaman Shivram Apte |title=The Mâlavikâgnimitram |date=1897 |publisher=Vrttaprasaraka Press |location=Pune |oclc=560413242}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Paranjpe |translator-first=Kesava Balakrishna |title=Vikramorvasíyam |date=1898 |publisher=Native Opinion Press |location=Bombay |oclc=560418375}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Jennings |translator-first=J. G. |title=Sakuntala: A Play in Five Acts |date=1902a |publisher=Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usrLVlsIHyMC}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Patankar |translator-first=Paraṣurāma Nārāyana |title=The Abhijnânaŝakuntala, the Purer Devanagari Text |date=1902b |publisher=Shiralkar |location=Pune |url=https://archive.org/details/abhijnnaakuntal00patagoog}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Row |translator-first=R. Vasudeva |title=Sakuntala |date=1903 |location=Madras |oclc=43321460}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Ghosh |translator-first=Aurobindo |translator-link=Sri Aurobindo |title=Vikramorvasie; or, The Hero and the Nymph |date=1911 |publisher=R. Chatterjee |location=Calcutta |oclc=560418487}}
* {{cite book |translator-last=Ryder |translator-first=Arthur W. |translator-link=Arthur W. Ryder |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |title=Translations of Shakuntala and Other Works |date=1912 |publisher=J. M. Dent & Sons |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/kalidasatranslat00kali}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Āchārya |translator-first=Śrî Ānanda |title=Vikramorvaśî: an Indian drama |date=1914 |publisher=Francis Griffiths |location=London |oclc=560418513}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Kāle |translator-first=M(oreshvar) R(amchandra) |title=The Vikramorvasiya |date=1915a |edition=5th revised |orig-year=1898 |publisher=The Oriental Publishing Company |location=Bombay |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.536578}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Ryder |translator-first=Arthur W. |translator-link=Arthur W. Ryder |title=Malavika: A Five-Act Comedy of Kalidasa |date=1915b |publisher=California University Press |location=Berkeley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WM5HAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Datta |translator-first=Roby |translator-link=Rabindranath Datta |title=Sakuntala and her Keepsake |date=1915c |publisher=Das Gupta |location=Calcutta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma5DAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite book |translator-last1=Binyon |translator-first1=Laurence |translator1-link=Laurence Binyon |translator-last2=Das Gupta |translator-first2=Kedar Nath |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |title=Sakuntala |date=1920a |publisher=Macmillan |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.30344}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Karmarkar |translator-first=R. D. |title=Vikramorvaśîya |date=1920b |publisher=Chitra Shala Press |location=Pune |oclc=49487553}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Gajendragadkar |translator-first=A. B. |title=The Abhijñāna-Sākuntala |date=1920c |publisher=Standard Pub. Co. |location=Bombay |oclc=24693500}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Shastri |translator-first=Charu Deva |translator-link=Charu Deva Shastri |title=Vikramorvasiya Nataka |date=1929 |publisher=Shamsher Singh |location=Lahore |url=https://archive.org/details/FDkf_vikramorvasiya-nataka-of-kalidasa-with-kumara-giri-rajiya-katayavema-commentary-}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Krishna Rao |translator-first=A. S. |title=The Mālavikāgnimitra of Kālidāsa |date=1930 |publisher=Vavilla Ramaswamy Sastrulu & Sons |location=Madras |oclc=560413296}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last1=Shastri |translator-first1=Charu Deva |translator1-link=Charu Deva Shastri |translator-last2=Shastri |translator-first2=B. B. |title=The Malvikagnimitra of Kalidasa |date=1933a |publisher=Shamsher Singh |location=Lahore |oclc=560413314}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Karamarakara |translator-first=Raghunātha Dāmodara |title=Mālavikāgnimitra of Kālidāsa |date=1933b |edition=2nd |location=Pune |oclc=65897187}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Bose |translator-first=Bela |title=The Dramas Of Kalidasa |date=1945 |publisher=Kitabistan |location=Allahabad |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.102796}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last1=Ray |translator-first1=Saradaranjan |translator1-link=Saradaranjan Ray |translator-last2=Ray |translator-first2=Kumudranjan |title=Abhijnana Sakuntalam |date=1946 |orig-year=1908 |publisher=Nalanda Press |location=Calcutta |edition=13th, revised and enlarged |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280740}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last1=Athalye |translator-first1=S.B. |translator-last2=Bhawe |translator-first2=S.S. |title=The Vikramorvaśīyam |date=1948 |publisher=Dhawale |location=Bombay |edition=2nd |oclc=238833769}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last1=Sane |translator-first1=P. S. |translator-last2=Godbole |translator-first2=G. H. |translator-last3=Uresekar |translator-first3=H. S. |title=The Malavikagnimatra of Kalidasa |date=1950a |publisher=Book Seller's Publishing |location=Bombay |oclc=851208934}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last1=Gaidhani |translator-first1=R. N. |translator-last2=Mangrulkar |translator-first2=A. G. |translator-last3=Parikh |translator-first3=J. T. |title=The Malavikagnimiytra |date=1950b |publisher=Popular Book Store |location=Surat |oclc=416476160}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Śrīnivāsācārya |translator-first=Śatāvadhāna |title=Abhijnana-Sakuntalam |date=1950c |publisher=Vavilla Ramaswamy Sastrulu & Sons |location=Madras |oclc=28203952}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Bose |translator-first=Ramendra Mohan |title=Kalidasa: Abhijñāna-śākuntalam: A Synthetic Study |date=1950d |orig-year=1931 |publisher=Modern Book Agency |location=Calcutta |edition=6th |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.15176}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Devadhar |translator-first=C. R. |title=Works Of Kalidasa Vol. 1: Dramas |date=1958 |publisher=Motilal Banardisass |location=Delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.553947}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Kāle |translator-first=M(oreshvar) R(amchandra) |title=The Malavikāgnimitram of Kālidāsa |date=1960 |orig-year=1933 |publisher=A.R. Sheth |location=Bombay |edition=Revised and enlarged |oclc=18722865}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Emeneau |translator-first=M. B. |translator-link=Murray Barnson Emeneau |title=Abhijn̄āna-Sakuntala |date=1962 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |oclc=1068722}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Kāle |translator-first=M(oreshvar) R(amchandra) |title=Abhijnānaśākuntalam |date=1969 |orig-year=1898 |edition=10th |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/AbhijnanaShakuntalamOfKalidasaMRKale}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Barbara Stoler |editor-link=Barbara Stoler Miller |title=Theater of Memory: the plays of Kālidāsa |date=1984 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/theaterofmemoryp0000klid |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0231058384}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Rajan |translator-first=Chandra |title=The Complete Works of Kālidāsa |volume=2: Plays |date=2002 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8126014842 |oclc=314250390}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Rajan |translator-first=Chandra |title=The Loom of Time: A selection of his plays and poems |date=2006a |publisher=Penguin Books |location=London |isbn=978-0140455212 |url=https://archive.org/details/loomoftimeselect00kali |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Vasudeva |translator-first=Somadeva |title=The Recognition of Shakúntala |date=2006b |publisher=New York University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8147-8815-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Johnson |translator-first=W. J. |title=The Recognition of Śakuntalā: a play in seven acts |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |url=https://archive.org/details/recognitionofsak0000kali |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0199540600}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last1=Rao |translator-first1=Velcheru Narayana |translator1-link=Narayana Rao (author)|translator-last2=Shulman |translator-first2=David |translator2-link=David Dean Shulman|title=How Úrvashi was Won |date=2009a |publisher=New York University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8147-4111-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last1=Balogh |translator-first1=Dániel |translator-last2=Somogyi |translator-first2=Eszter |title=Mālavikā and Agnimitra |date=2009b |publisher=New York University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8147-8702-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Kālidāsa |author-link=Kālidāsa |translator-last=Haksar |translator-first=A. N. D. |translator-link=A. N. D. Haksar |title=Vikramorvashiyam: Quest for Urvashi |date=2021 |publisher=India Penguin Classics |location=Haryana |isbn=978-0670093632}}
====Krsna Misra====
* {{cite book |last=Krsna Misra |translator-last=Taylor |translator-first=J. |title=Prabod'h Chandro'daya; or The Moon of Intellect; an allegorical drama; and Atma Bod'h, or the Knowledge of Spirit |date=1812 |publisher=Longman |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-19pAAAAcAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Krsna Misra |translator-last=Kapstein |translator-first=Matthew |translator-link=Matthew Kapstein |title=The Rise of Wisdom Moon |date=2009 |publisher=New York University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8147-4838-1}}
====Mahendravarman====
* {{cite journal |last=Mahendravarman |author-link=Mahendravarman I |translator-last=Barnett |translator-first=L. D. |title=Matta-vilāsa: A Farce |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London |date=1930 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=697–717 |jstor=607015 |issn=1356-1898}}
====Murāri====
* {{cite book |last=Murāri |translator-last=Törzsök |translator-first=Judit |title=Rāma Beyond Price |date=2006 |publisher=New York University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0814782958}}

====Rajashekhara====
* {{cite book |last=Rajashekhara |author-link=Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet) |translator-last=Godabole |translator-first=Kesava Ravaji |title=The Viddhasâlabhanjikâ |date=1886 |publisher=Arya Bhusana Press |location=Pune |oclc=903076118}}
* {{cite book |last=Rajashekhara |author-link=Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet) |editor-last=Konow |editor-first=Sten |editor-link=Sten Konow |translator-last=Lanman |translator-first=Charles Rockwell |translator-link=Charles Rockwell Lanman |title=Rāja-çekhara's Karpūra-mañjarī |date=1901 |series=Harvard Oriental Series |volume=IV |publisher=Harvard University |location=Cambridge, MA |url=https://archive.org/details/aem9693.0001.001.umich.edu}}
* {{cite journal |translator-last=Gray |translator-first=Louis H. |translator-link=Louis Herbert Gray |last=Rajashekhara |author-link=Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet) |title=The Viddhaśālabhañjikā of Rājaśekhara |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=1906 |volume=27 |pages=1–71 |doi=10.2307/592847 |jstor=592847 |jstor-access=free}}
====Sakthibhadran====
* {{cite book |last=Sakthibhadran |author-link=Sakthibhadran |translator-last=Sastri |translator-first=C. Sankarama |title=The Wonderful Crest-jewel |date=1927 |publisher=Sri Balamanorama Press |location=Madras |oclc=5717201}}
====Subhata====
* {{cite book |last=Subhata |translator-last=Bahadur |translator-first=Maharaja Kalikrishna |title=A Dramatic History Of King Rama |date=1840 |publisher=Columbian Press |location=Calcutta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sGxWAAAAcAAJ}}
* {{cite journal |last=Subhata |translator-last=Gray |translator-first=Louis H. |translator-link=Louis Herbert Gray |title=The Dūtāṅgada of Subhaṭa, Now First Translated from the Sanskrit and Prākrit |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=1912 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=58–77 |doi=10.2307/3087587 |jstor=3087587 |jstor-access=free |issn=0003-0279}}
====Shudraka====
* {{cite book |last=Shudraka |author-link=Shudraka |translator-last=Ryder |translator-first=Arthur William |translator-link=Arthur W. Ryder |title=The Little Clay Cart (Mṛcchakaṭika) |date=1905 |series=[[Harvard Oriental Series]] |volume=9 |publisher=Harvard University |location=Cambridge, MA |url=https://archive.org/details/littleclaycartmr00sudr}}
* {{cite book |last=Shudraka |author-link=Shudraka |translator-last=Paranjpe |translator-first=Vasudeva Gopala |title=The Toy-cart of Clay |date=1937a |publisher=V.G. Paranjpe |location=Pune |oclc=41294563}}
* {{cite book |last=Shudraka |author-link=Shudraka |translator-last=Karmarkar |translator-first=R. D. |title=Mrcchakatika Of Śūdraka |date=1937b |publisher=Aryabhushan Press |location=Pune |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.408282}}
* {{cite book |last=Shudraka |author-link=Shudraka |translator-last=Oliver |translator-first=Revilo Pendelton |translator-link=Revilo P. Oliver |title=Mrcchakatikā: The Little Clay Cart: a drama in ten acts |date=1938 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |location=Urbana |oclc=6271087}}
* {{cite book |last=Shudraka |author-link=Shudraka |translator-last=Basu |translator-first=Satyendra Kumar |title=The Little Clay Cart: a play in ten acts by King Shudraka |date=1939 |series=University of Calcutta Publication |volume=79 |location=Calcutta |oclc=752790753}}
* {{cite book |last=Shudraka |author-link=Shudraka |translator-last=Loman |translator-first=Johannes Reinoud Abraham |title=The Padmaprābhṛtakam: an ancient bhāna assigned to Śūdraka |date=1956 |publisher=Uitgeverij de Driehoek |location=Amsterdam |oclc=24889243}}
* {{cite book |last=Shudraka |author-link=Shudraka |translator-last=Kāle |translator-first=M(oreshvar) R(amchandra) |title=The Mrichchhakatika of Sudraka |date=1962 |orig-year=1924 |publisher=Booksellers Publishing Co. |location=Bombay |edition=New |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.326600}}
* {{cite book |last=Shudraka |author-link=Shudraka |translator-last=Acharya |translator-first=Diwakar |translator-link=Diwakar Acharya |title=The Little Clay Cart |date=2009 |publisher=New York University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8147-0729-6 |url= https://archive.org/details/littleclaycart0000drak |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last=Shudraka |author-link=Shudraka |translator-last=Rajappa |translator-first=Padmini |title=The Clay Toy-Cart: Mrchchakatikam |date=2018 |publisher=India Penguin Classics |location=Haryana |isbn=978-0143428473 |oclc=1022945795}}
====Śyāmilaka====
* {{cite book |last=Śyāmilaka |translator-last1=Schokker |translator-first1=G.H. |translator-last2=Worseley |translator-first2=P.J. |title=Pādatāḍitaka of Śyāmilaka |volume=2: Translation |date=1976 |publisher=Springer Netherlands |location=Dordrecht |isbn=978-9027704252}}
====Umāpati Upādhyāya====
* {{cite journal |last=Umāpati Upādhyāya |translator-last=Grierson |translator-first=George |translator-link=George Abraham Grierson |title=The Pārijāta-Harana of Umāpati Upādhyāya |journal=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society |date=1917 |volume=III |issue=1 |pages=20–98 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.277246/page/n21}}
* {{cite journal |last=Umāpati Upādhyāya |translator-last=Rama Pisharoti |translator-first=K. |title=Traivikramam |journal=Shama'a |date=1924 |issue=April |pages=213–222 |oclc=504425724}}
====Vararuchi====
* {{cite journal |last=Vararuchi |author-link=Vararuchi |translator-last=Sen |translator-first=Sukumar |title=The Ubhayabhisarika of Vararuci |journal=The Calcutta Review |date=1926 |volume=20 |issue=July-Sept |pages=127–47 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.02475/page/127}}
====Vedanta Desika====
* {{cite book |last=Desika |first=Sri Vedanta |author-link=Vedanta Desika |translator-last1=Narayanacharya |translator-first1=K. |translator-last2=Iyengar |translator-first2=D. Raghunathaswamy |title=Sankalpa-Sûryôdaya, or The Dawn of the Divine Will |volume=1 (Acts I-V) |date=1917 |publisher=Sri Vani Vilas Press |location=Srirangam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7bmX8mgdBAC}}
====Vishakhadatta====
* {{cite book |last=Vishakhadatta |author-link=Vishakhadatta |translator-last=Kāle |translator-first=M(oreshvar) R(amchandra) |title=The Mudrarakshasa |date=1916a |orig-year=1900 |edition=3rd revised |publisher=The Oriental Publishing Company |location=Bombay |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.529513}}
* {{cite book |last=Vishakhadatta |author-link=Vishakhadatta |translator-last1=Shastri |translator-first1=Vasudeva Abhyankar |translator-last2=Abhyanker |translator-first2=Kashinath Vasudeva |title=Mudrarakshasa |date=1916b |publisher=Nandlal C. Bodiwala |location=Ahmedabad |url=https://archive.org/details/mudraraksasamcom00visauoft}}
* {{cite book |last=Vishakhadatta |author-link=Vishakhadatta |translator-last=Chakravarti |translator-first=Srish Chandra |title=The Mudra-rakshasa: a Sanskrit drama |date=1919 |publisher=Bhattacharyya & Son |location=Mymensingh |edition=2nd |oclc=66019742}}
* {{cite book |last=Vishakhadatta |author-link=Vishakhadatta |translator-last=Dhruva |translator-first=K(eśavalāla) H(arshadarāya) |title=Mudrarakshasa; or The Signet Ring |date=1930 |orig-year=1900 |publisher=Oriental Book Agency |location=Pune |edition=3rd |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.7315}}
* {{cite book |last=Vishakhadatta |author-link=Vishakhadatta |translator-last=Karmarkar |translator-first=R. D. |title=Mudrārāksasa of Viśākhadatta |date=1940 |location=Pune |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.406545}}
* {{cite book |last=Vishakhadatta |author-link=Vishakhadatta |translator-last=Pandit |translator-first=Ranjit Sitaram |translator-link=Ranjit Sitaram Pandit |title=Mudrā-rākshasa; or, The Signet Ring, a play in seven acts |date=1944 |publisher=New Book Co. |location=Bombay |oclc=2782686}}
* {{cite book |last=Vishakhadatta |author-link=Vishakhadatta |translator-last1=Devadhar |translator-first1=C[hintamani] R[amachandra] |translator-last2=Bedekar |translator-first2=V. M. |title=Mudrārākṣasam of Viśākha-Datta |date=1948 |publisher=Keshav Bhikaji Dhawale |location=Bombay |oclc=31173636}}
* {{cite book |last=Vishakhadatta |author-link=Vishakhadatta |translator-last1=Ray |translator-first1=Saradaranjan |translator1-link=Saradaranjan Ray |translator-last2=Ray |translator-first2=Kumudranjan |title=Visakhadatta's Mudra-Rakshasam |date=1956 |orig-year=1918 |publisher=Nalanda Press |location=Calcutta |edition=3rd revised and enlarged |oclc=642949557}}
* {{cite book |last=Vishakhadatta |author-link=Vishakhadatta |translator-last=Coulson |translator-first=Michael |title=Rākṣasa's Ring |date=2005 |publisher=New York University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8147-1661-8}}
====Multiple authors====
* {{cite book |last=Buitenen |first=J. A. B. van |author-link=J. A. B. van Buitenen |title=Two Plays of Ancient India |date=1968 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=9780231030465 |oclc=654476}}
* {{cite book |last=Coulson |first=Michael |title=Three Sanskrit Plays: Śakuntalā by Kālidása; Rākshasa's Ring by Viśākhadatta; Mālati and Mādhava by Bhavabhūti |date=1981 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=Harmondsworth |isbn=978-0140443745}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dezső |first1=Csaba |last2=Vasudeva |first2=Somadeva |title=The Quartet of Causeries |date=2009 |publisher=New York University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8147-1978-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Lal |first=P. |author-link=Purushottama Lal |title=Great Sanskrit Plays |date=1964 |publisher=New Directions |location=New York |isbn=978-0811200790}}
* {{cite book |last=Skilton |first=Andrew |title=How the Nāgas were Pleased by Harsha; & The Shattered Thighs by Bhāsa |date=2009 |publisher=New York University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8147-4066-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Horace Hayman |author-link=Horace Hayman Wilson |title=Select Specimens of the Theatre of the Hindus |date=1835a |volume=I |orig-year=1827 |publisher=Parbury, Allen |location=London |edition=Second |url=https://archive.org/details/selectspecimenso01wils_0}}
* {{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Horace Hayman |author-link=Horace Hayman Wilson |title=Select Specimens of the Theatre of the Hindus |date=1835b |volume=II |orig-year=1827 |publisher=Parbury, Allen |location=London |edition=Second |url= https://archive.org/details/selectspecimenso02wils_0}}
{{refend}}

===Other references===
* {{cite book |last=Keith |first=Arthur Berriedale |author-link=Arthur Berriedale Keith |title=The Sanskrit Drama in its origin, development, theory & practice |date=1924 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |url=https://archive.org/details/sanskritdrama0000unse}}
* {{cite journal |last=Raghavan |first=V. |title=A Bibliography of English Translations of Sanskrit Dramas |journal=Indian Literature |date=1959 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=141–153 |jstor=23329669 |issn=0019-5804}}
* {{cite book |last=Schuyler |first=Montgomery |author-link=Montgomery Schuyler Jr. |title=A Bibliography of the Sanskrit Drama |date=1991 |orig-year=1905 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-206-0073-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofsa00mont}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanskrit plays in English translation}}
[[Category:Sanskrit plays| ]]
[[Category:Translations into English]]
[[Category:Lists of plays]]
[[Category:Translation-related lists]]

List of high commissioners of Australia to India

2025-09-22T23:01:50Z

GeorgeNobbs1: bio!

{{Short description|Diplomats of Australia to India}}
{{Use Australian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = High Commissioner of Australia to India
| body =
| insignia = Coat of Arms of Australia.svg
| insigniasize = 120px
| department = [[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]]
| image = Philip Green (1).jpg
| alt =
| incumbent = [[Philip Green (diplomat)|Philip Green]]
| incumbentsince = {{start date|2023|7|01|df=y}}
| residence =
| seat = [[New Delhi]]
| nominator = [[Prime Minister of Australia]]
| style = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]
| appointer = [[Governor General of Australia]]
| reports_to = [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)|Minister for Foreign Affairs]]
| termlength =
| formation = 2 November 1943
| inaugural = [[Iven Mackay]]
| website = [https://india.highcommission.gov.au/ Australian High Commission, New Delhi – India, Bhutan]
}}
[[File:Australian High Commission in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|right|The Australian High Commission in New Delhi]][[File:The High Commissioner-designate of Australia, Ms. Harinder Kaur Sidhu presenting her Credential to the President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 04, 2016.jpg|thumb|right|High Commissioner Harinder Sidhu presenting her commission to the President of India, [[Pranab Mukherjee]], on 4 April 2016.]]
The '''high commissioner of Australia to India''' is an officer of the [[Australia]]n [[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]] and the head of the High Commission of the Commonwealth of Australia to [[India]] in New Delhi. The position has the rank and status of an [[ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary]] and is currently held by Philip Green, since 1 July 2023. The [[High Commissioner (Commonwealth)|high commissioner]] also holds [[Dual accreditation|non-resident accreditation]] as Ambassador to [[Bhutan]] since diplomatic relations were established on 14 September 2002.<ref name=NAA>{{citation|title=CA 2754: Australian High Commission, India [New Delhi]|url=http://naa12.naa.gov.au/scripts/SearchOld.asp?Number=CA+2754|publisher=National Archives of Australia|accessdate=26 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Downer|first1=Alexander|title=Australia and Bhutan Establish Diplomatic Relations|url=http://foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2002/fa130_02.html|accessdate=3 June 2017|agency=Minister for Foreign Affairs|publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|date=15 September 2002|format=Media Release}}</ref>

==History==
In December 1939, the federal government appointed [[Roy Gollan]] as its first official trade representative in India, based in Calcutta. An assistant trade commissioner was later appointed in New Delhi, while Australian interests were also represented on the [[Eastern Group Supply Council]] during World War II, establishing "a firm Australian presence in India in the 1940s".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/history-of-trade-commissioner-service.pdf|first=Boris|last=Schedvin|year=2008|title=Emissaries of Trade: A History of the Australian Trade Commissioner Service|publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|isbn=978-1-921244-57-5|pages=65–66}}</ref>

The Australian Government has offered diplomatic representation in India since 1943.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article162848666|title=High Commissioner to India: Australia to have representative|date=26 October 1943|page=2|newspaper=Daily Commercial News and Shipping List|location=Sydney, New South Wales}}</ref> Between 1960 and 1986, the high commissioner also had non-resident accreditation as Ambassador to [[Nepal]]. A resident [[List of ambassadors of Australia to Nepal|Australian Embassy in Nepal]] was opened on 27 April 1984, but the first resident ambassador was not appointed until 4 May 1986.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article124996586|title=Embassy to open in Nepal|date=16 March 1984|newspaper=The Canberra Times|page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Opening of new Australian diplomatic missions |journal=Australian Foreign Affairs Record |date=November 1985 |volume=56 |issue=11 |page=1131 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1294392367 |access-date=23 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hayden |first1=Bill |title=Ambassador to Nepal |journal=Australian Foreign Affairs Record |date=May 1986 |volume=57 |issue=5 |page=453 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1268410014 |access-date=23 October 2022}}</ref> The high commission's work is assisted by multiple consulates throughout the country that have visiting and reporting responsibilities, as well as handling consular and trade matters for the high commission.

On 21 May 2020, High Commissioner Barry O'Farrell presented his commission to the President of India, [[Ram Nath Kovind]], in India's first-ever virtual credentials ceremony.<ref>{{cite news |title=Australia's 21st High Commissioner to India presents his credentials |url=https://india.highcommission.gov.au/ndli/pa0220.html |access-date=5 June 2020 |publisher=Australian High Commission, New Delhi |date=21 May 2020 |format=Media Release}}</ref> On 7 October 2022, O'Farrell presented his credentials as ambassador to the [[King of Bhutan]], [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]], at [[Tashichho Dzong]] in [[Thimphu]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Presentation of Credentials by Ambassadors-designate of Pakistan, Australia, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Canada, Kazakhstan, Indonesia and Slovenia |url=https://www.mfa.gov.bt/presentation-of-credentials-by-ambassadors-designate-of-pakistan-australia-republic-of-korea-singapore-canada-kazakhstan-indonesia-and-slovenia/ |access-date=22 October 2022 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Royal Government of Bhutan |date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007062232/https://www.mfa.gov.bt/presentation-of-credentials-by-ambassadors-designate-of-pakistan-australia-republic-of-korea-singapore-canada-kazakhstan-indonesia-and-slovenia/ |archive-date=7 October 2022 |format=Press Release}}</ref>

==List of high commissioners==
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! # !! Officeholder !! Other offices !! Term start date !! Term end date !! Time in office !! Notes
|-
| align=center | {{nts|1}}
| {{sortname|Iven|Mackay}}
| rowspan=6 | n/a
| align=center| {{start date|1943|11|02|df=y}}
| align=center| {{end date|1948|05|29|df=y}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1943|11|02|1948|05|29}}
| <ref>{{cite news|url= http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article151540425|title=Nearer to India: Evatt|newspaper=Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertsider|date=2 November 1943|page=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Australian High Commissioners in India and New Zealand |journal=Current Notes on International Affairs |date=15 November 1943 |volume=14 |issue=9 |page=333 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-891853582 |access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Representation - Australian Representation Overseas |journal=Current Notes on International Affairs |date=June 1948 |volume=19 |issue=6 |page=358 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1192856021 |access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article247757460 |title=MACKAY IN INDIA |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=15 March 1944 |accessdate=23 October 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
|-
| align=center | {{nts|-}}
| {{sortname|Charles|Kevin}} (''Acting'')
| align=center| {{start date|1948|05|29|df=y}}
| align=center| {{end date|1949|01|15|df=y}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1948|05|29|1949|01|15}}
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2872457|title=Mr. C. Kevin for Indonesia|date=6 January 1953|page=2|newspaper=The Canberra Times|location=ACT}}</ref>
|-
| align=center | {{nts|2}}
| {{sortname|Roy|Gollan}}
| align=center| {{start date|1949|01|15|df=y}}
| align=center| {{end date|1952|03||df=y}}
| align=right | {{age in years and months|1949|01|15|1952|03|01}}
| <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article232886040 |title=DEPARTMENT OF EXTERNAL AFFAIRS. |newspaper=[[Commonwealth of Australia Gazette]] |issue=165 |location=Australia, Australia |date=16 December 1948 |accessdate=23 October 2022 |page=4219 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22677719|newspaper=The Argus|location=Melbourne, Victoria|title=Appointed High Commissioner to India|date=6 October 1948|page=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Representation - Australian Representation Overseas |journal=Current Notes on International Affairs |date=January 1949 |volume=20 |issue=1 |page=119 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1206969803 |access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2771476 |title=MR. GOLLAN FOR POST IN INDIA |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |location=Australian Capital Territory, Australia |date=19 October 1948 |accessdate=23 October 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
|-
| align=center | {{nts|3}}
| {{sortname|Walter|Crocker}}
| align=center| {{start date|1952|03||df=y}}
| align=center| {{end date|1955|03|19|df=y}}
| align=right | {{age in years and months|1952|03|01|1955|03|19}}
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article133722117|title=High Commissioner to India|date=15 March 1952|newspaper=Newcastle Herald and Miner’s Advocate|page=3|location=NSW}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Representation - Australian Representation Overseas |journal=Current Notes on International Affairs |date=March 1952 |volume=23 |issue=3 |page=139 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1192675427 |access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align=center | {{nts|-}}
| D. J. Munro (''Acting'')
| align=center| {{start date|1955|03|19|df=y}}
| align=center| {{end date|1955|04|22|df=y}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1955|03|19|1955|04|22}}
| <ref>{{cite journal |title=Representation - Australian Representation Overseas |journal=Current Notes on International Affairs |date=March 1955 |volume=26 |issue=3 |page=241 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1139496415 |access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align=center | {{nts|4}}
| {{sortname|Peter|Heydon}}
| align=center| {{start date|1955|04|22|df=y}}
| align=center| {{end date|1958|11|13|df=y}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1955|04|22|1958|11|13}}
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91203149|title=High Commissioner to India|date=4 February 1955|newspaper=The Canberra Times|page=2|location=ACT}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Australian High Commissioner to India |journal=Current Notes on International Affairs |date=February 1955 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=126–127 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1139399672 |access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Representation - Australian Representation Overseas |journal=Current Notes on International Affairs |date=April 1955 |volume=26 |issue=4 |page=300 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1139550000 |access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align=center | {{nts|5}}
| {{sortname|Walter|Crocker}}
| {{ref|A|A}}
| align=center| {{start date|1958|11|13|df=y}}
| align=center| {{end date|1962|03|15|df=y}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1958|11|13|1962|03|15}}
| <ref>{{cite journal |title=Australian High Commissioner to India |journal=Current Notes on International Affairs |date=July 1958 |volume=29 |issue=7 |page=437 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1256235913 |access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Representation - Australian Representation Overseas |journal=Current Notes on International Affairs |date=November 1958 |volume=29 |issue=11 |page=777 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1259678589 |access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Australian Ambassador to Nepal |journal=Current Notes on International Affairs |date=February 1960 |volume=31 |issue=2 |page=89 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-970024531 |access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align=center | {{nts|-}}
| Kevin Thomas Kelly (''Acting'')
| {{ref|A|A}}
| align=center| {{start date|1962|03|15|df=y}}
| align=center| {{end date|1962|06|10|df=y}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1962|03|15|1962|06|10}}
| <ref>{{cite journal |title=Representation - Australian Representation Overseas |journal=Current Notes on International Affairs |date=March 1962 |volume=33 |issue=3 |page=56 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1261240738 |access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align=center | {{nts|-}}
| {{sortname|Bill|Pritchett}} (''Acting'')
| {{ref|A|A}}
| align=center| {{start date|1962|06|10|df=y}}
| align=center| {{end date|1963|02|21|df=y}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1962|06|10|1963|02|21}}
| <ref name=Furlonger>{{cite news|publisher=Fairfax Media|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|title=William Pritchett: From diplomat to head of Defence Department|date=8 February 2014|url=http://www.smh.com.au/comment/obituaries/william-pritchett-from-diplomat-to-head-of-defence-department-20140207-3274m.html|first=Bob|last=Furlonger|author-link=Robert Furlonger|archivedate=15 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215215258/http://www.smh.com.au/comment/obituaries/william-pritchett-from-diplomat-to-head-of-defence-department-20140207-3274m.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article104255642|title=Australian gift parcels in India|date=11 January 1963|page=13|newspaper=The Canberra Times|location=ACT}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Representation - Australian Representation Overseas |journal=Current Notes on International Affairs |date=June 1962 |volume=33 |issue=6 |page=66 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1261384162 |access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align=center | {{nts|6}}
| {{sortname|James|Plimsoll}}
| {{ref|A|A}}
| align=center| {{start date|1963|02|21|df=y}}
| align=center| {{end date|1965|01|28|df=y}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1963|02|21|1965|01|28}}
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article104587941|title=Sir James Plimsoll for India|date=22 February 1963|page=3|newspaper=The Canberra Times|location=ACT}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Barwick |first1=Garfield |title=Appointment of Australian High Commissioner to India |url=https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22media%2Fpressrel%2FHPR10000294%22 |access-date=22 October 2022 |publisher=Department of External Affairs, Australian Government |date=21 February 1963}}</ref>
|-
| align=center | {{nts|7}}
| {{sortname|Arthur|Tange}}
| {{ref|A|A}}
| align=center| {{start date|1965|01|28|df=y}}
| align=center| {{end date|1970|01|25|df=y}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1965|01|28|1970|01|25}}
| <ref>{{cite journal |title=Department of External Affairs: Appointments |journal=Current Notes on International Affairs |date=January 1965 |volume=36 |issue=1 |page=51 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1250305277 |access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align=center | {{nts|-}}
| Rob Laurie (''Acting'')
| {{ref|A|A}}
| align=center| {{start date|1970|01|25|df=y}}
| align=center| {{end date|1970|03|01|df=y}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1970|01|25|1970|03|01}}
| <ref>{{cite journal |title=Representation - Australian Representation Overseas |journal=Current Notes on International Affairs|url= https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1180913231/ |date=February 1970 |volume=41 |issue=2 |page=86 |access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align=center | {{nts|8}}
| {{sortname|Patrick|Shaw|Patrick Shaw (diplomat)|Shaw, Patrick}}
| {{ref|A|A}}
| align=center| {{start date|1970|03|01|df=y}}
| align=center| {{end date|1973|09|26|df=y}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1970|03|01|1973|09|26}}
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article107911266|title=Mr Patrick Shaw to India|date=2 March 1970|page=1|newspaper=The Canberra Times|location=ACT}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=McMahon |first1=William |title=Australian High Commissioner in India |url=https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22media%2Fpressrel%2F4742268%22 |access-date=22 October 2022 |publisher=Department of External Affairs, Australian Government |date=1 March 1970 |location=ParlInfo |format=Media Release}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Representation - Australian Representation Overseas |journal=Current Notes on International Affairs |date=April 1970 |volume=41 |issue=4 |page=246 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1192809513 |access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align=center | {{nts|9}}
| {{sortname|Bruce|Grant|Bruce Grant (writer)|Grant, Bruce}}
| {{ref|A|A}}
| align=center| {{start date|1973|09|26|df=y}}
| align=center| {{end date|1975|12|15|df=y}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1973|09|26|1975|12|15}}
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Whitlam |first1=Gough |title=Senior Australian diplomatic appointments |url=https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22media%2Fpressrel%2FHPR10022763%22 |access-date=22 October 2022 |publisher=Minister for Foreign Affairs, Australian Government |date=26 September 1973 |location=ParlInfo |format=Media Release}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Peacock |first1=Andrew |title=High Commissioner's application for leave |url=https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22media%2Fpressrel%2FHPR10023674%22 |access-date=22 October 2022 |publisher=Minister for Foreign Affairs, Australian Government |date=20 November 1975 |location=ParlInfo |format=Media Release}}</ref>
|-
| align=center | {{nts|10}}
| {{sortname|Peter|Curtis|Peter Curtis (diplomat)|Curtis, Peter}}
| {{ref|A|A}}
| align=center| {{start date|1976|02|26|df=y}}
| align=center| {{end date|1979|12|05|df=y}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1976|02|26|1979|12|05}}
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Peacock |first1=Andrew |title=Appointment of High Commissioner to India and Ambassador to Nepal |url=https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22media%2Fpressrel%2FHPR10018460%22 |access-date=22 October 2022 |publisher=Minister for Foreign Affairs, Australian Government |date=26 February 1976 |location=ParlInfo |format=Media Release}}</ref>
|-
| align=center | {{nts|11}}
| {{sortname|Gordon|Upton}}
| {{ref|A|A}}
| align=center| {{start date|1979|12|05|df=y}}
| align=center| {{end date|1984|05|31|df=y}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1979|12|05|1984|05|31}}
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Peacock |first1=Andrew |title=High Commissioner to India |url=https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22media%2Fpressrel%2FHPR10028439%22 |access-date=22 October 2022 |publisher=Minister for Foreign Affairs, Australian Government |date=5 December 1979 |location=ParlInfo |format=Media Release}}</ref>
|-
| align=center | {{nts|12}}
| {{sortname|Graham|Feakes}}
| {{ref|A|A}}
| align=center| {{start date|1984|05|31|df=y}}
| align=center| {{end date|1990|11||df=y}}
| align=right | '''{{age in years and months|1984|05|31|1990|11|01}}'''
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article126999446|title=Feakes named for India post|date=1 June 1984|page=3|newspaper=The Canberra Times|location=ACT}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bowen |first1=Lionel |title=Diplomatic appointment - India and Nepal |url=https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22media%2Fpressrel%2FHPR03001740%22 |access-date=22 October 2022 |publisher=Minister for Foreign Affairs, Australian Government |date=31 May 1984 |location=ParlInfo |format=Media Release}}</ref>
|-
| align=center | {{nts|13}}
| David Evans
| rowspan=3 | n/a
| align=center| {{start date|1990|11||df=y}}
| align=center| {{end date|1994|02||df=y}}
| align=right | {{age in years and months|1990|11|01|1994|02|01}}
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Evans |first1=Gareth |title=Diplomatic Appointment - India |url=https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22media%2Fpressrel%2FHPR08021583%22 |access-date=22 October 2022 |publisher=Minister for Foreign Affairs, Australian Government |date=7 September 1990 |location=ParlInfo |format=Media Release}}</ref>
|-
| align=center | {{nts|14}}
| Darren Gribble
| align=center| {{start date|1994|02||df=y}}
| align=center| {{end date|1997|07|25|df=y}}
| align=right | {{age in years and months|1994|02|01|1997|07|25}}
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Evand |first1=Gareth |title=Diplomatic appointment: India |url=https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22media%2Fpressrel%2F1650154%22 |access-date=22 October 2022 |publisher=Minister for Foreign Affairs, Australian Government |date=14 December 1993 |location=ParlInfo |format=Media Release}}</ref>
|-
| align=center | {{nts|15}}
| Rob Laurie
| align=center| {{start date|1997|07|25|df=y}}
| align=center| {{end date|2001|08|28|df=y}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|1997|07|25|2001|08|28}}
| <ref>{{cite press release|url= http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/releases/1997/fa82_97.html|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140212031225/http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/releases/1997/fa82_97.html |archivedate=12 February 2014|date=25 July 1997|title=Diplomatic appointment: High Commissioner to India|first=Alexander|last=Downer|author-link=Alexander Downer|publisher=Australian Government}}</ref>
|-
| align=center | {{nts|16}}
| {{sortname|Penny|Wensley|Penelope Wensley|Wensley, Penny}}
| {{ref|B|B}}
| align=center| {{start date|2001|08|28|df=y}}
| align=center| {{end date|2004|08|09|df=y}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|2001|08|28|2004|08|09}}
| <ref>{{cite press release|url= http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2001/fa130_01.html|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140212022157/http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2001/fa130_01.html |archivedate=12 February 2014|date=28 August 2001|first=Alexander|last=Downer|author-link=Alexander Downer|publisher=Australian Government|title=Diplomatic Appointment: High Commissioner to India}}</ref>
|-
| align=center | {{nts|17}}
| {{sortname|John|McCarthy|John McCarthy (Australian diplomat)|McCarthy, John}}
| {{ref|B|B}}
| align=center| {{start date|2004|08|09|df=y}}
| align=center| {{end date|2009|06|08|df=y}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|2004|08|09|2009|06|08}}
| <ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2004/fa120_04.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212013215/http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2004/fa120_04.html|archivedate=12 February 2014|title=Diplomatic Appointment - High Commissioner to India|first=Alexander|last=Downer|author-link=Alexander Downer|date=9 August 2004|publisher=Australian Government}}</ref>
|-
| align=center | {{nts|18}}
| {{sortname|Peter|Varghese}}
| {{ref|B|B}}
| align=center| {{start date|2009|06|08|df=y}}
| align=center| {{end date|2012|12|30|df=y}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|2009|06|08|2012|12|30}}
| <ref>{{cite press release|title=Diplomatic Appointment - High Commissioner to India|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408035617/http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2009/fa-s090608b.html|archivedate=8 April 2014|url=http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2009/fa-s090608b.html|first=Stephen|last=Smith|author-link=Stephen Smith (Australian politician)|publisher=Australian Government|date=8 June 2009}}</ref>
|-
| align=center | {{nts|19}}
| Patrick Suckling
| {{ref|B|B}}
| align=center| {{start date|2012|12|30|df=y}}
| align=center| {{end date|2016|02|11|df=y}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|2012|12|30|2016|02|11}}
| <ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-12-30/australia-appoints-new-commissioner-to-india/4447438|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130407132401/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-12-30/australia-appoints-new-commissioner-to-india/4447438|archivedate=7 April 2013|title= Australia appoints new High Commissioner to India|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Commission}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/foreign-affairs/career-diplomat-patrick-suckling-to-head-new-delhi-mission/story-fn59nm2j-1226545292901|title=Career diplomat Patrick Suckling to head New Delhi mission|date=30 December 2012|newspaper=The Australian|agency=AAP}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=http://foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2012/bc_mr_121230.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403033455/http://foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2012/bc_mr_121230.html|archivedate=3 April 2015|first=Bob|last=Carr|author-link=Bob Carr|title=Engagement with India |date=30 December 2012|publisher=Australian Government}}</ref>
|-
| align=center | {{nts|20}}
| {{sortname|Harinder|Sidhu}}
| {{ref|B|B}}
| align=center| {{start date|2016|02|11|df=y}}
| align=center| {{end date|2020|02|18|df=y}}
| align=right | {{age in years and days|2016|02|11|2020|02|18}}
| <ref>{{cite press release|url=http://foreignminister.gov.au/releases/Pages/2016/jb_mr_160211.aspx?w=tb1CaGpkPX%2FlS0K%2Bg9ZKEg%3D%3D |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211214258/http://foreignminister.gov.au/releases/Pages/2016/jb_mr_160211.aspx?w=tb1CaGpkPX%2FlS0K%2Bg9ZKEg%3D%3D |archivedate=11 February 2016 |title=High Commissioner to India |publisher=Australian Government |first=Julie |last=Bishop |author-link=Julie Bishop |date=11 February 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| align=center | {{nts|21}}
| {{sortname|Barry|O'Farrell}}
| {{ref|B|B}}
| align=center| {{start date|2020|05|21|df=y}}
| align=center| 30 June 2023
| align=right | {{age in years and days|2020|05|21}}
| <ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.foreignminister.gov.au/minister/marise-payne/media-release/high-commissioner-india |title=High Commissioner to India |publisher=Australian Government |first=Marise |last=Payne |date=18 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|22
|[[Philip Green (diplomat)|Philip Green]]
|
|align=center| 1 July 2023
|
|align=right|{{age in years and days|2023|7|01}}
|
|}

===Notes===
:{{note|A|A}}: Also [[Dual accreditation|non-resident]] Ambassador to Nepal, 1960–1986.
:{{note|B|B}}: Also non-resident Ambassador to Bhutan, 2002–present.

==Consuls-general==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Location||Open||[[Consular district]]
|-
||Consulate-General, [[Mumbai]]||1967/1979||[[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Goa]]
|-
||Consulate-General, [[Chennai]]||2007||[[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Telangana]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Lakshadweep]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|-
||Consulate-General, [[Kolkata]]||1970/2019||[[West Bengal]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], [[Odisha]], [[Sikkim]], [[Tripura]]
|-
||Consulate-General, [[Bengaluru]]||TBD||<ref>{{cite news |title=BTS 2021: Australian PM announces consulate office, centre of excellence in Bengaluru |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/australian-pm-announces-consulate-office-centre-of-excellence-in-bengaluru/article37551758.ece |access-date=2 June 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Australia seeks to establish new Consulate General in Bengaluru: Scott Morrison |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/australia-seeks-to-establish-new-consulate-general-in-bengaluru-scott-morrison/articleshow/87755370.cms |access-date=2 June 2022 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=17 November 2021}}</ref>
|}

===Mumbai===
The consulate-general was first opened in Bombay on the 21 August 1967, initially with a Deputy High Commissioner in charge until 1973, but was closed on the 30 April 1976 due to financial constraints,<ref name=exp>{{cite journal |title=Foreign Affairs: Reduction of Expenditure |journal=Australian Foreign Affairs Record |date=February 1976 |volume=47 |issue=2 |page=96 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-895005159 |access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref> before being reopened on 6 February 1979.<ref name="naak">{{citation|title=CA 8015: Australian Consulate-General, Mumbai [India]|url=http://naa12.naa.gov.au/scripts/SearchOld.asp?Number=CA+8015|publisher=National Archives of Australia|access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref> An [[Austrade|Australian Trade Commission]] had been located in the city since 1939, with [[Roy Gollan]] (later high commissioner) serving as trade commissioner from 1939 to 1948.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article265538056 |title=TRADE COMMISSION SERVICE |newspaper=[[Dalgety's Review]] |location=Western Australia |date=14 December 1939 |accessdate=2 June 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article42460144 |title=TRADE COMMISSIONS |newspaper=[[Cairns Post]] |location=Queensland, Australia |date=2 March 1945 |accessdate=2 June 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

{| border="1" class="wikitable"
|- style="background-color:#cfc;"
||'''Name'''||'''Start of term'''||'''End of term'''||'''References'''
|-
||John Melhuish (DHC)||21 August 1967||24 February 1973||<ref name="naak"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hayden |first1=Bill |title=Consul-General in San Francisco |journal=Australian Foreign Affairs Record |date=April 1983 |volume=54 |issue=4 |page=154 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1274013803 |access-date=23 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
||Thomas Venables Holland (DHC)||24 February 1973||13 May 1973||<ref name="naak"/>
|-
|C. A. Bromwich (DHC)||13 May 1973||6 March 1975||<ref name="naak"/>
|-
||Eric Hanfield||6 March 1975||30 April 1976||<ref name="naak"/>
|-
|colspan=4|''Consulate closed''
|-
||Robert Jolly (acting)||6 February 1979||4 October 1979||<ref name="naak"/>
|-
||John Dalrymple Colquhoun-Denvers||4 October 1979||15 April 1982||<ref name="naak"/>
|-
||Ian Tricks||15 April 1982||13 December 1984||<ref name="naak"/>
|-
||G. R. Hawker||13 December 1984||12 December 1986||<ref name="naak"/>
|-
||Gavan Bromilow||12 December 1986||14 December 1989||<ref name="naak"/>
|-
||Stephanie Daly||14 December 1989||10 January 1992||<ref name="naak"/>
|-
||J. N. Elliot||10 January 1992||May 1993||<ref name="naak"/>
|-
||Christopher Quirk||June 1993||1997||<ref name="naak"/>
|-
||||1997||2006||
|-
||Peter Forby||July 2006||6 July 2010||<ref name=waters/>
|-
||Stephen Waters||6 July 2010||September 2013||<ref name=waters>{{cite press release|title=Diplomatic Appointment - Consul-General in Mumbai|date=6 July 2010|first=Stephen|last=Smith|publisher=Minister for Foreign Affairs, Australian Government|url=http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2010/fa-s100706d.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220025403/http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2010/fa-s100706d.html|archive-date=20 February 2011}}</ref>
|-
||Mark Pierce||September 2013||19 August 2016||<ref>{{cite news |title=Consul-General in Mumbai, 13 June 2013, Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs |url=https://www.asiapacificsecuritymagazine.com/consul-general-in-mumbai-13-june-2013-australian-minister-for-foreign-affairs/ |access-date=2 June 2022 |publisher=Asia Pacific Security Magazine |date=14 June 2013}}</ref>
|-
||Tony Huber||19 August 2016||25 February 2020||<ref>{{cite press release|title=Consul-General in Mumbai|date=19 August 2016|first=Julie|last=Bishop|publisher=Minister for Foreign Affairs, Australian Government|url=https://www.foreignminister.gov.au/minister/julie-bishop/media-release/consul-general-mumbai}}</ref>
|-
||Greg Wilcock||25 February 2020||14 April 2021||<ref>{{cite press release|title=Consul-General in Mumbai|date=25 February 2020|first=Marise|last=Payne|publisher=Minister for Foreign Affairs, Australian Government|url=https://www.foreignminister.gov.au/minister/marise-payne/media-release/consul-general-mumbai}}</ref>
|-
||Peter Truswell||14 April 2021||date||<ref>{{cite press release|title=Consul-General in Mumbai|date=14 April 2021|first=Marise|last=Payne|publisher=Minister for Foreign Affairs, Australian Government|url=https://www.foreignminister.gov.au/minister/marise-payne/media-release/consul-general-mumbai-0}}</ref>
|}

===Kolkata===
On 18 June 1970, the post was originally opened as the Deputy High Commission, Calcutta, to replace the Trade Commission which had existed in the city since 1939. Like the Bombay post, the Deputy High Commission was downgraded to a consulate-general on 13 May 1973, before being closed in April 1976 due to budget constraints.<ref name=naak/><ref name=exp/>

{| border="1" class="wikitable"
|- style="background-color:#cfc;"
||'''Name'''||'''Start of term'''||'''End of term'''||'''References'''
|-
||Douglas Sturkey (DHC)||18 June 1970||6 June 1972||<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peacock |first1=Andrew |title=Diplomatic appointments |journal=Australian Foreign Affairs Record |date=March 1979 |volume=50 |issue=3 |page=167 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-893591648 |access-date=23 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
||Brian Meade (DHC/CG)||6 June 1972||12 February 1975||
|-
||Rodney Hodgson||12 February 1975||30 April 1976||
|-
|colspan=4|''Consulate closed''
|-
||Andrew Ford||10 January 2019||April 2021||<ref>{{cite press release|title=Consul-General in Kolkata|date=10 January 2019|first=Marise|last=Payne|publisher=Minister for Foreign Affairs, Australian Government|url=https://www.foreignminister.gov.au/minister/marise-payne/media-release/consul-general-kolkata}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Sudeshna |title=Meet Andrew Ford, the consul general of the recently reopened Australian consulate general in Calcutta |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/meet-andrew-ford-the-consul-general-of-the-recently-reopened-australian-consulate-general-in-calcutta/cid/1691002 |access-date=2 June 2022 |publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=22 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
||Rowan Ainsworth||14 April 2021||January 2024||<ref>{{cite press release|title=Consul-General in Kolkata|date=14 April 2021|first=Marise|last=Payne|publisher=Minister for Foreign Affairs, Australian Government|url=https://www.foreignminister.gov.au/minister/marise-payne/media-release/consul-general-kolkata-0}}</ref>
|-
|Hugh Boylan
|January 2024
|Current
|<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.foreignminister.gov.au/minister/penny-wong/media-release/consul-general-kolkata}}</ref>
|}

===Chennai===
In 2023 Chennai received a new Consul General (name TBC). The departure of Sarah Kirlew was seen as a sad day.
{| border="1" class="wikitable"
|- style="background-color:#cfc;"
||'''Name'''||'''Start of term'''||'''End of term'''||'''References'''
|-
||Aminur Rahman||January 2007||July 2010||<ref name=holly/>
|-
||David Holly||July 2010||January 2014||<ref name=holly>{{cite press release|title=Diplomatic Appointment - Consul-General in Chennai|date=6 July 2010|first=Stephen|last=Smith|publisher=Minister for Foreign Affairs, Australian Government|url=http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2010/fa-s100706c.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220025424/http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2010/fa-s100706c.html|archive-date=20 February 2011}}</ref>
|-
||Sean Kelly||January 2014||November 2017||<ref>{{cite press release|title=Appointment of Consul-General in Chennai|date=10 January 2014|first=Julie|last=Bishop|publisher=Minister for Foreign Affairs, Australian Government|url=https://www.foreignminister.gov.au/minister/julie-bishop/media-release/appointment-consul-general-chennai}}</ref>
|-
||Susan Grace||November 2017||March 2021||<ref>{{cite press release|title=Consul-General in Chennai|date=24 November 2017|first=Julie|last=Bishop|publisher=Minister for Foreign Affairs, Australian Government|url=https://www.foreignminister.gov.au/minister/julie-bishop/media-release/consul-general-chennai}}</ref>
|-
||Sarah Kirlew||March 2021||date||<ref>{{cite press release|title=Consul-General in Chennai|date=19 March 2021|first=Marise|last=Payne|publisher=Minister for Foreign Affairs, Australian Government|url=https://www.foreignminister.gov.au/minister/marise-payne/media-release/consul-general-chennai}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|High Commissioners of Australia to India}}
*[https://india.highcommission.gov.au/ Australian High Commission, New Delhi – India, Bhutan]
*[https://chennai.consulate.gov.au/cnai/home.html Australian Consulate-General Chennai, India]
*[https://kolkata.consulate.gov.au/kata/home.html Australian Consulate-General Kolkata, India]
*[https://mumbai.consulate.gov.au/ Australian Consulate-General Mumbai, India]

{{Lists of heads of Australian diplomatic missions}}
{{Ambassadors and High Commissioners to India}}

[[Category:Australia and the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:India and the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:High commissioners of Australia to India| ]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Australia to Bhutan| ]]
[[Category:Lists of high commissioners of Australia|India]]
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors to India|Australia]]
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors to Bhutan|Australia]]

Shikhar

2025-09-11T14:03:33Z

GeorgeNobbs1: adding a stub...

{{wikt|शिखर}}
'''Shikhar''' may refer to
* [[Shikhara]], a Sanskrit word translating literally to "mountain peak"
*[[Guru Shikhar]], a peak in the Arbuda Mountains, India
*[[Shikhar (given name)]], an Indian male given name
*[[Shikhar (film)|''Shikhar'' (film)]], a 2005 Indian film
*[[Shikhar, Doti]], a municipality in Nepal
{{disambiguation}}

Paul Nischal

2025-08-29T17:23:54Z

GeorgeNobbs1: minor edit

{{Short description|British politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Paul Nischal
| image = PaulNischal2004.jpg
| imagesize = 100px
| birth_place = [[British India]]
| party = Conservative Party (UK)
}}

'''Paul Nischal''' is [[United Kingdom|British]] [[politician]]. He joined the [[Conservative party (UK)|Conservative Party]] in 1965 and subsequently became the first Indian Member of British Parliament to run for the British Conservative Party.<ref name=Election>{{Cite web |url=http://www.election.demon.co.uk/1983EB.html |title=UK Parliamentary Results |access-date=18 November 2007 |archive-date=19 August 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000819081531/http://www.election.demon.co.uk/1983EB.html }}</ref>

==Career==
Nischal joined the Conservative Party in 1965.<ref name=Election/> His membership was especially valued for his strong influence in the asian business community of Birmingham.<ref>Getting Into Local Power: The Politics of Ethnic Minorities in British, By Romain Garbaye, {{ISBN|1-4051-2697-3}}</ref> Following the 2nd consecutive UK general election defeat by the Conservative party as the party moved more towards the right of the political spectrum, Paul Nischal joined the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in 2000.<ref>[https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-60897758 Labour joy as Tory defects]</ref>

During the 1983 and 1987 General Elections, became the first Indian Member of British Parliament to run for the British Conservative Party, contesting the [[Birmingham Small Heath (UK Parliament constituency)|Birmingham Small Heath Constituency]].<ref name=Election/>

Nischal acted as a political aide to [[Rajiv Gandhi]], the 7th Prime Minister of India during the 1991 campaign. He continues working for the [[Birmingham|City of Birmingham UK]] in Education as well as performing a role as a Foundation Governor for the Grammar School [[King Edward VI Five Ways]].<ref>[http://www.ke5ways.bham.sch.uk/sections/5/school_governors.htm KE FW School Governors]</ref> He has also been heavily active over for the last 35 years for many Indian Charities supporting the educational needs of underprivileged children. He was also member of The Birmingham City Council Education Committee from 1981 to 1983.

Nischal founded the N.R.I. Club International and International Overseas Indian Club, where he serves as President and Chief Executive. He is also National Chairman of Asian Peoples Welfare Society (UK) to care for the elderly and disabled people.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

==Birmingham, Small Heath==
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1983 United Kingdom general election|General Election 1983]]: Birmingham, Small Heath
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Denis Howell]]
|votes = 22,874
|percentage = 63.8
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = Paul Nischal
|votes = 7,262
|percentage = 20.2
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = Andrew Bostock
|votes = 5,722
|percentage = 16.0
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Birmingham, Small Heath==
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1987 United Kingdom general election|General Election 1987]]: Birmingham, Small Heath
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Denis Howell]]
|votes = 22,787
|percentage = 66.3
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = Paul Nischal
|votes = 7,266
|percentage = 21.1
|change = +4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = John Hemming
|votes = 3,600
|percentage = 10.5
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Nischal]]
* [[Jalandhar]]
* [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin]]
* [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
* [[King Edward VI Five Ways]]
* [[Birmingham Small Heath (UK Parliament constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.election.demon.co.uk/1983EB.html UK Parliamentary Results] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000819081531/http://www.election.demon.co.uk/1983EB.html |date=19 August 2000 }}
*[http://www.psr.keele.ac.uk/area/uk/ge83/ge83index.htm UK General Election 1983]
*[http://www.psr.keele.ac.uk/area/uk/ge87/ge87index.htm UK General Election 1987]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nischal, Paul}}
[[Category:People from Jalandhar]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) parliamentary candidates]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:British people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:British people of Punjabi descent]]

28th Punjabis

2025-08-27T20:19:14Z

GeorgeNobbs1: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=28th Punjabis
| image=Badge of 28th Punjabis.jpg
| image_size = 135
|caption=
|dates=1857 - 1922
|country=[[British Raj|British India]]
|branch=Army
|type=Infantry
|size=2 Battalions
|command_structure=
|garrison=
|ceremonial_chief=
|ceremonial_chief_label=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|nickname=
|motto=
|colors=Red; faced emerald green
|colors_label=Uniform
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=[[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Mutiny]] 1857-58 [[Assam]] 1862-63 [[Second Afghan War]] 1878-80 [[First World War]] 1914-18
|notable_commanders=
|anniversaries=
}}
The '''28th Punjabis''' were an infantry regiment in the [[British Indian Army]]. It was raised in 1857, as the 20th Regiment of Punjab Infantry. It was designated as the 28th Punjabis in 1903 and became 4th Battalion [[15th Punjab Regiment]] in 1922. In 1947, it was allocated to the [[Pakistan Army]], where it continues to exist as '''12th Battalion The [[Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)|Punjab Regiment]]'''.<ref name="Rizvi 1984">Rizvi, Brig SHA. (1984). ''Veteran Campaigners – A History of the Punjab Regiment 1759-1981''. Lahore: Wajidalis.</ref>

==Early history==
The regiment was raised during the upheaval of the [[Indian Mutiny]], at [[Ferozepur]] on 1 July 1857, as the Ferozepore Punjab Battalion, composed entirely of Saraswat Brahmins and [[Jat Sikhs]]. In 1860, a company of Punjabi Muslim [[Awan (tribe)|Awan]]s and [[Gakhars]] from [[Sohawa Tehsil]] was added. In 1862, the regiment took part in operations in [[Assam]], while during the [[Second Afghan War]] of 1878-80, it fought at [[Battle of Peiwar Kotal|Peiwar Kotal]], Charasiah and [[Kabul]]. In 1887, two more companies of Punjabi Muslims, composed of [[Janjua]]s and [[Minhas]] Rajputs from [[Dina, Pakistan|Dina]], [[Gujar Khan]] and [[Kharian]] were added. In 1891, the regiment participated in the Black Mountain Expedition on the [[North-West Frontier (military history)|North West Frontier]] of India.<ref name="Rizvi 1984"/>

Subsequent to the [[Kitchener Reforms|reforms]] brought about in the Indian Army by [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]] in 1903, the regiment's designation was changed to 28th Punjabis.<ref name="Gaylor 1991">{{cite book|last=Gaylor|first=John|title=Sons of John Company: The Indian and Pakistan Armies 1903–91|publisher=Stroud: Spellmount|year=1991}}</ref>
During the [[First World War]], they were stationed in [[Ceylon]] on garrison duty and was called out to suppress the [[1915 Ceylonese Riots|riots in 1915]] which they did brutally. Many atrocities were committed by the Punjabis during Martial Law that prevailed in the country.<ref>[http://archives.dailynews.lk/2008/07/08/fea01.asp Death anniversary of Edward Henry Pedris -July 7: ]</ref> Following the incidents of the riots, 28th Punjabis was transferred to [[Mesopotamia Campaign|Mesopotamia]], where they fought in the bloody battles on the [[Tigris]] Front, as the British made desperate efforts to relieve their besieged garrison at [[Kut al Amara]]. In 1917, the regiment took part in the Third Battle of Sannaiyat, the Capture of [[Baghdad]], and the actions at Istabulat and Tekrit. In 1918, the 28th Punjabis participated in the British campaign in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]. During the war, the regiment suffered a total of 1423 casualties. It raised a second battalion in 1918, which was disbanded after the war. In 1921, Sepoy [[Ishar Singh]] of the 28th Punjabis was awarded the [[Victoria Cross]] for exceptional valour during the [[Waziristan campaign 1919–1920|Waziristan Campaign]].<ref name="Rizvi 1984"/>

==Subsequent history==
In 1921-22, a major reorganization was undertaken in the British Indian Army leading to the formation of large infantry groups of four to six battalions. Among these was the 15th Punjab Regiment, formed by grouping the 28th Punjabis with the [[25th Punjabis|25th]], [[26th Punjabis|26th]], [[27th Punjabis|27th]] and [[29th Punjabis]]. The battalion's new designation was 4th Battalion 15th Punjab Regiment. During the Second World War, the Battalion comprised four companies of Punjabi Muslims and four companies of Sikhs. The Punjabi Muslims were [[Janjua]]s and [[Gakhars]] from [[Kahuta]], [[Gujar Khan]], [[Dina, Pakistan|Dina]] and [[Sohawa]] sprinkled with some Awans from [[Pindigheb]], and [[Talagang]]. The Sikhs were Jat Sikhs from Lyallpur, Majha and Doaba<ref name="Gaylor 1991"/> During the [[Second World War]], the battalion fought in the [[Burma Campaign]] with great distinction. The battalion suffered 921 casualties and was awarded numerous gallantry awards including two Victoria Crosses to Lieutenant [[Karamjeet Singh Judge]] and Naik [[Gian Singh (soldier)|Gian Singh]]. In 1947, the 15th Punjab Regiment was allocated to Pakistan Army. In 1956, it was merged with the [[1st Punjab Regiment|1st]], [[14th Punjab Regiment|14th]] and [[16th Punjab Regiment]]s to form one large [[Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)|Punjab Regiment]], and 4/15th Punjab was redesignated as 12 Punjab. During the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War, it fought on the [[Lahore]] Front, while in 1971, it served in [[East Pakistan]].<ref name="Rizvi 1984"/>

==Genealogy==
*1857 The Ferozepore Punjab Battalion[[File:Ishar Singh VC.jpg|thumb|right|Subedar Ishar Singh, VC, 28th Punjabis|230px]]
*1857 20th Regiment of Punjab Infantry
*1861 32nd Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry
*1861 28th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry
*1864 28th (Punjab) Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry
*1885 28th (Punjab) Regiment of Bengal Infantry
*1901 28th Punjab Infantry
*1903 28th Punjabis
*1918 1st Battalion 28th Punjabis
*1922 4th Battalion 15th Punjab Regiment
*1956 12th Battalion The Punjab Regiment

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Rizvi, Brig SHA. (1984). ''Veteran Campaigners – A History of the Punjab Regiment 1759-1981''. Lahore: Wajidalis.
*Cardew, Lt FG. (1903). ''A Sketch of the Services of the Bengal Native Army to the Year 1895''. Calcutta: Military Department.
*{{cite book|last=Gaylor|first=John|title=Sons of John Company: The Indian and Pakistan Armies 1903–91|publisher=Stroud: Spellmount|year=1991|isbn=978-0-946771-98-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Barthorp|first=Michael|last2=Burn|first2=Jeffrey|year=1979|title=Indian Infantry Regiments 1860-1914|publisher=London: Osprey|isbn=0-85045-307-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Sumner|first=Ian|title=The Indian Army 1914-1947|year=2001|publisher=London: Osprey|isbn=1-84176-196-6}}

==See also==
*[[15th Punjab Regiment]]
*[[Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)|Punjab Regiment]]

[[Category:British Indian Army infantry regiments]]
[[Category:Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1857]]
[[Category:1857 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1922]]

Diocese of Srikakulam

2025-08-24T07:54:37Z

GeorgeNobbs1: Creating A Stub

{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{no footnotes|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Srikakulam
|latin = Dioecese of Srikakulamensis
|local = శ్రీకాకుళం మేత్రాసనము
|country = [[India]]
|metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam]]
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam]]
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
|cathedral = [[Cathedral of Our Lady of Mercy]], [[Srikakulam]]
|cocathedral =
|patron = Mary Help of Christians
|established = {{start date|1993|07|01}}
|area_km2 = 8,524
|population = 3,895,000
|population_as_of = 2020
|catholics = 85,900
|catholics_percent= 2.2
|parishes = 36
|priests = 68
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop = Vijaya Kumar Rayarala
|emeritus_bishops =
|metro_archbishop = Udumala Bala
|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops=
|churches=37 missions
|dissolved=
|sui_iuris_church=
|headquarters=[[Srikakulam]]
|denomination=Roman Catholic
|territory=Andhra Pradesh
|language=Telugu
|border=catholic
|coordinates= {{coord|18.30758300|83.88988220|format=dms|source:wikidata_region:IN-AP|display=inline,title}}
|website = {{URL|http://dioceseofsrikakulam.org/beta/}}
}}

The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Srikakulam''' ({{langx|la| Srikakulamen(sis)}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the city of [[Srikakulam]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam]] in India.

==History==
* 1 July 1993: Established as Diocese of Srikakulam from the Diocese of Visakhapatnam

==Leadership==
[[File:Bishop Vijaya Kumar Rayarala at St. Brigid of Kildare Church (Dublin, Ohio).jpg|thumb|left|Bishop Rayarala visiting a church in [[Dublin, Ohio]] in 2022.]]
;Bishops of Srikakulam ([[Latin Church|Latin Rite]])
* Bishop [[Innayya Chinna Addagatla]] (1 July 1993 – 12 December 2018)
* Bishop Vijaya Kumar Rayarala

==Parishes==
* [[Cathedral of Our Lady of Mercy]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
* {{official website}}
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/srik0.htm GCatholic.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsrik.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srikakulam, Roman Catholic Diocese Of}}
[[Category:1993 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1993]]
[[Category:Christianity in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Srikakulam district]]
[[Category:Uttarandhra]]

{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}

2023 Kohima fire

2025-08-10T04:34:23Z

GeorgeNobbs1: done - done

{{Short description|Major fire in Kohima}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox event
| image =
| caption = The fire as seen from Aradura Hill
| date = 27 February 2023
| time = 4:50 p.m ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
| duration = 3 hours (under control) Over 12 hours (fully extinguished)
| place = [[Kohima]], [[Nagaland]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.657829|N|94.101012|E|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Structure fire]]
| cause = Suspected [[Short circuit|electrical short circuit]]; under investigation
| url =
| casualties1 = None
| casualties2 =
| website =
}}
On 27 February 2023, a massive fire broke in [[Kohima]], the capital of Nagaland causing complete damage to Mao Market and NN Market, one of the biggest commercial areas in Kohima.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/massive-fire-breaks-out-at-mao-market-in-nagaland-kohima-2340384-2023-02-27|title=Massive fire breaks out at Mao Market in Nagaland's Kohima|date=27 February 2023|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref>

Over 200 shops were gutted which is suspected to have been caused by an electrical short circuit as per police report.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.morungexpress.com/major-fire-breaks-out-in-kohima-1|title=Major fire breaks out in Kohima|date=27 February 2023|website=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref> The incident took place on the [[election day|polling day]] of the [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]].

== Market ==
The Mao Market was opened on 20 May 1999 by [[Neiphiu Rio]], the then-Home Minister of Nagaland. It housed a variety of shops including vegetables, meat products, groceries, clothing and cosmetics.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/massive-fire-at-mao-market-in-kohima-nagaland-guts-over-200-shops-123022701463_1.html|title=Massive fire at Mao market in Kohima, Nagaland guts over 200 shops|date=27 February 2023|website=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref>

== Fire ==
The fire reportedly broke out at approximately 5:00 p.m. on Monday, 27 February 2023.<ref name=":0" /> The fire was first spotted on the ground floor of the three-storeyed Mao Market commercial building.

As the building housed structures made of wood, the fire spread quickly, destroying the entire wooden structure and causing substantial damage to the adjacent houses in the area. Locals alleged that the fire services failed to arrive in time though the area is located opposite to the Nagaland Fire and Emergency services station, further aggravating the situation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-01 |title=Kohima fire leaves a trail of devastation |url=https://www.morungexpress.com/kohima-fire-leaves-a-trail-of-devastation |access-date=2025-08-10 |work=The Morung Express}}</ref>

Around 150 [[firefighter]]s and over 20 [[fire engine|firetender]]s from across Kohima, including those from the [[Assam Rifles]] and fire engines from [[Khuzama]], [[Chiephobozou]], [[Chümoukedima]] and [[Dimapur]] were brought in to fight the blaze.

Patients at the adjacent Bethel Medical Centre were evacuated to Oking Hospital.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/fire-breaks-out-in-kohima/|title=Fire breaks out in Kohima|date=27 February 2023|website=[[Eastern Mirror]]|access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref>

At its peak, the inferno rose to over 80 feet and the flames were visible from many parts of Kohima and surrounding towns and villages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/massive-fire-devastates-mao-market-in-kohima/|title=Massive fire devastates Mao market in Kohima|date=27 February 2023|website=[[Nagaland Post]]|access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
More than 200 shops in the commercial area and several private residences were destroyed. The next day, 28 February, Nagaland [[List of chief ministers of Nagaland|Chief Minister]] [[Neiphiu Rio]] visited the site and met with the affected families whose shops and residences were burnt down.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/cm-neiphiu-rio-visits-mao-market-fire/|title=Nagaland CM Neiphiu Rio visits Mao Market fire incident site in Kohima|date=27 February 2023|website=[[Eastern Mirror]]|access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kohima fire, 2023}}
[[Category:2023 fires in Asia]]
[[Category:2020s in Kohima]]
[[Category:Building and structure fires in India]]
[[Category:February 2023 in India]]
[[Category:Kohima]]

Odisha State Election Commission

2025-07-21T19:16:23Z

GeorgeNobbs1: new some stub initial version

{{Short description|Election regulatory body of Odisha, India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Odisha State Election Commission
| nativename =
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| formed = May'1994
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Odisha]]
| headquarters = Commissioner-cum-Secretary, Cooperation Department, Govt. of Odisha.
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo =
| chief1_name = Sri Aditya Prasad Padhi, IAS (Retd.)
| chief1_position = Chief Election Commissioner
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| website = {{URL|http://sec.odisha.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Odisha State Election Commission''' is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]] and [[statutory]] body constituted in the [[India]]n state of [[Odisha]] for ensuring that elections are conducted in free, fair and unbiased way. [[Constitution of India]] with provisions as per Article 243K and 243 ZA and Article 324 ensures creation and safeguarding of the powers of [[States Election Commission (India)|State Election Commissions]]. Odisha State Election Commission is responsible for conducting elections for [[Municipal governance in India|Urban Local Bodies]] like [[Municipality|Municipalities]], [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporations]], [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]]s and any other specified by [[Election Commission of India]]. Odisha State Election Commissioner is appointed by [[Governor (India)|Governor]] of Odisha.

== History and administration ==
The then-Orissa State Election Commission was formed in accordance with powers of Election Commission of India, which was constituted in year 1950<ref name="sec ref1">{{cite news |title=WHAT IS ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA (ECI)? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-election-commission-of-india#collapse |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India}}</ref> to supervise state level elections.<ref name="sec ref3">{{cite news |title=State election panels: Independent of central EC, with similar powers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/state-election-panels-independent-of-central-ec-with-similar-powers-5132220/ |access-date=6 December 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> State election commissioner is appointed by Governor.<ref name="sec ref2">{{cite news |title=India Code: Section Details |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_18_21_00005_199426_1517807320414&sectionId=42788&sectionno=98&orderno=98 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.indiacode.nic.in}}</ref><ref name="sec ref6">{{cite news |title=State Election Commissioner Conditions of Service Rules, 1994 |url=http://www.bareactslive.com/HRY/HL534.HTM |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.bareactslive.com |archive-date=6 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206113835/http://www.bareactslive.com/HRY/HL534.HTM |url-status=dead }}</ref> To ensure the autonomy of the position, the state election commissioner cannot be removed from office except on the grounds and manner specified for [[judge]] of [[High courts of India|High Court]].

== Powers and responsibilities ==
The State Election Commissioner is responsible for the following:<ref name="sec ref1" /><ref name="sec ref7">{{cite news |title=Election Commission directs all state electoral officers to immediately redress all pending voter applications |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/election-commission-directs-state-electoral-officers-immediately-redress-pending-voter-applications-1503026387.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=The Statesman |date=23 November 2021}}</ref>

* Issue notification containing guidelines for conducting elections for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Conducting elections for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Issue notification containing guidelines for conducting elections for conducting elections for Municipal panchayats in State.
* Conducting elections for Municipal panchayats in State.<ref name="or ref8">{{cite news |title=Orissa HC seeks response from SEC, Chief Secy on pleas seeking civic polls |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bhubaneswar/orissa-hc-seeks-response-from-sec-chief-secy-on-pleas-seeking-civic-polls-7470607/ |access-date=11 December 2021 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=25 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Laying guidelines for persons eligible to contest in elections for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Conducting elections for Municipal panchayats in State.<ref name="od ref7">{{cite news |last1=patnaik |first1=lalmohan |title=rourkela municipality: Plea in Orissa HC to allow Rourkela civic body polls {{!}} Cuttack News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/cuttack/plea-in-orissa-hc-to-allow-rourkela-civic-body-polls/articleshow/87959830.cms |access-date=12 December 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=28 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Model code of conduct are following in elections for local bodies.
* Updating Electoral rolls with new additions.<ref name="od ref4">{{cite news |title=Final voters' list for panchayat polls on December 14: Odisha Election Commission |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2021/nov/09/final-voters-list-for-panchayat-polls-on-december-14-odishaelection-commission-2381306.html |access-date=11 December 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=9 November 2021}}</ref>
* Updating Electoral rolls with removals, if any.
* Declaration of results of elections held for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Declaration of results of elections held for Municipal panchayats in State.
* Ordering repoll if needed.
* Making arrangements for Statewide polls.
* Monitoring poll expenditure for Panchayat polls.<ref name="od ref3">{{cite news |title=Odisha: State Election Commission increases expenditure limit for Panchayat polls: Check details |url=https://kalingatv.com/state/odisha-state-election-commission-increases-poll-expenditure-limit-check-details/ |access-date=11 December 2021 |publisher=KalingaTV |date=15 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="or ref6">{{cite news |title=‘Odisha panchayat polls candidates can spend more’: State Election Commission |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/odisha-panchayat-polls-candidates-can-spend-more-state-election-commission-101637001745108.html |access-date=11 December 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=16 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Composition ==

Odisha State Election Commission is headed by Chief Electoral Officer and as many members as specified in State Act.<ref name="od ref5">{{cite news |title=Election Commission of Odisha - Its history, Functions and Officers |url=https://www.elections.in/election-commission/odisha.html |access-date=11 December 2021 |publisher=Elections in India}}</ref> State Election Commissioners are independent persons not holding position or office in any Central or State Government organisations<ref name="sec ref5">{{cite news |title=State election commissioners should be independent, says SC |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/state-election-commissioners-should-be-independent-says-sc/cid/1809411 |publisher=www.telegraphindia.com |date=13 March 2021}}</ref>

Aditya Prasad Padhi, I.A.S., Retd, is the Chief Electoral Officer of Odisha.<ref name="or ref3">{{cite news |title=A P Padhi appointed as state election commissioner of Odisha |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/a-p-padhi-appointed-as-state-election-commissioner-of-odisha-119081401786_1.html |publisher=Business Standard India |date=14 August 2019}}</ref> His period of service will be 5 years or attaining an age of 65 years whichever is earlier.

== Constitutional requirements ==

Odisha State Election Commission was formed after amendment of Constitution with 73rd and 74th declaration.<ref name="sec ref4">{{cite news |title=India State Election - Find information of all State elections in India |url=https://www.elections.in/state-elections.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref> State Election Commissions were formed as per Article 243K of the Constitution, similar to setting up of the [[Election Commission of India]] as per Article 324.<ref name="sec ref3" />

== See also ==
* [[Election Commission of India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://sec.odisha.gov.in/ Official Website]

{{Authority control}}


[[Category:State election commissioners of India]]
[[Category:Local government in Odisha]]
[[Category:Elections in Odisha]]

Charbhuja Nath Temple

2025-07-04T13:40:20Z

GeorgeNobbs1: Creating New Place!

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name=Charbhuja Nath Temple
|native_name=चारभुजा नाथ मंदिर
|deity=[[Vishnu]]
|governing_body=Devasthan Department - Govt of Rajasthan
|festival=[[Krishna Janmashtami]], [[Holi]]|district=[[Bundi]]
|state=[[Rajasthan]]
|country=[[India]]
|architecture=[[Hindu architecture]]
|founded_by=Rao Raja Surjan Singh
|image=Temple in Bundi 14.jpg
|caption=front view of Charbhuja Nath temple
|map_type=India Rajasthan
|map_relief=1
|coordinates={{coord|25.4459|N|75.6373|E|type:landmark_region:IN_scale:100|display=inline,title}}
|map_caption=Location in Rajasthan}}
'''''Charbhujanath''''' '''Temple''' is an ancient Hindu temple located in the city of [[Bundi]]''',''' located in [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. Dedicated to ''Charbhujanath'', a four-armed form of Hindu major deity [[Vishnu]], the temple is east facing and known for its historical significance and spiritual atmosphere. It is an important religious site for devotees in [[Bundi district]]. Thousands of Devotees visit here on [[Krishna Janmashtami]] and ''Phagotsav. 'Phagotsav' is'' a kind of celebration organized here at the time of festival of [[Holi]] from last 500 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2020-03-08 |title=बूंदी के चारभुजा नाथ मंदिर में 500 साल से मनाई जा रही है होली... |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/state/bundi/holi-has-been-celebrated-in-charbhuja-nath-temple-for-500-years-like-braj-in-bundi/rj20200308000824471 |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=[[ETV Network]] |language=hi}}</ref>

== Location ==
The temple is situated at the ''Tilak Chowk'' place located in old city of [[Bundi]]. It is about 1.5 kilometers away from District H.Q.<ref name=":0" />

== History ==
According to locals it is said that this temple was a [[Shiva]] temple, built before 1242 AD and known as ''Ksharaneshwar'' ''Mahadev'' temple. After this, in 1569 AD [[Hada Chauhan]] King Rao Raja Surjan Singh installed the idol of ''Charbhuja'' from [[Ranthambore Fort]] of [[Sawai Madhopur]] here in this temple and the old idol of Shiva was placed in the ''[[Mandapa|Mandap]]'' outside the temple. According to locals it is said that in a dream of King Rao Raja Surjan Singh, ''Charbhuja Nath'' himself ordered him to place the idol in this temple.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=बूंदी |first=सलीम अली |date=2022-07-19 |title=छोटी काशी के नाम से प्रसिद्ध है बूंदी, धार्मिक स्थल पेश करते हैं गंगा जमुनी तहजीब की मिसाल |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/bundi-history-best-places-rameshwar-mahadev-mandir-madina-masjid-important-city-to-visit-how-to-reach-population-of-bundi-rajasthan-ann-2171452 |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The temple is an example of [[Hindu architecture]], featuring intricate carvings and traditional design elements. The idol of ''Charbhuja'' ''Nath'', depicting Vishnu with four arms, is adorned with ornaments. The temple premises include a [[Garbhagriha]] and an open courtyard where devotees gather for prayers and rituals.<ref name=":1" />

== Festivals and rituals ==
The temple is a hub of religious activities, with [[Krishna Janmashtami|Janmashtami]] and [[Holi]] being major celebrations. Devotees also visit on [[Ekadashi]] and other auspicious occasions dedicated to [[Vishnu]]. Daily [[Arti (Hinduism)|Arti]] and [[Bhajan]] are performed here. According to the Priest of the temple, 10-day long ''Phagotsav'', a kind of celebration at the time of festival of [[Holi]] is celebrated with [[flower petals]] and [[Gulal]] and thousand of devotees visits here during this celebration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=सिंह |first=भवानी |date=2024-03-23 |title=Happy Holi: बूंदी में फाग उत्सव की धूम, चारभुजा नाथ मंदिर में होली खेलने पहुंचे विदेशी पर्यटक |url=https://www.newstak.in/rajasthan/story/happy-holi-phag-utsav-celebrated-in-bundi-foreign-tourists-reached-charbhuja-nath-temple-to-play-holi-3135689-2024-03-23 |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=NewsTak |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=बूंदी में भगवान चारभुजा नाथ के संग होली की धूम |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/bundi/news/holi-celebration-with-lord-charbhuja-nath-in-bundi-132734665.html |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=श्री चारभुजा नाथ मंदिर में फागोत्सव होली के रसिया में डूबे भक्त, मंत्री और जिला कलेक्टर ने खेली होली |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/bundi/shri-charbhuja-nath-temple-devotees-immersed-the-passion-of-fagotsav-holi-minister-and-district-collector-play/1596976 |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=Zee News Hindi |language=hi}}</ref>

== Maintenance issues ==
According to the locals the temple building has not repaired for a long time. The walls inside the temple have turned black due to rain water dripping. The officials have been informed about the possibility of the roof collapsing, but no one has taken any action so far.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-03 |title=Rajasthan News : कहीं गिर रहा चूना – तो कहीं दरक रही दीवार, इन 'जर्जर' प्राचीन मंदिरों को है 'मरम्मत' का इंतज़ार {{!}} Rajasthan Bundi District Ancient Temple Dilapidated Wall Chhoti Kashi Devasthan Department |url=https://www.patrika.com/bundi-news/rajasthan-bundi-district-ancient-temple-dilapidated-wall-chhoti-kashi-devasthan-department-8707002 |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |language=hi}}</ref> However, in 2024 the [[Government of Rajasthan]] announced to develop the ''Charbhuja Nath'' temple as a pilgrimage site and development work will be started.<ref>{{Cite web |title=बूंदी का चारभुजा नाथ मंदिर होगा विकसित, CM की घोषणा से लोगों में खुशी, जानिए क्या है इस मंदिर की कहानी |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/rajasthan-cm-bhajan-lal-has-announced-the-development-of-charbhuja-nath-temple-of-bundi-under-the-krishna-gaman-path-scheme-6446109 |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=hi}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Malan Masi Balaji Temple]]
* [[Charbhuja]]
* [[Mandhata Balaji Temple]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Bundi district]]

Olayambadi

2025-05-17T18:33:10Z

GeorgeNobbs1: new a pg first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
[[File:Sreekrishns Vilaasam UP School.jpg|thumb|Shreekrishna Vilasam School]]
[[File:Olayambadi Town.jpg|thumb|Olayambadi Town]]
'''Olayambadi''' is a small village about 21 km from Payyanur town in the Kannur district of Kerala state, South India.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>

==Temples==
The famous Meenkulam Sree Krishna Temple is situated here.Village/hamlet in Payyannur Taluk in Kannur District of Kerala State, India. It comes under Kuttoor Panchayath. It belongs to North Kerala Division . It is located 38 km towards North from District headquarters Kannur. 521 km from State capital Thiruvananthapuram

==Location==
Olayambadi is surrounded by Taliparamba Taluk towards East, Payyanur taluk towards West, Hosdurg Taluk towards North, Kannur Taluk towards South . Payyannur, Cheruthazham, Kalliasseri, Taliparamba are the nearby Cities to Olayambadi.

→ It is near to Arabian sea. There is a chance of humidity in the weather.

==Language==
Malayalam is the Local Language here.

==Transportation==
The national highway passes through [[Perumba River|Perumba]] junction. [[Goa]] and [[Mumbai]] can be accessed on the northern side and [[Cochin]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] can be accessed on the southern side. The road to the east of [[Iritty]] connects to [[Mysore]] and [[Bangalore]]. The nearest railway station is [[Payyanur railway station|Payyanur]] on [[Mangalore]]-[[Palakkad]] line.
Trains are available to almost all parts of India subject to advance booking over the internet. There are airports at [[Kannur International Airport|Kannur]], [[Mangalore Airport|Mangalore]] and [[Calicut International Airport|Calicut]]. All of them are international airports but direct flights are available only to Middle Eastern countries.

== Postal code ==
670306 Olayambadi,
670307 ( Payyanur )

==See also==
* [[Mathamangalam]]
* [[Kadannappalli|Kadannappally]]
* [[Vellora]]
* [[Pilathara]]
* [[Pariyaram]]
* [[Eramam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kannur district}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Villages near Payyanur]]

Wadadam Fossil Park

2025-04-14T00:30:35Z

GeorgeNobbs1: adding pg

'''Wadadam Fossil Park''' is located in a village known as Wadadam in [[Sironcha]] taluka in the district of [[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]] of [[Maharashtra]] State. It is about {{cvt|19|km}} from Sironcha and about {{cvt|189|km}} South of District Headquarters Gadchiroli. Here a group of paleontologists have unearthed fossils, it is believed that these are [[dinosaur]] fossils and are millions of years old. In [[India]], Sironcha is one of the five places in the country where a large number of fossils have been discovered. A full skeleton of a dinosaur was unearthed in 1959 in Kothapalli-Pochampally village, this [[fossil]] has been kept in a museum in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wadadham Fossils Park {{!}} District Gadchiroli, Government of Maharashtra {{!}} India |url=https://gadchiroli.gov.in/tourist-place/wadadham-fossils-park/ |access-date=2022-01-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Wadadam Fossil Park is half a square kilometer area which is India's first Dinosaurs site, where flora and fauna fossils are found intact. Fossils of flora were present at the time when the [[Sauropoda|Sauropods]] existed in these parts of the Indian Subcontinent. This area was full of forests that had [[Glossopteris]] and [[Dadoxylon|Dadoxylon conifer]] trees with the co-existing giant [[Sauropoda|Sauropods]] approximately in the middle of the [[Jurassic|Jurassic period]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-14 |title=First dino site in India with flora, fauna intact |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/first-dino-site-in-india-with-flora-fauna-intact/ |access-date=2022-01-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

[[Stone Age|Stone Age (Paleolithic)]] tools have been found at Wadadam Fossil Park. These [[stone tool]]s were used approximately around 2.5 million years ago. This place is also known for fossils of [[fish]]es and dinosaurs like ''[[Barapasaurus]]'', ''[[Kotasaurus]]'', ''Yamanpalliensis'' and some others. There are a total of 24 fossil sites in [[Sironcha]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Vijay Pinjarkar|date=Apr 9, 2016 |title=Paleolithic tools discovered in Sironcha's fossil park {{!}} Nagpur News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/paleolithic-tools-discovered-in-sironchas-fossil-park/articleshow/51747258.cms |access-date=2022-01-24|website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

As the Wadadam area is set to become a fossil park the concerned authorities have put up big caricatures of the animals and plants which were found in that area.<ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Kunal V. Shinde |date=April 18, 2015 |title=People to get feel of Lower Jurassic period as Maharashtra Fossil Park to bring alive dinosaur era |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/maharashtra-fossil-park-jurrasic-period-dinosaur-era-249094-2015-04-18 |access-date=2022-01-24 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The authorities have also decided with the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) state directorate of archaeology and also [[museum]]s for collaboration and 3-D replicas. It is on NH 16 which connects [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]] in [[Telangana]] and [[Jagdalpur]] in [[Chhattisgarh]]. the nearest railway stations are [[Mancherial]] in Telangana and [[Ballarpur|Ballarshah]] in Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra to soon have fossil park with Jurassic-era remains |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-maharashtra-to-soon-have-fossil-park-with-jurassic-era-remains-2573680 |access-date=2022-01-24 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|18.7415|80.0735|type:landmark_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Fossil parks]]
[[Category:Fossil parks in India]]

{{India-geo-stub}}

Mahila Rashtriya Sangha

2024-08-21T21:01:15Z

GeorgeNobbs1: made!

{{Short description|Defunct Political organisation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
The '''Mahila Rashtriya Sangha''' (MRS, and also known as the '''Mahila Rashtriya Sangh''') was the first organisation established in India with the aim of engaging women in political activism. It was formed in [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]], in 1928 by [[Latika Ghosh]] and Prabhavati Bose upon the instigation of [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]], a prominent [[Indian independence movement|Indian nationalist]] leader. Believing that improvement of the status of women and achievement of self-governance for India were inseparable aims, the MRS was an empowerment institution body that placed much emphasis on education as a means to achieve its goal.

The name translates as the ''Women's Political Association''.{{sfnp|Ray|1991|p=12|ps=}}

== Background ==
Latika Bose (née Ghosh), a niece of [[Aurobindo Ghose]],{{sfnp|Mohapatra|Mohanty|2002|p=71|ps=}} had impressed Subhas Chandra Bose with her marshalling of a women's protest against the [[Simon Commission]], following which the latter asked her to organise the MRS in 1928.{{sfnp|Forbes|2005|p=51|ps=}} Latika, who was a teacher educated at the [[University of Oxford]] and a supporter of [[Gandhi]]'s [[satyagraha]], recruited and led around 300 women from colleges and academic departments as part of the protest by the [[Bengal Volunteers]] at the 1928 session of the [[Indian National Congress]].{{sfnp|Lebra|2008|p=24|ps=}} She baulked at Subhas's command that all involved in this event should wear military uniform, deciding instead that the women would wear red-bordered dark green [[sari]]s and white blouses. This and other decisions, such as ensuring that the women did not stay in the protesters' camp overnight, together with a threat to withdraw their aid in matters such as selling tickets and supplying tea, ensured that she overcame the opposition of [[Sarat Bose]], who had been concerned that the presence of women might offend conservative supporters of Congress. {{sfnp|Forbes|2008|pp=74-75|ps=}}

== Formation and aims ==
Latika Bose agreed to form the MRS only after some thought because she knew that this would involve her having a high-profile connection to the Indian National Congress and thus would pit her against the [[British Raj]] authorities and prevent her from being accepted for employment by the Raj Educational Service. Despite the opinion of Subhas, Latika selected his mother, [[Prabhabati Bose (Dutt)|Prabhabati Bose]], to be the first president and Latika's sister-in-law, Bivabati, became the first vice-president. Subhas had wanted [[Basanti Devi]] to be president but Latika considered her to be too distant for most [[Bengali people|Bengali]] women because of the extent to which Devi had been westernised, and she also appreciated that having the mother of the most prominent Bengali nationalist as an office-holder would appeal to potential supporters.{{sfnp|Forbes|2005|pp=51-52|ps=}} Latika Bose herself took the role of secretary.{{sfnp|Lebra|2008|p=24|ps=}}

The MRS, which was founded in [[Chittagong]], Bengal Presidency,{{sfnp|Mohapatra|Mohanty|2002|p=71|ps=}} saw their aim of improvements in the status of women and the achievement of [[swaraj]] (self-governance) as being mutually dependent. Education of women was a key to this and the MRS involved ten existing local educational groups from the outset. According to historian Geraldine Forbes, MRS leaders "argued the nation could never be free unless women's lives improved and improving women's lives depended on freedom from foreign domination".{{sfnp|Forbes|2005|p=52|ps=}} Latika Bose appealed for women to see the similarities of the women's struggle in the battles waged between the [[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]]s and [[asura]]s of Hindu mythology, and in the self-sacrifices of [[Rajput]] queens who had surrendered their male relatives to battle before preparing to die themselves in acts of [[jauhar]] (self-immolation).{{sfnp|Lebra|2008|p=24|ps=}}{{sfnp|Forbes|2005|p=52|ps=}}

Recruits came initially from the families of existing INC members because without their approval the women would not have been allowed to participate. The members were taught about independence and also received instruction in literacy, first aid, motherhood, and self-defence.{{sfnp|Forbes|2005|p=53|ps=}}

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
'''Citations'''
{{reflist}}
'''Bibliography'''
*{{citation |title=Women in Colonial India: Essays on Politics, Medicine, and Historiography |first=Geraldine Hancock |last=Forbes |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2005 |isbn=978-8-18028-017-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ClNEJwXLNQIC}}
*{{citation |title=Behind the Veil: Resistance, Women and the Everyday in Colonial South Asia |editor-first=Anindita |editor-last=Ghosh |publisher=Springer |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-23058-367-2 |first=Geraldine |last=Forbes |chapter=Small Acts of Rebellion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lr6ADAAAQBAJ}}
*{{citation |title=Women Against the Raj: The Rani of Jhansi Regiment |first=Joyce |last=Lebra |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2008 |isbn=978-9-81230-809-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fuw1Wt1-O7EC}}
*{{citation |title=Elite Women of India |first1=Padmalaya |last1=Mohapatra |first2=Bijoyini |last2=Mohanty |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=978-8-17648-339-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l-kSsJ99aOgC}}
*{{citation |title=Women of Bengal: Transformation in Ideas and Ideals, 1900-1947 |first=Bharati |last=Ray |journal=Social Scientist |volume=19 |issue=5/6 |year=1991 |pages=3–23 |doi=10.2307/3517870 |jstor=3517870 }}
{{refend}}

[[Category:1928 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Indian women in politics| ]]
[[Category:Political organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1928]]