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Sayed Farooq-ur-Rahman

2026-05-25T06:03:59Z

GeorgeGirdleston: Info...

{{Short description|Bangladeshi army officer (1946–2010)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sayed Farooq-ur-Rahman
| native_name = সৈয়দ ফারুকুর রহমান
| image = Sayed Farooq-ur-Rahman portrait.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1946|08|09|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Naogaon Sadar]], Bengal Province, British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2010|01|28|1946|08|09|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Dhaka Central Jail]], Dhaka Division, Bangladesh
| death_cause = [[Execution by hanging]]
| resting_place = [[Rajshahi]], Bangladesh
| citizenship = [[British Indian]] [[East Pakistani]] [[Bangladeshi]]
| education = Alumnus of [[Adamjee Cantonment College]] (Higher Secondary Certificate)
| alma_mater = [[Pakistan Military Academy]]
| occupation = [[Army Officer]] Politician
| known_for = Leading and organizing the [[15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état]] Being founder of the [[Freedom Party, Bangladesh]] 1986 Bangladesh Presidential Candidacy
| political_party = [[Freedom Party, Bangladesh]]
| spouse = Farida Khan
| relatives = [[Noorul Quader]] (maternal uncle) [[Khaled Mosharraf]] (maternal uncle) [[Rashed Mosharraf]] (maternal uncle) [[A R Mallick]] (maternal uncle) [[Syed Nazrul Islam]] (maternal uncle) [[Abul Kashem Khan]] (uncle-in-law) [[Khandaker Abdur Rashid]] (brother-in-law)
| family =
| module = {{Infobox military person |embed=yes
| rank = [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| allegiance = {{PAK}} (Before 1971) {{BAN}}
| branch = {{army|Pakistan}} {{Army|Bangladesh}}
| service_years = 1966-1979
| unit = [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]]
| commands = *Deputy Commander of [[S Force (Bangladesh)|S Force]]
* CO of [[1st Bengal Lancers (Bangladesh)|1st Bengal Lancers]]
* CO of [[Jessore Cantonment|12th Lancers]]}}
}}
'''Sayed Farooq-ur-Rahman''' ({{langx|bn|সৈয়দ ফারুকুর রহমান|Soiẏod Fārukur rohomān}}; better known as '''Colonel Farooq'''; 9 August 1946 – 28 January 2010) was an army officer and politician in Bangladesh. He was the leader and architect of the revolt by some disgruntled army personnel of the then-nascent Bangladesh to oust [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] from power, a main figure in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|1971 Bangladesh Liberation War]] and the country's first President. Farooq and other organizers of the coup installed [[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad|Khandakar Mostaq Ahmad]] in power under the premise that he would rule in accordance to [[Sharia|Islamic law]], though this premise was later broken by Mostaq.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Mascarenhas |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Mascarenhas |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/72705632/Bangladesh-a-Legacy-of-Blood |title=Bangladesh A Legacy of Blood |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |year=1986 |isbn=0-340-39420-X |page= |language=en |access-date=2023-06-29}}</ref> He was [[2IC]] of the 1st Bengal Lancers Regiment and a [[Major general|major]] of the [[Bangladesh Army]] at the time of the coup whereupon he was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel. Farooq would found the [[Bangladesh Freedom Party]] in 1981 with his allies and go on to run for president against [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]] in 1986, though the election was boycotted by other major parties.<ref name=":5" /> Upon the return of to power of the Bangladesh Awami League under the leadership of [[Sheikh Hasina]] in the late 1990s, Farooq was arrested and convicted, leading to his execution on 28 January 2010, along other coup members such as [[Mohammad Bazlul Huda|Bazlul Huda]] and [[Sultan Shahriar Rashid Khan]].<ref name=":6" />

== Birth and family background ==
Dewan Sayed Farooq-ur-Rahman was born on 9 August 1946 into an aristocratic family in his paternal ancestral village of Marma-Malikpur Dewan Para to Sayed Ataur Rahman and Mahmuda Khatun.{{Efn|Multiple references:<ref name=":4"/><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Haque |first=A. S. M. Monzurul |url=https://archive.org/details/colonel-farooq-mukti-movement-leaflet |title=Colonel Farooq Mukti Booklet |date=2 December 2002 |publisher=Freedom Party Publications |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh |pages=Page 1 |language=bn}}</ref>}} His father, Sayed Ataur Rahman, was a physician who was a member of the ''[[Indian Medical Service]]'' and then successively the ''[[Pakistan Army Medical Corps]]'' after the Partition of the Subcontinent, he was awarded with the military rank of [[Major general|Major]] for his years of service. He belonged to a prominent family of Sufi heritage, the Dewan family of Marma-Malikpur in Barshail Union, [[Naogaon Sadar Upazila|Naogaon Sadar]], one of the [[Pir (Sufism)|Pir]] families of the Rajshahi region. The progenitor of the family was a [[Yemen]]i missionary known to the local populace by the appellation ''Zinda Pir'', meaning living saint, due to him being known for his fiery temperament.<ref>{{Citation |last=Daily Nayadiganta |title=Nayadiganta recount of the last words of Colonel Farooq |year=2010 |url=http://archive.org/details/480569902-122232918248029360-5080449184305051275-n |access-date=2026-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=/erp/donate/create/fund |url=https://awqaf.fcsuite.com/erp/donate/create/fund?funit_id=1024 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=awqaf.fcsuite.com}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Farooq was a ninth generation descendant of him. Farooq's paternal grandfather Sayed Ishratullah Dewan, was the [[Inspector]] of Naogaon Sadar Police Station during British India and was also later a Sufi figure in Naogaon, also called ''Zinda Pir'' by his followers in honor of his forefathers.{{Efn|Multiple references:<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7" />}}

Farooq's mother was Mahmuda Khatun, who belongs to a wealthy and well-connected [[Zamindars of Bengal|''zamindar'']] family in [[Jamalpur District]] in Mymensingh, the family traces their origins to mercenaries of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] extraction under the Mughal emperors.{{Efn|Multiple references:<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7" />}} Farooq's maternal grandfather, Abdul Latif Khan was also a member of the British Indian police service like his paternal grandfather.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Haque |first=A. S. M. Monzurul |url=https://archive.org/details/colonel-farooq-mukti-movement-leaflet |title=Colonel Farooq Mukti Booklet |date=2 December 2002 |publisher=Freedom Party Publications |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh |pages=Page 1 |language=bn}}</ref> The youngest brother of his mother, Mahmuda Khatun, was the pioneer of the export-oriented ready-made garment industry in Bangladesh, [[Noorul Quader|Noorul Quader Khan]].<ref name=":3" /> From his maternal family's relations, Farooq was related to several reputed figures in the politics and civil service of Bengal at the time including [[Khaled Mosharraf]] who served as the fourth Chief of Army Staff of Bangladesh, [[Rashed Mosharraf]] who was Member of Parliament for the Jamalpur-2 constituency, [[Ataur Rahman Khan]] who was the chief minister of East Pakistan and [[A R Mallick|Azizur Rahman Mallick]], the famed historian and educationist, and [[Syed Nazrul Islam]], acting president of Bangladesh during the 1971 liberation war.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Mascarenhas |first=Neville Anthony |title=Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood |year=1986 |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |isbn=978-0340394205 |edition=1st |location=United Kingdom |pages=Page 39}}</ref>

Farooq was the oldest child and only son of his parents, he had two younger sisters. One of these sisters, Yasmin Rahman would be a pioneering pilot of Bangladesh and the first female commander of Biman Airlines.{{Efn|Multiple references:<ref>{{Cite news |date=2000-01-17 |title=3 Biman pilots sacked |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/3-biman-pilots-sacked |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2000-01-22 |title=Two sacked pilots challenge Biman's action |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/two-sacked-pilots-challenge-bimans-action |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>}}

== Early life and schooling ==
Sayed Farooq-ur-Rahman's schooling days were largely centred upon the postings of his father, who at the time was serving as an army doctor for the [[Pakistan Army]], thus leading to Farooq attending several different schools in both [[West Pakistan]] and [[East Pakistan]].<ref name=":4" /> Reflective of the location of his father's postings, Farooq had changed schools, a total of six times within thirteen years. He started off his primary education in the year of 1952, aged six at the Fatima Jinnah Girls School in Comilla, about which Farooq joked as being his 'one and only time in a [[convent]].'<ref name=":4" /> He also then attended [[Army Burn Hall College]] in [[Abbottabad]], a selective school administered by the [[Pakistan Army|Pakistan Army Education Corps]]. He would switch to [[St. Joseph Higher Secondary School|St. Joseph High School]] in Dhaka, then Station Road School in [[Rawalpindi]] where the daughter of the second President of Pakistan, [[Ayub Khan]] was also studying. He also studied at [[St. Francis Grammar School|St. Francis' Grammar School]] in [[Quetta]], and [[Adamjee Cantonment College]] in Dhaka where he graduated with his [[Higher Secondary Certificate]] as a science student in 1964, obtaining a second-class.{{Efn|Multiple references:<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7" />}} He would finish his academic education at a college at [[Kohat]] where he completed at crash-course in Mathematics.<ref name=":4" /> Farooq had a passion for aviation since a young age, this led him to gaining a solo-pilot licence aged seventeen, afterwards, he attempted to join the [[Pakistan Air Force|Pakistan Airforce]] but was unsuccessful at doing so.<ref name=":4" /> Farooq also had enthusiasm for gymnastics in his youth, he had earned a color in East Pakistan Gymnastics in 1964.<ref name=":7" /> Seeing his deep interest in aircraft, his parents had him admitted for a bachelor's degree in [[Aerospace engineering|Aeronautical Engineering]] at [[University of Bristol|Bristol University]] in the United Kingdom for the 1966 intake.<ref name=":4" />

However, Farooq being caught up in the vehement emotions of patriotism, present in much of those of his age during the nascent post-British era in the Indian Subcontinent, was not deterred by his rejection by the Pakistan Airforce, had still desired to join the Pakistan army.<ref name=":8">Mascarenhas, Neville Anthony (1986). ''Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood'' (1st ed.). United Kingdom: Hodder and Stoughton. pp. Page 40. {{ISBN|978-0-340-39420-5}}.</ref> This desire intensified after hostility between Pakistan and India had emerged after political and armed conflict known as [[Operation Desert Hawk]] in the ''Great Rann of Kutch''. Farooq while on his usual path to college in Kohat, had decided to take a different turn, diverting to the Inter-services Selection Board office where he had volunteered to receive a commission from the Pakistan army recruitment authorities. He was a granted a commission in a call by the authorities around a week later, he had initially faced opposition in following his inner-aspirations from his mother who did not want to lose her only son to army-service, yet Farooq was finally allowed by his parents to join the army after his father had given his consent. Farooq would later claim that he was the first second-generation Bengali officer in the Pakistan army since his father had too served as a medical officer.{{Efn|Multiple references:<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8" />}}

== Early military career (pre-independence of Bangladesh) ==
Farooq after receiving parental permission, ended up at the Pakistan Military Academy in [[Risalpur]] in the year of 1966, where he had quickly distinguished himself from other cadets who had volunteered for a commission by becoming appointed to the position of [[Sergeant major|battalion sergeant major]] which had allowed him to have some initial level of seniority amongst his fellow starting cadets.<ref name=":8" /> He eventually had graduated from the Pakistan Military Academy ranking as fourth out of two hundred and ninety-seven cadets and was awarded with being able to choose between modes of service in the army.{{Efn|Multiple references:<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7" />}} He was recommended by then-Major [[Ziaur Rahman]] and his maternal uncle, then-Major [[Khaled Mosharraf]], who were working as instructors in the Pakistan Military Academy, that he should join the Bengal Regiment troops. Farooq however respectfully turned down these suggestions, saying that he did not desire to do "footslogging in the army", choosing to join the [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|armoured corps]] instead, resulting in his appointment to the ''[[13th Lancers]]'' of the Pakistan Army, where he started off as a [[second lieutenant]], the most junior rank given to commissioned officers starting off their careers as a probation.<ref name=":8" />

Farooq would later be transferred into the ''31st Cavalry'' based in [[Sialkot]] in the later months of 1970 being aged twenty-four, he would become a captain and acting squadron commander of the '''Charlie Squadron''' also known as the ''C-Squadron'' which was equipped with ''M36B2 Tank Destroyers'' and thus became associated with the command-chain of the armoured corps in the Pakistan Army.<ref name=":8" /> This success and career-progression of Farooq was to be attributed with him topping his tactical armour course with a B+, his advanced radio training course with an A+ and his basic armour-officer course with a B+.{{Efn|Multiple references:<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7" />}} In October 1970, Farooq received a letter from his commanding officer that he had been seconded to [[Abu Dhabi]] in the [[Trucial States]] in Arabia where the Pakistan government had made a pact that their armed forces will be assisting in the training and servicing the forces of [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al-Nahyan]].<ref name=":8" /> In Abu Dhabi, Farooq became a squadron commander in ''the Abu Dhabi Armoured Regiment (ADDF)'' based near the port of Jabal Dhanna during 1971 when political tension between Western and Eastern factions of Pakistan had become catalysed at an increasing rate.{{Efn|Multiple references:<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7" />}}

Farooq lived a relaxed life during his tenure as a military officer in the Trucial States, military duties which were his sole purpose and work upon his secondment by the Pakistan Army authorities only took up a fraction of his time. He would spend the rest of his time pursuing his passion for military history and tactics by reading volumes of such-related texts, he would also be entertained by driving fast cars, he had purchased an ''[[Opel Commodore|Opel Commodore GS]]'' which he would "tear along the desert roads at a hundred miles per hour."<ref name=":8" /> One day in the middle of June in 1971, as he was spending time in the British officers' dining, he encountered a bundle of newspapers, amongst them was the ''[[The Sunday Times|Sunday Times]]'' which contained an excerpt by [[Anthony Mascarenhas]] which detailed the genocide that the Pakistani forces, predominately composed of [[Punjabis]] and [[Pashtuns]], were committing against ethnic [[Bengalis|Bengali]] civilians in then-[[East Pakistan]] after the general electoral victory of [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] of the Awami League, based in then-East Pakistan over [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] of the [[Peoples Party (Pakistan)|Peoples' Party]], based in then-West Pakistan.<ref name=":8" /> After reading this Farooq after a moment of deep thought, decided he could no longer serve in the Pakistan Army, he left [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai Airport]] going towards London, eventually reaching Bengal.<ref>Mascarenhas, Neville Anthony (1986). ''Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood'' (1st ed.). United Kingdom: Hodder and Stoughton. pp. Page 41. {{ISBN|978-0-340-39420-5}}.</ref> He would then become involved in the ''[[Bangladesh Liberation War]]'' when it was in its final phase in which he was involved in forming and by de facto led the ''[[1st Bengal Lancers (Bangladesh)|1st Bengal Lancers]]'', Bangladesh's first armoured regiment and its only one in its nascent era.{{Efn|Multiple references:<ref>Mascarenhas, Neville Anthony (1986). ''Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood'' (1st ed.). United Kingdom: Hodder and Stoughton. pp. Page 43. {{ISBN|978-0-340-39420-5}}.</ref><ref name=":7" />}} He was also the 12th commander of the [[East Bengal Regiment]].<ref name=":7" /> After the liberation war, Farooq was raised from Captain to the rank of Major.<ref name=":3" />

== Experiences with the Awami League government post-independence ==
After a few years after Bangladesh's liberation, Farooq grew increasingly critical of the [[premiership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], the main leading figure of the Bangladesh Liberation War.<ref name=":2" /> Mujib though being acknowledged by political analysts as being a revolutionary that pushed the civilians of Bengal to autonomy, had proved to be an ineffective administrator.{{Efn|Multiple references:<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Creating Bangladesh: The Triumph and Tragedy of Sheikh Mujib – Association for Diplomatic Studies & Training |url=https://adst.org/2016/03/creating-bangladesh-the-triumph-and-tragedy-of-sheikh-mujib/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-01 |title=Gowher Rizvi's 1976 Article, "The Killing of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman – Perspectives on Recent Bangladesh History": A Review |url=https://countercurrents.org/2019/11/gowher-rizvis-1976-article-the-killing-of-sheikh-mujibur-rahman-perspectives-on-recent-bangladesh-history-a-review/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=Countercurrents |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rahman, Sheikh Mujibur {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rahman-sheikh-mujibur |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref>}} His governance was marked by the [[Bangladesh famine of 1974]], the cause of it being widely accepted as being the mismanagement of food resources by Mujib and his ministry, this would be the precursor to public discontent with Mujib.{{Efn|Multiple references:<ref>Mascarenhas, Neville Anthony (1986). ''Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood'' (1st ed.). United Kingdom: Hodder and Stoughton. pp. Page 44. {{ISBN|978-0-340-39420-5}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=সাঈদ |first=মোহাম্মদ আবু |date=2025-04-01 |title=সংবাদপত্রের পাতায় চুয়াত্তরের দুর্ভিক্ষের ঈদ |url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/opinion/views/news-663026 |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=The Daily Star |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bidoun |title=The Mujib Coat |url=https://www.bidoun.org/articles/the-mujib-coat |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=Bidoun |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-29 |title=Who is to blame for famines?: More than a century of man-made hunger |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/features/big-picture/who-blame-famines-more-century-man-made-hunger-1223161 |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>}} Mujib being reluctant to believe that this economic disaster was a result of his policies dismissed nine ministers and began transitioning the parliamentary system in which a prime minister leads to a presidential model somewhat similar to the system of governance in the United States by proclaiming a state of emergency on 28 December 1974 which meant that law courts would not be able to intervene in his actions, giving him more power as he believed that his initial delegation of authority to his subordinates was hampering what he claimed to be the intended effectiveness of his policies.{{Efn|Multiple references:<ref>Mascarenhas, Neville Anthony (1986). ''Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood'' (1st ed.). United Kingdom: Hodder and Stoughton. pp. Pages 46-47. {{ISBN|978-0-340-39420-5}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Newspaper |first=From the |date=2025-01-23 |title=From The Past Pages Of Dawn: 1975: Fifty Years Ago: Mujib's powers |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1887155 |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1974-12-30 |title=BANGLADESH ACTS TO CURB VIOLENCE (Published 1974) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/12/30/archives/bangladesh-acts-to-curb-violence-soldiers-patrol-streets-as-mujib.html |access-date=2025-11-26 |language=en}}</ref>}} He also earlier that same year had made several amendments to the constitution which resulted in individuals other than those being part of Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League unable to participate in national politics, thus legitimising his grip on power through legal means, making himself impeachable for life and reducing the National Parliament to an advisory status rather than possessing executive authority.{{Efn|Multiple references:<ref>Mascarenhas, Neville Anthony (1986). ''Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood'' (1st ed.). United Kingdom: Hodder and Stoughton. pp. Page 63. {{ISBN|978-0-340-39420-5}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rasheed |first=Amin Al |date=2025-01-25 |title=How 'Baksal' was approved in 1975 |url=https://viewsbangladesh.com/how-baksal-was-approved-in-1975/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=Views Bangladesh |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Chairman Mujib said about his Baksal |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/303487/what-chairman-mujib-said-about-his-baksal |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=TIME |title=BANGLADESH: The Second Revolution |url=https://time.com/archive/6846539/bangladesh-the-second-revolution/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250618215248/https://time.com/archive/6846539/bangladesh-the-second-revolution/ |archive-date=2025-06-18 |access-date=2025-11-26 |work=Time |language=en}}</ref>}} Mujib also passed the Special Powers Act, 1974, which allowed the police to detain and torture any citizen for an indefinite amount of time without any charge.{{Efn|Multiple references:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Powers Act, 1974 |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Special_Powers_Act,_1974 |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=Banglapedia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Labib |first=Md Siam |title=Special Power Act, 1974: A Critical Review |url=https://www.academia.edu/120482330/Special_Power_Act_1974_A_Critical_Review}}</ref><ref name=":3" />}} Farooq in an interview said regarding in particular the [[Special Powers Act, 1974]], "I don't see why I should obey the orders of any Bangladeshi. It does not make a difference whether they're Bangladeshi or a Pakistani or anybody. You cannot tell me to eliminate a citizen. There is supposed to be a rule of law."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children of the Sun: A Bangladesh 2.0 Documentary |url=https://www.launchgood.com/v4/campaign/children_of_the_sun_a_bangladesh_20_documentary |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=LaunchGood |language=en}}</ref> All of these actions made Mujib unfavourable to ordinary citizens and the army who were being ignored and stripped of funding.<ref name=":3" />

Farooq first began to be shook towards planning an [[assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] in July 1974 when he was performing his duties in leading the Bravo Squadron of the 1st Bengal Lancers when they were moved from their base in Dhaka to [[Demra Thana|Demra]] as they were part of "an operation clean-up" of bandits ordered by Mujib.{{Efn|Multiple references:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":10">Mascarenhas, Neville Anthony (1986). ''Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood'' (1st ed.). United Kingdom: Hodder and Stoughton. pp. Page 49. {{ISBN|978-0-340-39420-5}}.</ref>}} At this point of time, Farooq had been pleased to be thinking that Mujib was taking responsibility and care for the day-to-day life of civilians and was allowing the army which he had initially sidelined after the liberation war, to help him in doing so. Near the roundabout on Narayanganj Road, Farooq had arrested a twenty-year-old bandit who affiliated himself with the [[Awami League]], the had openly confessed to killing twenty-one people, upon asking the bandit why he did it, the bandit replied that his chief ordered him to do so, the chief being Mujib himself.<ref name=":10">Mascarenhas, Neville Anthony (1986). ''Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood'' (1st ed.). United Kingdom: Hodder and Stoughton. pp. Page 49. {{ISBN|978-0-340-39420-5}}.</ref> Other officers part of the Bravo Squadron were reporting similar cases, whenever they arrested any prominent Awami League member and took them to the police station, there would be a phone call from Dhaka, and they would allow to walk free. Farooq would later say about this operation, 'It meant that we were supposed to root out corruption and malpractices, but we were supposed to stop short of the Awami League. The whole thing was a damn farce.'<ref name=":10" /> He also stated in his interview with Anthony Mascarenhas that he had received orders from [[Shafaat Jamil|Shafat Jamil]], then [[Brigade Commander]] in Dhaka to beat up people aligned with the leftist faction of the opposition such as [[Maoism|Maoists]], get information and throw them into rivers, Farooq alleged these orders themselves traced back to Mujib. Farooq on the contrary did not comply with these orders, about these leftists, he said, "I was not deeply interested in Marxists, but what impressed me was that these chaps did care for the country. They may have gone the wrong way ideologically, but they had not so far done wrong to the country."<ref name=":11">Mascarenhas, Neville Anthony (1986). ''Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood'' (1st ed.). United Kingdom: Hodder and Stoughton. pp. Page 50. {{ISBN|978-0-340-39420-5}}.</ref>

The incident that genuinely incited within Farooq, the emotions of fury and disillusionment, the desire to get rid of Mujib no matter what it takes, had occurred in [[Tongi]].<ref name=":11" /> Major Nasser, then a commander of another squadron of the 1st Bengal Lancers had arrested three thugs. Upon interrogation, the officers had the case of a gang-murder, a newly wed bride and groom were travelling in taxi to their home on the outskirts of the town of Tongi, until they were attacked by a gang.<ref name=":11" /> The gang had hacked the groom and the taxi-driver to death and abducted the bride who they took to a cottage far away from common sight, and gang-raped her. Her mutilated corpse would later be found on the road near a bridge. The thug would confess that he himself was a member of the gang, and that a police investigation was initiated.<ref name=":11" /> The thug then said that the leader of the gang was [[AKM Mozammel Haque (politician)|Mozammel Haque]], then chairman of the Tongi Awami League, and later the Minister for Liberation War Affairs until the fall of [[Sheikh Hasina]] in the 2024 July uprising.<ref name=":11" /> Major Nasser then arrested Haque after seeing that the thug was telling the truth after scanning through police records, taking him to Dhaka for the force of law. Farooq alleged that Haque then offered the team of officers a bribe of three hundred thousand takas for his release, he alleged that Haque smirked saying, "You will anyway have to let me go, either today or tomorrow. So why not take the money and forget about it?" They handed over Haque to the civil authorities and were later confronted with the reality that Haque had been released free of all charges due to the direct intercession of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.{{Efn|Multiple references:<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=জনকণ্ঠ |first=দৈনিক |title=হুমায়ূন আহমেদের বর্ণনায় আ. লীগ নেতা মোজাম্মেলের ধর্ষণ-হত্যার চিত্র |url=https://www.dailyjanakantha.com/politics/news/770942 |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=দৈনিক জনকণ্ঠ {{!}}{{!}} Daily Janakantha |language=en}}</ref>}} Farooq was then filled with dismay along with his colleagues, he said about his state of mind and others, "It seemed as if we were living in a society headed by a criminal organization. It was as if the Mafia had taken over Bangladesh. We were totally disillusioned. Here was the head of government abetting murder and other extreme things from which he was supposed to protect us. This was not acceptable. We decided he must go."<ref name=":12">Mascarenhas, Neville Anthony (1986). ''Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood'' (1st ed.). United Kingdom: Hodder and Stoughton. pp. Page 51. {{ISBN|978-0-340-39420-5}}.</ref> Farooq then out of rash thinking wanted to kill Mujib from that they onwards, he would however later calm down and devise a more strategic plan to oust Mujib from power.<ref name=":12" />

== Military career ==
In 1974, Rahman was placed in charge of recovering weapons in [[Demra Thana|Demra]], [[Munshiganj District]], [[Narayanganj District]], and [[Narsingdi District]]. He had experienced some things that made him critical of the [[Bangladesh Awami League]] government.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/august-15-special-coverage/farooqs-confession-1269634 |title=Farooq's confession |date=2009-11-19 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=2018-01-25 |language=en}}</ref> In 1975, Rahman was a major in the Bangladesh Army. He spoke against Mujib to his fellow army officers. He also told them that Mujib would give Bangladesh to India and establish a monarchy in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-108630 |title=Faruque provoked all with monarchy story |date=2009-10-06 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=2018-01-25 |language=en}}</ref> He and Major [[Sultan Shahriar Rashid Khan]] discussed ways of removing Mujib from power and asked Brigadier General Ziaur Rahman for support. Zia expressed his inability to support them.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-108963 |title=Ziaur Rahman involved in incidents of Aug 15 |date=2009-10-08 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=2018-01-25 |language=en}}</ref> Zia asked them to do what they thought was necessary.<ref name=":2" /> They were supported covertly by senior cabinet minister [[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad|Khondaker Mushtaque Ahmed]], who was introduced to Rahman by Major [[Khandaker Abdur Rashid]].<ref name=":2" /> On 12 August 1975, he discussed the plans with his fellow officers at his wedding anniversary party at the [[Officers Club, Dhaka]]. There the officers finalised 15 August 1975 as the day they would launch the coup.<ref name=":2" />

== Assassination of Sheikh Mujib ==
On 14 August 1975, Sayed Farooq-ur-Rahman met Captain [[Abdul Aziz Pasha]], Captain [[Bazlul Huda]], Major Khandaker Abdur Rashid, Major [[Shariful Haque Dalim]], Major [[S.H.M.B Noor Chowdhury]], Major Sultan Shahriar Rashid Khan, Major [[Rashed Chowdhury]], and other officers in his office to finalise the plan. According to the plan, Rahman commanded the tanks of the Bengal Lancers.<ref name=":2" /> Mujib was killed in his house by Captain Bazlul Huda and Major Noor on 15 August 1975.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-108789 |title=Huda, Noor shot Bangabandhu |date=2009-10-07 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=2018-01-25 |language=en}}</ref> Immediately after the killing, the officers rendezvoused at the Bangladesh Betar office,<ref name=":2" /> and installed Khondakar Mushtaque Ahmed as the new president of Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F4-dAwAAQBAJ&q=Syed%2520Faruque%2520Rahman&pg=PA15 |title=Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes] |last=Newton |first=Michael |year=2014 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-286-1 |page=15 |language=en}}</ref> Khondakar Mushtaque called the assassins ''Shurjo Shontan'' (the gallant sons) and passed the [[Indemnity Ordinance]], which protected the assassins from prosecution.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-109535 |title=Moshtaq hailed killers as 'Surja Santan' |date=2009-10-12 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=2018-01-25 |language=en}}</ref>

Rahman was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel and held a position of power in the new regime until it was overthrown in a counter-coup by pro-Mujib officers led by Maj. Gen. [[Khaled Mosharraf]], who ousted Khondakar Mushtaque. However, the [[7 November 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état|7 November 1975 coup]] against Mosharraf by Lt. Col. [[Abu Taher]] brought Maj. Gen. Ziaur Rahman to power. Ziaur Rahman was freed by Major [[Mohiuddin Ahmed]]. Ziaur Rahman, after assuming power, appointed the assassins in the diplomatic corps in foreign posts with the exception of Sayed Farooq-ur-Rahman and Sultan Shahriar Rashid Khan who refused to accept the diplomatic posts.<ref name=":0" />

== 1976 Bogra mutiny and later coup attempts ==
Later, in 1976, with the assistance of [[Muhammad Ghulam Tawab|Air Vice Marshall Tawab]], both Farooq and Rashid returned to Bangladesh to launch [[1976 Bogra mutiny|another coup]]. They mobilised the Bengal Lancer regiments who had been split between Savar and Bogra. However, they were pinned down by the Dhaka brigade, under [[Mir Shawkat Ali]], in Savar, while they were pinned down by the 6th East Bengal Regiment and 11th division, under [[Hannan Shah|Hanan Shah]], in Bogra. Eventually, Farooq surrendered and was allowed to leave the country. However, his supporters in Bogra were routed and the [[Bengal Lancers]] were disbanded.<ref name=":3" />

In 1979, the [[Bangladeshi parliament]] under Ziaur Rahman's [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] converted the Indemnity ordinance into an official act of parliament. Farooq-ur-Rahman was dismissed from the Bangladesh Army for his role in mutinies in [[Savar Cantonment]] and [[Bogra Cantonment]] and sent abroad. The assassins were removed from government service after they tried to launch a coup against Ziaur Rahman in 1980.<ref name=":1" />

== 1986 presidential election ==
{{Main|Bangladesh Freedom Party}}
After the [[assassination of Ziaur Rahman]] in 1981, Rahman returned to active politics by founding the Bangladesh Freedom Party and running for the presidency against Lt. Gen. [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]] in [[1986 Bangladeshi presidential election|1986]]. Syed Farooq Rahman, representing the Bangladesh Freedom Party, had run for president against [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]] of the [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]], and [[Muhammadullah Hafezzi]] of the [[Bangladesh Khilafat Andolan]]. Sayed Farooq-ur-Rahman had obtained 1,202,303 of the total 21,795,337 votes, 4.64% of the total, coming third out of the twelve other [[1986 Bangladeshi presidential election|Presidential Candidates]]. The [[University of Oxford|Oxford]]-trained lawyer, [[Kamal Hossain]], who was [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|Mujib]]'s law minister, and later foreign minister, told [[Salil Tripathi]], a journalist, "The impunity with which Farooq operated was extraordinary. When he returned to Bangladesh, the government facilitated him and President Hussain Muhammad Ershad, who wanted some candidate to stand against him in the rigged elections. Ershad let Farooq stand to give himself credibility."<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Can the execution of Mujib's assassins finally deliver the country from its darkest chapter? |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/bangladeshs-quest-closure |access-date=2024-10-07 |magazine=The Caravan |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=The Colonel Who Would Not Repent |url=https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300218183/the-colonel-who-would-not-repent/ |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=Yale University Press |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

== Trial and execution ==
In 1996, the [[Awami League]], under the leadership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's daughter, [[Sheikh Hasina]], won the general election and became the [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]]. Under her party's majority, the Indemnity Act was repealed, and a court case was initiated over the killing of Mujib and his family.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/Mujibrsquos-killers-case-A-chronology-of-events/article16892929.ece |title=Mujib's killers case: A chronology of events |date=2009-11-19 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2018-01-25 |agency=Press Trust of India |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In August 1996, he was arrested by the Bangladesh Police.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/18/world/3-face-charges-in-plot-for-bangladesh-coup.html |title=3 Face Charges in Plot For Bangladesh Coup |agency=Associated Press |date=1996-08-18 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2018-01-25 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 1998, the Dhaka High Court sentenced Sayed Farooq-ur-Rahman to death. After the Awami League's defeat in the 2001 general election, the BNP government of [[Begum Khaleda Zia]] slowed down the proceedings in the Mujib murder case. In October 2007, he filed an appeal with the Bangladesh Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-110262 |title=Bangabandhu case hearing resumes today |date=2009-10-17 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=2018-01-25 |language=en}}</ref> After Sheikh Hasina returned to power in 2009, the court case was restarted. He was executed along with other plotters on 28 January 2010.<ref name=":6">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh executes Mujib killers |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8483988.stm |work=BBC News |access-date=28 January 2010 |date=27 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/bnp-demands-fresh-investigation-into-the-assassination-of-bangabandhu-sheikh-mujibur-rahman |title=BNP demands fresh investigation into the assassination of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman |work=bdnews24.com |date=18 August 2015 |access-date=2016-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2009/11/20/bangladesh-supreme-court-verdict-bangabandhu-murder-case-justice-delayed-not-denied |title=Bangladesh Supreme Court Verdict: Bangabandhu Murder Case- Justice delayed but not denied |work=Asian Tribune |access-date=2016-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122190449/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2009/11/20/bangladesh-supreme-court-verdict-bangabandhu-murder-case-justice-delayed-not-denied |archive-date=22 November 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Family life and legacy ==
Sayed Farooq-ur-Rahman was married to Farida Khan, a daughter of S. H. Khan, the younger brother of [[Abul Kashem Khan]], a leading industrialist and minister belonging to the politically prominent Khan family of Chittagong.<ref>{{Citation |last=Nahid |first=Farzana |chapter=Dynamics of Paternalistic Mentoring: An Insight into Family Firms in Bangladesh |year=2020 |title=Mentorship-driven Talent Management |pages=169–194 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78973-691-520201010 |access-date=2024-10-05 |publisher=Emerald Publishing Limited |doi=10.1108/978-1-78973-691-520201010 |isbn=978-1-78973-692-2 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> His elder son, Sayed Tariq Rahman, is chairman of the [[Bangladesh Freedom Party]] founded by him, Tariq lives and is based in [[Sydney]]. His younger son, Sayed Zubair Farooq is a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Doctoral graduate]] in behavioral economics and ethical banking from the [[University of Technology Sydney]], Zubair also served as ministerial financial advisor to [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum|Mohammed bin Rashid al-Maktoum]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shahfizal |first=Founder of Halalop |date=2022-01-09 |title=From Refugee to King's Ministerial Advisor: Sayd Farook Journey to Success |url=https://halalop.com/business/from-refugee-sayd-farook-journey-to-success/ |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=Halalop |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet our CEO |url=https://unitygrammar.com.au/about-us/meet-our-ceo/ |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=unitygrammar |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Biswas |first=P. R. |title=How can patrons of Freedom Party gain trust? |url=https://dailyasianage.com/news/151270/how-can-patrons-of-freedom-party-gain-trust |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=The Asian Age |location=Bangladesh |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/cache/cached-news-details-111769.html |title=Families of Bangabandhu killers found closely linked |work=The Daily Star |language=en |access-date=2018-01-25}}</ref>

Farooq had a passion for flying planes, reading books on military history and tactics and driving fast cars.<ref name=":3" />

==See also==
* [[Jail Killing Day]]
* [[1st Bengal Lancers (Bangladesh)|1st Bengal Lancers]]

== Footnotes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahman, Sayed Farooq}}
[[Category:Bangladeshi lieutenant colonels]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Freedom Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Naogaon District]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century executions by Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Executed politicians]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Executed Bangladeshi people]]
[[Category:Executed military personnel]]
[[Category:Adamjee Cantonment College alumni]]

Ranaghat Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-07T19:31:01Z

GeorgeGirdleston:

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|type = LS
|name = Ranaghat {{Small|WB-13}}
|state = [[West Bengal]]
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Ranaghat.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Ranaghat Lok Sabha Constituency
|established = 2009
|reservation = SC
|assembly_cons = [[Nabadwip Assembly constituency|Nabadwip]] [[Santipur Assembly constituency|Santipur]] [[Ranaghat Uttar Paschim Assembly constituency|Ranaghat Uttar Paschim]] [[Krishnaganj Assembly constituency|Krishnaganj]] [[Ranaghat Uttar Purba Assembly constituency|Ranaghat Uttar Purba]] [[Ranaghat Dakshin Assembly constituency|Ranaghat Dakshin]] [[Chakdaha Assembly constituency|Chakdaha]]
|mp = [[Jagannath Sarkar (BJP politician)|Jagannath Sarkar]]
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|electors = 18,71,658 (2024)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-date=2024-05-26 }}</ref>
}}

'''Ranaghat Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 543 [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] constituencies in [[India]]. The constituency is in [[Nadia district]] in [[West Bengal]]. As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Electoral boundary delimitation|boundary delimitation]] of constituencies in the West Bengal, from 2009 [[Nabadwip Lok Sabha constituency]] ceased to exist and a new one came into being: Ranaghat Lok Sabha constituency.<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2009-05-27 | work = Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher =Government of West Bengal}}</ref> All seven assembly segments of No. 13 Ranaghat Lok Sabha constituency are in [[Nadia district]].

==Assembly segments==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|350 px|right|'''Parliamentary constituencies in West Bengal''' - 1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. Darjeeling, 5. Raiganj, 6. Balurghat, 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. '''Ranaghat''', 14. Bangaon, 15. Barrackpore, 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. Basirhat, 19. Jaynagar, 20. Mathurapur, 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. Jadavpur, 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. Kolkata Uttar, 25. Howrah, 26. Uluberia, 27. Serampore, 28. Hooghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. Tamluk, 31, Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. Bardhaman Durgapur, 40. Asansol, 41. Bolpur, 42. Birbhum]]

Ranaghat (SC) Lok Sabha constituency (parliamentary constituency no. 13) is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref name =delimitation/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026 Winner]]
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|84
|[[Nabadwip Assembly constituency|Nabadwip]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Nadia district|Nadia]]
|Shruti Shekhar Goswami
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| 86
|[[Santipur Assembly constituency|Santipur]]
|[[Swapan Kumar Das]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|87
|[[Ranaghat Uttar Paschim Assembly constituency|Ranaghat Uttar Paschim]]
|[[Parthasarathi Chatterjee]]
|-
|88
|[[Krishnaganj Assembly constituency|Krishnaganj]] (SC)
|Sukanta Biswas
|-
|89
|[[Ranaghat Uttar Purba Assembly constituency|Ranaghat Uttar Purba]] (SC)
|[[Ashim Biswas (politician)|Ashim Biswas]]
|-
|90
|[[Ranaghat Dakshin Assembly constituency|Ranaghat Dakshin]] (SC)
|Ashim Kumar Biswas
|-
|91
|[[Chakdaha Assembly constituency|Chakdaha]]
|[[Bankim Chandra Ghosh]]
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election!!Member!!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[Sucharu Ranjan Haldar]]<ref name=loksabha2009>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title = General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| [[Tapas Mandal]]<ref name=loksabha2014>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 21 June 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| rowspan=2|[[Jagannath Sarkar (BJP politician)|Jagannath Sarkar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

For MPs from this area in previous years see [[Nabadwip Lok Sabha constituency]]

==Election results==
===General Election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Ranaghat]]<ref name="Ranaghat Lok Sabha Election results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Ranaghat Lok Sabha Election results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/ranaghat |accessdate=10 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710043115/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/ranaghat |archivedate=10 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Ranaghat">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Ranaghat |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2513.htm |accessdate=10 July 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710043134/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2513.htm |archivedate=10 July 2025}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Jagannath Sarkar (BJP politician)|Jagannath Sarkar]]
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes= 782,396
|percentage= 50.78
|change={{decrease}}2.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Mukut Mani Adhikari]]
|party=Trinamool Congress
|votes= 595,497
|percentage= 38.65
|change={{increase}}1.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Alokesh Das]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 123,810
|percentage = 8.04
|change ={{increase}}1.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Biplab Biswas
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 9,392
|percentage = 0.61
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Paresh Haldar
|party =Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = 8,239
|percentage = 0.53
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jagannath Sarkar
|party = Independent
|votes = 5,861
|percentage = 0.38
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shyamal Kumar Mallick
|party = Independent
|votes = 5,544
|percentage = 0.36
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = NOTA
|party = None of the Above
|votes = 9,893
|percentage = 0.64
|change = {{increase}}0.02
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =186,899
|percentage =12.13
|change ={{decrease}}3.58
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =1,540,632
|percentage =81.87
|change ={{decrease}}2.39
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner =Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Ranaghat]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Jagannath Sarkar (BJP politician)|Jagannath Sarkar]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=7,83,254|percentage=52.78|change=+35.73}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rupali Biswas
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = 5,49,825
|percentage = 37.05
|change = -6.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rama Biswas|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=97,771|percentage= 6.59|change= -22.13}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Minati Biswas|party=Indian National Congress|votes=23,297|percentage=1.57|change=-4.81}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 9,137
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 233,428
|percentage = 15.71
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,484,797
|percentage = 84.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Ranaghat<ref name=loksabha2014/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Tapas Mandal]]
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 5,90,451
|percentage = 43.63
|change = -6.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Archana Biswas
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 3,88,684
|percentage = 28.72
|change = -12.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dr. Suprabhat Biswas
|votes = 2,33,670
|percentage = 17.27
|change = +12.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Pratap Kanti Ray
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 92,218
|percentage = 6.81
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Utpala Biswas
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 9,116
|percentage = 0.67
|change = -1.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Subhas Chandra Sarkar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 8,658
|percentage = 0.63
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Paresh Halder
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = 7,952
|percentage = 0.58
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Nadiyar Chand Mondal
|party = Republican Party of India (A)
|votes = 3,992
|percentage = 0.29
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate
|candidate = Chaitanya Barai
|party = Nirjatita Samaj Biplabi Party
|votes = 3,829
|percentage = 0.28
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = None of the Above
|party = None of the Above
|votes = 14,626
|percentage = 1.08
|change = ''N/A''
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,01,767
|percentage = 14.91
|change = +7.51
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 13,53,196
|percentage = 84.42
|change = -1.88
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = -6.49
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: [[Ranaghat]]<ref name=loksabha2009/>
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Sucharu Ranjan Haldar]]
|votes = 575,058
|percentage = 50.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Basudeb Barman]]
|votes = 473,235
|percentage = 41.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sukalyan Ray
|votes = 84,404
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Satish Chandra Biswas
|votes = 19,347
|percentage = 1.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Manmatha Biswas
|votes = 12,159
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Nadiar Chand Mondal
|votes = 9,585
|percentage = 0.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,01,823
|percentage = 8.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 11,47,245
|percentage = 86.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{Nadia topics}}

{{Coord| 23.18 |N|88.58|E|display=title|format=dms}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranaghat Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Nadia district]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in India]]

Kantha Rao

2026-05-06T13:01:13Z

GeorgeGirdleston:

{{Short description|Indian actor (1923–2009)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kantha Rao
| image = Rajanala and Kanta Rao.jpg
| caption = left side
| birth_name = Tadepalli Lakshmi Kantha Rao
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1923|11|16}}
| birth_place = [[Kodada]], [[Hyderabad State]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2009|03|22|1923|11|16}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| othername = {{ubl|Nata Prapoorna|Kattula Kanta Rao}}
| yearsactive = 1950s–1990s
| spouse = {{ubl|Suseela|{{marriage|Hymavathi|1950}}}}
| website =
| occupation = Actor
}}
'''Tadepalli Lakshmi Kantha Rao''' (16 November 1923 – 22 March 2009) was an Indian actor and producer known for his works predominantly in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/25/stories/2007022516760300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125105409/http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/25/stories/2007022516760300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-25|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2007-02-25|title=Exposure in films decried}}</ref> Regarded as one of the finest [[method actor]]s, Rao appeared in more than 400 feature films, starring in many, in a variety of genres including mythological, social and folklore. After a success string in folklore and swashbuckling films, he became popularly referred to as ''Kattula Kantha Rao''. He has also acted in a few [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Malayalam]] movies. He has produced about five films under the Hyma Films banner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://earlytollywood.blogspot.com/2008/02/t-l-kantha-rao.html|title=T L KANTHA RAO ~ Early Tollywood|author=Murali Krishna|access-date=13 March 2009|archive-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619063035/http://earlytollywood.blogspot.com/2008/02/t-l-kantha-rao.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 1960s, he was one of the primary actors in Telugu cinema, along with [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]. Kantha Rao was known for portraying the roles of [[Narada]], [[Lord Krishna]] and [[Arjuna]] in mythological films. He played [[Lakshmana]] in the blockbuster film ''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]'', for which he received ''Vishehsa Puraskaram'' in 1963.<ref>{{cite news|author=Social Post |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2009/kantha-rao-died-250309.html |title=Kantha Rao becomes a memory | News – Oneindia Entertainment |publisher=Oneindia |date=25 March 2009 |access-date=2012-11-03|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102172110/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/news/2009/kantha-rao-died-250309.html |archive-date=2013-11-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ramachandran|first=T.M.|title=Film world|year=1973|volume=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Times of India directory and year book including who's who|year=1984|publisher=Times of India Press}}</ref>

==Early life==
Rao was born into a Telugu Brahmin family to Kesavarao and Seetaramamma at [[Kodad]] of [[Suryapet district]] in present-day [[Telangana]] on 16 November 1923.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tanmayi|first=Bhawana|title=Kantha Rao biopic to go on floors soon|url=https://telanganatoday.com/kantha-rao-biopic-to-go-on-floors-soon|access-date=2020-09-20|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref> According to the [[Hindu calendar]], it corresponds to Rudhirodgari Samvatsara [[Kartika (month)|Kartika]] Sudha Ashtami day. He lost his father the next year. His primary education was done in Gudibanda and [[Khammam]]. He was exposed to puranas and Hindu epic stories from his grandmother.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

==Career==
Surabhi Drama troupe has visited their village. Impressed by their professional performances, he established "Balamitra Natya Mandali" and used to play ''[[Gayopakhyanam]]'' and ''Madhuseva'' plays with his friends. He played the character Brahma in ''Sri Krishna Leelalu'' in the group "Surabhi" and subsequently in the plays ''Madhuseva'', ''Kanakatara'' and ''Telugu Talli''.

Rao was sent to [[Tenali]] to distract from the drama activities. Tenali used to be very active in drama activities with stalwarts like Pulipati Lakshminarayana. He used to stay in same street where Rentachintala Satyanarayana and [[Banda Kanakalingeswara Rao]] used to live.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

He then shifted to [[Madras]] in 1950 and used to stay with T. Krishnamachari, who used to work as assistant director for [[H. M. Reddy]]'s Rohini Pictures.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

H. M. Reddy gave him a chance to play a small role in ''[[Nirdoshi (1951 film)|Nirdoshi]]'' in 1951 and as his hero for ''Pratigna'' in 1953. He has acted in 450 films and in about 100 films as hero, whereas in others as different character roles. They include some popular roles in films like ''[[Jayasimha (1955 film)|Jayasimha]]'' (1955), ''[[Shri Krishna Pandaviyam]]'' (1966), ''Guruvunu Minchina Sishyudu'' (1963), ''[[Lava Kusha]]'' (1963), ''[[Nartanasala (1963 film)|Nartanasala]]'' (1963), ''[[Pandava Vanavasam]]'' (1965) and ''[[Muthyala Muggu]]'' (1975). His last movie was ''[[Pandurangadu]]'', with Balakrishna, directed by [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/23/stories/2009032360700400.htm |title=Kanta Rao passes away |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107094753/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/23/stories/2009032360700400.htm |archivedate=7 November 2012 }}</ref>

He produced four films between 1969 and 1974, ''[[Saptaswaralu]]'', ''Gandara Gandadu'', ''Premajeevulu'' and ''Gundelu Theesina Monagadu'' and lost all his previous earnings. The last film he made was ''Swathi Chinukulu''. Subsequently, he moved to [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ntippi.tripod.com/tollywood/legends/kantharao.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305185900/http://ntippi.tripod.com/tollywood/legends/kantharao.html|url-status=dead |title=Planet-Bollywood - Photo Album|archivedate=5 March 2012|website=ntippi.tripod.com}}</ref>

==Awards==
;National honours
* Visesha Puraskaram in [[Ramineni Foundation Awards]] in 2004.
* Mahanati Savitri Award
* C.H. Narayana Rao Award

;[[Nandi Awards]]
* [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Award]] by the government of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in 2000, for lifetime achievement.
* Nandi Award for Best Book, for ''Anaganaga Oka Raakumaarudu'' won for the year 2007.

==Filmography==
===Telugu films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Kantha Rao Telugu film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 1951
| ''[[Nirdoshi (1951 film)|Nirdoshi]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1"|1955
| ''[[Jayasimha (1955 film)|Jayasimha]]''
| Vijayasimha
|
|-
| rowspan="1"|1956
| ''[[Ilavelpu]]''
|
|
|-
| 1957
| ''[[Sati Anasuya]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|1959
| ''[[Jaya Vijaya]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sabash Ramudu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sati Sukanya]]''
| Ashwini Devatalu
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |1960
| ''[[Bhatti Vikramarka]]''
| Bhatti
|
|-
| ''[[Chivaraku Migiledi]]''
| Prakasam
|
|-
|''[[Rama Sundari]]'' || || <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&q=kurubara+lakkanu+elizabeth+raniyu&pg=PA129|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|isbn=9781135943189|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish| last2=Willemen|first2=Paul| date=10 July 2014|publisher=Routledge}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sahasra Siracheda Apoorva Chintamani]]''
|Prathapa Simha
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-02-25 |title=Sahasra Siracheda Apoorva Chintamani (1960) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/sahasra-siracheda-apoorva-chintamani-1960/article8280717.ece |access-date=2024-02-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Deepavali (1960 film)|Deepavali]]''
| Narada Muni
|
|-
| ''[[Sanchari]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kanakadurga Pooja Mahima]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanakadurga Pooja Mahima (1960) |url=https://indiancine.ma/JNU |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Madhava
|
|-
| ''[[Santhi Nivasam (1960 film)|Santhi Nivasam]]''
| Raju
|
|-
| ''[[Sri Krishna Rayabaram]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1961
| ''[[Sabash Raja]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sati Sulochana]]''
| Narada Muni
|
|-
| ''[[Sri Seetha Rama Kalyanam]]''
| Narada Muni
|
|-
| ''[[Usha Parinayam]]''
| [[Aniruddha]]
|
|-
| ''[[Varalakshmi Vratham]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1962
|''Madana Kama Raju Katha''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bhishma (1962 film)|Bhishma]]''
| Salwa
|
|-
| ''[[Chitti Tammudu]]''
| Srihari
|
|-
| ''[[Khaidi Kannayya]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nuvva Nena]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Padandi Munduku]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Rakta Sambandham (1962 film)|Raktha Sambandham]]''
| Anand
|
|-
| ''[[Swarna Gowri]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |1963
| ''[[Sri Krishnarjuna Yudham]]''
| Narada Muni
|
|-
| ''[[Valmiki (1963 Telugu film)|Valmiki]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Aapta Mitrulu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Deva Sundari]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Edureeta]]''
| Village Doctor
|
|-
|''[[Somavara Vrata Mahatyam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Somavara Vratha Mahathyam (1963) |url=https://indiancine.ma/KXL |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Chandrangada
|
|-
| ''[[Guruvunu Minchina Sishyudu]]''
| Vijayudu
|
|-
| ''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]''
| [[Lakshmana]]
|
|-
| ''[[Nartanasala (1963 film)|Nartanasala]]''
| Lord Krishna
|
|-
| ''Vishnumaya''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Thobuttuvulu]]'' || Shankar
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1964
| ''[[Babruvahana]]''
| [[Lord Krishna]]
|
|-
| ''[[Desa Drohulu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Marmayogi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Thotalo Pilla Kotalo Rani]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thotalo Pilla Kotalo Rani 1964 Full Movie Online - Watch HD Movies on Airtel Xstream Play |url=https://www.airtelxstream.in/movies/thotalo-pilla-kotalo-rani/EROSNOW_MOVIE_6691258 |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Airtel Xstream (Airtel TV) |language=en}}</ref>
|Vijaya
|
|-
| ''[[Sri Satyanarayana Mahathyam|Sri Satyanarayana Mahatyam]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |1965
| ''[[Aada Brathuku|Aada Bratuku]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Devata (1965 film)|Devata]]''
| Cameo
|
|-
| ''[[Dorikithe Dongalu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pratigna Palana]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pratigna Palana (1965) {{!}} V CINEMA - Movie, Review, Cast, Songs & Release Date |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/about:blank |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=www.vcinema.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Rajasekharudu
|
|-
|''[[Aakasaramanna]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aakasaramanna (1965) |url=https://indiancine.ma/LKT |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jwala Dweepa Rahasyam|Jwaladweepa Rahasyam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pandava Vanavasam]]''
| [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]]
|
|-
| ''[[Sri Simhachala Kshetra Mahima]]''
| Pururava Chakravarthi
|
|-
| ''[[Veerabhimanyu]]''
| [[Arjuna]]
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1966
| ''[[Bhimanjaneya Yuddham]]''
| Nala Kuber
|
|-
| ''[[Mohini Bhasmasura 1966 Telugu Film|Mohini Bhasmasura]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohini Bhasmasura 1966 Telugu Movie Cast Crew,Actors,Director, Mohini Bhasmasura Producer,Banner,Music Director,Singers & Lyricists |url=https://moviegq.com/movie/mohini-bhasmasura-5475/cast-crew |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=MovieGQ |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Vishnu]]
|
|-
| ''[[Paduka Pattabhishekam 1966 film|Paduka Pattabhishekam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paduka Pattabhishekamu 1966 Telugu Movie Cast Crew,Actors,Director, Paduka Pattabhishekamu Producer,Banner,Music Director,Singers & Lyricists |url=https://moviegq.com/movie/paduka-pattabhishekamu-6360/cast-crew |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=MovieGQ |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Rama]]
|
|-
| ''[[Palnati Yuddham (1966 film)|Palnati Yuddham]]''
| Nalagamaraju
|
|-
| ''[[Sri Krishna Pandaveeyam]]''
| [[Narada|Narada Muni]]
|
|-
| ''[[Sri Krishna Tulabharam (1966 film)|Sri Krishna Tulabharam]]''
| [[Narada|Narada Muni]]
|
|-
| ''[[Srimathi 1966 film|Srimathi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srimathi (1966) |url=https://indiancine.ma/MFI |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Ravi
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1967
| ''[[Chikkadu Dorakadu (1967 film)|Chikkadu Dorakadu]]''
| Dorakadu
|
|-
| ''[[Kanchu Kota]]''
|Narendra
|
|-
|''[[Iddaru Monagallu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iddaru Monagallu (1967) |url=https://indiancine.ma/MLN |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|''[[Devuni Gelichina Manavudu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devuni Gelichina Manavudu (1967) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ALLN |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Vijayadattudu
|
|-
| ''[[Pinni]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Aggi Dora]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aggi Dora (1967) |url=https://indiancine.ma/MHM |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Jayanth
|
|-
| ''[[Rahasyam (1967 film)|Rahasyam]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1968
| ''[[Rajayogam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Veeranjaneya]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bangaru Gaajulu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Niluvu Dopidi]]''
| Guest
|
|-
|''[[Evaru Monagadu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Evaru Monagadu (1968) |url=https://indiancine.ma/MWV |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Inspector Sekhar
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1969
|''[[Devudichina Bharta]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devudichina Bharta on Moviebuff.com |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/devudichina-bharta |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Moviebuff.com}}</ref>
|Sridatta
|
|-
| ''[[Saptaswaralu]]''
| Saranga
|
|-
|''[[Ukku Pidugu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukku Pidugu (1969) CINEMA |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/ukkupidugu |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=www.moviebuff.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Vasantha Rayalu
|
|-
| ''[[Tarasasankam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ekaveera]]''
| Veerbhupati
|
|-
|''[[Gandara Gandadu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gandara Gandadu 1969 Telugu Movie Info |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/gandara-gandadu}}</ref>
|Manoharudu
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1970
| ''[[Oke Kutumbham]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Suguna Sundari Katha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suguna Sundari Katha |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/suguna-sundari-katha/cast/2000129873/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Prasuna
|
|-
|''[[Merupu Veerudu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merupu Veerudu (1970) |url=https://indiancine.ma/BHKQ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1971
| ''[[Sri Krishna Vijayamu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kathiki Kankanam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kathiki Kankanam (1971) |url=https://indiancine.ma/OLT |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ananda Nilayam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sri Krishna Satya]]''
| [[Narada|Narada Muni]]
|
|-
| ''[[Chelleli Kapuram]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Andam Kosam Pandem]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andam Kosam Pandem (1971) |url=https://indiancine.ma/OFZ |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Madhavudu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1972
| ''[[Sri Krishnanjaneya Yuddham]]''
| [[Narada|Narada Muni]]
|
|-
| ''[[Bala Bharatam]]''
| [[Pandu|Pandu Raju]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1973
| ''[[Devudu Chesina Manushulu (1973 film)|Devudu Chesina Manushulu]]''
| Suresh
|
|-
|''[[Mayadari Malligadu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayadari Malligadu (1973) |url=https://indiancine.ma/PUA |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Jailor
|
|-
| ''[[Neramu Siksha]]''
| Rajasekharam
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1974
| ''[[Alluri Seetharama Raju (1974 film)|Alluri Seetharama Raju]]''
| Padalu
|
|-
| ''[[Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddham]]''
| Narada Muni
|
|-
| ''[[Devadasu (1974 film)|Devadasu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[O Seeta Katha]]''
| Madhava Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Nippulanti Manishi (1974 film)|Nippulanti Manishi]]''
|Police Inspector who takes care of a young Vijay
|
|-
| ''[[Nirnayam (1991 film)|Nirnayam]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1975
| ''[[Muthyala Muggu]]''
| Raja Rao Bahadur
|
|-
| ''[[Pooja (1975 film)|Pooja]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Maya Machhindra]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Eduruleni Manishi (1975 film)|Eduruleni Manishi]]''
|Sarkar
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1976
|''[[Padi Pantalu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padi Pantalu (1976) |url=https://indiancine.ma/RAZ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Ex-Army man and Gopi's mentor
|
|-
| ''[[Mahatmudu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Raaja''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raaja (1976) |url=https://indiancine.ma/RTZ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501193746/https://indiancine.ma/RTZ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Gajapathi Varma
|
|-
|''[[Shri Rajeshwari Vilas Coffee Club]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Rajeshwari Vilas Coffee Club {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/shri_rajeshwari_vilas_coffee_club |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|-
| ''[[America Ammayi (film)|America Ammayi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Magaadu (1976 film)|Magaadu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mahakavi Kshetrayya]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Seetha Kalyanam (1976 film)|Seeta Kalyanam]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1977
| ''[[Kurukshetram (1977 film)|Kurukshetram]]''
| [[Drupada]]
|
|-
| ''[[Yamagola]]''
| Indrudu
|
|-
| ''[[Edureeta]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1978
| ''[[Vayasu Pilichindi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Agent Gopi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agent Gopi (1978) |url=https://indiancine.ma/STH |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Intelligence Chief
|
|-
| ''[[Manavoori Pandavulu]]''
| Dharmayya
|
|-
| ''[[Patnavasam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patnavasam (1978) |url=https://indiancine.ma/THH |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213185348/https://indiancine.ma/THH |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Ramaiah
|
|-
|''[[Sahasavanthudu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahasavantudu (1978) |url=https://indiancine.ma/TJN |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Jumra
|
|-
| ''[[Gorantha Deepam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Lawyer Viswanath]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1979
| ''[[Yugandhar]]''
|Inspector Varma
|
|-
|''[[Andadu Aagadu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhadu Aagadu (1979) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AMIP |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Inspector General of Police
|
|-
|''[[Korikale Gurralaithe]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Korikale Gurralaithe (1979) |url=https://indiancine.ma/TYE |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Jagannatha Rao
|
|-
|''[[Maa Voori Devatha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maa Voori Devatha (1979) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AMKA |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Dr. Sanjeeva Rao
|
|-
|''[[Samajaniki Saval]]''
|Prakash's ([[Chakrapani (actor|Chakrapani]]) father
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samajaniki Sawal (1979) |url=https://indiancine.ma/UGK |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mande Gundelu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sommokadidhi Sokokadidhi]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1980
| ''[[Chandipriya]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mahalakshmi (1980 film)|Mahalakshmi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahalakshmi (1980) |url=https://indiancine.ma/UXK |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521175008/https://indiancine.ma/UXK |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Kalidasu
|
|-
| ''[[Vamsa Vruksham]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kaali (1980 film)|Kaali]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Superman (1980 film)|Superman]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Chukkallo Chandrudu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sarada Ramudu]]''
| Raja Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Ram Robert Rahim]]''
| Catholic priest
|
|-
| ''[[Prema Tarangalu]]''
| Ranga Rao
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1981
| ''[[Satyabhama]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Radha Kalyanam (1981 film)|Radha Kalyanam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kondaveeti Simham]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Oorukichina Maata]]''
| Pratapa Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Sati Savitri (1978 film)|Sati Savitri]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1982
| ''[[Kaliyuga Ramudu]]''
| Peter the Trumpet Player
|
|-
| ''[[Shamsher Shankar]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shamsher Shankar (1982) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/shamsher-shankar-1982 |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829062814/https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/shamsher-shankar-1982 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Hanumantha Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Ekalavya]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Krishnavataram]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Pratigna''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prathignya (1982) |url=https://indiancine.ma/WYB |access-date=2023-04-17 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417234528/https://indiancine.ma/WYB |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Bhushayya
|
|-
| ''[[Golconda Abbulu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1983
| ''[[Moodu Mullu]]''
| Dharmaiah
|
|-
| ''[[Amarajeevi (1983 film)|Amarajeevi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Chattaniki Veyi Kallu|Chattaniki Veyyi Kallu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chattaniki Veyi Kallu |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/chattaniki-veyi-kallu/cast/2030372570/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Raghunath, Commissioner of Police
|
|-
| ''[[Moogavani Paga]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moogavani Paga (1983) |url=https://indiancine.ma/XUS |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418010013/https://indiancine.ma/XUS |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Ramaiah
|
|-
| ''[[Puli Debba]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puli Debba |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/puli-debba |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=MovieBuff |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422092832/https://www.moviebuff.com/puli-debba |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Srimannarayana
|
|-
|''[[Mayagadu (1983 film)|Mayagadu]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=shared&v=8q4bXWADthk |title=Mayagadu Telugu Full Length Movie HD {{!}} Mohan babu {{!}} Kavitha {{!}} Chakravarthy @skyvideostelugu |date=2018-03-26 |last=SkyVideos Telugu |access-date=2024-10-23 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|Dr. Rama Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Poratam]]''
| Ranganayakulu
|
|-
| ''[[Lanke Bindelu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lanke Bindelu (1983) |url=https://indiancine.ma/XSI |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627195937/https://indiancine.ma/XSI |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Kanthaiah
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1984
| ''Sardar''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sardar (1984) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ZDL |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413213216/https://indiancine.ma/ZDL |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Gangadharam
|
|-
|''Padmavyuham''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sundari Subbarao]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sundari Subbarao on Moviebuff.com |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/sundari-subbarao |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=Moviebuff.com}}</ref>
|Jagannatham
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1985
| ''[[America Alludu]]''
| Raghava Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Vijetha (1985 film)|Vijetha]]''
| Venkayya (guest)
|
|-
| ''[[Mantra Dandam 1985|Mantra Dandam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mantradandam (1985) {{!}} V CINEMA - Movie, Review, Cast, Songs & Release Date |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/about:blank |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=www.vcinema.com |language=en |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707161434/https://www.vcinema.com/movie/about:blank |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Vishnu Dutta
|
|-
|''Vajrayudham''
|
|
|-
|''[[Musugu Donga]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Musugu Donga Cast and Crew |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/musugu-donga-1985}}</ref>
|Veerayya
|
|-
|''[[Nerasthudu]]''
|Ramanna Master
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIxU60VCweE |title=NERASTHUDU {{!}} EXCLUSIVE TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} MOHAN BABU {{!}} MADHAVI {{!}} KANTHARAO {{!}} V9VIDEOS |date=2025-08-16 |last=v9 Videos |access-date=2025-11-08 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nyayam Meere Cheppali]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pachani Kapuram]]''
| Ananda Rao
|
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1986
| ''[[Simhasanam (1986 film)|Simhasanam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Tandra Paparayudu (film)|Tandra Paparayudu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sri Shirdi Saibaba Mahathyam]]''
| Shyama
|
|-
| ''[[Vikram (1986 Telugu film)|Vikram]]''
|
|
|-
|''Srimathi Kanuka''
|
|
|-
|''Chaitanyam''
|
|
|-
|''Vivaha Bandham''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Desoddharakudu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Santhi Nivasam (1986 film)|Santhi Nivasam]]''
| Dr. Rao
|
|-
|[[Chanakya Sapatham|''Chanakya Sapadham'']]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chanakya Sapadam (1986) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AASV |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Sasi's father
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1987
| ''[[Viswanatha Nayakudu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Ummadi Mogudu''
|
|
|-
|''Rotation Chakravarthy''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1988
| ''[[Jhansi Rani (1988 film)|Jhansi Rani]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ramudu Bheemudu (1988 film)|Ramudu Bheemudu]]''
|
|
|-
|1989
|''[[Swathi Chinukulu]]''
|
|
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Alludu Diddina Kapuram]]''
|
|
|-
|1993
|''Naga Jyothi''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1994
| ''[[Mugguru Monagallu (1994 film)|Mugguru Monagallu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bangaru Kutumbam]]''
|
|
|-
|''Atha Kodalu''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Alludu Poru Ammayi Joru]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=ALLUDI PORU AMMAI JORU {{!}} TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} SUMAN {{!}} VENITHA {{!}} CHANDRA MOHAN {{!}} TELUGU CINEMA ZONE | date=14 October 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6XMo_95YH8 |access-date=2023-05-18 |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518054014/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6XMo_95YH8 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Headmaster
|
|-
|1996
|''Puttinti Gowravam''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1998 || ''Naga Shakthi''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/BGXO|title=Naga Shakthi (1998)|website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> ||
|
|-
|''[[Kante Koothurne Kanu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1999
| ''[[Postman]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2003
| ''[[Kabirdas]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nijam]]''
| Narayana Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Satyam (2003 film)|Satyam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Simhachalam (film)|Simhachalam]]''
| Somayajulu
|
|-
| ''[[Seetayya]]''
|
|
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Chinna (2001 film)|Chinna]]'' || Judge ||
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Dhana 51]]''
|
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Shankar Dada Zindabad]]''
|
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Pandurangadu]]''
|
|
|}

=== Other language films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Kantha Rao other language film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
|-
|1957
|''Mahiravana''
|
| rowspan="5" |Kannada
|-
| rowspan="2" |1960
|''[[Ranadheera Kanteerava]]''
|
|-
|''[[Aasha Sundari]]''
|
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Nagarjuna (film)|Nagarjuna]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1963
|''[[Valmiki (1963 Kannada film)|Valmiki]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Manthiri Kumaran]]''
|
| Tamil
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Sree Guruvayoorappan (1972 film)|Sree Guruvayoorappan]]''
|
| rowspan="2" | Malayalam
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Devi Kanyakumari (film)|Devi Kanyakumari]]''
|
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Alakh Niranjan]]''
|
| Hindi
|-
|1978
|''[[Ilamai Oonjal Aadukirathu]]''
|
|Tamil
|-
|}

===Producer===
* ''[[Saptaswaralu]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Gandara Gandadu]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Premajeevulu]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Gundelu Teesina Monagaadu]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Swaati Chinukulu]]'' (1989)

==Personal life==
Rao was married to Suseela and had a daughter in 1942. The daughter died of smallpox during infancy. They had a son in 1945 named after his father as Keshav. He married Hymavathi in 1950 and subsequently Suseela died of illness. His son also died of typhoid fever in his childhood. He has four sons and a daughter by Hymavathi, named Pratap, Keshav, Suseela, Raja and Satyam, in that order.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanradio.com/community/viewtopic.php?t=22|title=Actor Kanta Rao passed away at 85 Years |work=Deccan Radio |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709005557/http://www.deccanradio.com/community/viewtopic.php?t=22 |archivedate=2011-07-09}}</ref>

His son Raja (Rajeswara Rao) has acted in ''[[Sudigundalu]]'', ''Prema Jeevulu'', ''Gandara Gandadu'', ''Gundelu Teesina Monagadu'', ''Swati Chinukulu'', ''Ukku Pidugu'', ''Rajasimha'', ''Evaru Monagadu'', ''Maro Prapancham'' and ''Manushulu Matti Bommalu''.

His son Satyam also has acted in ''Saptaswaralu'', ''Prema Jeevulu'' and ''Gandara Gandadu''.
His grandson Sai Eshwar also worked as child artist in Television industry.

==Death==
Rao died at [[Yashoda Hospitals|Yashoda Hospital]], Hyderabad on 22 March 2009 due to cancer complications.

==See also==
* [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Award]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0710564}}

{{Raghupathi Venkaiah Award Recipients|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Tadepalli Lakshmi Kanta}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from liver cancer in India]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Telangana]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Film producers from Telangana]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rashtrapati Award]]
[[Category:People from Nalgonda]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Leena Manimekalai

2026-05-03T20:27:40Z

GeorgeGirdleston: Starting Page

{{short description|Film maker, poet, and actor}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person/Wikidata
|fetchwikidata=ALL
}}
'''Leena Manimekalai''' is an Indian [[filmmaker]], [[poet]] and an [[actor]]. Her works include five published poetry anthologies and several films in genres, documentary, fiction and experimental poem films. She has been recognised with participation, mentions and best film awards in many international and national film festivals.

==Films and activism==

After a brief period as an assistant director with mainstream filmmakers and an intensive experience as a Television Producer and Anchor, she debuted in 2002 with the short documentary film ''Mathamma''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/08/22/stories/2002082201790200.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Out of the morality race|date=2002-08-22|access-date=2018-04-25}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The 20-minute-long docu-fiction is about devoting girl children to the deity, a practice prevalent among the Arundhatiyar community in Mangattucheri village near Arakkonam, Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-leena-manimekalai-broke-but-not-broken-1608142|title=Leena Manimekalai: Broke but not broken {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2011-11-06|work=dna|access-date=2018-04-25|language=en-US|archive-date=13 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313093936/http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-leena-manimekalai-broke-but-not-broken-1608142|url-status=live}}</ref> Her other films too deal with the issues of the marginalised. ''Parai'' is a film on violence against [[Dalit]] women. She went on the road with her films across hundreds of villages serving her videos a tool for participatory dialogue with the masses on compelling issues.

''Break the Shackles'' is about the effects of [[globalisation]] on rural Tamil villages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leena Manimekalai: From Rural to Global |url=https://krishijagran.com/news/leena-manimekalai-from-rural-to-global/ |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=krishijagran.com |language=en |archive-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805100806/https://krishijagran.com/news/leena-manimekalai-from-rural-to-global/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Waves After Waves'' explores how art rejuvenates the lives of children, devastated by the 2004 tsunami at the coastal villages of Tamil Nadu.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} Leena was inspired to do this project while she was serving as a volunteer in tsunami-hit regions of Tamil Nadu doing art therapy workshops for children. ''Altar'' is a documentary intervention on child marriage customs prevailing in the Kambalathu Naicker community in the central parts of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Konangal |date=2013-08-01 |title=KONANGAL: 3rd August 2013; LEENA MANIMEKALI 's Mathamma & Goddesses |url=http://konangalfilmsociety.blogspot.com/2013/08/3rd-august-2013-leena-manimekali-s.html |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=KONANGAL |archive-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805100805/http://konangalfilmsociety.blogspot.com/2013/08/3rd-august-2013-leena-manimekali-s.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''A Hole in the Bucket'' takes a look at the dynamics of water crisis in the city of Chennai in the context of families with different income levels.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Life-through-Leenarsquos-lens/article15376042.ece|title=Life through Leena's lens|date=2008-03-22|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-04-25|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Manimekalai has expressed opposition to censorship in Indian cinema: "CBFC is an archaic institution and it has to go. It is as simple as that. It is such a sore in the skin of democracy. I do not know when filmmakers will realise the very existence of CBFC is an insult to our sensibilities and collectively come together to bring it down. The 1952 Cinematograph Act has to be challenged if we think we are not stupid."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/the-very-existence-of-cbfc-is-an-insult-to-our-sensibilities-leena-manimekalai-on-her-upcoming-un-fairy-tale-maadathy-metoo-censors-poetry-and-politics/ | title='The Very Existence of CBFC Is An Insult To Our Sensibilities': Leena Manimekalai on Her Upcoming Un-fairy Tale 'Maadathy', #MeToo, Censors, Poetry And Politics | first=Krupa | last=Ge | date=11 September 2019 | publisher=SilverScreen Indian | accessdate=24 August 2020 }}</ref> Manimekalai's first feature film ''[[Sengadal]]'' completed production in 2011.

{{Quote box|width=246px|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|align=right|quote="The making of White Van Stories was not a scripted journey. It was rather mystical. Maybe my constant urge to tell stories that otherwise had been forgotten pointed me towards that direction."<ref name="channel4.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/sri-lanka-white-vans-interview-leena-manimekalai-video|title=White Van Stories – reporting on Sri Lanka's disappeared|date=14 November 2013|accessdate=20 April 2018|archive-date=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421030600/https://www.channel4.com/news/sri-lanka-white-vans-interview-leena-manimekalai-video|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/white-van-stories-sri-lanka-disappeared-video|title=White Van Stories: Sri Lanka's 'disappeared'|date=14 November 2013|accessdate=20 April 2018|archive-date=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421030558/https://www.channel4.com/news/white-van-stories-sri-lanka-disappeared-video|url-status=live}}</ref> |source=—Leena Manimekalai about her documentary ''White van stories'' on [[Channel 4]]}}
Manimekalai's ''[[White Van Stories]]'' is a 70-minute documentary feature on enforced disappearances in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/documenting-stories-of-forced-disappearances-in-lanka/article5248733.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Karthik | last=Subramanian | title=Documenting stories of forced disappearances in Lanka | date=19 October 2013 | access-date=28 November 2013 | archive-date=22 November 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122052303/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/documenting-stories-of-forced-disappearances-in-lanka/article5248733.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Manimekalai is [[bisexual]] and came out in her second poetry collection, Ulagin Azhagiya Muthal Penn (The Most Beautiful First Woman in the World).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/on-vidupattavai-and-the-space-that-queer-voices-are-claiming-for-themselves-in-tamil-literature-4444391.html|title=On Vidupattavai and the space that queer voices are claiming for themselves in Tamil literature - Firstpost|website=firstpost.com|date=24 April 2018|access-date=2018-04-25|archive-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425183330/https://www.firstpost.com/living/on-vidupattavai-and-the-space-that-queer-voices-are-claiming-for-themselves-in-tamil-literature-4444391.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Support for LGBT and Pride march==
{{Quote box|width=246px|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|align=left|quote="We always have a notion that the metropolises are open to discuss about LGBT than the rural areas. But, it is a false notion. The rural and the tribal people find it easy to share us about the topics that are usually considered taboo by the urban people"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article3701774.ece?fb_action_ids=404953079560834&fb_action_types=og.likes&fb_source=aggregation&fb_aggregation_id=246965925417366 |title= The Hindu : NATIONAL TAMIL NADU : Madurai comes out of the closet|work=The Hindu|date= 30 July 2012|accessdate=30 July 2012 |location=Chennai, India |first=D. |last=Karthikeyan}}</ref> |source=— Leena Manimekalai on ''Alan Turing Rainbow Festival Organized by Srishti Madurai''}}
Leena Manimekalai along with [[Anjali Gopalan]] supported the Asia's first [[Genderqueer]] Pride Parade organised by [[Gopi Shankar Madurai]] of Srishti Madurai in July 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Lesbian-Gay-Bisexual-and-Transgender-community-seeks-to-increase-support-base/articleshow/15247326.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006020742/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-29/madurai/32923211_1_transgender-community-kalki-subramaniam-lgbt |url-status=live |archive-date=6 October 2013 |title=Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender community seeks to increase support base |date=29 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref> Leena is the author of ''Antharakanni'', the first poetry collection in Tamil on lesbian love. Springing from Tamil folklore, her twilight poems are enchanting with lesbian sensuality. Along with her poems, it has free hand translations of "balaclave" poems of [[Pussy Riot]], the feminist punk band of Russia whose rioters are right now{{when|date=March 2021}} in prison on 'sedition' charges which adds a guerrilla status to the anthology.<ref name=":0" /> A Tamil version of openly bisexual Afro American poet [[June Jordan]]'s cult verse 'About my rights' is another highlight of ''Antharakanni''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-16/news-interviews/32255775_1_queer-film-film-festival-feature-film |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101224528/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-16/news-interviews/32255775_1_queer-film-film-festival-feature-film |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 January 2014 |title=Leena Manimekalai is all set for a cause |date=16 June 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=16 August 2013}}</ref>

In 2016, she directed a documentary about the troubles faced by two transgender women while they look for a rental apartment in Chennai and the obstacles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/jul/26/real-queer-stories-on-reel-1633981.html|title=Real queer stories on reel|author=Abinaya Kalyanasundaram|date=27 July 2017|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=25 August 2017|archive-date=4 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804053147/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/jul/26/real-queer-stories-on-reel-1633981.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is titled "IS IT TOO MUCH TO ASK?" and was first screened on 21 November 2016, and later many other film festivals all over the world.<ref>{{Citation|last=Corporation)|first=NHK (Japan Broadcasting|title=IS IT TOO MUCH TO ASK? - Inside Lens - NHK WORLD - English|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/tv/lens/314_28.html|language=en|accessdate=2017-08-24|archive-date=25 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825023050/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/tv/lens/314_28.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Filmography==
===Director===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Category
|-
| 2003 || ''Mathamma'' || rowspan="3" | Documentary
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2004 || ''Parai''
|-
| ''Break the Shackles''
|-
| ''Love Lost'' || Video Poem
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005 || ''Connecting Lines'' || rowspan="5" | Documentary
|-
| ''Altar''
|-
| 2006 || ''Waves After Waves''
|-
| 2007 || ''A Hole in the Bucket''
|-
| 2008 || ''Goddesses''
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Sengadal]]'' || Feature Fiction
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012 || ''My Mirror is the Door'' || Video Poem
|-
| ''Ballad of Resistance'' || Video Portrait
|-
| 2013 || ''[[White Van Stories]]'' || rowspan="2" | Documentary
|-
| 2017 || ''Is it too much to Ask''
|-
|2021 || ''[[Maadathy]]'' || Feature film
|-
|2022 || ''Kaali'' || Documentary film
|}

===Actor===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Director !! Length !! Category
|-
| 2004 || ''Chellamma'' || Protagonist || Sivakumar || 90 mins || Feature fiction
|-
| 2005 || ''Love Lost'' || Protagonist || Leena Manimekalai|| 5 mins || Video Poem
|-
| 2004 || ''The White Cat'' || Female Protagonist ||Sivakumar || 10 mins || Short Fiction
|-
| 2011 || ''Sengadal the Dead Sea'' || Female Protagonist ||Leena Manimekalai|| 102 mins || Feature Fiction
|}

==Publications==
===Poem collections===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Original Title !! English Title
|-
| 2003 || ''Ottrailaiyena'' || ''As a Lone Leaf''
|-
| 2009 || ''Ulakin Azhakiya Muthal Penn'' || ''The First Beautiful Woman in the World''
|-
| 2011 || ''Parathaiyarul Raani'' || ''Queen of Sluts''
|-
| 2012 || ''Antharakanni'' || –
|-
| 2016 || ''Chichili'' || –
|}

==Awards and achievements==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= September 2022}}
* 2004: Retro – Ethnographic Montages, Chicago Women in Director's Chair International Film Festival
* 2004: Silver Trophy for the Best Documentary in Europe Movies Film Festival
* 2005: Best Actor and Best Experimental Video in Independent Art Film Festival
* 2005: Best Documentary in Paris and Norway Independent Diaspora Festivals
* 2005: European Union Fellowship for Conflict Resolution in Media
* 2005: Retrospective, International Democratic Socialist Youth Film Festival, Venezuela
* 2006: International Jury in Asian Film Festival, Malaysia
* 2007: Jury Award for Best Cinema of Resistance – [[John Abraham (director)|John Abraham]] National Award
* 2008: Golden Conch for Best International Documentary in [[Mumbai International Film Festival]]
* 2008: Visiting Scholar Fellowship, Berlinale
* 2008: Nomination to Horizon Award, Munich International Film Festival
* 2008: Nomination – Asia Pacific Screen Awards, Brisbane
* 2008: One Billion Eyes National Award – Best Documentary
* 2008: [[Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan]], Birds Eye View Film Festival, London
* 2008: Iyal Best Poetry Award from [[The Tamil Literary Garden]] for ''Ulakin Azhakiya Muthal Penn''
* 2011: Sirpi Literary Award for the contribution to Tamil Poetry
* 2011: Indian Panorama Selections for [[Sengadal]]
* 2011: NAWFF Award for Best Asian Women Cinema (Tokyo) – [[Sengadal]]
* 2012: As Jury, International Women Film Festival, Seoul.
* 2013: Lenin Award from Thamizh Studio (instituted in the name of film editor [[B. Lenin]]) who highlights social issues.
* 2014: Srishti Tamil [[Lambda Literary Award]] for her book "Antharakanni" conferred by [[Bracha Ettinger]] and [[Anjali Gopalan]] Advisory Board of Srishti Madurai
* 2015: L’Oreal Paris Femina Women Awards 2015<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://femina.in/women/women-like-you/twinterview-leena-manimekalai-3531.html|title=Twinterview: Leena Manimekalai|work=femina.in|access-date=2018-04-25|language=en|archive-date=24 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524023004/http://femina.in/women/women-like-you/twinterview-leena-manimekalai-3531.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Row over Kaali poster==
Leena Manimekalai was on the receiving end of significant backlash and threats of violence after posting an image of the Hindu goddess [[Kali|Kaali]] as a poster for her documentary film ''Kaali'' on her twitter account. The image contained a picture of Manimekalai in costume as the goddess Kali smoking a cigarette with the rainbow gay pride flag. Canada’s [[Aga Khan Museum]], where the film had been presented once on 2 July, issued a statement expressing regret that the tweet "inadvertently caused offence".<ref>{{cite news |title=Kali poster: India police lodge complaint against Leena Manimekalai |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62033006 |work=BBC News |date=5 July 2022 |access-date=7 July 2022 |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707000922/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62033006 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Canada's Aga Khan museum apologises after row over Leena Manimekalai's Kaali |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/canada-aga-khan-museum-cancels-shows-leena-manimekalais-kaali-after-row-165583 |work=The News Minute |date=6 July 2022 |language=en |access-date=7 July 2022 |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707071333/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/canada-aga-khan-museum-cancels-shows-leena-manimekalais-kaali-after-row-165583 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sur |first1=Arnabjit |title=FIR against director Leena Manimekalai for depicting 'derogatory' image of Hindu deity |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/fir-against-director-leena-manimekalai-for-depicting-derogatory-image-of-hindu-deity/article65603601.ece |work=The Hindu |date=5 July 2022 |language=en-IN |access-date=7 July 2022 |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707071503/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/fir-against-director-leena-manimekalai-for-depicting-derogatory-image-of-hindu-deity/article65603601.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kaali-can-t-be-destroyed-filmmaker-leena-manimekalai-as-twitter-removes-poster-101657155838634.html | title=Kaali can't be destroyed: Filmmaker Leena Manimekalai as Twitter removes poster | date=7 July 2022 | access-date=7 July 2022 | archive-date=7 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707080347/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kaali-can-t-be-destroyed-filmmaker-leena-manimekalai-as-twitter-removes-poster-101657155838634.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/kaali-poster-controversy-leena-manimekalai-is-not-feeling-safe-clarifies-hindu-goddess-smoking-scene-latest-update-2022-07-07-790358 | title=Post Kaali poster controversy, Leena Manimekalai isn't feeling safe; clarifies Goddess smoking scene | date=7 July 2022 | access-date=7 July 2022 | archive-date=7 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707130145/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/kaali-poster-controversy-leena-manimekalai-is-not-feeling-safe-clarifies-hindu-goddess-smoking-scene-latest-update-2022-07-07-790358 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Toronto filmmaker receives backlash, death threats over Hindu goddess poster |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/leena-manimekalai-kaali-film-poster-hindu-right-1.6519758 |access-date=21 July 2022 |archive-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722024437/https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/leena-manimekalai-kaali-film-poster-hindu-right-1.6519758 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian documentary filmmakers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite news|author=Abdul Latheef Naha|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/30/stories/2006073002160200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319215204/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/30/stories/2006073002160200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 March 2008|title=Giving voice to the voiceless |date=30 July 2006|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}
* {{cite news|author=S. R. Ashok Kumar|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/11/02/stories/2007110250650400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104232757/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/11/02/stories/2007110250650400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2007|title=Filled by poignant images |date=2 November 2007|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}
* {{cite news|author=S. R. Ashok Kumar|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/04/14/stories/2006041402260900.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060510200722/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/04/14/stories/2006041402260900.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 May 2006|title=With social change as goal |date=14 April 2006|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}
* {{cite news|author=P. Oppili|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/22/stories/2005092216570200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051207164414/http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/22/stories/2005092216570200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2005|title=A documentary on students and politics |date=22 September 2005|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Leena Manimekalai}}
* {{Official website|http://leenamanimekalai.com/}}
* [http://www.blogger.com/profile/01496093601578156906 Leena Manimekalai's official blog]
* {{IMDb name|3972347}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manimekalai, Leena}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Women artists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Women writers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Poets from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian women poets]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film producers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian women documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century women poets]]

Jhatyapali

2026-05-02T10:05:27Z

GeorgeGirdleston: done

{{Short description|Princess of Deogiri and Khalji Empress}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Jhatyapali
| title =
| image =
| caption =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| reign =
| coronation =
| succession =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Deogiri]], [[Maharashtra]]
| death_date =
| death_place = [[Delhi]]
| consort = yes
| spouse = [[Alauddin Khalji]]
| issue = [[Shihabuddin Omar]] [[Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah]]
| house = [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava]] (By birth) [[Khalji]] (By marriage)
| father = [[Ramachandra of Devagiri]]
| mother =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| image_size =
| embroidery =
| burial_place =
}}
'''Jhatyapali''' was the princess of [[Deogiri]] and a daughter of [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Rai Ramchandra Dev]], the ruler of Deogiri. She was later married to [[Alauddin Khalji]] and her son [[Shihabuddin Omar]] was appointed as the successor of Alauddin, after his death.<ref name=Chandra>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&q=jhatyapali&pg=PA92|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One|first=Satish|last=Chandra|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|year=2004|isbn=8124110646|access-date=2020-09-12}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Daulatabad Fort Geography.jpg|thumb|The hill of Devagiri, the capital of Yadavas, the dynasty to which Jhatyapali belonged.]]
In a bid to fulfil his desire of territorial expansion, Alauddin first raided Deogiri in 1296. The Deogiri at the time of his raid was ruled by Rai Ramchandra, the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava]] ruler, with his son Simhana as the supreme commander of the Yadava army. Simhana was on an expeditionary mission during Alauddin's invasion and Ramchandra was not able to withstand the invading army from Delhi. Though Yadava gave formidable challenge to Alauddin they were not able to cope up with the situation due to absence of Simhana from the battlefield. Ramchandra then sent a message of truce, which was welcomed by Alauddin as he wanted to return Delhi as soon as possible.<ref name=Chandra/>

They came to an agreement in which a large amount of wealth along with precious gifts were given to Alauddin as war indemnity. Ramchandra Dev also promised to pay annual tribute to him, which made the treaty possible. After his return to the Deogiri, Simhana came to know about the derogatory peace treaty with Delhi and he pressed his father to stop paying tribute in a bid to express his independence from the subordination.<ref name=Chandra/>

The failure of Ramchandra to pay the annual tribute dragged Alauddin's attention to the Deogiri once again. After his successful expeditions of [[Chittor]] and [[Malwa]], Alauddin was compelled to send two armies to Deogiri for a second showdown. This time Yadavas were routed; as the combined forces of Delhi, one which was sent to displace Rai Karana Singh Vaghela, the Rajput ruler of [[Gujarat]], who was defeated earlier by Alauddin and was seeking refuge at Baglana on the border of south Gujarat and another particularly for Deogiri campaign under [[Malik Kafur]] pushed their way into Yadava's territory.<ref name=Chandra/>

There was a strict order from the Alauddin to his Generals to not harm the family of [[Rai (title)|Rai]]. Hence, Rai along with his kinsmen were brought to Delhi in an honourable way while Deogiri was left under the charge of Simhana. After keeping him as his guest in Delhi for some time; Rai was honoured with a canopy (the royal insignia) and vast amount of wealth was bestowed upon him. Nausiri, a territory of Gujarat was also awarded to him as gift. During this time, Ramchandra decided to give his daughter Jhatyapali in marriage to Alauddin. The bride was accepted and the relations of Deogiri with Delhi reached new heights.<ref name=Chandra/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA110|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II|first=Satish|last=Chandra|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|year=2005|isbn=8124110662|access-date=2020-09-12}}</ref>

==Life as Empress==
[[Shihabuddin Omar]], the son of Jhatyapali, who was merely six years old was appointed by Malik Kafur, the slave General of Alauddin as his successor while the other sons of Alauddin including [[Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah]] were either blinded or detained. This was done by Kafur to strengthen his holds upon the [[Sultanate]].<ref name=Saxena>{{cite book |author=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |author-link=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |chapter=The Khaljis: Qutubuddin Mubarak Khalji |editor1=Mohammad Habib |editor2=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India |volume=5: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |year=1992 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ|pages=425–428 |oclc=31870180 }}</ref>

According to [[Ferishta]], in order to legitimise his rule Malik Kafur married Jhatyapali and became the step-father of the boy [[Sultan]]. The fate of Alauddin's family engineered by Kafur to fulfill his ambitions was not liked by some of the earlier nobles and bodyguards (''Paiks'') of Alauddin, who plotted and assassinated Kafur, which was followed by freeing of Mubarak Shah, another adult son of Alauddin.<ref name=Saxena/>

Mubarak Shah took over the affairs of state in his hand as the [[regent]] and for some time his younger brother Shihabuddin was restored as the Sultan. After working as regent for some time, Mubarak complained that Jhatyapali, the queen mother had conspired to poison him and taking it as pretext, he sent Shihabuddin as prisoner to [[Gwalior]], where he was blinded but no step was taken against Jhatyapali.<ref name=Habib>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iRJuAAAAMAAJ|title= A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat, A.D. 1206-1526(Volume 5 of A Comprehensive History of India, Indian History Congress)|first=Mohammad Habib|last=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami|publisher=People's Publishing House- Original from the University of Michigan|page=428,446|year=1970|access-date=2020-09-13|quote=Mubarak, after working as regent for some weeks, complained that Jhatyapali, the mother of boy - Sultan and daughter of Rama Deva, had tried to poison him . Shihabuddin Umar was sent as a prisoner to Gwalior and blinded ,}}</ref>

==Death==
In 1320, [[Khusrau Khan]], the General and partner of homosexual Sultan Qutubuddin Mubarak Shah, raised the army of Baradus, a [[Hindu]] military clan. He assassinated the Sultan and in order to eliminate all the possible claimants to the throne, he attacked the royal [[harem]]. All the surviving princes were ordered to be killed. Jhayatapali, the mother of Mubarak Shah was also killed during the [[Coup]].<ref name=Habib/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
5. Maurya Sudheer: Chhitai(Devgiri ki Yadav Rajkumari ki marmik gatha) ISBN: 9395107308

[[Category:Indian female royalty]]
[[Category:People from the Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian people]]

Dhruba

2026-05-01T21:42:51Z

GeorgeGirdleston:

{{Short description|1934 Bengali film}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dhrubo
| image = Nazrul as Narad.jpg
| alt =
| caption = [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] as [[Narada]]
| native_name = 
| director = {{ubl||Kazi Nazrul Islam||Satyendranath Dey}}
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = {{Based on|Dhruba Charit|[[Girish Chandra Ghosh]]}}
| producer = Pioneer Films Company
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Joynarayan Mukhopaddhay
* Kazi Nazrul Islam
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = T. Marconi
| editing =
| music = Kazi Nazrul Islam
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1934|01|01|ref1=<ref name="contribution">{{Cite web|title='ধ্রুব' ও নজরুল|url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/glitz/article1017384.bdnews|website=bdnews24|date= 27 August 2015|access-date=24 April 2025|first=Shanta|last=Maria}}</ref>}}
| runtime =
| country = British India
| language = Bangla
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Dhrubo''''' is a 1934 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Mythological film|mythological]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] based on [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]]'s story ''Dhruba Charit'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=প্রতিবেদক |first=বিনোদন |date=2023-08-27 |title=নজরুল: ছিলেন অভিনেতা, চলচ্চিত্র পরিচালকও |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/song/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%93 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Prothomalo |language=bn}}</ref> jointly directed by poet [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] and Satyendranath Dey.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2013-08-27 |title=Nazrul in films |url=https://dhakamirror.com/entertainment/art-culture/nazrul-in-films/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Dhaka Mirror |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudeshna Banerjee |title=Digital archive on poet opens in Nazrul Tirtha |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/digital-archive-on-poet-opens-in-nazrul-tirtha/cid/1396305 |access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Raju |first=Zakir Hossain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XXDfBQAAQBAJ&dq=Dhruba+Nazrul+Islam&pg=PA108 |title=Bangladesh Cinema and National Identity: In Search of the Modern? |date=2014-12-17 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-60181-4 |language=en}}</ref>

Child actor Probodh played the role of Dhruva, while Nityananda Ghatak portrayed the deity Vishnu (Shri Hari). The cast also included Miss Violet, Parul Bala, Angurbala, and others. Nazrul appeared as [[Narada]], the celestial sage in [[Hindu mythology]] known as a divine musician and messenger.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-29 |title=Booklets of Nazrul films also in archive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/booklets-of-nazrul-films-also-in-archive/articleshow/93844081.cms |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-14 |title=Kazi Nazrul film negative damaged during lockdown |url=https://timesofindia-indiatimes-com.translate.goog/city/kolkata/kazi-nazrul-film-negative-damaged-during-lockdown/articleshow/78095473.cms?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=bn&_x_tr_hl=bn&_x_tr_pto=tc |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LqdQAQAAMAAJ&q=Dhruba+Nazrul+Islam |title=Bangladesh Quarterly |date=July 2008 |publisher=Department of Films & Publications, Government of Bangladesh |language=en}}</ref> In the narrative, Narada meets the meditative child Dhruva in the forest and instructs him on how to attain the grace of Vishnu.

This film was released on 1 January 1934 under the banner of Madan Theatres and Pioneer Films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhrubo (1934) |url=https://indiancine.ma/CHZP |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

==Plot==
There was a king named Uttampad in the purakal (ancient times). His wife Suniti used to worship lord Vishnu every day. They had no shortage of anything, the only thing that they did not have was a son. So Suniti arranged a marriage of his husband again with a beautiful princess Sundari. Even Sundari could not produce a child, but Sundari was able to do one thing. She forced the king to send Suniti into exile in a forest and losing his way in the jungle took shelter in Suniti's hut. After 5 years Suniti got back her husband. She gave birth to a son, named ''Dhruba''. Dhruba learnt worshipping Lord Hari from his mother. One day Dhruba came to know that he was actually the son of king Uttampad. Without informing her mother five year old Dhruba went to king's palace and begged for food and cloth from the king. As the king came to know who was Dhruba he was about to place Dhruba on the throne, Suniti came and rebuked Dhruba. Dhruba came to Suniti in her jungle hut. He came to know if he could get the blessing of Lord Hari he would get every thing including his father. Dhruba went to deep jungle and started meditation. At last getting impressed by Dhruba Lord Narayan blessed Dhruba. King Uttampad took back Dhruba and queen Suniti to his kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhruba (1934) |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/dhruba-1934-bengali-movie |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Film Career of Kazi Nazrul |url=https://rebelpoetnazrul.weebly.com/uploads/3/9/3/1/3931169/film_career_of_kazi_nazrul_islam.pdf |access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref>

==Cast==
* Joynarayan Mukhopadhyay as King Uttampad
* [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] as Narada
* [[Tulsi Chakraborty]]
* Angurbala
* Master Probodh
* Nityananda Ghatak
* Kunjalal Chakraborty
* Kartik Chandra De
* Miss Violet
* Parulbala

== Production ==
In the 1930s, Kazi Nazrul Islam was appointed as a music director at Madan Theatres, a film production company owned by the Parsi couple Piroj Madan and his wife. In 1933, Mrs. Piroj Madan founded the Pioneer Films Company. Dhruba was produced under this banner and was co-directed by Kazi Nazrul Islam and Satyendranath Dey.<ref name="contribution" />

== Music ==
Of the 18 songs featured in the film, 17 were written and composed by Kazi Nazrul Islam. He performed one solo and one duet with child actor Probodh, as playback singing had not yet been introduced at the time. The songs written and composed by Nazrul for the film include:
"Jago Byathar Thakur", "Abirata Badal Barshichhe", "Chomke Chopola Meghe Mogon Gogon", "Dhular Thakur", "Harinamer Sudha", "Ami Rajar Kumar", "He Dukkhohoron Bhakter Shoron", "Shishu Natobor Neche Jay", "Madhur Chhonde Nache Anonde", "Gohon Bone Shri Hari Namer", "Dao Dekha Dao Dekha", "Phutilo Manas Madhabi Kunje" (performed by Nazrul himself), "Hridipadme Choron Rakho", "Phire Ay Ore Phire Ay", "Nacho Bonamali", "Joi Pitambar Shyam Sundar", and "Kadis Na Ar Kadis Na".<ref name="contribution" />

== Cultural significance ==
''Dhruba'' holds exceptional cultural significance in South Asian film history as it was directed by Kazi Nazrul Islam, arguably the first Muslim filmmaker in the Indian subcontinent. The film is particularly notable for featuring Nazrul—a Muslim artist—both directing and acting in a Hindu mythological narrative, exemplifying the cultural syncretism of the period. He composed 17 of the film's 18 songs and provided playback for four, demonstrating his multifaceted artistic contribution.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Dasgupta |first=Priyanka |date=14 September 2020 |title=Kazi Nazrul film negative damaged during lockdown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kazi-nazrul-film-negative-damaged-during-lockdown/articleshow/78095473.cms |access-date=24 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Preservation ==
Regrettably, the film's original nitrate negatives deteriorated during the COVID-19 Lockdown due to inadequate preservation, leading to the loss of this cinematic piece. Only a few clips survive, some of which are accessible online.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|5629086}}

[[Category:1934 films]]
[[Category:1934 Indian films]]
[[Category:1934 fantasy films]]
[[Category:1934 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Religious drama films]]
[[Category:Indian religious epic films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:1930s fantasy drama films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language fantasy drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Works by Kazi Nazrul Islam]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Kazi Nazrul Islam]]
[[Category:Indian mythology in popular culture]]

Tirunelveli–Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Express

2026-04-20T18:20:37Z

GeorgeGirdleston:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Tirunelveli-Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Navyug Express
| image =
| caption =
| type = Mail/Express train
| locale =
| first =
|operator=[[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways]]
|start={{rws|Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra}} (SVDK)
|stops=64|end={{stnlnk|Tirunelveli Junction}} (TEN)
|distance={{cvt|3633|km}}
|journeytime=69 hours
|frequency=Weekly
|trainnumber=16787 / 16788
|class=AC 2 Tier (2A), AC 3 Tier (3A), Sleeper (SL), General, Unreserved, Ac economy |seating=[[Corridor coach]]|sleeping=[[Couchette car]]
|catering=Yes
|baggage=Over head racks
|stock=[[LHB coach]]
|gauge=[[Broad gauge]]
|speed=56 km/h (35 mph)}}

The 16787 / 16788 '''Tirunelveli–Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Navyug Express''' is a weekly train running between the stations {{stnlnk|Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra}}, in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], and {{stnlnk|Tirunelveli Junction}}, in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It takes about 69 hours to travel a distance of {{Convert|3633|km|mi}}. It is currently the [[Longest train services|40th longest-running train service of world]] and is the [[Longest train services of Indian Railways|4th-longest train service of Indian Railways]]. It travels through 13 states in India, with a total of 64 stops.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goel |first=Ashita |date=2022-07-29 |title=Four longest railway journeys in India |url=https://mediaindia.eu/tourism/four-longest-railway-journeys-in-india/ |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Media India Group |language=en}}</ref>

== Coach composition==

The train has 19 LHB coaches comprising two second AC (2AC), six third AC (3AC), six [[couchette car]]/[[sleeper class]] (SL), two Unreserved coaches (UR/GS), one luggage rake (SLR) and one [[pantry car]] (PC).{{efn|The coach composition is subject to change.}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 19
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] || EOG || A1 || A2 || B1 || B2 || B3 || B4 || M1 || M2 || PC || S1 || S2 || S3 || S4 ||S5 || S6 || UR || UR || SLR
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Vivek Express]]
*[[Himsagar Express]]
*[[Kerala Express]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}

 

{{DEFAULTSORT:Navyug Express}}
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Transport in Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:Transport in Katra, Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Bordumsa-Diyun Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:41:32Z

GeorgeGirdleston: New Entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bordumsa-Diyun
| state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 49
| mla = Nikh Kamin
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party }}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| district = [[Changlang district|Changlang]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal East]]
| established = 1990
| map_image = [[File:Bordumsa-Diyun AC.png|centre|frameless|260x260px]]
| electors = 22,943
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = File:Nikh Kamin MLA DYN.jpg
}}
'''Bordumsa–Diyun''' is one of the 60 constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh]] and also the only [[Reserved political positions in India|unreserved constituency]] in the State's [[Vidhan Sabha]]. The current MLA of this constituency is ''Nikh Kamin.''<ref>{{cite news |title=Assembly Elections Results 2019 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/arunachal-pradesh/bordumsa---diyun-election-result-s02a049/}}</ref> Bordumsa–Diyun is one of the relatively new constituencies in Arunachal Pradesh, covering Diyun and Bordumsa administrative circles.The area is unique in its diversity, including indigenous ''[[Chakma people|Chakma]]'', [[Jingpo people|''Singpho'']] and ''[[Tangsa Naga|Tangsa]]'' communities, along with a significant population of migrants from other parts of India.

== History ==
''Bordumsa–Diyun'' was a part of the ''Naodihing–Nampong'' constituency from 1975 until 1987. After 1987, due to political and demographic changes, it gained more localized representation through restructuring, ultimately leading to its establishment as a separate constituency. This allowed it to address its unique needs and better represent the diverse communities in Diyun and Bordumsa.

[[Bordumsa]] and [[Diyun]] are towns in the [[India]]n state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Bordumsa location |url= http://wikiedit.org/India/Bordumsa/99671/ |publisher=Wikiedit Site |access-date = 21 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Diyun location |url= http://wikiedit.org/India/Diyum/261101/ |publisher=Wikiedit Site |access-date = 21 October 2016}}</ref> [[Changlang district|Changlang]] is the name of the district that contains Bordumsa and Diyun towns. Bordumsa and Diyun are revenue circles and together constitute form the constituency.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Vidhan Sabha
! scope="col" | Election
!Portrait
!Name
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
!Tenure
|-
|4th
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="5" |[[File:CC Singpho.jpg|center|frameless|151x151px]]|| rowspan="5" | C. C. Singpho<ref name="16 Arunachal ministers, Parliamentary secretaries lose in assembly polls">{{cite news |date=17 May 2014 |title=16 Arunachal ministers, Parliamentary secretaries lose in assembly polls |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/16-arunachal-ministers-parliamentary-secretaries-lose-in-assembly-polls/articleshow/35253733.cms?from=mdr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520164113/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/16-arunachal-ministers-parliamentary-secretaries-lose-in-assembly-polls/articleshow/35253733.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=20 May 2025 |access-date=20 May 2025 |publisher=The Economic Times}}</ref>|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
| rowspan="5" |1990–2014
|-
|[[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|5th]]
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|6th]]
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|7th]]
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|8th]]
| [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|9th]]
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[File:Nikh Kamin MLA DYN.jpg|frameless|151x151px]]
| [[Nikh Kamin]]|| {{Full party name with color|People's Party of Arunachal}}
|2014–2019
|-
|[[10th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|10th]]
| [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[File:Somlung Mossang.jpg|frameless|151x151px]]|| [[Somlung Mossang]]<ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly results live updates {{!}} BJP wins 7 Assembly seats, leads in both LS seats">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly results live updates {{!}} BJP wins 7 Assembly seats, leads in both LS seats|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh-assembly/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-results-live-updates/article27195252.ece|accessdate=19 May 2025|publisher=The Hindu|date=22 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519173743/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh-assembly/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-results-live-updates/article27195252.ece|archivedate=19 May 2025|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Assembly will have 20 first time MLAs">{{cite news|title=Arunachal Assembly will have 20 first time MLAs|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-assembly-will-have-20-first-time-mlas-736043.html|accessdate=19 May 2025|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=25 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519173615/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-assembly-will-have-20-first-time-mlas-736043.html|archivedate=19 May 2025|language=en}}</ref>|| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|2019–2024
|-
|[[11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|11th]]
| [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[File:Nikh Kamin MLA DYN.jpg|center|frameless|151x151px]]|| [[Nikh Kamin]]<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Election Results 2024 Arunachal Pradesh: Full list of winners on all 60 Legislative Assembly seats of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/election-results-2024-arunachal-pradesh-full-list-of-winners-on-all-60-legislative-assembly-seats-of-arunachal-pradesh-9366866/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603080201/https://indianexpress.com/elections/election-results-2024-arunachal-pradesh-full-list-of-winners-on-all-60-legislative-assembly-seats-of-arunachal-pradesh-9366866/ |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024: Complete list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603080244/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref> || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|2024–Incumbent
|}

==Election results==
{{Bar box|float=right|width=300px|title=Vote share winning candidates|titlebar=#ddd|barwidth=275px|bars={{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|51.04}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Independent Politician}}|39.01}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2014|2014]]|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}|41.58}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2009|2009]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.84}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2004|2004]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|40.63}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1999|1999]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|33.64}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.03}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.68}}}}

===Assembly Election 2024 ===
The 11th Assembly Election of Arunachal Pradesh was conducted on 19 April 2024 and the result was declared on 2 June 2024 in which ''Nikh Kamin'' of Nationalist Congress Party came out as the front runner and will be representing 49th Bordumsa-Diyun Constituency at the state Assembly.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1" /><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bordumsa-Diyun">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bordumsa-Diyun |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0249.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520121519/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0249.htm |archive-date=20 May 2025 |access-date=20 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bordumsa-Diyun<ref>{{cite news |last1=India TV News |last2= |first2= |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024: Complete list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603080244/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nikh Kamin |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=10,497 |percentage=51.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Somlung Mossang |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,145 |percentage=44.46% |change={{increase}}20.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Biri Joy |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=364 |percentage=1.77% |change={{increase}}0.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Upen Chandra Deori |party=Independent politician |votes=222 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=200 |percentage=0.97% |change={{decrease}}0.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Tanti |party=Arunachal Democratic Party |votes=139 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,352 |percentage=6.57% |change= {{decrease}}8.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,567 |percentage=89.64% |change= {{increase}}1.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,943 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.96 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}12.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bordumsa-Diyun}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Somlung Mossang |party=Independent politician |votes=6,330 |percentage=39.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jawra Maio |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,951 |percentage=24.35% |change={{increase}}16.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nikh Kamin |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=3,783 |percentage=23.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dana Takio |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=931 |percentage=5.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joseph Kishan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=328 |percentage=2.02% |change={{decrease}}29.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Upen Chandra Deori |party=All Indians Party |votes=232 |percentage=1.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sijen Thakkho |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=175 |percentage=1.08% |change={{decrease}}40.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=161 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pike Pulu |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=123 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bidya Sankar Prasad |party=Independent politician |votes=112 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yari Tok |party=Independent politician |votes=102 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,379 |percentage=14.66% |change= {{increase}}4.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,228 |percentage=87.68% |change= {{increase}}3.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,509 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=People's Party of Arunachal |swing= {{decrease}}2.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bordumsa-Diyun<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nikh Kamin |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=5,309 |percentage=41.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. C. Singpho |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,981 |percentage=31.18% |change={{decrease}}17.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mayong Maio |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,363 |percentage=18.51% |change={{decrease}}22.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Siraiong Singpho |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=967 |percentage=7.57% |change={{decrease}}2.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=148 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,328 |percentage=10.40% |change= {{increase}}2.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,768 |percentage=84.16% |change= {{increase}}2.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,172 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}2.76 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=People's Party of Arunachal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bordumsa-Diyun<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=C. C. Singpho |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,193 |percentage=48.84% |change={{increase}}8.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khumral Lungphi |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=5,238 |percentage=41.31% |change={{increase}}38.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Siraiong Singpho |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,250 |percentage=9.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=955 |percentage=7.53% |change= {{increase}}1.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,681 |percentage=81.27% |change= {{increase}}6.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,603 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.58 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bordumsa-Diyun<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=C. C. Singpho |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,816 |percentage=40.63% |change={{increase}}6.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mayong Maio |party=Independent politician |votes=3,272 |percentage=34.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lajala Singpho |party=Independent politician |votes=2,027 |percentage=21.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Umbontang Singpho |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=277 |percentage=2.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=544 |percentage=5.79% |change= {{decrease}}0.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,392 |percentage=73.36% |change= {{decrease}}2.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,626 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.02 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bordumsa-Diyun<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=C. C. Singpho |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,604 |percentage=33.64% |change={{decrease}}17.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khumral Lungphi |party=Independent politician |votes=2,152 |percentage=27.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Siongam Singpho |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,549 |percentage=20.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Singdu Nong Singpho |party=Independent politician |votes=1,325 |percentage=17.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chowseng Mong Singpho |party=Arunachal Congress |votes=110 |percentage=1.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=452 |percentage=5.84% |change= {{decrease}}11.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,740 |percentage=79.92% |change= {{decrease}}8.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,099 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.44 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}17.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bordumsa-Diyun<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=C. C. Singpho |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,811 |percentage=51.03% |change={{increase}}7.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Singdu Nong Singpho |party=Independent politician |votes=2,544 |percentage=34.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Innaola Ong Singpho |party=Independent politician |votes=823 |percentage=11.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sikhet Nong |party=Independent politician |votes=290 |percentage=3.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,267 |percentage=16.97% |change= {{increase}}1.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,468 |percentage=87.62% |change= {{increase}}10.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,748 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.08 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bordumsa-Diyun<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=C. C. Singpho |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,500 |percentage=43.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Innem Gam Singpho |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,639 |percentage=28.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sinai Wangno |party=Independent politician |votes=1,584 |percentage=27.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=861 |percentage=15.04% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,723 |percentage=77.39% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,668 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|27|31|N|95|53|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Changlang district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Thomas Greenhill (colonial administrator)

2026-04-18T17:35:38Z

GeorgeGirdleston: Created the article added tags

{{Short description|English colonial administrator (1611/12–1658)}}
{{ For|the 17th/18th century surgeon|Thomas Greenhill (surgeon)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Thomas Greenhill
| image =
| order =
| office = Agent of Fort St George (Madras)
| term_start = 1644, 1652
| term_end = 1648, 1655
| lieutenant =
| predecessor = [[Thomas Ivie]], [[Aaron Baker]]
| successor = [[Aaron Baker]], [[Thomas Chambers (Agent of Madras)|Thomas Chambers]]
| birth_date = {{circa|1611 or 1612}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 4 January {{death year and age|1658|1611}}
| death_place =
| party =
| spouse =
| profession =
| signature =
}}

'''Thomas Greenhill''' (1611/12 – 4 January 1658<ref name="The Hindu">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121107172506/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/03/03/stories/2008030350900500.htm Agent on the steps, ''The Hindu: Metro Plus'', March 3, 2008]</ref>) was an [[English colonial empire|English colonial administrator]], one of the early pioneers of the [[East India Company]] and the Agent of [[Madras]] for two terms from 1648 to 1652 and 1655 to 1658.

== Early life ==

Greenhill arrived in India in 1632 to serve in the company's [[Masulipatnam]] factory. During the agency of [[Thomas Ivie]], Greenhill was sent on a mission to the Raja of Chandragiri which resulted in the issue of a new grant in October/November 1645. By this grant, the Raja confirmed an older grant and ceded the village of Narikamedu to the company.

== Tenure as Agent of Madras ==

Madras was in the grips of a [[famine]] (the first famine since the start of British rule in Madras) when Greenhill became Agent in 1648.<ref name="famine">''Madras Tercenternary Celebration Committee Commemoration Volume''By Tercentenary Madras
Staff, Madras Tercentenary Celebration Committee, Madras Tercentenary Celebration Committee, Published 1994, Asian Educational
Services</ref> In September 1648, Greenhill arranged for rice to shipped aboard the ship ''Blessing'' from [[Persia]]. These fears were, however, short-lived as Madras had completely recovered from the famine by April 1649.<ref name="famine" />

Greenhill's tenure as Agent of Madras was marked by a scandal. A certain Mr. Thomas and Elizabeth Bland laid a charge against Greenhill, that the Agent had fathered an illegitimate child on Elizabeth, whom he had compelled to undergo an abortion in the fifth month of her pregnancy. The charge caused damage to Greenhill's reputation. Later, however, during the course of a trial, Elizabeth admitted that the accusation was false, and made in order to profit by the criminal case against Greenhill.

== Death ==

Greenhill died in Madras of excessive drinking on 4 January 1658.<ref name="The Hindu" /> His is the oldest English tombstone yet discovered in Madras city.<ref name="The Hindu" />

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before= [[Thomas Ivie]] | title=[[Agencies of British India|Agent]] of [[Madras]] | after=[[Aaron Baker]] [[Madras Presidency|President]] | years=1648–1652}}
{{succession box|title=[[Agencies of British India|Agent]] of [[Madras]]|before=[[Aaron Baker]] [[Madras Presidency|President]]|after=[[Thomas Chambers (Agent of Madras)|Thomas Chambers]]|years=1655–1658}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Greenhill, Thomas}}
[[Category:1610s births]]
[[Category:1658 deaths]]
[[Category:British East India Company people]]
[[Category:Governors of Madras]]
[[Category:Colonial officials for the Kingdom of England]]

Loisingha Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:00:01Z

GeorgeGirdleston: Starting A Biography

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Odisha}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Loisingha}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Loisingha
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 66
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Northern Division
| district = [[Balangir district|Balangir]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bolangir (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolangir]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Mukesh Mahaling]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,45,851{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Loisingha''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Balangir district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=66|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130617214840/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=66|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 June 2013|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Loisingha (66) District : Bolangir|accessdate= 17 March 2014}}</ref>

This constituency includes Loisingha block, Puintala block and Agalpur block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp110.htm|title= 110 - Loisingha Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 16 March 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|44.32}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|39.82}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|40.51}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|34.40}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|29.70}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|51.82}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|40.02}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|74.55}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|65.37}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|63.66}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|44.60}}
}}

Since its formation in 1957, 16 elections were held till date.

Elected members from the Loisingha constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Loisingha Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/loisingha.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 17 March 2014}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Loisingha Assembly Election Results 2024: Loisingha Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/loisingha-constituency-result-18066 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Mukesh Mahaling]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|Jogendra Behera
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|Ramakanta Seth
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|[[Narasingha Mishra]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Balgopal Mishra]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
||[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
||[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|[[Narasingha Mishra]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
||[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Balgopal Mishra]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Independent}}
|-
||[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
||[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Ram Prasad Mishra
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
||[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|[[Ananga Udaya Singh Deo]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Swatantra Party}}
|-
||[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| rowspan="2" |Nandakishore Mishra
|-
||[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
||[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
| rowspan="2" |Ram Prasad Mishra
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
||[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|{{full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting was held on 20 May 2024 in the 2nd phase of Odisha Assembly Election and the 5th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Mukesh Mahaling]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Nihar Ranjan Behera by a margin of 18,190 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Loisingha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Mukesh Mahaling]]
|votes = 83,313
|percentage = 44.32
|change = {{increase}}4.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Nihar Ranjan Behara
|votes = 65,123
|percentage = 34.64
|change = {{increase}}2.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Om Prakash Kumbhar
|votes = 32,249
|percentage = 17.15
|change = {{decrease}}5.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,160
|percentage = 1.15
|change = {{decrease}}0.03
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 18,190
|percentage = 9.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,87,992
|percentage = 76.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
In 2019 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Mukesh Mahaling]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Pradeep Kumar Behera by a margin of 13,668 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Loisingha<ref name="SP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-II) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase2/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%282nd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=17 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Mukesh Mahaling]]
|votes = 71,261
|percentage = 39.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Pradeep Kumar Behera
|votes = 57,593
|percentage = 32.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Naba Kishor Naik
|votes = 40,053
|percentage = 22.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,529
|percentage = 0.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,668
|percentage = 7.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,78,966
|percentage = 73.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Jogendra Behera defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Pandaba Chandra Kumbhar by a margin of 22,854 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url= http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html |title= Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014 |work= leadtech.in |accessdate= 29 May 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html |archive-date= 18 August 2014 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
| title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Loisingha<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Loisingha|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1866.htm?ac=66|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Loisingha (66)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=66|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140608044512/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=66|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 June 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Jogendra Behera
|votes = 64,340
|percentage = 40.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pandaba Chandra Kumbhar
|votes = 41486
|percentage = 26.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Paramananda Seth
|votes = 38,732
|percentage = 24.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,737
|percentage = 1.09
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 22,854
|percentage = 14.39
|change = 11.55
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,58,822
|percentage = 75.7
|change = 3.63
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,09,804
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Ramakanta Seth defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Pandava Chandra Kumbhar by a margin of 4,093 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |accessdate=17 March 2014 |work=leadtech.in |quote=4093}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Loisingha<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the LEgislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Ramakanta Seth
|votes = 49,959
|percentage = 34,40
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pandava Chandra Kumbhar
|votes = 45,566
|percentage = 31.56
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Megha Kumbhar
|votes = 38,261
|percentage = 26.50
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,093
|percentage = 2.84{{efn|% of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,44,381
|percentage = 72.07
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = 2.35{{efn|2004 voter turnout was 69.32%}}
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Balangir district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|20.86|83.51|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Balangir district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Orissa]]

Dattaram Desai

2026-04-15T01:53:46Z

GeorgeGirdleston: New A Page

{{short description|Indian politician and freedom fighter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dattaram Desai
| image = Dattaram Deu Desai.jpg
| caption = Official portrait in 1963
| birth_name = Dattaram Deu Naique Desai
| birth_date = {{birth date|1930|9|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Cuncolim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]]
| office = [[Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly]]
| death_date = Unknown
| term_start = 1963
| term_end = 1967
| constituency = [[Quepem Assembly constituency|Quepem]]
| predecessor = ''constituency established''
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|freedom fighter|underground worker}}
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] (1967–1972)
| other_party = [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] (1963–1965)
| education = [[Secondary School Certificate]]
| successor = [[Shaba Desai]]
| committees = Block Advisory
}}

'''Dattaram Deu Naique Desai''' (11 September 1930 – unknown){{efn|the surname Desai is also spelled as Dessai according to [https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?3365]}} was an Indian politician, underground worker and [[Indian freedom fighter|freedom fighter]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=213#elections-results |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref> He was a former member of the [[Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Quepem Assembly constituency]]{{efn|a source from [[Times of India]] states Desai represented the [[Rivona Assembly constituency]] which is false.}} from 1963 to 1967.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malhotra |first=G. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ&dq=dattaram+desai&pg=PA319 |title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature: Motions of Confidence and No-confidence in Lok Sabha and State Legislatures |date=2004 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |isbn=978-81-200-0400-9 |language=en}}</ref> He was also a member of the ''Azad Gomantak Dal''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mahotsav |first=Amrit |title=Dattaram Deu Desai |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?4161 |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dattaram Deu Desai Vs Nirakar Devasthan . |url=https://www.legalauthority.in/judgement/dattaram-deu-desai-vs-nirakar-devasthan-10863 |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=Legal Authority |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Dattaram Deu Desai was born to Deu B. Desai in [[Cuncolim]], Goa. He completed his [[Secondary School Certificate]].

==Career==
Desai contested in the [[1963 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Quepem Assembly constituency]] on the [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] (MGP) ticket and emerged victorious, he served for five years from 1963 to 1967.

He later quit the party prior to the elections and unsuccessfully contested as an [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate in the [[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] from the same constituency, he lost to MGP candidate, [[Shaba Desai]] by a margin of 2887 votes. This marked Desai's last election participation in his political career.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3PzoAAAAMAAJ&q=dattaram+deu+desai |title=New Era |date=1967 |publisher=Publications Unit, Department of Information, Government of Goa, Daman, and Diu. |language=en}}</ref>

==Role in Goa's freedom struggle (1954–1958)==
In 1954, Desai became a member of the Azad Gomantak Dal and worked as an underground member. In 1955, he and his associates launched an attack on the [[Cuncolim]] police station, seizing all of the weapons and ammunition stored in the [[armoury]]. Although he faced the risk of getting caught, Desai managed to evade arrest on 30 June 1956. In July 1958, Desai took part in the [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Daman]] Union Territory attacks. He also accompanied the [[Indian Army]] battalion from [[Majali, Karnataka|Majali]], [[Karnataka]] to [[Margao]] city during the [[liberation of Goa]].<ref name=":0" />

==Awards==
Desai was awarded the ''Tamrapatra'' by the [[Government of India]] in 1973.<ref name=":0" />

==Legacy==
On 18 January 2014, the [[Cuncolim]] Municipal Council (CMC) named the Sanvorcotto road in Desai's honor, followed by five other [[Indian freedom fighter|freedom fighters]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2014|title=6 Cuncolim roads to be named after freedom fighters {{!}} Goa News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/6-cuncolim-roads-to-be-named-after-freedom-fighters/articleshow/28973393.cms |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Miranda |first1=Karsten |date=26 January 2014 |title=Paying rich tribute to freedom fighters, Cuncolim Municipal Council (CMC) has named 6 roads after freedom fighters, Dattaram Deu Dessai, Dattaram Uttam Dessai, Rajendra alias Kushta Dessai, Prabhakhar Vaidya, Shabu Dessai and Narayan Naik and two roads after two Priests Fr Planton Faria and Fr Antimo Gomes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/paying-rich-tribute-to-freedom-fighters-cuncolim-municipal-council-cmc-has-named-6-roads-after-freedom-fighters-dattaram-deu-dessai-dattaram-uttam-dessai-rajendra-alias-kushta-dessai-prabhakhar-vaidya-shabu-dessai-and-narayan-naik-and-two-roads-after-two-priests-fr-planton-faria-and-fr-antimo-gomes-/articleshow/29425669.cms |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* Member of Block Advisory Committee of the Community Development Blocks, 1964<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-8iY4iHdGRsC&q=dattaram+deu+desai |title=Government Gazette. Boletim Oficial |date= April 1964|language=en}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Dattaram}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]

Sirsi Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:49:30Z

GeorgeGirdleston: Created some page w/ infobox

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sirsi
| type= SLA
| map_image = 80-Sirsi constituency.svg
| constituency_no = 80
| mla = [[Bhimanna T. Naik|Bhimanna Naik]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.oneindia.com/sirsi-assembly-elections-ka-80/ | title=Sirsi Election Result 2023 LIVE: Sirsi MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia }}</ref>
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Vishweshwar Hegde Kageri]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Uttara Kannada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uttara Kannada]]
| established = 1956
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:200755}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}

'''Sirsi Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Uttara Kannada district]]. [[Bhimanna T. Naik]] is the current MLA from Sirisi.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan="2" | [[Ramakrishna Hegde]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan="2" | [[M. H. Jayaprakashanarayan]] || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Borkar Umakant Buddu || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="3" | Kanade Gopal Mukund
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || Jaiwani Premanand Subray || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan="2" | Viveknand Vaidya || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="3" | [[Vishweshwar Hegde Kageri]]
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Bhimanna T. Naik]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sirsi <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.oneindia.com/sirsi-assembly-elections-ka-80/ | title=Sirsi Election Result 2023 LIVE: Sirsi MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia }}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Sirsi">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Sirsi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1080.htm?ac=80 |access-date=25 April 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425174514/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1080.htm?ac=80 |archive-date=25 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Bhimanna T. Naik]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 76,887 |percentage = 47.89% |change = {{increase}}13.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vishweshwar Hegde Kageri]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 68,175 |percentage = 42.47% |change = {{decrease}}3.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Upendra Pai |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 9,138 |percentage = 5.69% |change = {{decrease}}11.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,638 |percentage = 1.02% |change = {{decrease}}0.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hitendra Naik |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,449 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gopal Devadiga |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,266 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,712 |percentage = 5.43% |change = {{decrease}}5.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 160,920 |percentage = 80.16% |change = {{decrease}}1.20 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 160,538}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 200,755 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.20 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}2.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sirsi <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="Sirsi Constituency Election Results 2018">{{cite news |title=Sirsi Constituency Election Results 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/sirsi-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99017479.cms |access-date=26 April 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-date=}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vishweshwar Hegde Kageri]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 70,595 |percentage = 45.52% |change = {{increase}}10.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Bhimanna T. Naik]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 53,134 |percentage = 34.26% |change = {{increase}}1.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shashibhushan Hegde |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 26,625 |percentage = 17.17% |change = {{decrease}}15.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,935 |percentage = 1.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ajjibal Ramanand |party = Independent politician |votes = 981 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,461 |percentage = 11.26% |change = {{increase}}8.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 155,271 |percentage = 81.36% |change = {{increase}}6.02 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 155,079}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 190,834 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.51 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}10.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sirsi <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vishweshwar Hegde Kageri]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 42,854 |percentage = 35.49% |change = {{decrease}}9.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ayyappanagar Deepak Honnavar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 39,795 |percentage = 32.96% |change = {{increase}}13.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shashibhushan Hegde |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 39,761 |percentage = 32.93% |change = {{increase}}27.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Huvinamane Ravi Hegde |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 3,304 |percentage = 2.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Annappa Akash. S. Madival |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,246 |percentage = 1.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sudhakar Kira Joglekar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,374 |percentage = 1.14% |change = {{increase}}0.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagaraj Venkatraman Hegde |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 1,061 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kanade Santosh Gopal |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 796 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,059 |percentage = 2.53% |change = {{decrease}}23.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 131,285 |percentage = 75.34% |change = {{increase}}1.54 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 120,745}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 174,259 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.19 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}9.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sirsi <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vishweshwar Hegde Kageri]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 53,438 |percentage = 45.40% |change = {{increase}}2.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naik Raveendranath Narayan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,705 |percentage = 19.29% |change = {{decrease}}10.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bheemanna Naik |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 18,648 |percentage = 15.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gowda Shanmukh Basavaraj |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,116 |percentage = 10.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narvekar Nagaraj Gurunath |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 6,363 |percentage = 5.41% |change = {{decrease}}16.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anand H. Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,318 |percentage = 1.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramanatha Hegde |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,292 |percentage = 1.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kanade Ramadas Venkappa |party = Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes = 822 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,733 |percentage = 26.11% |change = {{increase}}13.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 117,776 |percentage = 73.80% |change = {{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 117,702}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,589 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.62 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}2.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sirsi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Viveknand Vaidya |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 47,811 |percentage = 42.85% |change = {{decrease}}1.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jaiwant Premanand |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,652 |percentage = 30.16% |change = {{decrease}}1.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kanade Gopal Mukund |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 24,378 |percentage = 21.85% |change = {{increase}}21.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jogalekar Ganapathi Bangari |party = Janata Party |votes = 4,003 |percentage = 3.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gajanan Krishna Palekar |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,735 |percentage = 1.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,159 |percentage = 12.69% |change = {{decrease}}0.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 111,679 |percentage = 73.91% |change = {{increase}}0.05 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 111,579}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 151,101 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.36 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}1.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sirsi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Viveknand Vaidya |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 42,813 |percentage = 44.37% |change = {{increase}}18.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kanade Gopal Mukund |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,301 |percentage = 31.40% |change = {{increase}}5.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. S. Jaiwant |party = Independent politician |votes = 21,679 |percentage = 22.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Chandrappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 992 |percentage = 1.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Joglekar Vishwanath Bangarya |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 704 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,512 |percentage = 12.97% |change = {{increase}}11.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 102,059 |percentage = 73.86% |change = {{increase}}0.31 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 96,489}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,568 |percentage = 5.46% |change = {{increase}}3.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 138,174 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.09 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}16.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sirsi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jaiwani Premanand Subray |party = Janata Dal |votes = 26,758 |percentage = 27.88% |change = {{decrease}}9.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Viveknand Vaidya |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 24,972 |percentage = 26.02% |change = {{increase}}18.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kanade Gopal Mukund |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,470 |percentage = 25.50% |change = {{decrease}}23.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohan Shiroor |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 18,788 |percentage = 19.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,786 |percentage = 1.86% |change = {{decrease}}9.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 97,629 |percentage = 73.55% |change = {{increase}}2.66 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 95,962}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,663 |percentage = 1.70% |change = {{decrease}}6.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 132,739 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.87 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}21.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sirsi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kanade Gopal Mukund |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,319 |percentage = 49.34% |change = {{increase}}3.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sirasikara Mahabaleswara Venkappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 30,801 |percentage = 37.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vyadya Vivekananda Subrava |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 6,331 |percentage = 7.75% |change = {{decrease}}0.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patanakara Srinivasa Pandu |party = Janata Party |votes = 3,325 |percentage = 4.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,518 |percentage = 11.65% |change = {{increase}}9.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 88,886 |percentage = 70.89% |change = {{increase}}0.22 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 81,710}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 7,176 |percentage = 8.07% |change = {{increase}}6.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,378 |ref = |change = {{increase}}24.36 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sirsi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kanade Gopal Mukund |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,414 |percentage = 46.25% |change = {{increase}}14.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jaiwani Premanand Subray |party = Janata Party |votes = 30,955 |percentage = 44.17% |change = {{increase}}3.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishna Venkatraman Bharkal |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,901 |percentage = 8.42% |change = {{decrease}}19.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gutya Naga Jogiekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 486 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,459 |percentage = 2.08% |change = {{decrease}}6.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,250 |percentage = 70.67% |change = {{increase}}2.10 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 70,085}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,165 |percentage = 1.64% |change = {{decrease}}1.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,819 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.51 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}5.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sirsi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kanade Gopal Mukund |party = Janata Party |votes = 23,540 |percentage = 40.42% |change = {{decrease}}10.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Revankar Shankar Purushottam |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,575 |percentage = 31.89% |change = {{increase}}28.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhatkal Krishna Venkatraman |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 16,125 |percentage = 27.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,965 |percentage = 8.53% |change = {{increase}}4.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,852 |percentage = 68.57% |change = {{decrease}}11.09 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,240}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,612 |percentage = 2.69% |change = {{increase}}0.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,283 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.05 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}10.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sirsi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Borkar Umakant Buddu |party = Janata Party |votes = 31,506 |percentage = 50.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Revankar Shankar Purushottam |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 28,793 |percentage = 46.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jogannavar Yallappa Venkappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 1,842 |percentage = 2.96% |change = {{decrease}}63.24 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,713 |percentage = 4.37% |change = {{decrease}}28.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,762 |percentage = 79.66% |change = {{increase}}19.78 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,141}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,621 |percentage = 2.54% |change = {{increase}}2.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,040 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.75 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}15.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sirsi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. H. Jayaprakashanarayan]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,373 |percentage = 66.20% |change = {{increase}}29.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Borkar Umakant Buddu |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 12,444 |percentage = 33.80% |change = {{increase}}9.44 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,929 |percentage = 32.40% |change = {{increase}}29.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,113 |percentage = 59.88% |change = {{decrease}}1.67 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,817}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,649 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.60 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{increase}}27.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sirsi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. H. Jayaprakashanarayan]] |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 11,282 |percentage = 39.15% |change = {{increase}}13.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. S. Purushottam |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,516 |percentage = 36.49% |change = {{decrease}}16.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. U. Buddu |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 7,019 |percentage = 24.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 766 |percentage = 2.66% |change = {{decrease}}25.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,487 |percentage = 61.55% |change = {{decrease}}9.73 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,817}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,778 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}5.45 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}14.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sirsi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ramakrishna Hegde]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,817 |percentage = 53.33% |change = {{decrease}}19.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Ganapatiyappa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 9,421 |percentage = 25.35% |change = {{increase}}1.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anant Manjappa Hegde Hoodlamane |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 7,117 |percentage = 19.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sitaram Subraya Kanetkar |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 804 |percentage = 2.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,396 |percentage = 27.98% |change = {{decrease}}20.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,790 |percentage = 71.28% |change = {{increase}}6.17 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 37,159}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,823 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}19.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sirsi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ramakrishna Hegde]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,974 |percentage = 72.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhakappa Shriram Sheshgiri |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 7,166 |percentage = 23.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nejjur Shanmukh Sadashiv |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,110 |percentage = 3.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,808 |percentage = 48.95% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,250 |percentage = 65.11% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,250}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,461 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Uttara Kannada district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|14.62|74.84|display=title}}

[[Category:Uttara Kannada district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Mysore State]]

Simple Agi Ondh Love Story

2026-04-09T19:14:00Z

GeorgeGirdleston: Created basic stub from scratch

{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Simple Agi Ondh Love Story
| image = Simple_Agi_Ondh_Love_Story_Poster.jpg
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = [[Simple Suni|Suni]]
| producer = S. Hemanth Suni
| screenplay = [[Suni (director)|Suni]]
| story = Suni
| starring = [[Rakshit Shetty]] [[Shwetha Srivatsav]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Bharath B. J.]]
| cinematography = Manohar Joshi
| editing = [[Sachin B. Ravi]]
| studio = Suvin Cinemas
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2013|03|08|df=yes}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Simple Agi Ondh Love Story''''' (or ''Simpalaag Ond Love Story'') is a 2013 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[Simple Suni|Suni]], and stars [[Rakshit Shetty]] and [[Shwetha Srivatsav]]. The film was remade in Telugu in 2018 as ''[[Idi Naa Love Story]]''.

==Plot==
Kushal ([[Rakshit Shetty]]) is sent by his radio jockey sister Rachana to Polibetta located in [[Kodagu]] to meet her boyfriend's sister, Dr.Ithihasini, in the hope that the two will take a liking to each other, leading to marriage, and thus paving the way for her own marriage.

Kushal meets a bubbly girl ([[Shwetha Srivatsav]]) who claims to be Ithihasini, and says the rest of the family is out of town. The two share their past romantic liaisons. Ithihasini's actions seem a little odd and her responses to Kushal's questions all avoid direct answers so it's not really a surprise when Kushal's sister calls to tell him that the girl he has been spending time with is not Ithihasini at all. When confronted the fake Ithihasini comes up with a number of different stories, but Kushal finds her even more intriguing as a result and declares his love for her despite not knowing who she actually is, although he does finally discover her real name is Khushi. Khushi is suffering from anterograde amnesia (loss of memory), the story takes a drastic leap from here.

==Cast==
* [[Rakshit Shetty]] as Kushal
* [[Shwetha Srivatsav]] as Kushi
* RJ Rachana as Rachana
* Anusha Rao as Dr. Ithihasini
* [[Srinagar Kitty]] as Love Guru in a cameo appearance
* Ne La Narendra Babu in a special appearance as Kushal's lecturer
* Sandeep
* Vijeth
* Shivani
* Varsha
* RJ Pradeep

==Production==
''Simple Agi Ondh Love Story'' created a lot of buzz by its trailer where it had crossed more than a 100 thousand views in just 3 days. The trailer generated a lot of hype and curiosity among Kannada cine goers wherein the dialogues had become the talk of the town.<ref>{{cite news|title= Simple Agi Ondh Love Story is a feel good film|url= http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-simple-ogi-ondh-love-story/20130307.htm|work= [[Rediff.com]]|date= 7 March 2013|access-date= 30 March 2013|archive-date= 4 April 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130404141421/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-simple-ogi-ondh-love-story/20130307.htm|url-status= live}}</ref>

===Filming===
The film revolves only around two characters mainly the hero and the heroine and hence not much characters can be seen in the movie.
The film was extensively shot in Pollibetta in Kodagu district of Karnataka and surrounding places near [[Madikeri]] and [[Chikmagalur]] during rainy season and had used a special camera to capture the nature lavishly.

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

Released with much hype and anticipation, the film received tremendous response from both the critics and audience. Shrikant Srinivasa from [[Rediff.com|Rediff]] gave the movie a 4/5 and concluded "Simple Agi Ondh Love Story is a must-see film for all those in love, for the freshness in narration and dialogues".<ref>{{cite news |title= Review: Simple Agi Ondh Love Story is sweet |url= http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-simple-agi-ondh-love-story-is-sweet/20130311.htm |work= [[Rediff.com]] |date= 11 March 2013 |access-date= 30 March 2013 |archive-date= 4 April 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130404093301/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-simple-agi-ondh-love-story-is-sweet/20130311.htm |url-status= live }}</ref> A critic from [[The Times of India]] scored the film at 4 out of 5 stars and says "Baanali badalaago and Smiliruvanthe Saraasari (sung by debut singer Priyanka Jois). Manohar Joshi’s camera is an added attraction to the story shot in the lush green locations of Kodagu. DI Sachin’s editing is remarkable".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/simpallag-ond-love-story/movie-review/18867313.cms?from=mdr|title=SIMPALLAG OND LOVE STORY MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-date=20 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620082358/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/simpallag-ond-love-story/movie-review/18867313.cms?from=mdr}}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] scored the film at 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "The music is good; so is the cinematography. The film is worth a watch, perhaps for the attempt. Otherwise, watching 50 First Dates once again is not a bad idea".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/simple-aag-ond-love-story-51st-first-date/articleshow/21220839.cms|title=Simple aag ond love story: 51st First Date|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=9 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-date=9 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809221300/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/simple-aag-ond-love-story-51st-first-date/articleshow/21220839.cms}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Simple agi ond love story
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Bharath B. J.]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 24 January 2013
| recorded = 2012
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 29:42
| label = Jhankar Music
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

[[Bharath B. J.]] composed the music for the film and the soundtracks. The album has 9 soundtracks.<ref>{{cite web |title= Simpallaag Ond Love Story (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url= https://music.apple.com/us/album/simpallaag-ond-love-story/660033612 |publisher= iTunes |date= 24 January 2013 |access-date= 20 August 2014 |archive-date= 7 September 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140907062713/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/simpallaag-ond-love-story/id660033612 |url-status= live }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:42
| title1 = Baanali Badalago
| length1 = 4:48
| lyrics1 = Siddu Kodipura
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| title2 = Karagida Baanalli
| length2 = 4:49
| lyrics2 = Prakash Srinivas
| extra2 = [[Sowmya Raoh]]
| title3 = Smile Iruvanthe Sarasari
| length3 = 2:55
| lyrics3 = [[Simple Suni|Suni]]
| extra3 = Priyanka
| title4 = Nanna Preethi Kusuri
| extra4 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length4 = 2:09
| lyrics4 = Suni
| title5 = Sereyadanthe Sarasari
| extra5 = [[Bharath B. J.]]
| length5 = 2:42
| lyrics5 = Suni
| title6 = Hale Gujuri Hosa Battery
| extra6 = Bharath B. J.
| length6 = 2:27
| lyrics6 = Suni
| title7 = Belligge Gymmu
| extra7 = Pavan Ranadheera
| length7 = 2:15
| lyrics7 = Suni
| title8 = Smile Iruvanthe Sarasari (Instrumental)
| extra8 = Bharath B. J.
| length8 = 2:40
| lyrics8 = Suni
| title9 = Baanali Badalago (Remixed)
| extra9 = Sonu Nigam
| length9 = 4:57
| lyrics9 = Siddu Kodipura
}}

==Awards==
;[[61st Filmfare Awards South]]
'''Won'''
* Best Lyricist - Siddu Kodipura - "Baanali Badalago"
* Best Playback Singer - Female - [[Sowmya Raoh]] - "Karagida Baaninalli"{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

'''Nominated'''
* Best Film
* Best Director - [[Simple Suni|Suni]]
* Best Actress - [[Shwetha Srivatsav]]
* Best Music Director - [[Bharath B. J.]]
* Best Playback Singer - Male - [[Sonu Nigam]] - "Baanali Badalago"
{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

==Sequel==
The film had a sequel under the same theme. Named "[[Simpallag Innondh Love Story]]", the sequel was released in March 2016 and did well at the box-office.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt3006576}}

{{Suni (director)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Simple Agi Ondh Love Story}}
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by Suni]]

Rakkamma Kaiya Thattu

2026-04-09T18:58:16Z

GeorgeGirdleston: created the pg nd citations - done

{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Rakkamma Kaiya Thattu
| cover =
| alt =
| type =
| artist = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Swarnalatha]]
| album = [[Thalapathi]]
| released = 14 July 1991
| format =
| recorded =
| studio =
| venue =
| genre =
| length = 7:10
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| composer = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| lyricist = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| producer = Ilaiyaraaja
}}
"'''Rakkamma Kaiya Thattu'''" ({{translation|Rakkamma, Clap Your Hands}}) is a [[Tamil language]] song from the 1991 Indian film ''[[Thalapathi]]''. The lyrics were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] and music composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] and [[Swarnalatha]] providing the vocals. It was named the fourth most popular song in a poll conducted by the [[BBC World Service]] worldwide in 2002.

== Recording ==
The song sung by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] and [[Swarnalatha]] was featured in the 1991 film ''Thalapathi'',<ref name="hindu1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/11/26/stories/2002112600160400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030704204404/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/11/26/stories/2002112600160400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 July 2003 |title=Tamil tune leads Top Ten |date=26 November 2002 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref> which was known to be the last collaboration of [[Mani Ratnam]] and [[Ilaiyaraaja]], the former's regular composer until then. It was recorded in [[Bombay]] and was among the first to be recorded for the film.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2012|p=170}} On the insistence of Mani Ratnam, Vaali had "blended" the original lines with ''[[Tevaram]]'', a [[Śaiva]] devotional poetry.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2012|p=170}}

== Music video ==
{{quote box|bgcolor=#CCDDFF|align=right|width=25%|quote="When Rajini-Sir is dancing, he puts in a lot of energy and work into it. He matched Prabhu Deva's energy and this is something that Mani Ratnam admired. Prabhu Deva was a kid then but Rajinikanth would match all his steps."{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2012|p=169}}|source=—[[Santosh Sivan]], the song's photographer}}

The song was shot in Raya Gopuram, [[Melukote]] over several days during the night. It was picturised on [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Sonu Walia]] dancing along with other dancers.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2012|p=169}} ''Thalapathi'' was directed by Mani Ratnam while cinematography was handled by [[Santosh Sivan]]. The song was choreographed by [[Mugur Sundar]] and his son [[Prabhu Deva]]. According to Mani Ratnam, it was one of the "big-scale" songs of Sivan in the latter's early career.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2012|p=169}} Set in the backdrop of a temple, the song's pulse changes when [[Shobana]] arrives with a group of women possessing oil-lamps, passing the dancers and floating those lamps on a pond. At this point, the music shifts to ''Tevaram''. After that the song returns to its original rhythm.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2012|p=169}}{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2012|p=170}}

== Legacy ==
The global rights for the song was sold to [[Lahari Music]] at a compensation of {{INRConvert|7.5|m|year=1992}} in 1992.<ref name="toi">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Saif-Ali-Khans-Agent-Vinod-again-in-copyright-case/articleshow/13064531.cms?referral=PM |title=Saif Ali Khan's Agent Vinod again in copyright case |date=10 May 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 May 2012 |archive-date=11 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111211045/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Saif-Ali-Khans-Agent-Vinod-again-in-copyright-case/articleshow/13064531.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2002, as a part of its 70th anniversary celebrations, the [[BBC World Service]] conducted an international poll to choose the ten most popular songs of all time worldwide.<ref name=hindu1 /> More than 1,000 songs from various countries were nominated through an online voting system.<ref name=hindu1 /> "Rakkamma Kaiya Thattu" was leading the poll for a brief period of time leaving behind other popular [[Single (music)|singles]] such as [[Yesterday (Beatles song)|Yesterday]], [[Bohemian Rhapsody]] and [[Stairway to Heaven]].<ref name=hindu1 /> After leading the poll for a brief period, the song was named the fourth most popular when the results were announced on 21 December 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/us/features/topten/profiles/index.shtml |title=The World's Top Ten |publisher=[[BBC World Service]] |access-date=1 January 2014 |archive-date=21 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821022652/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/us/features/topten/profiles/index.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2012, ''[[Agent Vinod (2012 film)|Agent Vinod]]'', a [[Bollywood]] film starring [[Saif Ali Khan]] used the song in a sequence in the film.<ref name="midday">{{Cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/saif-pays-the-price-literally/156454 |title=Saif pays the price, literally? |date=2 April 2012 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=21 September 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071838/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/saif-pays-the-price-literally/156454 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lahari Music took legal action against Khan, who also produced the film, for using it without their permission.<ref name=toi />

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
*{{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-8475-796-5 |author-link=Naman Ramachandran}}

[[Category:1991 songs]]
[[Category:Indian songs]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Vaali (poet)]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Songs in Tamil]]
[[Category:Songs written for Tamil films]]

Parthenium hysterophorus

2026-04-02T16:49:44Z

GeorgeGirdleston: created the post initial version

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image=Parthenium hysterophorus plant with flowers.jpg
|image2=Parthenium hysterophorus L. (4171282018).jpg
|genus=Parthenium
|species=hysterophorus
|authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN |access-date=29 October 2010 }}</ref>
}}

'''''Parthenium hysterophorus''''' is a [[Herbaceous plant|herbaceous]], [[Flowering plant|flowering]] weed species in the family [[Asteraceae]]. It is one of the most common weeds across the globe.<ref name="Bashar-2021"/> It is best known as '''Santa Maria feverfew''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=PAHY|taxon=Parthenium hysterophorus|accessdate=30 January 2016}}</ref> but is also referred to as '''Santa-Maria''',<ref>{{BSBI 2007|access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref> '''whitetop weed''',<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS|id=38164|taxon=''Parthenium hysterophorus''|accessdate=29 October 2010}}</ref> '''famine weed''' and '''congress grass'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICAR-DWR organized “12th Parthenium Awareness Week” throughout India {{!}} ICAR |url=https://icar.org.in/en/node/10508 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=icar.org.in}}</ref>. It is native to the [[Neotropical realm|American tropics]] but has since become an [[invasive species]] in East Asia, India, Australia, and parts of Africa. It has become infamous; it is considered one of the most [[Noxious weed|noxious]], harmful weeds species. It is known for its ability to reproduce quickly and abundantly, and prefers to grow in nutrient poor habitats. It is [[Allelopathy|allelopathic]], which poses several pros and cons that affect ecology. Many methods of control have been evaluated and implemented over time to best assess how to approach the conservation of this species and the ecosystems it affects.

== Characteristics ==

=== Physical attributes ===
This plant is described as an erect, annual herb with a branched, [[trichome]] covered stem that becomes woody with time. It has a deep [[taproot]], and can grow from 1.5 to 2 meters in vertical height especially in good soil. The young plants begin by forming a [[Rosette (botany)|basal rosette]] of pale green, dissected, [[lobed]], alternate leaves that can get up to 30 centimeters in length. After stem elongation is initiated, the leaves gradually become smaller.<ref name="GISD">{{Cite web |title=Global Invasive Species Database (2025) Species profile: Parthenium hysterophorus. |url=https://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/speciesname/Parthenium+hysterophorus |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=www.iucngisd.org |publication-date=2010-10-04}}</ref> The leaves are said to resemble carrot leaves. The flower heads are a creamy white color, and they protrude from the forks in the leaves.<ref name="Adkins-2019">{{Cite book |last1=Adkins |first1=Steve W. |title=Parthenium weed: biology, ecology and management |last2=Shabbir |first2=Asad |last3=Dhileepan |first3=Kunjithapatham |date=2019 |publisher=CABI |isbn=978-1-78064-525-4 |series=CABI invasives series |location=Wallingford}}</ref> Each bud has about 5 to 8 florets.<ref name="Bashar-2023">{{Cite journal |last1=Bashar |first1=H. M. Khairul |last2=Juraimi |first2=Abdul Shukor |last3=Ahmad-Hamdani |first3=Muhammad Saiful |last4=Uddin |first4=Md Kamal |last5=Asib |first5=Norhayu |last6=Anwar |first6=Md Parvez |last7=Rahaman |first7=Ferdoushi |last8=Haque |first8=Mohammad Amdadul |last9=Hossain |first9=Akbar |date=2023-01-06 |title=Evaluation of allelopathic effects of Parthenium hysterophorus L. methanolic extracts on some selected plants and weeds |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |article-number=e0280159 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0280159 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=9821477 |pmid=36608038|bibcode=2023PLoSO..1880159B }}</ref>

=== Life cycle ===
''Parthenium hysterophorus'' is known for being a [[Fecundity|fecund]], but [[Ephemerality|ephemeral]] herbaceous plant. They cannot germinate well if the seeds are not buried at least 5 centimeters below the surface of the soil. Temperature wise, [[germination]] can occur between {{cvt|8 and 30|C}}, although the optimum temperature range is {{cvt|22 to 25|C}}. Each flower has five black seeds. Each fruit is [[Cypsela (botany)|cypsela]].<ref name="Adkins-2019"/> There are two main subsections of the life cycle of ''P. hyesterophorus'' plant. The juvenile (also referred to as rosette or vegetative) phase, and the adult phase (also referred to as mature, or reproductive). During the juvenile stage (after the completed germination period), the plant does not show any flowering and its leaves lay prostrate on the surface of the soil. The adult ''P. hysterophorus'' is upright, with aforementioned deep tap root system. The stems become more woody and rigid as the plant evolves into a format more resembling a bush.<ref name="Kaur-2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Kaur |first1=Manpreet |last2=Aggarwal |first2=Neeraj Kumar |last3=Kumar |first3=Vikas |last4=Dhiman |first4=Romika |date=2014 |title=Effects and Management of Parthenium hysterophorus: A Weed of Global Significance |journal=International Scholarly Research Notices |language=en |volume=2014 |issue=1 |article-number=368647 |doi=10.1155/2014/368647 |doi-access=free |issn=2356-7872 |pmc=4897546 |pmid=27355059}}</ref> ''P. hysterophorus'' reproduces through seeds, so how the seeds are distributed and when is very important. The dispersal of seeds can be mediated by several methods. These include: water currents, stock feed, animals, and occasionally the wind. When it comes to long distance distribution, which contributes heavily to its invasive abilities,<ref name="Bashar-2023" /> is usually facilitated by moving vehicles, farm machinery and flooding.<ref name="Adkins-2019"/>

=== Allelopathy ===
[[File:Parthenin.svg|left|thumb|Chemical structure of [[parthenin]], a major toxic chemical found in ''Parthenium hysterophorus''<ref>{{PubChem|442288}}</ref>]]
[[File:The_pollen_grains_of_Parthenium_hysterophorus.jpg|thumb|Pollen grains of ''Parthenium hysterophorus'']]
''P. hysterophorus'' is an [[Allelopathy|allelopathic]] plant. Such plants produce growth-inhibiting chemicals that can positively or negatively affect the growth of other plants around them. Invasive species tend to have a negative [[Allelopathy|allelopathic]] effect, causing the arrest of growth for the native plants. Pasture growth, fruit setting in crops, and forage production are all negatively affected by the allelopathic chemicals that the weed releases. Such allelopathic chemicals for ''P. hysterophorus'' include many [[phenolic acid]] derivatives and a [[sesquiterpene lactone]] called [[parthenin]]. While parthenin is amongst many chemicals released by ''P. hysterophorus'' to be pinned as the most responsible for plant growth inhibition, it is also a severe irritant and [[allergen]]. Exposure to the parthenin in the plant can cause contact [[dermatitis]] in both plants and animals. The ''Parthenium'' pollen grains frequently trigger pollen allergies. If ingested, it can cause respiratory illness side effects such as [[hay fever]], [[asthma]], burning and blisters, breathlessness, choking, and [[allergic rhinitis]] in humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |first1=Abid |last1=Aqsa |first2=Mushtaq |last2=Ahmad |first3=Muhammad |last3=Zafar |first4=Sadia |last4=Zafar |first5=Mohamed Fawzy |last5=Ramadan |first6=Ashwaq T. |last6=Althobaiti |first7=Shazia |last7=Sultana |first8=Omer |last8=Kilic |first9=Trobjon |last9=Makhkamov |first10=Akramjon |last10=Yuldashev |first11=Oybek |last11=Mamarakhimov |first12=Khislat |last12=Khaydarov |first13=Afat O. |last13=Mammadova |first14=Komiljon |last14=Komilov |first15=Salman |last15=Majeed |date=December 2023 |title=Foliar epidermal and trichome micromorphological diversity among poisonous plants and their taxonomic significance |journal=Folia Horticulturae |language=en |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=243–274 |doi=10.2478/fhort-2023-0019 |issn=2083-5965 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu-2003"/> For animals, side effects can include [[Alopecia in animals|alopecia]], [[pruritus]], [[diarrhea]], and [[Anorexia (symptom)|anorexia]]. It can also be responsible for bitter milk disease in livestock when their fodder is contaminated with ''Parthenium'' leaves. Among other allelopathic effects of the species, the presence of grains inhibits fruit set in tomato, [[brinjal]], beans, and a number of other crop plants.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 4, 2005 |title=Campaign launched for biological control of a dangerous weed |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/04/stories/2005090400111200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209080833/http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/04/stories/2005090400111200.htm |archive-date=December 9, 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="Adkins-2019"/>

==Invasive species==
''Parthenium hysterophorus'' has been coined as one of the worst, and most successful [[invasive species]] on several continents.<ref name="Adhikari-2023">{{Cite journal |last1=Adhikari |first1=Pradeep |last2=Lee |first2=Yong-Ho |last3=Poudel |first3=Anil |last4=Lee |first4=Gaeun |last5=Hong |first5=Sun-Hee |last6=Park |first6=Yong-Soon |date=2023-01-04 |title=Predicting the Impact of Climate Change on the Habitat Distribution of Parthenium hysterophorus around the World and in South Korea |journal=Biology |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=84 |doi=10.3390/biology12010084 |doi-access=free |issn=2079-7737 |pmc=9855788 |pmid=36671776}}</ref> ''P. hysterophorus'' invades disturbed land, including roadsides. It infests pastures and farmland, causing often disastrous loss of yield, as reflected in common names such as ''famine weed''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Oudhia |first1=P |year=2000 |title=Allelopathic effects of ''Parthenium hysterophorus'' and ''Ageratum conyzoides'' on wheat var. Sujata |journal=Crop Research |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=563–566}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Oudhia |first1=P |year=2000 |title=Positive (inhibitory) allelopathic effects of ''Parthenium hysterophorus'' leaves on germination and seedling vigour of sunflower |journal=Crop Research |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=560–562}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Oudhia |first1=P |year=2001 |title=Allelopathic effects of leachates and extracts of different parts of an obnoxious weed ''Parthenium hysterophorus'' L. on germination and seedling vigour of selected crops |journal=Ecology, Environment and Conservation |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=427–434}}</ref><ref>Oudhia, P. and Tripathi, R.S. (1998). Allelopathic effects of ''Parthenium hysterophorus'' L. on Kodo, Mustard and problematic weeds. Proc. First International Conference on ''Parthenium'' Management (Vol. II) UAS, Dharwad 6-8 Oct. 1997: 136-139.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Oudhia |first1=P. |last2=Kolhe |first2=S.S. |last3=Tripathi |first3=R.S. |year=1997 |title=Allelopathic effect of ''Parthenium hysterophorus'' L. on germination of Linseed |journal=Indian J. Plant Physiol |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=327–329}}</ref> In some areas, heavy outbreaks have been ubiquitous, affecting livestock and crop production, and human health.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Gebeyehu |first=Adane Kebede |title=The distributions of parthenium weed (''Parthenium hysterophorus'' L. Asteraceae) and some of its socio-economic and ecological impacts in the Central Rift Valley, Adami Tulu-Jido Kombolcha Woreda; Ethiopia |access-date=2009-03-13 |degree=M.Sc. |publisher=Addis Ababa University |url=http://etd.aau.edu.et/dspace/bitstream/123456789/1622/1/P.hyaterophorus%20L..pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007152553/http://etd.aau.edu.et/dspace/bitstream/123456789/1622/1/P.hyaterophorus%20L..pdf |archive-date=2011-10-07 |year=2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2009-03-13 |title=Deadly weed invaded Uganda |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/674570 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316042424/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/674570 |archive-date=2009-03-16 |access-date=2009-03-13}}</ref>

''Parthenium hysterophorus'' originally inhabited terrains around Mexico, Central and South America.<ref name="GISD"/> It was first identified on the Island of Jamaica in 1753. Habitats in that area can range from the tropics to the deserts. However, after becoming an invasive species, this weed thrives most on land that is disturbed and [[Arable land|arable]]. Ever since the weed made its way out of its original habitat in the Americas, it has effectively invaded around 43 countries.<ref name="Kaur-2021">{{Cite book |title=Biology and management of problematic crop weed species |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-822917-0 |editor-last=Chauhan |editor-first=Bhagirath S. |edition=1st |location=Waltham, MA |year=2021 |pages=311–333 |chapter=Chapter 14- Parthenium hysterophorus |first1=Amarpreet |last1=Kaur |first2=Daizy Rani |last2=Batish |first3=Bhagirath Singh |last3=Chauhan |first4=Shalinder |last4=Kaur |first5=Harminder Pal |last5=Singh |first6=Ravinder Kumar |last6=Kohli |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-822917-0.00002-1}}</ref> This includes orchards, agricultural areas, wastelands, urban areas and more. They can also be found along the side of roads and railroad tracks.<ref name="Adkins-2019"/> There are 8 major and 11 minor invasive introductions of ''P. hysterophorus'' to non-native territories.<ref name="Bashar-2023"/> Contaminated grain, pasture, and seed lots are the primary culprits for the highly successful spread of the weed.<ref name="Kaur-2021"/> It is also said that specifically the introduction through contaminated cereal from North America was a contributor to the invasion in Israel.<ref name="Adkins-2019"/> The major introductions were in India and Ethiopia. The primary modes of dispersion are through roads, vehicles, wind, and water. Aside from being adept breeders, ''P. hysterophorus'' seeds are also resistant to stressful environments. They can withstand drought, high salt concentrations, and alkaline clay soils that would be lethal to most plants. Due to its allelopathic abilities, ''P. hysterophorus'' can pose as a danger to other plants, animals, and humans in the area it is invading. The species has been listed as an invasive alien species of Union Concern. This means it is illegal to import or sell this species in the whole of the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2021 |title=European Regulation on IAS |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/NL/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014R1143&from=EN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606012921/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/NL/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014R1143&from=EN |archive-date=2021-06-06 |access-date=2021-06-11}}</ref>

== Ecology ==
Depending on the habitat and the qualities of the organism, an invasive species can be detrimental and/or beneficial.<ref name="Patel-2011">{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=S |year=2011 |title=Harmful and beneficial aspects of ''Parthenium hysterophorus'': an update |journal=3 Biotech |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1007/s13205-011-0007-7 |pmc=3339593 |pmid=22558530}}</ref> While the plant is most known for its threat to ecosystems on multiple different continents, ''Parthenium hysterophorus'' has been found to have many attributes that could possibly benefit the ecosystems that it is technically non-native to.

=== Threats ===
[[File:Starr 050423-6650 Parthenium hysterophorus.jpg|thumb|''Parthenium hysterophorus'' on open land in Hawaii]]
''Parthenium hysterophorus'' survives primarily through [[Habitat destruction|habitat degradation]]. It produces allelopathic chemicals that inhibit the growth of other plants, and are extremely competitive. They compete with local crops, pasture plants and other indigenous foliage for nitrogenous soil components.<ref name="Adhikari-2023"/> Due to the weed being able to withstand a number of harsh environments and conditions, they rapidly take over most habitats that they invade and are difficult to remove once settled. High fecundity and seed dispersal methods also contribute to the plant's persistence. The success of ''P. hysterophorus'' as an invasive species has drastic effects on agriculture, human health, [[Biodiversity loss|biodiversity]] and [[habitat conservation]]. A study based out of South Korea published in 2023 discovered that ''P. hysterophorus'' thrives in habitats heavily affected by [[climate change]], predicting the northbound expansion and habitat sustainability of the plant by 2081-2100.<ref name="Adhikari-2023" />

The socioeconomic implications are of equal concern to scientists. In South Africa, ''Parthenium hysterophorus'' is known locally as ''famine weed''<ref name="Tiawoun-2024">{{Cite journal |last1=Tiawoun |first1=Makuété A. P. |last2=Malan |first2=Pieter W. |last3=Moshobane |first3=Moleseng C. |last4=Ramarumo |first4=Luambo J. |last5=Comole |first5=Alvino A. |last6=Naidoo |first6=Kubendran K. |date=2024-03-28 |title=Ecological Traits and Socio-Economic Impacts of the Alien Invader Weed Parthenium hysterophorus L. in South Africa's Rangeland Ecosystems: A Review |journal=Diversity |language=en |volume=16 |issue=4 |page=205 |doi=10.3390/d16040205 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024Diver..16..205T |issn=1424-2818 }}</ref> for its extremely destructive nature against agriculture and farming. ''P. hysterophorus'' was first recorded in the South African province, [[KwaZulu-Natal]] in 1880, but didn't become a true problem until the 1980s. ''P. hysterophorus'' slowly degrades the habitat over time by limiting the amount of healthy forage, so livestock productivity is jeopardized. This simultaneously damages the lives of the South African people who rely on agriculture and livestock, but also the environment as a whole. It is also a highly toxic allergen. It can cause respiratory and surface allergic reactions in humans and animals. The systematic ingestion of the weed by livestock poses a threat to food safety and security.<ref name="Bashar-2023"/> A study published in 2021 showed that the plant could accelerate the spread of [[malaria]] in Eastern Africa by supplying food and shelter to mosquitoes. This could classify the weed as a public health threat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Invasive weed could fuel malaria transmission |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-08-invasive-weed-fuel-malaria-transmission.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902123709/https://phys.org/news/2021-08-invasive-weed-fuel-malaria-transmission.html |archive-date=2021-09-02 |access-date=2021-09-02 |website=phys.org |language=en}}</ref>

=== Benefits ===
The allelopathic chemicals that are released by ''Parthenium hysterophorus'' are most known for their harmful effects on plants and the ecosystem. Research shows that the same allelopathic properties can be advantageous to the ecosystem in various ways. ''P. hysterophorus'' is essentially a natural [[herbicide]].<ref name="Bashar-2023"/> According to the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]], a herbicide is a chemical or substance that is used to control undesirable vegetation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=ORD |date=2015-11-04 |title=Herbicides |url=https://www.epa.gov/caddis/herbicides |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] |language=en}}</ref> Despite synthetic chemical herbicides being the go-to for killing weeds, they are toxic to the environment. They are also a threat to human and livestock health. Researchers have been searching for nature-derived alternatives to synthetic herbicides for decades.<ref name="Bashar-2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Bashar |first1=H. M. Khairul |last2=Juraimi |first2=Abdul Shukor |last3=Ahmad-Hamdani |first3=Muhammad Saiful |last4=Uddin |first4=Md Kamal |last5=Asib |first5=Norhayu |last6=Anwar |first6=Md. Parvez |last7=Rahaman |first7=Ferdoushi |date=2021-07-29 |title=A Mystic Weed, Parthenium hysterophorus: Threats, Potentials and Management |journal=Agronomy |language=en |volume=11 |issue=8 |page=1514 |doi=10.3390/agronomy11081514 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Agron..11.1514B |issn=2073-4395}}</ref> However, trying to lessen use of synthetic herbicides while still maintaining and increasing crop production poses a challenge.<ref name="Bashar-2023"/> Several studies have shown that concentrations of [[methanol]] extracted from the stem, leaf, and flower of ''P. hysterophorus'' have allelopathic effects on weed, density, seed germination and biomass.<ref name="Bashar-2023"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Motmainna |first1=Mst. |last2=Juraimi |first2=Abdul Shukor |last3=Uddin |first3=Md. Kamal |last4=Asib |first4=Norhayu Binti |last5=Islam |first5=A. K. M. Mominul |last6=Hasan |first6=Mahmudul |date=2021-03-27 |title=Bioherbicidal Properties of Parthenium hysterophorus, Cleome rutidosperma and Borreria alata Extracts on Selected Crop and Weed Species |journal=Agronomy |language=en |volume=11 |issue=4 |page=643 |doi=10.3390/agronomy11040643 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Agron..11..643M |issn=2073-4395}}</ref> Herbicides made some natural resources like ''P. hysterophorus'' both more cost-effective and environmentally friendly. The weed is also reported to have pesticidal, insecticidal, [[Nematicide|nematocidal]] potential. Additionally, ''Parthenium hysterophorus'' is also being looked at as a potential energy source due to ''P. hysterophorus'' being a [[lignocellulosic biomass]] and a possible source of ethanol.<ref name="Swati-2013"/> ''Parthenium hysterophorus'' is also being investigated as a possible means of removing heavy metals and dyes from the environment, control of aquatic weeds, commercial enzyme production, an additive in manure for [[biogas]] production, as a [[biopesticide]] and as [[green manure]] and [[compost]].<ref name="Patel-2011"/>

==Conservation and control==
[[File:Parthenium infestation in Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary.JPG|thumb|''Parthenium'' in [[Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary]] ]]
According to the [[National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004|National Environmental Management Biodiversity Act]] (NEMBA), ''P. hysterophorus'' is classified as a Category 1b alien invader in [[South Africa]].<ref name="Tiawoun-2024"/> Species in this category are thought to have no economic purpose and considered to be an extreme threat. However, especially in South Africa, not much research has been brought to discuss the possible benefits of the weed. In order to conserve the native biodiversity of the habitats invaded with ''Parthenium hysterophorus'', whilst ensuring it isn't forced into extinction, [[Conservation biology|conservation biologists]] have been investigating methods of control that consider both the favorable and unfavorable attributes of the weed.

=== Chemical Control ===
Chemical control is also a key method for managing ''Parthenium hysterophorus'', especially in heavily infested areas. Herbicides such as glyphosate, 2,4-D, [[metsulfuron-methyl]], [[atrazine]], and [[diuron]] have shown effectiveness in suppressing its growth when applied at early stages like the rosette phase.<ref name="Adkins-2019"/><ref name="Tiawoun-2024" /> Research also highlights the importance of timing and repeated applications for successful control.<ref name="Adkins-2019"/> However, excessive reliance on chemical herbicides can lead to environmental risks and herbicide resistance, suggesting that chemical control should be integrated with other management strategies.<ref name="Patel-2011"/><ref name="The Hindu-2003">{{cite news |date=2003-12-04 |title=Integrated weed management for parthenium |url=http://www.hindu.com/seta/2003/12/04/stories/2003120400101700.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031206153906/http://www.hindu.com/seta/2003/12/04/stories/2003120400101700.htm |archive-date=2003-12-06 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref name="Kaur-2014"/>

=== Physical control ===
Physical control of ''Parthenium hysterophorus'' involves manual or mechanical removal to directly reduce plant populations. Light infestations of ''Parthenium hysterophorus'' in cultivated fields may be hoed or weeded by hand if labor is available at acceptable cost, but the weed proliferates so quickly that larger measures are often implemented. Removing the weed by hand involves direct skin contact, which can cause allergic reactions like contact dermatitis.<ref name="Tiawoun-2024" /> Mechanical methods like mowing or slashing can also limit spread, though repeated efforts are necessary to deplete the persistent soil seed bank and prevent regrowth.<ref name="Adkins-2019"/><ref name="Swati-2013">{{Cite journal |last1=Swati |first1=Ghosh |last2=Haldar |first2=S. |last3=Ganguly |first3=A. |last4=Chatterjee |first4=P. K. |date=2013-04-01 |title=Review on Parthenium hysterphorus as a potential energy source |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032112007071 |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |volume=20 |pages=420–429 |doi=10.1016/j.rser.2012.12.011 |bibcode=2013RSERv..20..420S |issn=1364-0321|url-access=subscription }}</ref> While physical control is labor-intensive and less practical for large-scale infestations, it remains a valuable tool when used in combination with chemical and cultural strategies.<ref name="Patel-2011"/>

=== Cultural control ===
Cultural control methods aim to suppress ''Parthenium hysterophorus'' by promoting the growth of competitive, desirable plant species. Techniques such as crop rotation, intercropping, and maintaining dense pasturelands help prevent the weed from establishing.<ref name="Adkins-2019"/> Planting fast-growing grasses like ''Cenchrus ciliaris'' has been particularly effective in reducing its spread.<ref name="The Hindu-2003" /> Cultural practices not only limit ''P. hysterophorus'' populations but also enhance soil health and biodiversity, making them a sustainable option when combined with other control methods.<ref name="Adkins-2019"/>

=== Biological control ===
The most satisfactory and promising means of practical long-term control are biological. In various countries, such as Australia and South Africa, several other [[Biological pest control|biocontrol]] agents have been released or are under evaluation. Various species that feed on the weed are in use or on trial in various countries. The best-established control organism so far is a beetle native to Mexico, ''[[Calligrapha bicolorata]]'' (Mexican beetle), which was first introduced to India in 1984. It since has become widespread and well-established on the subcontinent. It defoliates and often kills the weed, and its damage to the young flowering tops reduces seed production.<ref name="Patel-2011"/> Two more species of beetles that have been released in South Africa, a stem boring weevil ''Listronotus setosipennis'', and a seed weevil ''Smicronyx lutulentus''.<ref>ARC-PPRI Fact Sheets on Invasive Alien Plants and their Control in South Africa|[http://www.arc.agric.za/arc-ppri/Fact%20Sheets%20Library/Parthenium%20hysterophorus.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184607/http://www.arc.agric.za/arc-ppri/Fact%20Sheets%20Library/Parthenium%20hysterophorus.pdf|date=2018-02-05}}</ref> In Australia, the two species with the greatest effect seem to be the beetle ''[[Calligrapha bicolorata]]'' and a stem-galling moth ''[[Epiblema strenuana]]''. However, other species that appear to have established usefully include a leaf-mining moth, ''[[Bucculatrix parthenica]]''; a stem-galling weevil, ''Conotrachelus albocinereus''; and a root-boring moth ''[[Carmenta ithacae]]''.<ref name="Patel-2011"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3595850}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Parthenium|hysterophorus]]
[[Category:Flora of the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Flora of Central America]]
[[Category:Flora of Mexico]]
[[Category:Flora of Southern America]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Flora without expected TNC conservation status]]

Hamid Karzai

2026-03-27T22:56:34Z

GeorgeGirdleston: cleanup references for accuracy and added references per sources

{{short description|President of Afghanistan from 2002 to 2014}}
{{redirect|Karzai|the surname|Karzai (surname)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Hamid Karzai
| native_name = {{nobold|حامد کرزی}}
| native_name_lang = ps
| honorific_prefix =
| order = 7th
| office = President of Afghanistan
| term_start = 13 June 2002
| term_end = 29 September 2014
| image = Hamid Karzai listens to Barack Obama in Kabul 2012 (cropped) (2).jpg
| caption = Karzai in 2012
| predecessor = [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]]
| successor = [[Ashraf Ghani]]
| vicepresident = {{plainlist|
*[[Hedayat Amin Arsala]]
*[[Mohammed Fahim]]
*[[Nematullah Shahrani]]
*[[Karim Khalili]]
*[[Abdul Qadir (Afghan leader)|Abdul Qadir]]
*[[Ahmad Zia Massoud]]
*[[Yunus Qanuni]]
}}
| office1 = Chairman of the [[Afghan Interim Administration]]
| term_start1 = 22 December 2001<ref>{{cite web |title=Bonn Agreement |url=https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/AF_011205_AgreementProvisionalArrangementsinAfghanistan%28en%29.pdf |publisher=[[United Nations Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs]] |access-date=30 June 2022 |date=5 December 2001}}</ref>
| term_end1 = 13 June 2002
| 1blankname1 = Vice{{nbsp}}Chairman
| 1namedata1 = {{plainlist|
*[[Sima Samar]]
*[[Mohammed Fahim]]
*[[Muhammad Mohaqiq]]
*[[Mohammad Shakir Kargar]]
*[[Hedayat Amin Arsala]]
}}
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|12|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Karz, Kandahar|Karz]], Afghanistan
| death_date =
| death_place =
| father = [[Abdul Ahad Karzai]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Zeenat Karzai]]|1999}}
| children = 4
| alma_mater = [[Himachal Pradesh University]]
| nationality = Afghan
| website =
| battles = [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]]
[[United States invasion of Afghanistan]]
*[[Battle of Tarinkot]]
*[[Battle of Sayyd Alma Kalay]]
*[[Fall of Kandahar]]
[[Taliban insurgency]]
}}

'''Hamid Karzai'''{{efn|{{blist|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɑː|m|ɪ|d|_|ˈ|k|ɑːr|z|aɪ}} {{respell|HAHM|id KAHR|zy}}|{{langx|ps|حامد کرزی|Hāmid Karzay}}, {{IPA|ps|hɑˈmɪd kɐɾˈzɐɪ|pron}}|{{langx|prs|{{nq|حامد کرزیی}}|Hāmid Karzayī}}, {{IPA|prs|hɑːˈmɪd kʰɐɾzɐˈjiː|pron}}}}}} (born 24 December 1957) is an Afghan politician who served as the seventh [[president of Afghanistan]] from 2002 to 2014, including as the first president of the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] from 2004 to 2014. He also served as chairman of the [[Afghan Interim Administration]] from 2001 to 2002.

Born in [[Kandahar]], Karzai graduated from [[Habibia High School]] in [[Kabul]] and later received a [[master's degree]] from [[Himachal Pradesh University]], [[Summerhill, Shimla]], [[India]], in the 1980s. He moved to [[Pakistan]] where he was active as a fundraiser for the [[Afghan mujahideen]] during the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] (1979–1989) and its aftermath. He briefly served as Deputy Foreign Minister in the [[Islamic State of Afghanistan]] government. In July 1999, Karzai's father was assassinated and Karzai succeeded him as head of the Popalzai tribe. In October 2001 the [[United States invasion of Afghanistan]] began and Karzai led the Pashtun tribes in and around Kandahar in an uprising against the [[Taliban]]; he became a dominant political figure after the removal of the Taliban regime in late 2001. During the December 2001 [[International Conference on Afghanistan (2001)|International Conference on Afghanistan]] in Germany, Karzai was selected by prominent Afghan political figures to serve a six-month term as chairman of the [[Afghan Interim Administration|Interim Administration]].

He was then chosen for a two-year term as [[Acting president|interim president]] during the [[2002 loya jirga]] (grand assembly) that was held in Kabul, [[Afghanistan]]. After the [[2004 Afghan presidential election|2004 presidential election]], Karzai was declared the winner and became President of Afghanistan. He won a second five-year term in the [[2009 Afghan presidential election|2009 presidential election]]; this term ended in September 2014, and he was succeeded by [[Ashraf Ghani]].

During his presidency, Karzai was known in the international community for being an alliance builder between Afghanistan's multi-ethnic communities. He also strengthened [[Afghanistan–Pakistan relations]]. In later years, his relationship with [[NATO]] and the United States became increasingly strained. Karzai's stance on extremism and terrorism was criticized. Karzai described the Taliban as his brothers, and warned that the heavy-handed [[counterinsurgency]] in Afghanistan would only revive the [[Taliban insurgency]] against the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|former Afghan government]]. Instead he urged the US to instead focus on subduing Pakistan's support for the Taliban leadership, but the US largely ignored his requests. Karzai was also accused of [[corruption]].<ref>{{cite web |date=20 August 2009 |title=Afghanistan election: profile of Afghan President Hamid Karzai |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/6056559/Afghanistan-election-profile-of-Afghan-President-Hamid-Karzai.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616133048/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/6056559/Afghanistan-election-profile-of-Afghan-President-Hamid-Karzai.html |archive-date=16 June 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=The Telegraph |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=10 July 2014 |title=Profile: Afghanistan's President Hamid Karzai |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22612226 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616170325/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22612226 |archive-date=16 June 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020 |publisher=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=30 March 2014 |title=Hamid Karzai's tangled legacy: inept failure or anti-Taliban hero? |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/30/hamid-karzai-afghanistan-tangled-legacy-taliban |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112013850/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/30/hamid-karzai-afghanistan-tangled-legacy-taliban |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210820-with-taliban-talks-former-afghan-leader-karzai-makes-a-comeback|title=With Taliban talks, former Afghan leader Karzai makes a comeback|date=20 August 2021|website=France 24}}</ref>

After the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Taliban takeover of Kabul]] in 2021, Karzai stated the Taliban did not capture the city by force, but rather were invited by him in order to prevent chaos.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 December 2021 |title=The AP Interview: Karzai 'Invited' Taliban to Stop Chaos |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/the-ap-interview-karzai-invited-taliban-to-stop-chaos-/6355544.html |website=Voice of America}}</ref> He said that in order to gain [[Recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|international recognition]], the new Taliban government needed internal legitimacy, which could be achieved through a [[general election]] or ''[[loya jirga]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2021 |title=Exclusive Interview: Karzai Says Taliban's International Recognition Requires Internal Legitimacy |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/exclusive-interview-karzai-says-taliban-s-international-recognition-requires-internal-legitimacy/6274709.html |website=Voice of America}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 December 2022 |title=Hamid Karzai is trying to find his place in the new Afghanistan |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/12/22/afghanistan-taliban-karzai-ghani-withdrawal/ |access-date=2 July 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hamid Karzai stays on in Afghanistan |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/08/08/1115674232/afghanistan-taliban-hamid-karzai-us-withdrawal}}</ref>

==Early life and beginning of political career==
Karzai was born on 24 December 1957 in the [[Karz, Kandahar|Karz]] area of [[Kandahar|Kandahar City]] in southern Afghanistan.<ref name=theguardian>{{Cite news|first=Jason|last=Burke|title=Hard man in a hard country|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/20/afghanistan?gusrc=rss&feed=global|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=7 March 2008|access-date=14 March 2009|archive-date=2 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002173328/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/20/afghanistan?gusrc=rss&feed=global|url-status=live}}</ref> Hamid belongs to the [[Popalzai]] tribe of [[Durrani]] [[Pashtuns]] and was the local [[Khan (title)|chief]] of the tribe in [[Kandahar Province]]. His father, [[Abdul Ahad Karzai]], served as the [[House of the People (Afghanistan)|Deputy Speaker of the Afghan Parliament]] during the 1960s. His grandfather, Khair Mohammad Khan, had fought in the 1919 [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] and was the [[House of Elders (Afghanistan)|Deputy Speaker of the Senate]]. The [[Karzai (surname)|Karzai]] family were [[monarchism|monarchists]] and remained strong supporters of [[Mohammed Zahir Shah]], the last [[List of heads of state of Afghanistan|king of Afghanistan]]. His uncle, [[Habibullah Karzai]], served as the Afghan representative at the UN<ref name="DyckAfghanistan">{{cite news|last1=Van Dyck|first1=Jere |title=The Afghan Rulers: Fiercely Traditional Tribes|work=[[The New York Times]]|page=2|date=21 December 1981|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/21/world/the-afghan-rulers-fiercely-traditional-tribes.html|access-date=3 October 2010|location=United States|archive-date=18 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018120815/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/21/world/the-afghan-rulers-fiercely-traditional-tribes.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and is said to have accompanied King Zahir to the United States in the early 1960s for a special meeting with U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]].

Hamid Karzai attended [[Mir Mahmud Hotaki|Mahmood Hotaki]] Primary School in Kandahar and [[Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī|Sayed Jamaluddin Afghani]] School in [[Kabul]]. He graduated from [[Habibia High School]] in Kabul in 1976.<ref>{{cite web|title=Office of the President|url=http://www.president.gov.af/sroot_eng.aspx?id=166|publisher=Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|access-date=3 October 2010|location=Afghanistan|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127092423/http://president.gov.af/sroot_eng.aspx?id=166|archive-date=27 November 2010}}</ref> After graduating, he went to [[India]] as an exchange student in 1976, and studied for a master's degree in international relations and political science at [[Himachal Pradesh University]] in [[Shimla]], obtaining his degree in 1983.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://president.gov.af/en/page/1043 |title=Biography – Office of the President |publisher=President.gov.af |access-date=22 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907085823/http://president.gov.af/en/page/1043 |archive-date=7 September 2014 }}</ref> Karzai then moved to Pakistan and worked as a fundraiser for the [[anti-communist]] [[Afghan mujahideen|Afghan rebels]] during their [[Soviet–Afghan War|1980s uprising]] against the rule of Soviet-backed Afghan [[Mohammad Najibullah]].<ref name="bostonglobe">{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2005/05/22/afghan_presidents_brother_looks_back/|title=Afghan president's brother looks back|last=Stockman|first=Farah|date=22 May 2005|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|access-date=14 April 2009|archive-date=12 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512030151/http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2005/05/22/afghan_presidents_brother_looks_back/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Hamid Karzai returned to Afghanistan in early October 1988, late in the war, to assist in the rebel victory in [[Tarinkot]]. He assisted in mobilizing the Popalzai and the other Durrani tribes and helped to drive Najibullah's regime from the city. Karzai also helped negotiate the defection of five hundred of Najibullah's soldiers.<ref>Tomsen, Peter. ''The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failure of Great Powers''.</ref> When Najibullah's [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|pro-Soviet government]] collapsed in 1992, the [[Peshawar Accord]]s agreed upon by the Afghan political parties established the [[Islamic State of Afghanistan]] and appointed an interim government to be followed by general elections. Karzai accompanied the first mujahideen leaders into Kabul after President Najibullah stepped down in 1992.<ref name="observer">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/20/afghanistan?gusrc=rss&feed=global|title=Hard man in a hard country|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=20 July 2008|work=The Observer|access-date=14 April 2009|location=London|archive-date=2 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002173328/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/20/afghanistan?gusrc=rss&feed=global|url-status=live}}</ref> He served as [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Afghanistan)|Deputy Foreign Minister]] in the government of [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]]. Karzai was arrested, however, by [[Mohammad Fahim]] (who would later become Karzai's vice president) on charges of spying for [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]] in what Karzai claimed was an effort to negotiate between Hekmatyar's forces and Rabbani's government. Karzai fled from Kabul in a vehicle provided by Hekmatyar and driven by [[Gul Rahman]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150111180506/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/43518438/ns/world_news-south_and_central_asia/t/karzai-surrounds-himself-anti-american-advisers/ Karzai surrounding himself with anti-US advisers] {{cbignore|bot=medic}}, by Kathy Gannon,</ref>

When the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Taliban]] emerged in the mid-1990s, Karzai initially recognized them as the legitimate government because he thought that they would stop the violence and corruption in the country.<ref name="WashingtonPost-2008-02-10">{{Cite news|first=Ann|last=Marlowe|title=Two Myths About Afghanistan|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/10/AR2008021001972.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|location=United States|page=A13|date=11 February 2008|access-date=11 February 2008|archive-date=15 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515201842/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/10/AR2008021001972.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was requested by the Taliban to serve as their ambassador, but refused, telling friends that he felt Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI) was wrongly using them.<ref name="PBS">{{cite web |date=December 2001 |title=Profile:Hamid Karzai |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/afghanistan/karzai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116114230/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/afghanistan/karzai.html |archive-date=16 January 2010 |access-date=3 October 2010 |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service]] (PBS) |location=United States}}</ref> Karzai then wanted to represent the Taliban government for the [[UN]], but the Taliban leader did not trust Karzai due to him having many links with westerners. Karzai lived in the Pakistani city of [[Quetta]] among many other [[Afghans in Pakistan|Afghan refugees]], where he worked to reinstate former Afghan king Zahir Shah, meeting the king in Italy several times. He also visited Western embassies (including the [[U.S. embassy in Islamabad]]) several times, talking with UN diplomat [[Norbert Holl]], and attempted to gain American support for "modern, educated Afghans" to weaken the Taliban's views. Karzai's father was reportedly annoyed with him for not making clear-cut choices and wanting to be friends with everyone.<ref name="afghanistan-analysts.org">{{cite web|date=1 September 2014|title=Book Excerpt: Scenes of Afghan History – Hamed Karzai before 2001|url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/context-culture/scenes-of-afghan-history-hamed-karzai-before-2001/|access-date=15 November 2020|website=Afghanistan Analysts Network - English|language=ps-GB|archive-date=16 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616161156/https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/context-culture/scenes-of-afghan-history-hamed-karzai-before-2001/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 1999, Karzai's father, Abdul Ahad Karzai, was shot dead early in the morning while returning home from a [[mosque]] in Quetta. Reports suggest that the Taliban carried out the assassination.<ref name="PBS"/> Following this incident, Karzai took over as [[Khan (title)|khan]] of the tribe and decided to work closely with the anti-Taliban [[Northern Alliance]], which was led by [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]].<ref name="afghanistan-analysts.org"/>

In 2000 and 2001, he travelled to Europe and the United States to help gather support for the anti-Taliban movement. "Massoud and Karzai warned the United States that the Taliban were connected with [[al Qaeda]] and that there was a plot for an imminent attack on the United States, but their warnings went unheeded. On September 9, 2001, two days before the [[September 11 attacks]] in the US, Massoud was assassinated by al Qaeda agents in a suicide bombing."<ref name="bio">{{cite web |publisher=[[The Biography Channel]] |url=http://www.biography.com/people/hamid-karzai-537356?page=2 |title=Biography of Hamid Karzai: 9/11 and US Invasion |page=2 |access-date=7 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527203208/http://www.biography.com/people/hamid-karzai-537356?page=2 |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As the [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. Armed Forces]] were preparing for a confrontation with the Taliban in September 2001, Karzai began urging [[NATO]] states to purge his country of al-Qaeda. He said in a BBC interview, "These Arabs, together with their foreign supporters and the Taliban, destroyed miles and miles of homes and orchards and vineyards ... They have killed Afghans. They have trained their guns on Afghan lives ... We want them out."<ref name="PBS"/>

==President and chairman of a transitional administration==
{{Further|List of Afghan Transitional Administration personnel}}
[[File:Hamid Karzai became winner at the 2002 Loya Jirga.jpg|thumb|Karzai appointed as President of the [[List of Afghan Transitional Administration personnel|Afghan Transitional Administration]] at the June 2002 [[loya jirga]] (grand assembly) in [[Kabul]], Afghanistan.]]Karzai had been a US [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] contact, and was well regarded by the CIA.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Malkasian|first=Carter|title=The American war in Afghanistan : a history|date=2021|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-755077-9|location=New York|pages=76–78|oclc=1240264784}}</ref> After the [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|7 October 2001 launch of Operation Enduring Freedom]], the [[United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan|United Front]] (Northern Alliance) worked with teams of [[Special Forces (United States Army)|U.S. special forces]] and together they overthrew the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Taliban regime]] and mustered support for a new government in Afghanistan. Karzai and his group were in Quetta, where they began a covert operation.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/2003/journey/afghanistan.html |title=Home Free |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=18 August 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408191839/http://www.time.com/time/asia/2003/journey/afghanistan.html |archive-date=8 April 2011}}</ref> Later, many would claim that at this moment the US decided that Karzai should be the next leader of Afghanistan.<ref name=":5" /> Before entering Afghanistan, he warned his fighters.

Karzai gathered several hundred fighters from his tribe, but were attacked by the Taliban. Karzai barely survived, and used his contacts with the CIA to call for an airlift.<ref name=":5" /> On 4 November 2001, [[United States special operations forces|American special operation forces]] flew Karzai out of Afghanistan for protection.<ref name="lose">"[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/07/afghanistan.terrorism1 Taliban lose grip on Mazar-i-Sharif]". ''[[The Guardian]]''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917214935/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/07/afghanistan.terrorism1 |date=17 September 2018 }}, 7 November 2001.</ref> On 5 December 2001, Hamid Karzai and his group of fighters survived a [[friendly fire]] missile attack by [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] pilots in southern Afghanistan. The group suffered injuries and was treated in the United States; Karzai received injuries to his facial nerves, as can sometimes be noticed during his speeches.

[[File:Hamid Karzai at the US Congress on Capitol Hill.jpg|thumb|upright|Karzai speaking before the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] in June 2004]]

In December 2001, political leaders gathered in Germany to agree on new leadership structures. Under 5 December [[Bonn Agreement (Afghanistan)|Bonn Agreement]], they formed an [[Afghan Interim Administration|Interim Administration]] and named Karzai Chairman of a 29-member governing committee. He was sworn in as the leader on 22 December. The [[loya jirga]] of 13 June 2002 appointed Karzai as Interim President of the new position as President of the [[Afghan Transitional Administration]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gall|first=Carlotta|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/20/world/a-buoyant-karzai-is-sworn-in-as-afghanistan-s-leader.html|title=A Buoyant Karzai is Sworn In as Afghanistan's Leader|work=The New York Times|date=20 June 2002|access-date=31 January 2010|archive-date=28 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228162323/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/20/world/a-buoyant-karzai-is-sworn-in-as-afghanistan-s-leader.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Former members of the Northern Alliance remained extremely influential, most notably Vice President [[Mohammed Fahim]], who also served as the [[Ministry of Defense (Afghanistan)|Defense Minister]].

Karzai re-enacted the original coronation of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] at the shrine of Sher-i-Surkh outside Kandahar, where he had leaders of various Afghan tribes, including a descendant of the religious leader (Sabir Shah) who originally selected Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747, as key players in this event.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Waldman|first=Amy|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/08/world/a-nation-challenged-politics-in-rite-of-past-afghans-see-way-to-forge-future.html|title=Karzai's coronation at Sher-i-Surkh|work=The New York Times|date=8 January 2002|access-date=31 January 2010|archive-date=11 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511213012/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/08/world/a-nation-challenged-politics-in-rite-of-past-afghans-see-way-to-forge-future.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Further evidence that Karzai views himself fulfilling a [[Durrani Empire|Durrani]] monarch's role arises from statements furnished by close allies within his government.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/09/magazine/09Karzai-t.html "Karzai's Labyrinth"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723110524/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/09/magazine/09Karzai-t.html |date=23 July 2016 }}. ''[[The New York Times Magazine]]''. Quote: "As such he's the last resort for those seeking to rectify injustice. 'In his dream he is a king,' one friend says."</ref> His late brother, Ahmed Wali Karzai, made statements to a similar effect.<ref>[https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20091118/ap_on_re_as/as_afghanistan_karzai_s_brother Yahoo article about Ahmed Wali Karzai] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091121043748/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20091118/ap_on_re_as/as_afghanistan_karzai_s_brother |date=21 November 2009 }} {{"'}}Yes, I am powerful because I am the president's brother,' he [Ahmed Wali Karzai] said. 'This is a country ruled by kings. The king's brothers, cousins, sons are all powerful. This is Afghanistan. It will change but it will not change overnight.{{'"}}</ref>

As part of his efforts to unite Afghanistan's ethnicities, Karzai favored an [[Afghan clothing|Afghan dress]] that combines traditional design features from the various ethnics<ref>{{cite news |author=Rod Nordland |title=The Afghan Leader's Hat, Always More Than Just Headgear, Is Losing Its Cachet |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/27/world/asia/27karzai.html |access-date=8 July 2021 |date=26 January 2010 |url-status=live |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610073134/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/27/world/asia/27karzai.html}}</ref> – [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]]-style long shirt and loose trousers, an outer robe popular among the [[Tajiks]] and [[Uzbeks]], and most distinctively a ''[[Karakul (hat)|karakul]]'' hat worn by highlanders from the valley of [[Panjshir Valley|Panjshir]]. In 2002 designer [[Tom Ford]], who worked at the time for [[Gucci]], was quoted calling Karzai "the most chic man in the world".<ref>{{cite web |title=Karzai heads for hat trouble |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1956862.stm |publisher=BBC News |access-date=8 July 2021 |date=28 April 2002 |url-status=live |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414231049/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1956862.stm}}</ref>

After Karzai was installed into power, his actual authority outside the capital city of [[Kabul]] was said to be so limited that he was often derided as the "Mayor of Kabul". The situation was particularly delicate since Karzai and his administration have not been equipped either financially or politically to influence reforms outside of the region around Kabul. Other areas, particularly the more remote ones, have historically been under the influence of various local leaders. Karzai has been, to varying degrees of success, attempting to negotiate and form amicable alliances with them for the benefit of Afghanistan as a whole, instead of aggressively fighting them and risking an uprising.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}

In 2004, he rejected an international proposal to end [[poppy production in Afghanistan]] through aerial spraying of chemical [[herbicide]]s, fearing that it would harm the economic situation of his countrymen. Moreover, Karzai's younger brother, [[Ahmed Wali Karzai]] – who partially helped finance Karzai's presidential campaign – was rumored to be involved in [[narcotic]] deals. [[James Risen]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' and others<ref name="Mirage of the Good War">[[Tariq Ali]], New Left Review 50, March–April 2008. "[http://www.newleftrevie65.org/?page=article&view=2713|Afghanistan: Mirage of the Good War]"</ref> stated that Ahmed Wali Karzai may have been involved in the [[opium production in Afghanistan|Afghan opium and heroin trade]]. This was denied by Karzai, who called the charges political [[propaganda]] and stated he was a "victim of vicious politics".<ref name="risen">{{cite news|first=James|last=Risen|author-link=James Risen|title=Reports Link Karzai's Brother to Afghan Heroin Trade |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/05/world/asia/05afghan.html?ref=asia|work=The New York Times |date=4 October 2008|access-date=5 October 2008}}</ref>

==2004 Afghan presidential election==
{{Main|2004 Afghan presidential election}}

[[File:Inauguration of President Hamid Karzai in December 2004.jpg|thumb|Karzai's inauguration on 7 December 2004, after winning the [[2004 Afghan presidential election|presidential election]].]]
When Karzai was a candidate in the October 2004 [[2004 Afghan presidential election|presidential election]], he won 21 of the 34 [[provinces of Afghanistan|provinces]], defeating his 22 opponents and becoming the first democratically elected leader of Afghanistan.

Although his campaigning was limited due to fears of violence, elections passed without significant incident. Following an investigation by the United Nations of alleged voting irregularities, the national election commission in early November declared Karzai winner, without a runoff, with 55.4% of the vote. This represented 4.3 million of the total 8.1 million votes cast. The election took place safely in spite of a surge of insurgent activity.<ref name="Democracy Is Born">{{Cite book |author=Matthew J. Morgan |title=A Democracy Is Born: An Insider's Account of the Battle Against Terrorism in Afghanistan |url=https://archive.org/details/democracyisborni0000morg |year= 2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-99999-5 |access-date=16 September 2008 |url-access=registration }}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref>

Karzai was sworn in as President of the [[Islamic republic|Islamic Republic]] of Afghanistan on 7 December 2004, at a formal ceremony in Kabul. Many interpreted the ceremony as a symbolically important "new start" for the war-torn nation. Notable guests at the inauguration included the country's former King, [[Mohammed Zahir Shah|Zahir Shah]], three former U.S. presidents, and U.S. Vice President [[Dick Cheney]].

==Presidency==
{{Main|Presidency of Hamid Karzai}}

===First term (2004–2009)===
After winning a democratic mandate in the 2004 election, it was thought that Karzai would pursue a more aggressively reformist path in 2005. However, Karzai has proved to be more cautious than was expected. After his new administration took over in 2004, the [[economy of Afghanistan]] began growing rapidly for the first time in many years. Government revenue began increasing every year, although it is still heavily dependent on foreign aid.
[[File:Hamid Karzai with George and Laura Bush at Camp David.jpg|thumb|Karzai with former US President [[George W. Bush]] and wife [[Laura Bush]] at [[Camp David]] in 2007.]]
During the first term in [[Presidency of Hamid Karzai|Karzai's presidency]], public discontent grew about corruption and the civilian casualties in the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|2001–14]]. In May 2006, an anti-American and anti-Karzai riot took place in Kabul which left at least seven people dead and 40 injured.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/blog/2006/may/29/afghanistan |title=Afghanistan: violence surges |work=The Guardian |location=UK |date=29 May 2006 |access-date=31 January 2010 |first=Mark |last=Tran |archive-date=30 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830031740/http://www.theguardian.com/news/blog/2006/may/29/afghanistan |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2007, after as many as 51 Afghan civilians were killed in a bombing, Karzai asserted that his government "can no longer accept" casualties caused by U.S. and [[NATO]] operations.<ref name="washingtonpost_May_3_2007">{{Cite news|date = 3 May 2007|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/02/AR2007050202757.html|title = Karzai Says Civilian Toll Is No Longer Acceptable|newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]|access-date = 1 May 2008|author = Pamela Constable|author-link = Pamela Constable|archive-date = 21 August 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080821065514/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/02/AR2007050202757.html|url-status = live}}</ref>
[[File:Hamid Karzai in February 2009.jpg|thumbnail|Karzai in February 2009]]
In September 2006, Karzai told the [[United Nations General Assembly]] that Afghanistan has become the "worst victim" of terrorism.<ref>RFE/RL, [http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/09/9d5c90e1-de6e-4def-a053-9ba2f0aa4747.html/ Karzai Says Afghanistan 'Worst Victim' Of Terrorism ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612085114/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/09/9d5c90e1-de6e-4def-a053-9ba2f0aa4747.html |date=12 June 2008 }}</ref> Karzai said terrorism is rebounding in his country, with militants infiltrating the borders to wage attacks on civilians. He stated, "This does not have its seeds alone in Afghanistan. Military action in the country will, therefore, not deliver the shared goal of eliminating terrorism." He demanded assistance from the international community to destroy terrorist sanctuaries inside and outside Afghanistan. "You have to look beyond Afghanistan to the sources of terrorism", he told the UN General Assembly, and "destroy terrorist sanctuaries beyond" the country, dismantle the elaborate networks in the region that recruit, indoctrinate, train, finance, arm, and deploy terrorists. These activities are also robbing thousands of Afghan children of their right to education, and prevent health workers from doing their jobs in Afghanistan. In addition, he promised to eliminate opium-poppy cultivation in his country, which is possibly helping fuel the ongoing [[Taliban insurgency]]. He has repeatedly demanded that NATO forces take more care to avoid civilian casualties when conducting military operations in residential areas.<ref name="southcoast">{{cite web |date=18 October 2006 |url=http://archive.southcoasttoday.com/daily/10-06/10-19-06/16world-nation.htm |title=Civilians reported killed by airstrikes as NATO hunts Taliban |newspaper=[[The Standard-Times (New Bedford)|The Standard Times]] |access-date=1 May 2008 |author=Kathy Gannon |archive-date=30 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630212724/http://archive.southcoasttoday.com/daily/10-06/10-19-06/16world-nation.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In a September 2006 video broadcast, Karzai stated that if the money wasted on the [[Iraq War]] had been actually spent on rebuilding Afghanistan, his country would "be in heaven in less than one year".<ref name="msnbc">{{cite web|date=24 September 2006|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna14986859|title=Karzai says U.S. underfunding Afghanistan|publisher=NBC|access-date=11 December 2007|quote=Iraq war money could have stabilized the nation against Taliban surge, he says|archive-date=30 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730092242/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/14986859|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2009 re-election and second term===
{{Further|2009 Afghan presidential election}}
On the eve of the presidential election on 20 August, Karzai seemed at once deeply unpopular but also likely to win the majority of the votes. He was blamed by many for the failures that plagued the reconstruction of Afghanistan after the toppling of the Taliban government in 2001, from the widespread corruption and the resurgence of the (neo-)Taliban to the explosion of the poppy trade. His unpopularity and the likelihood of his victory formed an atmosphere with a kind of national demoralization, which could discourage many Afghans from voting and dash hopes for substantial progress after the election.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/26/world/asia/26afghan.html "Afghan Leader Criticizes U.S. on Conduct of War"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211222833/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/26/world/asia/26afghan.html |date=11 December 2008 }}, ''The New York Times''</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/08/world/asia/08karzai.html "Leader of Afghanistan Finds Himself Hero No More"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723110536/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/08/world/asia/08karzai.html |date=23 July 2016 }}, ''The New York Times''</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/25/world/asia/25karzai.html "Afghan Leader Outmaneuvers Election Rivals"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723110549/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/25/world/asia/25karzai.html |date=23 July 2016 }}, ''The New York Times''</ref>

In this second presidential election, Karzai was announced to have received over 50% of the votes. The election was tainted by lack of security, low [[voter turnout]] and widespread [[ballot stuffing]], intimidation, and other [[electoral fraud]].<ref name="Afghan commission orders first ballots invalidated">{{cite web|last=McDonald |first=Charlotte |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i3xqZSi2U_mgENDm3TK0-yqI7I_g |title=Afghan commission orders first ballots invalidated |date=10 September 2009 |access-date=31 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413122433/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i3xqZSi2U_mgENDm3TK0-yqI7I_g |archive-date=13 April 2010 }}</ref>

Two months later Karzai accepted calls for a [[2009 Afghan presidential election#November 7 run-off election|second round run-off vote]], which was scheduled for 7 November 2009.<ref name="Karzai Agrees to 7 Nov Runoff in Afghanistan">[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/21/world/asia/21afghan.html "Karzai Agrees to Nov.–7 Runoff in Afghanistan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814193933/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/21/world/asia/21afghan.html |date=14 August 2018 }}, ''The New York Times''</ref><ref name="Hamid Karzai agrees to run-off amid fears of more violence and fraud">{{Cite news |last=Farmer |first=Ben |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/6389109/Hamid-Karzai-agrees-to-run-off-amid-fears-of-more-violence-and-fraud.html |title=Hamid Karzai agrees to run-off amid fears of more violence and fraud |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |date=20 October 2009 |access-date=31 January 2010 |archive-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003013841/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/6389109/Hamid-Karzai-agrees-to-run-off-amid-fears-of-more-violence-and-fraud.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the runoff, he secured the support of influential power brokers, including the Ismailis in Afghanistan, represented locally by [[Sayed Mansur Naderi]]. Naderi facilitated two significant campaign rallies for him, one in Kayan, his birthplace, and another in the Kabul stadium. Both events attracted nearly a hundred thousand attendees, including men, women, and youths, demonstrating the support of the Afghan Ismailis for Hamid Karzai.<ref name="Karzai in Kayan">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/02/world/asia/02afghan.html|title=Karzai Campaigns in Remote Afghan Valley |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 2009 |accessdate=28 March 2024 |last1=Wafa |first1=Abdul Waheed }}</ref>

On 2 November 2009, Karzai's run-off opponent, [[Abdullah Abdullah]], withdrew from the race and election officials announced the cancellation of the [[Two-round system|run-off race]]. Karzai, the only remaining contender, was declared the winner a short time later.<ref name="Karzai Gets New Term as Afghan Runoff Is Scrapped">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/03/world/asia/03afghan.html|work=The New York Times|title=Obama Warns Karzai to Focus on Tackling Corruption|first1=Helene|last1=Cooper|first2=Jeff|last2=Zeleny|date=3 November 2009|access-date=4 May 2010|archive-date=11 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511225923/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/03/world/asia/03afghan.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Karzai presented his first list of 24 cabinet nominees to the Afghan parliament on 19 December 2009; however, on 2 January 2010, the parliament rejected 17 of these. According to the parliament, most of the nominees were rejected due to having been picked for reasons other than their competency. A member of parliament said that they had been picked largely based on "ethnicity or bribery or money".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8437677.stm |title=Afghan MPs reject most Karzai cabinet nominees |publisher=BBC |date=2 January 2010 |access-date=2 January 2010 |archive-date=3 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103052030/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8437677.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:2011 Afghan Independence Day-2.jpg|thumb|280px|Karzai at the 2011 [[Afghan Independence Day]] in Kabul, which is held every year on 19 August to commemorate Afghanistan's independence from [[British Raj|British]] control over its foreign affairs.]]

On 16 January 2010, the Afghan parliament rejected 10 of the Karzai's 17 replacement picks for the cabinet. MPs complained that Karzai's new choices were either not qualified for their posts or had close connections to Afghan warlords. Despite the second setback, by mid-January Karzai had 14 out of the 24 ministers confirmed, including the most powerful posts at foreign, defense and interior ministries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8462916.stm|title=Afghan MPs reject many new Karzai cabinet nominees|publisher=BBC|date=16 January 2010|access-date=16 January 2010|archive-date=17 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117110410/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8462916.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Shortly afterward, the parliament began its winter recess, lasting until 20 February, without waiting for Karzai to select additional names for his cabinet. The move not only extended the political uncertainty in the government but also dealt Karzai the embarrassment of appearing at the [[International Conference on Afghanistan London 2010|London Conference on Afghanistan]] with nearly half of his cabinet devoid of leaders.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8464283.stm|title=Afghan cabinet vote delayed|publisher=BBC|date=17 January 2010|access-date=17 January 2010|archive-date=20 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100120033829/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8464283.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since late 2001 Karzai has been trying for peace in his country, going as far as pardoning militants that lay down weapons and join the rebuilding process. However, his offers were not accepted by the militant groups. In April 2007, Karzai acknowledged that he spoke to some militants about trying to bring peace in Afghanistan.<ref name="foxnews_Peace_Talks">{{Cite news |date=24 September 2007 |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/afghan-president-karzai-admits-seeking-peace-talks-with-taliban |title=Afghan President Karzai Admits Seeking Peace Talks With Taliban |agency=Associated Press |access-date=11 May 2008 |quote=United Nations  — Afghan President Hamid Karzai said Sunday his government is working very hard on peace talks with the Taliban that would draw the insurgents and their supporters 'back to the fold.' |publisher=Fox News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423121222/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,297819,00.html?sPage=fnc%2Fworld%2Fafghanistan |archive-date=23 April 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> He noted that the Afghan militants are always welcome in the country, although foreign insurgents are not.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna17980166 |title=Karzai admits meetings with Taliban — Afghanistan |publisher=NBC News |date=6 April 2007 |access-date=31 January 2010 |archive-date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901083549/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17980166 |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2007, Karzai again offered talks with militant fighters after a security scare forced him to end a commemoration speech.<ref name="reuters-Sep-9-2007">{{Cite news|date=9 September 2007|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-29427920070909|title=Afghanistan's Karzai urges Taliban talks after scare|publisher=reuters|access-date=11 December 2007|archive-date=18 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218014810/http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-29427920070909|url-status=dead}}</ref> Karzai left the event and was taken back to his palace, where he was due to meet visiting Latvian President [[Valdis Zatlers]]. After the meeting, the pair held a joint news conference, at which Karzai called for talks with his Taliban foes. "We don't have any formal negotiations with the Taliban. They don't have an address. Who do we talk to?" Karzai told reporters. He further stated: "If I can have a place where to send somebody to talk to, an authority that publicly says it is the Taliban authority, I will do it."<ref name="reuters-Sep-9-2007"/>

In December 2009 Karzai announced to move ahead with a [[Loya Jirga]] (large assembly) to discuss the [[Taliban insurgency]] in which the Taliban representatives would be invited to take part in this Jirga.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/Karzai_To_Unveil_Afghan_Cabinet_In_Days/1896326.html |title=Karzai To Unveil Afghan Cabinet In Days |publisher=Rferl.org |date=6 December 2009 |access-date=31 January 2010 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214451/http://www.rferl.org/content/Karzai_To_Unveil_Afghan_Cabinet_In_Days/1896326.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2010, Karzai set the framework for dialogue with Taliban leaders when he called on the group's leadership to take part in the [[jirga]] to initiate peace talks. A Taliban spokesman declined to talk in detail about Karzai's offer and only said the militants would make a decision soon.<ref>{{Cite news |author1=Hamid Shalizi |author2=Abdul Malek |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60Q3IW20100129 |title=Taliban say no decision yet on Karzai offer of talks |work=Reuters |date=9 February 2009 |access-date=31 January 2010 |archive-date=22 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522093538/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60Q3IW20100129 |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2010, Karzai urged Taliban insurgents to lay down their arms and air their grievances while visiting a violent northern province, adding that foreign forces would not leave the country as long as fighting continued.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/karzai-issues-open-invitation-to-meet-with-insurgents/|publisher=Fox News|title=Karzai Issues Open Invitation to Meet With Insurgents|date=11 April 2010|access-date=11 April 2010|archive-date=14 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414232636/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/04/10/karzai-casts-doubt-major-kandahar-offensive/|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2010, Karzai approved a plan intended to win over Taliban foot soldiers and low-level commanders.<ref>{{cite news |last=Oppel |first=Richard A. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/02/world/asia/02afghan.html |title=Karzai Approves Plan for Taliban Reintegration |location=Afghanistan |work=The New York Times |date=1 July 2010 |access-date=30 August 2011 |archive-date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813054952/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/02/world/asia/02afghan.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Karzai was hesitant to apply [[Capital punishment in Afghanistan|capital punishment]] during his tenure, signing few death warrants in his presidency, including that of serial killer [[Abdullah Shah]] in 2004 and of teenage terrorist [[Zar Ajam]] in June 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Afghan commander executed |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3662935.stm |access-date=3 January 2026 |work=BBC News |date=27 April 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Two mass killers hanged in Kabul prison |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2011/06/21/Two-mass-killers-hanged-in-Kabul-prison/UPI-75801308659209/ |access-date=3 January 2026 |work=[[United Press International]] |date=21 June 2011}}</ref> In mid-August 2013, Attorney General [[Mohammad Ishaq Aloko]] was said to have been fired after meeting with Taliban officials in the U.A.E. after being told not to meet with them. However, unnamed senior cabinet officials tried to persuade Karzai to not fire him, while an official in Aloko's office denied the dismissal saying instead that he was at the Presidential Palace "celebrating Independence Day".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2013/08/2013819125050729968.html |title=Afghan official 'fired' over Taliban talks – Central & South Asia |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=19 August 2013 |access-date=22 March 2014 |archive-date=22 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822035357/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2013/08/2013819125050729968.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Foreign relations===
{{Main|Presidency of Hamid Karzai#Foreign relations}}

{{See also|Foreign relations of Afghanistan|Politics of Afghanistan}}
[[File:Secretary Rice With Afghan President Hamid Karzai.jpg|thumb|Karzai with former U.S. Secretary of State [[Condoleezza Rice]] in June 2006.]]
[[File:Anders Fogh Rasmussen and Hamid Karzai in 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Anders Fogh Rasmussen]] with Karzai in 2009]]
[[File:Dmitry Medvedev in Uzbekistan 11 June 2010-13.jpeg|thumb|Karzai with [[President of Russia|Russia's President]] [[Dmitry Medvedev]] in 2010.]]
[[File:Msc2011 dett westerwelle karsai ischinger 0238.jpg|thumb|Karzai speaking at the [[Munich Security Conference|47th Munich Security Conference]] in 2011.]]
[[File:Hamid Karzai being welcomed by George W. Bush in 2006.jpg|thumb|Karzai greeting [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[George W. Bush]] at the [[White House]] in 2006.]]
Karzai's relations with NATO countries was strong, especially [[Afghanistan – United States relations|with the United States]], due to the fact that it was the leading nation helping to rebuild war-torn Afghanistan. Karzai enjoyed a very friendly and strong strategic partnership with the United States, despite various disagreements. The U.S. had supported him since late 2001 to lead his nation. He has made many important diplomatic trips to the United States and other NATO countries. In August 2007, Karzai was invited to [[Camp David]] in [[Maryland]], USA, for a special meeting with U.S. President George W. Bush. The United States has set up a special envoy for Afghanistan and Pakistan, which is headed by [[Marc Grossman]]. His task is to serve as a [[Mediation|mediator]] and solve issues between the three nations.

However, in later years the relations between U.S. and Karzai had become strained, particularly Karzai had been very critical of U.S. military because of their high-level of civilian casualties.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interview-karzai-says-12-year-afghanistan-war-has-left-him-angry-at-us-government/2014/03/02/b831671c-a21a-11e3-b865-38b254d92063_story.html | newspaper=The Washington Post | first=Kevin | last=Sieff | title=Interview: Karzai says 12-year Afghanistan war has left him angry at U.S. government | date=3 March 2014 | access-date=29 August 2017 | archive-date=24 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724021614/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interview-karzai-says-12-year-afghanistan-war-has-left-him-angry-at-us-government/2014/03/02/b831671c-a21a-11e3-b865-38b254d92063_story.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2014/01/16/22324740-civilian-deaths-spark-dispute-between-us-led-forces-afghan-president-karzai Civilian deaths spark dispute between US-led forces, Afghan President Karzai – World News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323155716/http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2014/01/16/22324740-civilian-deaths-spark-dispute-between-us-led-forces-afghan-president-karzai |date=23 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/news/afghanistan-civilian-casualties/ | work=Huffington Post | title=Afghanistan Civilian Casualties | access-date=6 April 2014 | archive-date=7 April 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407100651/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/news/afghanistan-civilian-casualties/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019 he described a "major fight" he had with American military officials back in 2007, when Karzai repeatedly told them: "If you want to fight terrorism and bad people, I won't stop you, but please leave the Afghan people alone". In a retrospective interview, Karzai claimed he felt that he was being used as a tool by the United States.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Constable|first=Pamela|title=Former Afghan leader Hamid Karzai grew estranged from his American allies during 10 years in power. Here's what he says about The Afghanistan Papers.|language=en-US|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/former-afghan-leader-hamid-karzai-grew-estranged-from-his-american-allies-during-10-years-in-power-heres-what-he-says-about-the-afghanistan-papers/2019/12/18/ef4ccb32-20dc-11ea-b034-de7dc2b5199b_story.html|access-date=15 November 2020|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=28 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528165140/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/former-afghan-leader-hamid-karzai-grew-estranged-from-his-american-allies-during-10-years-in-power-heres-what-he-says-about-the-afghanistan-papers/2019/12/18/ef4ccb32-20dc-11ea-b034-de7dc2b5199b_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Further strain in relations with the United States resulted in 2014, when Afghanistan, joined Cuba, Nicaragua, North Korea, Syria, and Venezuela as the only countries to recognize the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Russian annexation of Crimea]]. The United States, European countries, and most other nations wholeheartedly condemned the Russian takeover, as well as the validity of the subsequent Crimean Referendum on its annexation to Russia. Citing "the free will of the Crimean people", the office of President Hamid Karzai said, "We respect the decision the people of Crimea took through a recent referendum that considers Crimea as part of the Russian Federation."<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/24/world/asia/breaking-with-the-west-afghan-leader-supports-russias-annexation-of-crimea.html.story "Breaking With the West, Afghan Leader Supports Russia's Annexation of Crimea"]. ''The New York Times'', 23 March 2014.</ref>

Karzai's relations with neighboring Pakistan were generally friendly, especially with the [[Awami National Party]] (ANP) and [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP). He often describes his nation and Pakistan as "inseparable twin brothers", a reference to the [[controversy|disputed]] [[Durand Line]] border between the two states, despite the many border skirmishes that occurred during his presidency. In December 2007, Karzai and his delegates traveled to [[Islamabad]], Pakistan, for a usual meeting with [[Pervez Musharraf]] on trade ties and intelligence sharing between the two Islamic states.<ref>[[Pajhwok Afghan News]] (PAN), [https://archive.today/20070522044409/http://www.pajhwok.com/viewstory.asp?lng=eng&id=47628 "Islamabad, Kabul agree on intelligence cooperation"] . 27 December 2007.</ref> Karzai also met and had a 45-minute talk with [[Benazir Bhutto]] on the morning of 27 December, hours before her trip to [[Liaquat National Bagh]], where she was assassinated after her speech.<ref>PAN, [http://www.pajhwok.com/viewstory.asp?lng=eng&id=47687 "Bhutto, Karzai meeting proved the first & last one"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527190431/http://www.pajhwok.com/viewstory.asp?lng=eng&id=47687 |date=27 May 2008 }}. 28 December 2007.</ref> After Bhutto's death, Karzai called her his sister and a brave woman who had a clear vision "for her own country, for Afghanistan, and for the region – a vision of democracy, prosperity, and peace".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caycompass.com/cgi-bin/CFPnews.cgi?ID=1027483 |title=Bhutto assassinated |publisher=Caycompass |date=27 December 2007 |access-date=31 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512002151/http://www.caycompass.com/cgi-bin/CFPnews.cgi?ID=1027483 |archive-date=12 May 2011}}</ref> In September 2008, Karzai was invited on a special visit to witness the swearing-in ceremony of [[Asif Ali Zardari]], who became the [[President of Pakistan]].<ref>''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', [https://archive.today/20120912154827/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/09/09/international/i004147D73.DTL Pakistan's Zardari sworn in as new president]</ref> [[Afghanistan–Pakistan relations|Relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan]] have improved after the PPP party took over in 2008. The two nations often make contacts with one another concerning the war on terrorism and trade. Pakistan even allowed NATO forces stationed in Afghanistan to launch attacks on militant groups in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 November 2009 |title=Karzai declared elected president |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8337832.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724141100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8337832.stm |archive-date=24 July 2020 |access-date=31 January 2010 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> This was something strongly opposed by the previous government of Pakistan. The two states finally signed into law long-awaited [[Afghanistan–Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement]] in 2011, intended to improve trade.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2010/11/29/afghan-pakistan-chamber-commerce-set |title=Afghan-Pakistan chamber of commerce set up |first=Abdul Qadir |last=Siddiqui |publisher=Pajhwok Afghan News |date=29 November 2010 |access-date=10 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727051041/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2010/11/29/afghan-pakistan-chamber-commerce-set |archive-date=27 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2010/12/05/pakistan-resolve-afghan-traders-problems |title=Pakistan to resolve Afghan traders' problems |first=Abdul Qadir |last=Siddiqui |publisher=Pajhwok Afghan News |date=5 December 2010 |access-date=10 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727051053/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2010/12/05/pakistan-resolve-afghan-traders-problems |archive-date=27 July 2011 }}</ref> Karzai acknowledges Pakistan's meddling in Afghanistan's wars, but said in a 2015 interview that Afghanistan wants a "friendly relationship but not to be under Pakistan's thumb".<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 March 2015|title=Hamid Karzai: Afghanistan should not give up control of its foreign policy|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/09/hamid-karzai-if-we-give-up-control-of-our-foreign-policy-pakistan-taliban-ashraf-ghani-india|access-date=15 November 2020|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108095800/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/09/hamid-karzai-if-we-give-up-control-of-our-foreign-policy-pakistan-taliban-ashraf-ghani-india|url-status=live}}</ref>

Karzai believed that [[Afghanistan–Iran relations|Iran is a friend]] although the U.S. often claims that neighboring Iran is meddling in Afghanistan's affairs.<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-afghan-spies22-2009sep22,0,3144734.story "U.S. says Pakistan, Iran helping Taliban"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925043654/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-afghan-spies22-2009sep22,0,3144734.story |date=25 September 2009 }}, ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''</ref>

In 2007, Karzai said that Iran, so far, had been a helper in the reconstruction process.<ref name="news.com-at odds">{{Cite news | url=http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,22195371-23109,00.html |title=Karzai at odds with US over Iran |publisher=News |date=6 August 2007 |access-date=31 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007221510/http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,22195371-23109,00.html |archive-date=7 October 2008 }}</ref> He acknowledged in 2010 that the [[Politics of Iran|Government of Iran]] had been providing millions of dollars directly to his office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101026/ap_on_re_as/as_afghan_iran_11|title=Karzai says his office gets cash from Iran, US|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110726053018/https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101026/ap_on_re_as/as_afghan_iran_11|archive-date=2011-07-26}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/26/world/asia/26karzai.html "Karzai Rails Against America in Diatribe"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502225321/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/26/world/asia/26karzai.html |date=2 May 2017 }}, ''The New York Times''</ref> In October 2007, Karzai again rejected Western accusations against Iran, stating, "We have resisted the negative propaganda launched by foreign states against the Islamic Republic, and we stress that aliens' propaganda should not leave a negative impact on the consolidated ties between the two great nations of Iran and Afghanistan."<ref name="farsnews">{{cite web|date=20 October 2007 |url=http://english.farsnews.ir/newstext.php?nn=8607280722 |title=Karzai Underlines Strong Bonds between Iran and Afghanistan |publisher=Fars News |access-date=11 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110222952/http://english.farsnews.ir/newstext.php?nn=8607280722 |archive-date=10 November 2007 }}</ref> Karzai added, "The two Iranian and Afghan nations are close to each other due to their bonds and commonalities, they belong to the same house, and they will live alongside each other for good."<ref name="IRNA">{{cite web|date=20 October 2007 |url=http://www2.irna.ir/en/news/view/menu-236/0710207137174726.htm |title=Karzai: Anti-Iran propaganda cannot have impact on Tehran-Kabul friendly ties Tehran |publisher=IRNA |access-date=11 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203022328/http://www2.irna.ir/en/news/view/menu-236/0710207137174726.htm |archive-date=3 February 2008 }}</ref>

[[File:P032810PS-0305 (5307167575).jpg|thumb|[[Barack Obama]] meets with Karzai at the [[Presidential Palace]] in Kabul, Afghanistan.]]
Some international criticism has centered around the government of Karzai in early 2009 for failing to secure the country from Taliban attacks, systemic governmental corruption, and widespread claims of electoral fraud in the [[2009 Afghan presidential election]].<ref name="news.yahoo.com">[[Associated Press]], [https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090907/ap_on_re_as/eu_afghanistan_karzai_1 Karzai says U.S. 'attacking' him over election] {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="in.reuters.com">{{Cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-43144720091014|title=Future Karzai cabinet to balance 'warlords' and West|date=14 October 2009|work=Salahuddin, Sayed|access-date=14 October 2009|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813210053/https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-43144720091014?edition-redirect=in|url-status=dead}}</ref> Karzai staunchly defended the election balloting, stating that some statements criticizing the balloting and vote count were "totally fabricated". He told the media that, "There were instances of fraud, no doubt ... There were irregularities ... But the election as a whole was good and free and democratic." He further went on to say that, "Afghanistan has its separate problems and we have to handle them as Afghanistan finds it feasible ... This country was completely destroyed ... Today, we are talking about fighting corruption in Afghanistan, improved legal standards ... You see the glass half empty or half full. I see it as half full. Others see it as half empty."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20091013/ap_on_re_as/us_us_afghanistan_karzai|title=Karzai staunchly defends Afghan election balloting|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110726053006/https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20091013/ap_on_re_as/us_us_afghanistan_karzai|archive-date=2011-07-26}}</ref> A 2019 ''[[Washington Post]]'' report described Karzai as ruling a "corrupt" government that was tolerated by the United States.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Whitlock |first1=Craig |title=The Afghanistan Papers |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2019/investigations/afghanistan-papers/afghanistan-war-confidential-documents/?tid=top_nav&itid=lk_inline_manual_2 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=9 December 2019}}</ref>

In June 2010, Karzai travelled to [[Japan]] for a five-day visit where the two nations discussed a new aid provided by the hosting nation and the untapped mineral resources recently announced. Karzai invited Japanese companies such as [[Mitsubishi]] and others to invest in Afghan mining projects.<ref>{{cite news|last=Le|first=Adam |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?sid=a6WXwK9a_1SM&pid=20601087 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120720225925/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?sid=a6WXwK9a_1SM&pid=20601087 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 July 2012 |title=Karzai Invites Mitsubishi to Invest in Afghan Mining Projects|publisher=Bloomberg|date=19 June 2010|access-date=30 August 2011}}</ref> He told Japanese officials that Japan would be given priority in the bid to explore its resources. He stated, "morally, Afghanistan should give access as a priority to those countries that have helped Afghanistan massively in the past few years."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna37803781|title=Karzai: Japan gets priority in Afghan mining|publisher=NBC News|date=20 June 2010|access-date=30 August 2011|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813210153/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna37803781|url-status=live}}</ref> While in Japan, Karzai also made his first visit to [[Hiroshima]] to pray for the atomic bomb victims.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20100619/wl_sthasia_afp/japanafghanistandiplomacynuclearwwii_20100619063609|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623151718/http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20100619/wl_sthasia_afp/japanafghanistandiplomacynuclearwwii_20100619063609 |url-status=dead |title=Karzai visits Hiroshima to pray for atomic bomb victims|archive-date=23 June 2010}}</ref> Japan has provided billions of dollars in aid to Afghanistan since the beginning of 2002.

On 16 July 2014, President Karzai held a special cabinet meeting where he condemned the [[2014 Israel–Gaza conflict|Israeli attacks on Gaza]] and the killings of civilians while pledging US$500,000 in aid to [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://president.gov.af/en/news/34839 | title=Afghanistan to assist $500,000 in show of sympathy to the people of Gaza | work=Office of the President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan | date=16 July 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729015036/http://president.gov.af/en/news/34839 | archive-date=29 July 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Relations between Karzai and India were generally friendly; he attended university there. [[Afghanistan–India relations]] began getting stronger in 2011, especially after the [[death of Osama bin Laden]] in Pakistan. In October 2011, Karzai signed a strategic partnership agreement with [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]]. During his speech at the ''RK Mishra Memorial'' in New Delhi, Karzai told the audience that "The signing of the strategic partnership with India is not directed against any country. It is not directed against any other entity. This is for Afghanistan to benefit from the strength of India."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/karzai-reassures-pakistan-over-india-alliance-152948013.html |title=Karzai reassures Pakistan over India alliance |agency=AFP |date=5 October 2011 |access-date=6 October 2011 }} {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===Assassination attempts===
{{Main|Assassination attempts on Hamid Karzai}}

[[File:DEVGRU soldiers protecting Hamid Karzai.jpg|thumb|Bodyguards from ''[[United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group]]'' provide close protection for Karzai.]]
Many people have plotted to assassinate Karzai, especially the Taliban's [[Quetta Shura]] and the Taliban-allied [[Haqqani network]] which allegedly receives support and guidance from Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI) spy network.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/pakistan-condemns-us-comments-spy-agency-044440789.html;_ylt=A2KJ3vVYX3xOdRkA9EZXNyoA?rnd=005681253004174930714413 |title=Pakistan condemns US comments about spy agency |agency=Associated Press |date=23 September 2011 |access-date=23 September 2011 |archive-date=27 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727053454/http://news.yahoo.com/pakistan-condemns-us-comments-spy-agency-044440789.html%3B_ylt%3DA2KJ3vVYX3xOdRkA9EZXNyoA?rnd=005681253004174930714413 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="US-blames-Pakistan">{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/pakistan-isi-urged-attacks-u-targets-officials-002201562.html |title=U.S. blames Pakistan agency in Kabul attack |agency=Reuters |date=22 September 2011 |access-date=22 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925075845/http://news.yahoo.com/pakistan-isi-urged-attacks-u-targets-officials-002201562.html |archive-date=25 September 2011 }}</ref> As recent as October 2011, while Karzai was visiting India to sign an important strategic partnership agreement with Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Afghan agents of the [[National Directorate of Security]] (NDS) arrested 6 people in Kabul for planning to assassinate Karzai. Among those involved in the assassination plot were four [[Kabul University]] students and one of its professors, Dr. Aimal Habib, as well as Mohibullah Ahmadi who was one of the guards outside the Presidential Palace in Kabul.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Healy |first1=Jack |last2=Rahimi |first2=Sangar |title=Plot to Kill Afghan President Karzai Is Foiled |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/06/world/asia/plot-to-kill-afghan-president-karzai-is-foiled.html |access-date=2 January 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=5 October 2011}}</ref> The alleged group of assassins were associates of [[al Qaida]] and the Haqqani network, and were paid $150,000 by Pakistani-based Islamic terrorists.<ref>{{cite news |title=Afghan official: Karzai assassination plot foiled |agency=AP |first=Amir |last=Shah |date=6 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/oukwd-uk-afghanistan-karzai-idAFTRE79424Q20111005 |title=Plot to kill Afghan president foiled – agency |work=Reuters |first=Hamid |last=Shalizi |date=5 October 2011 |access-date=6 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Khetab |first1=Muhammad Hassan |title=Plot to kill president foiled; 6 detained |url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/10/05/plot-kill-president-foiled-6-detained |work=Pajhwok Afghan News |date=5 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420170430/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/10/05/plot-kill-president-foiled-6-detained |archive-date=20 April 2013}}</ref> A U.S. official said that "Our understanding is that the threat against President Karzai was real, was credible, but it was only in the early stages of planning."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/10/07/plot-kill-karzai-was-real-credible-us |title=Plot to kill Karzai was real, credible: US |publisher=Pajhwok.com |date=7 October 2011 |access-date=22 March 2014 |archive-date=22 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322045746/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/10/07/plot-kill-karzai-was-real-credible-us |url-status=live }}</ref> The following is a list of other failed assassination attempts:
* 5 September 2002: An assassination attempt was made on Karzai in the city of Kandahar. A gunman wearing the uniform of the new [[Afghan National Army]] opened fire, wounding [[Gul Agha Sherzai]] (former governor of Kandahar) and an American Special Operations officer. The gunman, one of the President's bodyguards, and a bystander who knocked down the gunman were killed when Karzai's American bodyguards returned fire. Some pictures of the [[United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group]] (DEVGRU) responding to the attempt have surfaced.
* 16 September 2004: An attempted assassination on Karzai took place when a rocket missed the [[helicopter]] he was flying in while en route to the city of [[Gardez]] in eastern Afghanistan.
* 10 June 2007: Taliban insurgents attempted to assassinate Karzai in [[Ghazni]] where he was giving a speech to elders. Insurgents fired approximately 12 rockets, some of which landed {{convert|200|m|yd}} away from the crowd. Karzai was not hurt in the incident and was transported away from the location after finishing his speech.<ref name="iht-2007-06-11">{{cite news|date=10 June 2007 |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/06/11/asia/AS-GEN-Afghan-Violence.php |title=UN 'outraged' after assassination attempt on Karzai |agency=Associated Press |access-date=11 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208190934/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/06/11/asia/AS-GEN-Afghan-Violence.php |archive-date=8 February 2008 }}</ref><ref name="timesonline">{{cite news|date=11 June 2007|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1913019.ece|title=Taleban fail in rocket attempt on Karzai's life|work=[[The Times]]|location=UK|access-date=11 December 2007|author=Tim Albone |archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813210119/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="bbc_Karzai_unhurt">{{cite news|date=10 June 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6738201.stm|title=Karzai unhurt in Taleban attack|publisher=BBC News|access-date=1 May 2008|archive-date=19 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819203904/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6738201.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 27 April 2008: Insurgents, reportedly from the [[Haqqani network]], used [[automatic weapons]] and [[rocket-propelled grenade]]s to attack a military parade that Karzai was attending in [[Kabul]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/28/world/asia/28afghan.html "Karzai Escapes Attack in Kabul by Gunmen"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516140636/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/28/world/asia/28afghan.html |date=16 May 2017 }}, ''The New York Times''</ref> Karzai was safe, but at least three people were killed, including a parliamentarian, a ten-year-old girl and a minority leader, and ten injured.<ref>Gopal, Amand, "[https://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0601/p10s01-wosc.html The most deadly US foe in Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611150034/http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0601/p10s01-wosc.html |date=11 June 2009 }}", ''Christian Science Monitor'', 31 May 2009</ref><ref name="smh-attempt-on-karzais">{{cite news|date=28 April 2008 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/leaders-attack-attempt-on-karzais-life/2008/04/28/1209234703430.html |title=Leaders attack attempt on Karzai's life |work=Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=1 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501165958/http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/leaders-attack-attempt-on-karzais-life/2008/04/28/1209234703430.html |archive-date=1 May 2008 }}</ref><ref name="guardian_Karzai_survives">{{cite news|date=28 April 2008|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/28/afghanistan|title=Karzai survives Taliban assassination attempt during military parade|work=The Guardian|location=UK|access-date=1 May 2008|last=Walsh|first=Declan|archive-date=30 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430235554/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/apr/28/afghanistan|url-status=live}}</ref> Others attending the event included government ministers, former warlords, diplomats and the military top brass, all of whom had gathered to mark the 16th anniversary of the fall of the Afghan communist government to the mujahideen.<ref name="MSNBC_Afghan_president_survives">{{cite web|date= 27 April 2008|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna24332573|title=Afghan president survives assassination bid|publisher=[[NBC News]]|access-date=1 May 2008|quote=ceremony to mark the 16th anniversary of Afghanistan's victory over the Soviet invasion|archive-date=11 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011024432/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/24332573/|url-status=live}}</ref> Responding to the attack during the ceremony, the UN said the attackers "have shown their utter disrespect for the history and people of Afghanistan".<ref name="google_Afghan_president_escapes">{{cite web|year=2008 |url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hmW-4fUkegeSQ3uAx2VRfXwxQ-YA |title=Afghan president escapes deadly parade attack |access-date=1 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002073227/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hmW-4fUkegeSQ3uAx2VRfXwxQ-YA |archive-date=2 October 2009 }}</ref> Taliban spokesman [[Zabiullah Mujahid]] claimed responsibility for the attack, stating, "We fired rockets at the scene of the celebration." He went on to say there were six Taliban at the scene and that three were killed. "Our aim was not to directly hit someone", Mujahed said when asked if the intention was to kill Karzai. "We just wanted to show to the world that we can attack anywhere we want to".<ref name="google_Afghan_president_escapes"/> The ability of the attackers to get so close to Karzai suggested they had inside help. Defense minister Wardak confirmed that a police captain was connected with the group behind the assassination attempt and that an army officer supplied the weapons and ammunition used in the attack.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/05/world/asia/05afghan.html "Police and Army Officers Tied to Attempt on Karzai's Life"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723110645/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/05/world/asia/05afghan.html |date=23 July 2016 }}. ''The New York Times''</ref> Warlord insurgent [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]] also reportedly claimed responsibility.<ref>{{Cite web|author1=Henry Chu|author2=M. Karim Faiez |date=28 April 2008|title=Fears grow after attack on Karzai|url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Fears-grow-after-attack-on-Karzai-3286343.php|access-date=15 November 2020|website=SFGATE|language=en-US|archive-date=24 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224002100/https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Fears-grow-after-attack-on-Karzai-3286343.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Views on the Taliban==
[[File:Hamid Karzai listens to Barack Obama in Kabul 2012.jpg|thumb|Karzai in 2012]]
In a 2013 interview with [[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]], Karzai called the Taliban his 'brothers'. He claimed that the Afghan government and Afghan people did not want to eliminate the Taliban, but rather reintegrate the Taliban into society.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/karzai-on-taliban-im-still-calling-them-brothers/|title=Karzai on Taliban: "I'm still calling them brothers"|access-date=3 April 2013|publisher=CBS News|archive-date=3 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403090732/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/karzai-on-taliban-im-still-calling-them-brothers/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/pressoffice/2013/04/20134413140692692.html|title=Afghan President talks to Al Jazeera|access-date=3 April 2013|publisher=Al Jazeera|archive-date=21 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421074717/http://www.aljazeera.com/pressoffice/2013/04/20134413140692692.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was not the first time he called the Taliban his brothers. Previously he called them brothers during his victory speech in 2009, a day after he was declared president.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/6495487/Hamid-Karzai-reaches-out-to-Taliban-brothers-in-Afghanistan.html|title=Hamid Karzai reaches out to 'Taliban brothers' in Afghanistan|access-date=3 November 2009|publisher=Telegraph UK}}</ref>

===Attack on a Taliban training camp===
On 14 September 2015, provincial police chief Gen. Daud Ahmadi claimed that Hamid Karzai had stopped an attack on a Taliban training camp in [[Logar Province|Logar]] province of Afghanistan. The camp was used as a launching pad and a military operation was being planned to deal with the camp. However, Karzai stopped them from attacking the camp. Ahmadi further claimed there were around 200 militants who were being trained at the camp at that time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.khaama.com/karzai-had-ordered-not-to-attack-the-taliban-training-center-in-logar-1514/|title=Karzai had ordered not to attack the Taliban training center in Logar|access-date=14 September 2015|publisher=Khaama Press|archive-date=16 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916030549/http://www.khaama.com/karzai-had-ordered-not-to-attack-the-taliban-training-center-in-logar-1514|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Post-presidency==
After the [[2017 Nangarhar airstrike]], Karzai condemned his successor, President [[Ashraf Ghani]], labeling him a traitor.<ref>{{cite news |author=Mujib Mashal |date=15 April 2017 |title=Calling Successor a 'Traitor', Afghan Ex-Leader Denounces U.S. Bombing |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/15/world/asia/hamid-karzai-afghanistan-us-bombing.html |url-status=live |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416061846/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/15/world/asia/hamid-karzai-afghanistan-us-bombing.html |archive-date=16 April 2017}}</ref>

Following the fall of the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] to the Taliban on 17 August 2021, the leader of the Taliban-affiliated [[Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin|Hezb-e-Islami]] party [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]] met with Karzai and [[Abdullah Abdullah]], chairman of the High Council for National Reconciliation and former [[Chief Executive (Afghanistan)|chief executive]], in [[Doha]], seeking to form an interim government with the Taliban.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2021 |title=Afghanistan's Hekmatyar says heading for Doha with Karzai, Abdullah Abdullah to meet Taliban |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/afghanistans-hekmatyar-says-heading-doha-with-karzai-abdullah-abdullah-meet-2021-08-16/ |access-date= |website=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Taliban met ex-Afghan leader Karzai, Abdullah Abdullah |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40114270 |agency=AFP|date=18 August 2021 |access-date=18 August 2021|website=Brecorder|language=en}}</ref> Unlike many other Afghan government officials who fled the country during the Taliban takeover, Karzai remained in Afghanistan with his family.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mashal |first1=Mujib |date=27 December 2022 |title=Hamid Karzai reflects on his presidency and the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/12/22/afghanistan-taliban-karzai-ghani-withdrawal/ |access-date=}}</ref>

In February 2022, Karzai condemned the [[Biden administration]]'s decision to unfreeze $7 billion of [[Da Afghanistan Bank]]'s [[Afghan frozen assets|assets]] and to divide the money between humanitarian aid to Afghanistan and the victims of the attacks on 11 September 2001. Karzai labelled the decision as an "atrocity" and, while saying that Afghans sympathized with the victims of 9/11, the money belonged to the Afghan people, who had also suffered from the attacks' consequences.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gul |first1=Ayaz |date=13 February 2022 |title=Karzai: US Money Seizure 'Atrocity' Against Afghans |work=[[Voice of America]] |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/karzai-us-money-seizure-atrocity-against-afghans-/6439855.html |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Perelman |first1=Marc |date=15 February 2022 |title=Hamid Karzai criticises US move to divide Afghan assets between aid and 9/11 victims |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/the-interview/20220215-ex-afghan-president-karzai-believes-taliban-will-allow-girls-back-to-school |access-date=}}</ref>

Travel restrictions were imposed on Karzai, preventing his departure from Afghanistan despite receiving official invitations from multiple countries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karzai's Relatives Confirm Ban On His Travel Abroad |url=https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-184983 |access-date= |website=TOLOnews |date=6 September 2023}}</ref> The restrictions reportedly extended to his meetings with foreign delegations, with authorities citing security concerns.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-Prez Karzai Told To Avoid Meets As Taliban Puts More Restrictions Due To ISIS Threats |url=https://www.afintl.com/en/202309052779 |access-date= |website=Afghanistan International |date=25 October 2023}}</ref> In May 2024, sources reported that the travel restrictions had been lifted.<ref>{{cite news |title=Taliban Lifts Ban on Former President's Travel, Claim Sources |url=https://www.afintl.com/en/202405204002 |access-date= |website=Afghanistan International |date=20 May 2024}}</ref>

==Personal life and tribal lineage==
[[File:Hamid Karzai at Kandahar in June 2010.jpg|thumb|upright|Karzai speaking at a [[shura]] to tribal and religious leaders in his native [[Kandahar]], in southern Afghanistan.]]

{{Further|Sadozai (Pastun tribe)|Durrani|Popalzai}}
In 1999, Hamid Karzai married [[Zeenat Karzai|Zeenat Quraishi]], a gynaecologist by profession who was working as a doctor with [[Afghan refugees]] living in Pakistan. They have a son, Mirwais, who was born in January 2007,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.scotsman.com/afghanistan/Karzai-weeps-publicly-in-emotional.6555597.jp|title=Karzai weeps publicly in emotional call for peace in Afghanistan|publisher=Scotsman.com|date=29 September 2010|access-date=3 October 2010|location=Edinburgh|archive-date=11 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511110137/http://news.scotsman.com/afghanistan/Karzai-weeps-publicly-in-emotional.6555597.jp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6302287.stm|title=Hamid Karzai becomes father at 49|date=26 January 2007|publisher=BBC|access-date=3 October 2010|archive-date=12 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512100439/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6302287.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> a daughter, Malalai, born in 2012 and another daughter, Howsi, born in March 2014 in [[Gurgaon]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Rao Jaswant Singh |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Afghan-President-Hamid-Karzais-baby-girl-born-in-Gurgaon-hospital/articleshow/31561550.cms |title=Afghan President Hamid Karzai's baby girl born in Gurgaon hospital |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 March 2014 |access-date=22 March 2014 |archive-date=17 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317033401/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Afghan-President-Hamid-Karzais-baby-girl-born-in-Gurgaon-hospital/articleshow/31561550.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He became a father once again at the age of 58 when another daughter was born in September 2016 in Apollo Hospital, New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.saharasamay.com/world-news/676598380/hamid-karzai-became-father-for-his-fourth-child-.html |title=Hamid Karzai became father for his fourth child |access-date=5 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905132552/http://www.saharasamay.com/world-news/676598380/hamid-karzai-became-father-for-his-fourth-child-.html |archive-date=5 September 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to a declaration of his assets by an anti-graft body, Karzai earns $525 monthly and has less than $20,000 in bank accounts.<ref>[https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20100620/india_nm/india494713 ''Asset list reveals Afghan president earns $525 a month''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624133952/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20100620/india_nm/india494713 |date=24 June 2010 }}, Sayed Salahuddin for [[Reuters]]. June 2010.</ref> Karzai does not own any land or property.<ref>[http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/World/Story/STIStory_543224.html "Karzai earns $727 a month (US$525)"]. ''[[The Straits Times]]''. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623114943/http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/World/Story/STIStory_543224.html |date=23 June 2010}} by Reuters. June 2010.</ref>

Karzai has six brothers, including [[Mahmood Karzai]] and [[Qayum Karzai]], as well as [[Ahmed Wali Karzai]], deceased, who was the representative for the southern Afghanistan region. Qayum is also the founder of the ''Afghans for a Civil Society''. Karzai has one sister, [[Fauzia Karzai]].<ref name="brothers">{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-dec-19-mn-16330-story.html|title=From Statesmanship to Capitalism, Afghan Family Leads|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=22 June 2010|last=Neuman|first=Johanna|date=19 December 2001|archive-date=11 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511195313/http://articles.latimes.com/2001/dec/19/news/mn-16330|url-status=live}}</ref> The family owns and operates several Afghan restaurants on the [[East Coast of the United States]] and in Chicago.

In initial biographical news reporting, there was confusion regarding his clan lineage; it was written that his paternal lineage derived from the [[Sadduzai]] clan.<ref>[http://www.theglobalist.com/StoryId.aspx?StoryId=3528 Globalist Story] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510173236/http://www.theglobalist.com/StoryId.aspx?StoryId=3528 |date=10 May 2013 }}. 3 June 2004.</ref> This confusion might have arisen from sources stating he was chosen as the [[tribal chief]] of the Popalzai.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/central/11/06/ret.attacks.karzai/ Taliban run-in highlights dangers for Afghan opposition leader] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825163310/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/central/11/06/ret.attacks.karzai/ |date=25 August 2013 }}. 6 November 2001.</ref> Traditionally, the Popalzai tribe has been led by members of the Sadozais.<ref name="TAC">[http://www.tribalanalysiscenter.com/freePDF/Pashtun%20Cultural%20Factors%20Limiting%20Warlord%20Development.pdf Tribal Analysis Center Pashtun Tribal Analysis] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510205037/http://www.tribalanalysiscenter.com/freePDF/Pashtun%20Cultural%20Factors%20Limiting%20Warlord%20Development.pdf |date=10 May 2013 }}"The Durrani Popalzai tribe's Khan Khel, the Saddozai, failed to advance a competent family for leadership during the anti-Soviet period. Instead, they placed tribal leadership in the hands of Abdul Ahad Karzai, a member of a key family in the Shamizai subtribe. Following Abdul Ahad's assassination in 1999, his son, Hamid Karzai, inherited his father's mantle and can be expected to retain this tribal leadership position for the remainder of Afghanistan's conflict. Normally, the eldest son would have been selected to bear this tribal responsibility, but this son was living in the United States and was generally unavailable to serve as tribal leader."</ref> The first King of Afghanistan, [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], was the leader of the Sadozais, and the Sadozai lineage continued to rule Afghanistan until 1826 when the [[Barakzai]]s ascended to the throne.

Karzai is believed to be from the Shamizai subtribe of the Popalzais.<ref name="TAC"/> His grandfather, Khair Muhammad Karzai, was a head of the Popalzai tribe from Kandahar who relocated to Kabul and ran the business of a guest house. This allowed Karzai's father Abdul Ahad, to gain a foothold in the royal family, and subsequently, the parliament. These actions and upwards movement within the Popalzai tribal system, led to the Karzai family furnishing a viable Shamizai clan alternative to Sadozai leadership in the aftermath of the Soviet invasion when the Sadozai clan failed to provide a tribal leader.<ref name="TAC"/><ref>[http://www.antiwar.com/orig/lohdi.php?articleid=12074 Bahlol Lodhi's bio of the Karzai family ascension] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209143901/http://www.antiwar.com/orig/lohdi.php?articleid=12074 |date=9 February 2010 }}. 19 December 2007.</ref> He is often seen wearing a [[Karakul (hat)|Karakul hat]], something that has been worn by many Afghan kings in the past.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 April 2002|url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/hamid-karzais-famous-hat-made-from-aborted-lamb-fetuses|title=Hamid Karzai's Famous Hat Made From Aborted Lamb Fetuses|publisher=Fox News|access-date=1 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501230853/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,51034,00.html|archive-date=1 May 2008|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=27 May 2007|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/bizfocus/archives/2007/05/27/2003362700/print|title=Karakuls burst upon the fashion world|work=[[Taipei Times]] |access-date=1 May 2008|archive-date=6 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106182750/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/bizfocus/archives/2007/05/27/2003362700/print|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=12 December 2000 |url=http://www.infurmation.com/press_detail.php?id=99 |title=HSUS Investigation Reveals Slaughter of Unborn and Newborn Lambs for Fur |publisher=[[Humane Society]] |access-date=1 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060531022711/http://infurmation.com/press_detail.php?id=99 |archive-date=31 May 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=December 2000 |url=http://www.furcommission.com/news/newsF02d.htm |title=Transcript of NBC "Dateline" Feature on Karakul Production |publisher=Fur Commission |access-date=1 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510115715/http://www.furcommission.com/news/newsF02d.htm |archive-date=10 May 2008 }}</ref>

Following the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Fall of Kabul]] in 2021, Karzai decided to remain in Kabul with his daughters and he appealed to the Taliban to respect his life and that of his family as well as the civilians in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai, With Daughters, Appeals To Taliban To Protect People |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/world/former-afghanistan-president-hamid-karzai-with-daughters-appeals-to-taliban-to-protect-people-547334.html |access-date=16 August 2021 |work=[[Indiatimes]] |date=16 August 2021}}</ref>

On 27 August 2021, prominent activist [[Fatima Gailani]] criticized him whereas the United States urged the Taliban to include him in the new government along with [[Abdullah Abdullah]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Afghan activist says Ashraf Ghani and Joe Biden caused misery and chaos |url=https://www.dw.com/en/afghan-activist-says-ashraf-ghani-and-joe-biden-caused-misery-and-chaos/a-58998732 |access-date=27 August 2021 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=27 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Taliban planning 'inclusive caretaker gov't' in Afghanistan |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/27/exclusive-taliban-plans-inclusive-caretaker-govt-in-afghanistan |access-date=27 August 2021 |agency=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]] |date=27 August 2021}}</ref>

On 1 September 2021, sources close to the Taliban said that it was "unlikely" for Karzai to be part of the new government, with a spokesperson for the group saying that the group was "ready to recruit them", referring also to Abdullah but added that the Taliban did not want "old horses" in apparent reference to Karzai.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Findlay |first1=Stephanie |last2=England |first2=Andrew |title=Former Afghan leader Hamid Karzai unlikely to be part of Taliban-led government |url=https://www.ft.com/content/874ff094-3baf-4e48-9aa7-245f3e5d5bf2 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/874ff094-3baf-4e48-9aa7-245f3e5d5bf2 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=2 September 2021 |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=1 September 2021|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Honorary degrees and awards==
[[File:Hamid Karzai with Jack Kingston.jpg|thumb|Karzai receiving a [[:wikt:commemorative|commemorative]] [[medal]]lion of 11 September 2001 attacks from [[Jack Kingston]]. The medallion was forged from steel salvaged from the [[World Trade Center site]].]]
Over the years Hamid Karzai has become a well recognized figure. He has received a number of awards and honorary degrees from famous government and educational institutions around the world. The following are some of his awards and honoraria.
* A [[:wikt:commemorative|commemorative]] [[medal]]lion of 11 September 2001 attacks from the [[United States House of Representatives]], presented to him by member of the House [[Jack Kingston]] on 29 January 2002.
* On 7 March 2003, Karzai was awarded an honorary doctorate in literature from [[Himachal Pradesh University]] in India, his alma mater.
* On 6 June 2003, Karzai was created an [[List of honorary British knights|Honorary Knight Grand Cross]] of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] by [[Queen Elizabeth II]].<ref name="bbc_6_June_2003">{{cite news|date = 3 June 2003|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2968994.stm|title = Queen gives Karzai knighthood|publisher = BBC News|access-date = 1 August 2008|archive-date = 19 August 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080819203903/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2968994.stm|url-status = live}}</ref>
* On 4 July 2004, Karzai was awarded the [[Liberty Medal|Philadelphia Liberty Medal]] in [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania. In his acceptance speech, Karzai stated: "Where Liberty dies, evil grows. We Afghans have learned from our historical experiences that liberty does not come easily. We profoundly appreciate the value of liberty ... for we have paid for it with our lives. And we will defend liberty with our lives."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.constitutioncenter.org/libertymedal/recipient_2004.html |title=2004 Recipient Hamid Karzai — Liberty Medal — National Constitution Center |publisher=Constitutioncenter.org |date=4 July 2004 |access-date=31 January 2010 |archive-date=3 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103072327/http://constitutioncenter.org/libertymedal/recipient_2004.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* On 22 May 2005, received an honorary Doctor of Laws Degree from [[Boston University]].<ref name="bu.edu">{{cite web|date=22 May 2005 |url=http://www.bu.edu/phpbin/news/releases/display.php?id=937 |title=Afghan president Hamid Karzai challenges Boston University graduates to be guided by humanity |publisher=[[Boston University]] |access-date=11 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060911150947/http://www.bu.edu/phpbin/news/releases/display.php?id=937 |archive-date=11 September 2006 }}</ref>
* On 25 May 2005, received an honorary degree from the Center for Afghan Studies at the [[University of Nebraska at Omaha]].
* On 25 September 2006, received an honorary Doctor of Laws Degree from [[Georgetown University]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mays |first=Kate |date=2006-09-28 |title=Karzai cheered in Gaston |url=https://georgetownvoice.com/2006/09/28/karzai-cheered-in-gaston/ |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=The Georgetown Voice |language=en-US}}</ref>
* In June 2012, received an honorary Doctorate from [[Nippon Sport Science University]].
* [[Lovely Professional University]] conferred an honorary Doctorate on Karzai on 20 May 2013.

==Controversies==
In August 2011, Karzai pardoned dozens of children, the youngest of whom was 8 years old, who were caught attempting suicide bombing. In February 2012, two boys among those pardoned were rearrested in [[Kandahar Province]] along with three adult militant suspects, and that they told intelligence officers they had been recruited for suicide missions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/02/afghanistan-would-be-child-bombers-arrested-again.html |title=Months after pardon, would-be Afghan child bombers arrested again |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=13 February 2012 |access-date=22 March 2014 |archive-date=6 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506081454/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/02/afghanistan-would-be-child-bombers-arrested-again.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Karzai has been accused of nepotism, corruption, electoral fraud, and being involved with his late half brother [[Ahmed Wali Karzai]] in the drug trade.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20110907_RS21922_c0b14c1de8a98af042eb4833a33366c5638475aa.pdf | title=Afghanistan: Politics, Elections, and Government Performance | author=Kenneth Katzman | website=www.everycrsreport.com | date=September 7, 2011}}</ref>

In 2009, Karzai antagonized the women's movement and NATO leaders by signing a draconian [[Shia Personal Status Law]] seen as legalizing [[marital rape]] within Afghanistan's minority [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslim]] community.<ref>Armstrong, Sally. (2014). Uprising: A New Age is Dawning for Every Mother's Daughter. (pp. 176-177). NY, NY: St. Martin's Press.</ref>

===Electoral fraud===
Under Karzai's administration, electoral fraud was so apparent that Afghanistan's status as a democratic state came into question.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6c9ef53e-97ee-11de-8d3d-00144feabdc0 |title=/ Comment / Opinion – Fraud endangers Afghan democracy |work=Financial Times |date=2 September 2009 |access-date=30 August 2011 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813210053/https://www.ft.com/content/6c9ef53e-97ee-11de-8d3d-00144feabdc0 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-south-asia-11353711 |title=Fraud and corruption fears in Afghanistan elections |publisher=BBC News |date=17 September 2010 |access-date=30 August 2011 |archive-date=7 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207224854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11353711 |url-status=live }}</ref> Furthermore, a special court set up personally by Karzai in defiance of constitutional norms sought to reinstate dozens of candidates who were removed for fraud in the 2010 parliamentary elections by the Independent Electoral Commission.<ref>Rod Norland (23 June 2011). [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/world/asia/24kabul.html Afghan Court Ruling Seeks to Alter Election Results] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723110657/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/world/asia/24kabul.html |date=23 July 2016}}, ''The New York Times''.</ref>

===Financial ties with CIA and the government of Iran===
On 28 April 2013, ''[[The New York Times]]'' revealed that from December 2002 up to the publication date, Karzai's presidential office was funded with "tens of millions of dollars" of black cash from the [[CIA]] in order to buy influence within the [[Politics of Afghanistan|Afghan government]]. The article stated that "the cash that does not appear to be subject to the oversight and restrictions." An unnamed American official was quoted by ''The New York Times'' as stating that "The biggest source of corruption in Afghanistan was the United States."<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/29/world/asia/cia-delivers-cash-to-afghan-leaders-office.html|title=With Bags of Cash, C.I.A. Seeks Influence in Afghanistan|author=Matthew Rosenberg|newspaper=The New York Times|date=28 April 2013|access-date=29 April 2013|archive-date=28 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428232309/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/29/world/asia/cia-delivers-cash-to-afghan-leaders-office.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 17 June 2013, Senator [[Bob Corker]] put a hold on $75 million intended for electoral programs in Afghanistan after his inquiries of 2 May 14 May and 13 June to the [[Obama Administration]] regarding the CIA "ghost money" remained unanswered.<ref name="Corker">''Senator puts hold on some Afghan aid over Karzai "ghost money"'', [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-afghanistan-congress-idUSBRE95G11F20130617] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016132054/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/17/us-usa-afghanistan-congress-idUSBRE95G11F20130617|date=16 October 2015}}, Reuters, 17 June 2013</ref>

Karzai also admitted that his office received millions of dollars in cash from the Iranian government.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shalizi |first=Hamid |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-karzai-idUSTRE69O27Z20101025 |title=Karzai says his office gets bags of money from Iran |work=Reuters |date=25 October 2010 |access-date=22 March 2014 |archive-date=22 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322061429/http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/10/25/us-afghanistan-karzai-idUSTRE69O27Z20101025 |url-status=live }}</ref> Karzai stated that the money was given as gifts and intended for renovating his Presidential Palace in Kabul. "This is transparent. This is something that I've even discussed while I was at Camp David with President Bush."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/karzai-confirms-iran-provides-his-office-with-cash-1.566949 |title=Karzai confirms Iran provides his office with cash |publisher=Ctvnews.ca |date=25 October 2010 |access-date=22 March 2014 |archive-date=22 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322051155/http://www.ctvnews.ca/karzai-confirms-iran-provides-his-office-with-cash-1.566949 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Corruption===
{{main|Corruption in Afghanistan}}

According to ''The New York Times'', many members of the Karzai family have mixed their personal interests with that of the state, and become hugely influential and wealthy by murky means.<ref>{{cite news |last=Risen |first=James |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/06/world/asia/06karzai.html |title=Karzai's Kin Use Ties to Gain Power in Afghanistan |location=Afghanistan |work=The New York Times |date=5 October 2010 |access-date=30 August 2011 |archive-date=27 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027022925/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/06/world/asia/06karzai.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012 Afghanistan was tied with Somalia and North Korea at the bottom of [[Transparency International]]'s [[Corruption Perception Index]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transparency.org/cpi2012 |title=Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index 2012 |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Transparency.org |access-date=22 March 2014 |archive-date=20 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320044835/http://www.transparency.org/cpi2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> and it ranked 172/175 in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.transparency.org/country#AFG |title=2014 Corruption Perception Index |access-date=23 March 2015 |archive-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524182350/https://www.transparency.org/country#AFG |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Mahmoud Karzai]], the brother of President Karzai, was implicated in the 2010 [[Kabul Bank]] crisis. Mahmud Karzai was the 3rd largest shareholder in the bank with a 7% stake. Kabul Bank incurred huge losses on its investments in villas in [[Palm Jumeirah]] in [[Dubai]]. The real estate investments were registered in the name of Kabul Bank chairman, Sherkhan Farnood. Mahmud Karzai bought one such villa from Farnood for 7 million [[dirham]]s using money borrowed from Kabul Bank and in a matter of months sold it for 10.4 million dirhams.<ref name="wp-kabul-bank">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/07/AR2010090706645.html|title=Karzai's brother financed Dubai property purchases through embattled Kabul Bank|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=8 September 2010|access-date=22 June 2012|first=Andrew|last=Higgins|archive-date=30 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730225239/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/07/AR2010090706645.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Mahmud Karzai's purchase of the 7% stake in Kabul Bank was also financed entirely through money lent by Kabul Bank with the shares as collateral.<ref name="wp-kabul-bank"/>

Karzai has admitted that there is widespread corruption in Afghanistan, but has blamed the problem largely on the way contracts are awarded by the international community, and said that the "perception of corruption" is a deliberate attempt to weaken the Afghan government.<ref>{{cite news |last=Abawi |first=Atia |url=http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/12/06/15717342-exclusive-us-nato-behind-insecurity-in-afghanistan-karzai-says |title=EXCLUSIVE: US, NATO behind 'insecurity' in Afghanistan, Karzai says – World News |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=6 December 2012 |access-date=22 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322044217/http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/12/06/15717342-exclusive-us-nato-behind-insecurity-in-afghanistan-karzai-says |archive-date=22 March 2014 }}</ref>{{sfn|Partlow|2016|page=203}}

===Unocal connection===
There has been much debate over Karzai's alleged consultant work with [[Unocal]] (Union Oil Company of California since acquired by [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]] in 2005). In 2002, when Karzai became the subject of heavy media coverage as one of the front runners to lead Afghanistan, it was reported that he was a former consultant for them.<ref name="csmonitor">{{cite web|date=10 June 2002|url = https://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0610/p01s03e-wosc.html|title = Afghan power brokers |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]| access-date =11 December 2007|author1=Ilene R. Prusher |author2=Scott Baldauf |author3=Edward Girardet |quote=Karzai is a former employee of US oil company Unocal ... bidding for the lucrative contract to build an oil pipeline from Uzbekistan through Afghanistan |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070629145511/http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0610/p01s03e-wosc.html |archive-date = 29 June 2007}}</ref><ref name="atimes">{{cite web|year = 2009|url = http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DA29Ag02.html|title = Mr Karzai goes to Washington|website= [[Asia Times Online]]|access-date = 12 September 2009|last = Marc Erikson|quote = And one further thing both men have in common is that in 1996/97 they advised American oil company Unocal on the US$2 billion project of a Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan pipeline.|archive-date = 8 November 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091108124230/http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DA29Ag02.html|url-status = unfit}}</ref> Spokesmen for both Unocal and Karzai have denied any such relationship, although Unocal could not speak for all companies involved in the consortium.<ref name="globalsecurity"/> The original claim that Karzai worked for Unocal originates from a 6 December 2001 issue of the French newspaper ''[[Le Monde]]'',<ref name="globalsecurity">{{cite web |year=2007 |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/afghanistan/karzai.htm |title=Hamid Karzai |publisher=globalsecurity |access-date=11 December 2007 |quote=The claim appears to have originated in the 9 December 2001 issue of the French newspaper Le Monde. Some have suggested that Karzai was confused with U.S. ambassador to Afghanistan Zalmay Khalilzad. |archive-date=11 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211203925/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/afghanistan/karzai.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

Barry Lane UNOCAL's manager for public relations states in an interview on the website Emperor's Clothes that, "He was never a consultant, never an employee. We've exhaustively searched through all our records."<ref name="emperors-clothes">{{cite web |date=9 July 2002 |url=http://emperors-clothes.com/interviews/lane.htm|title=Emperor's clothes interviews Unocal Oil |publisher=Emperor's Clothes |access-date=12 September 2009 |author=[[Jared Israel]] interviewing Barry Lane |quote=Jared Israel: The other thing that is being asserted everywhere is that Hamid Karzai, the current head of the Afghan 'government' once worked for you. Barry Lane: Yeah. Yeah, well that's probably one of the great urban legends. He never worked for us. Jared Israel: He didn't work for somebody else who worked for you? Barry Lane: No. No, not him. He was never a consultant, never an employee. We've exhaustively searched through all our records to try and find out where the hell that came from.|archive-date=10 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310213712/http://emperors-clothes.com/interviews/lane.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="usembassy.gov">{{cite web|year=2009 |url=http://cambodia.usembassy.gov/definition.html |title=Misinformation |work=[[USA.gov]] |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |access-date=12 September 2009 |quote=all the company's records made it clear that Mr. Karzai was "never a consultant, never an employee" of Unocal. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211062904/http://cambodia.usembassy.gov/definition.html |archive-date=11 February 2007 }}</ref> Lane however did say that [[Zalmay Khalilzad]], the former [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations]], was a Unocal consultant in the mid-1990s.<ref name="seattletimes">{{Cite news|date=5 July 2004 |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2001972076_fahrenheit05.html |title=Analyzing 'Fahrenheit 9/11': It's accurate — to a degree |newspaper=The Seattle Times |first1=Sumana |last1=Chatterjee |first2=David |last2=Goldstein |name-list-style=amp |access-date=12 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719034130/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2001972076_fahrenheit05.html |archive-date=19 July 2008 }}</ref>

===Communication with Taliban===
In October 2013, Karzai's administration and the Afghan Intelligence agency were found to be communicating with the Pakistani Taliban about the shifting of power that was expected to occur if the U.S. forces withdrew in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |author=Web Desk |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/624306/us-catches-afghan-govt-red-handed-in-plotting-with-pakistani-taliban-report/ |title=US catches Afghan govt 'red handed' in plotting with Pakistani Taliban: Report |newspaper=The Express Tribune |date=29 October 2013 |access-date=22 March 2014 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222040323/http://tribune.com.pk/story/624306/us-catches-afghan-govt-red-handed-in-plotting-with-pakistani-taliban-report/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Karzai himself was in London at the time of the discovery, to participate in talks with Pakistan and the U.S. on the possible location of Taliban leader Mullah Baradar. At the time, it was unknown if Karzai was directly involved or even knew of such communications.

In May 2021, Karzai spoke with German newspaper ''[[Der Spiegel]]'', where he expressed his sympathy with the Taliban, criticized the role of the United States in Afghanistan and praised the role of the [[European Union]], at the same time, saying that the future of Afghanistan relies heavily on neighboring Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |last=Koelbl |first=Susanne |title="We Afghans Are Just Being Used Against Each Other" |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/former-afghanistan-president-hamid-karzai-we-afghans-are-just-being-used-against-each-other-a-81412b96-c7e5-4287-b423-fbc2b600f317 |access-date=5 June 2021 |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |date=22 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602122101/https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/former-afghanistan-president-hamid-karzai-we-afghans-are-just-being-used-against-each-other-a-81412b96-c7e5-4287-b423-fbc2b600f317 |url-status=live}}</ref> He also considered the Taliban "victims of foreign forces" and said that Afghans were being manipulated to be "each against the other". In November 2021, he told [[Yalda Hakim]] of [[BBC News]] that he considered the Taliban as "brothers".<ref>{{cite news|title=Ex-Afghan president: The Taliban are my brothers|language=en-GB|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-59505688|access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref>

===View on ISIS in Afghanistan===
Karzai, during an interview with Voice of America in April 2017, claimed that [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province|ISIS]] in Afghanistan is a tool for the United States. He further claimed that he does not differentiate at all between ISIS and the United States.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newsweek.com/hamid-karzai-us-afghanistan-isis-taliban-russia-587031|title=War in Afghanistan: Former President Hamid Karzai Claim There Is No Difference Between ISIS And America|access-date=20 April 2017|magazine=[[Newsweek]]|author=Mirren Gidda|archive-date=21 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421105418/http://www.newsweek.com/hamid-karzai-us-afghanistan-isis-taliban-russia-587031|url-status=live}}</ref>

During an interview with [[Fox News]] a few weeks later, Karzai claimed that [[ISIS]] in Afghanistan is a product of the United States. He claimed that he routinely received reports regarding unmarked helicopters dropping supplies to support the terror faction. He asked for an explanation from the United States regarding the unmarked helicopter flights. He also claimed that the United States had made Afghanistan a testing ground for its weapons.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/us-aids-isis-says-afghanistans-former-president|title=US aids ISIS, says Afghanistan's former president|access-date=4 May 2017|publisher=Fox News|author=Hollie Mckay|archive-date=4 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104072828/https://www.foxnews.com/world/us-aids-isis-says-afghanistans-former-president|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2017 during an interview with [[Al Jazeera]], Karzai again criticized the United States. He accused the United States of working with ISIS in Afghanistan. Moreover, he said that the United States government had allowed ISIS to flourish in Afghanistan and that it had used ISIS as an excuse to drop the [[GBU-43]] (Mother of all Bombs) in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/11/hamid-karzai-colluded-isil-afghanistan-171110191715544.html|title=Hamid Karzai: US colluded with ISIL in Afghanistan|access-date=11 November 2017|publisher=Al Jazeera|archive-date=17 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317035713/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/11/hamid-karzai-colluded-isil-afghanistan-171110191715544.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2017/nov/11/us-colluded-with-is-in-afghanistan-former-president-hamid-karzai-1698707.html|title=US colluded with IS in Afghanistan: Former president Hamid Karzai|access-date=11 November 2017|newspaper=New Indian Express|archive-date=4 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104021550/http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2017/nov/11/us-colluded-with-is-in-afghanistan-former-president-hamid-karzai-1698707.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Karzai also accused Pakistan of supporting ISIS during an interview with [[Asian News International|ANI]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=No doubt on Pakistan's role in supporting ISIS: Hamid Karzai - ANI News|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QVM1FHzamSg&feature=youtu.be|access-date=28 August 2020|website=YouTube|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201074742/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QVM1FHzamSg&feature=youtu.be|url-status=live}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* In the film ''[[War Machine (2017 film)|War Machine]]'', Karzai was portrayed by [[Ben Kingsley]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://torontosun.com/2015/08/26/ben-kingsley-teaches-patricia-clarkson-how-to-drive-in-new-dramedy|title=Ben Kingsley teaches Patricia Clarkson how to drive in new dramedy|website=torontosun}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Afghanistan|Biography}}
* [[List of heads of state of Afghanistan]]
* [[Politics of Afghanistan]]
* [[Mahmoud Karzai]]
* [[Ahmed Wali Karzai]]
* [[Kabul Bank]] crisis
* [[Afghan Peace Jirga 2010]]
* [[Kabul International Airport|Hamid Karzai International Airport]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Books/Articles==
* [[Dam, Bette]]. ''A Man and a Motorcycle'', Ipso Facto Publ., Sept. 2014.
* Dam, Bette. "The Misunderstanding of Hamid Karzai", ''[[Foreign Policy]]'', October 3, 2014.
* {{cite book |first=Joshua |last=Partlow |title=A Kingdom of Their Own: The Family Karzai and the Afghan Disaster |publisher=Knopf |year=2016 |isbn=978-0307962645 }}

==External links==
{{Sister project links |b=no |s=Author:Hamid Karzai |v=no |wikt=no}}
* {{Instagram|hamid.karzai}}
* {{C-SPAN}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Burhanuddin Rabbani]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of Afghanistan]]|years=2002–2014|order=4th}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ashraf Ghani]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Hamid Karzai}}
{{Presidents of Afghanistan}}
{{Freedom Award laureates}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karzai, Hamid}}
[[Category:Hamid Karzai| ]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:21st-century heads of state of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Presidents of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Karzai family|Hamid]]
[[Category:Afghan exiles]]
[[Category:Afghan expatriates in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Afghan anti-communists]]
[[Category:Critics of Islamism]]
[[Category:Habibia High School alumni]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh University alumni]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Mujahideen members of the Soviet–Afghan War]]
[[Category:Pashtun politicians]]
[[Category:People from Kandahar Province]]
[[Category:Afghan Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Anti-communism in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Pashtun nationalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Afghan writers]]

Vibha Chibber

2026-03-27T08:40:20Z

GeorgeGirdleston: enhance structure to improve readability and improved wording

{{short description|Indian film and television actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vibha Chibber
| image =
| caption = Chibber in 2010
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| education = [[National School of Drama]]
| occupation = Film and television actress
| years_active = 1986–present
| children = [[Puru Chibber]]
| spouse =
}}

'''Vibha Chibber''' is an Indian actress and theatre artist who appears in [[Indian television|TV shows]] & [[Bollywood|Hindi films]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vibha-chibber-i-quit-my-job-in-delhi-to-support-my-son-and-not-to-become-an-actress/articleshow/65051153.cms |title=Vibha Chibber: I quit my job in Delhi to support my son, and not to become an actress|newspaper=The Times of India |date=19 July 2018 }}</ref> She is well known for her memorable work in the successful television soaps ''[[Sapna Babul Ka... Bidaai]]'', ''[[Mrs. Kaushik Ki Paanch Bahuein]]'' and ''[[Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki]]''. TV actor [[Puru Chibber]] is her son.<ref>{{cite news |title=Like mother, like son |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Like-mother-like-son/articleshow/11243064.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103194432/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-25/tv/30556609_1_entertainment-channels-vibha-chibber-zee-tv |url-status=live |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=3 January 2013}}</ref>

==Career==
Vibha graduated as an actor from the [[National School of Drama]] in 1986. Since then, she has worked with [[Barry John (theatre director)|Barry John]], [[Amal Allana]], [[Kirti Jain]], Anuradha Kapoor Prassanna and many other playwrights and directors. She then joined Theatre in Education, a wing of the NSD, as a teacher. She has taught acting to children as well as adults.

Before coming into films & television, she was mainly into theatre. She has worked on the docu-drama ''"7 Island And A Metro"'' with director Madhushree Dutta. Vibha has shared screen space on the celluloid with some of the finest actors in the country such as [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]], [[Rani Mukherjee]], [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Asin]] etc.<ref>{{cite news |title='Good actors are good human beings' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/13vibha.htm}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:100%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Title
! scope="col"|Role
|-
| 2007–10 ||''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]'' || Kaushalya Sharma
|-
| 2008 ||''[[Saas v/s Bahu]]'' || {{N/A}}
|-
| 2011||''[[Looteri Dulhan]]'' || Chanda
|-
| 2011–13 || ''[[Mrs. Kaushik Ki Paanch Bahuein]]'' || Bindeshwari Kaushik
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Punar Vivah - Ek Nayi Umeed|Punar Vivah 2]]'' || {{N/A}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Vibha Chibber in Punar Vivah-2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Vibha-Chibber-in-Punar-Vivah-2/articleshow/20243024.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717040447/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-24/tv/39501428_1_zee-tv-punar-vivah-2-karan-v-grover |url-status=live |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=17 July 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 2014–15 || ''[[Humsafars]]'' || Alvira Choudhry
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Piya Rangrezz]]'' || Pramila Devi
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Hum Aapke Ghar Mein Rehte Hain]]'' || Bachani Devi
|-
| 2016–18 || ''[[Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki]]'' || Rano Singh Bedi
|-
|2020 || ''[[Pavitra Bhagya]]'' || Baljeet Khurana
|-
|rowspan="3"|2021
|''[[Amma Ke Babu Ki Baby]]'' || Kaushalya Chaudhary
|-
|''[[Tera Yaar Hoon Main]]'' || Gurmeet Kaur Singh
|-
|''[[Choti Sarrdaarni]]'' || Harshdeep Kaur Babbar
|-
| 2023–24
| ''[[Neerja – Ek Nayi Pehchaan]]''
| Shubhra Bagchi
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Mehndi Wala Ghar]]''
| Janaki Agarwal
|-
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:100%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Film
! scope="col"|Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| 2006 || ''7 Island And A Metro'' || Ismat Chugtai || Docudrama
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007 ||''[[Chak De! India]]'' || Krishnaji ||
|-
|''[[Saawariya]]'' || Naseeban ||
|-
| 2008 ||''[[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]]'' || Havaldar Vijyanti ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Let's Dance (2009 film)|Let's Dance]]'' || Vibha Chibber ||
|-
| 2010 ||''[[Peter Gaya Kaam Se]]'' || Peter's Mother ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 ||''[[Jolly LLB]]'' || [[Meerut]] Judge ||
|-
| ''[[Boss (2013 Hindi film)|Boss]]'' || Mrs. Pradhan ||
|-
| 2014 ||''[[Lakshmi (2014 film)|Lakshmi]]'' || Amma ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Dolly Ki Doli]]'' || Commissioner Kiran Chaudhary ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || ''Palki'' || Lata ||
|-
| ''[[Dhanak]]'' || Sheera Mata ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Blackmail (2018 film)|Blackmail]]'' || Mrs. Chawla||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019 || ''[[Drive (2019 film)|Drive]]'' || Vibha Singh|| Netflix release
|-
| ''[[Motichoor Chaknachoor]]'' || Indu Tyagi||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Thai Massage (film)|Thai Massage]]'' || Mrs. Panchal||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Agra (2023 film)|Agra]]'' || Mummy ji||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Bhakshak]]'' || Rajni Singh ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=9 February 2024 |title=Bhakshak Cast List {{!}} Bhakshak Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bhakshak/cast/ |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025 || ''[[Ufff Yeh Siyapaa]]'' || Nirmala||
|-
| ''[[Jolly LLB 3]]'' || Judge Poonam Aggarwal ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm2913438}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chibber, Vibha}}
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:National School of Drama alumni]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Actors in Hindi theatre]]

Srungara Vallabha Swamy Temple

2026-03-25T21:48:38Z

GeorgeGirdleston: Created new location with sources

{{short description|Hindu temple in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Sri Srungara Vallabha Swami Temple
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =India Andhra Pradesh
| map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh
| country = India
| state = Andhra Pradesh
| district = Kakinada
| location = Tirupati village, Peddapuram Mandal
| deity = Sri Srungara Vallabha Swami
| architecture = Dravidian
| creator =
| website =
|native_name=శ్రీ శృంగార వల్లభ స్వామి దేవాలయం|established=Prior to 12th century|temple_board=Sri Srungara Vallabha Swamy Devasthanam|coordinates={{coord|17|04|59|N|82|05|10|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}}}'''Sri Srungara Vallabha Swami Temple''' is a historic [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temple located in Chadalada Tirupati village (commonly referred to as '''Tholi Tirupati''') in [[Kakinada district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. The temple is dedicated to Sri Srungara Vallabha Swami, a manifestation of [[Venkateswara|Lord Venkateswara]] ([[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]]), and is notable for its historical and architectural significance.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=10 December 2020 |title=Srungara Vallabha Swamy temple attracts devotees for centuries |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/rajamahendravaram-srungara-vallabha-swamy-temple-attracts-devotees-for-centuries-661226 |access-date=5 December 2024 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>

The presiding deity, Srungara Vallabha Swamy, is depicted in a smiling posture, with the name "Srungara" meaning "beautiful." It is believed that the deity appears in varying sizes depending on the devotee’s stature.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Chadalada Tirupathi |url=https://eastgodavari.ap.gov.in/gallery/chadalada-tirupathi/ |access-date=5 December 2024 |website=East Godavari District Web Portal |language=en-US}}</ref> The temple also houses the deities [[Lakshmi|Sri Devi]] and [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhu Devi]], and features intricate inscriptions and sculptures. Unlike traditional depictions of Lord Venkateswara, the deity’s [[Shankha|Sankha]] (conch) and [[Chakram|Chakra]] (disc) are positioned differently.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

The village is named Tholi Tirupati (meaning "the first Tirupati") as it is believed to be the place where Lord Vishnu first appeared in the form of Srungara Vallabha Swamy.<ref name=":0" /> The temple is thought to have originated prior to the 12th century based on the temple inscriptions and is protected by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dr. B. Sowjanya |year=2016 |title=Sri Srungara Vallabharaya Swamy Devalayam, Tirupathi, East Godavari district |url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/quY2K |series=Proceedings of the 40th Session |publisher=Andhra Pradesh History Congress |pages=112–115 |language=te |issn=2320-057X}}</ref> Local tradition holds that the temple has existed for over 9,000 years.<ref name=":0" />

The temple attracts a large number of pilgrims, with an estimated 20,000 visitors on Saturdays and around 3,000 on regular days.<ref name=":0" />

== Etymology ==
The name Srungara Vallabha Swamy is derived from the depiction of the presiding deity in a smiling posture, symbolizing Lord Vishnu as Venkateswara Swamy.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Dr. B. N. V. Parthasarathi |date=12 October 2023 |title=Srungara Vallabha swamy temple, Toli Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh |url=https://hindupost.in/dharma-religion/srungara-vallabha-swamy-temple-toli-tirupati-andhra-pradesh/ |access-date=5 December 2024 |website=HinduPost |language=en-US}}</ref>

The village is also known as Chadalada Tirupati, as it is located near the village of Chadalada.<ref name=":1" />

Additionally, the village is referred to as Tholi Tirupati (meaning "the first Tirupati") due to the belief that it is the site where Lord Vishnu first appeared in the form of Srungara Vallabha Swamy. Local tradition holds that this temple predates the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Venkateswara temple]] at [[Tirumala]].<ref name=":3" />

== Location ==
The Srungara Vallabha Swamy Temple is located in Chadalada Tirupati, popularly known as Tholi Tirupati, near [[Divili]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 November 2015 |title=TTD to develop Vallabha Swamy temple |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ttd-to-develop-vallabha-swamy-temple/article7931433.ece |access-date=5 December 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The temple is located approximately 15 km from [[Samarlakota]] Railway Station and 31 km from [[Kakinada]], accessible via the Kirlampudi-Prathipadu road.<ref name=":3" /> It is situated to the north of Tirupati village, bordered by [[Divili]] to the east, [[Jaggampeta]] to the west, [[Kirlampudi]] to the north, and [[Peddapuram]] to the south. The Eleru Canal flows south of the village, while the temple is located west of the main road. The temple complex occupies a 75-cent plot of land.

== History ==
The Sri Srungara Vallabharaya Swami Temple was constructed prior to 12th century. Historical records, particularly inscriptions found in the temple, document various land donations made to the temple by local rulers. These inscriptions reflect the socio-political and religious practices of the time. The region, once part of the [[Prolunadu]] area, was governed by various dynasties including the [[Gupta Empire|Guptas]], [[Satavahanas]], [[Eastern Chalukyas]][[Palli Pallavas]],[[Kakatiyas]], and [[Reddi Kingdom|Reddi]] rulers.<ref name=":2" />

The Eastern Chalukyas, who ruled from the 7th century, significantly influenced the temple's construction and cultural development. Notable rulers like [[Kubja Vishnuvardhana]] contributed to the establishment of several temples in the region. Contributions continued under subsequent rulers, including the Chalukya-Cholas,Pallavas,Gajapatis, and the local [[zamindars]] of Peddapuram Chalukyas agnikulas.<ref name=":2" />

In 1956, the temple was brought under the management of the Endowments Department to ensure its preservation and continued religious significance.<ref name=":2" />

== Legend (Sthala Puranam) ==
The legend of the Sri Srungara Vallabha Swami Temple is connected to the story of [[Dhruva]], found in the [[Vishnu Purana]] and [[Bhagavata Purana]]. King Uttanapada had two wives, Sunithi and Suruchi, and two sons: Dhruva, son of Sunithi, and Uttama, son of Suruchi. Suruchi was jealous of Dhruva and wanted her son, Uttama, to become king.<ref name=":3" />

One day, Dhruva, a young child, tried to sit on his father’s lap while Uttama was already there. Suruchi pushed him away, telling him that, since he was not her son, he had no right to sit with the king. Heartbroken, Dhruva went to his mother, who advised him to seek Lord Vishnu’s blessings for strength.<ref name=":3" />

Dhruva then set out to perform severe penance. The sage [[Narada]] guided him, advising him to chant "Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya." After six months of austerities, Lord Vishnu appeared before Dhruva. However, Dhruva could not see Vishnu due to his immense size and radiance. To help him, Vishnu assumed a smaller form, allowing Dhruva to see him clearly. Vishnu then blessed Dhruva, granting him the ability to appear in the size that any devotee desired.<ref name=":3" />

Tholi Tirupati is believed to be the place where Lord Vishnu blessed Dhruva, making it a significant location in this story.<ref name=":3" />

== Deity ==
The main deity of the temple is Lord Srungara Vallabha Swamy, regarded as a manifestation of Lord Venkateswara. This deity is portrayed with a distinctive smiling expression. It is believed that the deity appears in different sizes to devotees, in proportion to their own height. In contrast to the conventional depictions of Lord Venkateswara, the positions of the deity's [[Shankha|Sankha]] (conch) and [[Chakram|Chakra]] (disc) are placed differently in this idol.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Architecture ==
The temple follows a traditional [[Dravidian architecture]] style. The main entrance features a gateway with four pillars. Inside, the temple includes the Ranga Mandapa with eight intricately carved pillars, and the Mukha Mandapa with sixteen pillars, which hold around 13 historical inscriptions. The pillars depict various mythological themes, including scenes from the lives of [[Vishnu]] and [[Krishna]].<ref name=":2" />

The sanctum of the temple houses the main deity, Sri Srungara Vallabharaya Swami, along with his consorts Sri Devi and Bhu Devi, in a standing posture. The deity is approximately 4.5 feet tall. Surrounding the temple is a circumambulatory path and stone walls with seven gateways, some of which are damaged or buried over time.<ref name=":2" />

To aid the accessibility of the temple, the Godavari Urban Development Authority (GUDA) has initiated the construction of an arch gate at Divili village, which is located approximately one kilometer from the temple. The temple’s well is noted for having a consistent water supply, even during the summer months.<ref name=":0" />

== Inscriptions and donations ==
The temple inscriptions highlight various donations, particularly land donations made by rulers such as Kapileswarapur Rayalu and contributions by Pratapavatsava Ayyappa Maharaju in the 15th century CE. Local zamindars and [[Reddi Kingdom|Reddi rulers]], such as Anavota Reddy and Vemareddy, also contributed resources and lands for the temple’s upkeep.<ref name=":2" />

== Religious significance ==
The Sri Srungara Vallabharaya Swami Temple is an important centre for [[Vaishnavism]] in the region. Local legends suggest that the deity’s reversed conch and discus symbolize divine blessings to the sage Dhruva. Additionally, the temple is associated with the consecration of [[Lakshmi Devi]] and [[Bhu Devi]] by sages [[Narada]] and [[Krishnadevaraya]], respectively.<ref name=":2" />

== Festivals and rituals ==
The temple follows the Vaikhanasa Agama tradition. Major annual festivals include the Kalyanotsavam held on Chaitra Shuddha Ekadasi and special rituals during [[Dhanurmasa]].<ref name=":0" /> Festivals like the Brahmotsavams and Rathotsavams involve processions of the deities around the village, attracting large numbers of devotees.<ref name=":2" />

The temple also has a sub-temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, and a square-shaped well called Bodna Bavi located southeast of the temple. Bathing in the well during the Kartika month is believed to bring blessings, particularly for progeny.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Hindu temples in Andhra Pradesh |state=collapsed}}
{{Vishnu temples}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kakinada district]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]

Delhi School of Economics

2026-03-23T17:47:43Z

GeorgeGirdleston: added info

{{Short description|Institution of the University of Delhi}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Delhi School of Economics
| other_name = DSE
| logo =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| motto = तमसो मा ज्योतिर् गमय
| mottoeng = Lead us from darkness to light
| established = {{start date and age|1949}}
| type = Higher Educational Institution
| director = Ram Singh
| city = [[Delhi]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = [[urban area|Urban]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.dse.du.ac.in/}}
| affiliations = [[University of Delhi]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 17
}}
'''Delhi School of Economics''' ('''DSE'''), popularly referred to as '''D School''', is an institution of higher learning within the [[Delhi University]].<ref name=best>{{cite web |title=Top Institutions and Economists in India |url=http://cssscal.org/top_india.html |publisher=The Centre for Studies in Social Sciences}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ideas.repec.org/top/top.india.html|title=Within Country and State Economics Rankings: India | IDEAS/RePEc|website=ideas.repec.org}}</ref> The Delhi School of Economics is situated in University of Delhi's [[North campus delhi|North Campus]] in Maurice Nagar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Delhi+School+of+Economics/@28.6847905,77.2083662,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0xd0d1881e0c9c65e5!8m2!3d28.6847905!4d77.2083662|title=Delhi School of Economics|website=Delhi School of Economics}}</ref> Established in 1949,<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://du.ac.in/du/index.php?page=delhi-school-of-economics|title=Delhi School Of Economics - University of Delhi|website=du.ac.in}}</ref> the campus of the Delhi School of Economics houses the University of Delhi's departments of [[Economics]], [[Sociology]], [[Geography]] and [[Commerce]], as well as the Ratan Tata Library. Out of the four academic departments, the Departments of Economics, Sociology and Geography come under the Faculty of Social Sciences, while the Department of Commerce comes under the Faculty of Commerce and Business Studies.<ref name="auto"/>

Many of its former faculty members and alumni have gone ahead to become economists, social scientists, writers, heads of states and journalists. It presently offers multiple post graduate and doctoral level programmes in a wide range of disciplines.

==Campus==
The Delhi School of Economics campus is situated in University of Delhi's North Campus in Maurice Nagar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Delhi+School+of+Economics/@28.6847905,77.2083662,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0xd0d1881e0c9c65e5!8m2!3d28.6847905!4d77.2083662 |title=Delhi School of Economics |work=[[Google Maps]] |publisher=Google Inc.}}</ref> It is surrounded by other institutions and constituent colleges of the University of Delhi, such as [[Ramjas College]], The [[Faculty of Management Studies - University of Delhi|Faculty of Management Studies]], [[St Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]], KMC and [[Hindu College, Delhi|Hindu College]]. Three constituent departments of the Faculty of Social Sciences - Economics, Sociology and Geography- lie within the Delhi School of Economics campus.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://du.ac.in/du/index.php?page=delhi-school-of-economics |title=Delhi School of Economics |publisher=Delhi University |date= |access-date=}}</ref> It additionally also houses the Department of Commerce,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://du.ac.in/du/index.php?page=commerce |title=Commerce |publisher=Delhi University |date= |access-date=}}</ref> which is a part of the Faculty of Commerce and Business Studies, and the Ratan Tata Library.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://du.ac.in/du/index.php?page=ratan-tata-library |title=Ratan Tata Library |publisher=Delhi University |date= |access-date= }}</ref>

==Constituents==
Prof. Ram Singh, director of the Institute of eminence, Delhi School of Economics has been recently appointed to the [[Monetary Policy Committee (India)|Monetary Policy Committee]] (MPC) of [[Reserve Bank of India]], chaired by the Governor [[Sanjay Malhotra]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-01 |title=Who are RBI MPC's new members? Know all about the fresh faces in Shaktikanta Das' team |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/who-are-rbi-mpcs-new-members-ram-singh-nagesh-kumar-and-saugata-bhattacharya-know-all-about-them/articleshow/113858502.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

===Department of Economics===

Among the faculty at the department of economics have been the likes of V.K.R.V. Rao, [[B.N. Ganguly]] and [[K.N. Raj]] (all three of whom went on to serve as vice-chancellors at the [[University of Delhi]]), [[Amartya Sen]] (Nobel Laureate), [[Manmohan Singh]] (the former Indian Prime Minister and also the key architect of the economic reforms since 1991), Sukhomoy Chakravarty (who was chief economic advisor), [[Jagdish Bhagwati]], [[Kaushik Basu]], [[Arjun Kumar Sengupta]], Partha Sen, [[Raj Krishna]], Syed Mohammad Ali, the economic historian [[Tapan Raychaudhuri]] and others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MA Handbook of Information, Department of Economics (2022) |url=http://econdse.org/wp-content/uploads/MA_Handbook-of-Information-2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406035220/http://econdse.org/wp-content/uploads/MA_Handbook-of-Information-2022.pdf |archive-date=6 April 2023}}</ref>

The department has been associated with three important journals over the years. It publishes the ''Indian Economic Review'', several faculty members edit the ''Indian Economic and Social History Review'', and for many years it housed the ''Journal of Quantitative Economics''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Journal of Quantitative Economics |url=https://www.springer.com/journal/40953/editors |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Springer |language=en |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803065959/https://www.springer.com/journal/40953/editors |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Prof. Rohini Somanathan is currently the head of the department.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty {{!}} Department of Economics, DSE |url=http://econdse.org/faculty/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=econdse.org}}</ref>

The department currently offers a MA and a PhD in economics.

=== Department of Geography ===
Professor V.K.R.V. Rao, the university's vice-chancellor at the time, took the initiative to create the Department of Geography in October 1959. George Kuriyan, a renowned geographer, was the first professor and the founder of the department. He was followed in 1966 by V.L.S. Prakasa Rao, who served as the department's head until 1973. During this period, the department acquired a distinctive identity in India and abroad. In 1976, the department was renamed as the Department of Geography owing to the widening of scope of teaching and research activity in not only human, but also physical aspects of Geography. The Faculty members undertake research projects from various agencies including University Grants Commission, Indian Council of Social Science Research, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Indo-Canadian Shastri Institute and Ministries of Government of India, which include Indian Space Research Organization, Department of Science and Technology and the Planning Commission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://geography.du.ac.in/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=geography.du.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DU admin |date=n.d. |title=Department of Geography |url=https://www.du.ac.in/index.php?page=department-of-geography |website=University of Delhi}}</ref>

[https://igu-online.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/PROF-ANINDITA-DATTA-BIONOTE-2024-FOR-IGU.pdf Prof. Anindita Data] is currently serving Head of the department, making history as the first female to hold a full term in this role. She is also the first South Asian women to be elected for vice president, International Geographical Union ([[International Geographical Union|IGU]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty Members |url=https://geography.du.ac.in/People/Faculty-Members |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=geography.du.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=terry_administrator |date=2018-08-29 |title=Executive Committee 2024-2026 |url=https://igu-online.org/organization/executive-committee-2024-2026/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=IGU Online |language=en-US}}</ref>

The department currently offers a MA and PhD in geography.

===Department of Sociology===

In 2010, Professor Nandini Sundar from the department, won the Infosys prize in the field of social anthropology.<ref name="infy">{{cite web|title=Meet the 6 winners of Infosys Prize|url=http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/oct/25/slide-show-1-tech-meet-the-6-winners-infosys-prize.htm|publisher=business.rediff.com|access-date=27 Oct 2010}}</ref> Prof. Anuja Aggarwal is serving the current head for the department.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty – Department of Sociology |url=https://sociology.du.ac.in/faculty/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Ratan Tata Library==

The Ratan Tata Library, popularly referred to as RTL, is situated in the Delhi School of Economics campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/education/an-asset-to-the-social-scientist/article8570111.ece/|title=An asset to the social scientist|website=thehindu.com|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=27 January 2022|date=8 May 2016}}</ref>

==Notable people==
===Notable faculty===
{{more citations needed section|date=May 2021}}
*[[Manmohan Singh]], Former [[Prime Minister of India]]
*[[K. L. Krishna]], eminent [[Indian people|Indian]] Economist and former Director of DSE
*[[Jagdish Bhagwati]], Professor of economics and law at [[Columbia University]]
*[[M.N. Srinivas]], Indian Sociologist
*[[Kaushik Basu]], Senior Vice President and Chief Economist at [[World Bank]]
*[[Veena Das]], Krieger-Eisenhower Professor of Anthropology at [[Johns Hopkins University]]
*[[Pranab Bardhan]], professor emeritus of Economics at [[University of California, Berkeley]]
*[[Sukhamoy Chakraborty]] (1934–1990), noted Indian economist
*[[K.R. Narayanan]], 10th [[President of India]]
*[[Prasanta Pattanaik]], emeritus Professor, [[University of California, Riverside]]
*[[Andre Beteille]], Indian Sociologist & [[Padma Bhushan]] recipient
*[[Raj Krishna]]
*[[V. K. R. V. Rao]], Vice Chancellor of [[Delhi University]]
*[[Tapan Raychaudhuri]]
*[[Amartya Sen]], [[Nobel laureate]]
*[[K. N. Raj]]
*[[Padma Desai]]<ref name=cir>{{cite web |title=Curriculum Vitae of Padma Desai |url=http://www.columbia.edu/~pd5/Padma%20Desai%20CV%20February%202011.pdf |publisher=[[Columbia University]] |access-date=22 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125072202/http://www.columbia.edu/~pd5/Padma%20Desai%20CV%20February%202011.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Suresh Tendulkar]]
*[[Ashok Mitra]]
*[[Arjun Kumar Sengupta]]
*[[Mrinal Datta Chaudhuri]], Former director and [[Padma Bhushan]] recipient
*R. S. Nigam, Former director and recipient of Lifetime Achievement award by A. P. J. Abdul [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|Kalam]]
*[[J. P. S. Uberoi]], retired professor
*[[Shambhavi Choudhary]], Member of Parliament in [[18th Lok Sabha]] representing [[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency|Samastipur Loksabha Constituency]]

===Notable alumni===
{{more citations needed section|date=May 2021}}
[[File:Amitav Ghosh by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|Amitav Ghosh]]
[[File:Ramachandra guha.jpg|thumb|Ramchandra Guha]]
[[File:Gita Gopinath, 2012 (cropped).jpg|200px|thumb|Gita Gopinath]]
* [[Isher Judge Ahluwalia]]
* [[Ravi Batra]], [[Indian American|Indian-American]] [[Economics|economist]]
* [[Anjali Bhardwaj]], Indian social activist working on issues of transparency and accountability
* [[Romola Butalia]], journalist and website editor
* [[Ashwani Mahajan]], Indian Economist and National Convener of [[Swadeshi Jagran Manch]]
* [[Dhritiman Chatterjee]], actor in ''[[Black (2005 film)|Black]]'', ''[[Pratidwandi]]''
* [[Prabhu Chawla]], editor of ''[[India Today]]''
* [[Brahma Chellaney]]
* [[Parag Kumar Das]], human rights activist and Assamese journalist assassinated in 1996
* [[Amitav Ghosh]], author
* [[Manisha Girotra]], Indian business executive
* [[Subir Gokarn]], former Deputy Governor of the [[Reserve Bank of India]]
* [[Omkar Goswami]], chairman and founder, CERG Advisory
* [[Ramachandra Guha]], author, historian and columnist
* [[Ashok Gulati]], Indian agricultural economist
* [[Nistula Hebbar]], journalist and political correspondent<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/chat-with-author-of-kiss-and-tell/20120716.htm|title=Chat with author of Kiss and Tell|website=Rediff}}</ref>
* [[Anshula Kant]], Chief Financial Officer and managing director of the [[World Bank Group]]
* [[Ashwani Mahajan]], National Co-Convener of [[Swadeshi Jagaran Manch]] (SJM)
* [[Amit Mitra]], [[FICCI]]
* [[Bingu wa Mutharika]], former President of Malawi
* [[V. R. Panchamukhi]]
* [[Sat Parashar]], [[India]]n [[Corporate finance|financial management]] expert and [[Business education|business education administrator]]
* [[Om Prakash (historian)|Om Prakash]], an historian
* [[Vidya Rao]], [[Hindustani classical]] singer and writer
* [[Prannoy Roy]], media figure, founder of [[NDTV]]
* [[Kuladhar Saikia]], [[Director General of Police#List of current Chiefs of Police Forces in the States and Union territories of India|Director General of Assam Police]]
* [[Rajan Saxena (management academic)|Rajan Saxena]], Indian management expert
* [[Mihir Shah]], Indian economist and former member of the erstwhile [[Planning Commission of India]]
* [[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]], noted Indian historian
* [[Paranjoy Guha Thakurta]], Indian journalist, political commentator, author and a documentary film maker
* [[Usha Thorat]], Reserve Bank Of India
* [[Piers Vitebsky]], British anthropologist

====Academics====
* [[Dilip Abreu]], game theorist and Professor of Economics at [[New York University]]
* [[Bina Agarwal]], prize-winning [[Development economics|development economist]] and Professor of Development Economics and Environment at the Global Development Institute at [[The University of Manchester]]
* [[Arindam Banik]], [[Associated Cement Companies]] Chair Professor at International Management Institute, Editor, [[Global Business Review]], Former Director of [[IMI Kolkata]]
* [[Amitava Bose]]
* [[Maitreesh Ghatak]], Professor of Economics, [[London School of Economics|LSE]]
* Sayantan Ghosal, Adam Smith Chair in Political Economy, University of Glasgow
* [[Gita Gopinath]], Professor of Economics, [[Harvard University]] and Deputy Managing Director of the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]
* [[Reetika Khera]], one of India's leading development economists
* [[Shailendra Raj Mehta]], President & Director of [[MICA (institute)|MICA]]
* [[Nadeem Naqvi]]
* [[Prasanta Pattanaik|Prasanta K. Pattanaik]], Professor of Economics, [[University of California]], Riverside, USA
* [[Rajan Saxena (management academic)|Rajan Saxena]], management expert, Padma Shri awardee
* [[Arunava Sen]], Professor of Economics at [[Indian Statistical Institute]]
* [[Gita Sen]], adjunct professor at [[Harvard University]] and professor emeritus at the [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]]; feminist scholar and specialist in international population policy
* [[Suresh Tendulkar]], former chief of the [[National Statistical Commission]] and Chairman of Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh|Manmohan Singh's]] [[Economic Advisory Council]] (PMEAC) from 2004 to 2008
* [[Kamta Prasad (economist)|Kamta Prasad]], former professor of economics, Indian Institute for Public Administration and [[IIT Kanpur]]
* [[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]], One of the world's leading historian. He holds the Irving and Jean Stone Endowed Chair in Social Sciences at [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]].

====Government====

* [[Pulok Chatterji]], 11th [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiaofthepast.org/contribute-memories/read-contributions/life-back-then/624-family-photo-album-b-k-chatterji |title=Family photo album – B K Chatterji |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-date=17 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917124822/https://www.indiaofthepast.org/contribute-memories/read-contributions/life-back-then/624-family-photo-album-b-k-chatterji |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Bibek Debroy]], Chairman of the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM)
* [[Ruchira Kamboj]], [[Ambassador]] & [[Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations|Permanent Representative of India]] to [[UNESCO|UNESCO Paris]]
* [[Pramod Kumar Misra]], [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India]]
*[[Poonam Gupta (Economist)]], Deputy Governor of [[Reserve Bank of India]]
* [[Ashok Mitra]], former [[Chief Economic Adviser to the Government of India]]
* [[Vinay Sheel Oberoi]], [[Ambassador]] & [[Permanent Representative]] of [[India]] to [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|UNESCO]]
* [[Iswar Prasanna Hazarika]], former member of the [[Lok Sabha]], director of [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]], [[MMTC Ltd.|MMTC]] etc.
* [[Vinod Rai]], 11th [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]]
* [[Pankaj Saran]], [[National Security Advisor (India)|Deputy National Security Adviser of India]]
* [[N. K. Singh]], Chairman of [[Fifteenth Finance Commission|15th Finance Commission]]
* [[Sujatha Singh]], former [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary of India]]
* [[Pradeep Kumar Sinha]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], Principal Advisor to the Prime Minister of India

==See also==
* [[Rameshwari Photocopy Service shop copyright case]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://dse.du.ac.in}}
* [https://mbadu.org/ DSE MBA BUSINESS ANALYTICS COURSE WEBSITE MBA(BA)]
* [https://commerce.du.ac.in/ Department Of Commerce Website]

{{University of Delhi}}
{{Delhi}}
{{Economy of India related topics}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1949]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Delhi]]
[[Category:Economics schools in India]]
[[Category:Delhi University]]
[[Category:Economy of Delhi]]
[[Category:1949 establishments in India]]

Sulfiq L.

2026-03-18T02:20:35Z

GeorgeGirdleston: Created a data needs work

{{short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Sulfiq.L
| image =
| native_name =
| birth_name = Zulfiqre Likhayathulla
| alias =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]]
| instrument =
| occupation = Playback singer Director
| years_active =
| parent =
| website =
}}

'''Sulfiq.L''' is a playback singer as well as a director.<ref>{{cite web |last1=VADAYAR |first1=MOHAN |title=Singer releases video for N-Day |url=http://gulftoday.ae/portal/506c4250-cbac-4d3d-9649-5ae42afc833b.aspx |publisher=[[The Gulf Today]] |access-date=6 March 2017 |date=2 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=പ്രവാസ ലോകത്ത് നിന്നും പിന്നണി ഗായകനായി സുൽഫിഖ് |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/tv/ReadMore/10814/sulfiq-a-singer-from-abroad |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |access-date=6 March 2017}}</ref> He has sung [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]] language songs for feature films and has also performed and directed many [[music video]]s.<ref name="സുൽഫിഖ്-പ്രവാസിയുടെ ഗായകൻ">{{cite journal |title=സുൽഫിഖ്-പ്രവാസിയുടെ ഗായകൻ |journal=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=21 December 2012}}</ref>

Sulfiq was noticed by film industry only after his [[Dubai]] based music videos<ref name=Sulfiq1>{{cite web |title=Habeebi Music video-Sulfiq.L | date=21 August 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ULSlvkMqO3g |publisher=[[YouTube]] |access-date=6 March 2017 }}</ref><ref name=Sulfiq2>{{cite web |title=Marhaban UAE Music video-Sulfiq.L | date=9 December 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YcXm2MqDItc |publisher=[[YouTube]] |access-date=6 March 2017 }}</ref><ref name=Sulfiq3>{{cite web |title=Onnanam Kunninmel Music Album launch | date=30 November 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNX1kMRfR7I |publisher=[[YouTube]] |access-date=6 March 2017 }}</ref> and was introduced as playback singer in the Tamil film ''[[Manal Naharam]]'' directed by actor [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Actor Shankar's directorial Sand City to release |url=http://digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com/357686/Outside-Kerala/17-OCTOBER-2014#page/2/1 |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=17 October 2014 |access-date=6 March 2017}}</ref> Album 'Dubai Days', released on [[UAE]] National day, sung by Sulfiq was a YouTube success.<ref>{{cite news |title=യുഎഇക്ക് ആദരമർപ്പിച്ച് സുൾഫിഖിന്റെ ദുബായ് ഡേയ്സ് സംഗീത ആൽബം |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/news/nri-news/gulf/uae/dubai-days-music-album.html |access-date=15 March 2017 |publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]] |date=30 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=വിഡിയോ ആൽബം പ്രകാശനം |url=http://www.deepika.com/localnews/Localdetailnews.aspx?id=388793&Distid=KL4 |access-date=15 March 2017 |publisher=[[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]]}}</ref>

The title song 'Aakaasha Kuda' from ''[[Oru Mexican Aparatha]]'' (2017) has made Sulfiq a noticeable singer of [[Cinema of Kerala|Malayalam]] films.<ref name=Sulfiq4>{{cite web |title=ഒരു മെക്സിക്കൻ അപാരതയിലെ ഗാനങ്ങൾ റിലീസ് ചെയ്തു |url=http://keralaonlinenews.com/Video/Oru-Mexican-Aparatha-Audio-Songs-15873.html |publisher=kerala online news |access-date=6 March 2017 |date=10 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Soman |first1=Deepa |title=Music review: Oru Mexican Aparatha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/music-review-oru-mexican-aparatha/articleshow/57184951.cms |access-date=7 March 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ഒരു മെക്സിക്കൻ അപാരത ഗാനങ്ങൾ പുറത്തിറക്കി |url=http://news.keralakaumudi.com/beta/news.php?NewsId=TkNSUDAxNDAxMTM=&xP=Q1lC&xDT=MjAxNy0wMi0xMSAwNjo0MzowMA==&xD=MQ==&cID=OQ== |access-date=15 March 2017 |publisher=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] |date=11 February 2017}}</ref> He has also launched a [[YouTube]] channel called ''Sound Clef'' for talented singers waiting for opportunities.<ref>{{cite web |title=വേദികൾ കിട്ടാത്ത ഗായകർക്കായി യൂട്യൂബ് ചാനലുമായി ഒരു ഗായകൻ |work=REPORTER - Malayalam News Channel - Breaking News, Latest News, Kerala,India,World,Politics,Movies,Entertainment,Sports,Business, Pravasi, Environment |url=http://www.reporterlive.com/2017/03/18/367654.html |publisher=Reporter Live |access-date=25 March 2017 |date=19 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ഗായകർക്കായി യൂട്യൂബ് ചാനൽ |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/gulf-news/uae/youtube-channel/2017/mar/21/252824 |publisher=Madhyamam |access-date=25 March 2017 |date=21 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Oru Mexican aparatha-producer-soundclef-Renil gowtham-zulfiq |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBsH8G0miNU |access-date=29 March 2017 |publisher=Youtube}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Asianet News-Soundclef-Sulfiq |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aWKW_OGe534 |access-date=29 March 2017 |publisher=Asianet News-}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title="Sound Clef" online Music Youtube Channel-Gulf News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SBo91xZ53Y0 |access-date=29 March 2017 |publisher=Asianet Gulf News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mathrubhumi News-soundclef-Sulfiq |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1QCH45g2Rw |access-date=29 March 2017 |publisher=Mathrubhumi News}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Sulfiq, born in [[Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]] is working as infrastructure & utility manager at Afcons LLC for road transport authority project, [[Dubai]].<ref name="സുൽഫിഖ്-പ്രവാസിയുടെ ഗായകൻ"/>

==Discography==

{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Song !! Film / Album !! Music !!
|-
| 2012 || Habeebi || rowspan="3" | Music Video || Ashraf Manjeri || <ref name=Sulfiq1/>
|-
| 2012 || Marhaban || rowspan="2" | Retheesh Roy || <ref name=Sulfiq2/>
|-
| 2013 || Freedom Era || <ref>{{cite web |title=Freedom Era Music video-Sulfiq.L | date=9 January 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1rVtTVYrz30 |publisher=[[YouTube]] |access-date=6 March 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015|| Theeyaga Theeyaga
|''[[Manal Naharam]]''|| rowspan="4" | Rinil Gowtham ||
|-
|Njan Oru Minnal Kodi
| rowspan="2" |''Sand City'' (D)
|
|-
|Theechoodi Theechoodi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2016 || Moovanthikkatte || ''[[Kanthari]]''||
|-
| Onnanam Kunninmel || ''Onnanam Kunninmel''|| Shyam Dharman || <ref>{{cite web |title=Onnanam Kunninmel Music Album launch | date=14 September 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ccgux39fdks |publisher=[[YouTube]] |access-date=6 March 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| Dubai Days || rowspan="2" | Music Video || Rinil Gowtham || <ref name="Sulfiq3" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian expats say it with a song-Dubai Days |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/uae/society/indian-expats-say-it-with-a-song-1.1938334 |publisher=[[Gulf News]] |access-date=6 March 2017 |date=1 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017 || Mazhavillu || Rinil Gowtham || <ref>{{cite web |title=Mazhavillu Music Video | date=24 January 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hvgSsS8S2d8 |publisher=[[YouTube]] |access-date=6 March 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| Aakaasha Kuda || ''[[Oru Mexican Aparatha]]''|| Manikandan Iyyappan || <ref name=Sulfiq4/> |
|-
| Diamond for you || rowspan="2" | Music Video || Nikhil R Nair || <ref>{{cite web |title=Diamond for you Music Video | date=22 June 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OEbr4p7pt70 |publisher=[[YouTube]]-Media One News |access-date=17 July 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || Diamond for you-2 || Retheesh Roy || <ref>{{cite web |title=Diamond for you 2 Music Video | date=15 June 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z3_MvJsvZBY |publisher=[[YouTube]] |access-date=26 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Diamond for you 2 Music Video | date=14 June 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylRXrd1rt7E |publisher=[[YouTube]] |access-date=26 September 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || Kunjade Ninte Manassil... || ''[[Ittymaani: Made in China]]''|| [[4 Musics]]|| |
|-
| 2022 || Love Parenda... || ''Onnu'' || Noufal Nazar || |
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|7497599}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sulfiq.L}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Alappuzha]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]

Spam

2026-03-13T11:52:54Z

GeorgeGirdleston: Expanded content with additional details

{{for|spam on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Spam|Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam|selfref=y}}
{{Wiktionary|SPAM|Spam|spam|spammy}}
'''Spam''' most often refers to:
* [[Spam (food)]], a consumer brand product of canned processed pork of the Hormel Foods Corporation

* [[Spamming]], unsolicited or undesired electronic messages
** [[Email spam]], unsolicited, undesired, or illegal email messages
** [[Messaging spam]], spam targeting users of instant messaging (IM) services, SMS or private messages within websites

'''Spam''' or '''SPAM''' may also refer to:
{{TOC right}}

== Art and entertainment ==
* [[Spam (gaming)]], the repetition of an in-game action
* [[Spam (Monty Python sketch)|"Spam" (Monty Python sketch)]], a comedy sketch
* "Spam", a song on the album ''[[It Means Everything]]'' (1997), by Save Ferris
* "Spam", a song by "Weird Al" Yankovic on the album ''[[UHF – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack and Other Stuff]]''
* [[Spam Museum]], a museum in Austin, Minnesota, US dedicated to the canned pork meat product

== Other uses ==
* Smooth-particle applied mechanics, the use of [[smoothed-particle hydrodynamics]] computation to study impact fractures in solids
* SPAM, a [[Bacterial phyla#Uncultivated Phyla and metagenomics|candidate phylum of bacteria]]

== See also ==
* {{In title|Spam}}

{{disambiguation}}

Mathe Haditu Kogile

2026-03-06T05:30:33Z

GeorgeGirdleston: minor improved section per standard format and added references per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Matthe Hadithu Kogile
| image = Mathe Haditu Kogile.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[H. R. Bhargava]]
| producer = S. Shankar
| story = [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]
| writer = Chi. Udaya Shankar
| screenplay = H. R. Bhargava
| starring = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] [[Anant Nag]] [[Bhavya]] [[Rupini]]
| music = [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
| cinematography = D. V. Rajaram
| editing = B. Nagesh
| studio = Sri Shankari Productions
| distributor = Sri Shankari Productions
| released = {{Film date|1990|09|20|df=y}}
| runtime = 146 min
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Kannada]]
}}

'''''Matthe Hadithu Kogile''''' (Kannada: ಮತ್ತೆ ಹಾಡಿತು ಕೋಗಿಲೆ) is a [[Kannada films of 1990|1990]] Indian [[Kannada]] film, directed by [[H. R. Bhargava]] and produced by S. Shankar. The film stars [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Shamili|Baby Shyamili]], [[Anant Nag]], [[Bhavya]] and [[Rupini]]. The film has musical score by [[Rajan–Nagendra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/mathe-hadithu-kogile.html|title=Matthe Hadithu Kogile|accessdate=2015-01-21|publisher=filmibeat.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/Mathe-Haditu-Kogile-1982/9219803296|title=Matthe Hadithu Kogile|accessdate=2015-01-21|publisher=nthwall.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122001255/http://www.nthwall.com/ka/Mathe-Haditu-Kogile-1982/9219803296|archive-date=22 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was a romantic drama. [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] and [[Anant Nag]] co-starred together for the first time. They would follow it up a few years later with ''[[Nishkarsha]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/movies/untold-story-of-kannada-superstars-ananth-nag-and-vishnuvardhan-7327945.html | title=Untold Story of Kannada Superstars Ananth Nag and Vishnuvardhan | date=18 March 2023 }}</ref>

Director Bhargava revealed that he was so enchanted with ''[[Naa Ninna Mareyalare]]'' on which he worked as an associate that he requested Chi. Udayashankar for a similar themed story - a tragic love story between hero and heroine where the hero named Anand has a constant companion in the form of bike. Udayashankar worked on a story idea that [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] had not accepted since he had done a similar role - a hero taking care of an abandoned child - in ''[[Devara Makkalu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=sKf-yp0z3gA&feature=youtu.be|title = ಮತ್ತೆ ಹಾಡಿತು ಕೋಗಿಲೆ ಕತೆ ಚಿ. ಉದಯಶಂಕರ್ ರಾಜ್ ಕುಮಾರ್ ಗೋಸ್ಕರ ಮಾಡಿದಿದ್ದು'-Ep65-Bhargava-Kalamadhyam-#param| website=[[YouTube]] | date=27 March 2021 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Anand ([[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]) is a stage singer. He lives with his best friend Gopal ([[Ramesh Bhat]]). Sangeetha([[Rupini]]) is the daughter of a rich businessman Vishwaprasad (Ashok Rao). Kavitha ([[Bhavya]]) is a close friend of Anand and is secretly in love with him. Sangeetha and Anand fall in love but Sangeetha's father does not approve of Anand. Vishwaprasad arranges Sangeetha's marriage with Prasanna ([[Anant Nag]]), the younger brother of his business partner. Vishwaprasad manages to engage Anand for a concert in Chennai when the marriage is to take place. On finding this out, Anand rushes to stop the marriage but is attacked by Vishwaprasad's goons. In a tough fight he gets hit on the head, loses consciousness and is admitted to the hospital.

Sangeetha tries to commit suicide by taking poison on the first night of her marriage. Prasanna admits her to the hospital. Anand visits Sangeetha and makes her promise not to try such foolish acts again, and advises her to accept Prasanna as her husband. After several months, Sangeetha dies while delivering a baby girl. Prasanna faces problems as a single parent. His brother suggests that he remarry. Prasanna decides to marry a girl from a poor family.

Savitha, Kavitha's younger sister, marries him for his wealth and status but expresses her dislike for the child. Prasanna considers giving away his child for adoption. Kavitha reveals the details of Sangeetha and Anand's friendship. Prasanna decides to give the child away to Anand. Anand names her Pallavi and raises her like his own daughter. Savitha has an abortion and loses her child-bearing potential.

3-4 years later Pallavi ([[Shamlee]]) and Anand are living as a happy family. Anand teaches her music and dance. Prasanna and Savitha attend Anand and Pallavi's concert. Savitha likes Pallavi and now wants Prasanna to bring her back. Anand gives Pallavi back to Prasanna with a heavy heart. Pallavi is sad and unable to accept them as her parents. One day when Prasanna holds a cocktail party for friends, Pallavi unknowingly drinks alcohol and becomes unconscious. Prasanna admits her to the hospital. Anand sings a sad song, "Matte Haditu Kole," to wake up the unconscious Pallavi. Pallavi recovers from the song and runs toward Anand. Finally, Prasanna realizes that only Anand can take care of Pallavi and decides not to interfere in Pallavi's life.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as Anand
*[[Anant Nag]] as Prasan Kumar
*[[Bhavya]] as Kavitha
*[[Rupini]] as Sangeetha
*[[Shamili|Baby Shamili]] as Pallavi
*Sathyashree as Savitha
*[[Mukhyamantri Chandru]] as Pradeep
*[[Ramesh Bhat]] as Gopal
*Ashok Rao as Vishwaprasad
*[[Doddanna]] as Santhosh
{{div col end}}

== Soundtrack ==
All the songs composed by [[Rajan–Nagendra]], written by [[Chi. Udayashankar]].
{{tracklist|
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track-List
| title1 = Baa Nanna Sangeetha
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Chandrika Gururaj]]
| title2 = Haaduva Aase
| extra2 = SPB, [[K. S. Chitra]]
| title3 = Naanindu Ninninda
| extra3 = SPB, K. S. Chitra
| title4 = Nava Vasanthada
| extra4 = SPB, K. S. Chitra
| title5 = Nimmannu Kandaagale
| extra5 = SPB
| title6 = Thananana Haaduve
| extra6 = SPB, [[S. Janaki]]
| length1 = 4:05
| length2 = 4:58
| length3 = 4:37
| length4 = 4:12
| length5 = 4:38
| length6 = 5:16
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1332555}}
* {{YouTube|id=zW3j7X6T0aw|title=Matthe Hadithu Kogile}}

{{H. R. Bhargava}}

[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajan–Nagendra]]
[[Category:Films directed by H. R. Bhargava]]

Devaluation

2026-03-04T21:25:01Z

GeorgeGirdleston: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|Official lowering of the value of a currency}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Foreign Exchange}}
In [[macroeconomics]] and modern [[monetary policy]], a '''devaluation''' is an official lowering of the value of a country's [[currency]] within a [[fixed exchange-rate system]], in which a [[monetary authority]] formally sets a lower [[exchange rate]] of the national currency in relation to a foreign reference currency or [[currency basket]]. The opposite of devaluation, a change in the exchange rate making the domestic currency more expensive, is called a ''[[revaluation]]''. A monetary authority (e.g., a [[central bank]]) maintains a fixed value of its currency by being ready to buy or sell foreign currency with the domestic currency at a stated rate; a devaluation is an indication that the monetary authority will buy and sell foreign currency at a lower rate.

However, under a [[floating exchange rate]] system (in which exchange rates are determined by [[Market (economics)|market force]]s acting on the [[foreign exchange market]], and not by government or central bank policy actions), a decrease in a currency's value relative to other major currency benchmarks is instead called ''[[depreciation (currency)|depreciation]]''; likewise, an increase in the currency's value is called ''[[Currency appreciation and depreciation|appreciation]]''.

Related but distinct concepts include ''[[inflation]]'', which is a market-determined decline in the value of the currency in terms of [[goods and services]] (related to its [[purchasing power]]). Altering the face value of a currency without reducing its exchange rate is a [[redenomination]], not a devaluation or revaluation.

==Historical usage==
{{more citations needed section|date=October 2012}}
Devaluation is most often used in a situation where a currency has a defined value relative to the baseline. Historically, early currencies were typically [[coin]]s, struck from gold or silver by an issuing authority, which certified the [[weight]] and purity of the precious metal. A government in need of money and short on precious metals might decrease the weight or purity of the coins without any announcement, or else decree that the new coins have equal value to the old, thus devaluing the currency. Later, with the issuing of paper currency as opposed to coins, governments decreed them to be redeemable for gold or silver (a [[gold standard]]). Again, a government short on gold or silver might devalue by decreeing a reduction in the currency's redemption value, reducing the value of everyone's holdings.

With the widespread abandonment of metallic standards during the 20th century, devaluation became a formal policy tool under '''[[Fixed exchange rate system|fixed exchange rate systems]]'''. Under arrangements such as the '''[[gold exchange standard]]''' and later the '''[[Bretton Woods system]]''', national currencies were pegged either directly to gold or indirectly to the United States dollar, which itself was convertible to gold. In this context, devaluation referred to an official downward adjustment of a currency’s fixed exchange rate relative to gold or another currency, typically undertaken to address persistent trade deficits or balance-of-payments crises.

During the '''[[interwar period]]''', many countries resorted to devaluation in response to the economic pressures of the Great Depression. As global demand collapsed and deflation intensified, governments devalued their currencies to stimulate exports and domestic production. The United Kingdom’s departure from the gold standard in 1931 and subsequent depreciation of the pound sterling marked a major shift away from rigid exchange-rate commitments, prompting similar actions by other nations.

Under the '''[[Bretton Woods system|Bretton Woods system (1944–1971)]]''', devaluation was permitted but tightly controlled. Member states were allowed to adjust their exchange rates only in cases of “fundamental disequilibrium,” subject to approval by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Several notable devaluations occurred during this period, including the devaluation of the British pound in 1949 and 1967. These adjustments were often politically contentious, as devaluation reduced the international purchasing power of wages and savings while increasing import prices.

The collapse of the Bretton Woods system in the early 1970s led most major economies to adopt '''[[Floating exchange rate|floating exchange rates]]''', significantly reducing the formal role of devaluation in advanced economies. Under floating regimes, currency values are determined primarily by market forces, and declines in exchange rates are typically referred to as '''[[depreciation]]''' rather than devaluation, as they are not the result of an official government decree.

Nevertheless, devaluation has remained an important policy tool in countries maintaining '''[[Exchange rate regime|fixed or managed exchange rate regimes]]''', particularly in developing and emerging economies. In such cases, governments have periodically devalued their currencies to restore competitiveness, address foreign exchange shortages, or comply with IMF-supported adjustment programs. While devaluation can improve export performance and reduce trade imbalances, it may also contribute to higher inflation, reduced real incomes, and increased debt burdens when liabilities are denominated in foreign currencies.

In contemporary macroeconomic usage, the term ''devaluation'' is therefore primarily historical or institutional, referring specifically to deliberate policy actions under fixed exchange rate systems, rather than to market-driven exchange rate movements.

==Causes==
Fixed exchange rates are usually maintained by a combination of legally enforced [[capital controls]] and the [[central bank]] standing ready to purchase or sell domestic currency in exchange for foreign currency.{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}} Under fixed exchange rates, persistent capital outflows or [[trade deficits]] will involve the central bank using its foreign exchange reserves to buy domestic currency, to prop up demand for the domestic currency and thus to prop up its value. However, this activity is limited by the amount of foreign currency reserves the central bank owns; the prospect of running out of these reserves and having to abandon this process may lead a central bank to devalue its currency in order to stop the foreign currency outflows.

In an open market, the perception that a devaluation is imminent may lead speculators to sell the currency in exchange for the country's [[foreign reserves]], increasing pressure on the issuing country to make an actual devaluation. When speculators buy out all of the foreign reserves, a [[balance of payments crisis]] occurs. Economists [[Paul Krugman]] and [[Maurice Obstfeld]] present a theoretical model in which they state that the balance of payments crisis occurs when the real exchange rate (exchange rate adjusted for relative price differences between countries) is equal to the nominal exchange rate (the stated rate).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Krugman|first1=Paul|author1-link=Paul Krugman|first2=Maurice|last2=Obstfeld|author2-link=Maurice Obstfeld|title=International Economics|year=1999|chapter=17 [Appendix II]|edition=5th|isbn=978-0-321-07727-1|publisher=[[Longman]]}}</ref> In practice, the onset of crisis has typically occurred after the real exchange rate has depreciated below the nominal rate. The reason for this is that speculators do not have perfect information; they sometimes find out that a country is low on foreign reserves well after the real exchange rate has fallen. In these circumstances, the currency value will fall very far very rapidly. This is what occurred during the [[1994 economic crisis in Mexico]].

==Economic implications==
There are significant economic consequences for the country that devalues its currency to address its economic problems. A devaluation in the exchange rate lowers the value of the domestic currency in relation to all other countries, most significantly with its major trading partners. It can assist the domestic economy by making [[export]]s less expensive, enabling [[exporter]]s to more easily compete in the foreign markets. It also makes [[import]]s more expensive, providing a disincentive for domestic consumers to purchase imported goods, leading to lower levels of imports (which can benefit domestic producers),<ref name=usd_yuan>[https://edition.cnn.com/2019/08/05/business/usd-yuan-currency-war/index.html The United States and China may be headed for a currency war]</ref> but which reduces the real income of consumers.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Frieden|first1=Jeffry A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nFzlmirstOgC|title=The Currency Game: Exchange Rate Politics in Latin America|last2=Stein|first2=Ernesto|last3=Bank|first3=Inter-American Development|date=2001|publisher=IDB|isbn=978-1-886938-87-8|pages=4|language=en}}</ref> Devaluation tends to improve a country's [[balance of trade]] (exports minus imports) by improving the competitiveness of domestic goods in foreign markets while making foreign goods less competitive in the domestic market by becoming more expensive. The combined effect will be to reduce or eliminate the previous net outflow of foreign currency reserves from the central bank, so if the devaluation has been to a great enough extent the new exchange rate will be maintainable without foreign currency reserves being depleted any further. However, the devaluation increases the prices of imported goods in the domestic economy, thereby fueling [[inflation]].<ref name="usd_yuan" /> This, in turn, increases the costs in the domestic economy, including demands for wage increases, all of which eventually flow into exported goods. These dilute the initial economic boost from the devaluation itself. Also, to combat inflation, the central bank would increase interest rates, hitting economic growth.<ref name="usd_yuan" /> A devaluation could also result in an [[Capital flight|outflow of capital]] and economic instability.<ref name="usd_yuan" /> In addition, a domestic devaluation merely shifts the economic problem to the country's major trading partners, which may take counter-measures to offset the impact on their economy arising out of a loss of trade income arising from the initial devaluation.

==Devaluations in modern economies==
{{expand section|date=March 2017}}

===UK economy===

====1949 devaluation====
At the outbreak of [[World War II]], in order to stabilise sterling, the [[pound sterling]] was pegged to the [[United States dollar]] at the rate of $4.03 with exchange controls restricting [[convertibility]] volumes. This rate was confirmed by the [[Bretton Woods Conference|Bretton Woods agreements]] of 1944.<ref name="Todd">{{cite web |title=Dollar Exchange Rate from 1940 |url=https://www.miketodd.net/encyc/dollhist-graph.htm |website=miketodd.net |access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref>

After the war, US [[Lend-Lease]] funding, which had helped finance the UK's high level of wartime expenditure, abruptly ended and the [[Anglo-American loan]] was conditional upon progress towards sterling becoming fully convertible into US dollars, thereby aiding US trade.<ref name="Jenkins">{{cite book |last1=Jenkins |first1=Roy |title=The Chancellors |date=1998 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London |isbn=0333730577 |page=448}}</ref> In July 1947, sterling became convertible but the resultant drain on the UK's [[foreign exchange reserves]] of US dollars was such that 7 weeks later, convertibility was suspended, [[Rationing in the United Kingdom|rationing]] tightened and [[Austerity|expenditure cuts]] made.<ref name="Beckett">{{cite book |last1=Beckett |first1=Francis |author-link = Francis Beckett|title=Clem Attlee |date=1997 |publisher=Richard Cohen Books |location=London |isbn=1860661017 |page=235}}</ref> The exchange rate reverted to its pre-convertibility level, a devaluation being avoided by the new Chancellor of the Exchequer, [[Stafford Cripps]], choking off consumption by increasing [[Taxation in the United Kingdom|taxes]] in 1947.

By 1949, in part due to a dock strike, the pressure on UK reserves supporting the [[Fixed exchange rate system|fixed exchange rate]] mounted again at a time when Cripps was seriously ill and recuperating in Switzerland.<ref>Pimlott pp. 134–136</ref><ref name="Beckett p278">Beckett p. 278</ref> Prime Minister [[Clement Attlee]] delegated a decision on how to respond to three young ministers whose jobs included economic portfolios, namely [[Hugh Gaitskell]], [[Harold Wilson]] and [[Douglas Jay]], who collectively recommended devaluation.<ref>Pimlott pp. 136–37</ref> Wilson was despatched with a letter from Attlee to tell Cripps of their decision, expecting that the Chancellor would object, which he did not.<ref>Pimlott pp. 138–89</ref> On 18 September 1949, the exchange rate was reduced from $4.03 to $2.80 and a series of supporting public expenditure cuts imposed soon afterwards.<ref name="Todd" /><ref name="Beckett p278"/>

====1967 devaluation====
When the Labour Government of Prime Minister [[Harold Wilson]] came to power in 1964, the new administration inherited an economy in a more precarious state than expected with the estimated balance of payments deficit for the year amounting to £800 million, twice as high as Wilson had predicted during the election campaign.<ref name="Pimlott">{{cite book |last1=Pimlott |first1=Ben |title=Harold Wilson |date=1992 |publisher=Harper Collins |location=London |isbn=0002151898 |page=350}}</ref> Wilson was opposed to devaluation, in part due to the bad memories of the 1949 devaluation and its negative impact on the [[Clement Attlee|Attlee]] government, but also because he had repeatedly asserted that Labour was not the party of devaluation.<ref name="Campbell">{{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=John |title=Roy Jenkins – A Well-rounded Life |date=2014 |publisher=Jonathan Cape |location=London |isbn=9780224087506 |pages=280–81}}</ref> Devaluation was avoided by a combination of tariffs and raising $3bn from foreign central banks.<ref>Pimlott pp. 352–354</ref>

"By 1966, pressure on sterling was intensifying, due in part to the [[Seamen's Strike of 1966|seamen's strike]], and the case for devaluation being articulated in the higher echelons of government, not least by the deputy prime minister [[George Brown, Baron George-Brown|George Brown]].<ref>Pimlott p. 414</ref> Wilson resisted and eventually pushed through a series of deflationary measures in lieu of devaluation including a 6 month wage freeze.<ref>Campbell p. 281</ref><ref name="Healey">{{cite book |last1=Healey |first1=Denis |title=The Time of my Life |date=1989 |publisher=Michael Joseph |location=London |isbn=0140153942 |page=333 |edition=Penguin paperback 1990}}</ref>

After a brief period in which the deflationary measures relieved sterling, pressure mounted again in 1967 as a consequence of the [[Six-Day War]], the Arab oil embargo and a dock strike.<ref>Campbell p303</ref> After failing to secure a bail-out from the Americans or the French, a devaluation from US$2.80 to US$2.40 took effect on 18 November 1967.<ref>Pimlott pp. 477–482</ref><ref name="Healey" /> In a broadcast to the nation the following day, Wilson said, "Devaluation does not mean that the value of the pound in the pocket in the hands of the ... British housewife .. is cut correspondingly. It does not mean that the pound in the pocket is worth 14% less to us now than it was." This wording is often misquoted as "the pound in your pocket has not been devalued".<ref>Pimlott pp. 483–84</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/19/newsid_3208000/3208396.stm|title=BBC ON THIS DAY – 19 – 1967: Wilson defends 'pound in your pocket'|website=BBC News|date=19 November 1967}}</ref> Nevertheless the devaluation forced [[James Callaghan]] to resign as [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], making way for [[Roy Jenkins]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thorpe |first=Andrew |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0 |title=A History of the British Labour Party |date=1997 |publisher=Macmillan Education UK |isbn=978-0-333-56081-5 |location=London |pages=159 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0}}</ref>

===Other economies===
The [[People's Bank of China]] devalued the [[renminbi]] twice within two days by 1.9% and 1% in July 2015 in response to slowing economic growth, leading to the [[2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence]]. Although the devaluation was welcomed by the [[International Monetary Fund]], it led the [[United States Department of the Treasury]] to label China as a [[currency manipulator]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-28 |title=China's Sudden Currency Plunge Raises Risk of a 2015-Style Panic |language=en |work=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-28/china-s-sudden-currency-plunge-raises-risk-of-a-2015-style-panic |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Impact of China Devaluing the Yuan in 2015 |url=https://www.investopedia.com/trading/chinese-devaluation-yuan/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=Investopedia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-12 |title=China stuns financial markets by devaluing yuan for second day running |url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/aug/12/china-yuan-slips-again-after-devaluation |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> On 5 August 2019, China devalued its currency in response to the [[China–United States trade war|imposition of trade tariffs by the United States against China]].<ref name=usd_yuan/>

India devalued the [[Indian rupee]] by 35% in 1966.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Doerer |first1=Kristen |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/whats-happening-chinas-currency |title=Your guide to China's devaluation of its currency|website=PBS NewsHour|date=Aug 17, 2015}}</ref>

Mexico devalued the [[Mexican peso]] against the [[United States dollar]] in 1994 in preparation for the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]], leading to the [[Mexican peso crisis]].

On January 11, 1994, France decided to devaluate the [[CFA franc]] in 14 African countries in Central Africa and West Africa.<ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/couleurs-tropicales/20240111-les-30-ans-de-la-d%C3%A9valuation-du-franc-cfa-dans-14-pays-pays-francophones |title=Les 30 ans de la dévaluation du Franc CFA dans 14 pays francophones|website=Radio France Internationale|date=Jan 11, 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Money}}
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Currency appreciation and depreciation]]
* [[Beggar thy neighbour]]
* [[Currency war]]
* [[Debasement]]
* [[Deflation]]
* [[Fixed exchange rate]]
* [[Inflation]]
* [[Internal devaluation]]
* [[Monetary policy]]
* [[Revaluation]]
* [[Store of value]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.economist.com/research/Economics/alphabetic.cfm?LETTER=D#DEVALUATION Economics A-Z]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Monetary policy]]

Pagal (film)

2026-03-03T23:17:04Z

GeorgeGirdleston: quick cleaned up references to improve readability and improved wording per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pagal
| image = Pagal_(1940).jpg
| caption = Film Poster
| director = [[A. R. Kardar]]
| producer = [[Ranjit Studios|Ranjit Movietone]]
| writer = A. R. Kardar
| narrator =
| starring = [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] [[Trilok Kapoor]] Madhuri [[Noor Mohammed Charlie]] [[Sitara Devi]]
| music =
| cinematography = Krishna Gopal
| editing = [[Khemchand Prakash]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1940|07|05|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Pagal ''''' is a 1940 Indian Hindi-language film. It was the fourth highest grossing Indian film of 1940.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Earners 1940|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=145&catName=MTk0MA==|publisher=Box Office India|accessdate=26 September 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121000555/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=145&catName=MTk0MA==|archivedate=21 January 2011}}</ref> The psycho-social melodrama was directed by [[A. R. Kardar]] for Ranjit Movietone.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1994-IA379|accessdate=15 April 2015|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-94325-7|page=1994}}</ref> Kardar also wrote the dialogues and story (with [[Kamal Amrohi]]) for the film. [[Khemchand Prakash]] composed the music with lyrics written by [[D. N. Madhok]].<ref name=Pagal>{{cite journal|last1=Patel|first1=Baburao|title=Review-Pagal|journal=Filmindia|date=August 1940|volume=6|issue=8|pages=20|url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia194006unse#page/n465/mode/2up/search/Pagal|accessdate=15 April 2015}}</ref> The film's protagonist was [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] playing a doctor with psychological problems, working in a "lunatic asylum".<ref name="Jain2009">{{cite book|author=Madhu Jain|title=Kapoors: The First Family of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3heZ8I-k9AC&pg=PT34|accessdate=15 April 2015|date=17 April 2009|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-813-9|page=34}}</ref> The rest of the cast included [[Trilok Kapoor]], Madhuri, [[Sitara Devi]], [[Noor Mohammed Charlie]], Khatoon, and Sunalini Devi.<ref name=citwf>{{cite web|title=Pagal|url=http://www.citwf.com/film259461.htm|website=citwf.com|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=15 April 2015}}</ref>

The film involves a doctor who loves a girl, but marries her sister due to an unfortunate coincidence. His treatment of his wife and the girl he loves, and his own eventual deterioration into insanity forms the basis of story. Prithviraj Kapoor's performance was appreciated by the critics and the audience, making the film a big commercial success.<ref name=Pagal />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|232253 }}

{{A. R. Kardar}}

[[Category:1940 films]]
[[Category:1940 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1940 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. R. Kardar]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1940 drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

{{1940s-Hindi-film-stub}}

One by Two (1993 film)

2026-03-03T18:24:58Z

GeorgeGirdleston: small reworked structure after review further

{{for|2014 Hindi film|One By Two (2014 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{No plot|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = One By Two
| image = One by Two (1993 film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Siva Nageswara Rao]]
| producer = [[Tammareddy Bharadwaja]]
| screenplay = Siva Nageswara Rao
| story = [[Janardhana Maharshi]]
| writer = [[Tanikella Bharani]] (dialogues)
| starring = [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]] [[J. D. Chakravarthy]]
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cinematography = B. N. Rao
| editing = K. Ramesh
| released = {{Film date|1993|12|10|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''One By Two''''' is a 1993 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[Siva Nageswara Rao]]. The film stars [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]] (in his debut lead role)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ali|title=Interview with Srikanth|url=http://www.eenadu.net/movies/latest-movie-news.aspx?item=interviews&no=419|website=www.eenadu.net|publisher=Eenadu|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416052349/http://www.eenadu.net/movies/latest-movie-news.aspx?item=interviews&no=419|archive-date=16 April 2018|location=Hyderabad|date=1 March 2018}}</ref> and [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] in prominent roles. The film was a box office success.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-15/news-interviews/30516515_1_srikanth-film-entertainer |title=JD and Srikanth team-up again - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103172949/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-15/news-interviews/30516515_1_srikanth-film-entertainer |archive-date=3 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]] as Balaji
*[[J. D. Chakravarthy]] as Babji
*[[Nirosha]]
*Uttara
*[[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]]
*[[Nagesh]]
*[[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] as Abbulu
*[[Babu Mohan]] as Babloo
*[[Banerjee (actor)|Banerji]]
*[[Tanikella Bharani]]
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]]
*[[Sri Lakshmi]]
*[[AVS (comedian)|AVS]]
*[[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]]
*[[Suthi Velu]]
*[[Y. Vijaya]]
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = One by Two
| type = film
| artist = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1993
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length =
| label = Geetha Audio Recording Co.
| producer = Vidyasagar
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 1992
| next_title =
| next_year = 1994
}}

{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =

| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]

| title_width =
| writing_width =
| music_width =
| lyrics_width =
| extra_width =

| title1 = a.b.c.d
| note1 =
| writer1 =
| lyrics1 = [[Vennelakanti]]
| music1 =
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length1 =

| title2 = Aadagaali
| note2 =
| writer2 =
| lyrics2 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| music2 =
| extra2 = Mano
| length2 =

| title3 = Preminchaku
| note3 =
| writer3 =
| lyrics3 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| music3 =
| extra3 = Mano, [[Saahul]]
| length3 =

| title4 = Iddaroo Iddare
| note4 =
| writer4 =
| lyrics4 = Bhuvana Chandra
| music4 =
| extra4 = Mano, [[Minmini]], Radhika
| length4 =

| title5 = My name is
| note5 =
| writer5 =
| lyrics5 = Bhuvana Chandra
| music5 =
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length5 =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt1579645|One by Two}}

{{Siva Nageswara Rao}}

[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:1993 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Siva Nageswara Rao]]

{{1990s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Challavaripalli

2026-03-01T01:55:09Z

GeorgeGirdleston: New New Details

{{Orphan|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Challavaripalli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15|00|40|N|79|33|16|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nellore district|Nellore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 524221
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Challavaripalli''' is a small village in Garimenapenta panchyat. It is part of [[Kondapuram mandal]] of [[Nellore district]] the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].

==Education==

[[Mandal Parishad Primary School|MPPS]] Challavaripalli was established in 1968 and offers primary education for children in Challavaripalli and nearby villages.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://schools.org.in/nellore/28190301904/mpps-challavaripalli.html|title=MPPS Challavaripalli}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://schooledu.ap.gov.in/CSEDashboard/AttendanceReport?mdl_id=281903|title=Schools enrollment report of Nellore district, Kondapuram mandal}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Nellore district]]

{{Nellore-geo-stub}}

Sikhism by country

2026-02-24T03:48:15Z

GeorgeGirdleston: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|none}} 
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Sikhism maps}}
Most of the 25–30 million followers of [[Sikhism]], the [[Major religious groups|world's fifth-largest religion]] live in the northern Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], the only Sikh-majority [[administrative division]] on Earth,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sikhcoalition.org/about-sikhs/sikhs-in-america/ |title=Sikhs in America}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/9/big-moment-indian-sikhs-on-historic-pilgrimage-to-pakistan |title='Big moment': Indian Sikhs on historic pilgrimage to Pakistan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thewire.in/world/1984-marks-one-of-the-darkest-years-in-modern-indian-history-us-senator |title=1984 Marks 'One of the Darkest Years' in Modern Indian History: US Senator}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/times-fact-check/news/fake-alert-sidhu-wrongly-quotes-sikh-population-as-14-crores/articleshow/72003044.cms |title=FAKE ALERT: Sidhu wrongly quotes Sikh population as 14 crores |newspaper=The Times of India |date=11 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gnrsohio.org/sikhism.html |title=Sikhism}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/article/807847/nearly-10-million-sikhs-have-lost-their-religion-because-of-this-organisation |title=Nearly 10 million Sikhs have lost their religion because of this organisation |date=12 May 2016}}</ref> but [[Sikhs|Sikh]] communities exist on every inhabited continent. Sizeable Sikh populations in countries across the world exist in [[Sikhism in India|India]] (20,833,116),<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342192382 |via=[[ResearchGate]]|doi=10.18778/2300-0562.08.09 |title=The Sikhs – religion and nation. Chosen political and social determinants of functioning |year=2019 |last1=Barwiński |first1=Marek |last2=Musiaka |first2=Łukasz |journal=Studia Z Geografii Politycznej I Historycznej |volume=8 |pages=167–182 |s2cid=226730777|hdl=11089/38783 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Sikhism in Canada|Canada]] (~771,800),<ref name="canadareligion2021">{{cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26
|title=Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201 |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Sikhism in England|England]] (~520,100),<ref name="SikhEngland2021">{{cite web |title=Religion, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021 |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref> the [[Sikhism in the United States|United States]] (~280,000),{{refn|While the [[U.S. Census]] does not ask about religion,<ref>{{cite web|title=
Does the Census Bureau have data for religion?
|url=https://ask.census.gov/prweb/PRServletCustom/app/ECORRAsk2_/YACFBFye-rFIz_FoGtyvDRUGg1Uzu5Mn*/!STANDARD?pzuiactionzzz=CXtpbn0rTEpMcGRYOG1vS0tqTFAwaENUZWpvM1NNWEMzZ3p5aFpnWUxzVmw0TjJndno5ZkJPc24xNWYvcCtNbVVjWk5Z*|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> 70,697 Americans (or {{Percentage|70,697|331,449,281|2}} of the total population) declared Sikh as their ethnicity in the [[2020 U.S. census|2020 census]].<ref>{{cite web|title=
Asian Indian Was The Largest Asian Alone Population Group in 2020|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-asian-population.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref> In the [[2021 Canadian census]], 194,640 Canadians declared Sikh as their ethnicity while 771,790 Canadians declared Sikh as their religion, indicating that the Sikh American population may be around 280,329, or {{Percentage|280,329|331,449,281|2}} of the total population.<ref>{{cite web|title=
Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population| date=9 February 2022 |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1,2,3&STATISTICList=1,4&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref> The [[U.S. Census Bureau]] estimated the adult Sikh American population at 78,000 in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 - Section 1: Population - Table 75: Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population: 1990, 2001, and 2008 (page 61)|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/2012-statab.pdf|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref> The [[Pew Research Center]] estimated the Sikh American adult population to be 140,000 and the total population at 200,000 in 2012 while the World Religion Database at Boston University estimated the American Sikh population to be at 280,000 in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 - Section 1: Population - Table 75: Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population: 1990, 2001, and 2008 (page 61)|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/2012-statab.pdf|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How Many U.S. Sikhs?|date=6 August 2012 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/2012/08/06/ask-the-expert-how-many-us-sikhs/|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> Sikh organizations like the [[Sikh Coalition]] and [[American Sikh Congressional Caucus]] estimate the Sikh American population to be as high as 1,000,000, but do not provide any sources for these figures;<ref>{{cite web|title=About Sikhs|url=https://www.sikhcoalition.org/about-sikhs/|publisher=[[Sikh Coalition]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=H. RES. 275 - 118th Congress (2023-2024)| date=10 April 2023 |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/275/text?s=1&r=1/|publisher=[[United States Congress]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How Many U.S. Sikhs?|date=6 August 2012 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/2012/08/06/ask-the-expert-how-many-us-sikhs/|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> 500,000 nevertheless remains the most cited Sikh American population size in news media.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sikhism Reporter's Guide|url=https://www.sikhcoalition.org/resources/sikhism-reporters-guide/|publisher=[[Sikh Coalition]]|access-date=23 July 2023}}</ref>{{refn|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Sikh Community Today |url=https://pluralism.org/the-sikh-community-today|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Today there are well over 500,000 Sikhs in the United States."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=American Sikhs are targets of bigotry, often due to cultural ignorance |date=10 August 2022 |url=https://religionnews.com/2022/08/10/american-sikhs-are-targets-of-bigotry-often-due-to-cultural-ignorance/|publisher=[[Religion News Service]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Scholars and government officials estimate the Sikh American population to number around 500,000."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sikhs in America:A History of Hate |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/sikhs-in-america-hate-crime-victims-and-bias|publisher=[[ProPublica]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="There are an estimated 500,000 Sikhs living in the U.S., many in New York and California."
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=April 2022: Sikh Awareness and Appreciation Month |url=https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/news/proclamations/2022/04/01/april-2022-sikh-awareness-and-appreciation-month|publisher=State of Michigan Office of the Governor|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Sikhism is the fifth largest religion in the world, and, today, there are more than 30 million Sikhs worldwide and an estimated 500,000 Sikh Americans;"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Want to know about Sikhism?|date=23 May 2022 |url=https://www.wuwm.com/2022-05-23/want-to-know-about-sikhism-head-to-new-book-collection-in-oak-creek|publisher=[[WUWM]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="There are more than 500,000 Sikhs in the United States."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Brief Introduction to Sikhism|date=5 May 2021 |url=https://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2021/05/05/sikhism-chicago|publisher=[[WTTW]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Despite its relatively recent arrival in Chicago, Sikhism is the world’s fifth-largest religion, with 25 to 30 million adherents around the globe and an estimated 500,000 in America today."}}</ref>}} With 1% of [[Asian Americans#Religion|Asian Americans]] being Sikh, and 90.7% of Sikh Americans being Asian American, the American Sikh population can be estimated around 280,000 in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths|date=19 July 2012 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/07/19/asian-americans-a-mosaic-of-faiths-overview/|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2020 National Sikh American Survey: Key Findings|date=23 October 2020 |url=https://issuu.com/saldefmedia/docs/2020_national_sikh_american_survey|publisher=[[Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=DP05ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES|url=https://data.census.gov/table?tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP05|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref>}} [[Sikhism in Italy|Italy]] (~220,000), and [[Sikhism in Australia|Australia]] (~210,400), while countries with the largest proportions of Sikhs include Canada (2.12%),<ref name="canadareligion2021" /> India (1.72%), [[Sikhism in New Zealand|New Zealand]] (1.07%), Cyprus (~1.1%)<ref name="acninternational.org">{{cite web|url=https://acninternational.org/religiousfreedomreport/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Cyprus.pdf
|title=Religious Freedom in the World. Report 2021|access-date=21 March 2023|website=acninternational.org}}</ref><ref name="thearda.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=64c|title=National Profiles|website=thearda.com}}</ref> England (0.92%),<ref name="SikhEngland2021" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/maps/choropleth/population?msoa=E02003689|title=Census maps|access-date=29 December 2022|website=ons.gov.uk}}</ref> and Australia (0.83%).

Administrative divisions with significant proportions of Sikhs include [[Punjab, India]] (Sikhs account for 58% of the population), [[Chandigarh, India]] (13.1%), [[British Columbia, Canada]] (5.9%),<ref name="canadareligion2021" /> [[Haryana, India]] (4.9%), [[Delhi, India]] (3.4%), [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands, England]] (2.9%), [[Manitoba, Canada]] (2.7%),<ref name="canadareligion2021" /> [[Alberta, Canada]] (2.5%),<ref name="canadareligion2021" /> [[Uttarakhand, India]] (2.3%), and [[Ontario, Canada]] (2.1%).<ref name="canadareligion2021" /> Cities outside India with the largest Sikh populations are [[Brampton, Ontario, Canada]] (163,260);<ref name="bramptoncity2021">{{cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Brampton, City (CY) Ontario [Census subdivision] Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A00053521010&HEADERlist=32&SearchText=brampton |access-date=2022-10-31 |df=dmy-all |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> [[Surrey, BC|Surrey, British Columbia, Canada]] (154,415);<ref name="surreycity2021">{{cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26
|title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Surrey, City (CY) British Columbia [Census subdivision] Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A00055915004&HEADERlist=32&SearchText=surrey |access-date=2022-10-31 |df=dmy-all |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> and [[London, England]] (144,543).<ref name="SikhEngland2021B">{{cite web |title=TS030 - Religion Edit query|url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/asv2htm|access-date=2022-11-29 |df=dmy-all|website=www.nomisweb.co.uk}}</ref>

At 93.33% Sikh, [[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]] is the world's most populated Sikh district or county.<ref>http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS ''2011 Census of India''. Retrieved 27 August 2015.</ref> Located in the heart of the [[Majha]] region of Punjab founded by Guru Arjan Dev - the 5th Sikh guru,<ref>https://www.sikhnet.com/news/bliss-tarn-taran SikhNet. Retrieved: 30 July 2023</ref> Tarn Taran also hosts the world's largest sarovar (sacred pool)<ref>https://www.sikhnet.com/news/bliss-tarn-taran SikhNet. Retrieved: 30 July 2023.</ref> even surpassing the great [[Golden Temple|Darbar Sahib - Golden Temple]] in the neighbouring Amritsar district. {{Sikhism sidebar}}

== By country ==
The figures on the table below are either based on each of the country's respective censuses or are calculated by specific organizations. Some of these figures are rounded off. In case of conflicting estimates, both the lowest and highest estimates are included.{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable col2right col3center col4right"
|+Sikhs and Sikhism by country
!Country
!No. of Sikhs
!Sikh %
! % of all Sikhs
!Year/Source(s)
|-
|{{flagicon|Afghanistan}} [[Sikhism in Afghanistan|Afghanistan *]]
|{{Sort|00000140|140}}
|{{Percentage|140|38,346,720|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|140|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2022<ref>{{cite web |title=Afghanistan's last Sikhs in a dilemma: To stay or leave |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/20/stay-or-go-dilemma-facing-last-afghanistan-sikhs |access-date=2022-01-25 |website=www.aljazeera.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Sikhism in Argentina|Argentina *]]
|{{Sort|00000300|300}}{{efn|name=Families|Families}}
|{{Percentage|300|46,044,703|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|300|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2012<ref>{{cite news |last=Duttagupta |first=Ishani |title=How Simmarpal Singh helped Olam become one of the top players in peanuts in Argentina |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/working-abroad/how-simmarpal-singh-helped-olam-become-one-of-the-top-players-in-peanuts-in-argentina/articleshow/16700498.cms?from=mdr |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Austria}} [[Sikhism in Austria|Austria *]]
|{{Sort|00009000|9,000}}
|{{Percentage|9000|23,578,937|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|9000|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2020<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Sikhism as registered religion in Austria matters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/why-sikhism-as-registered-religion-in-austria-matters/articleshow/80021881.cms |access-date=29 December 2022 |work=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Sikhism in Australia|Australia *]]
|{{Sort|00210400|210,400}}
|{{Percentage|210400|25,422,788|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|210400|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|[[2021 Australian census]]<ref name=":102">{{cite web |title=Australian Bureau of Statistics : 2021 Census of Population and Housing : General Community Profile |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/AUS/download/GCP_AUS.xlsx |access-date=2 July 2022 |website=Abs.gov.au |format=XLSX}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Sikhism in Bangladesh|Bangladesh *]]
|{{Sort|00000020|23,000}}
|{{Percentage|23,000|169,828,911|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|23,000|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2020<ref>{{cite web |title=How Many Sikhs Are There in Bangladesh? |url=https://profoundadvices.com/how-many-sikhs-are-there-in-bangladesh/ |website=Profound Advices |access-date=December 4, 2025}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Sikhism in Belgium|Belgium *]]
|{{Sort|00010000|10,000}}
|{{Percentage|10000|11,584,008|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|10000|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2020<ref>{{cite book |last1=Montes |first1=Enrico Castro |title=Handbook of Hinduism in Europe (2 vols) |last2=Goddeeris |first2=Idesbald |date=7 July 2020 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004432284 |pages=849–863 |chapter=Hinduism in Belgium |doi=10.1163/9789004432284_031 |chapter-url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004432284/BP000040.xml |via=brill.com |s2cid=236835206}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Sikhism in Brazil|Brazil *]]
|{{Sort|00000300|300}}
|{{Percentage|300|217,240,060|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|300|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2018<ref>{{cite web |title=Brazilian Sikhs visit Golden Temple, plead for gender equality |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/amritsar/brazilian-sikhs-visit-golden-temple-plead-for-gender-equality-538527 |access-date=4 March 2021 |website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Sikhism in Canada|Canada *]]
|{{Sort|00771790|771,790}}
|{{Percentage|771790|36,328,480|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|771790|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|[[2021 Canadian census]]<ref name="canadareligion20212">{{cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title=Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201 |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Sikhism in Cyprus|Cyprus *]]
|2,260
||{{Percentage|2260|923,272|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|2260|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Enumerated by Religion, Sex and Country of Birth Group, 1.10.2021 |url=https://cystatdb.cystat.gov.cy/pxweb/en/8.CYSTAT-DB/8.CYSTAT-DB__Population__Census%20of%20Population%20and%20Housing%202021__Population__Population%20-%20Language,%20Religion,%20Ethnic%20Religious%20Group/1891635E.px/table/tableViewLayout1/ |access-date=5 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Sikhism in Denmark|Denmark *]]
|{{Sort|00004000|4,000}}
|{{Percentage|4000|5,935,619|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|4000|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2019<ref name="doi.org2">{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |year=2019 |title=A Dictionary of Sikh Studies |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780191831874.001.0001/acref-9780191831874-e-251 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780191831874.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-183187-4}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Fiji}} [[Sikhism in Fiji|Fiji *]]
|{{Sort|00002577|2,577}}
|{{Percentage|2577|837271|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|2577|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2007<ref name=":202">{{cite web |title=Religion - Fiji Bureau of Statistics |url=http://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/statistics/social-statistics/religion |website=www.statsfiji.gov.fj}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|France}} [[Sikhism in France|France *]]
|{{Sort|0030000|30,000}}
|{{Percentage|30000|68,042,591|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|30000|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2017<ref>{{cite web |title=France's Sikh Minority Looks Set to Vote Against Marine Le Pen |url=https://thewire.in/external-affairs/frances-sikh-minority-set-vote-marine-le-pen |access-date=3 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Sikhism in Georgia (country)|Georgia *]]
|{{Sort|00000200|200}}
|{{Percentage|200|3,688,647|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|200|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2018<ref>{{cite web |title=The Georgia Giants |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/the-georgia-giants-563146 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Sikhism in Germany|Germany *]]
|{{Sort|00018000|18,000}}
|{{Percentage|18000|84,270,625|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|18000|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2017<ref>{{cite web |title=Mitgliederzahlen: Sonstige - REMID - Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst e.V. |url=http://remid.de/info_zahlen/verschiedene/ |access-date=2017-08-16 |website=remid.de |language=de-DE |quote=Sikhs, 25,000 (2020)....The "German Information Center for Sikh Religion, Sikh History, Culture and Science (DISR)" estimates the number of Sikhs in Germany at 18,000 for 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Greece}} [[Sikhism in Greece|Greece *]]
|{{Sort|00020000|20,000}}
|{{Percentage|20000|10,482,487|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|20000|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2015<ref>{{cite news |last=Lavin |first=Talia |date=26 April 2015 |title=Vibrant Vaisakhi Celebrates Sikh Life In Greece |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/vaisakhi-sikh-celebration_n_7138512 |work=Huffington Post |quote=The Sikh community in Greece, numbered at around 20,000 according to a 2012 report, joined together to mark the holy day}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Hong Kong}} [[Sikhism in Hong Kong|Hong Kong *]]
|{{Sort|00012000|12,000}}
|{{Percentage|12000|7,333,200|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|12000|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2021<ref>{{cite web |title=Religion and Custom |url=https://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2021/en/pdf/E21.pdf |access-date=8 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Iceland]]
|{{Sort|00000100|100}}
|{{Percentage|100|376,248|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|100|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2013<ref>{{cite web |date=5 September 2013 |title=First Akhand Path in Iceland Completed |url=https://www.sikhdharma.org/first-akhand-path-in-iceland-completed-2/ |website=Sikh Dharma International}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Sikhism in India|India *]]
|{{Sort|20833116|20,833,116}}
|{{Percentage|20833116|1,210,854,977|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|20833116|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|[[2011 census of India]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Sikhism in Indonesia|Indonesia *]]
|{{Sort|00015000|15,000}}
|{{Percentage|15000|277,749,853|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|15000|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2009<ref>{{cite web |title=UNHCR 2009 Report on International Religious Freedom- Indonesia |url=http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?page=search&docid=4ae861361d&skip=0&query=sikh%20indonesia |access-date=11 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Sikhism in Iran|Iran *]]
|{{Sort|00000100|100}}{{efn|name=Families}}
|{{Percentage|100|79,926,270|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|100|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2015<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://qz.com/573080/irans-sikhs-get-a-better-deal-than-many-other-minorities/|title=Iran's Sikhs get a better deal than many other minorities|last=Ghosh|first=Bobby|website=Quartz|date=14 December 2015 |language=en|access-date=17 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Sikhism in the Republic of Ireland|Ireland *]]
|{{Sort|00002183|2,183}}
|{{Percentage|2183|5,149,139|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|2183|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|[[2022 census of Ireland]]<ref name=":302">{{cite web |title=Irish census |url=https://data.cso.ie/table/FY030 |access-date=31 May 2023 |website=Irish census}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Sikhism in Italy|Italy *]]
|{{Sort|00220000|220,000}}
|{{Percentage|220000|58,853,482|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|220000|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2022{{refn|<ref>{{cite news |title=Over 40,000 Sikhs vote in secessionist Referendum in Italy |work=Geo News |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/415781-over-40000-sikhs-vote-in-secessionist-khalistan-referendum-in-italy |quote=it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in the county with a majority in Brescia.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Around 45,000 Sikhs vote in Referendum in Italy |work=Daily Pakistan |url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/09-May-2022/around-45-000-sikhs-vote-in-khalistan-referendum-in-italy |quote=That it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in it with a majority in Brescia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2022/07/03/sikhs-vote-in-referendum-in-rome-for-freedom-of-khalistan/ |website=Pakistan Today |date=3 July 2022 |quote=About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome |work=The Nation |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/05-Jul-2022/sikhs-vote-in-referendum-in-rome-for-freedom-of-khalistan |quote=About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands of Sikhs attend parade in Italy |work=Bol News |url=https://www.bolnews.com/2022/05/08/italy/thousands-of-sikhs-attend-parade-in-italy-ahead-of-khalistan-referendum/index.html |quote=Italy has over 200,000 Sikhs who are active members of the Italian population, which is why this city was chosen}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=The Continuing Struggle for Religious Freedom by Italy's Sikh Community |url=https://thewire.in/external-affairs/sikhs-in-italy |website=The Wire |quote=It is estimated that there are around 220,000 Sikh migrants in Italy. The community, however, has been largely invisible to native Italians. The majority of Sikhs are dairy workers, living far from the cities, and settled mainly in the farms of north and central Italy.}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |date=29 July 2018 |title=How the recent Punjabi migration to Spain & Italy is a departure for the diaspora |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/how-the-recent-punjabi-migration-to-spain-and-italy-is-a-departure-for-the-diaspora/articleshow/65180012.cms?from=mdr |quote=The total number of Indians in Italy has now crossed 200,000, making it the largest Indian diaspora in continental Europe and far greater than the 30,000 estimated in Spain. This Indian contingent is mainly made up of Punjabi Jat Sikhs.}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=How Sikhs saved the Italian cheese industry |url=https://www.globalindian.com/story/global-indian/parmesans-indian-connect-how-sikhs-saved-the-italian-cheese-industry/ |website=Global Indian |quote=Today, Italy has the largest Sikh population in Europe, only second to the United Kingdom, with an estimated number of 220,000}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bertolani |first=Barbara |title=Globalizing Belief, Localizing Gods |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=2013 |isbn=9789004254756 |pages=75 |chapter=The Sikhs in Italy: A Growing Heterogeneous and Plural Presence |quote="According to Gallo (2013), by contrast, the Sikhs would number at least 100,000. Barbara Bertolani estimates in 2013 "My own data gathered within the Sikh community in Italy show Sikh people constituting about 70% of all the Indians present, i.e., at least 84,000 residents"}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite news |title=Why the Indian government must help Italian Sikhs |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/why-the-indian-government-must-help-italian-sikhs/story-y3yJS6zWOqnYkkVsDuvvAJ.html |quote=Up to 150,000 Sikhs now live there, making it the largest Sikh Community in Europe after the one in Britain}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Sikhs Spearheading The Italian Parmesan Cheese Industry |work=Homegrown |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/the-sikhs-who-saved-parmesan-in-italy-are-now-fighting-to-save-themselves |quote=Despite the estimated 220,000 Sikh immigrants who inhabit the Po Valley, there seems to a whiff of change in the air}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{cite news |title=Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome |work=Pakistan Today |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2022/07/03/sikhs-vote-in-referendum-in-rome-for-freedom-of-khalistan/ |quote=About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy.}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{cite news |last=Tebano |first=Elena |title=Prayer at dawn, zero crime: this is how Sikhs live in Italy, after the sentence of the Cassation |work=Corriere Della Sera |url=https://www.corriere.it/cronache/17_maggio_17/nulla-sikh-culto-preghiera-adcfa0ae-3a74-11e7-acbd-5fa0e1e5ad68.shtml |quote=The vegan diet, the cult, the traditions. Customs and symbols of the 150,000 faithful of the religion born in India who now live in the Bel Paese}}</ref>}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Kenya}} [[Kenya]]
|{{Sort|00006000|6,000}}
|{{Percentage|6000|55,864,655|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|6000|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2013<ref>{{cite journal |last=Adam |first=Michel |date=1 September 2013 |title=A diversity with several levels: Kenyan politics of integration and the Kenyan minorities of Indian origin |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/402#quotation |journal=Les Cahiers d'Afrique de l'Est / The East African Review |issue=47 |pages=23–32 |doi=10.4000/eastafrica.402 |s2cid=199837942 |via=journals.openedition.org |doi-access=free}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait]]
|{{Sort|00015000|15,000}}
|{{Percentage|15000|4,294,621|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|15000|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2021<ref>{{cite web |title=Kuwait |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/kuwait/ |access-date=2 June 2023 |work=U.S. Department of State}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Sikhism in Malaysia|Malaysia *]]
|{{Sort|00100000|100,000}}
|{{Percentage|100000|33,200,000|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|100000|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2016<ref>{{cite web |title=overseasindian.in |url=http://www.overseasindian.in/2007/jan/news/25n3.shtml |access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Sikhism in Nepal|Nepal *]]
|{{Sort|00000609|609}}
|{{Percentage|609|26,494,504|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|609|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|[[2011 Nepal census]]<ref name=":52">{{cite web |title=Nepal Profile |url=https://mofa.gov.np/about-nepal/nepal-profile/ |website=Government of Nepal - Ministry Of Foreign Affairs |quote=Religion(s): There are ten religious categories reported in the census 2011. Hindu is followed by 81.3 percent (21,551,492) of the population followed by Buddhism (9%; 2,396,099), Islam (4.4%; 1,162,370), Kirat (3.1%; 807,169), Christianity (1.4%; 375,699), Prakriti (0.5%; 121,982), Bon (13,006), Jainism (3,214), Bahai (1,283) and Sikhism (609).}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Sikhism in the Netherlands|Netherlands *]]
|{{Sort|00015000|15,000}}
|{{Percentage|15000|17,874,200|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|15000|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2022<ref>{{cite web |last=Lawrence |first=Mary |date=22 May 2022 |title=Het licht van God zien in de ander, daar gaat het om bij de sikhs |trans-title=Seeing the light of God in the other, that's what the Sikhs are all about |url=https://www.trouw.nl/religie-filosofie/het-licht-van-god-zien-in-de-ander-daar-gaat-het-om-bij-de-sikhs~ba3a81d5/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524223916/https://www.trouw.nl/religie-filosofie/het-licht-van-god-zien-in-de-ander-daar-gaat-het-om-bij-de-sikhs~ba3a81d5/ |archive-date=24 May 2022 |access-date=2 June 2023 |publisher=[[Trouw]] |quote=In Nederland wonen zo’n 15.000 sikhs, die hier sinds de jaren zestig vanuit Afghanistan, Pakistan en India kwamen, op zoek naar werk of op de vlucht voor de Sovjets, de Taliban of de geradicaliseerde aanhangers van Indira Gandhi, nadat zij in 1984 door haar sikhlijfwacht was vermoord. Ons land telt inmiddels negen gurdwara’s. [Some 15,000 Sikhs live in the Netherlands, who have come here from Afghanistan, Pakistan and India since the 1960s, looking for work or fleeing the Soviets, the Taliban or the radicalized followers of Indira Gandhi, after they were killed in 1984. her Sikh bodyguard had been killed. Our country now has nine gurdwaras.]}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Sikhism in New Zealand|New Zealand *]]
|{{Sort|00053406|53,406}}
|{{Percentage|53406|4,993,923|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|53406|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|[[2023 New Zealand census]]<ref name="NZReligion2">{{Cite web |title=Totals by topic for individuals, (NZ total), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses |url=https://explore.data.stats.govt.nz/vis?tm=occupation%2C%202023%20census&pg=0&hc[Society]=2023%20Census&hc[Census%20year]=2023&snb=4&vw=tb&df[ds]=ds-nsiws-disseminate&df[id]=CEN23_TBT_004&df[ag]=STATSNZ&df[vs]=1.0&dq=raTotal%2Bra00000%2Bra10100%2Bra10101%2Bra10102%2Bra10103%2Bra10104%2Bra10105%2Bra10199%2Bra20000%2Bra20100%2Bra20102%2Bra20103%2Bra20199%2Bra20201%2Bra20301%2Bra20302%2Bra20400%2Bra20401%2Bra20402%2Bra20403%2Bra20499%2Bra20500%2Bra20502%2Bra20503%2Bra20599%2Bra20600%2Bra20601%2Bra20602%2Bra20603%2Bra20604%2Bra20605%2Bra20606%2Bra20699%2Bra20700%2Bra20701%2Bra20799%2Bra20801%2Bra20802%2Bra20803%2Bra20804%2Bra20901%2Bra21001%2Bra21101%2Bra21200%2Bra21201%2Bra21202%2Bra21203%2Bra21299%2Bra21300%2Bra21301%2Bra21302%2Bra21303%2Bra21304%2Bra21305%2Bra21399%2Bra21400%2Bra21401%2Bra21402%2Bra21403%2Bra21404%2Bra21405%2Bra21406%2Bra21407%2Bra21408%2Bra21409%2Bra21410%2Bra21411%2Bra21412%2Bra21413%2Bra21414%2Bra21415%2Bra21416%2Bra21417%2Bra21499%2Bra21501%2Bra21502%2Bra21503%2Bra21504%2Bra21505%2Bra21506%2Bra21507%2Bra21600%2Bra21701%2Bra21801%2Bra21802%2Bra29901%2Bra29902%2Bra29903%2Bra29905%2Bra29906%2Bra29908%2Bra29909%2Bra29910%2Bra29911%2Bra29999%2Bra30100%2Bra30101%2Bra30102%2Bra30103%2Bra30199%2Bra40100%2Bra40101%2Bra40102%2Bra40103%2Bra40104%2Bra40199%2Bra50100%2Bra50101%2Bra50102%2Bra50103%2Bra60000%2Bra60101%2Bra60201%2Bra60901%2Bra60999%2Bra70000%2Bra70101%2Bra70200%2Bra70201%2Bra70202%2Bra70203%2Bra70204%2Bra70205%2Bra70299%2Bra70301%2Bra70401%2Bra70901%2Bra70999%2Bra80000%2Bra80101%2Bra80200%2Bra80201%2Bra80202%2Bra80299%2Bra80301%2Bra80400%2Bra80401%2Bra80402%2Bra80403%2Bra80499%2Bra80601%2Bra80701%2Bra80702%2Bra80801%2Bra80901%2Bra81001%2Bra81101%2Bra81102%2Bra81103%2Bra81104%2Bra81105%2Bra81106%2Bra81107%2Bra81108%2Bra81109%2Bra81110%2Bra81111%2Bra81199%2Bra95555%2BraTS%2Bra94444%2Bra97777%2Bra98888%2Bra99999.2018%2B2023&ly[rw]=CEN23_TBT_IND_001&ly[cl]=CEN23_YEAR_001&to[TIME]=false |access-date=13 October 2024 |publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]]}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Norway}} [[Sikhism in Norway|Norway *]]
|{{Sort|00004080|4,080}}
|{{Percentage|4080|5,367,580|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|4080|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2020<ref>{{cite web |date=8 December 2020 |title=2020-12-08 |url=https://www.ssb.no/en/kultur-og-fritid/statistikker/trosamf/aar/2020-12-08 |website=ssb.no}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Oman}} [[Oman]]
|{{Sort|00033704|33,704}}
|{{Percentage|33704|4,520,471|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|33704|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2020<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{cite web |title=National Profiles |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=171c |website=www.thearda.com}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Sikhism in Pakistan|Pakistan *]]
|{{Sort|0015998|15,998}}
|{{Percentage|15998|249,566,743|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|15998|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|[[2023 Pakistani census]]<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=TABLE 9 : POPULATION BY SEX, RELIGION AND RURAL/URBAN, CENSUS - 2023 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_9.pdf |access-date=2 Aug 2024 |website=[[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Panama}} [[Sikhism in Panama|Panama *]]
|{{Sort|00000302|302}}
|{{Percentage|302|4,337,768|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|302|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2020<ref name="thearda.com2">{{cite web |title=National Profiles |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=64c |website=thearda.com}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Philippines]]
|{{Sort|00028436|28,436}}
|{{Percentage|28436|109,035,343|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|28436|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2020<ref name="thearda.com2" />
|-
|{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Sikhism in Portugal|Portugal *]]
|{{Sort|0035000|35,000}}
|{{Percentage|35000|10,421,117|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|35000|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Portugal Fact Sheet |url=https://www.eoilisbon.gov.in/page/portugal-fact-sheet/ |website=Embassy of India (Lisbon, Portugal) |quote="Sikhs (35,000), In recent years, the number of Indians (especially from Punjab/Haryana) has increased significantly owing to the easing of immigration norms by Portugal. However, since many of them do not have valid residency documents, official figures are not available."}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Saudi Arabia]]
|{{Sort|00006700|6,700}}
|{{Percentage|6700|38,401,000|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|6700|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2021<ref>{{cite web |title=Saudi Arabia. International Religious Freedom Report 2021 |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/saudi-arabia/ |access-date=21 March 2023 |website=state.gov}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Sikhism in Singapore|Singapore *]]
|{{Sort|00012051|12,051}}
|{{Percentage|12051|3,459,093|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|12051|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2020<ref name=":42">{{cite web |title="Religion by Ethnic in Singapore 2020" |url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/reference/cop2020/cop2020-sr1/census20_stat_release1 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210617123031/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/reference/cop2020/cop2020-sr1/census20_stat_release1 |archive-date=2021-06-17 |access-date=2021-06-18 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|ZA}} [[Sikhism in South Africa|South Africa *]]
|{{Sort|00013000|13,000}}
|{{Percentage|13000|62,027,503|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|13000|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2020<ref>{{Cite web |title=Custom Dataset {{!}} National Profiles {{!}} World Religion |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/np-sort?var=ADH_535 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=www.thearda.com}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Sikhism in Spain|Spain *]]
|{{Sort|00026000|26,000}}
|{{Percentage|26000|48,196,693|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|26000|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2020<ref name="mdpi.com2">{{cite journal |last=Garha |first=Nachatter Singh |date=13 February 2020 |title=Masculinity in the Sikh Community in Italy and Spain: Expectations and Challenges |journal=Religions |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=76 |doi=10.3390/rel11020076 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=2183/38589}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Sikhism in Sweden|Sweden *]]
|{{Sort|00004000|4,000}}
|{{Percentage|4000|10,481,937|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|4000|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2020<ref name="mdpi.com2" />
|-
|{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Sikhism in Thailand|Thailand *]]
|{{Sort|00070000|70,000}}
|{{Percentage|70000|67,228,562|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|70000|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2005<ref>{{cite web |title=International Religious Freedom Report 2005 (U.S. Dept of State) |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/research/thailand/religious-freedom-report.html |access-date=3 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Trinidad and Tobago}} [[Sikhism in Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago *]]
|{{Sort|00000150|150}}
|{{Percentage|150|1,405,646|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|150|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2022<ref>{{cite web |title=The Sikhs of Trinidad |url=https://www.irasroom.org/circlingindia/the-sikhs-of-trinidad |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=Ira Mathur}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Uganda}} [[Uganda]]
|{{Sort|0002400|2,400}}
|{{Percentage|2400|45,853,778|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|2400|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2021<ref>{{cite web |date=9 January 2021 |title=What it means to Be Sikh |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/life/what-it-means-to-be-sikh--1572910 |website=Monitor}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|UAE}} [[Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates|United Arab Emirates *]]
|{{Sort|00052000|52,000}}
|{{Percentage|52000|9,282,410|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|52000|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2022<ref>{{cite web |last=Gokulan |first=Dhanusha |title=Sikhs in UAE hail country's year of 'respect, inclusion' |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/sikhs-in-uae-hail-countrys-year-of-respect-inclusion |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=Khaleej Times}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Sikhism in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom *]]
|{{Sort|00524529|524,529}}
|{{Percentage|524529|61500718|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|524529|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|[[2021 United Kingdom census]]<ref name="SikhEngland20212">{{cite web |title=Religion, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021 |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Census 2021 main statistics religion tables |url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/publications/census-2021-main-statistics-religion-tables |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency |language=en |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date= |title=MS-B21: Religion - full detail |url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b21.xlsx |website=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency.}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} [[Sikhism in the United States|United States *]]
|{{Sort|00280000|280,000}}
|{{Percentage|280000|331893745|2|pad=2}}
|{{Percentage|280000|23482831|2|pad=2}}
|2021{{refn|While the [[U.S. Census]] does not ask about religion,<ref>{{cite web|title=Does the Census Bureau have data for religion? |url=https://ask.census.gov/prweb/PRServletCustom/app/ECORRAsk2_/YACFBFye-rFIz_FoGtyvDRUGg1Uzu5Mn*/!STANDARD?pzuiactionzzz=CXtpbn0rTEpMcGRYOG1vS0tqTFAwaENUZWpvM1NNWEMzZ3p5aFpnWUxzVmw0TjJndno5ZkJPc24xNWYvcCtNbVVjWk5Z*|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> 70,697 Americans (or {{Percentage|70,697|331,449,281|2}} of the total population) declared Sikh as their ethnicity in the [[2020 U.S. census|2020 census]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian Indian Was The Largest Asian Alone Population Group in 2020|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-asian-population.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref> In the [[2021 Canadian census]], 194,640 Canadians declared Sikh as their ethnicity while 771,790 Canadians declared Sikh as their religion, indicating that the Sikh American population may be around 280,329, or {{Percentage|280,329|331,449,281|2}} of the total population.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population| date=9 February 2022 |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1,2,3&STATISTICList=1,4&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref> The [[U.S. Census Bureau]] estimated the adult Sikh American population at 78,000 in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 - Section 1: Population - Table 75: Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population: 1990, 2001, and 2008 (page 61)|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/2012-statab.pdf|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref> The [[Pew Research Center]] estimated the Sikh American adult population to be 140,000 and the total population at 200,000 in 2012 while the World Religion Database at Boston University estimated the American Sikh population to be at 280,000 in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 - Section 1: Population - Table 75: Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population: 1990, 2001, and 2008 (page 61)|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/2012-statab.pdf|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How Many U.S. Sikhs?|date=6 August 2012 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/2012/08/06/ask-the-expert-how-many-us-sikhs/|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> Sikh organizations like the [[Sikh Coalition]] and [[American Sikh Congressional Caucus]] estimate the Sikh American population to be as high as 1,000,000, but do not provide any sources for these figures;<ref>{{cite web|title=About Sikhs|url=https://www.sikhcoalition.org/about-sikhs/|publisher=[[Sikh Coalition]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=H. RES. 275 - 118th Congress (2023-2024)| date=10 April 2023 |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/275/text?s=1&r=1/|publisher=[[United States Congress]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How Many U.S. Sikhs?|date=6 August 2012 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/2012/08/06/ask-the-expert-how-many-us-sikhs/|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> 500,000 nevertheless remains the most cited Sikh American population size in news media.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sikhism Reporter's Guide|url=https://www.sikhcoalition.org/resources/sikhism-reporters-guide/|publisher=[[Sikh Coalition]]|access-date=23 July 2023}}</ref>{{refn|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Sikh Community Today |url=https://pluralism.org/the-sikh-community-today|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Today there are well over 500,000 Sikhs in the United States."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=American Sikhs are targets of bigotry, often due to cultural ignorance |date=10 August 2022 |url=https://religionnews.com/2022/08/10/american-sikhs-are-targets-of-bigotry-often-due-to-cultural-ignorance/|publisher=[[Religion News Service]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Scholars and government officials estimate the Sikh American population to number around 500,000."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sikhs in America:A History of Hate |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/sikhs-in-america-hate-crime-victims-and-bias|publisher=[[ProPublica]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="There are an estimated 500,000 Sikhs living in the U.S., many in New York and California."
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=April 2022: Sikh Awareness and Appreciation Month |url=https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/news/proclamations/2022/04/01/april-2022-sikh-awareness-and-appreciation-month|publisher=State of Michigan Office of the Governor|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Sikhism is the fifth largest religion in the world, and, today, there are more than 30 million Sikhs worldwide and an estimated 500,000 Sikh Americans;"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Want to know about Sikhism?|date=23 May 2022 |url=https://www.wuwm.com/2022-05-23/want-to-know-about-sikhism-head-to-new-book-collection-in-oak-creek|publisher=[[WUWM]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="There are more than 500,000 Sikhs in the United States."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Brief Introduction to Sikhism|date=5 May 2021 |url=https://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2021/05/05/sikhism-chicago|publisher=[[WTTW]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Despite its relatively recent arrival in Chicago, Sikhism is the world’s fifth-largest religion, with 25 to 30 million adherents around the globe and an estimated 500,000 in America today."}}</ref>}} With 1% of [[Asian Americans#Religion|Asian Americans]] being Sikh, and 90.7% of Sikh Americans being Asian American, the American Sikh population can be estimated around 280,000 in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths|date=19 July 2012 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/07/19/asian-americans-a-mosaic-of-faiths-overview/|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2020 National Sikh American Survey: Key Findings|date=23 October 2020 |url=https://issuu.com/saldefmedia/docs/2020_national_sikh_american_survey|publisher=[[Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=DP05ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES|url=https://data.census.gov/table?tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP05|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
!Total
!{{Sort|23,482,831|23,482,831}}{{efn|Total of countries listed above. List last totaled 24 December 2025.}}
!{{Percentage|23,482,831|8,091,734,930|2|pad=2}}
!{{Percentage|23,482,831|23,459,851|2|pad=2}}
!
|}

== Census Data ==
As a religious minority, Sikhs have fought long and hard to get official status and to be counted in many countries across the world. Through the efforts of Sikh organisations and communities in their respective countries, there is now readily available population data on Sikhs as part of the census in the following territories: {{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable col3right col6right"
|+Census Data
! rowspan="2" |Country
! colspan="4" |Sikh Religion
! colspan="4" |Sikh Ethnicity
|-
!Rank
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!Year
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!Year
!Response
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Religion in India|India]]
|4th
|[[Sikhism in India|20,833,116]]
|{{Percentage|20,833,116|1,210,854,977|2}}
|[[2011 Indian census|2011]]<ref>http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2015.</ref>
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Religion in Canada|Canada]]
|4th
|[[Sikhism in Canada|771,790]]
|{{Percentage|771790|36328480|2}}
|[[2021 Canadian census|2021]]<ref name="canadareligion20212" />
|194,640
|{{Percentage|194,640|36,328,475|2}}
|[[2021 Canadian census|2021]]<ref>{{cite web |date=9 February 2022 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Profile table |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1,2,3&STATISTICList=1,4&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>
|Multiple
|-
|{{flagicon|England}} [[Religion in England|England]]
|4th
|[[Sikhism in England|520,092]]
|{{Percentage|520,092|56,490,048|2}}
|[[2021 United Kingdom census|2021]]<ref name="SikhEngland20212" />
|98,666
|{{Percentage|98,666|56,490,048|2}}
|[[2021 United Kingdom census|2021]]<ref>{{cite web |date=29 November 2022 |title=Ethnic group (detailed) |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS022/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/46347062-358f-4a3b-a885-946c416f9c34?f=get-data#get-data |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>
|Single
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Religion in the United States|United States]]
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
|[[Sikhism in the United States|48,321]]
|{{Percentage|48321|331,449,281|2}}
|[[2020 United States census|2020]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html |access-date=2023-09-23 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=T01001TOTAL POPULATION |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=sikh&g=010XX00US$0400000&tid=DECENNIALDDHCA2020.T01001 |access-date=2023-09-23 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=P1TOTAL POPULATION |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=population&g=010XX00US$0400000&tid=DECENNIALDHC2020.P1 |access-date=2023-09-23 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
|Single
|-
|70,697
|{{Percentage|70,697|331,449,281|2}}
|[[2020 United States census|2020]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html |access-date=2023-09-23 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=T01001TOTAL POPULATION |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=sikh&g=010XX00US$0400000&tid=DECENNIALDDHCA2020.T01001 |access-date=2023-09-23 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=P1TOTAL POPULATION |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=population&g=010XX00US$0400000&tid=DECENNIALDHC2020.P1 |access-date=2023-09-23 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
|Multiple
|-
|{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Religion in Australia|Australia]]
|5th
|[[Sikhism in Australia|210,400]]
|{{Percentage|210,400|25,418,007|2}}
|[[2021 Australian census|2021]]<ref>https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/AUS/download/GCP_AUS.xlsx ''Abs.gov.au''. Retrieved 2 July 2022.</ref>
|60,501
|{{Percentage|60,501|25,418,007|2}}
|[[2021 Australian census|2021]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Australia Ancestry |url=https://profile.id.com.au/australia/ancestry |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>
|Multiple
|-
|{{Flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Religion in Malaysia|Malaysia]]
|5th
|[[Sikhism in Malaysia|58,604]]
|{{Percentage|58,604|23,274,690|2}}
|2000<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaur |first1=Parveen |last2=Moghal |first2=Arif Jawaid |date=2014 |title=The Perceptions on Gender Equality Among the Sikhs in Malaysia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43499907 |journal=International Review of Modern Sociology |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=163–174 |jstor=43499907 |access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristics 2000 |url=https://www.mycensus.gov.my/index.php/census-product/publication/census-2000/650-population-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristics-2000 |access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref>
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Religion in New Zealand|New Zealand]]
| rowspan="2" |5th
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikhism in New Zealand|53,406]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Percentage|53,406|4,993,923|2}}
| rowspan="2" |[[2023 New Zealand census|2023]]<ref name="NZReligion2" />
|105
|{{Percentage|105|4,699,755|2|pad=2}}
|[[2018 New Zealand census|2018]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Sikh ethnic group |url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/tools/2018-census-ethnic-group-summaries/sikh |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>
|Single
|-
|192
|{{Percentage|192|4,699,755|2|pad=2}}
|[[2018 New Zealand census|2018]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Sikh ethnic group |url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/tools/2018-census-ethnic-group-summaries/sikh |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>
|Multiple
|-
|{{Flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Religion in Pakistan|Pakistan]]
|4th
|[[Sikhism in Pakistan|15,998]]
|{{Percentage|15,998|240,458,089|2}}
|[[2023 Pakistani census|2023]]<ref name=":22" />
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Religion in Singapore|Singapore]]
|6th
|[[Sikhism in Singapore|12,051]]
|{{Percentage|12,051|3,459,093|2}}
|2020<ref name=":42" />
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flagicon|Thailand}} [[Religion in Thailand|Thailand]]
|6th
|[[Sikhism in Thailand|11,124]]
|{{Percentage|11124|61,746,429|2}}
|2010<ref>http://web.nso.go.th/en/census/poph/data/090913_StatisticalTables_10.pdf (PDF). NSO. Retrieved 10 January 2018.</ref>
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flagicon|Scotland}} [[Religion in Scotland|Scotland]]
|5th
|[[Sikhism in Scotland|10,988]]
|{{Percentage|10,988|5,439,842|2}}
|[[2021 United Kingdom census|2022]]<ref>[https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/search-by "Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion - Chart data".] Retrieved 3 July 2024.</ref>
|873
|{{Percentage|873|5,295,403 |2}}
|[[2011 United Kingdom census|2011]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Scotland's Census 2021 Ethnic Group and Religion Update |url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/media/gtsdw5oj/scotlands_census_2021_-__question_governance_documentation_-_topic_reports_-_ethnic_group_and_religion_update_pdf.pdf |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>
|Multiple
|-
|{{Flagicon|Wales}} [[Religion in Wales|Wales]]
|5th
|[[Sikhism in Wales|4,048]]
|{{Percentage|4,048|3,107,494|2}}
|[[2021 United Kingdom census|2021]]<ref name="SikhEngland20212" />
|683
|{{Percentage|683|3,107,494|2}}
|[[2021 United Kingdom census|2021]]<ref>{{cite web |date=29 November 2022 |title=Ethnic group (detailed) |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS022/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/46347062-358f-4a3b-a885-946c416f9c34?f=get-data#get-data |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>
|Single
|-
|{{Flagicon|Austria}} [[Religion in Austria|Austria]]
|6th
|[[Sikhism in Austria|2,794]]
|{{Percentage|2,794|8,032,926|2}}
|2001<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/bevoelkerung/volkszaehlungen_registerzaehlungen/bevoelkerung_nach_demographischen_merkmalen/022894.html|title=Bevölkerung 2001 nach Religionsbekenntnis und Staatsangehörigkeit|trans-title=2001 population by religious confession and nationality|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20101113171616/http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/bevoelkerung/volkszaehlungen_registerzaehlungen/bevoelkerung_nach_demographischen_merkmalen/022894.html|archive-date=13 November 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref>
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flagicon|Fiji}} [[Religion in Fiji|Fiji]]
|4th
|[[Sikhism in Fiji|2,577]]
|{{Percentage|2577|837,271|2}}
|2007<ref>http://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/statistics/social-statistics/religion ''http://www.statsfiji.gov.fj''</ref>
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Religion in Cyprus|Cyprus]]
|4th
|[[Sikhism in Cyprus|2,260]]
|{{Percentage|2183|923,381|2}}
|2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Enumerated by Religion, Sex and Country of Birth Group, 1.10.2021 |url=https://cystatdb.cystat.gov.cy/pxweb/en/8.CYSTAT-DB/8.CYSTAT-DB__Population__Census%20of%20Population%20and%20Housing%202021__Population__Population%20-%20Language,%20Religion,%20Ethnic%20Religious%20Group/1891635E.px/table/tableViewLayout1/ |access-date=5 December 2024}}</ref>
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flagicon|Ireland}} [[Religion in the Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
|6th
|[[Sikhism in the Republic of Ireland|2,183]]
|{{Percentage|2183|5,149,139|2}}
|[[2022 census of Ireland|2022]]<ref>https://data.cso.ie/table/FY030 ''Irish census''. Retrieved 31 May 2023.</ref>
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flagicon|Nepal}} [[Religion in Nepal|Nepal]]
|7th
|[[Sikhism in Nepal|1,496]]
|{{Percentage|1496|29,192,480|2}}
|[[2021 Nepal census|2021]]<ref name=":62">https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/files/caste/Religion_NPHC_2021.xlsx National Statistics Office.</ref>
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flagicon|Northern Ireland}} [[Religion in Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]]
|6th
|[[Sikhism in Northern Ireland|389]]
|{{Percentage|389|1,903,178|2}}
|[[2021 United Kingdom census|2021]]<ref>https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b21.xlsx ''Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency''.</ref>
|43
|{{Percentage|43|1,903,178|2|pad=2}}
|[[2021 United Kingdom census|2021]]<ref>{{cite web |date=29 November 2022 |title=Census 2021 Ethnic group - full detail MS-B02 |url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b02.xlsx |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>
|Single
|-
|{{flagicon|Mauritius}} [[Religion in Mauritius|Mauritius]]
|
|182{{efn|Combined responses of "Sikh" (116) and "Punjabi" (66).}}
|{{Percentage|182|1,233,097|2}}
|2022<ref>https://statsmauritius.govmu.org/Documents/Census_and_Surveys/Census2022/HPC_TR_Vol2_Demography_Yr22.pdf Statistics Mauritius, pp. 138 (PDF) Retrieved 17th May, 2024.</ref>
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Religion in the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]]
|
|86
|0.00%
|[[2021 Czech census|2021]]<ref>https://scitani.gov.cz/docs/42301/aa331037-5c05-6d25-d9b9-07218379072e/sldb2021_pv_obyvatelstvo_podle_cirkvi_a_kraju.xlsx ''Czech Statistical Office, column 68 - excel file''</ref>
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flagicon|Faroe Islands}} [[Religion in the Faroe Islands|Faroe Islands]]
|7th
|3
|{{Percentage|3|48,346|2}}
|2011<ref name="hagstova2">{{Cite web |title=Religion (2011) |url=https://hagstova.fo/en/population/census-2011/religion |website=Hagstova Foroya Statistics Faroe Islands |quote=Sikh Population: 3 Persons}}</ref>
|
|
|
|
|}
Official statistics do not count unregistered arrivals or those who have not completed the census or surveys. However, they do provide for a much more accurate depiction of Sikh communities as opposed to estimates from various Sikh organisations whose estimates can vary vastly with no statistically valuable source. Thus, official statistics and census data is highly important and Sikh communities continue to push for census inclusion in many countries where they are still not counted. {{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable col2right col4right"
|+
! rowspan="2" |Country
! colspan="2" |Born in Country<ref>Those born in England, Canada, Australia, Singapore.</ref>
! colspan="2" |Born Overseas<ref>Those born outside England, Canada, Australia, Singapore.</ref>
! rowspan="2" |Data
|-
!Total
!%
!Total
!%
|-
|{{flagicon|England}} [[Religion in England|England]]
|296,673
|57.0%
|223,419
|43.0%
|2021
|-
|{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Religion in Canada|Canada]]
|236,400
|30.6%
|535,390
|69.4%
|2021
|-
|{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Religion in Australia|Australia]]
|51,939
|24.9%
|157,940
|75.1%
|2021
|-
|{{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Religion in Singapore|Singapore]]
|8,369
|69.5%
|3,682
|30.5%
|2020
|-
|{{Flagicon|Wales}} [[Religion in Wales|Wales]]
|2,431
|60.1%
|1,617
|39.9%
|2021
|-
|{{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Religion in Cyprus|Cyprus]]
|56
|2.5%
|2,204
|97.5%
|2021
|}
Canada has the largest Sikh population outside India, this is largely due to those born overseas outside Canada numbering 500,000+. Whilst England ranks number 1 for having the largest number born in the diaspora.
[[File:%25_Sikh_by_National_Subdivision.png|thumb|% Sikh by National Subdivision]]

== Largest proportions and populations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |Rank
! colspan="2" |Proportion
! colspan="2" |Population
|-
!Country
!Proportion
!Country
!Population
|-
!1
|{{flag|Canada}}
|2.12%<ref name="canadareligion20212" />
|{{flag|India}}
|23,786,000{{refn|<ref name="WorldFactbookIndia">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/#people-and-society|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111023536/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india#people-and-society|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2021|title=India People and Society|publisher=The World Factbook|access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref>{{efn|name=SikhIndia|Sikhs comprise 1.7% (23,786,052) of India's total population of 1,399,179,585 per 2023 estimate by the World Factbook.<ref name="WorldFactbookIndia" />}}<ref name="SikhIndia2011">{{cite web |url=https://www.findeasy.in/sikh-population-in-india/ |title=Sikh Population in World | Sikh Population in India 2023 |date=22 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/4-sikhism.html |title= Sikh Religion Census 2011
|access-date = 21 March 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
!2
|{{flag|India}}
|1.72%{{refn|The Indian Sikh population grew from 16,420,685 to 19,237,391 between [[1991 Census of India|1991]] and [[2001 Census of India|2001]], a rise of 2,816,706 or {{Percentage|2,816,706|16,420,685|2}}. It further rose from 19,237,391 to 20,833,116 between [[1991 Census of India|1991]] and [[2001 Census of India|2001]], a rise of 1,595,725 or {{Percentage|1,595,725|19,237,391|2}}.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342192382 |via=[[ResearchGate]]|doi=10.18778/2300-0562.08.09 |title=The Sikhs – religion and nation. Chosen political and social determinants of functioning |year=2019 |last1=Barwiński |first1=Marek |last2=Musiaka |first2=Łukasz |journal=Studia Z Geografii Politycznej I Historycznej |volume=8 |pages=167–182 |s2cid=226730777|hdl=11089/38783 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.4to40.com/kids-magazine/why-sikhs-ought-to-be-happy-not-worried/attachment/sikh-population-as-per-census/|title=Sikh-population-as-per-census}}</ref><ref name="Puri 2693–2701">{{cite journal |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=38 |number=26 |date=June–July 2003 |pages=2693–2701 |publisher=Economic and Political Weekly |title=Scheduled Castes in Sikh Community: A Historical Perspective |first=Harish K. |last=Puri |jstor=4413731}}</ref> Assuming the Indian Sikh population growth rate continues to decline at the same rate, which is likely since Sikhs have the lowest birth rate across all Indian religious groups, the Indian Sikh population would grow by 4.01% between 2011 and 2021, or from 20,833,116 to 21,668,524.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/total-fertility-rate-down-across-all-communities/articleshow/91407169.cms |title=Total fertility rate down across all communities | India News - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 May 2022}}</ref>|name="SikhIndia"}}
|{{flag|Canada}}
|771,790<ref name="canadareligion20212" />
|-
!3
|{{flag|New Zealand}}
|1.07%<ref name="NZReligion2" />
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|524,000<ref>{{cite web |title=Religion, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021 |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=www.ons.gov.uk |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
!4
|{{flag|Australia}}
|0.83%<ref name="auto32">{{cite web |author=Glenn |date=6 September 2012 |title=2011 Australian Census - Fastest Growing Religions |url=http://blog.id.com.au/2012/australian-census-2011/2011-australian-census-fastest-growing-religions/ |access-date=2022-09-02 |publisher=Blog.id.com.au |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|{{flag|United States}}
|280,000{{refn|While the [[U.S. Census]] does not ask about religion,<ref>{{cite web|title=
Does the Census Bureau have data for religion?
|url=https://ask.census.gov/prweb/PRServletCustom/app/ECORRAsk2_/YACFBFye-rFIz_FoGtyvDRUGg1Uzu5Mn*/!STANDARD?pzuiactionzzz=CXtpbn0rTEpMcGRYOG1vS0tqTFAwaENUZWpvM1NNWEMzZ3p5aFpnWUxzVmw0TjJndno5ZkJPc24xNWYvcCtNbVVjWk5Z*|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> 70,697 Americans (or {{Percentage|70,697|331,449,281|2}} of the total population) declared Sikh as their ethnicity in the [[2020 U.S. census|2020 census]].<ref>{{cite web|title=
Asian Indian Was The Largest Asian Alone Population Group in 2020|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-asian-population.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref> In the [[2021 Canadian census]], 194,640 Canadians declared Sikh as their ethnicity while 771,790 Canadians declared Sikh as their religion, indicating that the Sikh American population may be around 280,329, or {{Percentage|280,329|331,449,281|2}} of the total population.<ref>{{cite web|title=
Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population| date=9 February 2022 |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1,2,3&STATISTICList=1,4&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref> The [[U.S. Census Bureau]] estimated the adult Sikh American population at 78,000 in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 - Section 1: Population - Table 75: Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population: 1990, 2001, and 2008 (page 61)|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/2012-statab.pdf|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref> The [[Pew Research Center]] estimated the Sikh American adult population to be 140,000 and the total population at 200,000 in 2012 while the World Religion Database at Boston University estimated the American Sikh population to be at 280,000 in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 - Section 1: Population - Table 75: Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population: 1990, 2001, and 2008 (page 61)|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/2012-statab.pdf|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How Many U.S. Sikhs?|date=6 August 2012 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/2012/08/06/ask-the-expert-how-many-us-sikhs/|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> Sikh organizations like the [[Sikh Coalition]] and [[American Sikh Congressional Caucus]] estimate the Sikh American population to be as high as 1,000,000, but do not provide any sources for these figures;<ref>{{cite web|title=About Sikhs|url=https://www.sikhcoalition.org/about-sikhs/|publisher=[[Sikh Coalition]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=H. RES. 275 - 118th Congress (2023-2024)| date=10 April 2023 |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/275/text?s=1&r=1/|publisher=[[United States Congress]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How Many U.S. Sikhs?|date=6 August 2012 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/2012/08/06/ask-the-expert-how-many-us-sikhs/|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> 500,000 nevertheless remains the most cited Sikh American population size in news media.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sikhism Reporter's Guide|url=https://www.sikhcoalition.org/resources/sikhism-reporters-guide/|publisher=[[Sikh Coalition]]|access-date=23 July 2023}}</ref>{{refn|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Sikh Community Today |url=https://pluralism.org/the-sikh-community-today|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Today there are well over 500,000 Sikhs in the United States."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=American Sikhs are targets of bigotry, often due to cultural ignorance |date=10 August 2022 |url=https://religionnews.com/2022/08/10/american-sikhs-are-targets-of-bigotry-often-due-to-cultural-ignorance/|publisher=[[Religion News Service]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Scholars and government officials estimate the Sikh American population to number around 500,000."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sikhs in America:A History of Hate |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/sikhs-in-america-hate-crime-victims-and-bias|publisher=[[ProPublica]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="There are an estimated 500,000 Sikhs living in the U.S., many in New York and California."
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=April 2022: Sikh Awareness and Appreciation Month |url=https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/news/proclamations/2022/04/01/april-2022-sikh-awareness-and-appreciation-month|publisher=State of Michigan Office of the Governor|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Sikhism is the fifth largest religion in the world, and, today, there are more than 30 million Sikhs worldwide and an estimated 500,000 Sikh Americans;"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Want to know about Sikhism?|date=23 May 2022 |url=https://www.wuwm.com/2022-05-23/want-to-know-about-sikhism-head-to-new-book-collection-in-oak-creek|publisher=[[WUWM]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="There are more than 500,000 Sikhs in the United States."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Brief Introduction to Sikhism|date=5 May 2021 |url=https://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2021/05/05/sikhism-chicago|publisher=[[WTTW]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Despite its relatively recent arrival in Chicago, Sikhism is the world’s fifth-largest religion, with 25 to 30 million adherents around the globe and an estimated 500,000 in America today."}}</ref>}} With 1% of [[Asian Americans#Religion|Asian Americans]] being Sikh, and 90.7% of Sikh Americans being Asian American, the American Sikh population can be estimated around 280,000 in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths|date=19 July 2012 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/07/19/asian-americans-a-mosaic-of-faiths-overview/|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2020 National Sikh American Survey: Key Findings|date=23 October 2020 |url=https://issuu.com/saldefmedia/docs/2020_national_sikh_american_survey|publisher=[[Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=DP05ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES|url=https://data.census.gov/table?tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP05|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
!5
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|0.80%<ref>{{cite web |title=Religion, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021 |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=www.ons.gov.uk |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|{{flag|Australia}}
|210,400<ref name="auto32" />
|-
!6
|{{flag|Oman}}
|0.75%<ref name="ReferenceA2" />
|{{flag|Italy}}
|210,000{{refn|<ref>{{cite news |title=Over 40,000 Sikhs vote in secessionist Referendum in Italy |work=Geo News |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/415781-over-40000-sikhs-vote-in-secessionist-khalistan-referendum-in-italy |quote=it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in the county with a majority in Brescia.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Around 45,000 Sikhs vote in Referendum in Italy |work=Daily Pakistan |url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/09-May-2022/around-45-000-sikhs-vote-in-khalistan-referendum-in-italy |quote=That it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in it with a majority in Brescia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2022/07/03/sikhs-vote-in-referendum-in-rome-for-freedom-of-khalistan/ |website=Pakistan Today |date=3 July 2022 |quote=About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome |work=The Nation |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/05-Jul-2022/sikhs-vote-in-referendum-in-rome-for-freedom-of-khalistan |quote=About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands of Sikhs attend parade in Italy |work=Bol News |url=https://www.bolnews.com/2022/05/08/italy/thousands-of-sikhs-attend-parade-in-italy-ahead-of-khalistan-referendum/index.html |quote=Italy has over 200,000 Sikhs who are active members of the Italian population, which is why this city was chosen}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Bertolani |first=Barbara |title=Globalizing Belief, Localizing Gods |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=2013 |isbn=9789004254756 |pages=75 |chapter=The Sikhs in Italy: A Growing Heterogeneous and Plural Presence |quote="According to Gallo (2013), by contrast, the Sikhs would number at least 100,000. Barbara Bertolani estimates in 2013 "My own data gathered within the Sikh community in Italy show Sikh people constituting about 70% of all the Indians present, i.e., at least 84,000 residents"}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite news |title=The Sikhs Spearheading The Italian Parmesan Cheese Industry |work=Homegrown |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/the-sikhs-who-saved-parmesan-in-italy-are-now-fighting-to-save-themselves |quote=Despite the estimated 220,000 Sikh immigrants who inhabit the Po Valley, there seems to a whiff of change in the air}}</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" />}}
|-
!7
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
|0.56%<ref>{{cite web |last=Gokulan |first=Dhanusha |title=Sikhs in UAE hail country's year of 'respect, inclusion' |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/sikhs-in-uae-hail-countrys-year-of-respect-inclusion |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|100,000<ref>{{cite news |title=Gobind Singh Deo is Malaysia's first Sikh minister |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/nris-in-news/sikh-man-gobind-singh-deo-becomes-malaysias-first-minister/articleshow/64268155.cms?from=mdr |newspaper=The Economic Times |quote=Malaysia has nearly 100,000 Sikh population.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysia gets first Sikh minister |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/gobind-singh-deo-appointed-as-the-first-sikh-minister-in-the-malaysian-cabinet-138820 |work=WION |quote=Miri Indian Association president, Councillor Karambir Singh was quoted as saying by the Borneo Post. Malaysia has nearly 100,000 Sikh population}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=On the Gurdwara Trail in Malaysia: A Spiritual Experience |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/gurdwara-trail-malaysia-spiritual-experience |website=SikhNet |quote=The Malaysian Sikh community is the fourth largest ethnic group of Malaysian Indians. It is estimated that over 100,000 Sikhs reside in Malaysia. The Sikh population is the largest here among Southeast and East Asia. |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
!8
|{{flag|Italy}}
|0.37%{{refn|<ref>{{cite news |title=Over 40,000 Sikhs vote in secessionist Referendum in Italy |work=Geo News |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/415781-over-40000-sikhs-vote-in-secessionist-khalistan-referendum-in-italy |quote=it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in the county with a majority in Brescia.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Around 45,000 Sikhs vote in Referendum in Italy |work=Daily Pakistan |url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/09-May-2022/around-45-000-sikhs-vote-in-khalistan-referendum-in-italy |quote=That it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in it with a majority in Brescia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2022/07/03/sikhs-vote-in-referendum-in-rome-for-freedom-of-khalistan/ |website=Pakistan Today |date=3 July 2022 |quote=About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome |work=The Nation |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/05-Jul-2022/sikhs-vote-in-referendum-in-rome-for-freedom-of-khalistan |quote=About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands of Sikhs attend parade in Italy |work=Bol News |url=https://www.bolnews.com/2022/05/08/italy/thousands-of-sikhs-attend-parade-in-italy-ahead-of-khalistan-referendum/index.html |quote=Italy has over 200,000 Sikhs who are active members of the Italian population, which is why this city was chosen}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Bertolani |first=Barbara |title=Globalizing Belief, Localizing Gods |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=2013 |isbn=9789004254756 |pages=75 |chapter=The Sikhs in Italy: A Growing Heterogeneous and Plural Presence |quote="According to Gallo (2013), by contrast, the Sikhs would number at least 100,000. Barbara Bertolani estimates in 2013 "My own data gathered within the Sikh community in Italy show Sikh people constituting about 70% of all the Indians present, i.e., at least 84,000 residents"}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite news |title=The Sikhs Spearheading The Italian Parmesan Cheese Industry |work=Homegrown |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/the-sikhs-who-saved-parmesan-in-italy-are-now-fighting-to-save-themselves |quote=Despite the estimated 220,000 Sikh immigrants who inhabit the Po Valley, there seems to a whiff of change in the air}}</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" />}}
|{{flag|Thailand}}
|70,000<ref>{{cite web |title=Thailand |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71359.htm |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref>
|-
!9
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|0.35%
|{{flag|New Zealand}}
|53,406<ref name="NZReligion2" />
|-
!10
|{{flag|Cyprus}}
|0.24%<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Enumerated by Religion, Sex and Country of Birth Group, 1.10.2021 |url=https://cystatdb.cystat.gov.cy/pxweb/en/8.CYSTAT-DB/8.CYSTAT-DB__Population__Census%20of%20Population%20and%20Housing%202021__Population__Population%20-%20Language,%20Religion,%20Ethnic%20Religious%20Group/1891635E.px/table/tableViewLayout1/ |access-date=5 December 2024}}</ref>
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
|52,000<ref>{{cite web |last=Gokulan |first=Dhanusha |title=Sikhs in UAE hail country's year of 'respect, inclusion' |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/sikhs-in-uae-hail-countrys-year-of-respect-inclusion |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
!11
|
|
|{{flag|Philippines}}
|50,000<ref>{{cite web |date=2016-05-18 |title=Punjabi community involved in money lending in Philippines braces for 'crackdown' by new President |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/punjabi-community-money-lending-philippines-president-rodrigo-duterte-2806212/ |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2011-12-01 |title=Khalsa Diwan Sikh Temple - Gurdwara Philippines |url=http://www.angelfire.com/ca6/gurdwaraworld/philippines.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201014811/http://www.angelfire.com/ca6/gurdwaraworld/philippines.html |archive-date=2011-12-01 |access-date=2023-01-03 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
!12
|
|
|{{flag|Oman}}
|35,540<ref name="ReferenceA2" />
|-
!13
|
|
|{{flag|Portugal}}
|35,000<ref>{{cite web |title=Portugal Fact Sheet |url=https://www.eoilisbon.gov.in/page/portugal-fact-sheet/ |website=Embassy of India (Lisbon, Portugal) |quote="Sikhs (35,000), In recent years, the number of Indians (especially from Punjab/Haryana) has increased significantly owing to the easing of immigration norms by Portugal. However, since many of them do not have valid residency documents, official figures are not available."}}</ref>
|-
!14
|
|
|{{flag|France}}
|30,000<ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2017 |title=France's Sikh Minority Looks Set to Vote Against Marine Le Pen |url=https://thewire.in/external-affairs/frances-sikh-minority-set-vote-marine-le-pen |website=The Wire}}</ref>
|-
!15
|
|
|{{flag|Spain}}
|26,000<ref>{{cite journal |last=Garha |first=Nachatter Singh |date=6 February 2020 |title=Masculinity in the Sikh Community in Italy and Spain: Expectations and Challenges |journal=Religions |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=76 |doi=10.3390/rel11020076 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=2183/38589}}</ref>
|-
!16
|
|
|{{flag|Germany}}
|25,000<ref>{{cite web |title=Mitgliederzahlen: Sonstige - REMID - Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst e.V. |url=http://remid.de/info_zahlen/verschiedene/ |access-date=2017-08-16 |website=remid.de |language=de-DE |quote=Sikhs, 25,000 (2020)....The "German Information Center for Sikh Religion, Sikh History, Culture and Science (DISR)" estimates the number of Sikhs in Germany at 18,000 for 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
!17
|
|
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|23,000<ref>{{cite web |title=How Many Sikhs Are There in Bangladesh? |url=https://profoundadvices.com/how-many-sikhs-are-there-in-bangladesh/ |website=Profound Advices |access-date=December 4, 2025}}</ref>
|-
!18
|
|
|{{flag|Greece}}
|20,000<ref>{{cite news |last=Lavin |first=Talia |date=26 April 2015 |title=Vibrant Vaisakhi Celebrates Sikh Life In Greece |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/vaisakhi-sikh-celebration_n_7138512 |work=Huffington Post |quote=The Sikh community in Greece, numbered at around 20,000 according to a 2012 report, joined together to mark the holy day}}</ref>
|-
!19
|
|
|{{Flag|Pakistan}}
|15,998<ref name=":22" />
|-
!20
|
|
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|15,000<ref>{{cite web |last=Lawrence |first=Mary |date=22 May 2022 |title=Het licht van God zien in de ander, daar gaat het om bij de sikhs |trans-title=Seeing the light of God in the other, that's what the Sikhs are all about |url=https://www.trouw.nl/religie-filosofie/het-licht-van-god-zien-in-de-ander-daar-gaat-het-om-bij-de-sikhs~ba3a81d5/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524223916/https://www.trouw.nl/religie-filosofie/het-licht-van-god-zien-in-de-ander-daar-gaat-het-om-bij-de-sikhs~ba3a81d5/ |archive-date=24 May 2022 |access-date=2 June 2023 |publisher=[[Trouw]] |quote=In Nederland wonen zo’n 15.000 sikhs, die hier sinds de jaren zestig vanuit Afghanistan, Pakistan en India kwamen, op zoek naar werk of op de vlucht voor de Sovjets, de Taliban of de geradicaliseerde aanhangers van Indira Gandhi, nadat zij in 1984 door haar sikhlijfwacht was vermoord. Ons land telt inmiddels negen gurdwara’s. [Some 15,000 Sikhs live in the Netherlands, who have come here from Afghanistan, Pakistan and India since the 1960s, looking for work or fleeing the Soviets, the Taliban or the radicalized followers of Indira Gandhi, after they were killed in 1984. her Sikh bodyguard had been killed. Our country now has nine gurdwaras.]}}</ref>
|-
!21
|
|
|{{flag|Kuwait}}
|15,000<ref name="auto72">{{cite news |date=3 February 2022 |title=Kuwait To Seek Closure of "Illegal" Sikh Temple |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/kuwait-to-seek-closure-of-illegal-sikh-temple/212050 |access-date=21 March 2023 |work=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Pinto |first=Christina |date=2019-08-14 |title=Sikh Gurdwara discovered by 'intrepid' local reporter |url=https://timeskuwait.com/news/sikh-gurdwara-discovered-by-intrepid-local-reporter/ |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=TimesKuwait |language=en-US |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
!22
|
|
|{{flag|Hong Kong}}
|15,000<ref>{{cite web |date=31 July 2019 |title=Hong Kong stories: Getting to know the city's Sikh community |url=https://www.scmp.com/yp/discover/lifestyle/features/article/3065561/hong-kong-stories-getting-know-citys-sikh-community |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=Young Post |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
!23
|
|
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|12,051<ref name=":502">{{cite book |last=Kaur |first=Arunajeet |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/religious-diversity-in-singapore/evolution-of-the-sikh-identity-in-singapore/64B38827CD87A88C1EF3BDA3E9C2EBA5 |title=The Evolution of the Sikh Identity in Singapore |date=2008 |work=Religious Diversity in Singapore |publisher=ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute |isbn=978-981-230-755-2 |pages=275–297 |access-date=2023-01-03 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
!24
|
|
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
|10,000<ref>{{cite web |title=Orang-orang Sikh di Indonesia |url=https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/orang-orang-sikh-di-indonesia |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=kumparan |language=id-ID |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
!25
|
|
|{{flag|Belgium}}
|10,000<ref>{{cite book |last1=Montes |first1=Enrico Castro |title=Handbook of Hinduism in Europe (2 vols) |last2=Goddeeris |first2=Idesbald |date=7 July 2020 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004432284 |pages=849–863 |chapter=Hinduism in Belgium |doi=10.1163/9789004432284_031 |chapter-url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004432284/BP000040.xml |via=brill.com |s2cid=236835206}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Historical Data ==
The [[Sikhism in Afghanistan|Afghan Sikh]] population declined from between 200,000 and 500,000 (1.8% to 4.6% of the Afghan population) in the 1970s<ref name="Goyal20202">{{cite web |author=Divya Goyal |date=28 July 2020 |title=Sikhs and Hindus of Afghanistan — how many remain, why they want to leave |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/sikhs-and-hindus-of-afghanistan-how-many-remain-why-they-want-to-leave-6524825/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206234502/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/sikhs-and-hindus-of-afghanistan-how-many-remain-why-they-want-to-leave-6524825/ |archive-date=6 February 2021 |access-date=6 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="Kumar2017A2">{{cite news |author=Ruchi Kumar |date=1 January 2017 |title=The decline of Afghanistan's Hindu and Sikh communities |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/1/1/the-decline-of-afghanistans-hindu-and-sikh-communities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304034538/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/1/1/the-decline-of-afghanistans-hindu-and-sikh-communities |archive-date=4 March 2021 |access-date=6 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="Kumar2017B2">{{cite web |author=Ruchi Kumar |date=19 October 2017 |title=Afghan Hindus and Sikhs celebrate Diwali without 'pomp and splendour' amid fear |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/asia/afghan-hindus-and-sikhs-celebrate-diwali-without-pomp-and-splendour-amid-fear-1.668735 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026054932/https://www.thenational.ae/world/asia/afghan-hindus-and-sikhs-celebrate-diwali-without-pomp-and-splendour-amid-fear-1.668735 |archive-date=26 October 2017 |access-date=6 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="tolonews20162">{{cite web |date=21 June 2016 |title=Nearly 99% Of Hindus, Sikhs Left Afghanistan in Last Three decades |url=https://tolonews.com/afghanistan/nearly-99-hindus-sikhs-left-afghanistan-last-three-decades |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603073940/https://tolonews.com/afghanistan/nearly-99-hindus-sikhs-left-afghanistan-last-three-decades |archive-date=3 June 2021 |access-date=6 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="Friel20072">{{cite news |last1=Friel |first1=Terry |date=20 January 2007 |title=Afghanistan's hated Sikhs yearn for India |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-life-afghan-sikhs-idUSSP13957620061124 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619000705/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-life-afghan-sikhs-idUSSP13957620061124 |archive-date=19 June 2021 |access-date=6 July 2021 |newspaper=Reuters |df=dmy-all}}</ref> to 45 in 2022 following [[Afghanistan conflict (1978-present)|decades of conflict]].
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable col1left"
|+Sikhism by country (2001−2021)
! rowspan="2" |[[List of countries|Country]]
! colspan="2" |2021
! colspan="2" |2011
! colspan="2" |2001
! colspan="2" |Change (2011-2021)
! colspan="2" |Change (2001-2011)
! rowspan="2" |Source
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|Percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|Percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|Percentage}}
!{{Abbr|±|Change}}
!{{Abbr|+%|Percentage Change}}
!{{Abbr|±|Change}}
!{{Abbr|+%|Percentage Change}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Sikhism in India|India]]
|
|
|20,833,116
|{{Percentage|20,833,116|1,210,854,977|2}}
|19,237,391
|{{Percentage|19237391|1028737436|2}}
|
|
|1,595,725
|{{Percentage|1,595,725|19237391|2}}
|<ref name="SikhIndia2011b2">{{cite web |title=Census of India – Religious Composition |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |archive-date=13 September 2015 |access-date=27 August 2015 |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barwiński |first1=Marek |last2=Musiaka |first2=Łukasz |year=2019 |title=The Sikhs – religion and nation. Chosen political and social determinants of functioning |journal=Studia Z Geografii Politycznej I Historycznej |volume=8 |pages=167–182 |doi=10.18778/2300-0562.08.09 |s2cid=226730777 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=11089/38783}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=sikh-population-as-per-census |url=https://www.4to40.com/kids-magazine/why-sikhs-ought-to-be-happy-not-worried/attachment/sikh-population-as-per-census/ |access-date=29 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="censusindia.gov.in22">[https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS 2011 Indian Census]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bajaj |first=Dr J. K. |date=2015-12-28 |title=Religion Data of Census 2011: The Declining share of Sikhs in the population of India |url=https://indiafacts.org/the-declining-share-of-sikhs/ |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=IndiaFacts |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Sikhism in Canada|Canada]]
|771,790
|{{Percentage|771790|36328480|2}}
|454,965
|{{Percentage|454965|32852320|2}}
|278,410
|{{Percentage|278410|29639030|2}}
|316,825
|{{Percentage|316,825|454,965|2}}
|176,555
|{{Percentage|176,555|278,410|2}}
|<ref name="canadareligion20212" /><ref name="religion20012">{{cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-12-23 |title=Religion (13) and Age Groups (8) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=68339&PRID=0&PTYPE=55430,53293,55440,55496,71090&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2001&THEME=56&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="religion20112">{{cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-01-23 |title=2011 National Household Survey: Data tables Religion (108), Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=105399&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|England}} [[Sikhism in England|England]]
|520,092
|{{Percentage|520092|56490048|2}}
|420,196
|{{Percentage|420196|53012456|2}}
|327,343
|{{Percentage|327343|52041916|2}}
|99,896
|{{Percentage|99,896|420,196|2}}
|92,853
|{{Percentage|92,853|327,343|2}}
|<ref name="SikhEngland20212" /><ref name="SikhEngland20112">{{cite web |title=KS209EW (Religion) - Nomis - 2011 |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/ks209ew |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=www.nomisweb.co.uk |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="SikhEngland20012">{{cite web |title=KS007 - Religion - Nomis - 2001 |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/datasets/ks007 |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=www.nomisweb.co.uk |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} [[Sikhism in the United States|United States]]
|269,986
|{{Percentage|269,986|331449281|2}}
|189,242
|{{Percentage|189,242|308745538|2}}
|119,740
|{{Percentage|119,740|281421906|2}}
|80,744
|{{Percentage|80,744|189,242|2}}
|69,502
|{{Percentage|69,502|119,740|2}}
|<ref name="MLA Language Map Data Center2">{{cite web |title=MLA Language Map Data Center |url=https://apps.mla.org/map_data |website=[[Modern Language Association]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Language Use in the United States: 2019 |url=https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2022/acs/acs-50.pdf |website=[[United States Census Bureau]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="data.census.gov2">{{cite web |title=B16001LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME BY ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH FOR THE POPULATION 5 YEARS AND OVER |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=punjabi&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B16001 |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=data.census.gov |language=en-US |df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{refn|The [[United States Census]] does not ask about religious affiliation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Does the Census Bureau have data for religion?
|url=https://ask.census.gov/prweb/PRServletCustom/app/ECORRAsk2_/YACFBFye-rFIz_FoGtyvDRUGg1Uzu5Mn*/!STANDARD?pzuiactionzzz=CXtpbn0rTEpMcGRYOG1vS0tqTFAwaENUZWpvM1NNWEMzZ3p5aFpnWUxzVmw0TjJndno5ZkJPc24xNWYvcCtNbVVjWk5Z*|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> Sikh organizations estimate the Sikh American population to be as high as 750,000.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Sikhs|date=29 November 2010 |url=https://saldef.org/about-sikhs/|publisher=[[Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sikhs in America|date=29 November 2010 |url=https://saldef.org/about-sikhs/|publisher=Kaur Foundation|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> Before the [[United Kingdom Census]] started asking about religion in [[2001 United Kingdom Census|2001]], Sikh organizations estimated the British Sikh population to be as high as 750,000, but the 2001 census found the British Sikh population to be only 336,149.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Muslims, Hindus, and Sikhs in the New Religious Landscape of England |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30033938 |author=Ceri Peach and Richard Gale |journal=Geographical Review |year=2003 |volume=93 |issue=4 |pages=469–490 |doi=10.1111/j.1931-0846.2003.tb00043.x |jstor=30033938 |bibcode=2003GeoRv..93..469P |s2cid=161320476 |access-date=18 March 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= British Sikhs mark 300 years |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/318934.stm|publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="SikhEngland20012" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Summary: Religious Group Demographics|date=20 June 2008 |url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/People/Equality/Equalities/DataGrid/Religion/RelPopMig|publisher=scotland.gov.uk|access-date=18 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122071712/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/People/Equality/Equalities/DataGrid/Religion/RelPopMig|archive-date=22 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Census 2001: Religion (administrative geographies) |url=http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/public/Theme.aspx?themeNumber=135&themeName=Census%202001 |publisher=nisra.gov.uk |access-date=18 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225121003/http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/public/Theme.aspx?themeNumber=135&themeName=Census%202001 |archive-date=25 February 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/Census/2001%20Census%20Results/Key%20Statistics/KeyStatisticstoOutputAreaLevel.html |title=Table KS07c: Religion (full list with 10 or more persons) |publisher=nisra.gov.uk |access-date=18 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225191541/http://www.nisra.gov.uk/Census/2001%20Census%20Results/Key%20Statistics/KeyStatisticstoOutputAreaLevel.html |archive-date=25 February 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Thus, population figures by Sikh organizations are likely overestimates. A comprehensive 2012 survey by the Pew Research Center estimated that 1% of Asian Americans and 5% of Indian Americans are Sikhs,<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths|date=19 July 2012 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/07/19/asian-americans-a-mosaic-of-faiths-overview/|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> which would yield a Sikh population of approximately 200,000 in 2012 and 290,000 in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=How Many U.S. Sikhs?|date=6 August 2012 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/2012/08/06/ask-the-expert-how-many-us-sikhs/|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ADP05ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=United+States&tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP05/|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref>

The most comprehensive way to estimate the Sikh American population is by comparing to the Punjabi American population.<ref>{{cite web|title=How Many U.S. Sikhs?|date=6 August 2012 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/2012/08/06/ask-the-expert-how-many-us-sikhs/|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> Out of the 4,060,554 Americans who spoke a South Asian language at home in 2021, 318,588, or {{Percentage|318,588|4,060,554|2}}, spoke [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] at home. This indicates that [[Punjabi Americans]] make up {{Percentage|318,588|4,060,554|2}} of the [[South Asian American]] population of 5,492,692, and thus number 430,952.<ref>{{cite web|title=S0201 SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES Bangladeshi alone|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=bangladeshi&tid=ACSSPP1Y2021.S0201|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=S0201 SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES Asian Indian alone|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=asian+indian&tid=ACSSPP1Y2021.S0201|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=S0201 SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES Nepalese alone|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=nepalese&tid=ACSSPP1Y2021.S0201|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=S0201 SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES Pakistani alone|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=pakistani&tid=ACSSPP1Y2021.S0201|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=S0201 SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES Sri Lankanalone|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=sri+lankan&tid=ACSSPP1Y2021.S0201|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> This matches with a comprehensive 2020 survey of [[Indian Americans]] by the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]], which found that 8% of Indian Americans were Punjabi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Social Realities of Indian Americans: Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2021/06/social-realities-of-indian-americans-results-from-the-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey?lang=en|publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|access-date=22 March 2023}}</ref> Using this same method, the populations of [[Punjabi Canadians]], [[British Punjabis|English Punjabis]], and [[Punjabi Australians]] can be estimated at 1,146,900, 931,671, and 319,377 respectively, using language data from censuses conducted in 2021 in those nations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Canada |date=9 February 2022 |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1,2,3&STATISTICList=1&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Main language (detailed) in England and Wales
|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS024/editions/2021/versions/1|publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cultural diversity: Census|date=12 January 2022 |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> Those nations also ask about religion in their censuses, with there being 771,790 [[Sikh Canadians]], 520,092 [[English Sikhs]], and 210,400 [[Sikhism in Australia|Sikh Australians]] in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Canada |date=9 February 2022 |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1,2,3&STATISTICList=1&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Religion in England in Wales
|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS030/editions/2021/versions/1|publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cultural diversity: Census|date=12 January 2022 |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> Thus, the Sikh population was about {{Percentage|771,790+520,092+210,400|1,146,900+931,671+319,377|2}} of the Punjabi population in those three countries combined. Using this ratio, the American Sikh population can be estimated at 269,986 in 2021. This ratio can also be used to estimate Sikh populations of American states, counties, and communities using population data of Punjabi speakers.|name="Population"}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Sikhism in Australia|Australia]]
|210,400
|{{Percentage|210400|25418007|2}}
|72,296
|{{Percentage|72296|21504689|2}}
|17,437
|{{Percentage|17437|18721184|2}}
|138,101
|{{Percentage|138,101|72,296|2}}
|54,859
|{{Percentage|54,859|17,437|2}}
|<ref name="Australia-Community Profile2">{{cite web |title=Australia-Community Profile |url=https://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=110&EndYear=2001&DataType=UR}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Sikhism in New Zealand|New Zealand]]
|{{efn|[[2023 New Zealand census|2023 census]]}}40,908
|{{Percentage|53,406|4,993,923|2}}
|{{efn|[[2013 New Zealand census|2013 census]]}}19,191
|{{Percentage|19191|4242048|2}}
|5,199
|{{Percentage|5199|3737346|2}}
|34,215
|{{Percentage|34215|19,191|2}}
|13,992
|{{Percentage|13,992|5,199|2}}
|<ref name="NZReligion2" /><ref name="culture_tables2">{{cite web |date=15 April 2014 |title=2013 Census QuickStats about culture and identity – tables |url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/~/media/Statistics/Census/2013%20Census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/tables.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524102811/http://www.stats.govt.nz/~/media/Statistics/Census/2013%20Census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/tables.xls |archive-date=24 May 2014 |access-date=18 July 2015 |publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]] |df=dmy}}</ref>
|-
|{{NOR}}
|4,208
|0.08%
|2,975
|0.06%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=06326: Members of congregations in religious and philosophical communities outside the Church of Norway, by religion/Philosophy 2006 - 2024. Statbank Norway |url=https://www.ssb.no/en/statbank/table/06326/tableViewLayout1/}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Wales}}
|4,048
|0.13%
|2,962
|0.10%
|2,015
|0.07%
|1,086
|
|947
|
|<ref name="SikhEngland20212" /><ref name="SikhEngland20112" /><ref name="SikhEngland20012" />
|-
|{{Flag|Nepal}}
|1,496
|0.01%
|609
|0.00%
|
|
|887
|
|
|
|<ref name=":52" /><ref name=":62" />
|-
|{{flagicon|Fiji}} [[Sikhism in Fiji|Fiji]]
|500
|0.10%
|{{efn|2007 census}}2,540
|{{Percentage|2,540|837271|2|pad=2}}
|{{efn|1996 census}}3,067
|{{Percentage|3067|775068|2|pad=2}}
|
|
| -527
|{{Percentage|-527|3067|2}}
|<ref name="stat199620072">{{cite web |title=Religion - Fiji Bureau of Statistics |url=http://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/statistics/social-statistics/religion |access-date=5 August 2017 |website=www.statsfiji.gov.fj}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Northern Ireland}}
|389
|0.02%
|216
|0.01%
|219
|0.01%
|173
|
| -3
|
|<ref>https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b21.xlsx ''Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency''.</ref><ref>http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011_Excel/2011/QS218NI.xls nisra.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.</ref><ref>http://www.nisra.gov.uk/Census/2001%20Census%20Results/Key%20Statistics/KeyStatisticstoOutputAreaLevel.html nisra.gov.uk.</ref>
|}
[[File:Sikh_men_in_turbans_sitting_and_standing_on_rocky_bank_with_bags_and_supplies,_Whitehorse,_Yukon_Territory,_April_1906_(AL+CA_7021).jpg|thumb|Depiction of early Sikh immigration to Canada (Whitehorse, [[Yukon]]). Circa 1906.]]

== Other data ==
=== Administrative divisions ===
The following table will only list administrative divisions with 1,000 Sikhs or higher.{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable col1left"
|+Sikhs by [[administrative division]] (2021)<ref name="canadareligion20212" /><ref name="SikhEngland2021B2">{{cite web |title=TS030 - Religion Edit query |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/asv2htm |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=www.nomisweb.co.uk |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":22" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Census 2021 main statistics religion tables |url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/publications/census-2021-main-statistics-religion-tables |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=MS-B21: Religion - full detail |url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b21.xlsx |website=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency.}}</ref><ref name="Australia-Community Profile2" />{{efn|[[2011 Indian census|2011 census]] data for India,<ref name="SikhIndia2011" /> [[2011 United Kingdom census|2011 census]] data for Scotland,<ref>{{cite web |title=Scotland's Census 2011: Table KS209SCa |url=http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/scotland/KS209SCa.pdf |publisher=scotlandcensus.gov.uk |access-date=26 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110172330/http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/scotland/KS209SCa.pdf |archive-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2018 New Zealand census|2018 census]] data for New Zealand,<ref name="figure">{{cite web |title=Religious affiliations in the Bay of Plenty Region, New Zealand|url=https://figure.nz/chart/K5hAmlDDPKAqwyjk |website=Figure NZ Trust|access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref> [[2020 United States census|2020 census]] data for United States,{{refn|While the [[U.S. Census]] does not ask about religion,<ref>{{cite web|title=
Does the Census Bureau have data for religion?
|url=https://ask.census.gov/prweb/PRServletCustom/app/ECORRAsk2_/YACFBFye-rFIz_FoGtyvDRUGg1Uzu5Mn*/!STANDARD?pzuiactionzzz=CXtpbn0rTEpMcGRYOG1vS0tqTFAwaENUZWpvM1NNWEMzZ3p5aFpnWUxzVmw0TjJndno5ZkJPc24xNWYvcCtNbVVjWk5Z*|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> 70,697 Americans (or {{Percentage|70,697|331,449,281|2}} of the total population) declared Sikh as their ethnicity in the [[2020 U.S. census|2020 census]].<ref>{{cite web|title=
Asian Indian Was The Largest Asian Alone Population Group in 2020|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-asian-population.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref> In the [[2021 Canadian census]], 194,640 Canadians declared Sikh as their ethnicity while 771,790 Canadians declared Sikh as their religion,<ref>{{cite web|title=
Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population| date=9 February 2022 |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1,2,3&STATISTICList=1,4&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref> indicating that the Sikh American population may be around 280,329, or {{Percentage|280,329|331,449,281|2}} of the total population. Similarly, the Sikh American populations can be estimated using census data.}} and [[2022 Bihar caste-based survey|2022 census]] data for Bihar.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Joy |first1=Shemin |title=Caste survey in Bihar: OBCs, EBCs make up 63.13% of population; Gen Category 15.52% |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/bihar/bihar-releases-caste-census-details-here-2709070 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bihar Caste Census Population, Religion-wise Population & more |url=https://rajneetpg2022.com/bihar-caste-census-population/#:~:text=Bihar%20Caste%20Census%20Data%202023,who%20make%20up%2017.70%20percent. |website=RajNeetPG |date=3 October 2023 | author1=Mahesh }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bihar caste census results out, OBCs form 63% of population, General 16% |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihar-caste-survey-numbers-out-most-backward-classes-population-2443291-2023-10-02 |website=India Today |date=2 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
!Administrative division
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Punjab, India]]
|16,004,754
|{{Percentage|16004754|27743338|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Haryana]]
|1,243,752
|{{Percentage|1243752|25351462|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Rajasthan]]
|872,930
|{{Percentage|872930|68548437|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|643,500
|{{Percentage|643500|199812341|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Delhi]]
|570,581
|{{Percentage|570581|16787941|2|pad=2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Canada}} {{flagicon|Ontario}} [[Ontario]]
|300,435
|{{Percentage|300435|14031755|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Canada}} {{flagicon|British Columbia}} [[British Columbia]]
|290,870
|{{Percentage|290870|4915940|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Uttarakhand]]
|236,340
|{{Percentage|236340|10086292|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|232,585
|{{Percentage|232,585|12,267,013|2|pad=2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Maharashtra]]
|223,247
|{{Percentage|223247|112374333|2|pad=2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|England}} [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]]
|172,398
|{{Percentage|172,398|5,950,756|2|pad=2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|151,412
|{{Percentage|151412|72626809|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} {{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
|146,614
|{{Percentage|146,614|39,538,223|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|England}} [[Greater London|London]]
|144,543
|{{Percentage|144,543|8,799,728|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Chandigarh]]
|138,329
|{{Percentage|138329|1055450|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Canada}} {{flagicon|Alberta}} [[Alberta]]
|103,600
|{{Percentage|103600|4177715|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Australia}} {{flagicon|Victoria}} [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]
|91,745
|{{Percentage|91,745|6,503,500|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|79,896
|{{Percentage|79896|6864602|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|England}} [[South East England|South East]]
|74,348
|{{Percentage|74,348|9,278,068|2|pad=2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Jharkhand]]
|71,422
|{{Percentage|71422|32988134|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Chhattisgarh]]
|70,036
|{{Percentage|70036|25545198|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[West Bengal]]
|63,523
|{{Percentage|63523|91276115|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Gujarat]]
|58,246
|{{Percentage|58246|60439692|2|pad=2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|England}} [[East Midlands]]
|53,950
|{{Percentage|53,950|4,880,054|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Australia}} {{flagicon|New South Wales}} [[New South Wales]]
|47,165
|{{Percentage|47,165|8,072,141|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Canada}} {{flagicon|Manitoba}} [[Manitoba]]
|35,470
|{{Percentage|35470|1307190|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} {{flagicon|New York}} [[New York (state)|New York]]
|31,496
|{{Percentage|31,496|20,201,249|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Telangana]]
|30,340
|{{Percentage|30,340|35,193,978|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Karnataka]]
|28,773
|{{Percentage|28773|61095297|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Australia}} {{flagicon|Queensland}} [[Queensland]]
|27,713
|{{Percentage|27,713|5,156,134|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|England}} [[East of England|East]]
|24,284
|{{Percentage|24,284|6,335,072|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|England}} [[Yorkshire and the Humber]]
|24,034
|{{Percentage|24,034|5,480,774|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Auckland Region|Auckland]]
|23,832
|{{Percentage|23,832|1,571,718|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Canada}} {{flagicon|Quebec}} [[Quebec]]
|23,345
|{{Percentage|23345|8308480|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Odisha]]
|21,991
|{{Percentage|21991|41974218|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Assam]]
|20,672
|{{Percentage|20672|31205576|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Australia}} {{flagicon|Western Australia}} [[Western Australia]]
|18,583
|{{Percentage|18,583|2,660,021|2|pad=2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} {{flagicon|Washington}} [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]]
|17,316
|{{Percentage|17,316|7,705,281|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Australia}} {{flagicon|South Australia}} [[South Australia]]
|17,259
|{{Percentage|17,259|1,781,511|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} {{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[New Jersey]]
|15,417
|{{Percentage|15,417|9,288,994|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Bihar]]
|14,753
|{{Percentage|14,753|130,725,310|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Tamil Nadu]]
|14,601
|{{Percentage|14601|72147030|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|England}} [[North West England|North West]]
|11,862
|{{Percentage|11,862|7,417,397|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} {{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]]
|10,777
|{{Percentage|10,777|29,145,505|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|9,904
|{{Percentage|9,904|49,386,799|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Scotland]]
|9,055
|{{Percentage|9,055|5,295,403|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Canada}} {{flagicon|Saskatchewan}} [[Saskatchewan]]
|9,035
|{{Percentage|9035|1103200|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|England}} [[South West England|South West]]
|7,465
|{{Percentage|7,465|5,701,186|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|England}} [[North East England|North East]]
|7,206
|{{Percentage|7,206|2,647,012|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} {{flagicon|Indiana}} [[Indiana]]
|6,812
|{{Percentage|6,812|6,785,528|2|pad=2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} {{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia]]
|6,792
|{{Percentage|6,792|8,631,393|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} {{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan]]
|5,809
|{{Percentage|5,809|10,077,331|2}}
|-
|{{Flagicon|Pakistan}}{{Flagicon|Punjab, Pakistan}} [[Punjab, Pakistan]]
|5,649
|0.00%
|-
|{{Flagicon|Pakistan}}{{Flagicon|Sindh}} [[Sindh]]
|5,182
|0.01%
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} {{flagicon|Illinois}} [[Illinois]]
|5,087
|{{Percentage|5,087|12,812,508|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Bay of Plenty Region|Bay of Plenty]]
|4,842
|{{Percentage|4,842|308,499|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Canada}} {{flagicon|Nova Scotia}} [[Nova Scotia]]
|4,730
|{{Percentage|4730|955855|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} {{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania]]
|4,354
|{{Percentage|4,354|13,002,700|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Australia}} {{flagicon|Australian Capital Territory}} [[Australian Capital Territory]]
|4,323
|{{Percentage|4,323|454,486|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Waikato]]
|4,074
|{{Percentage|4,074|458,202|2}}
|-
|{{Flagicon|Pakistan}}{{Flagicon|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}} [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
|4,050
|0.01%
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|Wales}} [[Wales]]
|4,048
|{{Percentage|4,048|3,107,494|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} {{flagicon|Maryland}} [[Maryland]]
|4,013
|{{Percentage|4,013|6,177,224|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Kerala]]
|3,814
|{{Percentage|3814|33406061|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} {{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio]]
|3,517
|{{Percentage|3,517|11,799,448|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|3,287
|{{Percentage|3287|1383727|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Meghalaya]]
|3,045
|{{Percentage|3045|2966889|2|pad=2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Canterbury, New Zealand|Canterbury]]
|2,973
|{{Percentage|2,973|599,694|2|pad=2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} {{flagicon|Massachusetts}} [[Massachusetts]]
|2,379
|{{Percentage|2,379|7,029,917|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} {{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida]]
|2,359
|{{Percentage|2,359|21,538,187|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Ladakh]]
|2,263
|{{Percentage|2,263|274,289|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Australia}} {{flagicon|Tasmania}} [[Tasmania]]
|2,208
|{{Percentage|2,208|557,592|2|pad=2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} {{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona]]
|2,177
|{{Percentage|2,177|7,151,502|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} {{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
|2,173
|{{Percentage|2,173|10,711,908|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Nagaland]]
|1,890
|{{Percentage|1890|1978502|2|pad=2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Sikkim]]
|1,868
|{{Percentage|1868|610577|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Canada}} {{flagicon|New Brunswick}} [[New Brunswick]]
|1,780
|{{Percentage|1780|759195|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Wellington Region|Wellington]]
|1,647
|{{Percentage|1,647|506,814|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Manipur]]
|1,527
|{{Percentage|1527|2855794|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Goa]]
|1,473
|{{Percentage|1473|1458545|2|pad=2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} {{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina]]
|1,431
|{{Percentage|1,431|10,439,388|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} {{flagicon|Connecticut}} [[Connecticut]]
|1,424
|{{Percentage|1,424|3,605,944|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} {{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[Wisconsin]]
|1,412
|{{Percentage|1,412|5,893,718|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Australia}} {{flagicon|Northern Territory}} [[Northern Territory]]
|1,401
|{{Percentage|1,401|232,622|2|pad=2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Hawke's Bay Region|Hawke's Bay]]
|1,347
|{{Percentage|1,347|166,368|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} {{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Colorado]]
|1,324
|{{Percentage|1,324|5,773,714|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|1,286
|{{Percentage|1286|380581|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Canada}} {{flagicon|Prince Edward Island}} [[Prince Edward Island]]
|1,165
|{{Percentage|1165|150485|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} {{flagicon|Oregon}} [[Oregon]]
|1,130
|{{Percentage|1,130|4,237,256|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} {{flagicon|Nevada}} [[Nevada]]
|1,118
|{{Percentage|1,118|3,104,614|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Tripura]]
|1,070
|{{Percentage|1070|3673917|2}}
|-
|{{Flagicon|Pakistan}}{{Flagicon|Balochistan}} [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]
|1,057
|0.01%
|}

=== Sub-districts ===
{{Pie chart|value1=16.4|value2=13.9|value3=51.5|value4=8.7|value5=8.1|value6=0.9|value7=0.1|value8=0.4|color1=dodgerblue|color2=honeydew|color3=#e9ce1e|color4=Green|color5=coral|color6=darkorchid|color7=deeppink|color8=aqua|caption=Faith in Newton, Surrey (2021)<ref>[https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&HEADERlist=0&DGUIDlist=2013A000459033&SearchText=Surrey%2D%2DNewton], Accessed 24 August 2023</ref> World's only Sikh majority neighbourhood outside India|label1=[[Christian]]|label2=No Religion|label3=[[Sikh]]|label4=[[Muslim]]|label5=[[Hindu]]|label6=[[Buddhist]]|label7=[[Jewish]]|label8=Other faiths}}A sub-district is a local [[administrative division]] known as different names in respective countries: called [[Tehsil|tehsils]] in India, [[Electoral district (Canada)|electoral districts]] in Canada and wards in England. These are smaller than counties or districts and consist of [[Neighbourhood|neighbourhoods]] and [[Suburb|suburbs]]. [[Newton, Surrey]] is the only Sikh majority sub-district outside India with Sikhs representing 51.5% of the population in 2021.<ref>https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&HEADERlist=0&DGUIDlist=2013A000459033&SearchText=Surrey%2D%2DNewton Accessed: 24 August 2023.</ref> There are however, a number of other neighbourhoods outside India where Sikhs form the largest group ([[Plurality (voting)|plurality]]).
{| class="wikitable"
|+Neighbourhoods with Sikhs as Largest Group<ref>Note: As of 2021, Canadian electoral districts are the smallest sub-districts available, they are large neighbourhoods in comparison to English wards that are smaller in population. There is no smaller neighbourhood statistics in Canada which explains the lack of Canadian sub-districts in table - as smaller neighbourhoods are more likely to have larger presence of minorities. For data clarity, all available neighbourhood sub-district data (large or small) have been merged. English ward details: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/articles/buildacustomareaprofile/2023-01-17 Canadian electoral district details: https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E</ref>
!Sub-district (neighbourhood)
!Division
!Nation
!% Sikh
|-
|[[Newton, Surrey|Newton - Surrey]]
|[[British Columbia]]
|{{CAN}}
|51.5%
|-
|[[Blakenhall|Blakenhall - Wolverhampton]]
|[[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]]
|{{ENG}}
|40.7%
|-
|[[Brampton East (federal electoral district)|Brampton East - Peel]]
|[[Ontario]]
|{{CAN}}
|40.4%
|-
|[[Southall|Southall Green - Ealing]]
|[[London]]
|{{ENG}}
|36.8%
|-
|[[Heston|Heston West - Hounslow]]
|[[London]]
|{{ENG}}
|31.8%
|-
|[[Southall|Lady Margaret - Ealing]]
|[[London]]
|{{ENG}}
|28.2%
|-
|[[Hayes, Hillingdon|Pinkwell - Hillingdon]]
|[[London]]
|{{ENG}}
|26.5%
|-
|[[Norwood Green|Norwood Green - Ealing]]
|[[London]]
|{{ENG}}
|26.2%
|}

=== Municipalities ===
<gallery mode="nolines" widths="300" heights="225">
File:Front_view_of_Gurudwara_Bangla_Sahib,_Delhi.jpg|[[Gurudwara Bangla Sahib]] is located in [[Delhi]]. India's capital and second-largest city with nearly 20 million inhabitants, Delhi was home to 570,581 Sikhs at the 2011 census, the largest municipal Sikh population in the world.
File:Gurdwara_Dasmesh_Darbar_Ontario_temple.jpg|Gurdwara Dasmesh Darbar is located in [[Brampton]], [[Ontario]]. Home to 163,260 Sikhs at the 2021 census, Brampton has the world's largest municipal Sikh population outside India.
File:AmbSahib.jpg|Gurdwara Amb Sahib is located in [[Mohali]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], the largest Sikh-majority city on Earth with a total population of 166,864 at the 2011 census.
</gallery>{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable col1left"
|+20 largest municipal Sikh populations
! rowspan="2" |[[Municipality]]
! rowspan="2" |Sikh population
! rowspan="2" |Total population
! rowspan="2" |Sikh proportion {{Abbr|%|percentage}}
! rowspan="2" |Largest religious group
!Source
|-
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Delhi]]
|570,581
|16,787,941
|{{Percentage|570,581|16,787,941|2|pad=2}}
|[[Hinduism in India|Hindu]] ({{Percentage|13,712,100|16,787,941|2}})
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Sikh Population in India |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/4-sikhism.html |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Amritsar]]
|556,431
|1,159,227
|{{Percentage|556,431|1,159,227|2|pad=2}}
|[[Hinduism in India|Hindu]] ({{Percentage|572,189|1,159,227|2}})
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Amritsar Population 2023 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/18-amritsar.html |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Ludhiana]]
|465,393
|1,618,879
|{{Percentage|465,393|1,618,879|2}}
|[[Hinduism in India|Hindu]] ({{Percentage|1,067,744|1,618,879|2}})
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Ludhiana Population 2023 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/11-ludhiana.html |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Jalandhar]]
|185,869
|868,929
|{{Percentage|185,869|868,929|2}}
|[[Hinduism in India|Hindu]] ({{Percentage|650,863|868,929|2|pad=2}})
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Jalandhar Population 2023 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/8-jalandhar.html |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Patiala]]
|178,336
|446,246
|{{Percentage|178,336|446,246|2}}
|[[Hinduism in India|Hindu]] ({{Percentage|255,362|446,246|2}})
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Patiala Population 2023 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/17-patiala.html |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Brampton]]
|163,260
|650,165
|{{Percentage|163,260|650,165|2}}
|[[Christianity in Canada|Christian]] ({{Percentage|232,220|650,165|2}})
|<ref>{{cite web |date=9 February 2022 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Profile table |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=surrey&DGUIDlist=2021A00053521010,2021A00055915004&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]]
|154,415
|562,565
|{{Percentage|154,415|562,565|2}}
|[[Christianity in Canada|Christian]] ({{Percentage|170,115|562,565|2}})
|<ref>{{cite web |date=9 February 2022 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Profile table |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=surrey&DGUIDlist=2021A00053521010,2021A00055915004&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[London]]
|144,543
|8,799,728
|{{Percentage|144,543|8,799,728|2}}
|[[Christianity in the United Kingdom|Christian]] ({{Percentage|3,577,681|8,799,728|2}})
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Religion |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS030/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/8f748994-2bd6-407c-b7f8-7f9d7fafbe6f |access-date=30 November 2022 |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]]}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Chandigarh]]
|138,329
|1,055,450
|{{Percentage|138,329|1,055,450|2}}
|[[Hinduism in India|Hindu]] ({{Percentage|852,574|1,055,450|2}})
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Sikh Population in India |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/4-sikhism.html |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Bhatinda]]
|100,139
|446,246
|{{Percentage|100,139|285,788|2}}
|[[Hinduism in India|Hindu]] ({{Percentage|178,939|285,788|2}})
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhatinda Population 2023 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/16-bathinda.html |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Mohali]]
|85,983
|166,864
|{{Percentage|85,983|166,864|2}}
|[[Sikhism in India|Sikh]] ({{Percentage|85,983|166,864|2}})
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohali Population 2023 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/19-mohali.html |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Melbourne]]
|85,286
|4,917,750
|{{Percentage|85,286|4,917,750|2}}
|[[Christianity in Australia|Christian]] ({{Percentage|1,973,846|4,917,750|2}})
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Greater Melbourne 2021 Census Community Profiles |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/2GMEL |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Moga, Punjab|Moga]]
|82,456
|163,397
|{{Percentage|82,456|163,397|2}}
|[[Sikhism in India|Sikh]] ({{Percentage|82,456|163,397|2}})
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Moga Population 2023 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/12-moga.html |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Mumbai]]
|60,759
|12,442,373
|0.49%
|[[Hinduism in India|Hindu]] (65.99%)
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai population 2023 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/365-mumbai.html |access-date=5 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Batala]]
|59,996
|156,619
|37.82%
|[[Hinduism in India|Hindu]] (56.00%)
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Batala population 2023 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/6-batala.html |access-date=5 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Barnala]]
|58,652
|116,449
|50.37%
|[[Sikhism in India|Sikh]] (50.37%)
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barnala population 2023 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/21-barnala.html |access-date=5 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Khanna, Ludhiana|Khanna]]
|52,240
|128,137
|40.77%
|[[Hinduism in India|Hindu]] (56.41%)
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khanna population 2023 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/10-khanna.html |access-date=5 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarn Taran]]
|50,583
|66,847
|75.67%
|[[Sikhism in India|Sikh]] (75.67%)
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarn Taran |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800254-tarn-taran-punjab.html |access-date=5 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Sri Muktsar Sahib|Muktsar]]
|49,934
|116,747
|42.77%
|[[Hinduism in India|Hindu]] (55.56%)
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muktsar Population 2023 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/15-muktsar.html |access-date=5 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Calgary]]
|49,465
|1,306,784
|3.83%
|[[Christianity in Australia|Christian]] (44.53%)
|<ref>{{Cite web |title="Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Profile table" | date=9 February 2022 |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=calgary&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A00054806016&HEADERlist=32 |access-date=5 December 2024}}</ref>
|}
{{Table alignment}}
==See also==
* [[Sikh diaspora]]
* [[Punjabis]]

* [[List of religious populations]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|group=nb}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Religions by country}}
{{Sikhism}}
{{Religion country lists}}

[[Category:Sikhism by country| ]]
[[Category:Sikh enclaves]]

Anil Kumar (actor)

2026-02-22T00:16:39Z

GeorgeGirdleston: Creating a biography v1

{{Short description|Indian actor and producer (1951–2015)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anil Kumar
| image = Tiatrist Anil Kumar.jpg
| caption = Devulkar at [[Ravindra Bhavan, Margao]] in 2013
| birth_name = Anil Chandrakant Devulkar
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1951|3|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chandor]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2015|2|6|1951|3|12|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Goa Medical College]], Bambolim, Goa, India
| resting_place = Mathagramast Hindu Sabha Crematorium, [[Margao, Goa]], India
| education = [[Parle Tilak Vidyalaya Association]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Fatima D'Souza]]|1982}}
| television = ''[[Circus (Indian TV series)|Circus]]'' (1989)
| notable_works = ''[[Lakshmanrekha]]''
| children = 1
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|producer|director|playwright}}
| years_active = {{circa|1968}}–2014
| relatives = {{ubl|
* [[A. K. D'Souza]] (father-in-law)
* [[Antonette Mendes]] (sister-in-law)
* [[Romeo Mendes]] (brother-in-law)
* [[Jose Rod]] (nephew-in-law)}}
}}

'''Anil Chandrakant Devulkar''' (12 March 1951 – 6 February 2015), known professionally as '''Anil Kumar''', was an Indian actor, producer, [[theatre director]], and playwright known for his work in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], [[Konkani cinema|Konkani]] films, television, ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell tiatrs]]'', and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions.

==Early life==
Anil Chandrakant Devulkar was born on 12 March 1951 in [[Chandor]], [[Goa]], which was a part of [[Portuguese India]] under the [[Portuguese Empire]] and is now located in India to Chandrakant Devulkar and Hirabhai Devulkar. Devulkar's early exposure to theater occurred during his formative years as a [[child artist]] on the [[Marathi theatre|Marathi natak stage]]. He pursued his education at [[Parle Tilak Vidyalaya Association|Lokmanya Tilak Vidyalaya]] in [[Vile Parle]], [[Bombay]], where he resided with his maternal uncle. Coming from a family with a lineage of writers and actors in Marathi theater, Devulkar developed a deep affection for [[Tiatr|Konkani drama]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2015-02-07 |title=Anil Kumar was a multi-talented tiatrist – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/02/07/goanews/anil-kumar-was-a-multi-talented-tiatrist/ |access-date=2024-01-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> It was during his later adolescence, upon returning to Goa, that Devulkar embarked on his journey in the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theater. He made his debut in the theatrical production ''Zolmachi Khomptti'' by [[Antonio Moraes]], which featured a non-stop performance format.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gone but not forgotten…..Rest in Peace, Anil |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Gone-but-not-forgotten%E2%80%A6Rest-in-Peace-Anil/84859 |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref>

==Career==
Devulkar initially embarked on his acting career by participating in [[Marathi theatre|Marathi nataks]] (dramas) staged during local festivals. During his stay with his uncle in [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai), he also gained experience as a [[child artist]] in various Marathi nataks. At the age of 17, Devulkar transitioned to acting in [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[tiatrs]]'', where he had the opportunity to showcase his talent and develop his skills on the ''tiatr'' stage. He performed in ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell tiatrs]]''<ref name=":1" /> and ''tiatrs'' written by playwrights such as [[M. Boyer]], [[C. Alvares]], [[Jacinto Vaz]], [[John Claro]], Kamat de Assolna, and others.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Noted tiatr artiste Anil Kumar dead |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Noted-tiatr-artiste-Anil-Kumar-dead-/84536 |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2024-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119094008/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Noted-tiatr-artiste-Anil-Kumar-dead-/84536 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Devulkar's contributions extended beyond acting, as he also ventured into directing ''tiatrs'' such as ''Bhirant'' (The Fear), ''Dev Podvekar'' (God, the Almighty), ''Saulli'', ''Divea Pondak'' (Under the Lamp) and ''Mai, What is This?'' (Mother, What is This?). His portrayal of various character roles garnered appreciation from the ''tiatr'' audience. Additionally, Devulkar made appearances in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani feature films]] including ''Girestkai'', ''To Dis Udelo'', and ''Bhitorlea Monacho Monis''. He even ventured into [[Hindi cinema]] with the film ''[[Lakshmanrekha]]'' (1991) and made an appearance in the Hindi TV serial ''[[Circus (Indian TV series)|Circus]]'' (1989).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2015-02-07 |title=Tiatrist Anil Kumar passes away – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/02/07/goanews/tiatrist-anil-kumar-passes-away/ |access-date=2024-01-19 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119094008/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/02/07/goanews/tiatrist-anil-kumar-passes-away/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Throughout his career, Devulkar demonstrated a deep passion for ''tiatr'' and the ''tiatr'' stage, which served as a driving force behind his achievements and recognition. His involvement in ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell tiatrs]]'' provided him with the opportunity to collaborate and learn from producers, writers, and directors such as [[Patrick Dourado]], [[Rosario Rodrigues]], A. M. Pacheco, [[Menino De Bandar]], Vitorino Pereira, Ligorio Fernandes, [[C. D'Silva]], [[John D'Silva]], [[Prince Jacob]], Pascoal Rodrigues, and others. Devulkar's artistic contributions significantly contributed to the development and elevation of the standards and quality of ''khell tiatrs'' in [[Goa]].<ref name=":1" />

In 1980, Devulkar entered the professional ''tiatr'' stage for the first time, performing in the production ''Ordhi Bhakri'', which was created by [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], who also wrote, produced, and directed the theatrical production. Throughout his career, he collaborated with ''tiatr'' personalities such as [[M. Boyer]], [[C. Alvares]], [[Chris Perry (musician)|Chris Perry]], [[Remmie Colaço]], [[Jacinto Vaz]], [[Nelson Afonso]], Kamat de Assolna, [[Shalini Mardolkar]], [[John Claro]], [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]], [[Mike Mehta]], [[Joe Rose (Konkani actor)|Joe Rose]], Paul Romy, Rodhill, Seby D'Souza, Fr Freddy, and Fr Planton Faria.<ref name=":1" />

''[[The Navhind Times]]'' writes, Devulkar was an artist and writer known for his dedication and meticulous approach to his craft. With an ability to delve into the depths of his roles, he consistently delivered performances of depth and perfection. His talents extended beyond acting, as he was also known for his skill as a writer, particularly in the realm of ''tiatrs'', which are theatrical productions in the [[Konkani language]]. Devulkar's ''tiatrs'' were characterized by their rich content, which effectively shed light on various [[social issues]]. His writing style demonstrated an understanding of the human condition, enabling him to effectively highlight and address these concerns.<ref name=":1" />

Some of his ''tiatrs'' include ''Otmo'' (The Soul), ''Bhirant'' (The Fear), ''Saulli'', ''Divea Pondak'' (Under the Lamp), ''Dev Podvedar'' (God, the Almighty), ''Dennem Devachem'' (Blessings of God), ''Noxib'' (Luck), ''Axechi Bhuk'' (Greedy Hunger)," ''Mai, What is This?'', ''Raveena Hanga Nit Nam'' (Raveen, there's no justice here),<ref name=":0" /> and many others. These productions were not only acclaimed for their content but also for their direction, as Devulkar took on the role of director for all his ''tiatrs''. His directorial contributions were applauded by audiences.<ref name=":1" />

Devulkar's impact on the ''tiatr'' stage extended beyond his own works. He was entrusted with directing ''tiatrs'' written by playwrights such as M Boyer, including the popular productions ''Ekuch Rosto'' (The Only Way) and ''Soumsar Sudhorlo''. Additionally, he directed the play ''Ordhi Bhakri'', written by Prem Kumar. Devulkar's directorial skills were also showcased in revivals of classic ''tiatrs'' written by Souza Ferrao and [[Pai Tiatrist]], two known figures in the history of ''tiatr''. Notably, he directed productions of Souza Ferrao's ''Ghovyo Put'' and Pai Tiatrist's ''Tandilamchem Kestaum''. Devulkar's artistic contributions were not limited to the ''tiatr'' genre alone. He made appearances in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]], including M. Das's ''Girestkai'' and [[Pundalik Naik]]'s ''Doulot'' (Wealth).<ref name=":1" />

Furthermore, Devulkar ventured into the realm of video films, showcasing his acting prowess in productions such as ''Zababdari'' and ''Ordhem Cheador''. Devulkar also took on the role of producer for video films like ''Moneak Zap Suttli'' and ''Bhavart Bhorvonso'', which were well received by audiences.<ref name=":1" /> Devulkar's legacy includes his published works, such as the book of ''tiatrs'' titled ''Dev Podvedar'' (God, the Almighty) and ''Divea Pondak'' (Under the Lamp). He led theater training sessions for schools and colleges, covering acting, scriptwriting, and songwriting, at the request of the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] (TAG). Devulkar's final ''tiatr Atankvadi Goeant Naka'' (Goa doesn't need terrorists), was directed by Tousif de Navelim.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-02-07 |title=Tiatr artiste Anil Kumar loses battle with diabetes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/tiatr-artiste-anil-kumar-loses-battle-with-diabetes/articleshow/46150067.cms |access-date=2024-01-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2016-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224062737/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Tiatr-artiste-Anil-Kumar-loses-battle-with-diabetes/articleshow/46150067.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Select filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1980
|''Girestkai''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-09-06 |title=The voice of Goa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/the-voice-of-goa/articleshow/22197953.cms |access-date=2024-04-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
|-
|1991
|''[[Lakshmanrekha]]''
|Police officer
|Hindi film
|
|-
|2004
|''Zababdari''
|
|
|
|-
|2005
|''Ordem Chador''
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2006
|''Moneak Zap Suttli''
|Producer
|
|
|-
|''Bhavart Bhorvonso''
|Producer
|
|
|-
|2007
|''Bhitorlea Monacho Monis''
|
|
|
|-
|
|''To Dis Udelo''
|Manager
|Also screenwriter
|
|-
|
|''Doulot''
|
|
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1989
|''[[Circus (Indian TV series)|Circus]]''
|Unnamed role
|Hindi television series
|<ref name=":1" />
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Anil}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Indian male actors]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]

Ghulam Yazdani

2026-02-13T12:54:11Z

GeorgeGirdleston: New New Data

{{about|the archaeologist|the Bengali politician|Golam Yazdani}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Ghulam Yazdani
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1885|03|22}}
| image =
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1962|11|13|1885|03|22}}
| death_place = Delhi, [[India]]
| occupation = [[epigraphist]], [[archaeologist]]
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]]
| workplaces = {{Unbulleted list
| [[Government College University (Lahore)|Government College, Lahore]]
| [[Rajshahi College]]
| [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]]
}}
| alma_mater = [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]]
| children = 7, including [[Zubaida Yazdani]]
}}

'''Ghulam Yazdani''', [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (22 March 1885 – 13 November 1962) was an Indian archaeologist who was one of the founders of the Archaeological Department during the colonial era reign of Nizam of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]. He also edited the Arabic and Persian Supplement of ''[[Epigraphia Indica]]'' from 1913 to 1940. He was instrumental in surveying and documenting Islamic, Buddhist, Hindu and Jain sites in the Hyderabad state, including major mosques in the region, the caves at [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]], [[Ellora Caves]], [[Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwal district|Alampur]] group of temples, [[Ramappa Temple]], [[Bidar fort]], and [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad Fort]], among many others.

Yazdani led archaeological surveys were periodically published as ''Annual Reports of the Archaeological Department of His Exalted Highness the Nizam's Dominions''.

== Early life and career ==

Yazdani was born on 22 March 1885 in [[Delhi]].<ref name="bidarhistorica">{{cite web|url=http://www.bidarhistorica.org/content/historians/GhulamYazdani.htm|title=Padma Bhushan Dr. Ghulam Yazdani(1885-1962)|publisher=bidarhistorica.org|access-date=2014-05-27|archive-date=28 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528005248/http://www.bidarhistorica.org/content/historians/GhulamYazdani.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was educated under [[Godfrey Day|Rev. J. Godfrey F. Day]] and [[C.F. Andrews]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Sherwani |editor-first=H.K. |title=Dr. Ghulam Yazdani commemoration volume |publisher=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Oriental Research Institute |location=Hyderabad |date=1966 |page=4}}</ref> The young Yazdani was also trained under Maulavi Mohammad Ishaq and [[Nazir Ahmad Dehlvi|Shamsul Ulama Maulavi Nazeer Ahmad]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Sherwani |editor-first=H.K. |title=Dr. Ghulam Yazdani commemoration volume |publisher=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Oriental Research Institute |location=Hyderabad |date=1966 |page=5}}</ref> In 1903, he stood first in [[Aligarh Muslim University]] in his intermediate exams, and in 1905, he stood first in Arabic, Oriental Classics, and English in the B.A. exam, winning three gold medals: the Macleod medal, the Aitchison medal, and the F.S. Jamaluddin medal.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Sherwani |editor-first=H.K. |title=Dr. Ghulam Yazdani commemoration volume |publisher=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Oriental Research Institute |location=Hyderabad |date=1966 |page=5}}</ref> He succeeded [[Josef Horovitz]] as the Epigraphist to the Government of India for Persian and Arabic inscriptions in 1915, and held that office till 1941. In 1907, he was appointed the Professor of Persian at [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]] in Delhi, and in 1909, H. Sharp (later Sir Henry Sharp)<ref>[[1916 New Year Honours]]</ref> appointed him as the Professor of Arabic in the [[Rajshahi College|Government College]] at [[Rajshahi]] in Bengal.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Sherwani |editor-first=H.K. |title=Dr. Ghulam Yazdani commemoration volume |publisher=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Oriental Research Institute |location=Hyderabad |date=1966 |page=5}}</ref> In 1913, the Government of Punjab appointed him as the Professor of Arabic at the [[Government College University (Lahore)|Government College]] in Lahore.

== Director of the Archaeological Department of H.E.H. The Nizam's Dominions ==

Upon the recommendation of [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|John Marshall]], he was deputed to [[Hyderabad]] to organize the Archaeological Department of H.E.H the Nizam's Dominions (Hyderabad state) in 1914. He became the first Director of the department and served for 30 years till his retirement in 1943. In this capacity, he also edited the ''Annual Report of the Archaeological Department of His Exalted Highness The Nizam's Dominions''.<ref>Sohoni, Pushkar, and Amol Kulkarni, ‘Index to the Annual Reports of the Archaeological Department of His Exalted Highness The Nizam's Dominions’ in ''Journal of Deccan Studies'', vol. 6 no. 1 (Jan–Jun 2009).</ref>

Dr. Yazdani visited Bidar for the first time in 1915, drew up a comprehensive program for the thorough repair and conservation of the monuments at Bidar, and the work was carried out by the Government of [[Hyderabad State]] under [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]], Asaf Jah VII, the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]. He introduced an illustrated booklet, to serve as a guide-book titled ''The Antiquities of Bidar'' in 1917.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yazdani|first1=Ghulam|title=The Antiquities of Bidar|url=https://archive.org/details/antoquitiesofbid00gyaz|date=1917|publisher=Baptist Mission Press|location=Calcutta|isbn=9788120605015 }}</ref> Later, he completed his book ''Bidar: Its History and Monuments'' published by the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]]’s Government and printed at Oxford University Press in 1947.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yazdani|first1=Ghulam|title=Bidar: Its History and Monuments|date=1947|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=London}}</ref>

The work done by him on the preservation of monuments and exploration and excavation of relics of ancient civilization, particularly Ellora, Ajanta and Bidar, was well received not only in India but also in Europe and the United States of America, Dr. Yazdani wrote several books. He wrote about eight volumes on the work of Ajanta and Ellora before and after excavation and preservation.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yazdani|first1=Ghulam|title=Ajanta: the colour and monochrome reproductions of the Ajanta Frescoes based on photography|date=1930{{ndash}}1955|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=London}}</ref>
Dr. Yazdani received several honours such as being elected a Fellow of the [[Royal Asiatic Society]], a Member of the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]], and an Honorary Fellow of [[Islamic Research Association]], Bombay. He was involved with [[Osmania University]] right since its inception.<ref>''ibid.'', Sherwani, ''Dr. Ghulam Yazdani'', p. 8.</ref> In 1936, he was conferred the title of "Officer of the Distinguished Order of the British Empire" ([[O.B.E.]]). He also received several honorary doctorates from several universities. Finally, in recognition of his glorious service to history and archaeology, the Government of India conferred the award of [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1959.<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2013) |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], Government of India |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }} ()</ref> Dr. Yazdani was also a mentor to the next generation of scholars who worked on the Deccan, such as [[Haroon Khan Sherwani]]. Dr. Sherwani is best known for his two volume work co-edited with Purushottam Mahadev Joshi (Director, Bombay Archives) called ''History of Medieval Deccan''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|date=1973|encyclopedia=History of Medieval Deccan, vols. 1 & 2|editor-last1=Sherwani|editor-first1=H.K.|editor-last2=Joshi|editor-first2=P.M.|publisher=Director of Print. and Publication Bureau, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh}}</ref>

== Later life ==
The Government of India awarded him the [[Padma Bhushan]], then the second highest civilian award, in 1959. He died on 13 November 1962.<ref name="The man history forgot">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/the-man-history-forgot/article5495950.ece | title=The man history forgot | work=The Hindu | date=24 December 2013 | access-date=5 December 2015}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He married Badr Jahan Begum in 1909. They had two sons and five daughters.

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|last1=Yazdani|first1=Ghulam| last2=Hussein|first2=Shaikh Chand|title=Mulk-i 'anbar : ya'ni saltanat-i nizam shahiyah|date=1900|publisher=Matbu`ah `Ahad-i Afrin|location=Hyderabad}}
* {{cite book|last1=Yazdani|first1=Ghulam|title=The Antiquities of Bidar|url=https://archive.org/details/antoquitiesofbid00gyaz|date=1917|publisher=Baptist Mission Press|location=Calcutta|isbn=9788120605015 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Yazdani|first1=Ghulam|title=The Temples at Palampet|date=1922|publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing|location=Calcutta}}
* {{cite book|last1=Yazdani|first1=Ghulam|title=Guide to Ajanta Frescoes|date=1927|publisher=Archaeological Department|location=Hyderabad}}
* {{cite book|last1=Yazdani|first1=Ghulam|title=Mandu: The City of Joy|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.46109|date=1929|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=1929}}
* {{cite book|last1=Yazdani|first1=Ghulam|title=Ajanta: the colour and monochrome reproductions of the Ajanta Frescoes based on photography|date=1930{{ndash}}1955|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=London}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Yazdani|editor-first1=Ghulam|title=The story of the Archaeological Department, 1914-1936: a souvenir of the Silver Jubilee of His Exalted Highness the Nizam| publisher=Archaeological Department of H.E.H. The Nizam's Dominions| date=1936|location=Hyderabad}}
* {{cite book|last1=Yazdani|first1=Ghulam|title=Bidar: Its History and Monuments|date=1947|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=London}}
* {{cite book|last1=Yazdani|first1=Ghulam|title=History of the Deccan (in three volumes)|date=1952|publisher=Published under the authority of the government of Hyderabad by Oxford University Press|location=London, Bombay}}
* {{cite book|last1=Yazdani|first1=Ghulam|title=The Early History of the Deccan (in two volumes)|date=1960|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford}}
* COMMEMORATION VOLUME: {{cite book |editor-last=Sherwani |editor-first=H.K. |title=Dr. Ghulam Yazdani commemoration volume |publisher=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Oriental Research Institute |location=Hyderabad |date=1966 }}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
14. The man history forgot, ''The Hindu'', 24 December 2013 
15. 'Padma Bhushan Dr. Ghulam Yazdani - A hero ignored,' by Dr. Rehaman Patel, ''Karnataka Muslims'', 25 February 2014

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1954–59}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yazdani, Ghulam}}
[[Category:1885 births]]
[[Category:1962 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian archaeologists]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Scientists from Delhi]]

Shivnath Express

2026-02-05T04:48:55Z

GeorgeGirdleston: Created first article more to come

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Shivnath Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2005|07|15}}
| last =
| operator = [[South East Central Railway Zone|South East Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Korba}} (KRBA)
| stops = 27
| end = [[Itwari railway station|NSCB Itwari Junction]] (NITR)
| distance = {{convert|499|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 9hrs 55mins
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC First, AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 18239 / 18240
| speed = {{convert|49|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 18239 / 18240 '''Shivnath Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[South East Central Railway Zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Gevra Road}} and [[Itwari railway station|Netaji Shubhash Chandra Bose Itwari Junction]] in India. It is currently being operated with 18239/18240 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=158014 | title=Installation of Bio Toilets in Railways | date=3 February 2017 | publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India | author=Ministry of Railways | accessdate=6 November 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.naidunia.com/chhattisgarh/rajnandgaon-repair-of-track-two-trains-will-not-play-today-792193 | trans-title=Repair of track, two trains will not play today 792193 | title=ट्रैक की मरम्मत, आज नहीं चलेंगी दो ट्रेनें | date=5 August 2016 | publisher=Jagran.com | access-date=6 November 2018 }}</ref>

== Service==

The 18239/Shivnath Express has an average speed of 44 km/h and covers 505 km in 10h 25m. The 18240/Shivnath Express has an average speed of 55 km/h and covers 498 km from [[Itwari railway station|Netaji Shubhash Chandra Bose Itwari Junction]] to {{stnlnk|Korba}} in 9h 00m.

After COVID-19 Pendamic Lockdown restoration, '''18239-Shivnath Express''' is partially cancelled between {{stnlnk|Gevra Road}} & {{stnlnk|Korba}} . Since then its source station is {{stnlnk|Korba}}.

After 18 Years of Initial run, [[South East Central Railway Zone]] decided to extend '''18240 Shivnath Express''' from {{stnlnk|Bilaspur Junction}} and terminate at {{stnlnk|Korba}} from 28-September 2023 onwards.

On 12-March-2024, 18240 NITR-KRBA Shivnath Exp got [[LHB coach]] Upgradation.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* '''{{stnlnk|Korba}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Champa Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bilaspur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhatapara}}
* {{stnlnk|Raipur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhilai}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhilai Power House}}
* {{stnlnk|Durg Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Rajnandgaon}}
* {{stnlnk|Dongargarh}}
* {{stnlnk|Gondia Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Tumsar Road Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhandara Road}}
* '''[[Itwari railway station|Netaji Shubhash Chandra Bose Itwari Junction]]'''

==Coach composition==

The train has standard [[LHB coach]] rakes with a max speed of 130 kmph. The train consists of 20 coaches:

* 1 First AC Cum AC II Tier
* 4 AC III Tier
* 11 Sleeper Coach
* 3 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

==Traction==

It is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Bhilai|Bhilai Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from end to end.

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 12855/12856 Bilaspur–Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Itwari Intercity SF Express.

== See also ==

* [[Gevra Road railway station]]
*[[Itwari railway station|Netaji Shubhash Chandra Bose Itwari Junction]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1151 18239/Shivnath Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1152 18240/Shivnath Express]

{{Railways in Central India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shivnath Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2005]]
[[Category:Transport in Korba, Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Zaynah Vastani

2026-02-04T21:38:20Z

GeorgeGirdleston: Created some info more to come

{{short description|Indian television child actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Zaynah Vastani
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2003|12|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| occupation = Actress
| family = [[Ziyah Vastani]] (sister)
| years_active = 2008–present
}}

'''Zaynah Vastani''' is an Indian [[television]] [[child actress]]. Her twin sister is child actress [[Ziyah Vastani]].<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-meet-zaynah-vastani-of-aap-ki-antara/20090610.htm Zaynah Vastani - Biography]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225224/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-06/news-and-gossip/41832276_1_gustakh-dil-priyal-gor-bade-achhe-laggte-hain D3 actress and Muskaan as Ram and Priya's twins]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2010/zaynah-ziah-did-host-130410.html |title=Zaynah-Ziah tipped to co-host DID-Lil Masters - Oneindia Entertainment |access-date=25 November 2013 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222044/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2010/zaynah-ziah-did-host-130410.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233802/http://www.in.com/zaynah-vastani/biography-543065.html Zaynah Vastani Biography, Zaynah Vastani Bio data, Profile, Videos, Photos]</ref>

==Television==
*[[Aapki Antara]] as Antara
*[[Alaxmi Ka Super Parivaar]] as Tinku Laxman Kapadia
*[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130815055229/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-12/tv/41332010_1_ashnoor-kaur-priya-and-ram-twins Ashnoor & Zaynah to play Sakshi's twins in Bade Achhe..]</ref> as Pari Ram Kapoor

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vastani, Zaynah}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]

Eparchy of Mandya

2026-01-25T10:32:21Z

GeorgeGirdleston: New New Post

{{Short description|Eastern Catholic eparchy in Karnataka, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction = Eparchy
| name = Mandya & Bangalore
| local = 
| image = Mandya_diocese.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = 
| country = [[India]]
| metropolitan = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Tellicherry]]
| territory =
| province = [[Tellicherry]]
| coordinates = 

| area_km2 = 
| population =
| population_as_of =
| catholics = 
| catholics_percent =
| parishes = 
| churches = 
| congregations = 
| schools = 
| members = 

| denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
| sui_iuris_church = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
| rite = [[East Syriac Rite]]
| established =
| cathedral =
| cocathedral =
| patron =
| priests = 

| pope = {{Incumbent pope}} 
| major_archbishop = [[Raphael Thattil]]
| metro_archbishop = [[Joseph Pamplany]]
| bishop = [[Sebastian Adayantharath]]
| coadjutor =
| auxiliary_bishops =
| vicar_general = Mathew Koikara George Alluka
| emeritus_bishops =

| map = Mandya.jpg
| map_alt =
| map_caption =

| website = [http://www.mandyadiocese.org www.mandyadiocese.org]
| footnotes =
|latin=|coat=|flag=|headquarters=|founded=|dissolved=|language=
}}
The '''Eparchy of Mandya''' is situated in Mandya city in [[Mandya district]] of [[Karnataka]]. The Syro Malabar eparchy includes ten civil districts of Karnataka, namely [[Bangalore]], [[Bangalore Rural]], [[Chikkaballapur]], [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]], [[Ramanagara]], [[Tumkur]], [[Mysore district|Mysore]], [[Chamarajanagar]], [[Mandya]] and [[Hassan district|Hassan]]. The most recent bishop of Mandya was Antony Kariyil, who was later appointed as the Metropolitan Vicar of the [[Major Archbishop]] of the [[Archdiocese of Ernakulam-Angamaly]] with the personal title of Archbishop on August 30, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cruxnow.com/church-in-asia/2019/08/30/head-of-syro-malabar-church-stripped-of-administrative-responsibility-in-archdiocese/|title=Head of Syro-Malabar Church stripped of administrative responsibility in archdiocese|access-date=31 August 2019|archive-date=30 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830182403/https://cruxnow.com/church-in-asia/2019/08/30/head-of-syro-malabar-church-stripped-of-administrative-responsibility-in-archdiocese/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Infant Jesus Church, Henkel is the cathedral of the eparchy and the bishop's residence is at Kalenahalli, 6 km away from the city of Mandya.

[[File:Map of Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Mandya.png|thumb|left|Map showing the eparchy of Mandya in Karnataka and in India]]

==History==
The Eparchy of Mandya was created by bifurcating [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Mananthavady]]. The eparchy is a suffragan eparchy of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Tellicherry]]. The eparchy was created by Major Archbishop [[Varkey Vithayathil]], by his decree on 18 January 2010. The eparchy has an area of 17,640 km2 with a total population of 44, 47,312 of which around 1,300 are Syro-Malabar Catholics.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.smcim.smonline.org/contact.htm|title=Syro Malabar Church|access-date=2011-08-03}}</ref>

Fr. Antony Kariyil CMI appointed Bishop of Mandya. The territory of Mandya is extended to Bangalore. The appointment was announced on 26 August 2015 at Mt. St. Thomas Kakkanad.The canonical territory of Mandya diocese comprises four civil Districts of [[Mysore district|Mysore]], [[Chamarajanagar]], [[Mandya]], [[Hassan district|Hassan]] and in August 2015 it is extended to [[Bangalore]], [[Bangalore Rural]], [[Chikkaballapur]], [[Kolar district|Kolar]], [[Ramanagara]] and [[Tumkur]].

On August 30, 2019 Bishop Sebastian Adayantharath was announced as the third bishop of Mandya at Mt. St. Thomas Kakkanad till then the Auxiliary Bishop of Ernakulam-Angamaly.

== Ordinaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sl.No
! style="background: #ffdead;" | Ordinary
! style="background: #ffdead;" | Designation
! style="background: #ffdead;" | Year of appointment
! style="background: #ffdead;" | Last year of service
|-
| 1
| [[George Njaralakatt]]
| align="center" | Bishop
| align="center" | 2010
| align="center" | 2014
|-
| 2
| [[Antony Kariyil]]
| align="center" | Bishop
| align="center" | 2015
| align="center" | 2019
|-
| 3
| [[Sebastian Adayantharath]]
| align="center" | Bishop
| align="center" | 2019
| align="center" | ''present''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mandyadiocese.org/ Eparchy of Mandya]
{{Syro-Malabar Catholic Church Hierarchy}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandya, Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of}}
[[Category:Archdiocese of Tellicherry]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic dioceses]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 2010]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 21st century]]
[[Category:Christianity in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Karnataka]]

Sri Ranganatha Perumal temple, Namakkal

2026-01-24T03:35:10Z

GeorgeGirdleston: Created some location w/ infobox

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Ranganatha Perumal Temple
| image = N-TN-C93 Ranganathaswamy Temple Namakkal.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11|13|20|N|78|09|51|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Namakkal district|Namakkal]]
| location = [[Namakkal]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Ranganathaswamy ([[Vishnu]]) ([[Lakshmi]])
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank =
| tower =
| Poets =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]], [[rock-cut architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

The '''Ranganathaswami temple''' in [[Namakkal]], a town in [[Namakkal district]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is dedicated to the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Hindu deities|god]] [[Vishnu]]. The temple is one of the 108 Purana Kshethrams of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavate]] tradition. The temple is constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]] and [[rock-cut architecture]], the temple is located in the Salem–Namakkal–Trichy Road. Based on the architectural features, historians believe that the temple was built during the 6th century by the [[Athiyamān|Adiyamans]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://www.tnarch.gov.in/Library%20BOOk%20PDF/NAMAKKAL%20CAVES.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031010428/https://www.tnarch.gov.in/Library%20BOOk%20PDF/NAMAKKAL%20CAVES.pdf | archive-date=2020-10-31}}</ref> also called [[Satyaputra]]s as evident from the inscription mentioning the temple as 'Adiyendra Vishnu Gruham' or 'The house of Vishnu of the Adiyaman kings'.<ref name=jstor>{{cite journal|title=Nr̥siṁha Cave Temple at Nāmakkal: Its Iconographical Significance|jstor=29757426|pages=189–194|last=V.G.|first=Rajan|journal=East and West|volume=49|issue=1/4|date=December 1999|publisher=Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO)}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757426 | jstor=29757426 | title=Nr̥siṁha Cave Temple at Nāmakkal: Its Iconographical Significance | last1=Rajan | first1=V. G. | journal=East and West | date=19 February 1999 | volume=49 | issue=1/4 | pages=189–194 }}</ref> This temple plays an important role in history as it has four main [[Sanskrit]] inscriptions dated around 6th century to 8th century CE, and is also used to date another cave temple ([[Narasimhaswamy Temple, Namakkal]]) excavated in the same hill, as that cave temple as no Inscriptions.

==History==
[[File:Ranganathaswamy temple, Namakkal (3).jpg|260px|thumb|left|View of the Temple]]
[[File:Ranganathaswamy temple, Namakkal (2).jpg|260px|thumb|Steps to climb the temple]]

The temple is considered to be built around the 6th and 7th century CE by the [[Satyaputra]] kings in [[rock-cut architecture]].<ref name=oct>{{cite book|title=Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdBbBAAAQBAJ&dq=namakkal+temple&pg=PT398|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|pages=398–99|year=2013|isbn=9788174369031|last=Michell|first=George}}</ref> P.R. Srinivasan has placed it at 6th century. Most of the historians have compared the temples with similar architectural elements found in [[Badami Caves]] (6th century) and a possible influence. There are few inscriptions in the temple, especially an undated inscription in [[Grantha script|Grantha Characters]] of [[Sanskrit]] in the temple which are similar to the inscriptions in the [[Ganesha Ratha]] in [[Mahabalipuram]]. There are totally four main inscriptions in this '''Ranganatha temple''', the first main inscription mentions it as '''Adiyanatha Vishnu Grham''' by Gunasila King and '''Adiyendra Vishnu Gruham''' which evidently shows that the cave was excavated by the Satyaputra kings, apart from these inscriptions another was discovered, this inscription not only confirms this but also mentions the king's name as ''Gunasila'' (Dated 500 CE to 600 CE). Historians believe it is possible that both the temples were built during the same period.<ref name=jstor1>{{cite journal|title=Sculptures in the Two Rock-Cut Vaiṣṇava Cave Temples of Nāmakkal|jstor=3249275|pages=107–116|last=P.R.|first=Srinivasan|journal=Artibus Asiae|volume=24|issue=2|date=1961|publisher=Artibus Asiae Publishers|doi=10.2307/3249275}}</ref> The sanctum sanctorum is mentioned as '''''Sayanagrham''''' the main [[Hindu deities|deity]] is [[Lord Vishnu]] sleeping in Anantashayana pose, with all the Gods Worshiping him, The inscriptions details the gods like [[Shiva]], [[Brahma]], [[Varuna]], [[Narada]] worshiping Vishnu, there are various rock-cut panels of [[Sri Vaishnavism]] in the temple and 12 birudas of King Gunasila inscribed in this Cave.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphia-indica/epigraphia-indica-vol-36/page/n209/mode/2up | title=Epigraphia-indica }}</ref> The panels show high architecture which has Thrivikrama, Bala or Kevala Narasimha, Hari Hara. The records of the details of the inscriptions are found in the ''Annual report of Epigraphy -1961''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphia-indica/epigraphia-indica-vol-36/page/n209/mode/2up | title=Epigraphia-indica }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Namakkal district]]
[[Category:Purana temples of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Hindu cave temples in Tamil Nadu]]

Jawaharnagar, Telangana

2026-01-22T17:21:21Z

GeorgeGirdleston: quick update

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = '''Jawaharnagar'''
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Medchal-Malkajgiri district]]
| subdivision_name3 =
[[Hyderabad Metropolitan Region|Hyderabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = Jawahar Nagar Municipal Corporation
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="basic">{{cite web|url=https://jawaharnagarcorporation.telangana.gov.in/pages/basic-information|title=Basic Information|website=Jawaharnagar Municipal Corporation}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 24.18
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 48,216
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="basic" />
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 =Telugu Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = '''500087'''
| registration_plate =TS 08
| website = {{url|https://jawaharnagarcorporation.telangana.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
}}
'''Jawaharnagar''' is a [[city]] of, and a [[Municipal Corporation (India)|municipal corporation]] located in, [[Medchal-Malkajgiri district]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]]. It was upgraded to [[Municipal corporation]] in 2019.<ref>[http://www.hmda.gov.in/Downloads/HMDAListofVillages.pdf HMDA] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184642/http://www.hmda.gov.in/Downloads/HMDAListofVillages.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> Previously, it was a part of [[Shamirpet]] mandal but now falls under the newly formed [[Kapra]] mandal.

== GHMC dumpsite ==
[[The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]] (GHMC) dumpsite is located in this village over an area of approximately 350 acres and about 3,500 metric tons of waste generated in the city of Hyderabad daily is disposed off here. New facilities for [[resource recovery]] from waste such as compost, recyclables, RDF ([[Refuse Derived Fuel]]) are being created under PPP ([[Public Private Partnership]]) through reclamation and remediation of dumpsite area.

==Locality==
It covers an area of 15,000 acres and is home to premier educational institutions like [[BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus]], Bio-Tech Park, Meditech Valley are all located here.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Jawaharnagar-to-get-special-focus-for-development/articleshow/6982658.cms Jawaharnagar to get special focus for development – The Times of India]</ref> [[XLRI]] is setting up its campus here on a 75-acre plot.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/XLRI-to-set-up-campus-in-Hyderabad/685442/ |title=XLRI to set up campus in Hyderabad – Express India |access-date=14 December 2010 |archive-date=11 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011030505/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/XLRI-to-set-up-campus-in-Hyderabad/685442/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Jawahar nagar starts from ″Ambedkar Nagar″ ends at "Balaji Nagar".

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* * [https://jawaharnagarcorporation.telangana.gov.in/ Jawaharnagar Municipal Corporation]
*http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-24/hyderabad/39501224_1_hyderabad-metropolitan-development-authority-jawaharnagar-area-land-allotment-policy {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113124745/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-24/hyderabad/39501224_1_hyderabad-metropolitan-development-authority-jawaharnagar-area-land-allotment-policy |date=13 November 2013 }}

{{Telangana}}
{{Neighbourhoods of Hyderabad}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Villages in Medchal–Malkajgiri district]]

List of educational institutions in Siwan

2026-01-17T15:53:10Z

GeorgeGirdleston: Starting A Details

{{Short description|none}}

This is a list of [[educational institutions]] in [[Siwan district]], [[Bihar]], [[India]].

==General==
* [[D.A.V. Post-Graduate College, Siwan]]
* [[Vidya Bhawan Mahila College]], Siwan
* [[Ram Vilas Ganga Ram College]], [[Maharajganj, Siwan|Maharajganj]]
* [[Narayan College, Goreyakothi]]
* [[Hariram College, Mairwa]]
* Daroga Prasad Rai College, Siwan
* Z. A. Islamia P. G. College, Siwan
* Mazhrul Haque Degree College, [[Tarwara]]
* Desh Ratan Rajaendra Prasad Degree College, [[Ziradei]]
* Mata Rojhni Devi Chhathu Ram Degree College, [[Mairwa]]
* Gorakh Singh College, Siwan
* [[Aryabhatta Knowledge University#Educational colleges|Mamta Institute of Education]], [[Daraundha]]<ref>{{cite web |title=College affiliated for Pharmacy course with AKU - Official website of AKU, Patna |url=https://akubihar.ac.in/Colleges/PharmacyDetails.aspx?SlNo=420&Session=2022-23 |website=akubihar.ac.in |publisher=[[Aryabhatta Knowledge University]] |access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref>
* [[District Institute of Education and Training, Siwan|District Institute of Education and Training (DIET), Siwan]]<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Educational Institutions {{!}} Ministry of Education, Government of India |url=https://dsel.education.gov.in/hi/node/468 |website=dsel.education.gov.in |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref>
* Subhwanti Group of Institutions, Siwan

==Engineering institution==
* [[Government Engineering College, Siwan]]
* Siwan Engineering and Technical Institute, Siwan<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Engineering Colleges - Official Website : Aryabhatta Knowledge University, Patna |url=https://akubihar.ac.in/Colleges/EngineeringDetails.aspx?SlNo=284&Session=2021-22 |website=akubihar.ac.in |access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref>

==Medical institution==
* Z. H. Unani Medical College and Hospital, Naya Quilla, Siwan<ref name="PublicUtilities">{{cite web |title=Public Utilities - District Siwan, Government Of Bihar {{!}} India |url=https://siwan.nic.in/public-utilities/ |website=siwan.nic.in |access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref>
* Daksh B.Sc. Nursing College, Daraundha, Siwan<ref name="aku">{{cite web |title=Nursing Colleges - AKU, Patna|url=https://akubihar.ac.in/Colleges/NursingCollegeDetails.aspx?SlNo=210&Session=2022-23 |website=akubihar.ac.in |access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref>
* Rajendra Kishori Pharmacy College, Siwan<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajendra Kishori Pharmacy College, Siwan - Official website of AKU, Patna |url=https://akubihar.ac.in/Colleges/PharmacyDetails.aspx?SlNo=424&Session=2022-23 |website=akubihar.ac.in |publisher=[[Aryabhatta Knowledge University]] |access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref>
* Government Pharmacy College, [[Maharajganj, Siwan|Maharajganj]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Approved list of Colleges - Pharmacy Council of India |url=https://www.pci.nic.in/approved_colleges_diplom_us_12.html |website=www.pci.nic.in |pages=SL.No. 113 |quote=PCI No. 5284}}</ref>
* Dayanand Ayurvedic Medical College And Hospital, Siwan

==Management institution==
* SIBM College (Shahi Institute Of Business Management), Mahadeva Road, Siwan

==Schools==
* Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalay, Tarwara, Siwan<ref name="PublicUtilities"></ref>
* Kendriya Vidyalaya, Siwan<ref name="PublicUtilities"></ref>
* Gandhi Smarak High School, [[Laheji, Bihar|Laheji]]
* Merahi Primary School
* V. D. Prasad Yadav High School, Dibi
* Middle School, Mandrauli
* Emmanuel Mission High School, Siwan
* [[Kendriya Vidyalaya Maharajganj]]

==See also==
* [[List of educational institutions in Bihar]]
* [[Education in Bihar]]
* [[List of schools in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links==
* Official Website - {{URL|https://siwan.nic.in/public-utility-category/schools|siwan.nic.in}}

{{Blocks of Siwan district}}
{{list of lists | education | listcat=Lists of educational institutions in Siwan}}
{{Bihar-university-stub}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:India, schools}}
[[Category:Education in Bihar]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in Bihar| Bihar]]
[[Category:Lists of schools in India]]
[[Category:Lists of schools in India by state or union territory]]
[[Category:Education in Siwan district]]

Khategaon tehsil

2026-01-05T04:47:51Z

GeorgeGirdleston: done

{{Short description|Location in Madhyapradesh, India}}
{{One source|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khategaon tehsil
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|settlement_type = [[Tehsil]]
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
| image =

|pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_mapsize =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|coordinates = {{coord|22.6|N|76.92|E|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes = 
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flagcountry|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = Madhya Pradesh
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dewas district]]
|government_type = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Janpad Panchayat]]
|governing_body = [[Council]]

|area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
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|population_as_of =
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| population_density_km2 =
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|population_rural =
| population_density_rural_km2 =
|population_density_rural_sq_mi =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]

| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30

|postal_code_type = Postal code (PIN)
|postal_code =
|area_code_type = 
|area_code =
| geocode =
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| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
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| blank_name_sec2 =
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| website = 
|iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|MP-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Khategaon tehsil''' is a tehsil in [[Dewas district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is also a subdivision of the administrative and revenue division of bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2022-08-28|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

==Demographics==

{{Empty section|date=August 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tehsils of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dewas district]]

{{Dewas-geo-stub}}

Gangadhar National Award For Poetry

2025-12-28T06:29:38Z

GeorgeGirdleston: corrected content additionally and added references

{{short description|National Award}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Gangadhar National Award For Poetry
| subheader = 
| image =
| image_size = 
| alt =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Significant contribution in the field of Literature (poetry).
| sponsor =
| date = Foundation day of [[Sambalpur University]]
| location = [[Sambalpur University]], [[Odisha]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| presenter = [[Sambalpur University]]
| host = 
| former name =
| preshow_host =
| acts =
| reward = Cash prize of Rs 1,00,000, angavastra, citation, a memento and a copy of Gangadhar Meher: Selected Works (An anthology of Gangadhar Meher's Poetry in English translation)
| year = 1991
| year2 = 2021
| award1_type = First winner
| award1_winner = [[Ali Sardar Jafri]] (1991)
| award2_type = Latest winner
| award2_winner = Pratibha Satpathy (2025)
| award3_type = Total awarded
| award3_winner = 33
}}
'''Gangadhar National Award For Poetry''' is a literary award given in the field of literature for poetry by [[Sambalpur University]]. It is named after [[Gangadhar Meher]]. First award was given to [[Ali Sardar Jafri]] in the year 1991. 33 poets have been awarded on various Indian languages until now.

==History==
The award was first given in 1991 but the procedure of giving the award was started in 1989.

==Procedure==
There is a delay of one year due to a long process of choosing an awardee; if the awardee won the prize for 2019 then he gets his award in 2021, and the award of 2017 was given in 2019. It is awarded on the celebration day of Sambalpur University Foundation Day, which is celebrated every year in January.

Cash prize of Rs 1,00,000, angavastra, citation, a memento and a copy of Gangadhar Meher: Selected Works (An anthology of Gangadhar Meher's Poetry in English translation) is given to receipt of Gangadhar National Award.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-12-23 |title=SELF STUDY REPORT FOR REACCREDITATION (Volume –I) |url=https://www.suniv.ac.in/documents/Sambalpur%20University%20NAAC%20SSR-%20Volume-1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223120942/https://www.suniv.ac.in/documents/Sambalpur%20University%20NAAC%20SSR-%20Volume-1.pdf |archive-date=2019-12-23 |access-date=2019-12-23 |page=202}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-23 |title=SELF STUDY REPORT FOR REACCREDITATION (Volume –I) |url=https://www.suniv.ac.in/documents/Sambalpur%20University%20NAAC%20SSR-%20Volume-1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223120942/https://www.suniv.ac.in/documents/Sambalpur%20University%20NAAC%20SSR-%20Volume-1.pdf |archive-date=2019-12-23 |access-date=2019-12-29}}</ref>

==Awardees==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year of award announced
!Name of the awardee (with year of award given)<ref group=note>The award is given every year on the 1st week of January on the foundation day of Sambalpur University</ref>
!Language
!Foundation day
|-
|1991
|[[Ali Sardar Jafri]] (1993)
|Urdu
|26th
|-
|1992
|[[Nabakanta Barua]] (1994)
|Assamese
|27th
|-
|1993
|[[Shakti Chattopadhyay]] (1995)
|Bengali
|28th
|-
|1994
|[[Jayanta Mahapatra]] (1996)
|English/Odia
|29th
|-
|1995
|[[Kedarnath Singh]] (1997)
|Hindi
|30th
|-
|1996
|[[Ayyappa Paniker]] (1998)
|Malayalam
|31st
|-
|1997
|[[Sitakant Mahapatra]] (1999)
|Odia
|32nd
|-
|1998
|Nirupama Kaur (2000)
|Punjabi
|33rd
|-
|1999
|[[Vinda Karandikar]] (2001)
|Marathi
|34th
|-
|2000
|[[Ramakanta Rath]] (2002)
|Odia
|35th
|-
|2001
|[[K. Satchidanandan]] (2003)
|Malayalam
|36th
|-
|2002
|[[Shankha Ghosh]] (2004)
|Bengali
|37th
|-
|2003
|[[Sitanshu Yashaschandra]] (2005)
|Gujarati
|38th
|-
|2004
|[[Dilip Chitre]] (2006)
|Marathi
|39th
|-
|2005
|[[Gulzar]] (2007)
|Urdu
|40th
|-
|2006
|[[Nilmani Phookan Jr]] (2008)
|Assamese
|41st
|-
|2007
|[[Haraprasad Das]] (2009)
|Odia
|42nd
|-
|2008
|[[Akhlaq Mohammed Khan]] (2010)
|Urdu
|43rd
|-
|2009
|[[Surjit Patar]] (2011)
|Punjabi
|44th
|-
|2010
|[[Rajendra Kishore Panda]] (2012)
|Odia
|45th
|-
|2011
|[[Balraj Komal]] (2013)
|Urdu
|46th
|-
|2012
|[[Vasdev Mohi]] (2014)
|Sindhi
|47th<ref name="sahitya-akademi.gov.in">{{Cite web |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/library/meettheauthor/vasdev_mohi.pdf |title= Meet the author, Vasdev Mohi| website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|[[Soubhagya Kumar Misra]] (2015)
|Odia
|48th
|-
|2014
|[[Subodh Sarkar]] (2016)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/subodh-sarkar-conferred-gangadhar-national-award-for-poetry-116010601237_1.html|title=Subodh Sarkar conferred Gangadhar National Award for poetry|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2016-01-06|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/subodh-sarkar-conferred-gangadhar-national-award-for-poetry-484088-2016-01-06|title=Subodh Sarkar conferred Gangadhar National Award for poetry|last1=January 6, 2016|website=India Today|date=6 January 2016 |language=en|access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref>
|Bengali
|49th
|-
|2015
|[[Leeladhar Jagudi]] (2017)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/hindi-poet-leeladhar-jagoori-to-get-gangadhar-national-award-116120400322_1.html|title=Hindi poet Leeladhar Jagoori to get Gangadhar National Award|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2016-12-04|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref>
|Hindi
|50th
|-
|2016
|[[K Siva Reddy]] (2018)
|Telugu
|51st
|-
|2017
|[[Chandrashekhara Kambara]] (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/sambalpur-university-honour-for-poets/articleshow/67332521.cms|title=Sambalpur University honour for poets|date=January 1, 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref>
|Kannada
|52nd
|-
|2018
|[[Vishwanath Prasad Tiwari]] (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/poet-viswanath-prasad-tiwari-to-get-gangadhar-national-award-420367|title=Poet Viswanath Prasad Tiwari To Get Gangadhar National Award {{!}} OTV|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-13|archive-date=2019-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213033521/https://odishatv.in/odisha/poet-viswanath-prasad-tiwari-to-get-gangadhar-national-award-420367|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/hindi-poet-tiwari-to-get-gangadhar-national-award.html|title=Hindi poet Tiwari to get Gangadhar National Award|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2019-12-13}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/poet-viswanath-prasad-tiwari-to-get-gangadhar-national-award-119120900180_1.html|title=Poet Viswanath Prasad Tiwari to get Gangadhar National Award|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2019-12-09|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-12-13}}</ref>
|Hindi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orissapost.com/eminent-poet-viswanath-prasad-tiwari-to-be-conferred-with-gangadhar-national-award/|title=Eminent poet Viswanath Prasad Tiwari to be conferred with Gangadhar National Award - OrissaPOST|date=2019-12-09|website=OrissaPost|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.odishabytes.com/hindi-poet-viswanath-prasad-tiwari-to-receive-gangadhar-national-award/|title=Hindi Poet Viswanath Prasad Tiwari To Receive Gangadhar National Award|date=2019-12-09|website=Odisha Bytes|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-23|archive-date=2021-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418112214/https://odishabytes.com/hindi-poet-viswanath-prasad-tiwari-to-receive-gangadhar-national-award/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|53rd<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kalingatv.com/state/hindi-poet-viswanath-prasad-tiwari-to-get-gangadhar-national-award/|title=Hindi poet Viswanath Prasad Tiwari to get 'Gangadhar National Award'|date=2019-12-09|website=KalingaTV|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://englishnews.reporterstoday.com/viswanath-prasad-tiwariconferred-gangadhar-national-award-for-poetry/|title=Viswanath Prasad Tiwariconferred Gangadhar National Award for poetry|date=2019-12-09|website=Reporters Today|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-23|archive-date=2022-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007181936/https://englishnews.reporterstoday.com/viswanath-prasad-tiwariconferred-gangadhar-national-award-for-poetry/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|[[Sheen Kaaf Nizam]] (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-24|title=|url=https://www.suniv.ac.in/documents/notice_1609465933.pdf|access-date=2021-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324164419/https://www.suniv.ac.in/documents/notice_1609465933.pdf|archive-date=2021-03-24}}</ref>
|Urdu
|54th
|-
|2020
|[[Kamal Vora]] (2022)<ref>{{cite news |title=Gujarati poet Kamal Vora gets Gangadhar Award|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=28 Jan 2022|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/jan/28/gujarati-poet-kamal-vora-gets-gangadhar-award-2412260.html|access-date=2 Feb 2022}}</ref>
|Gujarati
|55th
|-
|2021
|[[K. G. Sankara Pillai]] (2023)
|Malayalam
|56th
|-
|2022
|[[Anis Uz Zaman]] (2024)
|Assamese<ref>{{cite news |title=Assamese poet Zaman gets Gangadhar National Award |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Jan/10/assamese-poet-zaman-gets-gangadhar-national-award-2649684.html#:~:text=SAMBALPUR%3A%20The%20prestigious%20Gangadhar%20National,57th%20foundation%20day%20on%20Tuesday. |access-date=6 January 2025}}</ref>
|57th
|-
|2023
|[[Pratibha Satpathy]] (2025)
|Odia<ref>{{cite news |title=Poet Satpathy gets Gangadhar nat'l award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/poet-satpathy-gets-gangadhar-natl-award/articleshow/116971622.cms#:~:text=Sambalpur%3A%20Odia%20poet%20Pratibha%20Satpathy,of%20Sambalpur%20University%20on%20Friday.&text=The%20award%2C%20instituted%20in%20memory,honours%20distinguished%20Indian%20poets%20annually. |access-date=6 January 2025}}</ref>
|58th
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

{{Gangadhar National Award For Poetry}}
{{Sambalpur University}}

[[Category:Sambalpur University]]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Gangadhar National Award|*]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Orissa]]

Shree Ganesh Jewellery House

2025-12-10T15:29:57Z

GeorgeGirdleston: Created first details w/ refs

{{short description|Indian jewelry company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Shree Ganesh Jewellery House (I) Ltd.
| logo =
| caption =
| type = Public
| traded_as = NSE:SGJHL
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation =
| founder =
| location_city = Kolkata, India
| location_country =
| location =
| area_served =
| key_people = Mr. Nillesh Parrekh (Chairman)
| industry = Jewellery
| products = Gold and Diamond Jewellery
| services =
| revenue = ₹6,593 Crore (US$ 1.0 billion approx)(2013)
| operating_income = ₹365 Cr.
| net_income = ₹293 Cr.
| num_employees =
| divisions =
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.sgjhl.com/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Shree Ganesh Jewellery House (I) Ltd.''' (SGJHL) is a [[Kolkata]]-based jewellery company founded in 2002. The company is one of the largest manufacturers and exporters of handcrafted gold jewellery in India.<ref>[http://www.moneycontrol.com/mccode/news/article/article_pdf.php?autono=588774&num=0 SGJHL handcrafted gold jewellery export] Moneycontrol.com</ref><ref>[http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/Company/Background/Company-Profile/Shree-Ganesh-Jewellery-House-I-Ltd/533180 SGJHL largest manufacturer and exporter of handcrafted gold jewellery] indiainfoline.com</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130722111047/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=SGJ:IN Company overview of Shree Ganesh Jewellery House] Bloomberg businessweek.com</ref>

== Overview ==

The company was founded by two brothers, Nillesh Parrekh and Umesh Parekh, in 2002.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} It manufactures handcrafted gold jewellery from its manufacturing units in the Manikanchan (SEZ).<ref>http://www.ndtv.com/topic/shree-ganesh-jewellery-house/news/page-2SGJHL integrated jewellery manufacturing unit at Manikanchan.] ndtv.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063718/http://www.ndtv.com/topic/shree-ganesh-jewellery-house/news/page-2 |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> The company has formed a joint venture with Italian firm SALP SPA for setting up a 10-tonne lightweight gold jewellery manufacturing base at [[Domjur]] West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=BS |date=20 January 2013 |title=Shree Ganesh forms JV with italian firm for Domjur plant |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/shree-ganesh-forms-jv-with-italian-firm-for-domjur-plant-111102900001_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref> The company enters into joint venture with Rocks Creation Limited of Bangladesh for manufacturing of Gold and Diamond Jewellery.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shree Ganesh Jewellery House enters into joint venture with Rocks Creation of Bangladesh |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-27/news/39557533_1_joint-venture-shree-ganesh-jewellery-house-bangladesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820094147/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-27/news/39557533_1_joint-venture-shree-ganesh-jewellery-house-bangladesh |archive-date=2014-08-20 |access-date=2025-08-04 |work=The Economic Times |language=en}} </ref> The company markets its jewellery products under brand name Gaja.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GAJA opens store in Ludhiana |url=http://retailjewellerindia.com/GAJA_opens_store_in_Ludhiana-25-115 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130714224225/http://retailjewellerindia.com/GAJA_opens_store_in_Ludhiana-25-115#selection-715.0-734.1 |archive-date=2013-07-14 |website=retailjewellerindia}}</ref> Apart from retail business the company primarily exports its products to the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Singapore and Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buy Shree Ganesh Jewellery; tgt Rs 170: Sunidhi Securities |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/stocks/-1940089.html |website=moneycontrol}}</ref>

The company opened its first branded retail jewellery store at Kolkata and [[Ahmedabad]] in October 2007.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} The company proposed an [[initial public offer]] of 14,269,831 equity shares in 2010.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/shree-ganesh-jewellery-ipo-price-band-at-rs-260-270-110031700083_1.html "Shree Ganesh Jewellery IPO price band at Rs 260 - 270"] Business-standard.com, 17 March 2010.</ref> In 2013 the company operated through 46 stores<ref name="BS2013">[http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/shree-ganesh-jewellery-to-invest-rs-1-000-cr-for-expansion-113051400961_1.html "Shree Ganesh Jewellery to invest Rs 1,000 cr for expansion"], Business-standard.com, 14 May 2013.</ref> in 34 cities including the existing two large format stores located at Mumbai and Kolkata.<ref>[http://www.signnews.in/shree-ganesh-jewellery-plans-to-set-up-20-large-format-retail-stores/ SGJHL in expansion mode to set up 20 large format retail stores] signnews.in</ref> It planned to open an additional 20 stores, investing ₹1000 crore.<ref name="BS2013" />

== Controversy ==

Nilesh Parekh was arrested for alleged fraud in the diversion of 1,700 kg of primary gold.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.sgjhl.com/ SGJHL Official Website]

[[Category:Indian jewellers]]
[[Category:Jewellery retailers of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2002]]

Kabali Vishwanth

2025-11-14T03:29:24Z

GeorgeGirdleston: new

{{short description|Indian film actor}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kabali Vishwanth
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| occupation = [[actor]]
| yearsactive = 2010–present
|
| website =
}}
'''Kabali Vishwanth''' is an Indian [[actor]] who has appeared in Tamil language films. After appearing in small supporting roles and working as an assistant choreographer, he made his breakthrough as an actor with a supporting role in [[Pa. Ranjith]]'s ''[[Kabali (film)|Kabali]]'' (2016).

== Career ==
Vishwanath started his career with a minor role in ''[[Singam]]'' (2010) before playing an anti-hero in [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]]'s ''[[Veluthu Kattu]]'' (2010). He then portrayed small supporting roles in films including as [[Arun Vijay]]'s friend in ''[[Thadaiyara Thaakka]]'' (2012), as [[Attakathi Dinesh|Dinesh]]'s elder brother in ''[[Attakathi]]'' (2012), and as Prakash Raj's neighbour in ''[[Dhoni (film)|Dhoni]]'' (2012). He later moved on to assist dance choreographer [[Sridhar (choreographer)|Sridhar]] in films.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sundar|first=Mrinalini|date=16 January 2017|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/I-dont-want-to-be-boxed-Vishwanath/articleshow/53154725.cms|title=I don't want to be boxed: Vishwanath|work=The Times of India|accessdate=12 April 2020|archive-date=4 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904164620/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/I-dont-want-to-be-boxed-Vishwanath/articleshow/53154725.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/tamil/i-prefer-doing-different-types-of-character-vishwanath-article34734.htm|title=I Prefer Doing Different Types Of Character: Vishwanath|date=12 July 2016|website=Desimartini|access-date=12 April 2020|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920235433/https://www.desimartini.com/news/tamil/i-prefer-doing-different-types-of-character-vishwanath-article34734.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Vishwanath made a breakthrough as an actor after portraying a role in [[Pa. Ranjith]]'s ''[[Kabali (film)|Kabali]]'' (2016), which starred [[Rajinikanth]] in the lead role. The film saw him credited as Vishwanth, and he subsequently kept the name for his future work. Portraying a Chennai-based gangster hired to protect Rajinikanth's lead character, the film and his role won acclaim.<ref name = te>{{Cite news|last=Suganth|first=M|date=27 July 2017|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/im-learning-a-lot-from-vikram-viswanath/articleshow/59773985.cms|title=I'm learning a lot from Vikram: Viswanath|work=The Times of India|accessdate=12 April 2020|archive-date=7 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707085923/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/im-learning-a-lot-from-vikram-viswanath/articleshow/59773985.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The high-profile nature of the film prompted several film makers to sign him on for their productions, and notably later worked on ''[[Sketch (2018 film)|Sketch]]'' (2018) alongside [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] and [[N. Linguswamy|Linguswamy]]'s ''[[Sandakozhi 2]]'' (2018), portraying the husband of [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]]'s character.<ref name = te/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/nov/28/kabali-star-vishwanath-in-sandakozhi-2-3282.html|title=Kabali star Vishwanath in Sandakozhi 2|date=28 November 2017|work=[[Cinema Express]]|accessdate=12 April 2020|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412100437/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/nov/28/kabali-star-vishwanath-in-sandakozhi-2-3282.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/tamil/kollywood-actor-vishwanth-talks-about-his-roles-in-the-upcoming-movies-article68285.htm|title=Kollywood Actor Vishwanth Talks About His Roles In The Upcoming Movies|date=21 November 2017|website=Desimartini|access-date=12 April 2020|archive-date=4 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104073012/https://www.desimartini.com/news/tamil/kollywood-actor-vishwanth-talks-about-his-roles-in-the-upcoming-movies-article68285.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> He also worked on a Hindi-language film as well as portraying his first lead role in the horror-comedy, ''[[Onaaigal Jakkiradhai]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sundar |first=Mrinalini |date=16 January 2017 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kabali-actor-Vishwanath-signs-a-Bollywood-film/articleshow/54752584.cms |title=Kabali actor Vishwanath signs a Bollywood film |work=The Times of India |access-date=16 March 2021 |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130185618/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kabali-actor-Vishwanath-signs-a-Bollywood-film/articleshow/54752584.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He portrayed [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]'s friend in ''[[Sketch (2018 film)|Sketch]]''.<ref name = te/>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"|2010 || ''[[Singam]]'' || Lover ||
|-
| ''[[Veluthu Kattu]]'' || Karuppusamy ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2012 || ''[[Dhoni (film)|Dhoni]]'' || Subramaniam's neighbour || Bilingual film
|-
| ''[[Thadaiyara Thaakka]]'' || Selva's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Attakathi]]'' || Dinakaran's brother ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Kolagalam]]'' || Pathmanabhan ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Pokkiri Mannan]]'' || Marudhu's friend ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016 || ''[[Katha Solla Porom]]'' || Aravind ||
|-
|''[[Kabali (film)|Kabali]]'' || Jai ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2018 || ''[[Onaaigal Jakkiradhai]]'' || Azhagu ||
|-
| ''[[Sketch (2018 film)|Sketch]]'' || Guna ||
|-
| ''[[X Videos (film)|X Videos]]'' || Rahul ||
|-
| ''[[Sandakozhi 2]]'' || Pechi's husband ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Annaatthe]]'' || Kaalaiyan's friend ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Theal (film)|Theal]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023 || ''[[Run Baby Run (2023 film)|Run Baby Run]]'' || Van driver ||
|-
| ''[[Red Sandalwood (film)|Red Sandalwood]]'' || Karna ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Akkaran]]'' || Siva ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2025 || ''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]'' ||Deva Mansion housemate ||
|-
| ''[[Vattakhanal]]'' || || <ref>{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Akshay |title=Singer Mano's son Duruvan headlines Vattakanal |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/15/singer-manos-son-duruvan-headlines-vattakanal |website=Cinema Express |language=en |date=15 September 2025}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|8522193}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vishwanth, Kabali}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Yogesh Singh

2025-10-29T01:54:12Z

GeorgeGirdleston: expanded content

{{Short description|Professor and 23rd Vice Chancellor of University of Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Yogesh Singh
| image = Yogesh Singh vc.jpg
| caption = Singh in 2015
| birth_place = [[Aligarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
|alma_mater = [[NIT Kurukshetra]]
| office = 23rd [[Vice-Chancellor]] of the [[University of Delhi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vice-Chancellor, University of Delhi - Delhi University |url=http://du.ac.in/index.php?page=vice-chancellor-2021 |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=du.ac.in}}</ref>
| term_start = 8 October 2021
| predecessor = [[Yogesh Kumar Tyagi]]
| successor =
}}

'''Yogesh Singh''' is an Indian academic who is the current and 23rd Vice-Chancellor of [[University of Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Prof Yogesh Singh Appointed Vice-Chancellor Of Delhi University |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/prof-yogesh-singh-appointed-vice-chancellor-of-delhi-university
|work=ndtv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yogesh Singh appointed as new VC of University of Delhi |url=https://www.educationtimes.com/article/campus-beat-college-events/86433920/yogesh-singh-appointed-as-new-vc-of-university-of-delhi |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=www.educationtimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jebaraj |first=Priscilla |date=2021-09-23 |title=Yogesh Singh appointed new DU V-C |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/yogesh-singh-appointed-new-du-v-c/article36620835.ece |access-date=2022-07-21 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-22 |title=DTU's Yogesh Singh appointed 23rd Vice Chancellor of Delhi University |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/dtus-yogesh-singh-appointed-23rd-vice-chancellor-of-delhi-university-101632331058482.html |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vice-Chancellor, University of Delhi - Delhi University |url=https://www.du.ac.in/index.php?page=vice-chancellor |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=du.ac.in}}</ref>

== Education ==
He earned his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in computer engineering and [[M.Tech.]] in electronics and communication engineering from the [[National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra|National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra]], [[Haryana]], [[India]].<ref name=":0" />

==Career and professional activities==
He is the former Vice Chancellor of [[Delhi Technological University]] (DTU). Prior to joining DTU in 2015, he served as the Director of [[Netaji subhas institute of technology|Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology]]-NSIT (now known as [[Netaji Subhash University of Technology]]) from 2014 to 2017. He served as the Vice-Chancellor of The [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] from 2011 to 2014. From 2001 to 2006, Professor Singh served as the Dean of Information Technology at [[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]].<ref>{{cite news |title=University of Delhi appoints Professor Yogesh Singh as Vice Chancellor |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/article/university-of-delhi-appoints-professor-yogesh-singh-as-vice-chancellor/815423|work=timesnownews.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Yogesh}}
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]

D. Pattuswamy

2025-10-23T06:40:46Z

GeorgeGirdleston: New Stub

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

'''D. Pattuswamy Mudaliar''' is an Indian politician, textile merchant and former [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Vandavasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vandavasi]] constituency as an [[Indian National Congress (I)]] candidate in 1980 election. He was born in Kaikolar family in Tiruvannamalai district.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf EIC]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/vandavasi-lok-sabha|title=Vandavasi Lok Sabha Election Result - Parliamentary Constituency}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mudaliar, D. Pattuswamy}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the textile industry]]
[[Category:People from Tiruvannamalai district]]

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

Satyendra Narayan Kushwaha

2025-10-23T01:30:18Z

GeorgeGirdleston: Created basic info w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Satyendra Narayan Kushwaha.jpg
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 7 May 2012
| term_end = 11 January 2018
| constituency = ''elected by Members of Legislative Assembly''
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1969|1|14}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2018|1|10|1969|1|14}}
| death_place = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Sulekha Kushwaha
| children = 2 sons, 1 daughter
| father = Omkar Kushwaha
| education = [[Bachelor of arts with honours|B. A. (Hons)]]
| source = http://www.biharvidhanparishad.gov.in/Members/S%20N%20Singh.htm
}}

'''Satyendra Narayan Kushwaha''' was an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Bihar]] who served as the member of [[Bihar Legislative Council]] from 2012 till his death in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date= |title=BJP finalises 4 names for Bihar MLC polls |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-finalises-4-names-for-bihar-mlc-polls/articleshow/12609148.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |issn= |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206083039/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-finalises-4-names-for-bihar-mlc-polls/articleshow/12609148.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> He has served in various capacities in the organization of the BJP as the President of the [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha|BJYM, Bihar]] in 2005, State President of the BJP Kisan Morcha in 2007, State Secretary of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Bihar]] in 2009. He also served as the co-incharge of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Uttar Pradesh]].

== Illness and death ==
Kushwaha was admitted to the [[Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences]] two years ago after he suffered a brain stroke. He died at 1:35 am on 10 January<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP MLC Satyendra Kushwaha dies following prolonged illness |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/bjp-mlc-satyendra-kushwaha-dies-following-prolonged-illness-1143216-2018-01-11 |access-date= |website=India Today |language= |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203082202/https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/bjp-mlc-satyendra-kushwaha-dies-following-prolonged-illness-1143216-2018-01-11 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP MLC सत्येंद्र कुशवाहा का निधन, राष्ट्रीय अध्यक्ष अमित शाह ने जताया शोक |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-bjp-mlc-satyendra-kushwaha-passed-away-today-in-patna-17340260.html |access-date= |website=Dainik Jagran |language= |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203082204/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-bjp-mlc-satyendra-kushwaha-passed-away-today-in-patna-17340260.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kushwaha, Satyendra Narayan}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:People from Patna district]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

P. R. Government College

2025-10-04T07:40:05Z

GeorgeGirdleston:

{{Short description|College in Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Pithapur Rajah's Government College
| native_name =
| image_name =
| image_size =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto = Enter, Endeavour, Excel
| tagline =
| established = 1884
| type = Public
| endowment =
| staff =
| faculty =
| president =
| provost =
| principal = Dr. K.Anjaneyulu
| rector =
| chancellor =
| vice_chancellor =
| director =
| dean =
| head_label =
| head =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| profess =
| city = [[Kakinada]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = Urban
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
| mascot =
| fightsong =
| nickname =
| affiliation = [[Adikavi Nannaya University]]
| footnotes =
| website = {{URL|www.prgc.edu.in}}
| address =
| publictransit =
| telephone =
| coor =
| logo =
}}

The '''Pithapur Rajah's Government College''', commonly known as '''P. R. Government College''', is an Indian autonomous educational institution located in [[Kakinada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Established in 1884, it is one of the oldest higher educational institutions in Andhra. It has been recognized as a 'College with Potential for Excellence' by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] in 2010. It is affiliated to the [[Adikavi Nannaya University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=NAAC Certificate |url=https://prgc.edu.in/pages.php?menu=18&submenu=37 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Pithapur Rajah's Government College Official Website}}</ref>

==History==
Pithapur Rajah's College (P. R. College) is one of the oldest educational institutions in Andhra. Initially established as a middle school in 1852, it was early on funded through private subscriptions.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Hemingway |first=F. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/godavaridistrict01frhe/page/156/mode/2up |title=Madras District Gazetteers: Godavari District Gazetteer |year=1915 |isbn=978-81-206-1462-8 |volume=I |pages=157–159}}</ref> Financial difficulties led to its temporary closure in 1862, but it was revived in 1863 under the efforts of Collector Mr. Purvis, who secured government funding and contributions from the [[Pithapuram Estate|Pithapuram zamindar]], an alumnus of the institution. In 1865, the school received an endowment of ₹28,000 and land donations from the Pithapuram zamindar, which facilitated the construction of new buildings and its expansion.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.11616/page/339/mode/ |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India |date=1908 |publisher=The Clarendon Press, Oxford |volume=X |pages=340}}</ref>

In August 1884, the school was elevated to a second-grade college under the patronage of Sri Rajah Rao Venkata Mahipathi Gangadhara Rama Rao Bahadur, the then zamindar of Pithapuram.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of the College |url=https://prgc.edu.in/pages.php?menu=18&submenu=33 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Pithapur Rajah's Government College Official Website}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Founders of the College |url=https://prgc.edu.in/pages.php?menu=18&submenu=32 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Pithapur Rajah's Government College Official Website}}</ref> It introduced an F. A. class and became affiliated with the [[University of Madras]], earning the name Pithapur Rajah’s College.<ref name=":2" /> To ensure financial stability, the institution was incorporated under the Indian Companies Act in 1892. Managed by a council comprising local officials, the college expanded its infrastructure and academic offerings over time. By 1903-04, it was largely self-sustaining, providing scholarships to underprivileged students and educating nearly 500 students from surrounding regions.<ref name=":2" />

The college played a pioneering role in promoting women's education, offering full fee exemptions and various incentives for female students. In 1952, the college was taken over by the government, becoming P. R. Government College. It celebrated its centenary in March 1984.<ref name=":1" />

P. R. College has two campuses: the Science College campus, located near the Main Road, and the Arts College campus, which spans approximately 28 acres near the Government General Hospital. The college's surroundings include McLaren High School, the District Collector's Office, and the Zilla Parishad Office.

In 2000, P. R. Government College was granted autonomous status by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC), with the approval of [[Andhra University]] and the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]. In October 2010, the UGC recognized the college as a College with Potential for Excellence (CPE), providing financial support for its development.<ref name=":1" />

==Academic programmes==
Undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in arts and science, affiliated to the [[Adikavi Nannaya University]], are offered at the college, which has been accredited by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] with an A grade (CGPA 3.17).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-19 |title=PR Government College principal gets best service award in Kakinada |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/pr-government-college-principal-gets-best-service-award-in-kakinada-556136 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{URL|www.prgc.ac.in|Official Website}}

[[Category:Colleges in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Education in Kakinada]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1884]]
[[Category:1884 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Madras]]
{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

Kushaleshwar Temple

2025-05-18T23:05:30Z

GeorgeGirdleston: quick fix

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kushaleswar Temple
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Holy Place
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Odisha
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.1641|N|86.0674|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kendujhar District|Kendujhar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 50
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 758025
| registration_plate = OR-09
| website =
}}

'''Kushaleswar Temple''' is situated in the district of Keonjhar, at a distance of 90 km from Keonjhar city and 15 km from Anandapur. The temple is located in the bank of river Kusei. It was built during the 9th century AD by King Jajati Keshari. This temple pays homage to Lord Kushaleswar. The temple was built in Panchamukhi style with five different deities facing towards different directions. Lord Shiva is facing towards East direction, Goddess Parvati towards North direction, Lord Kartikeya and Bhairava towards West direction and Lord Ganesha towards South direction. An important monument of this place is a stone embankment built on the side of the river Kusei, to protect the temple from corrosion. This monument is the second of its kind in the State. Major festival of this temple is Maha Shiva Ratri, in which thousands of devotees come to pay homage to the deity from across the state.
Many devotees also come to here in the month of Sravan as Bholebom Devotee.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://kendujhar.nic.in}}

{{Kendujhar district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kendujhar district]]

{{Odisha-geo-stub}}

Longri Ao

2025-02-03T23:03:59Z

GeorgeGirdleston:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
'''Longri Ao''' (1906–1981), also known by name '''Longritangchetha''', was an [[Adivasi|indigenous]] [[Baptist]] [[missionary]] from the [[North-East India|North-Eastern state of India]], [[Nagaland]]. He was a missionary to the [[Konyak people]] and a peacemaker. He is known to have risked his life to restore peace in Nagaland, and to negotiate a ceasefire agreement between the [[Government of India]] and underground leaders fighting for Nagaland [[secession]] from [[India]].<ref name="mexp">{{cite web |url= http://www.morungexpress.com/frontpage/65904.txt |title= From Thailand To Nagaland |date= 18 May 2011 |quote= Longri, known for “crying in the wilderness” for peace, had died on 6 August 1981 - Longri was known for spearheading the gospel mission amongst the Konyaks, his leadership in the Naga Baptist Church Council and founding the Naga-Gospel Outreach Mission. He was also honoured by the Nagaland State Govt. with the title of ‘Man of Peace’ on 7th August ’81. |publisher= morungexpress.com |access-date= 25 April 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="R1">{{cite book |last= Anderson |first= Gerald H. |title= Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions |publisher= Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |year= 1999 |page= 25 |isbn= 9780802846808}}</ref>

He is best remembered for his contributions to the peace movement in Nagaland as a church leader, for his role in establishing the controversial ''Peace Mission'', later renamed ''Nagaland Peace Council'' (NPC), for which he was the president until death and most importantly for bringing a temporary stop to conflicts through [[Shillong Accord of 1975]]- by making naga insurgents to accept the [[Constitution of India]]. He was the founder of Naga-Gospel outreach mission, and was honoured with the title of ''Man of Peace'' by [[Government of Nagaland]].<ref name="mexp"/><ref name="R1"/>

==Early life==
Longri was born in Changki village, Nagaland, India, and was educated in [[theology]]. He was married to Subokyimia, daughter of [[Baptism|Baptist]] [[pastor]] Subongwati, in 1932, and they had three sons and three daughters.<ref name="R1"/><ref name="arch">{{cite web |url= https://newspaperarchive.com/indiana-evening-gazette/1960-09-29/page-8 |title= Page 8 of Indiana Evening Gazette | date=29 September 1960 |quote= Mr Longri Ao is here in Amer ica for advanced theological study under sponsorship of the American Baptist Foreign Mis sion Societies - Rev Longri Ao and his wife have six children three sons and three daughters|publisher= newspaperarchive.com|access-date= 24 April 2012 }}</ref>

==Evangelism==
He graduated from Eastern Theological College in [[Jorhat]], [[Assam]], and taught at the same college for 16 years. He along with Subongwati, his father-in-law, formed the Tamlu Baptist church in 1933. He was appointed in 1950 as a missionary to [[evangelize]] the Konyak Naga people by the [[Council of Baptist Churches in Northeast India]] (CBCNEI). In July 1960, he visited [[United States]] to study advanced theology sponsored by the [[American Baptist Missionary Union|American Baptist Foreign Mission Societies]] (ABFMS) at Baptist Divinity School, [[Berkeley, California]]. From 1967, he served as an executive secretary of the [[Nagaland Baptist Church Council]] (NBCC), and was leader of the newly founded [[Nagaland Missionary Movement]] (NMM) from 1979.<ref name="R1"/><ref name="arch"/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cbcnei.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=22&Itemid=68 |title= History of the Council of Baptist Churches in North East India (Since 1836) |date= 12 August 2008 |quote= Longri Ao was selected for this work and served among the Konyaks for sixteen years. Later, the Council also appointed missionaries to the Meitheis of Manipur and the Adis of Arunachal. Some money was also raised to support the United Mission to Nepal. |publisher= bcnei.com |access-date= 26 April 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120402082241/http://www.cbcnei.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=22&Itemid=68 |archive-date= 2 April 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/2478/8/08_chapter%204.pdf |title= Advent of Christianity and Modern Education |quote= In 1932, a Konyak was baptised in the Ao area and in the following year the Rev. Longri Ao and the Rev. Subongwati formed the Tamlu Baptist church.|publisher= shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in |access-date= 25 April 2012 }}</ref>

==Role in restoring peace in Nagaland==
Longri, as a Church leader, with full cooperation from CBCNEI, NBCC, and ABFMS made sincere efforts in mediating between rebels and the government to carve out a ceasefire agreement, to make them come to the negotiation table for peace talks, and to reconcile to the authorities of the Constitution of India.<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/><ref name="nag">{{cite web|url=http://nagaland.nic.in/profile/history/peace.htm |title=Dawn of Peace in Nagaland |quote=Close on the heels of the ushering in of the State, efforts for peace for an amicable solution to the vexed political problems took concrete and positive shape. In this venture for peace, the major role was taken by the Nagaland Baptist Church Convention (NBCC). In its third Convention held at Wokha from January 31 to February 2, 1964 which was said to have been attended by five thousand representatives from all tribes of Nagaland, the NBCC made a historic resolution welcoming the proposed "Peace-Talk" and to request the Government to make available the services of Mr. Jayaprakesh Narayan, Mr. Shankar Deva, Mr. Bimala Prasad Chaliha and Rev. Michael Scott with the sole object of exploring ways & means for the speedy restoration of peace and normalcy in Nagaland. |publisher=nagaland.nic.in |access-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314113027/http://nagaland.nic.in/profile/history/peace.htm |archive-date=14 March 2012 }}</ref>

===Ceasefire agreement===
With already ten years of violence and destruction in an internal war between guerrillas and the government and an escalation during the 1964 Nagaland General Elections, Baptist Church under the leadership and guidance of Longri Ao and Kenneth Kerhuo, intervened for peace and held its third convention at [[Wokha]] from 31 January 1964 to 2 February 1964. During the three-day convention, more than five thousand [[Naga people|Nagas]], who referred to Longri Ao as the ''Naga Prophet'' "crying in wilderness for peace"[sic], attended the convention. The convention made a resolution for proposed "Peace talk", and to requested the government to provide services of [[Jayaprakash Narayan]], National leader; [[Bimala Prasad Chaliha]], [[Chief Minister]] of Assam; and Michael Scott, an [[Anglican]] churchman, for exploring ways for speedy restoration of peace in Nagaland.<ref name="R2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eOPjuatfXcsC&q=Ao+Longri&pg=PA350|title=Nagaland: The Night of the Guerrillas|last=Nibedon|first=Nirmal|publisher=Lancer Publishers|year=2000|isbn=9781897829387|pages=109–188}}</ref> Speaking at the convention, Longri said:<blockquote>Our paths are now stained with the blood of the innocent people. We do not know the way of peace. There is no fear of God in our heart...there seems no one who understands God and his righteous ways...The Nagas have been most unfaithful to a faithful God. They will, therefore, not go unpunished....<ref name="R2"/></blockquote>

Based on the passed resolution, the Wokha convention appointed a special committee headed by Longri Ao and Kenneth Kerhuo to mediate between rebels and the government. They urged Jayaprakash Narayan, Bimala Prasad Chaliha, and Michael Scott to end the shooting in the hills. The relentless efforts of ''Peace Mission'' backed by Church leaders like Longri Ao and participation from both government and the rebel leaders, had resulted in a ''Ceasefire'' agreement signed by [[Vishnu Sahey]], [[Governor]] of Nagaland on behalf of the Government of India, while Zashei Huire, Biseto Medom, and L. Zhenito signed on behalf of the underground government. Although, the ''Ceasefire'' was officially declared on 6 September 1964, it was signed on 23 May 1964.<ref name="R2"/><ref name="nag"/>

The declaration of ''Ceasefire'' agreement enabled series of peace talks, eventually leading to six-rounds of talks in [[Delhi]] from 1966 to 1967 between [[Indira Gandhi]], then [[Prime Minister of India]], and the underground leaders.<ref name="nag"/>

===Peace talks===
Though there were several rounds of talks starting from February 1966 between underground leaders led by Kughato Sukhai, [[Prime Minister]] of underground government, and Indira Gandhi, with final round of talks on 3 October 1967 held in [[New Delhi]], yet it failed to reach a positive agreement.<ref name="nag"/>

The failure to reach settlement with peace talks were followed by charges and countercharges by both [[Indian government]] and the insurgents leading to the breach of the terms of agreements; consequently, violence escalated to the extent of murder of a prominent underground leader "Kaito" on 3 August 1968. The insurgents retaliated back. In April 1971, State government authorities communicated in writing to ''Longri Ao'' that "to enable underground and overground leaders to have a free contact and parley for restoration of peace in Nagaland there will be no operations in search of arms/searching villages/arrests etc. for 15 days with effect from April 22, 1971 to May 6, 1971 in and around Kohima town and other areas like Dihoma, Phesama, Chedema, Meriema and Chiechama". On 8 August 1972, an ambush was laid to murder [[Hokishe Sema]], [[Chief Minister of Nagaland]], however, he escaped without major injuries. Government of India on 31 August 1972 banned (also called ''September ban'') three underground groups - [[Naga National Council]], Federal Government of Nagaland, and also the Naga Federal Army using "Unlawful Activities Act 1967." Government of India also stopped the extension of ''Ceasefire'' agreement.<ref name="R2"/><ref name="nag"/><ref name="right">{{cite book |last= Reisang |first= Vashum |pages= 93–211|title= Nagas' Rights to Self Determination |publisher= Mittal Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiHhNkvrWvwC&q=Shillong+Accord+of+1975&pg=PA209 |date=December 2000 |isbn= 9788170997740}}</ref>

With cessation of the ''ceasefire'' agreement, including almost dissolution of ''Peace Mission'' by 1972, Longri Ao and other church leaders formed ''Nagaland Peace Council'' (NPC) in 1974 with Longri Ao as its president till his death, and initiated the discussions and talks once again. The steps for peace talks initiated this time reached its climax with the promulgation of Indira Gandhi's [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency in 1975]], as ''Shillong Accord of 1975''.<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/><ref name="nag"/>

===Shillong Accord of 1975===
With the imposition of Indira Gandhi's National Emergency in India after the [[President's rule]] in Nagaland by May 1975 that gave free hand to security forces to deal with the rebels, insurgents, political opponents, and alike, a spate of surrenders, including unquestionable violence took place in Nagaland. The church leaders took steps to broker a peace between underground leaders and Government of India to restore peace and as a result, a ''liaison committee'' under NPC was formed. Longri being the president of NPC, took initiative playing major role to mediate between Government of India and underground leaders like Kevi Yalie, brother of [[Angami Zapu Phizo]], to resolve the Naga issue forever. Longri was a member of the ''liaison Committee'' that also included prominent leaders like Kenneth Kerhuo, L. Lungalang, [[M. Aram]], [[Neiliezhü Üsou]] and Lungshim Shaiza that held discussions with underground leaders; consequently, underground leaders decided to send six representatives with full authority to negotiate with the representatives of the government for establishing peace in Nagaland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nagalim.nl/naga/history/shillong_accord.html |title=THE SHILLONG ACCORD OF 11 NOVEMBER 1975 BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA AND THE UNDERGROUND NAGAS |publisher=nagalim.nl |access-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127144953/http://nagalim.nl/naga/history/shillong_accord.html |archive-date=27 January 2010 }}</ref><ref name="right"/><ref name="R3">{{cite book |last= Singh |first= Chandrika |title= Naga Politics: A Critical Account |publisher= Mittal Publications |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ETb0s3FO3vIC&q=Ao+Longri&pg=PA135|year= 2004 |pages= 135– |isbn= 9788170999201}}</ref><ref name="ind">{{cite web |url= http://www.indiandefencereview.com/homeland-security/Nagaland-The-Beginning-of-Insurgency---II.html |title= Nagaland: The Beginning of Insurgency - II |date= 10 May 2011 |quote= The imposition of internal emergency by Smt Indira Gandhi in 1975 gave a free hand to the security forces to flush out the insurgents from their jungle hideouts. Between April and August 1975, a spate of surrenders took place. A total of 1,214 surrendered.33 The church leaders again took initiative to broker peace. A liaison committee, under Rev Longri Ao with Dr Aram among others, was formed to facilitate talks with the underground. |publisher= indiandefencereview.com |access-date= 26 April 2012 }}</ref>

Under his leadership, NPC was largely responsible for bringing an end to the major hostilities through the [[Shillong Accord of 1975]] during [[President's rule]] in Nagaland. He held discussions with the underground leaders who were by then brought to the Chedema peace camp under "safe conduct arrangements."<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/>

Since both the parties were desperate and determined to bring an end to the conflict and bring some sort of solution, a three-point agreement was concluded, to be known as [[Shillong Accord of 1975|Shillong Accord]] - to surrender the arms [deposit at places to be settled later], accept the supremacy of the Constitution of India, and formulate other issues for final agreement. Shillong Accord was finally accepted on 5 December 1975, apparently opening a new political history in Nagaland bringing peace.<ref name="nag"/><ref name="right"/><ref name="R3"/><ref name="ind"/>

Shillong Accord of 1975, however, was bluntly rejected by Isak Swu and Muivah, who were demanding not less than unquestionable sovereignty; thus, [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]](NSCN) was formed by Isak Swu and Muivah to fight for their [[sovereignty]] demand. Longri also took steps to initiate dialogues with NSCN and government. He died on 6 August 1981.<ref name="right"/>

==Awards==
* ''Man of Peace'' from [[Nagaland]] [[government]] on 7 August 1981.<ref name="mexp"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120902211234/http://indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/Ish/article/viewFile/459/529 The American Baptist Christians in North-east India][http://manipuronline.com/edop/opinions-commentary/dawning-of-truth-to-crown-indo-naga-talks-my-rendezvous-with-truth/2002/09/22 Dawning Of Truth To Crown Indo-Naga Talks (My rendezvous with truth)]
* [http://www.nbcc.in/family-nbcc.html Family of The Nagaland Baptist Church Council]
* [https://sites.google.com/site/circleofmercy/Sermons/2010/naga-stories Naga Stories]
* [http://www.nbcc.in/history.html The Early Beginnings of Naga Mission]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ao, Longri}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:People from Mokokchung district]]
[[Category:Indian Christian theologians]]
[[Category:Indian Baptist missionaries]]
[[Category:Baptist missionaries in India]]

PACE PU College

2025-01-14T07:05:42Z

GeorgeGirdleston: reworked structure as per guidelines and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = PACE Pre-University College
| image =
| motto = ''Vidyaya Amrutam Ashnute''
| mottoeng =
| established = 2009
| president = [[Sri K.S.Eshwarappa]]
| principal = prof.B.N.Vishwanathaiah
| city = Shivamogga
| country = India
| students = 1200-1300.approx
| type = [[university|Private]]
| campus = [[rural area|Rural]]
| website = [http://www.pacepuc.com www.pacepuc.com]
[http://www.pacepuc.com www.pacepuc.org]
}}
'''PACE Pre-University College''' (Prajna Academy for Career Excellence) is a pre-university college in [[Shimoga]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]], which was established in 2009.

==External links==
*[http://wikimapia.org/13640852/PACE-Ultra-Modern-P-U-College PACE on Wikimapia]

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Pre-university colleges in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2009]]
[[Category:Education in Shimoga]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Shimoga district]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Karnataka]]

{{Karnataka-university-stub}}

Banupur

2024-11-21T19:25:39Z

GeorgeGirdleston:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Banupur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.567098|N|88.25386|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 9,626
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Sankrail (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sankrail]]
| website = {{URL|howrah.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Banupur''' is a [[census town]] in [[Sankrail (community development block)|Sankrail]] CD Block of [[Howrah Sadar subdivision]] in [[Howrah district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm |title=District-wise list of stautory towns |publisher=Census Commission of India |access-date=2009-01-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163402/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm |archive-date=2011-07-21 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Banupur had a total population of 9,626 of which 5,210 (54%) were males and 4,416 (46%) were females. Population below 6 years was 1,251. The total number of literates in Banupur was 6,401 (76.43% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 11 May 2016}}</ref>

Banupur was part of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration in 2011 census.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | work= Constituents of Urban Agglomeration Having Population Above 1 Lakh |publisher= Census of India 2011 | access-date = 11 May 2016}}</ref>

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Banupur had a population of 11,645. Males constitute 63% of the population and females 37%. Banupur has an average literacy rate of 66%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 69% of the males and 31% of females literate. 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Personality==
The family of the renowned artist [[Nandalal Bose]] belonged to Banupur.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.freeindia.org/biographies/greatpersonalities/nandalalbose/page1.htm | title =Nandalal Bose, Loveliness All Around | publisher =HinduNet.Inc | access-date =2009-01-20 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080719201649/http://www.freeindia.org/biographies/greatpersonalities/nandalalbose/page1.htm | archive-date =19 July 2008 | url-status =dead }}</ref> He used to visit Banupur regularly.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.calcuttaweb.com/people/nandalal.shtml| title= Nandalal Bose| publisher= Calcuttaweb.com| work= Personalities:Art & Painting| access-date= 2009-01-20| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090118101140/http://www.calcuttaweb.com/people/nandalal.shtml| archive-date= 18 January 2009| url-status= dead| df= dmy-all}}</ref>

==Transport==
Satyen Bose Road (Sankrail Station Road) is the artery of the town.

===Bus===
====Private Bus====
* 69 [[Sankrail railway station]] - [[Howrah Station]]

====Mini Bus====
* 24 [[Sankrail railway station]] - [[Howrah Station]]

====Bus Routes Without Numbers====
* [[Sankrail railway station]] - [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] Shapoorji Housing Estate
* [[Sarenga]] (Kolatala More) - [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] Unitech

===Train===
[[Sankrail railway station]] on [[Howrah-Kharagpur line]] is the nearest railway station.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Howrah District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Howrah district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]

Raisi railway station

2024-07-29T02:52:18Z

GeorgeGirdleston: created new data nd citations

{{Short description|Railway station in Uttarakhand}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Raisi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Passenger train]] station
| image =
| caption =
| address = Netwala Saidabad, Bhowawali, [[Laksar]], [[Haridwar district]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|29.692832|N|78.066434|E|format=dms}}
| elevation = {{cvt|234|m}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = Northern Railway
| line = [[Moradabad–Ambala line]]
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2
| other =
| accessible =
| parking =
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = RSI
| zone = [[Northern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Moradabad}}
}}
| status = Active
| closed =
| former = [[Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway]]
| opened = 1886
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Northern Railway zone|left=Balawali|right=Laksar Junction|type=[[Moradabad–Ambala line]]}}
| map_locator =
}}
'''Raisi railway station''' is a railway station on [[Moradabad–Ambala line]] under the [[Moradabad railway division]] of [[Northern Railway zone]]. This is situated at Netwala Saidabad, Bhowawali, [[Laksar]] in [[Haridwar district]] of the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raisi Railway Station Map/Atlas NR/Northern Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/raisi-rsi/1640|access-date=2021-06-24|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=TTI|title=RSI / Raisi Railway Station {{!}} Train Arrival / Departure Timings at Raisi|url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/rsi/|access-date=2021-06-24|website=www.totaltraininfo.com|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1886]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Haridwar district]]
[[Category:Moradabad railway division]]

Chapter II of the Indian Penal Code

2024-07-15T15:11:58Z

GeorgeGirdleston: rd

#REDIRECT [[Indian Penal Code]]

List of Marthandavarma (novel) Characters

2023-08-22T21:38:07Z

GeorgeGirdleston: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[List of Marthandavarma characters]]