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List of Saint Seiya characters

2026-05-23T13:21:08Z

GenevaHarcus: started a details

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{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''Saint Seiya'' characters}}
{{No significant coverage|date=July 2024}}
This article comprises a '''list of characters''' that play a role in '''''Saint Seiya''''' (also known as '''''Knights of the Zodiac''''') and its canonical sequel, '''''Saint Seiya: Next Dimension''''', two manga series created, written and illustrated by [[Masami Kurumada]].

The plot of ''[[Saint Seiya]]'' begins in 1986,<ref>''Saint Seiya'' vol. 1 Chapter 4</ref> spanning until 1990,<ref name="ndprologue">{{cite book|title=Saint Seiya Next Dimension|volume=1|year=2009|last=Kurumada|first=Masami|publisher=Akita Shoten|chapter=Prologue|isbn=9784253132718}}</ref> and follows a group of five mystical warriors called Bronze Saints as they battle in the name of the goddess Athena against agents of evil who seek to rule the Earth. Their main enemy in the first arc of the story is the traitorous Gemini Gold Saint Saga, who has murdered the representative of Athena and taken his place as leader of the Saints. In the second arc, the Bronze Saints are confronted with the God of the Seas, Poseidon, who kidnaps the mortal reincarnation of Athena and threatens to flood the world with incessant rain to cleanse it of the evils of mankind. Their final enemy, who appears in the third and final arc of the series, is the God of the Underworld, Hades, whom Athena has fought since the age of myth.

''[[Saint Seiya: Next Dimension]]'' acts both as a prequel and an
official sequel to the first series. It details the aftermath of the war against Hades and starts with Athena seeking help from the Gods of Olympus and from Chronos to save Pegasus Seiya from Hades' sword curse by travelling back to the 18th century. The two main antagonists are the troops of the Goddess of the Moon, Artemis, in the 20th century storyline, and the incarnation of Hades in the 18th century.

==Protagonists==

===Pegasus Seiya===
{{main|Pegasus Seiya}}
;{{voiced by|[[Tōru Furuya]]|Tim Hamaguchi (DiC), [[Bryson Baugus]] (Netflix)}}
{{nihongo|Pegasus Seiya|{{ruby-ja|天馬星座|ぺガサス}}の星矢|Pegasasu no Seiya}} is the Bronze Saint of [[Pegasus (constellation)|Pegasus]] in the 20th century, the titular character and main protagonist of the ''Saint Seiya'' franchise. An orphaned child later revealed to be one of Mitsumasa Kido's sons, he was separated from his older sister Seika and sent to Greece to become a Saint, a soldier of the goddess Athena. Initially motivated by the desire to rejoin his sister, he eventually discovers he has protected Athena for millennia, his soul returning every time she reincarnates to assist her in the battles against the evil agents that threaten the Earth. As a warrior of immense might, Seiya achieves victory in impossible battles, occasionally donning the Sagittarius Gold Cloth before particularly challenging opponents. He defeats the gods Poseidon and Hades, although the latter Seiya is cursed by Hades's sword at the end of the series to stop his cycle of rebirth. He is left in a comatose state which Athena seeks to revert Hades's curse in the canonical sequel ''Next Dimension''. Seiya is proclaimed as the future Gold Saint of the Sagittarius successor to Sagittarius Aiolos.<ref>Saint Seiya Next Dimension vol. 11 cap. 80</ref>

===Dragon Shiryu===
{{Main|Dragon Shiryu}}
;{{voiced by|[[Hirotaka Suzuoki]]|Dan Warry-Smith (DiC), [[Blake Shepard]] (Netflix)}}
{{nihongo|Dragon Shiryu|{{ruby-ja|龍星座|ドラゴン}}の紫龍|Doragon no Shiryū}} is the Bronze Saint protected by the [[Draco (constellation)|constellation of Draco the Dragon]], considered the calmest and most collected of the protagonists. As one of Mitsumada Kido's sons, he was sent at an early age to the Five Old Peaks of [[Mount Lu|Rozan]] to train under the Libra Gold Saint and acquire the Dragon Cloth. This Cloth is known for possessing the strongest fist and shield. After he returns to Japan, Shiryu becomes involved in the battles to recover the Gold Cloth from Ikki and the Black Saints, and eventually discovers that Saori Kido is the goddess Athena whom he swore to protect. In the ensuing battle against the Silver Saint Perseus Algol, Shiryu is forced to blind himself to achieve victory. He recovers his sight upon awakening his seventh sense during the fight against Cancer Deathmask, but later loses it a second time while facing Poseidon's General Chrysaor Krishna. More than once, he dons the Libra Gold Cloth when confronting a particularly powerful opponent. In the ''Next Dimension'' official sequel of the manga of Saint Seiya, Shiryu and Chunli have adopted a baby whom they named Shoryu. Then, he goes back in time with Hyoga, to the time of the previous Holy War against Hades in the eighteenth century, in order to help Saori / Athena save Seiya's life, who is cursed by the sword of the god of the underworld. Shiryu is proclaimed as the future Gold Saint of Libra successor to Libra Dohko, from the Gold Saint of the eighteenth century Libra Dohko (Young)<ref>Saint Seiya Next Dimension vol.7 cap.52</ref>

===Cygnus Hyoga===
{{main|Cygnus Hyoga}}
;{{voiced by|[[Kōichi Hashimoto]]|[[Stuart Stone]] (DiC), Patrick Poole (Netflix)}}
{{nihongo|Cygnus Hyoga|{{ruby-ja|白鳥星座|キグナス}}の氷河|Kigunasu no Hyōga}}, also known as Swan Hyoga in several international adaptations, is the Bronze Saint of [[Cygnus (constellation)|Cygnus]]. He was born in the fictional village of Kohoutek, in eastern [[Siberia]], which, at the time when Kurumada wrote and drew his manga, was in the [[Soviet Union]]. His mastery over his Cosmo grants him the ability to create ice and snow at temperatures as low as [[absolute zero]] by stopping subatomic particles. Hyoga is often portrayed wearing a cross and [[rosary]] of the Northern Cross, another name for the Cygnus constellation. Calm by nature, he displays a seemingly emotionless exterior, but a more tender side of his character emerges on occasions, such as when he expresses his gratitude to Andromeda Shun for having saved his life and his undying devotion to his mentor Aquarius Camus. He first appears in the series as he receives an order from Sanctuary to eliminate his fellow Bronze Saints, but he quickly abandons this mission when he discovers the truth about Saori Kido's identity and joins her in the battles against her enemies. While in Poseidon's Undersea Temple, he reencounters Kraken Isaac, a fellow apprentice of Camus. To repay an old debt to the Mariner, Hyoga sacrifices one of his eyes. He occasionally dons the Aquarius Gold Cloth. In the anime adaptation, he was given a different master: an original character referred to as the Crystal Saint, who was, in turn, Aquarius Camus's apprentice. In Japan, Hyoga is a popular character, ranking second in the main character polls of the Bronze Saints.<ref>''Saint Seiya'' Volume 3, Argentinian Edition, Japanese characters poll</ref> In the '' Next Dimension'' official sequel of the manga of Saint Seiya, Hyoga goes back in time with Shiryu, to the time of the previous Holy War against Hades in the eighteenth century, in order to help Saori / Athena save Seiya's life, who is cursed by the sword of the god of the underworld. Hyoga is proclaimed as the future Gold Saint of Aquarius successor to Aquarius Camus, from the Gold Saint of the eighteenth century Aquarius Mystoria<ref>Saint Seiya Next Dimension vol. 10 cap. 73</ref>

===Andromeda Shun===
{{Main|Andromeda Shun}}
;{{voiced by|[[Ryō Horikawa]]|[[Andrew Sabiston]] (DiC), Blake Jackson (Netflix)}}
{{nihongo|Andromeda Shun|{{ruby-ja|アンドロメダ星座|アンドロメダ}}の瞬|Andoromeda no Shun}} is the Bronze Saint of [[Andromeda (constellation)|Andromeda]] and Phoenix Ikki's younger brother, although he shares the same father as the rest of the main Bronze Saints. He trained at Andromeda Island under the Silver Saint Cepheus Daidalos and returned to Japan after earning his Cloth, hoping to be reunited with Ikki. He helps Athena reclaim Sanctuary and later becomes involved in the battles against Poseidon and his Generals. In the final arc, it is revealed that the necklace he has carried since he was a baby was given to him by Pandora, to mark his body as Hades's future container. Ikki manages to free him after the god takes hold of his body and both follow Athena to Elysion, where Shun briefly dons the Virgo Gold Cloth and helps to finally defeat Hades. In ''Next Dimension''(canonical sequel and prequel), Shun accompanies Athena to the 18th century, to save Seiya from the curse of Hades's sword. There, he joins forces with the former Pegasus Saint, Tenma, to save the helpless goddess from Hades's Specters.
Shun is proclaimed as the future Gold Saint of Virgo successor to Virgo Shaka.<ref>Saint Seiya Next Dimension vol.7 cap. 50</ref>
In the anime adaptation, his master's name was changed to Albiore.

===Phoenix Ikki===
;{{voiced by|[[Hideyuki Hori]]|[[Scott McCord]] (DiC), [[Adam Gibbs]] (Netflix)}}
{{nihongo|Phoenix Ikki|{{ruby-ja|鳳凰星座|フェニクス}}の一輝|Fenikkusu no Ikki}} is the Bronze Saint of the [[Phoenix (constellation)|Phoenix constellation]] and Shun's older brother. He trained at the hellish Death Queen Island under Guilty, which turned him into a loner, cold and harsh. Ikki first appears as an main antagonist of the Black Saints arc, as the leader of the Black Saints who is set on taking the Sagittarius Gold Cloth for himself and destroying the other Bronze Saints for revenge against the Graude Foundation. He later overcomes his hate and becomes an ally to Athena and the Bronze Saints, often arriving at critical moments to save them from certain death. Born under the sign of Leo, Ikki dons the Leo Gold Cloth once, during the fight against the twin gods Hypnos and Thanatos in Elysion. In ''[[Saint Seiya: Next Dimension]]'', the ongoing canonical sequel and prequel to ''[[Saint Seiya]]'' authored by Kurumada that deals with the aftermath of the war against Hades, after Athena visits Mount Olympus to meet her sister Artemis and ask for her help to cure Seiya from the curse Hades inflicted on him, Andromeda Shun is attacked by Artemis's soldiers, the Satellites, and their commander Lascoumoune. Shun manages to defeat the Satellites, but not Lascoumoune, who nearly takes his life. Ikki then intervenes to protect his brother and defeats the commander of the Satellites. Afterwards, he follows Athena and Shun into the past, to the war against Hades that took place in the eighteenth century. Ikki is proclaimed as the future Gold Saint of the Leo successor to Leo Aiolia, from the Gold Saint of the eighteenth century Leo Kaiser<ref>Saint Seiya Next Dimension volume. 10 cap.70</ref>

===Saori Kido / Athena===
;{{voiced by|[[Keiko Han]]|Stacey DePass (DiC), [[Emily Neves]] (Netflix)}}
{{nihongo|Saori Kido|城戸紗織|Kido Saori}}, also known as Princess '''Sienna Kido''' in some English versions of the series, is the reincarnation of the Greek Goddess of War, Wisdom, Justice and Heroic Endeavor, and ever [[Athena|Greek Empress]] and [[Athena|Greek and Olympian Princess]], '''{{nihongo|Athena|{{ruby-ja|女神|アテナ}}|Atena}}''', in the 20th century. Based on the [[Athena|Greek goddess]] of the same name, she is the daughter of Zeus and younger sister of Artemis and Apollo. She usually carries a golden staff representing [[Nike (mythology)|Nike]], the Goddess of Victory, and a shield which can eliminate all evil and owns a powerful Divine Cloth.<ref name="22-80">{{cite book|title=Saint Seiya|volume=22|year=1990|chapter=Chapter 80|last=Kurumada|first=Masami|publisher=Shueisha|isbn=4-08-851539-0}}</ref> She is reborn approximately every 250 years to protect the Earth from evil with the help of her loyal Saints. While still a baby, Gemini Saga in his evil side attempts to kill her, but Sagittarius Aiolos saves her life and delivers her to Mitsumasa Kido, who raises her in secret in Japan. Thirteen years later, after Mitsumasa's death, Saori gathers the Bronze Saints that the Graude Foundation trained and battles to reclaim Sanctuary from Saga's control. During the Poseidon arc, she offers to be locked inside the main pillar in Poseidon's Undersea Temple while it fills with water that would have otherwise flooded the Earth. After her Saints save her, she reseals Poseidon's soul. In the Hades arc, she infiltrates the Underworld and follows his real enemy Hades to Elysion, where she also kills the evil god. In ''Next Dimension'', hoping to save Pegasus Seiya's life from the curse cast on him by Hades's sword, Saori travels to Olympus to ask for Chronos's help. The God of Time sends her back to the 18th century war against Hades, as per her request, but she appears in the past as a helpless baby at the mercy of her enemies.

In the latest chapters of ''Next Dimension'', author Kurumada introduces {{nihongo|Sasha|サーシャ|Sāsha}}, Athena's previous incarnation, who descended to Earth once again during the 18th century.

=== Sasha / Athena ===
;{{voiced by|[[Aya Hirano]]}}
Athena's reincarnation in the 18th century, an orphaned young girl living in the european city of Firanzo, Alone's childhood friend and Tenma's childhood crush. Sanctuary awaited for her advent, as victory can't be achieved in a War of the gods without the reincarnation of Athena. After the arrival of Athena Saori Kido in the 18th century, Sasha fell into a deep sleep due to the great space time distortion caused by Saori's travel back in time; and she has since been nicknamed " The Sleeping Princess". She is marked for assassination by Pandora who sends Hades' Specters to fulfill that objective, among them the powerful Papillon Giuletta. Sasha's life is protected by Pegasus Tenma who, after a fierce fight, defeats her and then faces the challenge of the mighty Wyvern Chagall. Sasha is later instrumental in the destroying of Hades' sword curse on Seiya in 1990 and joining Athena Saori Kido in sending the Bronze Saints back to their era.<ref>Saint Seiya Next Dimension volumes 14</ref>

===Pegasus Tenma===
;{{voiced by|[[Tetsuya Kakihara]]}}
Trained to be the Pegasus Saint by Crateris Suikyō, {{nihongo|Pegasus Tenma|{{ruby-ja|天馬星座|ペガサス}}の天馬|Pegasasu no Tenma}} is Pegasus Seiya's incarnation in the 18th century, Alone's best friend and Sasha's childhood crush. After he and Alone escape from Libra Dohko and Aries Shion, Tenma realizes that his friend has become Hades.<ref name="nd4">{{cite book|title=Saint Seiya Next Dimension|volume=1|year=2009|last=Kurumada|first=Masami|publisher=Akita Shoten|chapter=Chapter 4|isbn=9784253132718}}</ref> He vows to protect Alone, but, when he tries to make him remember who he is, Pandora and some Skeleton soldiers intervene and Tenma has to be saved by Dohko and Shion.<ref name="nd8">{{cite book|title=Saint Seiya Next Dimension|volume=1|year=2009|last=Kurumada|first=Masami|publisher=Akita Shoten|chapter=Chapter 8|isbn=9784253132718}}</ref> The trio is then beset by Griffon Vermeer<ref name="nd9">{{cite book|title=Saint Seiya Next Dimension|volume=1|year=2009|last=Kurumada|first=Masami|publisher=Akita Shoten|chapter=Chapter 9|isbn=9784253132718}}</ref> and Suikyō, who reveals himself as the Garuda Specter.<ref name="nd10">{{cite book|title=Saint Seiya Next Dimension|volume=1|year=2009|last=Kurumada|first=Masami|publisher=Akita Shoten|chapter=Chapter 10|isbn=9784253132718}}</ref> The Saints manage to escape after Pandora summons the Specters and drink water from the Crateris Cloth to revitalize themselves. There, Tenma sees his future incernation: Seiya in a wheelchair.<ref name="nd12">{{cite book|title=Saint Seiya Next Dimension|volume=1|year=2009|last=Kurumada|first=Masami|publisher=Akita Shoten|chapter=Chapter 12|isbn=9784253132718}}</ref> Returning to Sanctuary with Dohko and Shion, Tenma later encounters Andromeda Shun and the two begin to climb the Twelve Temples, joining forces to protect the infant time-traveling Athena.

An alternate version of Tenma makes an appearance in the spin-off ''[[Saint Seiya: The Lost Canvas]]'', where his name is spelled only in [[katakana]].

===Other Saints {{anchor|Silver Saints|Gold Saints|Other Bronze Saints}}===
Athena's army is composed of warriors known as Saints, who for millennia have battled to protect the goddess and the ideals she stands for. They inhabit the Sanctuary and possess superhuman powers thanks to their Cosmo, the energy of the Big Bang that dwells inside every being. They are divided into three hierarchical ranks – Bronze, Silver and Gold – and wear armors that are linked to the constellations named Cloths. Although all Saints have sworn allegiance to the goddess, Kurumada first presented most of them in an antagonistic role.

==Antagonists==
The ''Saint Seiya'' series features a variety of powerful antagonists. The Black Saints, Blue Warriors, and Poseidon's Mariners are key enemies from the Marine Realm, each serving under the influence of malevolent gods like Poseidon. The Underworld Realm brings forth the Specters, dark warriors loyal to Hades, while the Heavenly Realm is home to the ruthless Angels. The Lunar Realm, along with the Satellites, presents its own formidable threats, as does the Sun Realm, which harbors its own set of powerful adversaries. These diverse forces challenge the Saints as they battle across different mythological planes.

The first characters to appear in an antagonistic role are the Black Saints, servants of Phoenix Ikki on his quest to kill all the Bronze Saints. The second were most of the Silver and Gold Saints, deceived by the dark personality of the Gemini Gold Saint Saga. The short story dedicated to Hyōga that followed the Sanctuary arc of the manga introduced the Blue Warriors from the icy lands of Bluegrad. Afterwards, most antagonists were various deities from Greek mythology: Poseidon and Hades, in the original ''Saint Seiya'', and the Olympians of the Heavenly Realm, in ''Saint Seiya: Next Dimension''. The anime adaptation of the manga introduced several other antagonists, such as the Ghost Saints and Odin's God Warriors.

==Support characters==
;{{nihongo|Alone|アローン|Arōn}}
:Hades' chosen vessel in the 18th century, with the purest soul on earth. Prior to the Holy war, he was best friends with Pegasus Tenma since childhood. He first met Tenma during a snowstorm one night, in an abandoned shack where they both sought refuge. Tenma deceived Alone at first so that he could steal his belongings, but was stopped by Suikyō. As Suikyō was going to kill Tenma for theft, Alone lied and said he had given his bag to Tenma. Suikyō was eventually convinced and told Tenma he was now in debt to Alone and should therefore guard Alone for the rest of his life. At the start of the war, he could feel that darkness was headed his way, and that it came after him. He and Tenma escaped from Libra Dohko and Aries Shion, and ended up outside a small mausoleum. As Tenma went back to retrieve his Cloth, a voice called for Alone inside the mausoleum. As he entered, he found Hades' Sword stuck in the ground. It was then that Pandora showed herself and convinced Alone of grabbing the hilt of the sword. Alone started plunging into darkness and ignored Tenma as he strode towards Hades' Castle.<ref name="nd4"/><ref name="nd8"/><ref name="Chapter 2">Shōnen Champion #38 2006</ref><ref name="Chapter 3">Shōnen Champion #43 2006</ref><ref name="Chapter 5">Shōnen Champion #50 2006</ref><ref name="Chapter 6">Shōnen Champion #51 2006</ref><ref name="Chapter 7">Shōnen Champion #4+5 2007</ref><ref name="Chapter 11">Shōnen Champion #1 2008</ref>
;{{nihongo|[[Addendum|Appendix]] Kiki|アッペンデックスの貴鬼|Appendekkusu no Kiki}}
:{{voiced by|[[Hiroko Emori]]|Karen Hatch}}
:Apprentice under Aries Mu. Also known as Appendix Kiki. Like his master and grandmaster, Kiki also bears the ornaments on his forehead and is the youngest of the people of the continent of Mu. He never fights, but can use powerful telekinesis against normal humans, as well as teleport himself, and can tell when the cloths are damaged. In the Poseidon arc, he was given the duty of bringing the Libra Cloth to all the Bronze Saints, fulfilling it valiantly even at the risk of his life.
;{{nihongo|Cassios|カシオス|Kashiosu}}
:{{voiced by|[[Banjo Ginga]]|Matt Culpepper}}
:Formerly a Saint apprentice under [[Ophiuchus]] Shaina. During the final fight for the Pegasus Cloth and the status of Saint, Seiya cut off one of his ears, and he hated Seiya for it ever since. Cassios had great respect and affection toward Shaina; however, he realizes that Shaina had affection toward Seiya. Motivated by this, he takes Seiya's place and dies during the fight with [[Leo Aiolia]] in order to wake the Leo Gold Saint from the control of Saga's Dellusional Demon's Emperor Fist. In the anime adaptation, he was also the younger brother of Docrates, an anime-only character.
;{{nihongo|Esmeralda|エスメラルダ|Esumeraruda}}
:{{voiced by|[[Chisato Nakajima]]}}
:She was sold as a work slave to an abusive local farmer for only three bags of grain. When Ikki first encountered her, he mistook her for Shun, because she and Shun shared the same facial features with the only differences being hair color and gender. She was killed by Guilty, Ikki's master, in order to provoke Ikki into drawing power from hatred. In the anime adaptation her background is the same, with the addition of being Guilty's daughter.
;{{nihongo|[[Eurydice]]|ユリディース|Yuridīsu}}
:{{voiced by|[[Yuko Nagashima]]}}
:Lyra Orphée's lover, she enjoyed great happiness at the Saint's side on Earth, until the day of her untimely death because of a snake bite. Crushed by her demise, Orphée descended to the Underworld to bargain for her soul with Hades. Touched by the Saint's pleas and melody, she was allowed to return to Earth by the deity, only to be thwarted by Sphinx Pharaoh. She thus was condemned to remain bound to the Underworld half-turned into stone, and later helped Seiya and Shun to unearth Orphée's seemingly forgotten loyalty to Athena.
;{{nihongo|Guilty|謎の{{ruby-ja|聖闘士|セイント}} ギルティー|Nazo no Seinto Girutī}}
:{{voiced by|[[Hidekatsu Shibata]]}}
:Master of Phoenix Ikki during his stance on Death Queen Island. Harsh and heartless, and concealing his features behind a fearsome mask, Guilty employed brutal methods in Ikki's training, to force him to become a being of pure hate, to be able to wield the power of the Phoenix Bronze Cloth. Guilty was responsible for Esmeralda's death, and died at the hands of Ikki, as his final trial to become a Saint, not before revealing to Ikki the secret of his birth. Also known as the mysterious Saint, Masami Kurumada never revealed Guilty's destined constellation.
;{{nihongo|Hell's Watchdog [[Cerberus]]|地獄の番犬ケルベロス|Jigoku no Banken Keruberosu}}
:The enormous, three-headed demonic watchdog guarding the entrance to the Underworld. Savage, grotesque in appearance and emitting a foul stench, it relentlessly devoured souls that belonged to greedy people in life. Sphinx Pharaoh was in charge of taking care of the creature, and it was defeated temporarily by Pegasus Seiya and Andromeda Shun.
;{{nihongo|Miho|美穂}}
:{{voiced by|[[Naoko Watanabe (voice actress)|Naoko Watanabe]]|[[Sasha Paysinger]]}}
: Seiya's fellow orphan and childhood friend, she works at the orphanage where she and Seiya, along with his sister Seika lived before Seiya was taken away. Miho is in love with Seiya to some degree, and in a sense represents the point of view of the normal people who are mere witnesses to the struggles among the gods.
;{{nihongo|Mitsumasa Kido|城戸光政|Kido Mitsumasa}}
:{{voiced by|[[Kōhei Miyauchi]]|Marty Fleck}}
:Foster-grandfather of Saori who adopted her and took her to Japan after finding a dying Sagittarius Gold Saint Aiolos in Sanctuary. In the manga, it was revealed that he was actually the birth father of all the orphans he sent around the world to be trained as Saints. In the anime, he merely took the children from various orphanages, and sent them for their training. Just before he died, he told Saori all the truth regarding the encounter with Aiolos in Sanctuary and her divine origins and purpose of her birth in this era. He is known as '''Lord Nobu''' in some English versions.
;{{nihongo|Natasha|ナターシャ|Natāsha}}
:{{voiced by|Akiko Tsuboi}}
:One of Mitsumasa Kido's women in the manga and late mother of Cygnus Hyōga. After dying in a shipwreck, her remains were preserved intact by the gelid waters of the Siberian seas. She's also alternatively known, both in the manga and anime adaptation, as {{nihongo|'''Hyōga's Mama'''|氷河の母親|Hyōga no Māma}}. Kurumada later introduced a character of the same name in the short story arc dedicated to Hyōga in the thirteenth volume of the manga, sister to Alexei, leader of the Blue Warriors.
;{{nihongo|Pegasus|ペガサス|Pegasasu}}
:Tenma's loyal horse and steed. He saved Shion's, Dohko's, and Tenma's lives, by protecting them from the Skeleton soldiers.
;{{nihongo|Seika|星華}}
:{{voiced by|[[Yuriko Yamamoto]], [[Satsuki Yukino]] (OVA)}}
:Seiya's older sister, whom he lost contact with when he was sent to Greece to be trained as a Saint. After Seiya was taken away, she wandered the world looking for him. It was long implied that Marin, Seiya's mentor, could be Seika, and some characters, including Seiya, thought it was possibly true. Marin and Seika even shared the same physical characteristics: same age, same birthdate, same height, same birthplace. Also, Marin has a brother she lost and was looking for. Seika resurfaced as a separate character in the Hades chapter, completely amnesiac, after having followed Seiya all the way to Greece alone. It was Seika's voice that, more than any other, urged Seiya on in his fight against Thanatos after regain his memories by Seiya's voice. It is then revealed in the final arc of Kurumada's manga that Seika and Marin are not the same person.
;{{nihongo|Shōryū|翔龍}}
:A new character introduced by Kurumada in ''Next Dimension'', an orphaned baby, found in the Five Old Peaks fairylands of Lushan, by Shunrei. He is very fond of Shiryū.
;{{nihongo|Shunrei|春麗|Shunrei, [[Pinyin]]: Chun Li}}
:{{voiced by|[[Yumiko Shibata]], [[Eriko Sato (actress)|Eriko Sato]] (OVA)|Ai Bandō (''Elysion'' OVA), Kimberly Prause}}
:Shunrei was an abandoned orphan found by Libra Dohko in [[Mount Lu|Rozan]], China. She cares deeply for Shiryū, and her prayers for Shiryū's safety in battle often help him through his darkest hours, particularly against Cancer Deathmask. She always carries Shiryū in her heart and her thoughts, and he reciprocates her feelings, with both being a strong presence in each other's lives.
;{{nihongo|Suishō|水清}}
:Garuda Suikyō's younger brother. The Specter is forced to reminisce about him after suffering the effects of Phoenix Ikki's Phoenix Demonic Illusion Attack. Suishō was afflicted by a terminal disease, thus Hades offered Suikyō to save his brother's life in exchange of loyalty to him. Suishō died shortly after the deity's offering. Suishō's background remains to be revealed in further detail by Kurumada.
;{{nihongo|The Pope of the 18th century|前聖戦の教皇|Zenseisen no Kyōkō}}
:The Pope ruling Sanctuary in the 18th century, a survivor of the Holy War against Hades in the 15th century. He grants Shion and Dohko the rank of Gold Saints and the right to don the Aries and Libra Gold Cloths. He also foresees Hades' return to Earth and prepares Sanctuary to face such event. A false Pope, who swore allegiance to Hades also plays a role in the storyline, whether he and the legitimate Pope are the same person, still remains to be revealed by Kurumada.
;{{nihongo|Tokumaru Tatsumi|辰巳徳丸|Tatsumi Tokumaru}}
:{{voiced by|[[Yukitoshi Hori]], Ron Howald}}
:Saori's butler, bodyguard and right-hand man. Trusted man of Mitsumasa Kido and a black belt, third [[Dan (rank)|dan]] in [[Kendō]]. He was in charge of overseeing the orphans who were to be sent out all over the world to train and become Bronze Saints, and due to his extreme severity and at times downright abusive behavior, most of them were resentful towards him. He always tried to be strong and protect Saori, but even the Sanctuary soldiers can defeat him. (Not without struggle, however, as he offered considerable resistance for an outnumbered man). He starts as a rather daunting and abusive retainer for the future Saints, but he is in truth a man who is honor-bound to protect Saori, and ultimately is the series' [[comic relief]].
;{{nihongo|Yakov|ヤコフ|Yakofu}}
:{{voiced by|[[Tomiko Suzuki]]}}
:A young boy from Kohoutek village, in Eastern Siberia, neighbor and good friend of Cygnus Hyōga. He watches over Natasha's eternal sleep when Hyōga is absent due to his responsibilities as a Saint. He helps Hyōga in various domestic tasks and also assisted the Saint in his escape from the Blue Warriors' imprisonment.

===Other deities===
;{{nihongo|[[Ares]]|アレス|Aresu}}
:Briefly mentioned in the first chapter of Kurumada's manga, the fierce and bloodthirsty god of war, who battled Athena and her Saints millennia ago, in the ages of myth.
;{{nihongo|[[Cronus|Kronos]]|クロノス|Kuronosu}} and {{nihongo|Rhea|レア|Rea}}
:Briefly mentioned by Libra Dohko in vol.27 of Kurumada's manga, the mighty Titans, whose union gave birth to Hades, Poseidon and Zeus in the ages of myth.
;{{nihongo|[[Cupid]]|キューピッド|Kyūpiddo}}
:Mentioned by Thanatos in vol. 27 of Kurumada's manga, attributing the nymphs' agitation caused by Pegasus Seiya, to his usual mischief.
;{{nihongo|[[Giants (Greek mythology)|Giants]]|ギガース|Gigāsu}}
:Mentioned briefly in the first chapter of the manga; the ancient race of giants, who battled Athena and her army in the ages of myth in a conflict that became known as the [[Gigantomachia]] in Greek myths.
;{{nihongo|[[Chronos]], the God of Time|時の神・クロノス|Toki no Kami Kuronosu}}
:The god who rules time. Said to be shapeless and hidden within the universe, and far more powerful than the rest of deities. Athena meets with him in the gate to time-space. Chronos helps Athena to return to the era of the previous Holy War in order to remove Hades' curse from Seiya, turning her into a baby.
;{{nihongo|Goddess of Victory [[Nike (mythology)|Nike]]|勝利の女神・ニケ|Shōri no Megami Nike}}
:The Greek Goddess of victory, who is always at Athena's side, manifested in the form of her golden staff, leading her and the Saints to triumph. Her true form is visible in the giant ''Athena Parthenos'' statue in Sanctuary.
;{{nihongo|Heavenly Emperor [[Zeus]]|天帝・ゼウス|Tentei Zeusu|}}
:Father of Apollo, Artemis and Athena, the Supreme God of the Olympus and God of the Heavens. His participation is to date, reduced to only mentions by other characters and in background narrative. During Athena's trial, Apollon, the God of the Sun explains he is forced to stop her transgressions to protect her and Earth from their father Zeus' all-consuming wrath.
;{{nihongo|[[Apollo]], the God of the Sun|太陽神・アポロン|Taiyōshin Aporon}}
:He is first mentioned in passing when Athena visits her older sister Artemis, the Goddess of the Moon, and is said to merely watch over the time of the day. He is finally revealed by author Kurumada in the final installments of ''Next Dimension'', as the God of the Sun, older brother of Artemis and Athena and son of Zeus; who has descended to pass judgment on his younger sister and her Bronze Saints, for their transgressions and constant defiance of the gods. Even though Apollo at first shows hostility towards Athena and her Bronze Saints, he does it out of concern for his younger sister and to protect Earth from their father Zeus' wrath; as he later shows mercy and spares Athena's and her Bronze Saints' lives removing their memories of their past connection and their time together.
;{{nihongo|[[Buddha (title)|Buddha]]|仏陀|Budda}}
:{{voiced by|[[Tomomichi Nishimura]]}}
:An enlightened being with whom Shaka conversed during his childhood, and taught him the true value of life. Although Kurumada hints at the true identity of this being as [[Siddharta Gautama]], the Supreme Buddha, he doesn't confirm neither he is Buddha Gautama nor if he was who instructed Shaka in the ways of the Saints.
;{{nihongo|The [[Nymph]]s|{{ruby-ja|妖精|ニンフ}}|Ninfu}}
:{{voiced by|[[Yui Kano]]}}
:The minor divine spirits in Elysion, who delight Thanatos with their beautiful voice and music.

===Characters outside the manga and the anime===
{{main|Saint Seiya: The Movie|List of Saint Seiya films}}
Considered canonical within the universe of ''Saint Seiya'', as they were created by Masami Kurumada, these characters were not introduced in his manga, but instead in the first ''Saint Seiya'' film. They were also featured in the [[Musical theatre|musical]] ''Saint Seiya: Super Musical'' of 2011, which is based on the same film.<ref name="musical2011">http://www.musical-seiya.com Official site of the 2011 Saint Seiya musical</ref> They are five former Silver Saints, collectively known as the Ghost Saints: '''Southern Cross Khristós''' (voiced by [[Ryūsei Nakao]] in the film and played by Yūki Fujiwara in the musical); '''Sagitta Maya''', predecessor of Sagitta Ptolemy (voiced by [[Michitaka Kobayashi]] and played by Yūki Matsuoka); '''Scutum Jan''' (voiced by [[Keiichi Nanba]] and played by Takeshi Hayashino); '''Lyra Orpheus''', predecessor of Lyra Orphée (voiced by [[Yūji Mitsuya]] and played by [[Yasuka Saitoh]]); and '''Orion Jäger''' (voiced by [[Yū Mizushima]] and played by Yutaka Matsuzaki).

Kurumada contributed to designing the looks of the God Warriors of Odin in 1988's ''[[Saint Seiya: The Heated Battle of the Gods]]'', but had virtually no involvement in the conceptual development and design of Abel and his three Corona Saints in 1988's ''[[Saint Seiya: Legend of Crimson Youth]]'' or of Lucifer and the Fallen Angels in ''[[List of Saint Seiya films#Warriors of the Final Holy Battle (1989)|Saint Seiya: Warriors of the Final Holy Battle]]''. On the other hand, the 2004 film ''[[Saint Seiya Heaven Chapter: Overture]]'' was based on an original story by Kurumada. Since the discontinuation of the project, however, the characters and events of that film have since been replaced in the canonical continuity of the series by those found in ''Next Dimension''.

==Anime-only characters==
The anime adaptation of ''Saint Seiya'' features several original characters. Author Masami Kurumada was not involved in their creation process. Although these characters had a participation in the storyline to some extent, virtually all of them were later [[retcon]]ned from the continuity of the anime itself to keep it closer to the manga. They range from support to antagonistic characters.

This article comprises a '''list of characters''' that do not exist in [[Masami Kurumada]]'s '''''[[Saint Seiya]]''''' [[manga]] and are found only in its [[anime]] adaptation, therefore they remain out of the canon of the fictional universe. ''Saint Seiya'' author Kurumada was not involved in their creation process, design or conceptualization and although these characters had a participation in the storyline to some extent, they have now been [[retconned]] from the continuity of the anime adaptation to keep it closer to Kurumada's manga. They range from support secondary characters to various ally or antagonistic factions.

===Steel Saints===

;{{nihongo|Steel Saints|{{ruby-ja|鋼鉄聖闘士|スチールセイント}}|Suchīru Seinto}}
:{{Anime voices|[[Shigeru Nakahara]] (Shō), [[Teiyu Ichiryusai|Mie Suzuki]] (Daichi), [[Hōchū Ōtsuka]] (Ushio)|[[Mark X. Laskowski]] (Sho), [[Greg Ayres]] (Daichi), [[Christopher Ayres]] (Ushio)}}
:The Steel Saints' {{nihongo|Steel Cloth|{{ruby-ja|鋼鉄聖衣|スチールクロス}}|Suchīru Kurosu}} armors were created by Dr. Asamori, who was supported at the beginning by Mitsumasa Kido. Unlike the other Saints, the Steel Saints' powers come from their robotic armors and not from their Cosmo. As they are non-existent in Kurumada's manga, they were added to the Silver Saint arc, before the Bronze Saints travel to the Sanctuary in Greece. {{nihongo|Daichi|大地}} dons the {{nihongo|Land Cloth|ランドクロス|Rando Kurosu|[[Vulpecula|Fox]] Cloth}}, which is able to generate earthquakes. {{nihongo|Ushio|潮}} dons the {{nihongo|Marine Cloth|マリンクロス|Marin Kurosu|[[Dorado|Swordfish]] Cloth}} which is able to produce sound waves. {{nihongo|Shō|翔}} possesses the {{nihongo|Sky Cloth|スカイクロス|Sukai Kurosu|[[Tucana|Toucan]] Cloth}}, which has the power of "sky waves", the ability to absorb an enemy's technique blasts and attacks from the air.<ref>''Shūkan Shōnen Jump's Saint Seiya Anime Special - Gold Selection'', pages 101-104, 1988, by Shueisha, (in Japanese)</ref>

===Ghost Saints===

;{{nihongo|Ghost Saints|{{ruby-ja|幽霊聖闘士|ゴーストセイント}}|Gōsuto Seinto}}
:{{Anime voices|[[Kazumi Tanaka]] (Japanese) Eric Opella (English) (Crag), [[Hideyuki Tanaka]] (Japanese) Randy Sparks (English) (Dolphin), [[Masato Hirano (voice actor)|Masato Hirano]] (Japanese) [[Vic Mignogna]] (English) (Sea Serpent), [[Chiyoko Kawashima]] (Japanese) Kaytha Coker (English) (Geist)}}
:The Caribbean Saints or Ghost Saints are a group of rogue bounty hunters hailing from the Island of Hell. They were known as {{nihongo|[[Medusa (biology)|Crag]]|クラッグ聖闘士|Kuraggu Seinto}}, {{nihongo|[[Sea Serpent]]|シーサーペント聖闘士|Shīsāpento Seinto}} and {{nihongo|[[Dolphin]]|ドルフィン聖闘士|Dorufin Seinto}}, and were led by Shaina's protegee, {{nihongo|Geist|ガイスト|Gaisuto}}. They were sent by the Pope to retrieve the Gold Cloth, and none of them succeeded nor survived. Although they are also known collectively by the alternate name of Ghost Saints, they are not to be confused with the quintet of the same name appearing in the first ''Saint Seiya'' theatrical release.<ref name="autogenerated99">''Shūkan Shōnen Jump's Saint Seiya Anime Special - Gold Selection'', pages 99-112, 1988, by Shueisha, (in Japanese)</ref>

===Black Saints===

:{{nihongo|'''Death Queen's Black Three'''|デスクィーン暗黒スリー|Desu Kwīn Ankoku Surī}}
:{{Anime voices|Uncredited}}
:A trio of Black Saints in Death Queen Island, subordinated to Jango, who tried to prevent Ikki from taking the Phoenix Cloth. Their design is inspired by Black Saints drawn by Masami Kurumada in the backgrounds of vol. 5 of his manga, as well as the event they take part in.<ref>''Saint Seiya Anime Special 2'', pages 107, by Shueisha, (in Japanese)</ref><ref>http://mseiya01.iespana.es/Tomo05/03.jpg {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822155338/http://mseiya01.iespana.es/Tomo05/03.jpg |date=2011-08-22 }}, http://animecdz.free.fr/galerie/img/83/SD32.jpg Compare images: the Black Three in the anime adaptation are identical to the unidentified Black Saints appearing in vol.5 of Kurumada's manga</ref>

:{{nihongo|'''Black Phoenix Saint'''|暗黒{{ruby-ja|鳳凰聖闘士|フェニックスセイント}}|Ankoku Fenikkusu Seinto}}
:{{Anime voices|Uncredited}}
:The equivalent to Phoenix Ikki among the Black Saints. Unlike Ikki's four shadows, who were of a seemingly incorporeal nature, the Black Phoenix Saint was flesh and blood, an underling of Django, who, along him and the Black Three tried to kill Phoenix Ikki during his brief return to Death Queen Island, after the defeat of Perseus Algol, Kerberos Dante and Auriga Capella. Black Phoenix fell before Ikki, along his comrades, who suffered the same fate.

===The previous Pope===

The {{nihongo|previous Pope|先代教皇|Sendai Kyōkō}}, the legitimate and benevolent Pope, who awarded Seiya the Pegasus Cloth. He was killed by Gemini Saga to usurp his authority, who hid his corpse in Star Hill, where it remained for over 10 years. Said to be the younger brother of the Pope before him, Aries Shion. Although the events he takes part in are taken directly from Kurumada's manga, this character can't be reconciled with an equivalent in it due to plentiful conflicting storyline aspects, as in Kurumada's work, the Pope killed by Saga was Aries Shion, and the Pope that Seiya knew was Saga himself. As with all the anime-only characters, he was [[retconned]] from the anime continuity with the adaptation of the Hades arc from Kurumada's manga.

===Pope Arles' Minions===
;{{nihongo|Pope Arles|アーレス教皇|Āresu Kyōkō}}
:{{Anime voices|[[Kazuyuki Sogabe]]}}
:The identity given to Gemini Saga in the guise of the false Pope of Sanctuary in the anime adaptation. In Kurumada's manga, Saga as the false Pope goes unidentified by name. Arles was the moving force behind the corruption of Athena's Sanctuary.<ref>''Shūkan Shōnen Jump's Saint Seiya Anime Special – Gold Selection'', pages 40–46, 1988, by Shueisha, (in Japanese)</ref> According to screenwriter of ''Saint Seiya'' anime [[Takao Koyama]] in an interview, Arles name comes from the Greek philosopher [[Aristotle]] (Greek: ''Aristotélēs'', Japanese: アリストテレス ''Arisutoteresu'').<ref name="saint-seiya-next-dimension.jimdo.com">{{Cite web|url=http://saint-seiya-next-dimension.jimdo.com/contenido-propio/entrevistas/takao-koyama/|title = Takao Koyama}}</ref>

;{{nihongo|[[Strategos]] Gigas|ギガース参謀長|Gigāsu Sanbōchō}}
:{{Anime voices|[[Masaharu Satō]]}}
:Chief of Staff of Sanctuary, he oversaw the execution of the Pope's plans for retrieving the Sagittarius Gold Cloth.

;{{nihongo|Officer Phaeton|パエトン参謀|Paeton Sanbō}}
:{{Anime voices|[[Hirohiko Kakegawa]]}}
:Assistant and lieutenant to Gigas. Appointed to oversee the assassination of the Bronze Saints.

===Rankless Saints===

;{{nihongo|Docrates|ドクラテス|Dokuratesu}}
:{{Anime voices|[[Masaharu Satō]]}}
:A gigantic Saint without rank and constellation who is a henchman of the false Pope. Brother of Cassios. His main attack was called {{nihongo|[[Heracles]] Onslaught Fist|ヘラクレス猛襲拳|Herakuresu Mōshū Ken}}. According to screenwriter of Saint Seiya anime, [[Takao Koyama]], in an interview, his name comes from the word {{nihongo|"doku"|毒||lit. "[[poison]]"}}, and based on the name of the classical Greek philosopher {{nihongo|[[Socrates]]|ソクラテス|Sokuratesu}}.<ref name="saint-seiya-next-dimension.jimdo.com"/>

;{{nihongo|Flame Saint|炎熱聖闘士|Ennetsu Seinto}}
:{{Anime voices|[[Ken Yamaguchi]]}}
:An unnamed Saint loyal to Gigas and sent by the Pope to retrieve the Gold Cloth. Killed by Phoenix Ikki. His main attack was called {{nihongo|Fire Screw|ファイヤースクリュー|Faiyā Sukuryū}}.

;{{nihongo|Crystal Saint|{{ruby-ja|水晶聖闘士|クリスタルセイント}}|Kurisutaru Seinto}}
:{{Anime voices|[[Michihiro Ikemizu]]}}
:First introduced as [[Cygnus Hyoga|Cygnus Hyōga]]'s master in the anime (as opposed to the manga, in which [[Aquarius Camus]] was Hyōga's master), and later [[retconned]]. In the anime, Camus was the Crystal Saint's master. His Cloth resembles a snowflake when not being worn. A very honorable and righteous Saint, Crystal Saint was considered a threat by Pope Arles, who forced him into his control with the Maōken technique. After an emotional battle with Hyōga, Crystal Saint took his own life to stop Sanctuary from conquering East Siberia. After his death, he was gradually replaced in the anime adaptation by Camus as Hyōga's grandmaster and any events concerning him were disregarded in the continuity to stay true to Kurumada's manga.<ref>''Shūkan Shōnen Jump's Saint Seiya Anime Special - Gold Selection'', pages 28-31, 1988, by Shueisha, (in Japanese)</ref>

;{{nihongo|Spartan|スパルタン|Suparutan|}}
:{{Anime voices|[[Shigeru Chiba]]}}
:A Saint without rank and constellation and one of Pope Arles's henchmen sent along Perseus Algol and Ophiuchus Shaina to assassinate the Bronze Saints. He failed on his mission.<ref>''Shūkan Shōnen Jump's Saint Seiya Anime Special 2'', pages 127-128, by Shueisha, (in Japanese)</ref> His main technique was called {{nihongo|[[Psychokinesis]]|念力|Nenriki}}.

===Anime-only Silver Saints===

;{{nihongo|[[Cepheus (constellation)|Cepheus]] Albiore|ケフェウス星座のアルビオレ|Kefeusu no Arubiore}}
:{{Anime voices|[[Keiichi Noda]]}}
:The animated equivalent of Cepheus Daidalos from Kurumada's manga. Mentor to Andromeda Shun and Chameleon June. Although his background and personality and the events he takes part in are identical to those depicted in Kurumada's work, (except the fact he battled two Gold Saints, as opposed to the manga, in which he only fought against Pisces Aphrodite) Albiore's physique, Cloth and name differ from those of the original character Daidalos from the manga.<ref>''Saint Seiya Encyclopedia'', pages 64-79 (in Japanese)</ref>

;{{nihongo|[[Tarantula Nebula|Tarantula]] Arachne|{{ruby-ja|八分儀星座|タランチュラ}}のアラクネ|Taranchura no Arakune}}
:{{Anime voices|[[Ken Yamaguchi]]}}
:A Silver Saint without constellation sent by Sanctuary to retrieve the Gold Cloth. Killed by Pegasus Seiya in Jamir. His name is a reference to the Greek myth of [[Arachne]], a maiden who was turned into a spider after she bested the Goddess [[Athena]] in a weaving contest. Note: Actually Tarantula is not a constellation, but a [[nebula]].

;{{nihongo|[[Pavo (constellation)|Pavo]] Shiva|{{ruby-ja|孔雀星座|パーヴォ}}のシヴァ|Pāvo no Shiva}}
:{{Anime voices|[[Shigeru Nakahara]]}}
:A Silver Saint, disciple of Virgo Shaka along with Lotus Aghora. He tried to kill Phoenix Ikki on Canon Island. Like Shaka, Shiva was an adept of Buddhism and relied on [[Shingon]] chants and prayer to paralyze his opponents, while performing his murderous {{nihongo|Thousand Hands Kannon's Attack|千手観音拳|Senju [[Kannon|Shinon]] Ken}}, a lightning-fast multi-hit technique. Although a buddhist himself, Shiva was not a practitioner of his religion's peaceful and merciful doctrine and precepts. Killed by Phoenix Ikki.<ref name="autogenerated125">''Shūkan Shōnen Jump's Saint Seiya Anime Special - Gold Selection'', pages 125-127, 1988, by Shueisha, (in Japanese)</ref> His name is a reference to the Hindu god [[Shiva]], and the peacock is a reference to [[Mahamayuri]].

;{{nihongo|[[Padma (attribute)|Lotus]] Aghora|{{ruby-ja|蓮星座|ロータス}}のアゴラ|Rōtasu no Agora}}
:{{Anime voices|[[Takaya Hashi]]}}
:A Silver Saint, disciple of Virgo Shaka, sent to Canon Island to kill Phoenix Ikki. In the same way as his partner Shiva, Aghora relied on a fighting style based on [[shingon]] chants of the [[Lotus Sutra]], which proved ineffective against the Phoenix Saint, who killed him.<ref name="autogenerated125"/> His name is a reference to the [[Aghori]] ([[Sanskrit]] ''Aghora''), [[ascetic]] [[Shaiva]] [[sadhus]] in [[Hinduism]]. Note: unlike "Pavo" (or the Peacock), which is a constellation, the "[[Sacred lotus in religious art|Lotus]]" is merely a symbol which is frequently used in religions such as [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]].

===Odin's Asgardians===
The Asgardian characters appear in the anime adaptation only.<ref>''Shūkan Shōnen Jump's Saint Seiya Anime Special 3 - Jump Gold Selection'', page 105, 1989, by Shueisha (in Japanese)</ref>

;{{nihongo|[[Odin]]|オーディーン|Ōdīn}}
:{{anime voices|[[Kenji Utsumi]]}}
:The king of Asgard and the Norse god incarnate. His essence is trapped within the seven {{nihongo|Odin Sapphires|オーディーン・サファイア|Ōdīn Safaia}} held within his God Warrior's God Robes. His {{nihongo|Odin Robe|オーディーンローブ|Ōdīn Rōbu}} can only be awakened with the energy from the Sapphires.

;{{nihongo|[[Polaris]] Hilda|ポラリスのヒルダ|Porarisu no Hiruda}}
:{{Anime voices|[[Mitsuko Horie]]}}
:A beautiful and powerful young woman who is Odin's representative on Earth and priestess of Asgard. She is possessed by the {{nihongo|[[Der Ring des Nibelungen|Nibelung Ring]]|ニーベルンゲン・リング|Nīberungen Ringu}} (controlled by Poseidon manipulated by Kanon who is Dragonsea General) after rejecting his influence, and sets her sights on world domination in the name of Odin. Her younger sister Freya contacts Saori and asks her and the Saints for help.
:Saori quickly sets up a strategy: She will take Hilda's place temporarily as the one who prays to avoid the melting of the Polar Ice, while the Bronze Saints fight Hilda's Guardians to reach her. Hilda is finally freed after fighting Seiya, who awakened the Odin God Robe and the legendary sword [[Balmung]] with all Odin Sapphires, and returns to her gentle self. It's also revealed that Poseidon locked her spirit away in the Nibelung Ring as her body was controlled by him, torturing her psychologically since she could only watch her warriors die one by one.
:Her name is a reference to [[Brunhild]], Siegfried's lover, who gave her the magical ring [[Andvaranaut]] taken from the dragon [[Fafnir]] unaware that the ring was cursed.

;{{nihongo|Freya|フレア|Furea}}
:{{Anime voices|[[Maria Kawamura]]}}
:Younger sister of Polaris Hilda. After being the first person (aside from Alberich) who notices the drastic change in her sister, she seeks out Saori and her Saints for help, freeing Hyōga from jail (he had been sent as a scout and then captured) and joining him, therefore she is branded as a traitor. She was deeply saddened for the battle, as she did not want it to come to be between Merak Hägen and Cygnus Hyōga; who was her first friend (and possible love interest) among the Bronze Saints, and Hägen was her bodyguard and best friend since childhood.
:Her name is a reference to goddess [[Freya]].

==== Odin's God Warriors ====
Odin has a cadre of servants known as {{nihongo|God Warriors|{{Ruby-ja|神闘士|ゴッドウォーリアー}}|Goddo Wōriā}}. They wear armors known as {{nihongo|God Robes|{{Ruby-ja|神闘衣|ゴッドローブ}}|Goddo Rōbu}} themed after mythological creatures from [[Norse mythology]] and named after the stars of [[Ursa Major]].

;{{nihongo|[[Alpha Ursae Majoris|Dubhe Alpha]] Siegfried|α星ドゥベのジークフリート|Arufa-sei Dube no Jīkufurīto}}
:{{Anime voices|[[Akira Kamiya]]}}
:He is said to be the strongest warrior among the God Warriors and the second in command after Hilda. He is very loyal to Hilda and seems to harbor deeper feelings for her. In the beginning, he does not believe the Saints when they tell him that Hilda is being controlled by the Niebelungen Ring. However, after Poseidon's Sea General Siren Sorento arrived and told the truth, he switched sides and sacrificed himself to kill Siren Sorento (although Sorento was thought to have died, he actually survived and returns to Poseidon). His armor resembles the dragon [[Fafnir (Norse mythology)|Fafner]]. He is commented to be "invulnerable", in the same way as the Norse legendary hero [[Sigurd|Siegfried]], one of the reasons why he is considered the strongest God Warrior. He shared a common weakness with [[Dragon Shiryū|Shiryū]], namely the exposure of the location of his heart, during an attack. It is a common weakness which all Saints (who bear a [[dragon]] in their cloth) share.

;{{nihongo|[[Beta Ursae Majoris|Merak Beta]] Hägen|β星メラクのハーゲン|Bēta-sei Meraku no Hāgen}}
:{{Anime voices|[[Bin Shimada]]}}
:Since childhood, he lived in the Valhalla Palace training in the cold mountain peaks and volcanic caves in Asgard with the purpose of protecting Hilda and Freya. Jealous of Hyōga's relationship with Freya, Hägen fought against him and tries to kill Freya but was defeated by the freezing blast of the Aurora Execution.
:His God Robe resembles [[Sleipnir]], the eight-legged horse owned by Odin, and his name is a reference to [[Hagen (legend)|Hagen]], the slayer of Siegfried, killing the hero during a hunt, wounding him on the only part of his body which was not invulnerable.

;{{nihongo|[[Gamma Ursae Majoris|Phecda Gamma]] Thor|γ星フェクダのトール|Ganma-sei Fekuda no Tōru}}
:{{Anime voices|[[Yūsaku Yara]]}}
:Thor was a poor Asgard villager who stole riches from the wealthy and gave it to the poor, similar to [[Robin Hood]]. At some point, though, he was severely injured by the Valhalla Palace guardians when he tried to hunt near the Palace. Almost dying, he is forgiven and healed by Odin's priestess Polaris Hilda, despite his harsh words about her reign. Ever since he felt her pure and warm Cosmo, and was moved by Hilda's frustration about not being able to help everyone in Asgard despite being Odin's priestess, Thor swore to protect her as her guardian.
:Despite noticing that Hilda's Cosmo had changed, he fought against Athena's Saints hoping that she would return to being the kind person she once was. He even threw one of his hand axes against Saori, and when she returned it to him with her Cosmo, he praised her strength. Finally, he asked Seiya to rescue Hilda after being defeated.
:His armor resembles [[Jörmungandr]], the [[sea serpent]], who faced the Norse god [[Thor]] at the Battle of [[Ragnarök]].

;{{nihongo|[[Delta Ursae Majoris|Megrez Delta]] Alberich|δ星メグレスのアルベリッヒ|Deruta-sei Meguresu no Aruberihhi}}
:{{Anime voices|[[Shigeru Nakahara]]}}
:Descendant of a renowned family of warriors and scholars in Asgard, Alberich was famous for his intelligence and cunning, as well as for his cold heart; his own fellow warriors didn't trust him, and Hilda herself lectured him often. He was the only witness of Hilda's possession by Poseidon's Nibelung ring; taking advantage of this war, he planned to conquer the world. He defeated many of Athena's Saints (including Eagle Marin), encasing several of them in life-sucking giant amethysts; however, Shiryū, with the help of his master Dohko finally defeated him. He was one of the most shrewd, sly warriors as he could have nature fight for him and used his intelligence to avoid fighting.
:His God Robe resembles [[gemstones]] of the treasure of the [[Nibelungen]] that [[Alberich]] (the chief of the Nibelungen) guards.

;{{nihongo|[[Epsilon Ursae Majoris|Alioth Epsilon]] Fenrir|ε星アリオトのフェンリル|Ippushiron-sei Arioto no Fenriru}}
:{{Anime voices|[[Toshihiko Seki]], [[Naoko Watanabe (voice actress)|Naoko Watanabe]] (as child)}}
:Fenrir was a member of one of the most powerful and richest families in Asgard. One day, when he and his family went hunting, they were attacked by a bear. Helped by wolves and abandoned by humans, he started to live with wolves adopting their life style and deeply hating humans. Later, he was chosen by Hilda as the Epsilon God Warrior. He died fighting against Shiryū when an avalanche fell over him and his wolves.
:His God Robe resembles that of his namesake [[Fenrir]], the wolf child of Loki prophesied to bring about [[Ragnarök]].

;{{nihongo|[[Mizar and Alcor|Mizar Zeta]] Syd|ζ星ミザールのシド|Zēta-sei Mizāru no Shido}}
:{{Anime voices|[[Yū Mizushima]]}}
:He was the first God Warrior to be introduced in the Asgard arc. He was sent to Sanctuary to 'declare' war against Athena. He defeated Taurus Aldebaran with one blow (it was later revealed that a hidden force helped him). Then he went to Japan to kill Athena, he was stopped by Seiya and Shun, and he returned to his country waiting for the Saints to come and fight there. He was defeated by Shun's Nebula Storm in the Valhalla palace. Before his death, it was revealed he always knew about his twin brother, Alcor Zeta Bud, and both he and his parents always regretted having abandoned him, but were unable to do anything in his favor. His God Robe is that of a [[saber-toothed cat]].

;{{nihongo|[[Mizar and Alcor|Alcor Zeta]] Bud|ζ星アルコルのバド|Zēta-sei Arukoru no Bado}}
:{{Anime voices|[[Yū Mizushima]]}}
:Syd and Bud are twins who were born into a very wealthy family in Asgard. Due to local superstitions that twins bring bad luck to the family, Bud's parents were forced to abandon the younger twin, Bud. A poor man raised him as his own child, until one day, during hunting, Bud encountered his twin brother Syd and the parents who abandoned him. Hilda made of him a shadow God Warrior, saying he would replace Syd as the real God Warrior only when Syd died. He held much hatred against his brother Syd for all of this; yet after much convincing from Ikki (Phoenix Genma Ken included), he realized that all his actions (helping Syd to defeat Aldebaran, and later Shun when Syd was losing the battle) was due to the fact that he loved his brother very much, yet could not admit it. He then carried Syd's body into the blizzard, where Bud presumably died, wishing that he and Syd could again be brothers should they reincarnate. His God Robe, like his brother, is also a saber-toothed cat.

;{{nihongo|[[Eta Ursae Majoris|Benetnasch Eta]] Mime|η星ベネトナーシュのミーメ|Ēta-sei Benetonāshu no Mīme}}
:{{Anime voices|[[Yūji Mitsuya]], [[Tomiko Suzuki]] (as child)}}
:Mime grew up with his father Folker, a powerful warrior who trained him against his will, since Mime himself wanted to be a musician. One day, Mime discovered that Folker had cruelly killed his true parents; guided by his fury and by Folker's boasting, he killed Folker. After defeating Shun, who was deprived of the use of his chains, he fought against Ikki.
:At the end of this battle, Mime discovered (by being attacked with the Phoenix Hōō Genma Ken) that Folker actually was a good man who killed Mime's parents unintentionally. He fought Mime's father and spared him when he found out that he was married, yet he still tried to attack and it was then Folker fatally hit him in self-defense, Mime's mother attempted to stop them yet it was too late and both died. Then, Folker heard baby Mime cry in his crib, and out of guilt he took Mime as his child. Ultimately, Folker actually provoked Mime because he wanted to die by his adopted son's hand, to make up for the fatal mistake that cost Mime his true family.
:Mime's last words to Ikki were that he wished that in a new life they could both be reborn and be friends.
:Mime's God Robe resembles the [[harp]] belonging to [[Bragi]], the god of [[poetry]] in [[Norse mythology]] accused by the god [[Loki]] of being the most afraid to fight among the gods, and his name is a reference to the Nibelung dwarf [[Regin|Mime]], brother of Alberich. Mime is a character in the operatic cycle [[Der Ring des Nibelungen]] by [[Richard Wagner]], he is the Nibelung who forged the cursed Nibelung Ring. The character is based on [[Regin]], foster father of Sigurd (Siegfried) and brother of Fafnir.

===Other support characters===
;{{nihongo|Dr. Asamori|麻森博士|Asamori Hakase}}
:{{Anime voices|[[Yasuo Muramatsu]]}}
:Creator of the Steel Saints' mechanical Cloths, under commission by Mitsumasa Kido.

;{{nihongo|Ōko|王虎||[[Pinyin]]: Wang-Hǔ}}
:{{Anime voices|[[Kazuhiko Inoue]], [[Seiko Nakano]] (as child)}}
:Ōko was Dragon Shiryū's training partner and bitter rival. Though not a saint, he somehow drew his attacks from the [[White Tiger (Chinese astronomy)|tiger]], which in most Asian myths and legends is the counterpart of the [[draco (constellation)|dragon]].

;{{nihongo|Jaki|ジャキ}}
:{{Anime voices|[[Masaharu Satō]]}}
:A former Saint apprentice who failed to achieve his goal, he turned to a life of violence with the enormous strength he managed to attain. He dies after falling off a cliff trying to kill Eagle Marin.

;{{nihongo|Hayate|ハヤテ号|Hayate-gō}}
:A smart police dog who helped Seiya in the search of the Gold Cloth.

;{{nihongo|Akira, Makoto, Tatsuya, and Mimiko|アキラ、マコト、タツヤとミミ子|Akira, Makoto, Tatsuya to Mimiko}}
:{{Anime voices|[[Yumi Tōma]] (Akira), [[Noriko Uemura]] (Makoto), [[Michiyo Yanagisawa]] (Tatsuya), [[Yumiko Shibata]] (Mimiko)}}
:Young children, fellow orphans and admirers of Pegasus Seiya in the Star Children Academy, where they grew up together. Although their appearance is based in unidentified orphans appearing in Kurumada's manga, their names are revealed only in the anime adaptation. They also appear in some of the ''Saint Seiya'' theatrical releases.<ref name="autogenerated99"/>

;{{nihongo|Leda and Spica|レダとスピカ|Reda to Supika}}
:{{Anime voices|Kazumi Tanaka, [[Masami Kikuchi]]}}
:Saint apprentices under Cepheus Albiore and former training partners of Andromeda Shun. Their names refer to [[Spica]] and [[Leda (moon)|Leda]]. References of this can be found in the Cloth and chains both wear.

;{{nihongo|Elene and Elder|エレーネと長老|Erēne to Chōrō}}
:{{Anime voices|[[Masako Miura]], [[Jōji Yanami]]}}
:A young girl and an elderly man from Canon Island, whose lives were endangered by the rage of Lotus Agora and Pavo Shiva. Saved by Phoenix Ikki.<ref>''Shūkan Shōnen Jump's Saint Seiya Anime Special - Gold Selection 3'', page 48, 1988, by Shueisha, (in Japanese)</ref>

;{{nihongo|Europa|エウローペー|Eurṓpē}}
:{{Anime voices|[[Ryō Hirohashi]]}}
:The only anime-original character added in the Hades arc adaptation to anime. A girl from Rodorio village, seemingly romantically interested in Taurus Aldebaran.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Saint Seiya}}

[[Category:Lists of Saint Seiya characters| ]]

2022 Karauli violence

2026-05-08T10:08:54Z

GenevaHarcus:

{{Short description|Communal violence broke out in Karauli on April 2, 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}

Hindu–Muslim sectarian violence occurred in the town of [[Karauli]] on 2 April 2022, when a [[Chaitra Navaratri|Hindu New Year]] bike-rally organised by [[Sangh Parivar]] organisations passed through a Muslim locality
Stone-pelting from surrounding houses, local people attacking with sticks and arson, resulted in injuries to 20 people, including policemen, and damage to properties of 80 people of both communities.<ref name="Newsclick Sabrang">
{{Cite web |date=2022-04-09 |title=Rajasthan: All You Need to Know About the Karauli Violence |url=https://www.newsclick.in/Rajasthan-All-You-Need-Know-About-Karauli-Violence |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=NewsClick |language=en}}
</ref><ref name="Guardian">
{{Cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |last2=Hassan |first2=Aakash |date=2022-04-18 |title='Hatred, bigotry and untruth': communal violence grips India |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/18/hatred-bigotry-and-untruth-communal-violence-grips-india |access-date=2023-04-05 |issn=0261-3077 |quote=Clashes also broke out at the beginning of April in Karauli, Rajasthan, when a Hindu procession was passing through a Muslim area and about 70 shops, mostly belonging to Muslims were set alight.}}
</ref>

== Background ==

=== Shobha Yatra ===
On 2 April 2022, a bike rally was organized by [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP), the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) and the [[Bajrang Dal]], called the "Shobha Yatra" to celebrate the Chaitra Pratipada Nav Samvatsar or the Hindu New Year. The rally was planned to go through the Muslim-dominated area of Karauli and approval was taken from the Karauli District Administration.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Sakunia |first=Samriddhi |date=2022-04-14 |title=In riot-hit Karauli, April 2 violence has charred both business and communal harmony |url=https://www.news9live.com/india/in-riot-hit-karauli-in-rajasthan-april-2-violence-has-charred-both-business-and-communal-harmony-164713 |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=NEWS9LIVE |language=en}}</ref>

=== Popular Front of India ===
[[Popular Front of India]] (PFI) had written a letter to Rajasthan Chief Minister [[Ashok Gehlot]] two days before the procession about the violence targeting Hindu Shoba Yatra, which prompted many to allege that the violence was planned.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-04 |title=Karauli communal clashes: PFI had warned Gehlot govt about violence during Hindu new year rally |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/karauli-communal-violence-pfi-had-warned-gehlot-govt-about-violence-during-hindu-new-year-rally-article-90636552 |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-04 |title=How did PFI know about Karauli communal clashes in advance |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/how-did-pfi-know-about-karauli-communal-clashes-in-advance-10517441.html |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> The letter from PFI warned the Gehlot led government about the possibility of violence due to the Hindu Shoba yatra which was to pass from the Muslim-dominated area.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Violence ==
The motorcycle procession of around 400 people celebrating the Hindu New Year was moving ahead and was planned to move through the Muslim-dominated Karauli district of Rajasthan. Approvals were already taken from the Karauli district administration.

The violence erupted when the religious motorcade procession crossed a mosque in the market area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-03 |title=Curfew imposed in Rajasthan's Karauli after fight breaks out during religious procession |url=https://theprint.in/india/curfew-imposed-in-rajasthans-karauli-after-fight-breaks-out-during-religious-procession/900308/ |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> As they reached the mosque, some miscreants started pelting stones on them and as they group retaliated, violence broke out.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-03 |title=Curfew imposed in Rajasthan's Karauli after clash during bike rally |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jaipur/curfew-imposed-rajasthans-karauli-communal-clashes-police-7849864/ |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>{{blockquote|"Hindu outfits were taking out a religious bike rally on the occasion of Hindu new year today evening. While the procession reached near a mosque, some miscreants pelted stones on them. This resulted in stone pelting and arson by the other side too in which a few two-wheelers and shops were torched. The situation is under control now and a large number of police personnel have been deployed," said ADG Administration and Law and Order, Hawa Singh Ghumaria <ref name=":5" />}}The violence resulted in several bikes being burnt and over a dozen shops and houses arsoned.<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Khan |first=Hamza |user=Hamzwa |number=1510270272158384132 |date=2 April 2022 |title=Curfew imposed in Rajasthan's Karauli after a bike rally to mark #NavSamvatsar was pelted with stones, leading to arson. Several bikes and over a dozen shops have been set on fire and 650 additional police personnel are being deployed to maintain law and order. @IndianExpress https://t.co/4IFmf5FMXk |language=en |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705064250/https://twitter.com/Hamzwa/status/1510270272158384132 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Rajasthan Assembly, [[Rajendra Singh Rathore|Rajendra Rathore]] alleged that attack on Hindu procession was pre-planned as hundred of stones were already being collected a day before.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-12 |title=Karauli violence: Sting operation reveals police 'did nothing' to curb communal violence |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/karauli-violence-sting-operation-reveals-police-did-nothing-to-curb-the-communal-violence-article-90802086 |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref> The [[First information report|FIR]] further stated that the incident was planned and the Karauli Kotwali SHO Rameshwar Dayal Meena further stated that the rally was passing by peacefully. "Police tried to intervene, but stones and sticks rained on them from Muslim houses and a mosque," <ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Sharat Kumar |date=April 6, 2022 |title=Karauli violence in Rajasthan sparked by planned attack, says FIR |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/karauli-violence-riots-planned-attack-says-injured-rajasthan-cop-1934062-2022-04-06 |access-date=2022-04-17 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Immediate response ==

=== Imposition of curfew ===
With violence erupting in Karauli which is around 170 km from Rajasthan's capital Jaipur, curfew was imposed under Section 144 in the violence hit area till the morning of 4 April 2022.<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite magazine |date=April 3, 2022 |title=Curfew clamped, internet shut down in Rajasthan's Karauli after communal clashes {{!}} What happened so far |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajasthan-karauli-attack-curfew-clamped-internet-shut-down-communal-clashes-1932847-2022-04-03 |access-date=2022-04-17 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Section 144 imposed in Rajasthan's Karauli after communal violence |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-rajasthan-communal-violence-section-144-imposed-internet-suspended-in-karauli-after-stone-pelting-incident-2943698 |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-02 |title=Sec 144 imposed, internet suspended after stone-pelting during religious procession in Rajasthan |url=https://theprint.in/india/sec-144-imposed-internet-suspended-after-stone-pelting-during-religious-procession-in-rajasthan/899878/ |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-02 |title=Curfew imposed, net suspended in Rajasthan's Karauli after communal clash |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/curfew-imposed-net-suspended-in-rajasthan-city-after-communal-clash-101648921690402.html |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The curfew was later extended to 7 April 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-05 |title=Curfew in Rajasthan's Karauli extended till April 7 |url=https://theprint.in/india/curfew-in-rajasthans-karauli-extended-till-april-7/902963/ |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> which was further extended to 10 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sharat |date=7 April 2022 |title=Rajasthan: Curfew in violence-hit Karauli extended till April 10 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajasthan-curfew-in-violence-hit-karauli-extended-till-april-10-1934858-2022-04-07 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The curfew was further extended till 17 April 2022 but few relaxation were made.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karauli: Curfew extended till April 17 in violence-hit district |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/karauli-curfew-extended-till-april-17-in-violence-hit-district |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

=== Suspension of internet services ===
Internet services were suspended in Karauli after the broke out of violence.<ref name="indiatoday.in"/><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> The internet services remain suspended for the next few days.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=April 5, 2022 |title=Rajasthan: Curfew in violence-hit Karauli extended till April 7 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajasthan-curfew-in-violence-hit-karauli-extended-till-april-7-1933647-2022-04-05 |access-date=2022-04-17 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Investigation ==

=== Special Investigation Team (SIT) ===
A Special Investigation Team was formed on 3 April 2022 to probe the violence. The SIT was led by Additional Superintended of Police.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-03 |title=Karauli violence: 13 arrested so far, SIT formed, say police |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jaipur/karauli-violence-arrested-sit-formed-say-police-7851232/ |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Independent committees ===

==== Congress committee ====
The ruling Rajasthan Congress formed a 3-member fact-finding committee in the Karauli violence on 4 April 2022.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-04 |title=Karauli violence: Rajasthan Congress forms 3-member fact-finding committee |url=https://theprint.in/politics/karauli-violence-rajasthan-congress-forms-3-member-fact-finding-committee/902724/ |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> The committee included Members of Legislative Assembly Jitendra Singh and Rafiq Khan along with Karauli district in-charge Lalit Yadav.<ref name=":4" /> The panel is planned to visit Karauli and submit its report to Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee.<ref name=":4" />

==== BJP committee ====
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) also launched a probe and formed a 10-member committee to investigate the violence. Headed by the Leader of Opposition in Rajasthan Assembly, Rajendra Singh Rathore, the final report was presented to BJP Rajasthan unit President [[Satish Poonia]].<ref name="timesnownews.com">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-08 |title=Rajasthan govt orders administrative probe in Karauli incident, report to be submitted in 15 days |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/rajasthan-govt-orders-administrative-probe-in-karauli-incident-report-to-be-submitted-in-15-days-article-90727263 |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

=== Administrative probe ===
The Rajasthan Government ordered an administrative probe on 8 April 2022, roughly a week later. The probe, headed by Rajasthan Home Secretary, will have to submit its report to the state government in 15 days.<ref name="timesnownews.com"/> IAS Kailash Chand Meena, Divisional Commissioner of Kota under the [[Government of Rajasthan]]'s Home Department, was later appointed as the new investigating officer.<ref>{{Cite news |title=IAS Kailash Chand Meena appointed as new investigating officer in Karauli incident case |work=ANI |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/ias-kailash-chand-meena-appointed-as-new-investigating-officer-in-karauli-incident-case20220408222212/}}</ref>

=== Judicial probe ===
The Bharatiya Janata Party's (BJP) Rajasthan unit President, Satish Poonia demanded a judicial probe in the communal violence indicating that the Congress government in Rajasthan was pursuing "appeasement politics" and aiding "Communalism".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hebbar |first=Nistula |date=2022-04-08 |title=BJP demands judicial probe into Karauli violence |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bjp-demands-judicial-probe-into-karauli-violence/article65303835.ece |access-date=2022-04-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==

=== Major reshuffle of top officials ===
On the night of 13 April 2022, 69 Indian Administrative Services (IAS) officials were transferred in a major reshuffle. Among them was the collector of the violence hit Karauli district, Rajendra Singh Shekhawat. Ajit Kumar Singh replaced Shekhawat as the collector of Karauli. Other than Karauli, collectors of four other districts were also transferred. Prakash Chand Sharma has been transferred to Banswara, Nakate Shiv Prasad to Alwar, Sourabh Swami to Pratapgarh, and Nishant Jain to Jalore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saini |first=Sachin |date=2022-04-14 |title=Collector of violence-hit Karauli among top officials transferred in Rajasthan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/jaipur-news/collector-of-violence-hit-karauli-among-top-officials-transferred-in-rajasthan-101649916084733.html |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== Stopping leaders from visiting karauli ===
On 13 April 2022, BJP MP and Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha (BJYM) chief Tejasvi Surya was stopped from entering violence hit Karauli. Along with supporters and BJP Rajasthan unit Chief, Satish Poonia wanted to meet the victims of the Karauli violence but they were denied the permission by the Rajasthan Police. After being stopped, the leaders and the supporters staged a peaceful protest at the Karauli border but the police dispersed them with force.<ref name="Service">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Rajasthan: BJP leaders prevented from entering violence-hit Karauli |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/bjp-leaders-prevented-from-entering-violence-hit-karauli-386127 |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=April 14, 2022 |title=Tejasvi, Poonia, Supporters stopped On Way To Karauli |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/tejasvi-poonia-supportersstopped-on-way-to-karauli/articleshow/90831523.cms |access-date=2022-04-17 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="thewire.in">{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan: Tejasvi Surya, Others Stopped From Visiting Karauli |url=https://thewire.in/government/rajasthan-tejasvi-surya-others-stopped-from-visiting-karauli |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

Later Tejasvi Surya, Satish Poonia and other BJP workers were detained by the Rajasthan Police.<ref name="Service"/><ref name=":6" /><ref name="thewire.in"/>

==== Permission to PFI to take out march ====
Though the leader were dispersed or detained and not allowed to enter the violence hit area with the reasoning of area under curfew, the Islamic Organization Popular Front of India (PFI) was allowed and given permission to take out march in the area.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=TIMES NOW |author-link=TIMES NOW |user=TimesNow |number=1514253067536920580 |date=13 April 2022 |title=If Ashok Gehlot & his Govt can give permission to a proven extremist organization like PFI to take out marches across Rajasthan, why BJYM was denied permission to enter Karauli?: @Tejasvi_Surya, BJP MP #KhargoneUntoldTruth #RamNavamiRiotExpose @RShivshankar {{!}} #IndiaUpfront https://t.co/I421x6rk24 |language=en |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417110214/https://twitter.com/timesnow/status/1514253067536920580 |archive-date=17 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{improve categories|date=September 2023}}

[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in India]]

Maduve

2026-05-07T07:16:39Z

GenevaHarcus: Put Up A Stub With Sources.

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maduve
| image =
| caption = Poster
| director = V. Umakanth
| screenplay = V. Umakanth
| story = Srinivaasa Chakravarthy
| based_on = ''[[Pelli (film)|Pelli]]'' (Telugu)
| producer = N. Ramalingeshwara Rao
| starring = [[Ramesh Aravind]] [[Charulatha]] [[Kumar Govind]]
| cinematography = [[Sundarnath Suvarna]]
| editing = S. Prasad
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| studio = Ramprasad Art Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1997|06|18|df=y}}
| runtime = 129 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''Maduve''''' ({{translation|''Marriage''}}) is a 1997 Indian [[Kannada language|Kannada]]-language [[romantic thriller]] film directed by V. Umakanth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/movie/maduve-1997|title=Maduve (1997) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew|work=Chiloka.com}}</ref> It is the Kannada remake of the 1997 Telugu film ''[[Pelli (film)|Pelli]]''. The film stars [[Ramesh Aravind]] and [[Charulatha]] in the lead roles, while [[Kumar Govind]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Ramesh Bhat]] and [[Umashree]] play other supporting roles.

''Maduve'' released on 18 June 1997. It received positive reviews and became a commercial success.

== Plot ==
Ramesh lives with his grandmother Lakshmi in Mysore and says that he would marry the girl he likes at first sight. He goes to Bangalore after getting a job as a bank manager there. In a shopping mall, he gets a glimpse of Divya and falls in love with her. He identifies her scooter model and goes on a mission to find her, ending up in a colony surrounded by comedians. The colony people mistakenly think that Ramesh is trying to steal the scooter, and therefore, he lied that he was looking for a house to rent. Then, he agrees to stay in the colony after confirming that Divya and her mother Janaki are living there.

From then on, Ramesh tries to impress Divya. The comedians find out that Ramesh is trying to approach Divya and agree to help him. They ask Janaki's opinion about Divya's marriage. However, Divya refused the offer, saying that she is not interested in getting married. A lonely, sad, pathetic-looking Janaki seemed to hide something. The gang gives a few ideas to persuade Divya, but they all fail. Eventually, tired of foolish ideas, Jeeva tells Janaki that he wants to marry her daughter. Impressed by Ramesh's good manners, Janaki advises Divya to accept him. True to the expectations, Divya reveals that Janaki is actually her mother-in-law.

Knowing that Ramesh loves her, Divya insults him so that he would give up, but he does not. Every time Jeeva does well to Divya, it reminds her of her ex-husband Prithvi's cruelty, and she begins to compare both men. In a dramatic flashback, Prithvi is killed (allegedly) by Divya when he encourages his friends to sexually abuse her. Believing that the bad time is behind them, Janaki and Divya start a new life in a new town as a mother-daughter team. Divya falls in love with Ramesh with the comedians' help. However, Janaki did not allow Divya to tell Ramesh about her past. The entire colony cheers the news, and they arranged an engagement.

Prithvi returns for their betrothal to reclaim his possession. He blackmails Divya to sleep with him the night before her marriage and asks Jeeva to sanction him a loan of Rs. 25 lakhs; otherwise, he will reveal the truth to everyone. Somehow, Ramesh knows the truth and claims to be proud to become Divya's husband. This distracts Prithvi, who then decides to stop the marriage. Wanting to stop Prithvi from doing so, Janaki poisons him and also herself for the sake of a peaceful life for her daughter-in-law.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Ramesh Aravind]] as Ramesh
*[[Charulatha]] as Divya, Prithvi's wife
*[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Janaki, Prithvi’s mother
*[[Kumar Govind]] as Prithvi
*[[Ramesh Bhat]]
*[[Bank Janardhan]]
*Vijaya Sarathi
*[[Umashree]]
*[[Jyothi (actress)|Jyothi]]
*[[M. N. Lakshmi Devi]] as Lakshmi, Ramesh's grandmother
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]] (who reused the songs from the original), with lyrics by [[V. Manohar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maduve (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/7anfV0dZaVnPHvslSeSyNU|website=Spotify|language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:30
| title1 = Aaha Idu Thunta Seragidu
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = 4:53
| title2 = Anuragada Sangamavo
| extra2 = [[Dr. Rajkumar]]
| length2 = 4:19
| title3 = Hunnimeye Ninge Innu Kopave
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length3 = 3:53
| title4 = O Ambara Thaare
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length4 = 4:32
| title5 = Siri Siri Sampige
| extra5 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length5 = 4:24
| title6 = Thugu Thugu Uyyale
| length6 = 4:29
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt15085558}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9YZeh7sE3EE Full movie on Youtube]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1997 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:1997 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:1990s Kannada-language films]]

Nita Football Academy

2026-05-05T21:00:58Z

GenevaHarcus: starting some stub w/ refs...

{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Nita Football Academy
| image = Nita Football Academy.png
| image_size =
| upright = 0.85
| fullname = Nita Football Academy
| short name = Nita FA
| nickname =
| founded = {{Start date and age|2011|df=yes}}
| ground = Dhabaleswar Institute of Polytechnic Ground
| stadium =
| capacity =
| owner = Nita Football Trust
| chairman = Subrat Das
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Paromita Sit
| league = [[Indian Women's League]] [[Odisha Women's League]]
| season = [[2024–25 Indian Women's League|2024–25]]
| position = [[Indian Women's League]], 6th of 8 [[Odisha Women's League]], Champions
| current =
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 = _thinbluestripes2
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 = _3_stripes_blue
| leftarm1 = 000053
| body1 = 000053
| rightarm1 = 000053
| shorts1 = 000053
| socks1 = 000053
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 = _thinskycollar
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = FFFFFF
| body2 = FFFFFF
| rightarm2 = FFFFFF
| shorts2 = 4997D0
| socks2 = FFFFFF
| pattern_la3 =
| pattern_b3 =
| pattern_ra3 =
| pattern_sh3 =
| pattern_so3 =
| leftarm3 = FFD300
| body3 = FFD300
| rightarm3 = FFD300
| shorts3 = 000000
| socks3 = FFD300
| website = {{URL|https://nitafootball.com/}}
}}

'''Nita Football Academy''' is an Indian women's professional [[association football|football]] club and academy based in Radha Damodarpur, [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]]. It is the first private residential football academy of Odisha, dedicated to promoting football among underprivileged girls. They are the current champions of the [[Odisha Women's League]] and Khelo India State Championships U-17. Many of the academy students have represented at sub-junior, junior, and senior national levels. They finished as runners-up in the [[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]] season of the [[Indian Women's League 2]], which enabled promotion to the top tier [[Indian Women's League]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/sreebhumi-fc-nita-football-academy-earn-promotion-to-iwl |title=Sreebhumi FC, Nita Football Academy earn promotion to IWL |website=AIFF |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/sports/nita-football-academy-nfa-makes-history-qualifies-for-coveted-indian-womens-league-iwl-2024-25/3507618/ |title=Nita Football Academy (NFA) makes history, qualifies for coveted Indian Women’s League (IWL) 2024-25 |website=The Financial Express |access-date=30 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2024/sreebhumi-nita-promotion-iwl-2/ |title=Sreebhumi FC, Nita Football Academy earn promotion to IWL |website=Football Counter |access-date=30 May 2024}}</ref>

==Academy==
Established in 2011, Nita Football Academy was founded by the Nita Football Trust with the mission of promoting football, particularly among underprivileged girls. The academy is affiliated to Cuttack District Athletic Association, [[Football Association of Odisha]] (FAO), and were conditionally accredited as an Advanced Private Residential Academy by the [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/17126 |title=NITA FOOTBALL ACADEMY |publisher=All India Football Federation |access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://nitafootball.com/ |title=NITA FOOTBALL ACADEMY |publisher=Nita Football Academy |access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref> Its headquarters are located at Dhabaleswar Institute of Polytechnique, Radha Damodarpur, Khuntuni, near Cuttack, and they will be playing the [[Indian Women's League]] 2024-25 at the [[Birsa Munda Athletic Stadium]] at Rourkela as their home ground.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Women's League 2024-25 Fixture|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/media/uploads/2024/10/IWL-2024-25-Fixture.pdf|date=24 October 2024|location=New Delhi|first1=AIFF|last1=Media Team|access-date=24 October 2024|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=All India Football Federation}}</ref>

The academy has girls in under-19, under-17, and under-15 categories training under supporting coaches, administrative staff, matron, hostel facilities, full-fledged canteen, physiotherapist, ambulance services, on-call doctor and an advanced gymnasium. The academy also takes care of the player’s education by providing facilities in the technical education and in nearby school and colleges. The academy also operates in [[Puri]] to train students using the infrastructure facilities of [[Puri Zilla School]].

==Squad==
{{updated|December 2025|<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Women's League Squad |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/players/17126/11 |publisher=AIFF |access-date=9 January 2025 }}</ref>}}
{{fs start}}
{{fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Adrija Sarkhel}}
{{fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Jabamani Tudu]]}}
{{fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Nimisha Kumari}}
{{fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Ambalika Khundongbam}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Viksit Bara]]}}
{{fs player|no=6|nat=GHA|pos=DF|name=Sussana Konadu}}
{{fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Neha Sillay]]}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Jasoda Munda]]}}
{{fs player|no=9|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Manisha Naik]]}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Pyari Xaxa]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Bhumika Devi Khumukcham]]}}
{{fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Priya Rui Das}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Malati Munda}}
{{fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Juli Kishan]]}}
{{fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Poonam}}
{{fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Ipshita Rout}}
{{fs mid}}
{{fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Hema Munda}}
{{fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Smeeta Sundas}}
{{fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Malti Kumari}}
{{fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Sikha Malik}}
{{fs player|no=25|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Sonali Soren}}
{{fs player|no=26|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Nibedita Nayak}}
{{fs player|no=27|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Babita Kumari}}
{{fs player|no=31|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Susmita Pun}}
{{fs player|no=34|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Pragyan Kishan}}
{{fs player|no=40|nat=KEN|pos=FW|name=Elizabeth Kioko Katungwa}}
{{fs player|no=41|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Sakro Hembram}}
{{fs player|no=42|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Supriya Routray]]}}
{{fs player|no=45|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Cindy Colney}}
{{fs player|no=46|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Lalita Boypai}}
{{fs player|no=66|nat=GHA|pos=MF|name=Matilda Kwao}}
{{fs end}}

==Management==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Chairman
| {{flagicon|IND}} Subrat Das
|-
| President
| {{flagicon|IND}} Bhakta Ballav Das
|-
| General Secretary
| {{flagicon|IND}} Arun Parija
|-
| Chief Technical Advisor
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammad Shahid Jabbar]]
|}

==Honours==
===Domestic===
*'''[[Indian Women's League 2]]'''
**Runners-up (1): [[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]]

===Regional===
*'''[[Odisha Women's League]]'''
**Champions (2): [[2023–24 Odisha Women's League|2023–24]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=ODAwOQ== |title=OWL 2023-24: OGP Club, Sports Odisha post wins |website=Orisports |access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref> [[2024–25 Odisha Women's League|2024–25]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=ODY2Mw== |title=Nita Football Academy retain OWL crown; Sports Odisha runners-up |website=Orisports |access-date=16 April 2025}}</ref>
*'''[[Football Association of Odisha#Club level|FAO Inter Club Futsal Championship]]'''
**Champions (1): 2025

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.the-aiff.com/club/17126 Nita Football Academy]

[[Category:Football clubs in Odisha]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Odisha]]
[[Category:Women's football clubs in India]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League clubs]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League 2 clubs]]

Vowels (film)

2026-05-05T17:13:43Z

GenevaHarcus: new...

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vowels
| image = Vowels (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Dhilip Kumar Hemanth Kumar Sangeeth Santhosh Ravi Jagan Rajendran
| producer = Raju Sheregar
| starring = [[Yugi Sethu]] [[Chinni Jayanth]] Raj Ayyappa Samyuktha Vishwanathan [[Nandu (Telugu actor)|Nandu]] [[Deepak Paramesh]] Kajal Choudhary Peter K Sharath Ravi Akshitha Bopaiah Hemanth Kumar Priyanka Chandrashekar [[Bharath Bopanna]] Vijetha Vashitha
| cinematography = Keerthan Poojaary Sandeep Alluri
| editing = [[Harish Komme]] Hemanth Kumar (Reload)

| music = Sarvanaa Subramaniam
| studio = Riddhi Siddhi Films
| distributor = [[S. Hari Uthraa|Uthraa Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|3|19}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Vowels – An Atlas of Love''''' is a 2026 Indian Tamil-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[anthology film|anthology]] [[drama film]] directed by Dhilip Kumar, Sangeeth, Hemanth Kumar, Santhosh Ravi and Jagan Rajendran. The film is distributed by Uthraa Productions. It stars [[Yugi Sethu]], [[Chinni Jayanth]], Raj Ayyappa, Samyuktha Vishwanathan, [[Nandu (Telugu actor)|Nandu]], [[Deepak Paramesh]], Kajal Choudhary, Peter K, Sharath Ravi, Akshitha Bopaiah, Priyanka Chandrashekar, [[Bharath Bopanna]] and Vijetha Vashitha. The film was theatrically released on 19 March 2026.

== Cast ==
{| class=wikitable
|-
! style=width:20%" | ''Mars il Oru Azhagi'' by Sangeeth
! style=width:20%" | ''Eros'' by Dhilip Kumar
! style=width:20%" | ''Varnajaalam'' by Santhosh Ravi
! style=width:20%" | ''Meendum Oru Payanam'' by Jagan Rajendran
! style=width:20%" | ''Reload'' by Hemanth Kumar
|-

| valign="top" |

| valign="top" |
* [[Yugi Sethu]] as Eros
* [[Chinni Jayanth]] as Gopal

| valign="top" |
* Samyuktha Vishwanathan as Ashwathi
* [[Deepak Paramesh]] as Kamal

| valign="top" |

| valign="top" |
|}
{{Cast listing|
* Raj Ayyappa as Karthik
* Kajal Choudhary as Nakshatra
* Akshitha Bopaiah as Aishwarya
* [[Nandu (Telugu actor)|Nandu]] as Martin
*Priyanka Chandrashekar
*[[Bharath Bopanna]] as Ron
*Vijetha Vashitha as Sara
* Sharath Ravi as Doctor
*Peter K as Markandeyan
* Hemanth Kumar
* Arul Kumar
}}

== Production ==
The film is produced by Raju Sheregar under the banner Riddhi Siddhi Films. Cinematography is handled by Keerthan Poojaary and Sandeep Alluri, while editing is done by Harish Komme. The music for the film is composed by Saravana Subramaniam.<ref name="CE">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Mar/04/yugi-sethu-at-vowels-press-meet-a-trailer-should-be-like-a-girls-miniskirt|title=Yugi Sethu at Vowels press meet: 'A trailer should be like a girl's miniskirt…'|date=4 March 2026|website=Cinema Express}}</ref> Each story in the anthology film is based on a different emotion that starts with a vowel: A – Attraction, E – Emotion, I – Intimacy, O – Obsession, and U – Unconditional.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/27/yugi-sethu-and-chinni-jayanth-star-in-the-upcoming-film-vowels|title=Yugi Sethu and Chinni Jayanth star in the upcoming film Vowels|first=Akshay|last=Kumar|date=January 27, 2026|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>

At the film's pressmeet, Yugi Sethu compared a trailer to a [[miniskirt]], which received mixed reactions from netizens.<ref name="CE"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/south/who-is-yogi-sethu-actor-who-joked-about-womens-mini-skirt-comparing-it-to-film-teaser-article-153750589|title=Who Is Yugi Sethu? Actor Who 'Joked' About Women's Mini Skirt Comparing It To Film Teaser|date=4 March 2026|website=Times Now}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Sarvanaa Subramaniam]], with lyrics written by [[Madura Kavi]],[[Madhan Kumar V]],[[Prakash Savariappa]],[[Deepak Chander]].
The audio rights were acquired by [[New Music India]].

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = Eera Kaatru
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]],[[Midhu Vincent]]
| length1 = 5:27
| title2 = Movie Kaara
| extra2 = [[Ramya Ram C]]
| length2 = 3:48
| title3 = Saga Saga
| extra3 = [[Ramya Ram C]]
| length3 = 5:33
| title4 = Shoot Again Baby
| extra4 = [[Vasundara Das]]
| length4 = 5:02
| title5 = Sollamale En Kaadal
| extra5 = [[Arvind Mukundan]]
| length5 = 4:02
| title6 = Vaa Endan Nenjame
| extra6 = [[Pavithra Chari]]
| length6 = 4:04
| title7 = Vaan Midhandu Varum
| extra7 = [[Satya Prakash]]
| length7 = 5:00
}}

== Reception ==
Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rate the film two out of five stars and wrote, "The deeper issue is that five directors sharing one music director and one editor produces a film that sounds and feels the same throughout. Song montages pad every segment, stretched out as though lingering on a moment long enough will give it meaning".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vowels/movie-review/129574314.cms|title=Vowels Movie Review: Anthology fatigue hits before the halfway mark|website=The Times of India|date=13 March 2026}}</ref> Jayabhuvaneshwari B of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote, "some films feel like fragments rather than full sentences, while others go in circles when a straight line would have more than sufficed".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2026/Mar/13/vowels-movie-review-a-love-anthology-written-mostly-in-consonants|title=Vowels Movie Review: A love anthology written mostly in consonants|first=Jayabhuvaneshwari|last=B|date=13 March 2026|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|39785724}}

[[Category:2026 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian anthology films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Baniya, Rajasthan

2026-05-01T16:18:19Z

GenevaHarcus: new a details needs work

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Baniya
| settlement_type = Village
| map_caption = Baniya (India)
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|27.8004|N|73.6042|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Sub-District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jasrasar]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 14.46
| population_total = 2395
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products__rajasthan.html|title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Rajasthan|last=ORGI}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official Language
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 334202
| registration_plate = RJ-50, RJ-07
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=12 November 2024|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
}}

'''Baniya''' is a village located in [[Jasrasar]] Tehsil of [[Bikaner District]], [[Rajasthan]], India.

People residing in this village mainly rely on agriculture, consists both irrigated and non-irrigated farming.

==Demographics==
As per 2011-Census, conducted by Government of India; total population of this village is 2395, out of which, 1235 are males and, 1160 are females.
Total literacy rate of this village is 50.10%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Total population of Baniya village as per Census-2011 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/69585-baniya-rajasthan.html |access-date=16 November 2024}}</ref>

Inhabitants of this village follows [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population by religious community - Bikaner District |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS}}</ref>

{{Bar box|float=right|title=Religion in Baniya Village (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|titlebar=#Fcd117|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|100}}
|caption=Distribution of religions in Baniya Village}}

[[Bagri language|Bagri]] is the most spoken language in this village. [[Hindi Language|Hindi]], and [[British English|English]] are officially used languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages in Baniya village|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10234/download/13346/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|thumb=left|value1=98|value2=1.90|value3=0.10|color1=yellow|color2=blue|color3=red|caption=Languages of Baniya village(2011)|label1=[[Bagri language|Bagri]]|label2=[[Hindi]]|label3=[[English Language|English]]}}

==Transport==
Road transport facilities is at good condition in this village.

For railway transport facilities, inhabitants need to travel to either [[Nokha railway station|Nokha]] or [[Bikaner railway station|Bikaner]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Overview Of Bikaner Division |url=https://nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1436959747628-An%20Overview%20of%20Bikaner%20Division%20update%20on%20June%202015.pdf |website=nwr.indianrailways.gov.in |access-date=16 November 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Bikaner district]]

2027 elections in India

2026-04-26T08:16:38Z

GenevaHarcus: creating a post w/ infobox

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox Indian elections
| year = 2027
| type =
| rajya_control =
| rajya_seats_contested =
| rajya_net_change =
| rajya_map =
| rajya_map_caption =
| states_contested = 7
| state_net_change =
| state_map =
| state_map_caption =
}}

The '''2027 elections in India''' are expected to include the elections of the [[2027 Rajya Sabha elections|Rajya Sabha]], [[President of India]], and 7 [[State legislative assemblies of India|state legislative assemblies]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP will win more than 27 seats in 2027 assembly elections: CM Pramod Sawant|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/bjp-will-win-more-than-27-seats-in-2027-assembly-elections-cm/articleshow/111615435.cms |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AAP has no poll plank, it will be wiped out in 2027: Sukhpal Khaira|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-congress-mla-sukhpal-singh-khaira-9405862/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress a dynamic party, BJP lives in the past, says Manipur MP|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/congress-a-dynamic-party-bjp-lives-in-the-past-says-manipur-mp/article68512507.ece |access-date=2024-08-12|website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP lawmaker says party not likely to return to power in UP in 2027|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttar-pradesh/bjp-lawmaker-says-party-not-likely-to-return-to-power-in-up-in-2027-3104523 |access-date=2024-07-13|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Himachal BJP chief says house left out now will be adjusted in 2027
|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/himachal-pradesh-bjp-chief-bindal-rebellion-polls-9238467/ |access-date=2024-03-30|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=‘You’ve suffered, now enough is enough’ — Rahul Gandhi says BJP set to meet Ayodhya fate in Gujarat|url=https://theprint.in/politics/youve-suffered-now-enough-is-enough-rahul-gandhi-says-bjp-set-to-meet-ayodhya-fate-in-gujarat/2163435/ |access-date=2024-07-06|website=The Print}}</ref>

== Presidential election ==
{{Main|Next Indian presidential election}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Date
! colspan="3" | Before election
! colspan="3" | After election
|-
!President
!colspan="2"|
!President
!
|-
|July 2027•
|[[Droupadi Murmu]]
|colspan="2"|
|}
*Tentative

== State legislative assembly elections ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Date(s)
! rowspan="2" |State
! colspan="3" |Before election
! colspan="3" |After election
! rowspan="2" |Maps
|-
! colspan="2" |Parties
! CM
! colspan="2" | Parties
! CM
|-
| rowspan="5" | February/March 2027*
| [[Next Goa Legislative Assembly election|Goa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| [[Pramod Sawant]]
| colspan="3" |''TBD''
| [[File:IN-GA.svg|50px]]
|-
| [[Next Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|Uttarakhand]]
| [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]
| colspan="3"|''TBD''
| [[File:IN-UT.svg|50px]]
|-
| [[Next Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Bhagwant Mann|Bhagwant Singh Mann]]
| colspan="3"|''TBD''
| [[File:IN-PB.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2027 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|Manipur]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| [[Yumnam Khemchand Singh]]
| colspan="3"|''TBD''
| [[File:IN-MN.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Next Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh]]
| [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| colspan="3" |''TBD''
| [[File:IN-UP.svg|50px]]
|-
| November 2027*
| [[Next Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Himachal Pradesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]]
| colspan="3"|''TBD''
| [[File:IN-HP.svg|50px]]
|-
|December 2027*
|[[Next Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bhupendrabhai Patel]]
| colspan="3"|''TBD''
|[[File:IN-GJ.svg|50px]]
|}

==Local body elections==


=== Assam ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date
! Governing body
!colspan=2|Government before
!Government after
|-
|rowspan=4 |''TBA''
|[[Thengal Kachari Autonomous Council]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|rowspan=4 | ''TBD''
|-
|[[Guwahati Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council]]
|-
|[[Deori Autonomous Council]]

|}

=== Delhi ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Date
! Municipal corporation
! colspan="2" |Government before<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-25 |title=Delhi mayor elections: BJP regains control of MCD after two years, elects Raja Iqbal Singh as Delhi Mayor |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/delhi-mayor-elections-bjp-regains-control-of-mcd-after-two-years-elects-raja-iqbal-singh-as-delhi-mayor-7779173/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>
!Government after
|-
| December 2027*
| [[Delhi Municipal Corporation]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| ''TBD''
|}

=== Madhya Pradesh ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Date
! Municipal Corporation
! colspan=2|Government before
!Government after
|-
| rowspan="16" | July 2027*
|[[Indore Municipal Corporation]]
| {{Full party name with color| Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|rowspan=16 | ''TBD''
|-
|[[Bhopal Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Ujjain Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Burhanpur Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Khandwa Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|Sagar Municipal Corporation
|-
|Satna Municipal Corporation
|-
|[[Singrauli Municipal Corporation]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|[[Gwalior Municipal Corporation]]
| {{Full party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Jabalpur Municipal Corporation]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-08 |title=Congress’ Jabalpur mayor joins BJP; CM Mohan Yadav says many more in queue |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/congs-jabalpur-mayor-joins-bjp/articleshow/107508833.cms |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-01 |title=Chhindwara Mayor joins BJP, says more defectors likely to follow |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/madhya-pradesh/chhindwara-mayor-joins-bjp-says-more-defectors-likely-to-follow/article68017040.ece |access-date=2026-01-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|[[Chhindwara Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Rewa Municipal Corporation]]
| {{Full party name with color| Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|Morena Municipal Corporation
|-
|Dewas Municipal Corporation
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-30 |title=Madhya Pradesh: Katni’s mayor Preeti Suri joins BJP, again |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-katnis-mayor-preeti-suri-joins-bjp-again |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Ratlam Municipal Corporation
|-
|[[Katni Municipal Corporation]]
|}

=== Mizoram ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date
!Municipal Corporation/ Autonomous Council
!colspan=2|Government before
!Government after
|-
| May 2027*
| [[Mara Autonomous District Council]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2022-12-22 |title=Mizoram: BJP's M Laikaw sworn in as new CEM of MADC |url=https://www.nenow.in/north-east-news/mizoram/mizoram-bjps-m-laikaw-sworn-in-as-new-cem-of-madc.html |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=NorthEast Now |language=en-US}}</ref>
| ''TBD''
|}

=== Odisha ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date
!Municipal corporation
!colspan=2|Government before
!Government after
|-
| rowspan="3" | March 2027*
| [[Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
| rowspan="3" | ''TBD''
|-
|[[Cuttack Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|Berhampur Municipal Corporation
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date
! Municipal corporation
! colspan="2" | Government before
! Government after
|-
| rowspan="25" | February 2027*
| [[Greater Chennai Corporation]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=16}}
|rowspan=25 | ''TBD''
|-
| [[Tambaram City Municipal Corporation|Tambaram Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Avadi City Municipal Corporation|Avadi Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Kancheepuram City Municipal Corporation|Kancheepuram Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Coimbatore Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation|Tiruchirappalli Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Madurai Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Salem City Municipal Corporation|Salem Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Tiruppur City Municipal Corporation|Tiruppur Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Erode City Municipal Corporation|Erode Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Tirunelveli Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Vellore City Municipal Corporation|Vellore Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Thoothukkudi City Municipal Corporation|Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Hosur City Municipal Corporation|Hosur Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Karur City Municipal Corporation|Karur Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Thanjavur Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Pudukkottai Municipal Corporation]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ''Newly formed''
|-
| [[Karaikudi Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Nagercoil Municipal Corporation]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[Kumbakonam Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Dindigul Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Namakkal Municipal Corporation]]
| colspan="2" | ''Newly formed''
|-
| [[Cuddalore Municipal Corporation]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[Sivakasi Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Tiruvannamalai Municipal Corporation]]
| colspan="2" | ''Newly formed''
|}

=== West Bengal ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"style="text-align:center;"
!Date
! Municipal corporation
! colspan="2" |Government before
! colspan="2" |Government after
|-
|rowspan=5|''TBA''
| [[Asansol Municipal Corporation]]
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
|colspan="2" rowspan=5|''TBD''
|-
|[[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Chandernagore Municipal Corporation|Chandannagar Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Siliguri Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Gorkhaland Territorial Administration]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[2026 elections in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:Elections in India by year]]
[[Category:2027 elections in Asia]]

Rekha Palli

2026-04-23T09:23:17Z

GenevaHarcus: starting a stub needs work

{{short description|Judge of Delhi High Court}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rekha Palli
| office = [[Judge]] of [[Delhi High Court]]
| term_start = 15 May 2017
| term_end = 8 March 2025
| nominator = [[J. S. Khehar]]
| appointer = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|3|9|df=y}}
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Ms. Justice (Retd.)
| alma_mater = [[Hindu College, Delhi]] [[University of Delhi]]
}}

'''Rekha Palli''' (born 9 March 1963) is a former judge of the Delhi High Court in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=CJ and Sitting Judges: Judge Rekha Palli|url=http://delhihighcourt.nic.in/cjsittingjudges.asp?currentPage=3|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Delhi High Court}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Hon'ble Ms. Justice Rekha Palli|url=http://judicialacademy.nic.in/hi/organisation/hon%E2%80%99ble-ms-justice-rekha-palli|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Delhi Judicial Academy}}</ref> She has been the judge in a number of politically significant cases, including those relating to the disqualification of [[Aam Aadmi Party]] [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]], the qualifications for enrolment in the [[Central Industrial Security Force]], and the disappearance of Delhi University student [[Disappearance of Najeeb Ahmed|Najeeb Ahmad]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title=HC upholds termination of services of 16 CISF personnel suffering from colour blindness|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/hc-upholds-termination-of-services-of-16-cisf-personnel-suffering-from-colour-blindness/articleshow/66281464.cms|access-date=2020-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|title=HC takes note of AAP MLAs plea, seeks EC's stand|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/hc-takes-note-of-aap-mlas-plea-seeks-ecs-stand/articleshow/62571751.cms|access-date=2020-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2017-05-16|title=HC hands over JNU's Najeeb's disappearance mystery to CBI|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-hc-hands-over-jnu-s-najeeb-s-disappearance-mystery-to-cbi-2440439|access-date=2020-10-18|website=DNA India}}</ref> As a counsel, Palli also represented Indian Air Force officers in a significant case that resulted in ending of a discriminatory practice that denied the grant of permanent commissions to female officers.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=Kaur|first=Jasmine|date=2020-09-03|title=Victory in a long battle for equal opportunities|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/victory-in-a-long-battle-for-equal-opportunities/article32508226.ece|access-date=2020-10-18|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Life ==
Palli was educated at the [[Lady Irwin School]] in [[New Delhi]], and studied science at [[Hindu College, Delhi|Hindu College]] before obtaining a degree in law in 1986, from the [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi|Faculty of Law]] at [[University of Delhi|Delhi University]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Career ==

=== Litigation ===
Palli practiced law in Delhi, as well as at the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]], and the [[Supreme Court of India]], after enrolling at the bar in 1986. In 2015, she was designated as a [[senior counsel]] by the Delhi High Court.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In 2010, Palli represented nine women officers of the Indian Air Force, in a case by which they challenged the force's practice of denying permanent commissions to women officers. The case was filed after a Supreme Court order directed the Indian Army to grant permanent commissions to women officers in the same manner that such commissions were granted to male officers. The Delhi High Court ruled in favor of granting permanent commissions to qualified women officers, following which the Indian Air Force commenced granting short service commissions to them.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=19 February 2020 |title=SC to hear plea on permanent commission for women officers in Indian Air Force|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sc-hear-plea-permanent-commission-women-officers-indian-air-force-iaf-1647773-2020-02-19|access-date=2020-10-18|magazine=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-09-10|title=HC issues contempt notice to Defence Secretary|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/hc-issues-contempt-notice-to-defence-secretary/story-K0JadSMRE58BlpsDwVU4KP.html|access-date=2020-10-18|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

=== Judicial career ===
Justice Rekha Palli was appointed a judge to the Delhi High Court on 15 May 2017.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Delhi High Court to get four more judges|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/delhi-high-court-to-get-four-more-judges/articleshow/58633365.cms|access-date=2020-10-18}}</ref>

In 2017, Palli ordered a case concerning the disappearance and suspected murder of [[University of Delhi|Delhi University]] student [[Disappearance of Najeeb Ahmed|Najeeb Ahmad]], after an alleged altercation with members of the [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]], to be transferred to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]].<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=CBI To Probe Missing JNU Student Najeeb Ahmad Case: Delhi High Court|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cbi-to-probe-missing-jnu-student-najeeb-ahmad-case-delhi-high-court-orders-1694148|access-date=2020-10-18|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> The case gained significant public attention following protests from Delhi University students about the lack of results while the case was being investigated by the Delhi Police.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-16|title=JNU students welcome HC order on Najeeb, but still wary|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jnu-students-welcome-hc-order-on-najeeb-but-still-wary-2440153|access-date=2020-10-18|website=DNA India}}</ref>

In 2018, Palli heard a politically significant case concerning the disqualification of twenty-three members of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]], belonging to the [[Aam Aadmi Party]]. The case gained a great deal of public attention, before Palli allowed it to be withdrawn with the consent of the parties involved.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Aam Aadmi Party: Office of profit: AAP MLAs withdraw earlier plea against EC|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/office-of-profit-aap-mlas-withdraw-earlier-plea-against-ec/articleshow/63053248.cms|access-date=2020-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-24|title=Office of profit row: 20 AAP MLAs withdraw plea from Delhi HC against Election Commission |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/office-of-profit-row-20-aap-mlas-withdraw-plea-from-delhi-hc-against-election-commission-4364919.html|access-date=2020-10-18|website=Firstpost}}</ref> In 2018, Palli and another judge, [[Hima Kohli]], held that it was legal for the Union Government to terminate the employment of members of the [[Central Industrial Security Force]] who tested as color-blind.<ref name=":2" />

As on year 2024, Justice Palli is also serving as Chairperson of Juvenile Justice Committee of Delhi High Court, where she monitors implementation of Juvenile Justice Act in National Capital Territory of Delhi.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palli, Rekha}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Delhi High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women judges]]
[[Category:Faculty of Law, University of Delhi alumni]]

Children's Film Society, India

2026-04-20T04:12:56Z

GenevaHarcus: made a details w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian government organization}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox organisation
| name = Children's Film Society India
| bgcolor = 
| fgcolor = 
| image = Logo of Children's Film Society of India.png
| image_border =
| image_size = 
| image_alt = 
| caption =
| map = 
| map_size = 
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
| abbreviation = CFSI
| formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1955|05|11}}
| extinction = 
| type = 
| status = 
| purpose = Children entertainment, production and distribution
| headquarters = Films Division Complex, 24, [[Pedder Road|G. Deshmukh Marg]], [[Mumbai]] – 400,026
| location =
| coordinates = 
| region_served = India
| membership =
| language = 
| leader_title = Chairperson
| leader_name = [[Mukesh Khanna]] till Feb 2018<ref name=cp/>
| main_organ = 
| parent_organisation = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]
| affiliations = 
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| budget =
| website = {{official website|http://www.cfsindia.org/}}
| remarks =
}}

'''Children's Film Society India''' ('''CFSI''') was a nodal organisation of [[Government of India]] that produced [[children's film]]s and various TV programs in various Indian languages. Established in 1955, CFSI functioned under the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]] and was headquartered in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="mib">{{cite web|url=http://www.mib.nic.in/ShowContent.aspx?uid1=4&uid2=22&uid3=0&uid4=0&uid5=0&uid6=0&uid7=0|title={{sic|nolink=y|Childern's}} Film Society|publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]] website|access-date=6 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524054606/http://www.mib.nic.in/ShowContent.aspx?uid1=4&uid2=22&uid3=0&uid4=0&uid5=0&uid6=0&uid7=0|archive-date=24 May 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In March 2022, it was merged with [[National Film Development Corporation of India|National Film Development Corporation]].

==History==
The concept of an exclusive cinema for [[India's children]] was mooted by its first Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], and Children's Film Society, India (CFSI) was founded on 11 May 1955 with [[Hriday Nath Kunzru]] as its first president. The first film produced by CFSI was ''Jaldeep'' (1956), an adventure film directed by [[Kidar Sharma]] also starring [[Mala Sinha]].<ref name=jaldeep>[http://www.cfsindia.org/black&white/56.htm Children's Film Society of India, Film: Jaldeep] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207105026/http://cfsindia.org/black%26white/56.htm |date=7 December 2010 }}</ref>

The Chairperson of CFSI was selected for a duration of three years, and over the years, several notable personalities have remained Chairperson of CFSI including [[Sai Paranjpye]] (twice),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/04/06/stories/2003040600250400.htm|title=In Control|date=6 April 2003|work=The Hindu|access-date=6 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030822195305/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/04/06/stories/2003040600250400.htm|archive-date=22 August 2003|url-status=usurped}}</ref> [[Nafisa Ali]] (2005–2008), [[Nandita Das]]<ref name=cp>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfsindia.org/nandita-das.htm |title=Profile of Chairperson |publisher=CFSI website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207074928/http://cfsindia.org/nandita-das.htm |archive-date=7 December 2010 }}</ref> (2008–2012), [[Amol Gupte]] (2012–2015) and [[Mukesh Khanna]] (2015–2018).

In March 2022, four government-run film and media units including Children's Film Society merged with [[National Film Development Corporation of India|National Film Development Corporation]] (NFDC).<ref>{{cite news |title=Four government-run film and media units merged with NFDC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/four-government-run-film-and-media-units-merged-with-nfdc/article65275428.ece |access-date=4 March 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 March 2022}}</ref>

==Activities==
CFSI produced feature films and short films for children in various languages of India. It organised subsidised shows and distributed film prints. In the last 52 years CFSI had made 114 feature films, 45 short animations, 9 puppet films, as well as 52 short documentaries and news magazines.<ref>[http://www.cfsindia.org/production.htm "Production – CFSI"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207074236/http://www.cfsindia.org/production.htm |date=7 December 2010 }}</ref> CFSI also organised an '''[[International Children's Film Festival India (ICFFI)|International Children's Film Festival]]''' held every alternate year in India. The films produced by CFSI had participated in many film festivals all over the world and had won many awards.<ref>[http://www.cfsindia.org/awardsmain.htm "Awards won by CFSI films" – CFSI] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207075001/http://www.cfsindia.org/awardsmain.htm |date=7 December 2010 }}</ref>

==Selected filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Notes
|-
|1956
|''Jaldeep''
|Hindi film, First CFSI film
|-
|1962
|Bapu Ne Kaha Tha
|Hindi Film
|-
|1965
|[http://cfsindia.org/jaise-ko-taisa-tit-for-tat/ Jaise Ko Taisa]
|Hindi Film
|-
|1975
|''[[Charandas Chor]]''
|Hindi film
|-
|1978
|''Ganga Bhavani''
| Telugu Film, [[Nandi Award for Best Children Film|Nandi Award for Second Best Children Film]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
|-
|1991
| ''[[Potli Baba Ki]]''
| (TV puppet series)
|-
| 1996
|''[[Halo (1996 film)|Halo]]''
|Hindi film, [[National Film Award for Best Children's Film]], [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie]]
|-
|2002
|''[[Baaja]]''
|Hindi film
|-
|2003
|''Heda Hoda'' (The Blind Camel)
|Hindi film, Silver Elephant Award – 13th International Children's Film festival, Hyderabad – India – 2003.
2nd Prize – Vancouver Film Festival – Canada – 2004,
Opening Film – Hamburg Film Festival – Germany – 2004,
Silver Awards – La Matatena Film Festival – Mexico – 2004,
Special Mention – Cine Jeune De Laon film Festival – France – 2004,
Silver Awards – Cairo Film Festival – Egypt – 2005,
Bronze Remi Award – Worldfest Film Festival – USA – 2005,
Indian Panorama – International Film festival, Goa – India – 2005,
My favorite Film Award – Ningbo Shanghai Film Festival – China – 2005.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://cfsindia.org/heda-hoda-the-blind-camel/ | title=Children's Film Society, India}}</ref>
|-
|2006
|''[[Lilkee]]''
|Hindi film<ref>{{cite news |title=Where are children's films? |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090502/saturday/main1.htm |work=The Tribune |date= 2 May 2009 |accessdate=10 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|2007
|''[[Mahek (film)|Mahek]]''
|Hindi film
|-
|2007
| ''Amoolyam''
| Telugu Film, [[Nandi Award for Best Children Film]]
|-
|2007
|'' Manpasand – the Perfect Match''
|Animation Film, Gold Remi Award, 41st World Fest Houston USA 2008, Bronze World Medal 2008 New York Film Festival, USA, Indian Documentary Producers' Association, IDPA, India Silver Award 2008, Diploma Prix Danube Award Bratislava, Slovakia 2008
|-
|2009
|''[[Putaani Party]]''
|Kannada film, [[National Film Award for Best Children's Film]]
|-
|2009
|''[[Harun-Arun]]''
|Gujarati film
|-
|2011
|''[[Gattu]]''
|Special Mention at [[62nd Berlin International Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite news|title='Gattu' gets special mention at Berlinale|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2910894.ece|accessdate=13 March 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=20 February 2012}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] (NFDC)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.cfsindia.org/}}

{{MIBI}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Film organisations in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film production companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]]
[[Category:1955 establishments in Bombay State]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1955]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Children's Film National Film Award]]
[[Category:Youth in India]]

Tuivawl Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:36:07Z

GenevaHarcus: done...

{{Short description|Legislative assembly constituency in Mizoram, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tuivawl
| type = SLA
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Mizoram (Tuivawl highlighted).png
| state = [[Mizoram]]
| district = [[Aizawl district|Aizawl]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| established = 2008
| constituency_no = 7
| loksabha_cons = [[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]]
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Lalchhandama Ralte]]
| party = [[Mizo National Front]]
| electors = {{formatnum:14922}}
}}
'''Tuivawl''' is one of the 40 [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Mizoram]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |work=ECI |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215221429/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ |archivedate=2013-12-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=elections.in>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/mizoram/assembly-constituencies|title=Mizoram Assembly Constituency List|publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref>

It is part of [[Aizawl district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| rowspan=2|[[R. L. Pianmawia]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
|[[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| rowspan=2|[[Lalchhandama Ralte]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Mizo National Front|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuivawl}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Lalchhandama Ralte]]
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 6501
|percentage = 44.18
|change = {{increase}}4.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = JMS Dawngliana
|party = Zoram People's Movement
|votes = 30.46
|percentage = 30.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = R. L. Pianmawia
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3,590
|percentage = 24.40
|change = {{decrease}}14.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = K Changliana
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 82
|percentage = 0.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 61
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,911
|percentage = 13.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Mizo National Front
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuivawl<ref>{{cite web|title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2018- Statistical Report|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9687-mizoram-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Lalchhandama Ralte]]
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 5207
|percentage = 39.41
|change = {{increase}}4.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[R. L. Pianmawia]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 5204
|percentage = 39.39
|change = {{decrease}}6.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Judy Zohmingliani
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1607
|percentage = 12.16
|change = {{increase}}11.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = K. Romawia
|party = Zoram People's Movement
|votes = 1083
|percentage = 8.20
|change = {{decrease}}11.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = H. K. Hlimpawlthanga
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 58
|percentage = 0.44
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 52
|percentage = 0.39
|change = {{increase}}0.05
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3
|percentage = 0.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 13,211
|percentage = 80.69
|change = {{decrease}}2.04
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Mizo National Front
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuivawl<ref name=Miz2013>{{cite web |url= http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResult.htm |title= Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |publisher= Election Commission of India |access-date= 8 October 2021 |archive-date= 15 December 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131215065208/http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResult.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[R. L. Pianmawia]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 5668
|percentage = 45.41
|change = {{increase}}8.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gogo Lalremtluanga
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 4297
|percentage = 34.42
|change = {{increase}}1.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalmuanpuia Punte
|party = Zoram Nationalist Party
|votes = 2412
|percentage = 19.32
|change = {{decrease}}8.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = C. Ramkinlova
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 63
|percentage = 0.50
|change = {{decrease}}1.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 43
|percentage = 0.34
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1371
|percentage = 11.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12483
|percentage = 82.73
|change = {{increase}}1.13
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2008===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuivawl<ref name="eci">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3666-mizoram-2008/ |title=Mizoram 2008 - Mizoram - Election Commission of India |date= |author= |accessdate= 8 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[R. L. Pianmawia]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 4276
|percentage = 36.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gogo Lalremtluanga
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 3803
|percentage = 32.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Lalduhoma]]
|party = Zoram Nationalist Party
|votes = 3222
|percentage = 27.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalhualthanga
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 233
|percentage = 2.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalrinawma
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = 67
|percentage = 0.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Lalrosema
|party = LB
|votes = 52
|percentage = 0.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 473
|percentage = 4.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11653
|percentage = 81.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Mizoram}}

{{coords|24.155008|92.963486|display=title}}

[[Category:Aizawl district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Politics of Mizoram]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Nizar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:22:04Z

GenevaHarcus: starting first stub added tags

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nizar
| mla = Dr. Jayrambhai Chemabhai Gamit
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Tapi district|Tapi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bardoli Lok Sabha constituency|Bardoli]]
| established = 2007
| reservation = ST
| electors = {{formatnum:282687}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 172
}}

'''Nizar''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Tapi district|Tapi]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

==List of segments==

This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Nizar Taluka
#Kukarmunda Taluka
# Uchchhal Taluka
# Songadh Taluka (Part) Villages – Rampura Kothar, Champavadi, Pokhran, Khambhala, [[Dosvada]], Kumkuva, Rupvada, Chapaldhara, Raniamba, Balamrai, Gaisavar, Chimkuva, Tokarva (Segupada), Tokarva (Jamankuva), Kakad Kuva, Ghanchikuva, Khanjar, Kharsi, Devalpada, Kanala, Chorvad, Chikhli Khadka, Dhamodi, Junvan, Galkuva, Bedpada, Kanadevi, Rampura Kanadevi, Nana Bandharpada, Jharali, Nani Bhurvan, Medhsingi, Khokhsa, Kanji, Don, Moti Bhurvan, Hiravadi, Amba, Kukradungri, Kukadjhar, Vadpada P Tokarva, Ghodchit, Bandharpada, Gatadi, Tichakia, Hanmantiya, Mahudi, Monghvan, Maiyali, Sandhkuva, Tarsadi, Kakad Kuva P Umarda, Bedvan P Umarda, Vadpada P Umarda, Jamkhadi, Medha, Golan, Nana Tarpada, Ojhar, Hindla, Khadi, Sadadvel, Bharadada, Gopalpura, Vanjhafali, Amalgundi, Chakvan, Borkuva, Kalaghat, Mota Satsila, Ghodi Ruvali, Ghuntvel, Vadda P Umarda, Taparvada, Gunkhadi, Temka, Masanpada, Dardi, Umarda, Dhanmauli, Amthava, Shravaniya, Lavchali, Chimer, Kanti, Seljhar, Borpada, Khogal Gam, Mota Tarpada, Kapad Bandh, Siraspada, Vadirupgadh, Chikhalapada, Khapatia, Mohpada(Malangdev), Virthava, Ekva Golan, Malangdev, Karvanda, Langad, Ghusargam, Bhorthava, Otta, Rasmati, Pahadada, Mal, Sadadun, Sinand, Songadh (M)

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|2007 || Pareshbhai Vasava ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2012 || [[Kantibhai Gamit]]||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Sunil Gamit]]<ref name=election2017/> ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Jayram Gamit|Dr. Jayrambhai Chemabhai Gamit]]||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Nizar Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. Jayrambhai Chemabhai Gamit
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 97461
|percentage = 43.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sunilbhai Ratanjibhai Gamit
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 74301
|percentage = 33.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Arvindbhai Singabhai Gamit
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 35781
|percentage = 16.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Manishbhai Prakashbhai Vasava
|party = Independent
|votes = 5276
|percentage = 2.37
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 4465
|percentage = 2.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 10.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:278024}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Nizar<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sunil Gamit
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,06,234
|percentage = 51.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kantibhai Gamit]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 83,105
|percentage = 40.45
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 11.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,05,467
|percentage = 80.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kantibhai Gamit]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 90191
|percentage = 46.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pareshbhai Vasava
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 80267
|percentage = 41.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9924
|percentage = 5.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 192810
|percentage = 83.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tapi district}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|21.48|74.2|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Tapi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2007]]

Masaurhi Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:00:18Z

GenevaHarcus: Put Up The Entry With Sources.

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Masaurhi
| type = SLA
| map_image = 189-Masaurhi constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Arun Manjhi]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Patna district|Patna]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Pataliputra (Lok Sabha constituency)|31 Pataliputra]]
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|189]]
| established = 1957
| electors = 326,914
| abolished = 
}}
'''Masaurhi''' is one of 243 constituencies of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Bihar]]. It comes under [[Pataliputra (Lok Sabha constituency)]] along with other assembly constituencies viz. Danapur, Maner, Phulwari, Paliganj and Bikram.<ref name="election2013">{{cite web | url=http://www.travelindia-guide.com/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-results/masaurhi.php | title=Masaurhi Assembly Constituency | publisher=travelindia-guide.com | date=20 December 2013}}</ref> It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
Masaurhi comprises CD Blocks Masaurhi & Dhanarua.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2013-12-20 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Nawal Kishore Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Saraswati Chaudhary
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Bhuwaneshwar Sharma
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|[[Ram Devan Das]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Bhuwaneshwar Sharma
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Ramdeo Prasad Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[Ganesh Prasad Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Punam Devi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|[[Yogeshwar Gop]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian People's Front}}
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Ganesh Prasad Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Dharmendra Prasad Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Punam Devi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=3|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
| [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|Arun Manjhi
|-
| [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rekha Devi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
| [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Masaurhi2">{{cite news |date=14 November 2025 |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Masaurhi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04189.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209035001/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04189.htm |archive-date=9 December 2025 |access-date=3 December 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="Masaurhi Assembly Election Results 2015 -2025">{{cite news |title=Masaurhi Assembly Election Results 2015 -2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/masaurhi |access-date=9 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209035008/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/masaurhi |archive-date=9 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Arun Manjhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Masaurhi<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Masaurhi2"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Arun Manjhi
|votes = {{formatnum:106505}}
|percentage = 47.16
|change = +13.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Rekha Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:98862}}
|percentage = 43.78
|change = -6.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Rajeshwar Manjhi
|votes = {{formatnum:4693}}
|percentage = 2.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Manoj Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:4076}}
|percentage = 1.8
|change = -0.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5146}}
|percentage = 2.28
|change = +0.46
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7643}}
|percentage = 3.38
|change = -13.02
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:225819}}
|percentage = 69.08
|change = +10.8
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Masaurhi<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rekha Devi]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:98696}}
|percentage = 50.21
|change = +1.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Nutan Paswan
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:66469}}
|percentage = 33.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Parshuram Kumar
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = {{formatnum:9682}}
|percentage = 4.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Raj Kumar Ram
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:5412}}
|percentage = 2.75
|change = +0.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya Sablog Party
|candidate = Sarita Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:3016}}
|percentage = 1.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sikandar Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:2185}}
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramji Ravidas
|votes = {{formatnum:1857}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3583}}
|percentage = 1.82
|change = +0.57
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:32227}}
|percentage = 16.4
|change = -4.69
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:196570}}
|percentage = 58.28
|change = +0.59
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Masaurhi<ref name="Masaurhi Assembly Election Results 2015 -2025"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Rekha Devi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:89657}}
|percentage = 48.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Hindustani Awam Morcha
|candidate = Nutan Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:50471}}
|percentage = 27.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Gopal Ravidas
|votes = {{formatnum:18903}}
|percentage = 10.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Raj Kumar Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:4247}}
|percentage = 2.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rekha Devi (Vill-Bara)
|votes = {{formatnum:2990}}
|percentage = 1.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nandlal Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:2821}}
|percentage = 1.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Hira Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:2322}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mukesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2305}}
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bhagirath Manjhi
|votes = {{formatnum:2062}}
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2326}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:39186}}
|percentage = 21.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:185788}}
|percentage = 57.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2010 Bihar legislative assembly election|Bihar assembly elections, 2010]]: Masaurhi<ref name="election2010">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2010/stat_BR_Nov2010.pdf Bihar Assembly Election 2010]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Arun Manjhi
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 56977
|percentage = 39.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Anil Kumar
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = 51,945
|percentage = 36.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 32,227
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
* [[Masaurhi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{coord|25|21|21|N|85|2|1|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Patna district]]
[[Category:Politics of Patna district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]

All India Jute Textile Workers Federation

2026-04-12T21:00:56Z

GenevaHarcus: new initial info w/ infobox

{{short description|Trade union in India}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = All India Jute Textile Workers' Federation
|location = India
|affiliations = [[Hind Mazdoor Sabha]]
|num_members =
|full_name =
|native_name =
|image =
|founded =
|dissolved =
|merged_into =
|headquarters =
|key_people =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

''' All India Jute Textile Workers' Federation''', a [[trade union]] of [[jute]] mill workers in India.<ref>https://www.ijma.org/tripartite-agreement/Tripartite-Agreement-2024.pdf 2024 Page 7 No.8; under 'Their Workmen Represented by...'</ref> The union is affiliated to the [[Hind Mazdoor Sabha]].

In 2019, the All India Jute Textile Workers Federation, along with many other unions represented the workmen in West Bengal and took part in the tripartite talks.<ref>https://www.ijma.org/tripartite-agreement/2019.pdf 2019, No.8</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal|Organized labour}}
{{Trade unions in India navbox}}

[[Category:Trade unions in India]]
[[Category:Trade unions of the West Bengal jute mills]]
[[Category:Hind Mazdoor Sabha-affiliated unions]]
[[Category:Jute industry in India]]
[[Category:Jute industry trade unions]]
[[Category:Organizations with year of establishment missing]]

{{India-trade-union-stub}}

Deesa Assembly constituency

2026-03-30T17:01:21Z

GenevaHarcus:

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Deesa
| mla = [[Pravin Gordhanji Mali]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Banaskantha district|Banaskantha]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Banaskantha Lok Sabha constituency|Banaskantha]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:289681}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 13
}}

'''Deesa''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Banaskantha district|Banaskantha]] district. It is numbered as 13-Deesa.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Deesa Taluka (Part) Villages – Sunthiya, Chora, Ramun, Dhanavada, Bural, Kuchavada, Viruna, Vithodar, Bhachalva, Tetoda, Ramsan, Nagafana, Kochasana, Javal, Talegadh, Robas Nani, Robas Moti, Fagudra, Agdol, Sodapur, Meda, Kotha, Ghada, Dhanpura, Talepura, Thervada, Jherda, Pamaru, Gugal, Varan, Sherpura, Kunvara Padar, Kasari, [[Baiwada]], Morthal Golia, Genaji rabari Golia, Chandaji Golia, Bhadath, Chatrala, Latiya, Vasada, Davas, Shamsherpura, Yavarpura, Laxmipura, Dama, Jorapura, Akhol Nani, Akhol Moti, Mahadeviya, Vadli Farm, Ranpur Athamno Vas, Ranpur Vachlovas, Ranpur Ugamno Vas, Kant, Rajpur, Sherganj, Kumpat, Malgadh, Dhedhal, Rampura, Odhava, Dedol, Lorvada, Vadaval, Juna Deesa, Bhoyan, Rasana Nana, Rasana Mota, Dhuva, Dharpada, Fatepura, Vasna (Juna Deesa), Sanath, Sandiya, Sotambla, Khentva, Vahara, Viruvada, Dasanavas, Deesa (M).

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="4"|Party
|-
|2007 ||rowspan=2|[[Liladhar Vaghela]] ||rowspan=2|
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|2012
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Pandya Shashikant Mahobatram]]<ref name=election2017/> ||
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Pravinkumar Gordhanji Mali]]<ref name=election2022/> ||
|}

==Election candidate==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Deesa Assembly constituency }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ramesh Patel<ref name="AAP third list">{{cite news |title=AAP releases third list of candidates for Gujarat Assembly polls |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/aap-releases-third-list-of-candidates-for-gujarat-assembly-polls-1143015.html |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |date=7 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum: }}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Election results==
===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2017]]: Deesa<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shashikant Pandya
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 85,411
|percentage = 47.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Govabhai Hamirabhai Rabari]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=70,880|percentage=39.42|change=}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Bahadursinh Vaghela
|party = IND
|votes = 15,912
|percentage = 8.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=8.09|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=179,787|percentage=71.68|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:250,833}}
|ref=<ref name=election2017/>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser =
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Liladhar Vaghela]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=66,294|percentage=42.56|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rajendrakumar Joshi|party=Indian National Congress|votes=48,588|percentage=31.19|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mangalji Mali|party=Independent politician|votes=21,148|percentage=13.58|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=11.37|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=155,810|percentage=70.26|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2007]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Liladhar Vaghela]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=72,064|percentage=52|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Govabhai Hamirabhai Rabari]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=53,442|percentage=38.56|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=13.44|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=138,586|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Banaskantha district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|24.26|72.19|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Politics of Banaskantha district]]

Howrah Bridge

2026-03-27T15:09:56Z

GenevaHarcus:

{{Short description|Steel bridge in Kolkata, Kolkata
, India}}
{{for multi|the films|Howrah Bridge (1958 film)|and|Howrah Bridge (2018 film)|the rock formation|Howrah Natural Bridge}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox bridge
|name= Howrah Bridge
|image=Howrah bridge at night.jpg
|image_size=275px
|caption=Night view of the Howrah Bridge
| official_name= Rabindra Setu
| named_for = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| other_name=
| native_name =
| carries= [[Strand Road, Kolkata]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fodors.com/world/asia/india/kolkata-calcutta/review-110630.html |title=Howrah Bridge Review|access-date=2011-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bing.com/mapindia/?FORM=Z9LH3#JndoZXJlMT1ob3dyYWgrYnJpZGdlJmJiPTQwLjMxMzA0MzIwODg4MDklN2UxMTYuNTQyOTY4NzUlN2U1LjYxNTk4NTgxOTE1NTM0JTdlNDIuODkwNjI1|title=Howrah Bridge Map|access-date=2011-11-26}}</ref> Roadway with pedestrians and bicycles
|crosses= [[Hooghly River]]<ref name="NGeo">{{cite journal |author1=Helen Schreider |author2=Frank Schreider |author1-link=Helen and Frank Schreider |author2-link=Helen and Frank Schreider |title=From The Hair Of Siva |journal=[[National Geographic]] |date=October 1960 |volume=118 |issue=4 |pages=445–503}}</ref>
| locale= [[Howrah]], [[Kolkata metropolitan region]], {{flag|India}}
| maint= [[Kolkata Port Trust]]<ref name = "main">{{cite web|url=http://www.howrahbridgekolkata.gov.in/|title=Howrah Bridge Maintenance|access-date=2011-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118055642/http://www.howrahbridgekolkata.gov.in/|archive-date=18 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| designer= M/s. Rendel, Palmer and Tritton<ref name="history"/>
| design= [[Suspension bridge|Suspension]] type balanced [[Cantilever bridge|cantilever]]<ref name = "tech">{{cite web|url=http://www.howrahbridgekolkata.gov.in/Bridge_details_middle.htm|title=Bridge Details|access-date=2011-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002803/http://www.howrahbridgekolkata.gov.in/Bridge_details_middle.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Truss arch bridge|truss arch]]<ref name = "struct">{{cite web|url=http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0000304|title=Howrah Bridge|access-date=2011-11-21}}</ref>
| builder = [[Braithwaite, Burn & Jessop Construction Company|The Braithwaite Burn & Jessop Construction Company Limited]]
| mainspan= {{convert|457.2|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}<ref name='tech'/><ref name='struct'/>
| length= {{convert|705|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}<ref name = "roadtraf">{{cite web|url=http://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/howrahbridge/|title=Howrah Bridge|access-date=2011-11-21}}</ref><ref name='mother'/>
| width= {{convert|21.6|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} with two footpaths of {{convert|4.6|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} on either side<ref name='tech'/>
| height= {{convert|82|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}<ref name='struct'/>
| clearance= {{convert|5.8|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}<ref name='tech'/>
| below= {{convert|8.8|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}<ref name='tech'/>
| traffic = Approx. 100,000 vehicles with more than 150,000 pedestrians<ref name='drop'/>
| lanes = 6
| material = Steel
| begin={{date and age|1936}}<ref name='history'/>
| complete={{date and age|1942}}<ref name='history'/>
| open= {{start date and age|df=yes|1943|2|3}}<ref name='mother'/>
| closed=
| toll= No
| mapframe=|coordinates = {{coord|22.5851|88.3469|type;landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
}}

The '''Howrah Bridge''' is a balanced [[steel]] [[bridge]] over the [[Hooghly River]] in [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. Commissioned in 1943,<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://www.howrahbridgekolkata.gov.in/History_Middle.htm|title=History of the Howrah Bridge|access-date=2011-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413124649/http://www.howrahbridgekolkata.gov.in/History_Middle.htm|archive-date=13 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="holiday"/> the bridge was originally named the New Howrah Bridge, because it replaced a [[pontoon bridge]] at the same location linking both sides of Kolkata. Burrabazar is connected with Howrah rail terminal because of this bridge. On 14 June 1965, it was renamed '''Rabindra Setu''' after the [[Bengali people|Bengali]] poet [[Rabindranath Tagore]], who was the first Indian and Asian [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel laureate]].<ref name="holiday">{{cite web|url=http://www.holidayiq.com/howrah-bridge.php|title=Howrah Bridge – The Bridge without Nuts & Bolts!|access-date=2011-11-21|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107062136/http://www.holidayiq.com/howrah-bridge.php%20|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is still popularly known as the Howrah Bridge.

The bridge is one of four on the [[Hooghly River]] and is a famous symbol of [[Kolkata]] and [[West Bengal]]. The other bridges are the [[Vidyasagar Setu]] (popularly called the Second Hooghly Bridge), the [[Vivekananda Setu]] and the relatively new [[Nivedita Setu]]. It carries a daily [[traffic]] of approximately 100,000 vehicles<ref name='traffic'>{{cite web|url=http://www.howrahbridgekolkata.gov.in/Traffic%20Flow.xls|title=Flow of Traffic on an average week day (8AM to 8 PM)|access-date=2011-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818021858/http://howrahbridgekolkata.gov.in/Traffic%20Flow.xls|archive-date=18 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> and possibly more than 150,000 pedestrians,<ref name='drop'>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Bird-droppings-gnaw-at-Howrah-bridge-frame/articleshow/47808960.cms|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130616141459/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-05-29/kolkata/27281185_1_howrah-bridge-kopt-bird-droppings|url-status= live|archive-date= 16 June 2013|title=Bird droppings gnaw at Howrah bridge frame|access-date=2011-11-21 |work= [[The Times of India]]|date=29 May 2003}}</ref> easily making it the busiest cantilever bridge in the world.<ref name = "hosanna">{{cite web|url=http://www.howrahbridgekolkata.gov.in/Hosanna.htm|title=Hosanna to Howrah Bridge!|access-date=2011-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117054744/http://howrahbridgekolkata.gov.in/Hosanna.htm|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The third-longest cantilever bridge at the time of its construction,<ref name='viktor'>{{cite book | author = Victor D. Johnson | title = Essentials Of Bridge Engineering | year = 2007| publisher = Oxford & Ibh Publishing Co. Pvt Ltd | page = 259}}</ref> the Howrah Bridge is currently the sixth-longest bridge of its type in the world.<ref name="NSBA-longbridge">{{citation|url=http://www.aisc.org/Content/ContentGroups/Documents/NSBA5/20_NSBA_LongestSpans.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020601114245/http://www.aisc.org/Content/ContentGroups/Documents/NSBA5/20_NSBA_LongestSpans.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 June 2002 |title=National Steel Bridge Alliance: World's Longest Bridge Spans |last=Durkee |first=Jackson |publisher=American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc |date=24 May 1999 |access-date=2009-01-02 }}</ref>

[[File:Ferry Howrah Bridge.jpg|thumb|View of a ferry with Rabindra Setu]]

==History==

===1862 proposal by Turnbull===
In 1862, the Government of Bengal asked [[George Turnbull (civil engineer)|George Turnbull]], chief engineer of the [[East Indian Railway Company]], to study the feasibility of bridging the Hooghly River. He had recently established the company's [[Howrah station|rail terminus in Howrah]]. He reported on 19 March, with large-scale drawings and estimates, that:<ref>Diaries of George Turnbull held in Cambridge University, England.</ref>

:* The foundations for a bridge at Calcutta would be at a considerable depth and cost because of the depth of the mud there.
:* The impediment to shipping would be considerable.
:* A good place for the bridge was at Pulta Ghat "about a dozen miles north of Calcutta" where a "bed of stiff clay existed at no great depth under the river bed".
:* A suspended-girder bridge of five spans of {{convert|401|ft|m}} and two spans {{convert|200|ft|m}} would be ideal.

===Pontoon bridge===
[[File:Old Pontoon Bridge.jpg|thumb|left|The old pontoon bridge that was later replaced by the Howrah Bridge]]

In view of the increasing traffic across the Hooghly river, a committee was appointed in 1855–56 to review alternatives for constructing a bridge across it.<ref name = "pontoon">{{cite web|url = http://www.irfca.org/docs/history/howrah-district.html|title=Howrah District (1909)|access-date=2011-11-21}}</ref> The plan was shelved in 1859–60, to be revived in 1868, when it was decided that a bridge should be constructed and a newly appointed trust vested to manage it. The [[Port of Kolkata|Calcutta Port Trust]] was founded in 1870,<ref name='history'/> and the Legislative department of the then Government of Bengal passed the Howrah Bridge Act in the year 1871 under the Bengal Act IX of 1871,<ref name='history'/><ref name='pontoon'/> empowering the lieutenant-governor to have the bridge constructed with Government capital under the aegis of the Port Commissioners.
[[File:Howrah Bridge Act, 1871.jpg|right|thumb|The Howrah Bridge Act of 1871]]

Eventually a contract was signed with [[Bradford Leslie|Sir Bradford Leslie]] to construct a [[pontoon bridge]]. Different parts of the bridge were constructed in England and shipped to Calcutta, where they were assembled. The assembling period was fraught with problems. The bridge was considerably damaged by the great cyclone on 20 March 1874.<ref name='mother'/> A steamer named ''Egeria'' broke from her moorings and collided head-on with the bridge, sinking three pontoons and damaging nearly 200 feet of the bridge.<ref name='mother'/> The bridge was complete in 1874,<ref name='history'/> at a total cost of {{Indian Rupee}}2.2 million,<ref name='pontoon'/> and opened to traffic on 17 October of that year.<ref name='mother'>{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:z00ro25q5IIJ:www.riversoftheworld.org/files/11873+bullock+carts+formed+the+eight+-+thirteenths+of+the+vehicular+traffic&hl=en&gl=in&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjnc9WzFpJc5rwAmMQrqxcvPWB1X9-uQ5rB53NV2qNioVWIUW-4jGAih7pDzLycPniVaZDN43XMG0op-bU3Ik48lHs3baDe3KIgXYvqCmP7KrESuolsd8tOtPLcWNne69cFC0VX&sig=AHIEtbRyjxcAgfyg3ZjnG9obSGXP8kWzzQ&pli=1|title=River Ganges|access-date=2011-11-21}}</ref> The bridge was then 1528 ft long and 62 ft wide, with 7-foot wide pavements on either side.<ref name='history'/> Initially the bridge was periodically unfastened to allow steamers and other marine vehicles to pass through. Before 1906, the bridge used to be undone for the passage of vessels during daytime only. Since June of that year it started opening at night for all vessels except ocean steamers, which were required to pass through during daytime.<ref name='pontoon'/> From 19 August 1879, the bridge was illuminated by electric lamp-posts, powered by the dynamo at the Mullick Ghat Pumping Station.<ref name='history'/> As the bridge could not handle the rapidly increasing load, the Port Commissioners started planning in 1905 for a new improved bridge.

===Plans for a new bridge===
In 1906<ref name='mother'/> the Port Commission appointed a committee headed by R.S. Highet, chief engineer, [[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railway]] and W.B. MacCabe, chief engineer, Calcutta Corporation. They submitted a report stating that<ref name='history'/>
{{blockquote|Bullock carts formed the eight - thirteenths of the vehicular traffic (as observed on 27 August 1906, the heaviest day's traffic observed in the port of Commissioners 16 days' Census of the vehicular traffic across the existing bridge). The roadway on the existing bridge is 48 feet wide except at the shore spans where it is only 43 feet in roadways, each 21 feet 6 inches wide. The roadway on the new bridge would be wide enough to take at least two lines of vehicular traffic and one line of trams in each direction and two roadways each 30 feet wide, giving a total width of 60 feet of road way which are quite sufficient for this purpose [...] The traffic across the existing floating bridge Calcutta & Howrah is very heavy and it is obvious if the new bridge is to be on the same site as the existing bridge, then unless a temporary bridge is provided, there will be serious interruptions to the traffic while existing bridge is being moved to one side to allow the new bridge to be erected on the same site as the present bridge.}}
The committee considered six options:
# Large ferry steamers capable of carrying vehicular load (set up cost {{Indian Rupee}}900,000, annual cost {{Indian Rupee}}438,000)
# A transporters bridge (set up cost {{Indian Rupee}}2 million)
# A tunnel (set up cost {{Indian Rupee}}338.2 million, annual maintenance cost {{Indian Rupee}}1,779,000)
# A bridge on piers (set up cost {{Indian Rupee}}22.5 million)
# A floating bridge (set up cost {{Indian Rupee}}2,140,000, annual maintenance cost {{Indian Rupee}}200,000)
# An arched bridge
The committee eventually decided on a floating bridge. It extended tenders to 23 firms for its design and construction. Prize money of [[Pound sterling|£]]3,000 ({{Indian Rupee}}45,000, at the then exchange rate) was declared for the firm whose design would be accepted.<ref name='history'/>

===Planning and estimation===
[[File:Howrah Bridge Amendment Act, 1935.jpg|left|thumb|The Howrah Bridge Amendment Act, 1935]]

The initial construction process of the bridge was stalled due to [[World War I]], although the bridge was partially renewed in 1917 and 1927. In 1921 a committee of engineers named the 'Mukherjee Committee' was formed, headed by [[R. N. Mukherji]], Sir Clement Hindley, chairman of Calcutta Port Trust and J. McGlashan, Chief Engineer. They referred the matter to [[Basil Mott|Sir Basil Mott]], who proposed a single span [[arch bridge]].<ref name='history'/> Charles Alfred O'Grady one of the Engineers

In 1922, set up, to which the Mukherjee Committee submitted its report. In 1926 the New Howrah Bridge Act passed. In 1930 the Goode Committee was formed, comprising S.W. Goode as president, S.N. Mallick, and W.H. Thompson, to investigate and report on the advisability of constructing a pier bridge between Calcutta and Howrah. Based on their recommendation, M/s. Rendel, Palmer and Tritton were asked to consider the construction of a [[suspension bridge]] of a particular design prepared by their chief draftsman Mr. Walton.<ref name='history'/> On basis of the report, a global tender was floated. The lowest bid came from a German company, but due to increasing political tensions between Germany and Great Britain in 1935, it was not given the contract.<ref name='mother'/> The [[Braithwaite, Burn & Jessop Construction Company|Braithwaite, Burn & Jessop Construction Co.]] was awarded the construction contract that year. The New Howrah Bridge Act was amended in 1935 to reflect this, and construction of the bridge started the next year.<ref name='history'/>

===Construction===
The bridge does not have nuts and bolts,<ref name='holiday'/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/kolkata/howrah-bridge.html|title=Howrah Bridge|access-date=2011-11-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028120359/http://www.mapsofindia.com/kolkata/howrah-bridge.html|archive-date=28 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> but was formed by riveting the whole structure. It consumed 26,500 tons of steel, out of which 23,000 tons of high-tensile alloy steel, known as Tiscrom, were supplied by [[Tata Steel]].<ref name='mother'/><ref>{{cite book|author = Kasturi Rangan | title = The Shaping of Indian Science: 1914-1947 | year = 2003| publisher = Universities Press | page = 494}}</ref> The main tower was constructed with single monolith [[Caisson (engineering)|caissons]] of dimensions 55.31{{nbsp}}m{{nbsp}}× 24.8{{nbsp}}m<ref name='tech'/><ref>{{cite book|author=Ponnuswamy|title=Bridge Engineering|year=2007|publisher=Tata Mcgraw Hill Education Private Limited|page=304}}</ref> with 21 shafts, each 6.25 metre square.<ref name='sing'>{{cite book|author1=William Warren |author2=Luca Invernizzi Tettoni |author3=Luca Invernizzi | title = Singapore, city of gardens | year = 2001| publisher = Periplus Editions | page = 369}}</ref> The Chief Engineer of the Port Trust, Mr. J. McGlashan, wanted to replace the pontoon bridge, with a permanent structure, as the present bridge interfered with north–south river traffic. Work could not be started as World War I (1914–1918) broke out. Then in 1926 a commission under the chairmanship of Sir R. N. Mukherjee recommended a suspension bridge of a particular type to be built across the River Hoogly. The bridge was designed by one Mr. Walton of M/s Rendel, Palmer & Tritton. The order for construction and erection was placed on [[Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Company|M/s.Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Company]] in 1939. Again World War II (1939–1945) intervened. All the steel that was to come from England were diverted for war effort in Europe. Out of 26,000 tons of steel, that was required for the bridge, only 3000 tons were supplied from England. In spite of the Japanese threat, the then (British) government of India pressed on with the construction. Tata Steel were asked to supply the remaining 23,000 tons of high tension steel. The Tatas developed the quality of steel required for the bridge and called it Tiscrom. The entire 23,000 tons was supplied in time. The fabrication and erection work was awarded to a local engineering firm of Howrah: the [[Braithwaite, Burn & Jessop Construction Company|Braithwaite, Burn & Jessop Construction Co.]] The two anchorage caissons were each 16.4 m by 8.2 m, with two wells 4.9 m square. The caissons were so designed that the working chambers within the shafts could be temporarily enclosed by steel diaphragms to allow work under compressed air if required.<ref name='sing'/> The caisson at Kolkata side was set at 31.41 m and that at Howrah side at 26.53 m below ground level.<ref name='tech'/>

One night, during the process of grabbing out the muck to enable the caisson to move, the ground below it yielded, and the entire mass plunged two feet, shaking the ground. The impact of this was so intense that the [[seismograph]] at [[Kidderpore]] registered it as an [[earthquake]] and a [[Hindu]] [[temple]] on the shore was destroyed, although it was subsequently rebuilt.<ref name='tele1'>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080706/jsp/calcutta/story_9501358.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203133021/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080706/jsp/calcutta/story_9501358.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|title=Cat's cradle of steel|access-date=2011-11-21 | location=Calcutta, India|work=The Telegraph|first=Soumitra|last=Das|date=6 July 2008}}</ref> While muck was being cleared, numerous varieties of objects were brought up, including anchors, grappling irons, cannons, cannonballs, brass vessels, and coins dating back to the [[East India Company]].
The job of sinking the caissons was carried out round-the-clock at a rate of a foot or more per day.<ref name="tele1"/> The caissons were sunk through soft river deposits to a stiff yellow clay 26.5 m below ground level. The accuracy of sinking the huge caissons was exceptionally precise, within 50–75 mm of the true position. After penetrating 2.1 m into clay, all shafts were plugged with [[concrete]] after individual dewatering, with some 5 m of backfilling in adjacent shafts.<ref name='sing'/> The main [[pier]]s on the Howrah side were sunk by open wheel [[dredging]], while those on the Kolkata side required compressed air to counter running sand. The air pressure maintained was about 40 lbs per square inch (2.8 [[Bar (unit)|bar]]), which required about 500 workers to be employed.<ref name='hosanna'/> Whenever excessively soft soil was encountered, the shafts symmetrical to the caisson axes were left unexcavated to allow strict control. In very stiff clays, a large number of the internal wells were completely undercut, allowing the whole weight of the caisson to be carried by the outside [[Parasitic drag#Skin friction|skin friction]] and the [[Bearing (mechanical)|bearing]] under the external wall. Skin friction on the outside of the monolith walls was estimated at 29 kN/m2 while loads on the cutting edge in clay overlying the founding stratum reached 100 tonnes/m.<ref name='sing'/> The work on the foundation was completed in November 1938.

By the end of 1940, the erection of the cantilevered arms was commenced and was completed in mid-summer of 1941. The two halves of the suspended span, each 282 feet (86 m) long and weighing 2,000 tons, were built in December 1941. The bridge was erected by commencing at the two anchor spans and advancing towards the center, with the use of creeper cranes moving along the upper chord. 16 [[Jack (device)#Hydraulic jack|hydraulic jacks]], each of which had an 800-ton capacity, were pressed into service to join the two halves of the suspended span.<ref name='viktor'/>

The entire project cost {{Indian Rupee}}25 million ([[Pound sterling|£]]2,463,887).<ref name='history'/> The project was a pioneer in bridge construction, particularly in India, but the government did not have a formal opening of the bridge due to fears of attacks by Japanese planes fighting the [[Allies of World War II|Allied Powers]]. Japan had attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. The first vehicle to use the bridge was a solitary [[Calcutta Tramways Company|tram]].<ref name='mother'/>

[[File:Howrah Bus Terminus - Howrah Bridge Area - Howrah 2012-06-22 01350.jpg|thumb|Howrah Bus Terminus, close to Howrah Bridge]]

The bridge is regarded as the "gateway to Kolkata," as it connects the city to Howrah Station.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naskar |first=Nemai |date=2025-03-10 |title=Howrah Bridge: History, Facts & Best Views |url=https://tripmusing.com/howrah-bridge-history-facts-and-best-views/ |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=Trip Musing}}</ref>

==Description==

===Specifications===
[[File:Howrah-elevation.svg|thumb|Elevation of Rabindra Setu]]

When commissioned in 1943, Howrah was the third-longest cantilever bridge in the world,<ref name='viktor'/> behind [[Quebec Bridge|Pont de Québec]] ({{convert|549|m|ft}}) in Canada and [[Forth Bridge]] ({{convert|521|m|ft}}) in Scotland. It has since been surpassed by three bridges, making it the sixth-longest cantilever bridge in the world in 2013. It is a [[Suspension bridge|suspension type]] [[Cantilever bridge|balanced cantilever]]<ref name = "tech"/> bridge, with a central span {{convert|1,500|ft|m}} between centers of main towers and a suspended span of {{convert|564|ft|m}}. The main towers are {{convert|280|ft|m}} high above the monoliths and {{convert|76|ft|m}} apart at the top. The anchor arms are {{convert|325|ft|m}} each, while the cantilever arms are {{convert|468|ft|m}} each.<ref name = "roadtraf"/> The bridge deck hangs from panel points in the lower chord of the main [[truss]]es with 39 pairs of hangers.<ref name = "tech"/> The roadways beyond the towers are supported from ground, leaving the anchor arms free from deck load. The deck system includes cross girders suspended between the pairs of hangers by a pinned connection.<ref name = "roadtraf"/> Six rows of longitudinal stringer girders are arranged between cross girders. Floor beams are supported transversally on top of the stringers,<ref name = "roadtraf"/> while themselves supporting a continuous pressed steel troughing system surfaced with [[concrete]].<ref name = "tech"/>

The longitudinal expansion and lateral sway movement of the deck are taken care of by expansion and articulation joints. There are two main expansion joints, one at each interface between the suspended span and the cantilever arms and there are others at the towers and at the interface of the steel and concrete structures at both approach.<ref name = "tech"/> There are total of eight [[Articulation (architecture)|articulation joints]], three at each of the cantilever arms and one each in the suspended portion. These joints divide the bridge into segments with vertical pin connection between them to facilitate rotational movements of the deck.<ref name = "tech"/> The bridge deck has longitudinal ruling [[Grade (slope)|gradient]] of 1 in 40 from either end, joined by a vertical curve of radius {{convert|4,000|ft|m}}. The cross gradient of the deck is 1 in 48 between kerbs.<ref name = "tech"/>

===Traffic===
[[File:Howrah Bridge Traffic.jpg|thumb|Bridge traffic]]
[[File:Pedestrians walking on the Howrah Bridge in morning.jpg|thumb|Pedestrians]]
{| class="wikitable" align="right" style="float:right; margin:1em; margin-top:0; text-align:right; font-size:90%"
|-
! style="background:tan;" colspan="4"|Traffic flow for fast moving heavy vehicles<ref name='traffic'/>
|-
! Year !! Trams !! Buses/vans !! Trucks
|-
|align=center|1959||align=center|13%||align=center|41%||align=center|46%
|-
|align=center|1986||align=center|4%||align=center|80%||align=center|16%
|-
|align=center|1990||align=center|3%||align=center|82%||align=center|15%
|-
|align=center|1992||align=center|2%||align=center|80%||align=center|18%
|-
|align=center|1999||align=center|-||align=center|89%||align=center|11%
|}
{| class="wikitable" align="right" style="float:right; margin:1em; margin-top:0; text-align:right; font-size:90%"
|-
! style="background:tan;" colspan="3"|Traffic flow for fast moving light vehicles<ref name='traffic'/>
|-
! Year !! Two-wheelers/autos !! Cars/taxis
|-
|align=center|1959||align=center|2.47%||align=center|97.53%
|-
|align=center|1986||align=center|24%||align=center|76%
|-
|align=center|1990||align=center|27%||align=center|73%
|-
|align=center|1992||align=center|26%||align=center|74%
|-
|align=center|1999||align=center|20%||align=center|80%
|}
The bridge serves as the gateway to [[Kolkata]], connecting it to the [[Howrah station|Howrah Station]], which is one of the five intercity train terminus stations serving Howrah and Kolkata. As such, it carries the near entirety of the traffic to and from the station, taking its average daily traffic close to nearly 150,000 pedestrians and 100,000 vehicles.<ref name='drop'/> In 1946, a census of the daily traffic was taken, which counted 27,400 vehicles, 121,100 pedestrians and 2,997 cattle.<ref name='hosanna'/> The bulk of the vehicular traffic comes from buses and cars. Prior to 1993, the bridge also carried trams. [[Calcutta Tramways Company|Trams]] departed from the terminus at Howrah station towards [[Sealdah]], [[Rajabazar, Kolkata|Rajabazar]], [[Shyambazar]], [[Calcutta High Court|High Court]], [[Dalhousie Square]], [[Park Circus]], [[Ballygunge]], and [[Tollygunge]]. In 1993, tram service on the bridge was discontinued due to the increasing load on the structure. However, the bridge still continues to carry much more than the expected load. A 2007 report revealed that nearly 90,000 vehicles were plying on the bridge daily (15,000 of which were goods-carrying), though its load-bearing capacity is only 60,000.<ref name=bridgehistory>{{cite news|url=http://www.ijser.org/researchpaper%5CHowrah-Bridge-and-Second-Hooghly-Bridge-A-Comprehensive-Comparative-Study.pdf|title=Howrah Bridge and Second Hooghly Bridge: A Comprehensive Comparative Study|access-date=2014-11-02 | location=Calcutta, India|date=9 September 2013}}</ref> One of the main reasons for the overloading was that, although vehicles carrying up to 15 tonnes are allowed on the structure, vehicles with 12-18 wheels and carrying loads up to 25 tonnes often plied on it. From 31 May 2007 onwards, overloaded trucks were banned from crossing the bridge and were redirected to the [[Vidyasagar Setu]] instead.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070414/asp/calcutta/story_7644981.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203115113/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070414/asp/calcutta/story_7644981.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|title=Howrah bridge ban|access-date=2011-11-21 | location=Calcutta, India|work=The Telegraph|date=14 April 2007}}</ref> The road is flanked by footpaths {{convert|15|ft}} wide, which are thronged with pedestrians.<ref name = "tech"/>

===Maintenance===
[[File:Howrah Bridge-1945 02.jpg|left|thumb|View of Howrah Bridge, {{circa|1945}}]]

The [[Port of Kolkata|Kolkata Port Trust]] (KoPT) is vested with the maintenance of the bridge. The bridge has been subject to damage from vehicles due to rash driving, and corrosion due to atmospheric conditions and biological wastes. In October 2008, 6 high-tech surveillance cameras were placed to monitor the entire {{convert|705|m|ft}} long and {{convert|30|m|ft}} wide structure from the control room. Two of the cameras were placed under the floor of the bridge to track the movement of barges, steamers and boats on the river, while the other four were fixed to the first layer of beams — one at each end and two in the middle — to monitor vehicle movements. This was in response to substantial damage caused to the bridge from collisions with vehicles, so that compensation could be claimed from the miscreants.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100515/jsp/calcutta/story_12452084.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203131329/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100515/jsp/calcutta/story_12452084.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|title=Bridge bleeds, blow by blow|access-date=2011-11-21 | location=Calcutta, India|work=The Telegraph|first=Sanjay|last=Mandal|date=15 May 2010}}</ref>

Corrosion has been caused by bird droppings and human spitting. An investigation in 2003 revealed that as a result of prolonged chemical reaction caused by continuous collection of bird excreta, several joints and parts of the bridge were damaged.<ref name='drop'/> As an immediate measure, the Kolkata Port Trust engaged contractors to regularly clean the bird droppings, at an annual expense of {{INRconvert|500000}}. In 2004, KoPT spent {{INRconvert|6.5|m}} to paint the entirety of {{convert|2.2|e6m2|e6sqft|abbr=off}} of the bridge. Two coats of [[aluminium]] paint, with a primer of [[zinc chromate]] before that, was applied on the bridge, requiring a total of 26,500 litres of paint.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040917/asp/calcutta/story_3767191.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203134259/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040917/asp/calcutta/story_3767191.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|title=Calcutta icon, painted and lit- October makeover for Howrah bridge |access-date=2011-11-21 |location=Calcutta, India |work=The Telegraph |first=Swati |last=Sengupta |date=17 September 2004}}</ref>

[[File:Image-Kolkata Bridge.jpg|right|thumb|The illuminated Howrah Bridge at night]]

The bridge is also considerably damaged by pedestrians [[saliva|spitting]] out acidic, [[slaked lime|lime]]-mixed stimulants ([[gutka]] and [[paan]]).<ref name="spitgaurdian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/26/spit-threatens-indian-bridge|title=Spit threatens Indian bridge|last=Burke|first=jason|date=26 May 2010|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=7 May 2012|location=New Delhi}}</ref> A technical inspection by Port Trust officials in 2011 revealed that spitting had reduced the thickness of the steel hoods protecting the pillars from six to less than three millimeters since 2007.<ref name="schemetosave">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-15837262|title=Scheme to save Calcutta's Howrah Bridge from spit|last=Bhattasali|first=Amitabha|date=23 November 2011|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=7 May 2012|location=Kolkata}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paintsquare.com/news/?fuseaction=view&id=4896|title=Spit Threatens Busy Calcutta Bridge|access-date=2011-11-21}}</ref> The hangers need those hoods at the base to prevent water seeping into the junction of the cross-girders and hangers, and damage to the hoods can jeopardize the safety of the bridge. KoPT announced that it will spend {{INRconvert|2|m}} on covering the base of the steel pillars with [[Fiberglass|fibreglass]] casing to prevent spit from corroding them.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111114/jsp/calcutta/story_14744558.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203175020/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111114/jsp/calcutta/story_14744558.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|title=Extra cover for spittoon bridge|access-date=2011-11-21 | location=Calcutta, India|work=The Telegraph|first=Sanjay|last=Mandal|date=14 November 2011}}</ref>

On 24 June 2005, a private [[cargo vessel]] ''M V Mani'', belonging to the Ganges Water Transport Pvt. Ltd, while trying to pass under the bridge during high tide, had its [[funnel (ship)|funnel]] stuck underneath for three hours, causing substantial damage worth about {{Indian Rupee}}15 million to the stringer and longitudinal girder of the bridge.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Howrahs-first-Ship-stuck-under/articleshow/1151756.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616152519/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-06-24/india/27852682_1_howrah-bridge-howrah-side-high-tide|url-status=live|archive-date=16 June 2013|title=Howrah's first: Ship stuck under|access-date=2011-11-21 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 June 2005}}</ref> Some of the 40 cross-girders were also broken. Two of four trolley guides, bolted and welded with the girders, were extensively damaged. Nearly {{convert|350|m|ft}} of {{convert|700|m|ft}} of the track were twisted beyond repair.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://howrahbridgekolkata.nic.in/Bridge_accident_17_06_05.htm|title=A BARGE RAMS INTO THE BRIDGE IN A RARE ACCIDENT|access-date=2011-11-21|archive-date=26 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426000716/http://howrahbridgekolkata.nic.in/Bridge_accident_17_06_05.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The damage was so severe that KoPT requested help from Rendall-Palmer & Tritton Limited, the original consultant on the bridge from UK. KoPT also contacted [[Steel Authority of India Limited|SAIL]] for 'matching steel' used during its construction in 1943.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=306668 |title=British consultants contacted for repair of Howrah Bridge | news.outlookindia.com |access-date=13 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602165517/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=306668 |archive-date=2 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> For the repair, which cost around {{INRconvert|5|m}}, about 8 tonnes of steel was used. The repairs were completed in early 2006.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060102/asp/calcutta/story_5659408.asp| archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203182159/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060102/asp/calcutta/story_5659408.asp| url-status=dead| archive-date=3 February 2013| location=Calcutta, India| work=The Telegraph| first=Sanjay| last=Mandal |title=Bridge under barge stress| date=2 January 2006}}</ref>

==Cultural significance==
[[File:Howrah Bridge 02.jpg|thumb|Pedestrians on the bridge]]
[[File:The Howrah Bridge as seen from Howrah bus stand beside MG Road.jpg|thumb|Howrah Bridge as seen from Howrah]]

The bridge has been shown in numerous films, such as [[Bimal Roy]]'s 1953 film {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Do Bigha Zamin]]}}, [[Ritwik Ghatak]]'s ''[[Bari Theke Paliye]]'' in 1958, [[Satyajit Ray]]'s ''[[Parash Pathar]]'' in the same year, [[Mrinal Sen]]'s ''[[Neel Akasher Neechey]]'' in 1959, [[Shakti Samanta]]'s ''[[Howrah Bridge (film)|Howrah Bridge]]'' (1958), that featured the famous song [[Mera Naam Chin Chin Chu]] and ''[[China Town (1962 film)|China Town]]'' (1962) and ''[[Amar Prem]]'' (1971), Amar Jeet's 1965 ''[[Teen Devian]]'' in 1965, [[Mrinal Sen]]'s 1972 [[National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film|National Award]] winning [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] film ''[[Calcutta 71]]'' and Sen's Calcutta Trilogy its sequel in 1973, ''[[Padatik (1973 film)|Padatik]]'', [[Richard Attenborough]]'s 1982 [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Academy Award]] winning film ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'', [[Goutam Ghose]]'s 1984 Hindi film ''[[Paar (film)|Paar]]'', [[Raj Kapoor]]'s ''[[Ram Teri Ganga Maili]]'' in 1985, [[Nicolas Klotz]]'s ''[[The Bengali Night]]'' in 1988, [[Roland Joffé]]'s [[Cinema of the United States|English language]] film ''[[City of Joy (film)|City of Joy]]'' in 1992, [[Florian Gallenberger]]'s [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film ''[[Shadows of Time]]'' in 2004, [[Mani Ratnam]]'s Bollywood film ''[[Yuva]]'' in 2004, [[Pradeep Sarkar]]'s 2005 Bollywood film ''[[Parineeta (2005 film)|Parineeta]]'', [[Subhrajit Mitra]]'s 2008 Bengali film ''[[Mon Amour: Shesher Kobita Revisited]]'', [[Mira Nair]]'s 2006 film ''[[The Namesake (film)|The Namesake]]'', [[Blessy]]'s 2008 Malayalam Film ''[[Calcutta News (film)|Calcutta News]]'', [[Surya Sivakumar]]'s 2009 Tamil film ''[[Aadhavan]]'', [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]'s 2009 Hindi film ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]'', [[Abhik Mukhopadhyay]]'s 2010 Bengali film ''[[Ekti Tarar Khonje]]'', [[Sujoy Ghosh]]'s 2012 Bollywood film ''[[Kahaani]]'', [[Anurag Basu]]'s 2012 Hindi film ''[[Barfi!]]'', [[Riingo Banerjee]]'s 2012 Bengali film ''[[Na Hannyate]]'', Rana Basu's 2013 Bengali film ''[[Namte Namte]]'', and [[Ali Abbas Zafar]]'s 2014 Hindi film ''[[Gunday]],'' 2015 YRF release from director [[Dibakar Banerjee]]'s ''[[Detective Byomkesh Bakshy!]]'', and even the 2024 Hindi hit ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3]]''. [[Shoojit Sircar]]'s ''[[Piku]]'' also features some scenes on this iconic bridge. The bridge was also featured in [[Garth Davis]]' Academy Award-nominated 2016 film ''[[Lion (2016 film)|Lion]]''. [[Anvita Dutt]]'s 2022 movie ''[[Qala (film)|Qala]]'' features some fictional scenes of the bridge's construction.

==See also==
* [[List of largest cantilever bridges]]
*[[List of longest bridges above water in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Howrah Bridge}}
{{wikimedia}}
{{refbegin}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050829161819/http://www.howrahbridgekolkata.nic.in/ Official Website of Howrah Bridge, maintained by Calcutta Port Trust]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060603031057/http://www.kolkataweb.com/picture/picdisplay.php?id=226 Picture of old Howrah Bridge]
*[https://kulxp.blogspot.com/2006/03/my-kolkata-2.html Photos of Howrah Bridge]
*{{IndiaArchive|handle=2748047|identifier=PR_000004001277|year=1871|title=Howrah Bridge}}
{{refend}}

{{Bridges in India}}
{{Kolkata topics}}
{{Howrah topics}}

[[Category:1943 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 1874]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 1943]]
[[Category:Bridges in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Howrah district]]
[[Category:Cantilever bridges]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Howrah]]
[[Category:Pontoon bridges]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Howrah]]
[[Category:Transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Transport in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bridges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Howrah Bridge]]

Purani Haveli (film)

2026-03-26T07:05:14Z

GenevaHarcus: enhance references per standard format and fixed typos per sources

{{short description|1989 Indian Hindi-language horror film}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Purani Haveli
| image = Pu-hav-poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = {{ubl|J. K. Ahuja|Arjun Ramsay}}
| producer = Gangu Ramsay
| director ={{ubl| [[Shyam Ramsay]] | [[Tulsi Ramsay]] }}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Deepak Parashar]] | [[Amita Nangia]] | [[Neelam Mehra]] | [[Vijay Arora]] | [[Tej Sapru]] | [[Satish Shah]] | [[Manik Irani]] | [[Shehzad Khan]] }}
| music = Ajit Singh
| released = {{Film date|1989|04|14|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = ₹40 [[Lakh]]
| gross = ₹1.80 [[Crore]] in India
}}
'''''Purani Haveli''''' ({{translation|The Old Mansion}}) is a 1989 Indian Hindi-language [[horror film]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Purani Haveli|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/purani_haveli|language=en|access-date=22 August 2021}}</ref> presented by [[Ramsay Brothers|Ramsay brothers]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 May 2021|title=Purani Haveli 1989 Movie Box Office Collection, Budget and Unknown Facts 1980's Box Office Collection|url=https://ksboxoffice.com/purani-haveli-1989-movie-box-office-collection-budget-and-unknown-facts/1980s-box-office-collection/|access-date=22 August 2021|website=KS Box Office|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Purani Haveli (1989) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/purani-haveli-6709/cast-crew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822125442/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/purani-haveli-6709/cast-crew|url-status=live|archive-date=22 August 2021|access-date=22 August 2021|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> The soundtrack of the film was composed by Ajit Singh.

==Plot==
The film opens with a young couple Raja and Rita driving through a dense forest at night. Tired and sleepy, they decide to stop for the night, and find a ''haveli'' (mansion) nearby. They fall asleep in the outskirts of the mansion. Around midnight, the husband suddenly hears a terrifying roar and gets up to investigate. Then a horrible monster attacks him. His wife wakes up hearing his screams. She tries to rescue him but only gets his severed arm. Then the wife too is killed by the monster. An old man Narendra appears on the scene, a bit late but eventually traps the monster in an underground cage by scaring him with a crucifix. Then he attaches the crucifix to the latch to keep him from escaping.

The story then shifts to thakur Kumar, an industrialist who lives with his wife Seema and niece Anita in Mumbai. Since her parents' death, Anita has been living with her uncle who is also the legal custodian of her father's estate. Seema wants Anita to marry her younger brother Vikram so that they can milk out the estate but Anita does not approve of Vikram and is in love with a photographer named Sunil.

Mr.Rana, a royal family scion, meets Kumar in Mumbai and shows him pictures of an old Haveli in the [[Murud, Raigad|Murud]] area. Liking the photos very much, Kumar says he shall buy it. Mr. Rana says he wishes to sell off the Haveli as he is childless and bereft of any heirs. Kumar also mentions he and Seema are a childless couple. Just then Anita enters and Kumar introduces his niece to Mr. Rana saying they are buying a haveli for her. Anita is asked to sign cheques for the transaction. She asks about the amount to be filled but Kumar diverts her very lovingly saying he'll write out the figure after finalizing the deal. Mr. Rana describes the serene natural beauty of the surrounding beach, Rocky promenades and a big forest around the haveli. Seema refuses the offer of visiting the haveli when Kumar asks her, saying Anita would be left alone in their City manor. Mr. Rana says he will ask his servant to clean the mansion before their arrival. When the servant Shankar enters the haveli for cleaning, he feels the spooky surroundings and hears a loud roar. When he tries to run away from there, the evil forces controlled by the underground monster kill him brutally. Kumar visits the mansion with Mr. Rana to buy the building. Both of them reach there past midnight. Mr. Rana calls out to his servant when they see the broom and bucket lying on the floor. He quips that the rascal is plagued by alcohol and decides to take him in hand. Kumar assures Mr. Rana he shall have the mansion cleaned. Kumar is admiring the haveli's beauty and says he will turn it into a beautiful museum. Just then Mr. Rana is lifted in the air by the iron statue and strangled to death. Kumar screams fearfully and runs out of the mansion. He collides with the eerie dead body of Shankar on his way out and throwing it off himself, runs towards his car. Kumar finds the dead body of Mr. Rana in his car. Crying out of extreme fear he starts running and enters the graveyard behind the mansion. But fire blasts corner him after he manages to escape the innermost ring of fire after which the monster's spirit drags him underground.

Meanwhile, Anita and Sunil are attacked by goons hired by Seema and Vikram. Seema calls Sunil to their mansion and insults him. As Anita is threatened by Vikram with killing Sunil if she denies marrying him, she can do nothing but moan and cry fearfully. That evening, Sunil and Anita meet each other at a common friend's birthday celebration according to their plan. Sunil sings about his lovely memories with Anita and they both reminisce their beautiful days. Anita is thrown on her bed back at home and Vikram angrily tugs her hair when she refuses to go to the haveli the next day. Shobha and Anand are shocked at Vikram's brutality and coax Anita into visiting the mansion with their college friends as Sunil would meet them there the next day. Later Anita, Vikram and a large group of some twenty-three friends arrive at the mansion. Sunil too reaches there the very next morning and thrashes Vikram for attacking Anita in the woods. One of Vikram's friends Michael is killed by the iron statue near the first floor railing.

Seema and Vikram are becoming increasingly frustrated; Anita is about to come of age and reclaim her estate, while Vikram remains unsuccessful at wooing her. Seema hatches a plot and lures Sunil into the tehkhana (dungeon) where Vikram is waiting for both of them and attacks Sunil from behind. Sunil becomes unconscious and then they lock up the dungeon after leaving Sunil there thinking that he will eventually die and a lonely Anita may agree to marrying Vikram.

Sunil recovers in the dungeon and wanders around till he hears the monster roar in his cage. He almost opens the door of the cage by loosening the chains when an old man suddenly appears and stops him from doing so. Sunil asks the old man about the entity under the door. Narender promises to tell the truth after they go outside. He leads Sunil out of the dungeon and tells him the tragic story of his life. Twenty years ago he had arrived there from the city since his wife had gone into labour pains and it was necessary for her to deliver the baby and hence he ended up at the mansion for help. However he was repeatedly warned by a nun to go away and not let the delivery happen there because according to her, there was something inhuman and unholy lurking within the mansion and if the baby was born there, it would eventually lead to the birth of Evil. Owing to the adverse condition of his wife, the man did not pay heed to the nun and his wife gave birth to their baby. However he was shocked when he realised that his wife gave birth to the devil and she died herself in the process and the nun was right. The grief-stricken man then locked the monster in the cage with the help of the nun and spent the past 20 years in the same mansion so as to prevent the monster from hurting anyone.

Vikram goes back to the dungeon to check for himself that Sunil is dead. He hears the monster and unknowingly releases him getting himself killed. The monster, now free, goes on a violent rampage, killing people everywhere. Everybody vacates the mansion at once fleeing by bus. Seema unwisely stays behind, tries to flee from another route and she gets caught, raped and killed by the monster.

The monster makes his way to the bus that has broken down by a church and kills two girls and the old man as well. The monster enters the church and is tormented by the Almighty. He is finally impaled by a cross and his body set ablaze, ending his reign of terror once and for all. The film ends with Sunil and Anita lighting candles at the church and starting a new life together. then the story will end

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Deepak Parashar]] as Sunil
*[[Amita Nangia]] as Anita
*[[Satish Shah]] as Mangu and Kala Gangu
*[[Neelam Mehra]] as Seema Kumar
*[[Vijay Arora]] as Kumar
*[[Anil Dhawan]] as Raja (cameo)
*[[Priti Sapru]] as Rita (cameo)
*[[Tej Sapru]] as Vikram
*[[Pinchoo Kapoor]] as Mr. Rana
*[[Narendra Nath]] as the old man
*[[Manik Irani]] as the Monster
*[[Bhushan Tiwari]] as Dhambar Singh
*[[Geetha Singh]]
*[[Leela Mishra]] as Old woman in village
*[[Raj Kishore]] as Sher Khan
*Shobha as Shobha
*A.K Agnihotri as Jyoti
*Shehnaz Kudia as Priya
*Sunil Dhawan as Shanker
*Chhote Ustad as Chhote Dada
*Tina Ghai as Bhijli
*Sadhana Khote
*Sunny Musi as Cleaner
{{div col end}}

==Music==
#"Kaise Main Bhulaoon" - [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
#"Sangmarmar Sa Tha" - [[Suresh Wadkar]]
#"Aata Hai Mujhko Yaad" - [[Suresh Wadkar]]

==See also==
{{Annotated link|Murud-Janjira}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0260303|Purani Haveli}}

{{Shyam Ramsay}}

[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:1989 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:1989 horror films]]
[[Category:Films set in country houses]]
[[Category:Hindi-language horror films]]

Nellai Express

2026-03-24T04:12:52Z

GenevaHarcus: refine layout for accuracy and corrected details

{{Italic title}}{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2011}}
{{Infobox rail service
| box_width = 27em
| color=00ced1

|name = Nellai Express

| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = NELLAI EXPRESS TB.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| caption = Nellai Express at Chennai Egmore Railway Station
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| status = Active
| locale = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| predecessor =
| first = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1972|06|13}}
| last =
| successor =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| formeroperator = [[Indian Railways]]
| website =
| start = {{stnlnk|Chennai Egmore}} '''(MS)'''
| stops = 12
| end = {{stnlnk|Tirunelveli Junction}} '''(TEN)'''
| distance = {{convert|650|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 10 hours, 20 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| trainnumber =
* 12631 (Down)
* 12632 (Up)
| line_used =
* MS ➡ TPJ : Chord Line
* TPJ ➡ TEN : Main Line ( Tiruchchirappalli - Thiruvananthapuram Central Line)
| class =
* 1 1st A/C cum 2nd A/C II Tire (HA)
* 2 2A/C II Tire (A)
* 5 3rd A/C III Tire (B)
* 9 Sleeper (SL)
* 4 Unreserved
* 2 EOG
| access = {{Access icon|20px}}
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack = No
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = Large windows in all carriages
| entertainment = No
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = CCTV Cameras in all coaches
| stock = [[WAP-7]] locomotive from ([[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram|RPM]]) Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el = [[25 kV AC]], [[Utility frequency|50 Hz]]
| speed = {{convert|70.5|km/h}}
|trainlength=22 coaches
| owners = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| routenumber = 21/21A
| maintenance = {{stnlnk|Tirunelveli Junction}}
| sharing =[[Pothigai Superfast Express]]
| map = [[File:Nellai Express (Tirunelveli-Chennai) Route map.jpg|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

'''Nellai Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] train operated by the [[Southern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]]. It runs on all days connecting {{stnlnk|Chennai Egmore}} with {{stnlnk|Tirunelveli Junction}} via [[Villupuram]] [[Junction (rail)|Junction]], [[Tiruchirappalli Junction]] and [[Madurai Junction]] through the chord line.

==History==
The town is also called 'Nellai' after the Nellaiyappar temple in Tirunelveli. Hence, this train from Nellai is named ''Nellai Express''

== Rakes ==
The service has all class of coaches in Indian railways like 1 AC First cum Second AC Coach, 2 AC Two-tier coaches, 6 AC Three-tier coaches, 8 Sleeper Coaches,3 Unreserved and 2 luggage, brake cum generator van. It runs with LHB (Linke Hoffman Busch) coaches and is maintained at Tirunelveli Junction. Earlier was [[WDP-3A]] now [[WAP-7]] and [[WAP-4]] pull it

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#12ad2b;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#804a00;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ffba01;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ffba01;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#0909ff;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#0909ff;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff007f;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ffba01;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ffba01;"| 21
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#804a00;"| 22

|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|24px]] ||EOG||UR||UR||S8||S7||S6||S5||S4||S3||S2||S1||B5||B4||B3||B2||B1||A2||A1||HA1||UR||UR||EOG
|}

==See also==
*[[Chennai Egmore–Kanyakumari Express]]
*[[Pothigai Express]]
*[[Chendur Express]]
*[[Pandian Express]]
*[[Ananthapuri Express]]
*[[Chennai Egmore–Nagercoil Weekly Superfast Express]]
*[[Pearl City Express]]
*[[Sethu Express]]
*[[Rockfort Express]]
*[[Nilgiri Express]]
*[[Tambaram–Nagercoil Antyodaya Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-nellai-superfast-express-12632/1182/797/779 Nellai Express on Indian Rail Info]

<nowiki/>{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Transport in Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1972]]

Kil Sevalambady

2026-03-22T01:52:13Z

GenevaHarcus: Put Up Data

{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kil Sevalambady
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = View of Kil Sevalambady
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.3851175|N|79.3984700|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Villupuram district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = Sevalambady
| government_type = Tamil Nadu Government
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011 census
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 604 208
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04145
| registration_plate = TN 16
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Chetpet
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Arani, Tiruvannamalai|Arani]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Gingee
| blank4_name_sec1 = Taluk
| blank4_info_sec1 = Melmalaiyanur
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kil Sevalambady''' is a village located in [[Viluppuram District]] Melmalaiyanur Taluk, Peruvalur Post, State Tamil Nadu, India.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> Placed in rural part of Viluppuram district in Tamil Nadu, it is one of the 79 villages in Melmalayanur Panchayat Union, Vadavetti Panchayat in Viluppuram district. As per the government records, the village number is Sevalambadi (Kil) in 632302.The village has 264 houses.

[[File:Natural of kil sevalambady.jpg|thumb|]]

Nearest Hospital Valathi (8.4 km), Nearest Police Station Valathi (8.4 km), Nearest Fire office Melmalaiyanur (13.3), Nearest Petrol Bunk Valathi (7.3 km), Nearest Railway Station Polur (41 km), Nearest Airport is Chennai (Meenapakkam) (129), Nearest Harbour in Chennai (146 km). Nearest city such as Thiruvannamalai (46.7 km), Villupuram (59.5 km), Vellore (74.5 km), Kanchipuram (74.5 km), Pondicherry (80.4 km), Thiruvallur (121 km), Chennai (146 km). Nearest tourist Places Gingee Fort (22 km), Melmalaiyanur Angalamman Temple (13.3 km), Thiruvannamalai Arunachaleswarar Temple (46.7 km), Pondicherry (80.4 km), Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary (70 km), Mahabalipuram (114 km), Vandalur Zoo (119 km).

== Population ==

According to the 2011 census, Sevalambadi (Kil)'s population is 1023. Out of this, 519 are males whereas the females count 504 here. This village has 99 children in the age group of 0–6 years. Out of this 62 are boys and 37 are girls.

== Literacy rate 2008 ==

Literacy rate in Sevalambadi (Kil) village is 63%. 649 out of total 1023 population is educated here. In males the literacy rate is 69% as 362 males out of total 519 are literate however female literacy rate is 56% as 287 out of total 504 females are literate in this Village.
The dark portion is that illiteracy rate of Sevalambadi (Kil) village is 36%. Here 374 out of total 1023 persons are illiterate. Male illiteracy rate here is 30% as 157 males out of total 519 are uneducated. In females the illiteracy rate is 43% and 217 out of total 504 females are illiterate in this village.

The number of employed individual of Sevalambadi (Kil) village is 671 while 352 are non-working. And out of 671 employed people 610 peoples are entirely reliant on farming.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Viluppuram district]]

Toral Rasputra

2026-03-18T01:23:47Z

GenevaHarcus: added section also and updated info

{{short description|Indian television actress (born 1987)}}

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Toral Rasputra
| image = Toral-Rasputra (cropped).jpg
| caption = Rasputra in 2015
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|12|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| years active = 2007–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Dhaval|2012|2018|end=divorce}}
}}

'''Toral Rasputra''' (born 26 December 1987) is an Indian [[television]] [[actress]].<ref name=ENCSZ>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/9208325.cms |title=Toral Rasputra and Leena Jumani will enter 'Chhoti Si Zindagi' after the leap. - The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=2013-10-25 |archive-date=15 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415202509/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/9208325.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Rasputra has appeared in many well known successful shows, but is best recognized for starring as Anandi from 2013 to 2016 in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'', one of the [[List of longest-running Indian television series|longest-running Hindi television show]].<ref name=INTODAY>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/pratyusha-banerjee-balika-vadhu-toral-rasputra-155294-2013-03-03 |title=Toral Rasputra replaces Pratyusha Banerjee in Balika Vadhu |publisher=India Today |date=2013-03-04 |access-date=2013-10-25 |archive-date=5 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305030400/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/pratyusha-banerjee-balika-vadhu-toral-rasputra-155294-2013-03-03 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|title=Toral Rasputra|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/celebs/tv/toral-rasputra|access-date=2021-04-07|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en|archive-date=25 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425214521/https://www.tellychakkar.com/celebs/tv/toral-rasputra|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
! Ref(s)
|-
|2007
| ''[[Risshton Ki Dor]]''
| Shaina
|[[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007–2008
| ''[[Dhoom Machaao Dhoom]]''
| Priyanka
|[[Disney Channel (Indian TV channel)|Disney Channel]]
|
|
|-
|''Yahaan Ke Hum Sikandar''
| Raima
|[[Zee TV|Zee Next]]
|
|
|-
| 2009–2011
| ''[[Kesariya Balam Aavo Hamare Des]]''
| Rasal
|[[Sahara One]]
|
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Ek Nayi Chhoti Si Zindagi]]''
| Isha
|[[Zee TV]]
|
| <ref name=ENCSZ/>
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Lakhon Mein Ek (TV series)|Lakhon Mein Ek]]''
| Bhavna
|[[Star Plus]]
| Episodic/ Cameo
|
|-
| 2013–2016
| ''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
| Anandi Shivraj Shekhar
|[[Colors TV]]
|
| <ref name=INTODAY/><ref name="HTIMES">{{cite web |date=2013-04-02 |title=Toral Rasputra yet to find viewer acceptance as Anandi? |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Toral-Rasputra-yet-to-find-viewer-acceptance-as-Anandi/Article1-1036282.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403133315/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Toral-Rasputra-yet-to-find-viewer-acceptance-as-Anandi/Article1-1036282.aspx |archive-date=3 April 2013 |access-date=2013-10-25 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name=ONEINDIA>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2013/toral-rasputra-anandi-balika-vadhu-pictures-104556.html |title=Toral Rasputra to replace Pratyusha as Anandi in Balika Vadhu |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment |date=2013-03-04 |access-date=2013-10-25 |archive-date=30 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830203432/https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2013/toral-rasputra-anandi-balika-vadhu-pictures-104556.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2015
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 9)|Bigg Boss 9]]''
|Contestant
|[[Colors TV]]
|Wild Card entrance Entered Day 35 and Evicted 49
|
|-
| 2016
| ''Box Cricket League 2''
| Contestant
|[[Colors TV]]
|
|
|-
| 2017–2019
| ''[[Mere Sai - Shraddha Aur Saburi]]''
| Bayja Maa
|[[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Namune]]''
| Bhairavi Agnihotri
|[[Sony SAB|Sony Sab]]
|
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Udaan (2014 TV series)|Udaan]]''
| Chakor Suraj Rajvanshi
|[[Colors TV]]
|
|
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Jag Janani Maa Vaishno Devi – Kahani Mata Rani Ki]]''
| Maharani Samriddhi
| [[Star Bharat]]
|
| <ref name=hotstar>{{cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/maa-vaishnodevi/s-2353|title=Jag Janani Maa Vaishno Devi|access-date=22 July 2020|archive-date=22 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722180925/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/maa-vaishnodevi/s-2353|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Molkki]]''
| Sakshi Veerendra Pratapsingh
| [[Colors TV]]
| Antagonist
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Dharm Yoddha Garud]]''
| [[Vinata|Devi Vinta]]
| [[Sony SAB]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Toral Rasputra, Parul Chauhan on their roles in Dharm Yoddha Garud|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/toral-rasputra-parul-chauhan-talk-about-their-stark-opposite-roles-in-new-show-dharm-yoddha-garud/videoshow/90271618.cms|access-date=2022-03-16|website=Times of India|language=en|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610185356/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/toral-rasputra-parul-chauhan-talk-about-their-stark-opposite-roles-in-new-show-dharm-yoddha-garud/videoshow/90271618.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Doree (TV series)|Doree]]''
| Manasi Singh
| [[Colors TV]]
|
|
|-
|}

=== Special appearances ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
| ''[[Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]''
| rowspan="10" | Anandi
|-
| ''[[Uttaran]]''
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2014
| ''[[Beintehaa]]''
|-
| ''[[Rangrasiya]]''
|-
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]''
|-
| ''[[Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
| ''[[Comedy Nights Bachao]]''
|-
|''[[Udaan (2014 TV series)|Udaan]]''
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016
| ''[[Comedy Nights Live]]''
|-
| ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Roop - Mard Ka Naya Swaroop]]''
| Chakor Suraj Rajvanshi
|-
| 2024
|''[[Suhaagan (TV series)|Suhaagan: Ke Rang Jashn Ke Rang]]''
|Manasi Thakur
|}

==Plays==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Play !! Role
|-
| 2017 || ''I love you two'' || Meera<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/balika-vadhu-actress-toral-rasputra-debuts-in-theatre-anandi-tv-telly-news/18003189 |title='Balika Vadhu' actress Toral Rasputra debuts in theatre |publisher=mid-day.com |access-date=2017-08-24 |archive-date=19 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819183410/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/balika-vadhu-actress-toral-rasputra-debuts-in-theatre-anandi-tv-telly-news/18003189 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''Marriage Mantra''
|Sunidhi
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|9882098}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rasputra, Toral}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1987 births]]

Konni Forest Division

2026-03-15T03:46:20Z

GenevaHarcus: Put Up Data

{{Short description|Forest division in Kerala, India}}
{{Infobox forest
|image=Adavi Eco Tourism.jpg
|image_caption=[[Kallar River (Pamba)|Kallar river]] at [[Adavi, Kerala|Adavi]], an eco-tourism destination under the Konni range of Konni Forest Division
|region=[[Kerala]]
|website=https://forest.kerala.gov.in/
|native_name={{lang|ml|കോന്നി വനം ഡിവിഷൻ}}
|native_lang=ml
|country=[[India]]
|name=Konni Forest Division
|authority=[[Kerala Forest and Wildlife Department]]
|area={{cvt|331.66|km2}}
|coordinates={{coord|9|13|50|N|76|51|07|E}}
|established={{date|09-10-1888}}
|map_caption=Location in Kerala
|status=[[Reserved forests and protected forests of India|Reserve forest]]
|disturbance=[[Plantation]], [[poaching]]
|elevation='''Highest''': {{cvt|997|m}}
|map=India Kerala#India
|relief=1
}}
The '''Konni Forest Division''' is located in [[Kerala]], India, and covers an area of about {{convert|331.66|km2}}.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2021-10-11 |script-title=ml:കേരളത്തിലെ ആദ്യത്തെ സംരക്ഷിത വനം: പ്രൗഢിയുടെ നെറ്റി പട്ടം കെട്ടി കോന്നി റിസര്‍വ്വ് വനത്തിന് വയസ്സ് 133 |work=Malayali Manasu |url=https://malayalimanasu.com/kerala/%e0%b4%95%e0%b5%87%e0%b4%b0%e0%b4%b3%e0%b4%a4%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%a4%e0%b4%bf%e0%b4%b2%e0%b5%86-%e0%b4%86%e0%b4%a6%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%af%e0%b4%a4%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%a4%e0%b5%86-%e0%b4%b8%e0%b4%82%e0%b4%b0%e0%b4%95/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> It is the first [[List of protected areas of Kerala|reserve forest]] in Kerala, which was declared on {{date|09-10-1888}} under the Travancore Forest Act of 1887.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History - Kerala Forest Department |url=https://forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php/about-us/2022-11-29-05-45-17/forest-dept-history#:~:text=The%20Travancore%20Forest%20Act%20came,as%20Reserve%20forests%20in%201889. |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=forest.kerala.gov.in}}</ref> The division is part of the [[Western Ghats]], which were designated as a [[UNESCO]] [[List of World Heritage Sites in India|World Heritage Site]] in {{date|01-07-2012}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raveendranathan |first=D. |title=Western Ghats and the Bounteous Services Showered on the Planet |publisher=[[Notion Press]] |date=2016-08-10 |isbn=978-1-945621-73-4 |language=en |chapter=Unesco's World Heritage Sites}}</ref> The forest area is a repository of many endemic species of the Western Ghats.<ref name=":1" />
==Overview ==
It falls under [[Karunagappalli|Karunagappally]], [[Kunnathur, Kerala|Kunnathur]], and [[Pathanapuram]] [[Tehsil|taluks]] of [[Kollam district]], and [[Adoor]], [[Kozhencherry]], and [[Konni, Kerala|Konni]] taluks of [[Pathanamthitta district]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Pradeepkumar T. |display-authors=etal |date=2014 |title=Report of the First Konni Odonate Survey |website=Tropical Institute of Ecological Sciences |url=https://www.ties.org.in/collection/reports/reports-140621162366554171.pdf#page=8 |access-date=2023-06-30}}</ref> Consisting of the Konni, Naduvathummoozhy and Mannarappara [[Forest range|ranges]], the division belongs to the southern circle of the [[Kerala Forest and Wildlife Department|Kerala Forest Department]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forest Divisions List |url=https://egreenwatch.nic.in/Masters/Public/DivisionsViewList.aspx?idq=18 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=egreenwatch.nic.in}}</ref>

The division covers a total area of {{cvt|331.655|km2}}, of which {{cvt|320.553|km2}} are reserved forest, {{cvt|11.021|km2}} are reserved land, and {{cvt|0.081582|km2}} are government lands.<ref name=":0" /> With {{cvt|8,294|ha}} of [[teak]] plantations, it has the largest teak plantation area in Kerala.<ref name=":0" />

==Landscape ==
The main hills in the division are {{lang|ml-Latn|Chelikkalkar}} (997 m), {{lang|ml-Latn|Iruvallimala}} (817 m), {{lang|ml-Latn|Thunathumala}} (721 m) and {{lang|ml-Latn|Kodamala}} (598 m).<ref name=":1" /> [[Achankovil]], [[Kallar River (Pamba)|Pamba Kallar]] and Achenkovil Kallar are the primary rivers that originate in the reserve forest.<ref name=":0" />
==Climate==
The temperature can vary from {{cvt|21|C}} in the rainy and winter seasons to {{cvt|35|C}} in the summer.<ref name=":0" /> The months of March and April are the hottest. Rainfall occurs from June to September or November.<ref name=":1" />
==Boundaries==
[[File:Kerala_forest_divisions.pdf|thumb|Map showing the forest divisions in Kerala ]]
* '''North:''' [[Vadasserikara|Vadasserikkara]] and [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]] ranges of [[Ranni Forest Division|Ranni division]]
* '''South:''' Pathanapuram range of [[Punalur]] division
* '''East:''' Kallar and Achenkovil ranges of Achenkovil division
* '''West:''' [[Arabian Sea|Arabian sea]]
==Ranges and stations==
In {{date|1894}}, the forest was divided into ranges.<ref name=":2" /> The division consists of Konni, Mannarapara and Naduvathummoozhy ranges and eight stations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Konni |url=https://forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php/reserve-notifications/territorial/konni |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=forest.kerala.gov.in}}</ref> The Naduvathummoozhy range is the largest, with {{cvt|138.93|km2|abbr=none}}, and the Konni range is the smallest, covering {{cvt|62.73|km2}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KERALA STATE Forest Divisions and Ranges |url=http://www.oocities.org/gislink/ker_ranges.pdf |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=www.oocities.org}}</ref> [[Konni, Kerala|Konni]] serves as the division's main headquarters.
===Ranges and stations under Konni Forest Division===
{| class="wikitable"
!Range
!Area
!Stations
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Konni'''
|rowspan="2" | {{cvt|62.73|km2}}
|North Kumaramperoor
|-
|South Kumaramperoor
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''Naduvathumoozhy'''
|rowspan="3" | {{cvt|138.93|km2}}
|Kokkathodu
|-
|Karippanthode
|-
|Padom
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''Mannarapara'''
|rowspan="3" | {{cvt|130.00|km2}}
|Chempala
|-
|Mannarapara
|-
|Pachakanam
|}
==Types of forests==
Konni forest division has [[Tropical evergreen forests of India|tropical evergreen]] and semi-evergreen forests.<ref name=":1" /> The major forest types of Konni division are:
* West Coast Tropical Evergreen Forests
* West Coast Tropical Semi-Evergreen Forests
* Southern Moist Mixed Deciduous Forests
* Wet Reed Brakes
* Southern Montane Wet Grasslands
==Fauna==
===Mammals===
About 29 species of mammals are found in the Konni division. These include [[tiger]], [[leopard]], [[leopard cat]], [[Asian elephant|elephant]], [[gaur]], [[wild boar]], [[jungle cat]], [[Dhole|wild dog]], [[jackal]], [[Indian grey mongoose|common mongoose]], [[stripe-necked mongoose]], [[Asian palm civet|toddy cat]], [[small Indian civet]], [[Muntjac|barking deer]], [[sambar deer]], [[Chevrotain|mouse deer]], [[Indian pangolin]], [[sloth bear]], [[Nilgiri langur]], [[gray langur]], [[Travancore flying squirrel]], [[Indian giant squirrel]], [[Indian crested porcupine|Indian porcupine]], [[Indian hare]], [[Lesser bandicoot rat|Indian mole rat]], [[Greater bandicoot rat|bandicoot rat]], [[bonnet macaque]], [[slender loris]] and [[Leschenault's rousette|fulvous fruit bat]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Mavelikara |first1=Hari |title=Bird Diversity of Konni Forest Division, Southern Western Ghats, Kerala |last2=Mohan Lal |first2=K.N. Syam |year=2021 |pages= |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=BirdLife Data Zone |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/konni-reserve-forest-iba-india/text |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=datazone.birdlife.org}}</ref>
===Birds===
[[File:Crested_serpent_eagle_ചുട്ടി_പരുന്ത്_03.jpg|thumb|[[Crested serpent eagle]] photographed in the Konni forest range]]
Konni division is one of the IBAs ([[Important Bird Area]]) of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Important Bird Areas (IBAs) in India |url=https://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/IBA_8463.aspx |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=wiienvis.nic.in}}</ref> About 133 species of birds were recorded from the division. Endemic birds of the [[Western Ghats|western ghats]] such as [[Malabar grey hornbill]], [[Nilgiri wood pigeon]], [[white-bellied treepie]] and [[white-cheeked barbet]] are seen here.<ref name=":1" /> Although rare, [[Great hornbill|great hornbills]] are also seen. [[Black kite|Pariah kite]], [[Brahminy kite]], [[jungle myna]], [[Gracula|hill myna]], [[Greater coucal|crow pheasant]], [[white-headed babbler]], [[blue-winged parakeet]], [[Vernal hanging parrot|Indian lorikeet]], [[spotted dove]], [[Common emerald dove|emerald dove]] and [[mountain imperial pigeon]] are other species found here.<ref name=":0" />
===Reptiles===
The important reptile species found here are [[monitor lizard]], [[Calotes|garden lizard]], [[Draco (lizard)|flying lizard]], [[skink]], [[cobra]], [[king cobra]], [[Pythonidae|python]], [[Russell's viper|viper]], [[Bungarus|krait]], [[rat snake]], [[tree snake]] and [[turtle]].<ref name=":0" />
==See also==
* [[Wildlife of Kerala]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Protected areas of Kerala]]
[[Category:Important Bird Areas of India]]
[[Category:Western Ghats]]

List of Tamil films of 1967

2026-03-07T05:41:26Z

GenevaHarcus: minor reworked content per sources additionally and added references as per guidelines

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}

{{Tamil films}}

The following is a list of films produced in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]] in India in [[1967 in film|1967]], in alphabetical order.

== 1967 ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
![[Title]] !![[Film director|Director]] !! [[Film producer|Producer]] !! [[Music]]!! [[Cast member|Cast]]
|----
|''[[Aalayam (film)|Aalayam]]''
|[[Thirumalai–Mahalingam]]
|[[Sunbeam Productions]]
|[[T. K. Ramamoorthy]]
|[[Major Sundarrajan]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]], [[Nagesh]]
|----
|''[[Anubavam Pudhumai]]''
|[[C. V. Rajendran]]
|[[Thirumagal Combines]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[R. Muthuraman]], [[Rajasree]], [[T. R. Ramachandran]]
|----
|''[[Anubavi Raja Anubavi]]''
|[[K. Balachander]]
|[[Ayya Films]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Nagesh]], [[R. Muthuraman]], [[Rajasree]], [[Jayabharathi]]
|----
|''[[Apoorva Piravigal]]''<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1967.asp|title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru|trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films|publisher=Sivakami Publishers|author=Film News Anandan|author-link=Film News Anandan|date=23 October 2004|location=Chennai|language=ta|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190405060842/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1967.asp|archive-date=5 April 2019|access-date=15 December 2019|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|[[G. Viswanatham]]
|[[Lakshmi Saraswathi Movies]]
|
|[[T. L. Kantha Rao]], [[Vanisree]]
|-
|''[[Arasa Kattalai]]''
|[[M. G. Chakrapani]]
|[[Sathyaraja Pictures]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[B. Saroja Devi]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]]
|----
|''[[Athey Kangal (1967 film)|Athey Kangal]]''
|[[A. C. Tirulokchandar]]
|[[AVM Productions]]
|[[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]]
|[[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]], [[Nagesh]]
|----
|''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1967 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]''
|[[Chitrapu Narayana Rao|CH. Narayana Moorthy]]
|[[AVM Productions]]
|[[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
|[[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[Roja Ramani]]
|----
|''[[Bama Vijayam (1967 film)|Bama Vijayam]]''
|[[K. Balachander]]
|[[Manohar Productions]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Sowcar Janaki]], [[R. Muthuraman]], [[Nagesh]], [[Rajasree]], [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]]
|----
|''[[Bhavani (1967 film)|Bhavani]]''
|[[T. R. Ramanna]]
|[[Anna Productions]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[S. A. Ashokan]], [[C. R. Vijayakumari]], [[Vanisri]], [[Nagesh]]
|----
|''[[Deiva Cheyal]]''
|[[M. G. Balu]]
|[[Dhandayuthapani Films]]
|[[R. Diwakar]]
|[[Major Sundarrajan]], [[R. Muthuraman]], [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan|Bharathi]]
|----
|''[[Ethirigal Jakkirathai]]''
|[[R. Sundaram]]
|[[Modern Theatres]]
|[[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]]
|[[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[R. S. Manohar]], [[L. Vijayalakshmi]]
|----
|''[[Engalukkum Kalam Varum (1967 film)|Engalukkum Kalam Varum]]''
|[[A. Vincent]]
|[[Pauls & Company]]
|[[T. K. Ramamoorthy]]
|[[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[Nagesh]]
|----
|''[[Iru Malargal]]''
|[[A. C. Tirulokchandar]]
|[[Manijeh Cine Productions]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[K. R. Vijaya]]
|----
|''[[Kadhalithal Podhuma]]''
|[[K. V. Srinivas]]
|[[Modern Theatres]]
|[[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]]
|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Vanisri]], [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]]
|----
|''[[Kan Kanda Deivam]]''
|[[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
|[[Kamaal Brothers]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[Nagesh]],Sivakumar
|----
|''[[Kandhan Karunai]]''
|[[A. P. Nagarajan]]
|[[A. L. S. Productions]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]]
|----
|''[[Karpooram]]''
|[[C. N. Shanmugham]]
|[[Sashti Films]]
|[[D. B. Ramachandran]]
|[[A. V. M. Rajan]], [[Pushpalatha]], [[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
|----
|''[[Kaavalkaaran]]''
|[[P. Neelakantan]]
|[[R. M. Veerappan|Sathya Movies]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]], [[Sivakumar]]
|----
|''[[Maadi Veettu Mappilai]]''
|[[S. K. A. Chari]]
|[[Prasad Art Pictures]]
|[[T. Chalapathi Rao]]
|[[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]], [[Major Sundarrajan]], [[Nagesh]]
|----
|''[[Magaraasi]]''
|[[M. A. Thirumugam]]
|[[Dhandayuthapani Films]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]]
|----
|''[[Manam Oru Kurangu]]''
|[[A. T. Krishnaswamy]]
|[[Sashti Films]]
|[[D. B. Ramachandran]]
|[[R. Muthuraman]], [[A. V. M. Rajan]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]], [[T. S. Balaiah]], [[Vijaya Rani]]
|----
|''[[Muhurtha Naal]]''
|[[P. Madhavan]]
|[[Arun Prasad Movies]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[R. Muthuraman]], [[Nagesh]]
|----
|''[[Naan (1967 film)|Naan]]''
|[[T. R. Ramanna]]
|[[Sri Vinayaka Pictures]]
|[[T. K. Ramamoorthy]]
|[[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]], [[R. Muthuraman]]
|----
|''[[Naan Yaar Theriyuma]]''
|[[V. V. Ramanan]]
|[[Navasakthi Films]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan|Bharathi]], [[M. A. Radhika]], [[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]], [[B. V. Radha]]
|----
|''[[Nenjirukkum Varai (1967 film)|Nenjirukkum Varai]]''
|[[C. V. Sridhar]]
|[[Chithralaya]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[R. Muthuraman]]
|----
|''[[Ninaivil Nindraval (1967 film)|Ninaivil Nindraval]]''
|[[Muktha Srinivasan|V. Srinivasan]]
|[[Muktha Ramaswamy|Muktha Films]]
|[[V. Kumar]]
|[[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]]
|----
|''[[Ooty Varai Uravu]]''
|[[C. V. Sridhar]]
|[[Kovai Chezhiyan|K. C. Films]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[R. Muthuraman]], [[L. Vijayalakshmi]]
|----
|''[[Paaladai]]''
|[[A. Bhimsingh]]
|[[Kamala Pictures]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[K. R. Vijaya]]
|----
|''[[Pandhayam (1967 film)|Pandhyam]]''
|[[A. Kasilingam]]
|[[M. K. Movies]]
|[[T. R. Pappa]]
|[[Gemini Ganesan]], [[A. V. M. Rajan]], [[Vijaya Nirmala]], [[Shylashri]]
|----
|''[[Pattanathil Bhootham]]''
|[[M. V. Raman]]
|[[Saradha Productions]]
|[[R. Govardhanam]]
|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Nagesh]], [[Vijaya Lalitha]]
|----
|''[[Pattathu Rani]]''
|[[S. Ramanathan (film director)|S. Ramanathan]]
|[[Sunbeam Productions]]
|[[T. K. Ramamoorthy]]
|[[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]], [[P. Bhanumathi]]
|----
|''[[Penn Endral Penn]]''
|[[Aaroor Dass]]
|[[A. L. S. Productions]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Gemini Ganesan]], [[B. Saroja Devi]], [[C. R. Vijayakumari]], [[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], [[K. A. Thangavelu]], [[A. Karunanidhi]], [[S. A. Ashokan]], [[B. V. Radha]]
|----
|''[[Penne Nee Vaazhga]]''
|[[P. Madhavan]]
|[[Vijaya Chitra]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Nagesh]], [[K. A. Thangavelu]]
|----
|''[[Pesum Deivam]]''
|[[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
|[[Ravi Productions]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Nagesh]]
|----
|''[[Ponnana Vazhvu]]''
|[[R. Sundaram]]
|[[Poomalar Productions]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[K. R. Vijaya]],Sundarrajan, Nagesh, Manorama, Puspalatha
|----
|''[[Raja Veetu Pillai]]''
|[[Dada Mirasi]]
|[[Mohan Productions]]
|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]
|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]], [[Pushpalatha]], [[Thengai Srinivasan]]
|----
|''[[Rajathi (1967 film)|Rajathi]]''
|[[M. Lakshmanan]]
|[[Associated Artistes]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[R. Muthuraman]], [[Udaya Chandrika]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], [[K. A. Thangavelu]], [[B. V. Radha]]
|----
|''[[Seetha (1967 film)|Seetha]]''
|[[A. P. Nagarajan]]
|[[Rajalakshmi Pictures]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[R. Muthuraman]], [[K. R. Vijaya]]
|----
|''[[Selva Magal]]''
|[[K. V. Srinivasan]]
|[[Saravana Screens]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Rajasree]], [[Nagesh]]
|----
|''[[Sabash Thambi]]''
|[[C. P. Jambulingham]]
|[[Balan Pictures]]
|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]
|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Nagesh]], [[L. Vijayalakshmi]]
|----
|''[[Shri Krishnavataram|Sri Krishnavatharam]]''
|[[Kamalakara Kameshwara Rao|K. Kameshwara Rao]]
|[[Tarakarma Pictures]]
|[[T. V. Raju]]
|[[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Devika]], [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]]
|----
|''[[Sundaramurthi Nayanar (1967 film)|Sundaramurthi Nayanar]]''
|[[K. Somu]]
|[[Kandhaswamy Productions]]
|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]
|[[Pandarinath]], [[Jyothi Lakshmi]], [[B. V. Radha]]
|----
|''[[Thaikku Thalaimagan]]''
|[[M. A. Thirumugam]]
|[[Devar Films]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]], [[S. A. Ashokan]], [[Sowcar Janaki]]
|----
|''[[Thanga Thambi]]''
|[[S. K. A. Chari]]
|[[Prasad Art Pictures]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[Major Sundarrajan]], [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[Vanisri]], [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan|Bharathi]]
|----
|''[[Thangai]]''
|[[A. C. Tirulokchandar]]
|[[K. Balaji|Sujatha Cine Arts]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]], [[K. Balaji]], [[Nagesh]]
|----
|''[[Thiruvarutchelvar]]''
|[[A. P. Nagarajan]]
|[[Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[R. Muthuraman]], [[K. R. Vijaya]]
|----
|''[[Uyir Mel Aasai]]''
|[[C. P. Jambulingham]]
|[[Ayyappan Productions]]
|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]
|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[L. Vijayalakshmi]], [[K. B. Sundarambal]]
|----
|''[[Valiba Virundhu]]''
|[[Murasoli Maran]]
|[[Mekala Pictures]]
|[[R. Sudarsanam]]
|[[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan|Bharathi]], [[Nagesh]],Chandrababu,
|----
|''[[Vivasaayee]]''
|[[M. A. Thirumugam]]
|[[Devar Films]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[C. R. Vijayakumari]]
|}

== References ==
<references />

{{Tamil cinema}}
{{1967 films}}
{{Indian film list|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil Films Of 1967}}
[[Category:1967 in Indian cinema|Films, Tamil]]
[[Category:Lists of 1967 films by language]]
[[Category:Lists of Tamil films by year|1967]]
[[Category:1967 Tamil-language films| ]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1960s Indian films]]

Mahabharata

2026-03-05T07:30:35Z

GenevaHarcus: revised

{{Short description|Ancient smṛti text and Sanskrit epic}}
{{About|the Sanskrit epic}}
{{Pp|small=yes}}

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox religious text
| name = Mahabharata
| image = Kurukshetra.jpg
| alt = Mahabharata
| caption = Manuscript illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra
|author = [[Vyasa]]| period = circa 8th century BCE – 3rd century BCE 
Principally compiled in 3rd century BCE – 4th century CE
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| language = [[Sanskrit]]
| verses = 100,000
| native_wikisource = महाभारतम्
| orig_lang_code = sa
| wikisource = Mahabharata
|chapters=18 Parvas}}
{{Hindu scriptures}}{{Hindu mythology}}The '''''Mahābhārata''''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˌ|h|ɑː|ˈ|b|ɑːr|ə|t|ə|,_|ˌ|m|ɑː|h|ə|-}} {{respell|mə|HAH|BAR|ə|tə|,_|MAH|hə|-}};<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary|publisher=Chambers|year=2003|isbn=0-550-10105-5|edition=9th|chapter=Mahabharata}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Collins English Dictionary| publisher= HarperCollins|year=2018|isbn=978-0-008-28437-4|edition= 13th| chapter= Mahabharata}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120903041128/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Mahabharata "Mahabharata"]. ''[[Oxford Dictionaries Online]]''.</ref><ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Mahabharata "Mahabharata"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130209/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Mahabharata |date=4 March 2016 }}. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{langx|sa|महाभारतम्}}, {{IAST3|Mahābhāratam}}, {{IPA|sa|mɐɦaːˈbʱaːrɐt̪ɐm|pron}}) is a [[smriti]] text (also described as a [[Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit]] [[Indian epic poetry|epic]]) from [[ancient India]], one of the two important epics of [[Hinduism]] known as the ''[[Itihasa]]s'', the other being the ''[[Ramayana]]''.<ref name=encindlit>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1755 | title = The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj to Jyoti) | isbn = 978-81-260-1194-0 | last1 = Datta | first1 = Amaresh | date = 1 January 2006| publisher = Sahitya Akademi }}</ref> It narrates the events and aftermath of the [[Kurukshetra War]], a [[war of succession]] between two groups of princely cousins, the [[Kaurava]]s and the [[Pandava|Pāṇḍava]]s. It contains [[Hindu philosophy|philosophical]] and devotional material, such as a discussion of the four "goals of life" or ''[[puruṣārtha]]'' (12.161). Among the principal works and stories in the ''Mahābhārata'' are the [[Bhagavad Gita]], the story of [[Damayanti]], [[Shakuntala]], [[Pururava]] and [[Urvashi]], [[Savitri and Satyavan]], [[Kacha (sage)|Kacha]] and [[Devayani]], [[Rishyasringa]] and an abbreviated version of the [[Ramopakhyana|Rāmāyaṇa]].

{{Culture of India}}
[[File:Krishna and Arjun on the chariot, Mahabharata, 18th-19th century, India.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|[[Krishna]] and [[Arjuna]] at [[Kurukshetra]], 18th–19th-century painting]]
Traditionally, the authorship of the ''Mahābhārata'' is attributed to [[Vyasa|Vyāsa]]. There have been many attempts to unravel its historical growth and compositional layers. The bulk of the ''Mahābhārata'' was probably compiled between the 3rd century BCE and the 3rd century CE, with the oldest preserved parts not much older than around 400 BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Austin |first1=Christopher R. |title=Pradyumna: Lover, Magician, and Son of the Avatara |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-005411-3 |page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4jCoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 |language=en |access-date=11 January 2020 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124231/https://books.google.com/books?id=4jCoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BrockingtonA">Brockington (1998, p. 26)</ref> The text probably reached its final form by the early [[Gupta Empire|Gupta period]] ({{Circa|4th century CE}}).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/905466/how-did-the-ramayana-and-mahabharata-come-to-be-and-what-has-dharma-got-to-do-with-it|title=How did the 'Ramayana' and 'Mahabharata' come to be (and what has 'dharma' got to do with it)?|first=Devdutt|last=Pattanaik|website=Scroll.in|date=13 December 2018|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814160417/https://scroll.in/article/905466/how-did-the-ramayana-and-mahabharata-come-to-be-and-what-has-dharma-got-to-do-with-it/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Van Buitenen; ''The Mahabharata'' – 1; The Book of the Beginning. Introduction (Authorship and Date)</ref>

The title is translated as "Great [[Names for India|Bharat]] (India)", or "the story of the great descendants of [[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Bharata]]", or as "''The Great Indian Tale''".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Stuart |first1=Tristram |author-link=Tristram Stuart |last2=Albinia |first2=Alice |author2-link=Alice Albinia |date=16 August 2007 |title=India's epic struggle |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/aug/16/fiction |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806170749/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/aug/16/fiction |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=6 August 2023 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2021 |title=Mahabharata |url=https://vedicwisdomandphilosophy.wordpress.com/mahabharata/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806170749/https://vedicwisdomandphilosophy.wordpress.com/mahabharata/ |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=6 August 2023}}</ref> The ''Mahābhārata'' is the longest epic poem known and has been described as "the longest poem ever written".<ref name="Lochtefeld2002">{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA399|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|page=399|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124232/https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA399|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SharmaGaur2000">{{cite book|author1=T. R. S. Sharma|author2=June Gaur|author3=Sahitya Akademi (New Delhi, Inde).|title=Ancient Indian Literature: An Anthology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRp1PKX0BXoC&pg=PA137|year=2000|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0794-3|page=137|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124232/https://books.google.com/books?id=IRp1PKX0BXoC&pg=PA137|url-status=live}}</ref> Its longest version consists of over 100,000 [[shloka|shlokas]] (verses) or over 200,000 individual lines (each [[shloka]] is a couplet), and long prose passages. At about 1.8 million words in total, the ''Mahābhārata'' is roughly ten times the length of the ''[[Iliad]]'' and the ''[[Odyssey]]'' combined, or about four times the length of the ''[[Ramayana|Rāmāyaṇa]]''.<ref>[[Howard Spodek|Spodek, Howard]]. Richard Mason. The World's History. Pearson Education: 2006, New Jersey. 224, 0-13-177318-6</ref><ref>Amartya Sen, ''The Argumentative Indian. Writings on Indian Culture, History and Identity'', London: Penguin Books, 2005.</ref> Within the Indian tradition it is sometimes called the [[fifth Veda]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Fitzgerald | first = James | title = India's Fifth Veda: The Mahabharata's Presentation of Itself | journal = Journal of South Asian Literature | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages =125–140 | year = 1985 }}</ref>

== Textual history and structure ==
[[File:Ganesa writing the Mahabharat.jpeg|thumb|Vyasa narrating the ''Mahābhārata'' to [[Ganesha]] from a 17th century Mewar manuscript.]]

The epic is traditionally ascribed to the sage [[Vyasa]], who is also a major figure in the epic.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002" /> Vyasa described it as being an ''[[itihasa]]'' ({{Translation|history}}). He also describes the [[Guru–shishya tradition]], which traces all great teachers and their students of the Vedic times.

The first section of the ''Mahābhārata'' states that it was [[Ganesha]] who wrote down the text to Vyasa's dictation, but this is regarded by scholars as a later interpolation to the epic and the "Critical Edition" does not include Ganesha.<ref>''Mahābhārata'', Vol. 1, Part 2. Critical edition, p. 884.</ref>

The epic employs the [[story within a story]] structure, otherwise known as [[Frame story|frametales]], popular in many Indian religious and non-religious works. It is first recited at ''[[Taxila|Takshashila]]'' by the sage [[Vaisampayana]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Davis|first1=Richard H.|title=The "Bhagavad Gita": A Biography|date=2014|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=38|isbn=978-1-4008-5197-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQ3rAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Krishnan|first1=Bal|title=Kurukshetra: Political and Cultural History|date=1978|publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation|page=50|isbn=9788170180333|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_pUBAAAAMAAJ&q=Vaishampayana+related|access-date=6 November 2020|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124233/https://books.google.com/books?id=_pUBAAAAMAAJ&q=Vaishampayana+related|url-status=live}}</ref> a disciple of Vyasa, to the King [[Janamejaya II|Janamejaya]] who was the great-grandson of the [[Pandava]] prince [[Arjuna]]. Many years later, the story is recited again by a professional storyteller named [[Ugrashravas|Ugrashrava Sauti]] to an assemblage of sages conducting a twelve-year sacrifice for King Saunaka Kulapati in the [[Naimiṣāraṇya (forest)|Naimisha Forest]].
[[File:Sauti recites the slokas of the Mahabharata.jpg|thumb|Sauti recites the slokas of the ''Mahabharata''.]]
The text was described by some early 20th-century [[Indology|Indologists]] as unstructured and chaotic. [[Hermann Oldenberg]] supposed that the original poem must once have carried an immense "tragic force" but dismissed the full text as a "horrible chaos."<ref>{{cite book|first=Hermann|last=Oldenberg|title=Das Mahabharata: seine Entstehung, sein Inhalt, seine Form|location=Göttingen|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|year=1922|lccn=24000855|oclc=4878979|lang=de}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref> [[Moritz Winternitz]] (''Geschichte der indischen Literatur'' 1909) considered that "only unpoetical theologists and clumsy scribes" could have lumped the parts of disparate origin into an unordered whole.<ref>[http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/07-06/features360.htm "The Mahabharata"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106205614/http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/07-06/features360.htm |date=6 November 2006 }} at ''The Sampradaya Sun''</ref>

=== Accretion and [[Redaction (editorial synthesis)|redaction]] ===
Research on the ''Mahābhārata'' has put an enormous effort into recognizing and dating layers within the text. Some elements of the present ''Mahabharata'' can be traced back to Vedic times.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FYPOVdzZ2UIC&dq=a+history+of+indian+literature+mahabharata+date&pg=PA452 ''A History of Indian Literature''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406115439/https://books.google.com/books?id=FYPOVdzZ2UIC&dq=a+history+of+indian+literature+mahabharata+date&pg=PA452 |date=6 April 2023 }}, Volume 1 by Maurice Winternitz</ref> The background to the ''Mahābhārata'' suggests the origin of the epic occurs "after the very early [[Vedic period]]" and before "[[Maurya Empire|the first Indian 'empire']] was to rise in the third century B.C." That this is "a date not too far removed from the 8th or 9th century B.C."<ref name="BrockingtonA" /><ref name=vanB73>Buitenen (1973) pp. xxiv–xxv</ref> is likely. The ''Mahabharata'' started as an orally-transmitted tale of the charioteer [[bard]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/806662/the-mahabharata-how-an-oral-narrative-of-the-bards-became-the-didactic-text-of-the-brahmins|title=The Mahabharata: How an oral narrative of the bards became a text of the Brahmins|first=Ruchika|last=Sharma|website=Scroll.in|date=16 January 2017|access-date=16 January 2017|archive-date=17 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117134753/http://scroll.in/article/806662/the-mahabharata-how-an-oral-narrative-of-the-bards-became-the-didactic-text-of-the-brahmins|url-status=live}}</ref> It is generally agreed that "Unlike the [[Vedas]], which have to be preserved letter-perfect, the epic was a popular work whose reciters would inevitably conform to changes in language and style,"<ref name="vanB73" /> so the earliest 'surviving' components of this dynamic text are believed to be no older than the earliest 'external' references we have to the epic, which include a reference in [[Pāṇini|Panini]]'s 4th century BCE grammar [[Aṣṭādhyāyī|''Ashtadhyayi'']] 4:2:56.<ref name="BrockingtonA" /><ref name="vanB73" /> Vishnu Sukthankar, editor of the first great critical edition of the ''Mahābhārata'', commented: "It is useless to think of reconstructing a fluid text in an original shape, based on an archetype and a ''[[stemma codicum]]''. What then is possible? Our objective can only be to reconstruct ''the oldest form of the text which it is possible to reach'' based on the manuscript material available."<ref>Sukthankar (1933) "Prolegomena" p. lxxxvi. Emphasis is original.</ref> That manuscript evidence is somewhat late, given its material composition and the climate of India, but it is very extensive.

The ''Mahābhārata'' itself (1.1.61) distinguishes a core portion of 24,000 verses: the ''Bhārata'' proper, as opposed to additional secondary material, while the ''[[Grhya Sutras|Ashvalayana Grihyasutra]]'' (3.4.4) makes a similar distinction. At least three redactions of the text are commonly recognized: ''Jaya'' (Victory) with 8,800 verses attributed to Vyasa, the ''Bharata'' with 24,000 verses as recited by [[Vaisampayana]], and finally the ''Mahābhārata'' as recited by [[Ugrasrava Sauti|Ugrashrava Sauti]] with over 100,000 verses.<ref>Gupta & Ramachandran (1976), citing ''Mahabharata'', Critical Edition, I, 56, 33</ref><ref>SP Gupta and KS Ramachandran (1976), p.3-4, citing Vaidya (1967), p.11</ref> However, some scholars, such as John Brockington, argue that ''Jaya'' and ''Bharata'' refer to the same text, and ascribe the theory of ''Jaya'' with 8,800 verses to a misreading of a verse in the ''[[Adi Parva]]'' (1.1.81).<ref>{{Cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C&pg=PA21|title= The Sanskrit epics, Part 2|volume= 12|first= J. L.|last= Brockington|page= 21|publisher= BRILL|year= 1998|isbn= 978-90-04-10260-6|access-date= 30 May 2020|archive-date= 7 September 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124733/https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C&pg=PA21|url-status= live}}</ref> The [[Redaction (editorial synthesis)|redaction]] of this large body of text was carried out after formal principles, emphasizing the numbers 18<ref>18 books, 18 chapters of the ''Bhagavadgita'' and the Narayaniya each, corresponding to the 18 days of the battle and the 18 armies (Mbh. 5.152.23)</ref> and 12. The addition of the latest parts may be dated by the absence of the ''[[Anushasana Parva]]'' and the ''[[Virata Parva]]'' from the "[[The Spitzer manuscript|Spitzer manuscript]]".<ref>The Spitzer Manuscript (Beitrage zur Kultur- und Geistesgeschichte Asiens), Austrian Academy of Sciences, 2004. It is one of the oldest Sanskrit manuscripts found on the [[Silk Road]] and part of the estate of Dr. Moritz Spitzer.</ref> The oldest surviving [[Sanskrit]] text dates to the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan Period]] (200 CE).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schlingloff|first=Dieter|year=1969|title=The Oldest Extant Parvan-List of the Mahābhārata|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=89|issue=2|pages=334–338|doi=10.2307/596517|jstor=596517}}</ref>

According to what one figure says at Mbh. 1.1.50, there were three versions of the epic, beginning with ''Manu'' (1.1.27), ''Astika'' (1.3, sub-Parva 5), or ''Vasu'' (1.57), respectively. These versions would correspond to the addition of one and then another 'frame' settings of dialogues. The ''Vasu'' version would omit the frame settings and begin with the account of the birth of Vyasa. The ''astika'' version would add the ''sarpasattra'' and ''ashvamedha'' material from Brahmanical literature, introduce the name ''Mahābhārata'', and identify Vyasa as the work's author. The redactors of these additions were probably [[Pañcaratra|Pancharatrin]] scholars who according to Oberlies (1998) likely retained control over the text until its final redaction. Mention of the [[Huna (people)|Huna]] in the ''[[Bhishma Parva]]'' however appears to imply that this Parva may have been edited around the 4th century.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-11-21|title=Vyasa, can you hear us now?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/vyasa-can-you-hear-us-now/|access-date=2020-06-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607164708/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/vyasa-can-you-hear-us-now/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Snakesacrifice.jpg|thumb|The snake sacrifice of Janamejaya]]
The ''Adi Parva'' includes the snake sacrifice (''sarpasattra'') of [[Janamejaya II|Janamejaya]], explaining its motivation, detailing why all snakes in existence were intended to be destroyed, and why despite this, there are still snakes in existence. This ''sarpasattra'' material was often considered an independent tale added to a version of the ''Mahābhārata'' by "thematic attraction" (Minkowski 1991), and considered to have a particularly close connection to [[Vedic Sanskrit|Vedic]] ([[Brahmana]]) literature. The ''[[Panchavimsha Brahmana]]'' (at 25.15.3) enumerates the officiant priests of a ''sarpasattra'' among whom the names [[Dhritarashtra]] and Janamejaya, two main figures of the ''Mahābhārata'''s ''sarpasattra'', as well as [[Takshaka]], a snake in the ''Mahābhārata'', occur.<ref>J.A.B. van Buitenen, ''Mahābhārata, Volume 1'', p.445, citing W. Caland, ''The Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa'', p.640-2</ref>

The ''[[Suparṇākhyāna|Suparnakhyana]]'', a late Vedic period poem considered to be among the "earliest traces of epic poetry in India," is an older, shorter precursor to the expanded legend of [[Garuda]] that is included in the ''Astika Parva'', within the ''Adi Parva'' of the ''Mahābhārata''.<ref name="Winternitz1996">{{cite book|author=Moriz Winternitz|title=A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&pg=PA292|year=1996|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0264-3|pages=291–292|access-date=22 November 2018|archive-date=6 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706210944/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&pg=PA292|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Vogel1995">{{cite book|author=Jean Philippe Vogel|title=Indian Serpent-lore: Or, The Nāgas in Hindu Legend and Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caskYEbIQDoC&pg=PA53|year=1995|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1071-2|pages=53–54|access-date=22 November 2018|archive-date=6 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706210945/https://books.google.com/books?id=caskYEbIQDoC&pg=PA53|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Historical references ===
{{See also|Bhagavad Gita#Date and text}}
The earliest known references to ''bhārata'' and the [[Compound (linguistics)|compound]] ''mahābhārata'' date to the [[Aṣṭādhyāyī|''Ashtadhyayi'']] ([[sutra]] 6.2.38)<ref>''mahān vrīhyaparāhṇagṛṣṭīṣvāsajābālabhārabhāratahailihilarauravapravṛddheṣu'', [http://sanskritdictionary.com/panini/6-2-38 'Pāṇini Research Tool', Sanskrit Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930033631/http://sanskritdictionary.com/panini/6-2-38 |date=30 September 2021 }}</ref> of [[Pāṇini|Panini]] (''fl.'' 4th century BCE) and the ''[[Grhya Sutras|Ashvalayana Grihyasutra]]'' (3.4.4). This may mean that the core 24,000 verses, known as the ''Bhārata'', as well as an early version of the extended ''Mahābhārata'', were composed by the 4th century BCE. However, it is uncertain whether Panini referred to the epic, as ''bhārata'' was also used to describe other things. [[Albrecht Weber]] mentions the [[Rigveda|Rigvedic]] tribe of the [[Bharatas (tribe)|Bharatas]], where a great person might have been designated as ''Mahā-Bhārata.'' However, as Panini also mentions figures that play a role in the ''Mahābhārata'', some parts of the epic may have already been known in his day. Another aspect is that Panini determined the [[Pitch-accent language|accent]] of ''mahā-bhārata''. However, the ''Mahābhārata'' was not recited in [[Vedic accent]].<ref>[[Johannes Bronkhorst|Bronkhorst, J.]] (2016): ''How the Brahmins Won. From Alexander to the Guptas'', Brill, p. 78-80, 97</ref>

The Greek writer [[Dio Chrysostom]] ({{Circa|40|120 CE}}) reported that [[Homer]]'s poetry was being sung even in India.<ref>Dio Chrysostom, 53.[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dio_Chrysostom/Discourses/53*.html#6 6]-7, trans. H. Lamar Crosby, [[Loeb Classical Library]], 1946, vol. 4, p. 363.</ref> Many scholars have taken this as evidence for the existence of a ''Māhabhārata'' at this date, whose episodes Dio or his sources identify with the story of the ''Iliad''.<ref>[[Christian Lassen]], in his ''Indische Alterthumskunde'', supposed that the reference is ultimate to Dhritarashtra's sorrows, the laments of Gandhari and Draupadi, and the valor of Arjuna and Suyodhana or Karna (cited approvingly in [[Maximilian Wolfgang Duncker|Max Duncker]], ''The History of Antiquity'' (trans. [[Evelyn Abbott]], London 1880), vol. 4, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gIkBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA81 p. 81]). This interpretation is endorsed in such standard references as [[Albrecht Weber]]'s ''History of Indian Literature'' but has sometimes been repeated as fact instead of as interpretation.</ref>

Several stories within the ''Mahābhārata'' took on separate identities of their own in [[Classical Sanskrit literature]]. For instance, the [[Abhijñānaśākuntalam|''Abhijnanashakuntala'']] by the Sanskrit poet [[Kalidasa]] ({{Circa|400 CE}}), believed to have lived in the era of the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] dynasty, is based on a story that is the precursor to the ''Mahābhārata''. The ''[[Urubhanga]]'', a Sanskrit play written by [[Bhāsa|Bhasa]] who is believed to have lived before Kalidasa, is based on the slaying of Duryodhana by the splitting of his thighs by [[Bhima]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Ghadyalpatil|first=Abhiram|date=2016-10-10|title=Maharashtra builds up a case for providing quotas to Marathas|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/q71WZs7MNRESfXzM7UEnKI/Maharashtra-builds-up-case-for-providing-quotas-to-Marathas.html|access-date=2020-06-07|website=Livemint|language=en|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607165207/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/q71WZs7MNRESfXzM7UEnKI/Maharashtra-builds-up-case-for-providing-quotas-to-Marathas.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The copper-plate inscription of the [[Maharaja]] Sharvanatha (533–534 CE) from Khoh ([[Satna]] District, [[Madhya Pradesh]]) describes the ''Mahābhārata'' as a "collection of 100,000 verses" (''śata-sahasri saṃhitā'').<ref name=":0" />

=== The 18 parvas or books ===
The division into 18 parvas is as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Parva
!Title
!Sub-parvas
!Contents
|-
|1
|''[[Adi Parva]]'' ''(The Book of the Beginning)''
|1–19
|How the ''Mahābhārata'' came to be narrated by [[Ugrasrava Sauti|Sauti]] to the assembled [[rishi]]s at [[Naimisharanya]], after having been recited at the ''sarpasattra'' of [[Janamejaya II|Janamejaya]] by [[Vaisampayana]] at [[Taxila|Takshashila]]. The history and genealogy of the [[Bhāratas|Bharata]] and [[Bhrigu]] races are recalled, as is the birth and early life of the [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru]] [[List of characters in the Mahabharata|princes]] (''adi'' means first). Adi parva describes [[Pandava|Pandavas]]' birth, childhood, education, marriage, struggles due to conspiracy as well as glorious achievements.
|-
|2
|''[[Sabha Parva]]'' (The Book of the Assembly Hall)
|20–28
|[[Mayasura|Maya Danava]] erects the [[Mayasabha|palace and court]] (''sabha'') at [[Indraprastha]]. The Sabha Parva narrates the glorious [[Yudhisthira]]'s Rajasuya sacrifice performed with the help of his brothers and Yudhisthira's rule in Shakraprastha/[[Indraprastha]] as well as the humiliation and deceit caused by conspiracy along with their own action.
|-
|3
|''[[Vana Parva]]'' ''also'' ''Aranyaka Parva'', ''Aranya Parva'' (The Book of the Forest)
|29–44
|The twelve years of exile in the forest (''aranya''). The entire Parva describes their struggle and consolidation of strength.
|-
|4
|''[[Virata Parva]]'' (The Book of Virata)
|45–48
|The year spent incognito at the court of [[Virata]]. A single warrior ([[Arjuna]]) defeated the entire Kuru army including [[Karna]], [[Bhishma]], [[Drona]], [[Ashwatthama]], etc. and recovered the cattle of the [[Virata]] kingdom.<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m04/m04026.htm SECTION XXVI (Go-harana Parva)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130220420/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m04/m04026.htm |date=30 November 2021 }} ''sacred-texts.com''.</ref>
|-
|5
| ''[[Udyoga Parva]]'' (The Book of the Effort)
|49–59
|Preparations for war and efforts to bring about peace between the Kaurava and the Pandava sides which eventually fail (''udyoga'' means effort or work).
|-
|6
| ''[[Bhishma Parva]]'' (The Book of Bhishma)
| 60–64
|The first part of the great battle, with [[Bhishma]] as commander for the Kaurava and his fall on the bed of arrows. The most important aspect of Bhishma Parva is the [[Bhagavad Gita]] narrated by [[Krishna]] to [[Arjuna]]. (Includes the Bhagavad Gita in chapters 25–42.)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06025.htm |title=The Mahabharata, Book 6: Bhishma Parva: Bhagavat-Gita Parva: Section XXV (''Bhagavad Gita'' Chapter I) |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=3 August 2012 |archive-date=21 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521235153/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06025.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06042.htm |title=The Mahabharata, Book 6: Bhishma Parva: Bhagavat-Gita Parva: Section XLII (Bhagavad Gita, Chapter XVIII) |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=3 August 2012 |archive-date=21 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521231917/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06042.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|7
| ''[[Drona Parva]]'' (The Book of Drona)
|65–72
|The battle continues, with [[Drona]] as commander. This is the major book of the war. Most of the great warriors on both sides are dead by the end of this book.
|-
|8
| ''[[Karna Parva]]'' (The Book of Karna)
|73
|The continuation of the battle with [[Karna]] as commander of the [[Kaurava]] forces.
|-
|9
|''[[Shalya Parva]]'' (The Book of Shalya)
|74–77
|The last day of the battle, with [[Shalya]] as commander. Also told in detail, is the pilgrimage of Balarama to the fords of the river Saraswati and the mace fight between Bhima and Duryodhana which ends the war, since Bhima kills Duryodhana by smashing him on the thighs with a mace.
|-
|10
| ''[[Sauptika Parva]]'' (The Book of the Sleeping Warriors)
|78–80
|[[Ashwatthama]], Kripa and Kritavarma kill the remaining Pandava army in their sleep. Only seven warriors remain on the Pandava side and three on the Kaurava side.
|-
|11
| ''[[Stri Parva]]'' (The Book of the Women)
|81–85
|[[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]] and the women (''stri'') of the Kauravas and Pandavas lament the dead and Gandhari cursing [[Krishna]] for the massive destruction and the extermination of the Kaurava.
|-
|12
| ''[[Shanti Parva]]'' (The Book of Peace)
|86–88
|The crowning of [[Yudhishthira]] as king of Hastinapura, and instructions from [[Bhishma]] for the newly anointed king on society, economics, and politics. This is the longest book of the ''Mahabharata''.
|-
|13
| ''[[Anushasana Parva]]'' (The Book of the Instructions)
|89–90
|The final instructions (''anushasana'') from [[Bhishma]]. This Parba contains the last day of Bhishma and his advice and wisdom to the upcoming emperor [[Yudhishthira]].
|-
|14
| ''[[Ashvamedhika Parva]]'' (The Book of the Horse Sacrifice)<ref>The ''Ashvamedhika-parva'' is also preserved in a separate version, the ''Jaimini-Bharata'' (''Jaiminiya-Ashvamedha'') where the frame dialogue is replaced, the narration being attributed to [[Jaimini]], another disciple of Vyasa. . It describes how Arjuna alone conquered the whole earth once again. This version contains far more devotional material (related to Krishna) than the standard epic and probably dates to the 12th century. It has some regional versions, the most popular being the [[Kannada language|Kannada]] one by Devapurada Annama Lakshmisha (16th century).[http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/07-06/features360.htm The Mahabharata] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106205614/http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/07-06/features360.htm |date=6 November 2006 }}
{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}</ref>
|91–92
|The royal ceremony of the [[Ashvamedha]] (Horse sacrifice) conducted by Yudhishthira. The world conquest by Arjuna. Anugita is told by Krishna to Arjuna.
|-
|15
| ''[[Ashramavasika Parva]]'' (The Book of the Hermitage)
|93–95
|The eventual deaths of Dhritarashtra, Gandhari, and Kunti in a forest fire when they are living in a hermitage in the Himalayas. Vidura predeceases them and Sanjaya on Dhritarashtra's bidding goes to live in the higher Himalayas.
|-
|16
| ''[[Mausala Parva]]'' (The Book of the Clubs)
|96
|The materialization of Gandhari's curse, i.e., the infighting between the [[Yadu|Yadavas]] with maces (''mausala'') and the eventual destruction of the Yadavas.
|-
|17
| ''[[Mahaprasthanika Parva]]'' (The Book of the Great Journey)
|97
|The great journey of Yudhishthira, his brothers, and his wife [[Draupadi]] across the whole country and finally their ascent of the great Himalayas where each Pandava falls except for Yudhishthira.
|-
|18
| ''[[Svargarohana Parva]]'' (The Book of the Ascent to Heaven)
|98
| Yudhishthira's final test and the return of the Pandavas to the spiritual world (''[[svarga]]'').
|-
|''khila''
|''[[Harivamsa]] Parva'' (The Book of the Genealogy of Hari)
|99–100
|This is an addendum to the 18 books, and covers those parts of the life of Krishna which is not covered in the 18 parvas of the ''Mahabharata''.
|}

== Historical context ==
The historicity of the [[Kurukshetra War]] is unclear. Many historians estimate the date of the Kurukshetra war to [[Iron Age India]] of the 10th century BCE.<ref>In discussing the dating question, historian A. L. Basham says: "According to the most popular later tradition the Mahabharata War took place in 3102  BCE, which in the light of all evidence, is quite impossible. More reasonable is another tradition, placing it in the 15th century BCE, but this is also several centuries too early in the light of our archaeological knowledge. Probably the war took place around the beginning of the 9th century BCE; such a date seems to fit well with the scanty archaeological remains of the period, and there is some evidence in the Brahmana literature itself to show that it cannot have been much earlier." Basham, p. 40, citing HC Raychaudhuri, ''Political History of Ancient India'', pp.27ff.</ref> The setting of the epic has a historical precedent in Iron Age ([[Vedic India|Vedic]]) India, where the [[Kuru (kingdom)|Kuru]] kingdom was the center of political power during roughly 1200 to 800 BCE.<ref>M Witzel, ''Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state'', EJVS vol.1 no.4 (1995); also in B. Kölver (ed.), ''Recht, Staat und Verwaltung im klassischen Indien. The state, the Law, and Administration in Classical India'', München, R. Oldenbourg, 1997, p.27-52</ref> A dynastic conflict of the period could have been the inspiration for the ''Jaya'', the foundation on which the ''Mahābhārata'' corpus was built, with a climactic battle, eventually coming to be viewed as an epochal event.

[[Puranas|Puranic literature]] presents genealogical lists associated with the ''Mahābhārata'' narrative. The evidence of the Puranas is of two kinds. Of the first kind, there is the direct statement that there were 1,015 (or 1,050) years between the birth of [[Parikshit]] (Arjuna's grandson) and the accession of [[Mahapadma Nanda]] (400–329 BCE), which would yield an estimate of about 1400 BCE for the Bharata battle.<ref>A.D. Pusalker, ''History and Culture of the Indian People'', Vol I, Chapter XIV, p.273</ref> However, this would imply improbably long reigns on average for the kings listed in the genealogies.<ref>FE Pargiter, ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', p.180. He shows estimates of the average as 47, 50, 31, and 35 for various versions of the lists.</ref> Of the second kind is analysis of parallel genealogies in the Puranas between the times of Adhisimakrishna ([[Parikshit]]'s great-grandson) and [[Mahapadma Nanda]]. Pargiter accordingly estimated 26 generations by averaging 10 different dynastic lists and, assuming 18 years for the average duration of a reign, arrived at an estimate of 850  BCE for Adhisimakrishna, and thus approximately 950  BCE for the Bharata battle.<ref>Pargiter, ''op.cit.'' p.180-182</ref>

[[File: Painted Grey Ware Culture (1200-600 BCE).png|thumb|Map of some [[Painted Grey Ware]] (PGW) sites.]]
[[B. B. Lal (archaeologist)|B. B. Lal]] used the same approach with a more conservative assumption of the average reign to estimate a date of 836 BCE, and correlated this with archaeological evidence from [[Painted Grey Ware]] (PGW) sites, the association being strong between PGW artifacts and places mentioned in the epic.<ref>B. B. Lal, ''Mahabharata and Archaeology'' in Gupta and Ramachandran (1976), p.57-58</ref> [[John Keay]] suggests "their core narratives seem to relate to events from a period prior to all but the Rig Veda."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keay |first=John |author-link=John Keay |title=India: A History |year=2000 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-8021-3797-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC |pages=42 |access-date=22 September 2024 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703190805/https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC |url-status=live }}</ref>

Attempts to date the events using methods of [[archaeoastronomy]] have produced, depending on which passages are chosen and how they are interpreted, estimates ranging from the late 4th to the mid-2nd millennium BCE.<ref>Gupta and Ramachandran (1976), p.246, who summarize as follows: "Astronomical calculations favor 15th century BCE as the date of the war while the Puranic data place it in the 10th/9th century BCE. Archaeological evidence points towards the latter." (p.254)</ref> The late 4th-millennium date has a precedent in the calculation of the ''[[Kali Yuga]]'' epoch, based on planetary conjunctions, by [[Aryabhata]] (6th century). Aryabhata's date of 18 February 3102 BCE for ''Mahābhārata'' war has become widespread in Indian tradition. Some sources mark this as the disappearance of [[Krishna]] from the Earth.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lord-Krishna-lived-for-125-years/articleshow/844211.cms|title=Lord Krishna lived for 125 years | India News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=8 September 2004|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023194614/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lord-Krishna-lived-for-125-years/articleshow/844211.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Aihole]] inscription of [[Pulakeshin II]], dated to Saka 556 = 634 CE, claims that 3,735 years have elapsed since the Bhārata battle, putting the date of ''Mahābhārata'' war at 3137 BCE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/5151-years-of-gita/15033045|title=5151 years of Gita|date=19 January 2014|access-date=15 May 2015|archive-date=8 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108190821/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/5151-years-of-gita/15033045|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Gupta and Ramachandran (1976), p.55; AD Pusalker, HCIP, Vol I, p.272</ref>

Another traditional school of astronomers and historians, represented by [[Vrddha Garga]], [[Varāhamihira]] and [[Kalhana]], place the Bharata war 653 years after the ''Kali Yuga'' epoch, corresponding to 2449 BCE.<ref>AD Pusalker, ''op.cit.'' p.272</ref> According to Varāhamihira's ''[[Bṛhat Saṃhitā]]'' (6th century), [[Yudhishthara]] lived 2,526 years before the beginning of the [[Shaka era]], which begins in the 78 CE. This places Yudhishthara (and therefore, the Mahabharata war) around 2448–2449 BCE (2526–78). Some scholars have attempted to identify the "Shaka" calendar era mentioned by Varāhamihira with other eras, but such identifications place Varāhamihira in the first century BCE, which is impossible as he refers to the 5th century astronomer [[Aryabhata]]. [[Kalhana]]'s ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' (11th century), apparently relying on Varāhamihira, also states that the Pandavas flourished 653 years after the beginning of the Kali Yuga; Kalhana adds that people who believe that the Bharata war was fought at the end of the ''[[Dvapara Yuga]]'' are foolish.<ref>{{cite book |author=A.M. Shastri |author-link=Ajay Mitra Shastri |title=Varāhamihira and His Times |year=1991 |publisher=Kusumanjali |oclc=28644897 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf0MAQAAMAAJ |pages=31–33, 37 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703135614/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf0MAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sanskrit and ''Mahābhārata'' scholar [[Robert P. Goldman]] states:
<blockquote>(The ''Mahābhārata'') cloaks itself in mythology, but I don't think the text itself should be called a myth...it's an ''[[itihasa]]'' but in the terms that the tradition understood history. It is a ''[[kāvya]]'', obviously, it is a ''[[shastra]]'', and it is a teaching method for how to live in the world - how to respect your elders, how to respect the [[brahmins]], and so on. So in answer to the question "Is it history or mythology?" I would say yes, it is both of those things, and a great deal more.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahābhārata - History or Mythology? I Prof. Robert P. Goldman|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTdm0uoz3ws|website=youtube.com |publisher=Argumentative Indians |language=en |format=video |date=November 12, 2022}}</ref></blockquote>

== Synopsis ==
[[File: Ganesha write Mahabharata.jpg|thumb|Ganesha writes the ''Mahabharata'' upon Vyasa's dictation.]]{{See also|List of characters in the Mahabharata}}
The core story of the work is that of a dynastic struggle for the throne of [[Hastinapura]], the kingdom ruled by the [[Kuru (India)|Kuru]] clan. The two collateral branches of the family that participate in the struggle are the [[Kaurava]] and the [[Pandava]]. Although the Kaurava is the senior branch of the family, [[Duryodhana]], the eldest Kaurava, is younger than [[Yudhishthira]], the eldest Pandava. Both [[Duryodhana]] and [[Yudhishthira]] claim to be first in line to inherit the throne.

The struggle culminates in the [[Kurukshetra War]], in which the [[Pandavas]] are ultimately victorious. The battle produces complex conflicts of kinship and friendship, instances of family loyalty and duty taking precedence over what is right, as well as the converse.

The ''Mahābhārata'' itself ends with the death of [[Krishna]], and the subsequent end of his dynasty and ascent of the Pandava brothers to heaven. It also marks the beginning of the Hindu age of ''[[Kali Yuga]]'', the fourth and final age of humankind, in which great values and noble ideas have crumbled, and people are heading towards the complete dissolution of right action, morality, and virtue.

=== The older generations ===
[[File: Ravi Varma-Shantanu and Satyavati.jpg|thumb|Shantanu falls in love with Satyavati, the fisherwoman. Painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]].]]

King Janamejaya's ancestor, [[Shantanu]], the king of [[Hastinapura]], had a short-lived marriage with the goddess [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] and had a son, Devavrata (later to be called [[Bhishma]], a great warrior), who becomes the heir apparent. Many years later, when King [[Shantanu]] goes hunting, he sees [[Satyavati]], the daughter of the chief of fishermen, and asks her father for her hand. Her father refuses to consent to the marriage unless Shantanu promises to make any future son of Satyavati the king upon his death. To resolve his father's dilemma, [[Bhishma|Devavrata]] agrees to relinquish his right to the throne. As the fisherman is not sure about the prince's children honoring the promise, Devavrata also takes a vow of lifelong celibacy to guarantee his father's promise.

Shantanu has two sons by Satyavati, [[Chitrāngada]] and [[Vichitravirya]]. Upon Shantanu's death, Chitrangada becomes king. He lives a very short uneventful life and dies. [[Vichitravirya]], the younger son, rules [[Hastinapura]]. Meanwhile, the King of [[Kāśī]] arranges a [[swayamvara]] for his three daughters, neglecting to invite the royal family of Hastinapura. To arrange the marriage of young Vichitravirya, Bhishma attends the swayamvara of the three princesses [[Amba (Mahabharata)|Amba]], [[Ambika (Mahabharata)|Ambika]], and [[Ambalika]], uninvited, and proceeds to abduct them. Ambika and Ambalika consent to be married to Vichitravirya.

The oldest princess Amba, however, informs Bhishma that she wishes to marry the king of Shalva whom Bhishma defeated at their swayamvara. Bhishma lets her leave to marry the king of Shalva, but Shalva refuses to marry her, still smarting at his humiliation at the hands of Bhishma. Amba then returns to marry Bhishma but he refuses due to his vow of celibacy. Amba becomes enraged and becomes Bhishma's bitter enemy, holding him responsible for her plight. She vows to kill him in her next life. Later she is reborn to King [[Drupada]] as [[Shikhandi]] (or Shikhandini) and causes Bhishma's fall, with the help of [[Arjuna]], in the battle of Kurukshetra.

=== The Pandava and Kaurava princes ===
[[File:Draupadi and Pandavas.jpg|thumb|[[Draupadi]] with her five husbands – the [[Pandavas]]. The central figure is [[Yudhishthira]]; the two on the bottom are [[Bhima]] and [[Arjuna]]. [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]], the twins, are standing. Painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]], {{Circa|1900}}.]]

When Vichitravirya dies young without any heirs, Satyavati asks her first son [[Vyasa]], born to her from a previous union with the sage [[Parashara]], to [[niyoga|father children with]] the widows. The eldest, Ambika, shuts her eyes when she sees him, and so her son [[Dhritarashtra]] is born blind. Ambalika turns pale and bloodless upon seeing him, and thus her son [[Pandu]] is born pale and unhealthy (the term Pandu may also mean 'jaundiced'<ref>{{cite web |url=http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/ |title=Sanskrit, Tamil and Pahlavi Dictionaries |language=de |publisher=Webapps.uni-koeln.de |date=11 February 2003 |access-date=9 February 2008 |archive-date=26 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126035307/http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>). Due to the physical challenges of the first two children, Satyavati asks Vyasa to try once again. However, Ambika and Ambalika send their maid instead, to Vyasa's room. Vyasa fathers a third son, [[Vidura]], by the maid. He is born healthy and grows up to be one of the wisest figures in the ''Mahabharata''. He serves as Prime Minister (Mahamantri or Mahatma) to King Pandu and King Dhritarashtra.

When the princes grow up, Dhritarashtra is about to be crowned king by Bhishma when Vidura intervenes and uses his knowledge of politics to assert that a blind person cannot be king. This is because a blind man cannot control and protect his subjects. The throne is then given to Pandu because of Dhritarashtra's blindness. Pandu marries twice, to [[Kunti]] and [[Madri]]. Dhritarashtra marries [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]], a princess from Gandhara, who blindfolds herself for the rest of her life so that she may feel the pain that her husband feels. Her brother [[Shakuni]] is enraged by this and vows to take revenge on the Kuru family. One day, when Pandu is relaxing in the forest, he hears the sound of a wild animal. He shoots an arrow in the direction of the sound. However, the arrow hits the sage [[Kindama]], who was engaged in a sexual act in the guise of a deer. He curses Pandu that if he engages in a sexual act, he will die. Pandu then retires to the forest along with his two wives, and his brother Dhritarashtra rules thereafter, despite his blindness.

Pandu's older queen Kunti, however, had been given a boon by Sage [[Durvasa]] that she could invoke any god using a special mantra. Kunti uses this boon to ask [[Dharma]], the god of justice, [[Vayu]], the god of the wind, and [[Indra]], the lord of the heavens for sons. She gives birth to three sons, [[Yudhishthira]], [[Bhima]], and [[Arjuna]], through these gods. Kunti shares her mantra with the younger queen [[Madri]], who bears the twins [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]] through the [[Ashvins|Ashwini]] twins. However, Pandu and Madri indulge in lovemaking, and Pandu dies. Madri commits suicide out of remorse. Kunti raises the five brothers, who are from then on usually referred to as the [[Pandava]] brothers.

Dhritarashtra has a hundred sons, and one daughter—[[Duhsala]]—through [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]],<ref>{{cite book|last = Mani|first = Vettam|title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature|url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft|publisher = Motilal Banarsidass|year = 1975|location = Delhi|isbn = 978-0-8426-0822-0|authorlink =Vettam Mani|page=263}}</ref> all born after the birth of Yudhishthira. These are the [[Kaurava]] brothers, the eldest being [[Duryodhana]], and the second [[Dushasana]]. Other Kaurava brothers include [[Vikarna]] and Sukarna. The rivalry and enmity between them and the Pandava brothers, from their youth and into manhood, leads to the [[Kurukshetra]] war.

=== Lakshagraha (the house of lac) ===
After the deaths of their mother (Madri) and father (Pandu), the Pandavas and their mother Kunti return to the palace of Hastinapur. Yudhishthira is made Crown Prince by Dhritarashtra, under considerable pressure from his courtiers.

Shakuni, Duryodhana, and Dushasana plot to get rid of the Pandavas. Shakuni calls the architect [[Purochana]] to build a palace out of flammable materials like lac and ghee. He then arranges for the Pandavas and the Queen Mother Kunti to stay there, intending to set it alight. However, the Pandavas are warned by their wise uncle, [[Vidura]], who sends them a miner to dig a tunnel. They escape to safety through the tunnel and go into hiding. During this time, Bhima marries a [[demon]]ess [[Hidimbi]] and has a son [[Ghatotkacha]]. Back in Hastinapur, the Pandavas and Kunti are presumed dead.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01144.htm |title=Book 1: Adi Parva: Jatugriha Parva |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=1 September 2010 |archive-date=25 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325214549/http://sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01144.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Marriage to Draupadi ===
[[File:Swayamvara Draupadi Arjuna Archery.jpg|thumb|[[Arjuna]] piercing the eye of the fish as depicted in [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur]] built by [[Hoysala Empire]]]]

Whilst they were in hiding, the Pandavas learn of a [[swayamvara]] which is taking place for the hand of the [[Pāñcāla]] princess [[Draupadī]]. The Pandavas, disguised as [[Brahmin]]s, come to witness the event. Meanwhile, Krishna, who has already befriended Draupadi, tells her to look out for Arjuna (though now believed to be dead). The task was to string a mighty steel bow and shoot a target on the ceiling, which was the eye of a moving artificial fish, while looking at its reflection in oil below. In popular versions, after all the princes fail, many being unable to lift the bow, Karna proceeds to the attempt but is interrupted by Draupadi who refuses to marry a suta (this has been excised from the Critical Edition of Mahabharata<ref name="archive.org">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/mahabharatha015693mbp|title=THE MAHABHARATHA|last=VISHNU S. SUKTHANKAR|date=11 March 2018|publisher=BHANDARKAR ORIENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, POONA|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name="bori.ac.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.bori.ac.in/mahabharata_project.html|title=The Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute : Mahabharata Project|website=bori.ac.in|access-date=3 November 2019|archive-date=20 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220032420/http://www.bori.ac.in/mahabharata_project.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> as later interpolation<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/InterpolationsInTheMahabharata|title=Interpolations in the Mahabharata|last=M. A. Mehendale|date=1 January 2001|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>). After this, the swayamvara is opened to the Brahmins leading Arjuna to win the contest and marry Draupadi. The Pandavas return home and inform their meditating mother that Arjuna has won a competition and to look at what they have brought back. Without looking, Kunti asks them to share whatever Arjuna has won amongst themselves, thinking it to be [[alms]]. Thus, Draupadi ends up being the [[Fraternal polyandry|wife of all five brothers]].

=== Indraprastha ===
After the wedding, the Pandava brothers are invited back to Hastinapura. The Kuru family elders and relatives negotiate and broker a split of the kingdom, with the Pandavas obtaining and demanding only a wild forest inhabited by [[Takshaka]], the king of snakes, and his family. Through hard work, the Pandavas build a new glorious capital for the territory at [[Indraprastha]].

Shortly after this, Arjuna elopes with and then marries Krishna's sister, [[Subhadra]]. Yudhishthira wishes to establish his position as king; he seeks Krishna's advice. Krishna advises him, and after due preparation and the elimination of some opposition, Yudhishthira carries out the ''rājasūya yagna'' ceremony; he is thus recognized as pre-eminent among kings.

The Pandavas have a [[Mayasabha|new palace]] built for them, by [[Mayasura|Maya]] the [[Danava (Hinduism)|Danava]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02001.htm |title=Book 2: Sabha Parva: Sabhakriya Parva |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=1 September 2010 |archive-date=27 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527203909/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02001.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> They invite their Kaurava cousins to Indraprastha. Duryodhana walks round the palace, and mistakes a glossy floor for water, and will not step in. After being told of his error, he then sees a pond and assumes it is not water and falls in. [[Bhima]], [[Arjuna]], the twins and the servants laugh at him.<ref name="Laughter at Duryodhana">{{cite web| url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02046.htm| title=Sabha parva| publisher=Sacred-texts.com| access-date=13 July 2015| archive-date=24 September 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133159/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02046.htm| url-status=live}}</ref> In popular adaptations, this insult is wrongly attributed to Draupadi, even though in the Sanskrit epic, it was the Pandavas (except Yudhishthira) who had insulted Duryodhana. Enraged by the insult, and jealous at seeing the wealth of the Pandavas, Duryodhana decides to host a dice-game on Shakuni's suggestion. This suggestion was accepted by Yudhisthira despite the rest of the Pandavas advising him not to play.

=== The dice game ===
[[File: Disrobing of Draupadi.jpg|thumb|Draupadi humiliated]]
[[Shakuni]], Duryodhana's uncle, now arranges a dice game, playing against Yudhishthira with loaded dice. In the dice game, Yudhishthira loses all his wealth, then his kingdom. Yudhishthira then gambles his brothers, himself, and finally his wife into servitude. The jubilant Kauravas insult the Pandavas in their helpless state and even try to disrobe Draupadi in front of the entire court, but Draupadi's disrobe is prevented by Krishna, who miraculously make her dress endless, therefore it couldn't be removed.

Dhritarashtra, Bhishma, and the other elders are aghast at the situation, but Duryodhana is adamant that there is no place for two crown princes in Hastinapura. Against his wishes Dhritarashtra calls for another dice game. The Pandavas are required to go into exile for 12 years, and in the 13th year, they must remain hidden called as ''[[Agyaata Vaasa]]''. If they are discovered by the Kauravas in the 13th year of their exile, then they will be forced into exile for another 12 years.

=== Exile and return ===
The Pandavas spend thirteen years in exile; many adventures occur during this time. The Pandavas acquire many divine weapons, given by gods, during this period. They also prepare alliances for a possible future conflict. They spend their final year in disguise in the court of the king [[Virata]], and they are discovered just after the end of the year.

At the end of their exile, they try to negotiate a return to Indraprastha with Krishna as their emissary. However, this negotiation fails, because Duryodhana objected that they were discovered in the 13th year of their exile and the return of their kingdom was not agreed upon. Then the Pandavas fought the Kauravas, claiming their rights over Indraprastha.[[File: The center of battle of Kurukshetra.jpg|thumb|A scene from the ''Mahabharata'' war, [[Angkor Wat]]: A black stone relief depicting several men wearing a crown and a dhoti, fighting with spears, swords, and bows. A chariot with half the horse out of the frame is seen in the middle.|alt=A black stone relief depicting several men wearing a crown and a dhoti, fighting with spears, swords, and bows. A chariot with half the horse out of the frame is seen in the middle.]]

=== The battle at Kurukshetra ===
{{Main|Kurukshetra War}}

[[File:Mahabharata BharatVarsh.jpg|thumb|A map of India depicting various regions during the Mahabharata period]]

The two sides summon vast armies to their help and line up at [[Kurukshetra]] for a war. The kingdoms of [[Panchala]], [[Dvārakā|Dwaraka]], Kasi, [[Kekaya]], [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], [[Matsya kingdom|Matsya]], [[Chedi kingdom|Chedi]], [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]], [[Telinga]], the [[Yadu]]s of [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]], and some other clans like the [[Parama Kambojas]] were allied with the [[Pandava]]s. The allies of the [[Kaurava]]s included the kings of [[References of Pragjyotisha in Mahabharata|Pragjyotisha]], [[Anga]], Kekaya, Sindhudesa (including Sindhus, [[Sovira|Sauviras]] and Sivis), Mahishmati, [[Avanti (India)|Avanti]] in Madhyadesa, [[Madra]], [[Gandhara]], [[Bahlika people]], [[Kambojas]], and many others. Before war is declared, [[Balarama]] expresses his unhappiness at the developing conflict and leaves to go on [[pilgrimage]]; he does not take part in the battle. Krishna participates in a non-combatant role, as charioteer ([[Sarathi (name of Krishna)|Sarathy]]) for [[Arjuna]] and offers [[Narayani Sena]] consisting of [[Abhira tribe|Abhira]] gopas to the [[Kaurava]]s to fight on their side.<ref>{{cite book| last= Nath Soni| first = Lok| title = The Cattle and the Stick An Ethnographic Profile of the Raut of Chhattisgarh| publisher=Anthropological Survey of India| page =16| isbn= 9788185579573| year= 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last= Shome| first = Alo| title = Krishna Charitra: The Essence of Bankim Chandra| page =104| isbn= 8122310354| year= 2000|publisher=Pustak Mahal}}</ref>

Before the battle, Arjuna, noticing that the opposing army includes his cousins and relatives, including his grandfather [[Bhishma]] and his teacher [[Drona]], has grave doubts about the fight. He falls into despair and refuses to fight. At this time, Krishna reminds him of his duty as a [[Kshatriya]] to fight for a righteous cause in the famous [[Bhagavad Gita]] section of the epic.

Though initially adhering to chivalrous notions of warfare, both sides soon adopt dishonorable tactics. At the end of the 18-day battle, only the Pandavas, [[Satyaki]], [[Kripa]], [[Ashwatthama]], [[Kritavarma]], [[Yuyutsu]] and Krishna survive. Yudhisthira becomes king of Hastinapur. All warriors who died in the Kurukshetra war go to [[swarga]].

=== The end of the Pandavas ===
[[File:Totheforest.jpg|thumb|left|Gandhari, blindfolded, supporting Dhrtarashtra and following Kunti when Dhritarashtra became old and infirm and retired to the forest. A miniature painting from a 16th-century manuscript of part of the Razmnama, a [[Persian language|Persian]] translation of the ''Mahabharata'']]

After "seeing" the carnage, [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]], who had lost all her sons, curses [[Krishna]] to be a witness to a similar annihilation of his family, for though divine and capable of stopping the war, he had not done so. Krishna accepts the curse, which bears fruit 36 years later.

The Pandavas, who had ruled their kingdom meanwhile, decide to renounce everything. Clad in skins and rags they retire to the [[Himalaya]] and climb towards heaven in their bodily form. A stray dog travels with them. One by one the brothers and Draupadi fall on their way. As each one stumbles, Yudhishthira gives the rest the reason for their fall ([[Draupadi]] was partial to [[Arjuna]], [[Nakula]] and Sahadeva were vain and proud of their looks, and Bhima and Arjuna were proud of their strength and archery skills, respectively). Only the virtuous Yudhishthira, who had tried everything to prevent the carnage, and the dog remain. The dog reveals himself to be the god Yama (also known as Yama Dharmaraja) and then takes him to the underworld where he sees his siblings and wife. After explaining the nature of the test, Yama takes Yudhishthira back to heaven and explains that it was necessary to expose him to the underworld because (Rajyante narakam dhruvam) any ruler has to visit the underworld at least once. Yama then assures him that his siblings and wife would join him in heaven after they had been exposed to the underworld for measures of time according to their vices.

Arjuna's grandson [[Parikshit]] rules after them and dies bitten by a snake. His furious son, Janamejaya, decides to perform a snake sacrifice (''[[sarpasattra]]'') to destroy the snakes. It is at this sacrifice that the tale of his ancestors is narrated to him.

=== The reunion ===
The ''Mahābhārata'' mentions that [[Karna]], the Pandavas, Draupadi and Dhritarashtra's sons eventually ascended to [[svarga]] and "attained the state of the [[god]]s", and banded together – "serene and free from anger".<ref>{{cite book |title=Mahabharata |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/mahabharata0000raja |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter=Yudhishthira's final trial |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=2005 |edition=45th |first=Chakravarti |last=Rajagopalachari |author-link=C. Rajagopalachari |location=Mumbai |isbn=978-81-7276-368-8}}</ref>

== Themes ==
[[File:M 134 Short.png|thumb|The god Krishna acts as a charioteer to Arjuna in the battle of the Bhagavad Gita, a section of the Mahabharata. Taken from an illustrated manuscript scroll, 1795 C.E. held in the [https://images.is.ed.ac.uk/luna/servlet/detail/UoE~3~3~210~198024:Mahabharata-Scroll-Section-134?qvq=q:LIMIT%3A%20UoE~3~3;lc:UoE~3~3&mi=253&trs=264 archive collection] at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland.]]

=== Just war ===
The ''Mahābhārata'' offers one of the first instances of theorizing about ''[[Dharma-yuddha|dharmayuddha]]'', "[[Just war theory|just war]]", illustrating many of the standards that would be debated later across the world. In the story, one of five brothers asks if the suffering caused by war can ever be justified. A long discussion ensues between the siblings, establishing criteria like ''proportionality'' (chariots cannot attack cavalry, only other chariots; no attacking people in distress), ''just means'' (no poisoned or barbed arrows), ''just cause'' (no attacking out of rage), and fair treatment of captives and the wounded.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Just War in Comparative Perspective|author=Robinson, P.F.|date=2003|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-0-7546-3587-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UwjC1peqwx0C&pg=PA117|page=117|access-date=2 October 2015}}</ref>

== Translations, versions and derivative works ==
=== Translations ===
[[File:Razmnama Bhishma.jpg|right|thumb|Bhishma on his death-bed of arrows with the [[Pandavas]] and [[Krishna]]. Folio from the ''[[Razmnama]]'' (1761–1763), Persian translation of the ''Mahabharata'', commissioned by Mughal emperor [[Akbar]]. The Pandavas are dressed in Persian armour and robes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plantcultures.org/pccms/action/showItem?id=340 |title=picture details |publisher=Plant Cultures |access-date=1 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113221249/http://www.plantcultures.org/pccms/action/showItem?id=340 |archive-date=13 November 2007 }}</ref>]]

The first [[Bengali language|Bengali]] translations of the ''Mahabharata'' emerged in the 16th century. It is disputed whether [[Kavindra Parameshwar]] of [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] (based in [[Chittagong]] during his writing) or [[Sri Sanjay]] of [[Sylhet]] was the first to translate it into Bengali.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Mohanta, Sambaru Chandra|article=Mahabharata}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|language=bn|url=https://thikana.us/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F/|work=Thikana|title=বাংলা সাহিত্যে সিলেট|author=Husam, Shamshad|access-date=31 October 2022|archive-date=26 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026220509/https://thikana.us/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F/|url-status=live}}</ref>

A [[Persian language|Persian]] translation of ''Mahabharata'', titled ''[[Razmnameh]]'', was produced at [[Akbar]]'s orders, by [[Faizi]] and [[ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni]] in the 16th century.<ref>{{cite book| last= Gaṅgā Rām| first = Garg| title = Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world, Volume 1| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=0U2QRpDv2KMC&pg=PR12| page =129| isbn= 978-81-7022-376-4| year= 1992| publisher = Concept Publishing Company}}</ref>

The first complete English translation was the [[Victorian literature|Victorian]] prose version by [[Kisari Mohan Ganguli]],<ref>Several editions of the [[Kisari Mohan Ganguli]] translation of the ''Mahabharata'' incorrectly cite the publisher, Pratap Chandra Roy, as the translator and this error has been propagated into secondary citations. See the publisher's preface to the current Munshiram Manoharlal edition for an explanation.</ref> published between 1883 and 1896 (Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers) and by [[Manmatha Nath Dutt]] ([[Motilal Banarsidass]] Publishers). Most critics consider the translation by Ganguli to be faithful to the original text. The complete text of Ganguli's translation is in the [[public domain]] and is available online.<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511230051/http://sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm |date=11 May 2008 }} at the [[Internet Sacred Text Archive]]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | author = P. Lal | author-link = P. Lal | title = Kisari Mohan Ganguli and Pratap Chandra Roy | place = Calcutta | journal = An Annotated Mahabharata Bibliography | url = http://mahabharata-resources.org/ganguli-roy.html | access-date = 9 September 2013 | archive-date = 5 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140605081003/http://mahabharata-resources.org/ganguli-roy.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

An early poetry translation by [[Romesh Chunder Dutt]] and published in 1898 condenses the main themes of the ''Mahābhārata'' into English verse.<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19630 The ''Mahabharata of Krishna''-Dwaipayana Vyasa translated by Romesh Chunder Dutt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010000053/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19630 |date=10 October 2011 }} at the Online Library of Liberty.</ref> A poetic rendering of the full epic into English, done by the poet [[Purushottama Lal|P. Lal]] and completed posthumously by his student, was published by [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]], [[Calcutta]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahabharata in English verse : The art of translation |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20240122-mahabharata-in-english-verse-the-art-of-translation-2487859-2024-01-12 |website=India Today |language=en |date=12 January 2024}}</ref> The P. Lal translation is a non-rhyming verse-by-verse rendering, and it is the only edition in any language to include all slokas in all recensions of the work (not just those in the ''Critical Edition''). Dr. Pradip Bhattacharya stated that the P. Lal version is "known in academia as the '[[vulgate]]'".<ref name=Bhattacharya>{{Cite web|title=Review : Bibek DebRoy: The Mahabharata, volume 7|url=https://pradipbhattacharya.com/2017/05/27/review-bibek-debroy-the-mahabharata-volume-7/|access-date=2021-05-31|website=pradipbhattacharya.com|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215243/https://pradipbhattacharya.com/2017/05/27/review-bibek-debroy-the-mahabharata-volume-7/|url-status=live}}</ref> The text is a "[[transcreation]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=The Mahabharata of Vyasa – WritersWorkshopIndia.com |url=https://www.writersworkshopindia.com/books/the-mahabharata-of-vyasa-all-volumes/ |website=www.writersworkshopindia.com}}</ref> rather than a traditional translation.<ref name=AgarwalVol10>{{Cite web|last=Agarwal|first=Abhinav|date=2015-04-12|title=Book review: 'The Mahabharata' Volume 10 translated by Bibek Debroy|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/review-book-review-the-mahabharata-volume-10-translated-by-bibek-debroy-2076809|access-date=2021-05-31|website=DNA India|language=en|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602221604/https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/review-book-review-the-mahabharata-volume-10-translated-by-bibek-debroy-2076809|url-status=live}}</ref>

A project to translate the full epic into English prose, translated by various hands, began to appear in 2005 from the [[Clay Sanskrit Library]], published by [[New York University]] Press. The translation is based not on the ''Critical Edition'' but on the version known to the commentator [[Nīlakaṇṭha Caturdhara|Nīlakaṇṭha]]. Currently available are 15 volumes of the projected 32-volume edition.

Indian Vedic [[Shripad Damodar Satwalekar|Scholar Shripad Damodar Satwalekar]] translated the Critical Edition of Mahabharata into Hindi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Artwork – Buddha Statues & Hindu Books – Exotic India Art|url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/complete-mahabharata-translated-by-padma-bhushan-shripad-damodar-satwalekar-set-of-16-volumes-NAI945/%7Caccess-date=2021-06-27|access-date=2021-06-27|website=www.exoticindiaart.com|language=en|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124735/https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/complete-mahabharata-translated-by-padma-bhushan-shripad-damodar-satwalekar-set-of-16-volumes-nai945/%7caccess-date=2021-06-27|url-status=live}}</ref> which was assigned to him by the [[Government of India]]. After his death, the task was taken up by Shrutisheel Sharma.<ref>S R, Ramaswamy (1972). ''ಮಹಾಭಾರತದ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆ''. Mysore: Kavyalaya Publishers.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Veda Vyasa |first=S. D. Satwalekar |url=http://archive.org/details/Mahabharata_with_Hindi_Translation_-_SD_Satwalekar |title=Mahabharata with Hindi Translation – SD Satwalekar |publisher=Sanskrit eBooks |language=Sanskrit}}</ref><ref group="note">Sadwalekar has two translations in Hindi. To read BORI CE in Hindi specifically, go for the translations he published starting from 1968(BORI was published in 1966).</ref>

Indian economist [[Bibek Debroy]] also wrote an unabridged English translation in ten volumes. Volume 1: Adi Parva was published in March 2010, and the last two volumes were published in December 2014. Abhinav Agarwal referred to Debroy's translation as "thoroughly enjoyable and impressively scholarly".<ref name=AgarwalVol10/> In a review of the seventh volume, Bhattacharya stated that the translator bridged gaps in the narrative of the Critical Edition, but also noted translation errors.<ref name=Bhattacharya/> Gautam Chikermane of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote that where "both Debroy and Ganguli get tiresome is in the use of adjectives while describing protagonists".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chikermane|first=Gautam|date=2012-07-20|title=Review: The Mahabharata: Volume 5|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-the-mahabharata-volume-5/story-4N0tAg3jNLWFeWkxfCbHEP.html|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215505/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-the-mahabharata-volume-5/story-4N0tAg3jNLWFeWkxfCbHEP.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Another English prose translation of the full epic, based on the ''Critical Edition'', is in progress, published by [[University of Chicago]] Press. It was initiated by [[Indologist]] [[J. A. B. van Buitenen]] (books 1–5) and, following a 20-year hiatus caused by the death of van Buitenen, is being continued by several scholars. [[James L. Fitzgerald]] translated book 11 and the first half of book 12. David Gitomer is translating book 6, Gary Tubb is translating book 7, [[Christopher Minkowski]] is translating book 8, [[Alf Hiltebeitel]] is translating books 9 and 10, Fitzgerald is translating the second half of book 12, [[Patrick Olivelle]] is translating book 13, and Fred Smith is translating book 14–18.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fitzgerald|first=James|date=2009|title=Reading Suggestions for Getting Started|url=https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Sanskrit_in_Classics_at_Brown/Mahabharata/MBh2Biblio|access-date=|website=Brown|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204021051/https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Sanskrit_in_Classics_at_Brown/Mahabharata/MBh2Biblio|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Frederick M. Smith|url=https://clas.uiowa.edu/religion/people/frederick-m-smith|website=University of Iowa|access-date=12 October 2021|archive-date=24 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024172737/https://clas.uiowa.edu/religion/people/frederick-m-smith|url-status=live}}</ref>

Many condensed versions, abridgments and novelistic prose retellings of the complete epic have been published in English, including works by [[Ramesh Menon (writer)|Ramesh Menon]], [[William Buck (translator)|William Buck]], [[R. K. Narayan]], [[C. Rajagopalachari]], Kamala Subramaniam, [[Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi|K. M. Munshi]], Krishna Dharma Dasa, Purnaprajna Dasa, [[Romesh Chunder Dutt|Romesh C. Dutt]], Bharadvaja Sarma, [[John D. Smith]] and [[Sharon Maas]].{{citationneeded|date=January 2026}}

=== ''Critical Edition'' ===
Between 1919 and 1966, scholars at the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]], [[Pune]], compared the various manuscripts of the epic from India and abroad and produced the ''Critical Edition'' of the ''Mahābhārata'', on 13,000 pages in 19 volumes, over the span of 47 years, followed by the ''[[Harivamsha]]'' in another two volumes and six index volumes. This is the text that is usually used in current ''Mahābhārata'' studies for reference.<ref>[http://www.virtualpune.com/html/channel/edu/institutes/html/bhandark.shtml Bhandarkar Institute, Pune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019070605/http://www.virtualpune.com/html/channel/edu/institutes/html/bhandark.shtml |date=19 October 2018 }}—Virtual Pune</ref> This work is sometimes called the "Pune" or "Poona" edition of the ''Mahabharata''.

=== Regional versions ===
Many regional versions of the work developed over time, mostly differing only in minor details, or with verses or subsidiary stories being added. These include the [[Tamil culture|Tamil]] street theatre, [[terukkuttu]] and [[kattaikkuttu]], the plays of which use themes from the Tamil language versions of ''Mahābhārata'', focusing on [[Draupadi]].<ref>{{Cite book| last = Srinivas| first = Smriti| title = Landscapes of Urban Memory| publisher = Orient Longman| orig-year = 2001| year = 2004| isbn = 978-81-250-2254-1| oclc = 46353272| page = 23}}</ref>

[[File: Wayang Wong Bharata Pandawa.jpg|thumb|The [[Pandava]]s and [[Krishna]] in an act of the Javanese ''[[wayang wong]]'' performance]]

Outside the Indian subcontinent, in [[Indonesia]], a version was developed in ancient [[Java]] as [[Kakawin Bhāratayuddha]] in the 11th century under the patronage of King [[Dharmawangsa]] (990–1016)<ref>{{cite book| title=The Javanization of the Mahābhārata, Chapter 15. Indic Transformation: The Sanskritization of Jawa and the Javanization of the Bharata| year=2006| publisher=ANU Press| doi=10.22459/A.09.2006| isbn=9780731521326| url=http://press.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/mobile_devices/ch15s07.html| editor-last1=Bellwood| editor-last2=Fox| editor-last3=Tryon| editor-first1=Peter| editor-first2=James J.| editor-first3=Darrell| doi-access=free| access-date=6 October 2014| archive-date=11 November 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111122107/http://press.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/mobile_devices/ch15s07.html| url-status=live}}</ref> and later it spread to the neighboring island of [[Bali]], which remains a Hindu majority island today. It has become the fertile source for Javanese literature, dance drama ([[wayang wong]]), and [[wayang]] shadow puppet performances. This Javanese version of the ''Mahābhārata'' differs slightly from the original Indian version.{{refn|group=note|For example, [[Draupadi]] is only wed to [[Yudhishthira]], not to all the Pandava brothers; this might demonstrate ancient Javanese opposition to [[polyandry]]. {{citation needed|date=March 2016}} The author later added some female characters to be wed to the Pandavas, for example, Arjuna is described as having many wives and consorts next to [[Subhadra]]. Another difference is that [[Shikhandi]]ni does not change her sex and remains a woman, to be wed to [[Arjuna]], and takes the role of a warrior princess during the war. {{citation needed|date=March 2016}} Another twist is that [[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]] is described as an antagonistic character who hates the Pandavas: her hate is out of jealousy because, during Gandhari's [[swayamvara]], she was in love with Pandu but was later wed to his blind elder brother instead, whom she did not love, so she blindfolded herself as a protest.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}}} Another notable difference is the inclusion of the [[Punakawan]]s, the clown servants of the main figures in the storyline. These [[Semar]], [[Petruk]], Gareng, and Bagong, who are much-loved by Indonesian audiences. {{citation needed|date=March 2016}} There are also some spin-off episodes developed in ancient Java, such as [[Arjunawiwaha]] composed in the 11th century.

A [[Kawi language|Kawi]] version of the ''Mahabharata'', of which eight of the eighteen ''parvas'' survive, is found on the Indonesian island of [[Bali]]. It has been translated into English by Dr. [[I. Gusti Putu Phalgunadi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abebooks.com/first-edition/Indonesian-Ramayana-Uttarakanda-Gusti-Putu-Phalgunadi/3848278350/bd|title=Indonesian Ramayana: The Uttarakanda by Dr. I Gusti Putu Phalgunadi: Sundeep Prakashan, New Delhi 9788175740532 Hardcover, First edition.|website=abebooks.com|access-date=2018-11-27|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804000559/https://www.abebooks.com/first-edition/Indonesian-Ramayana-Uttarakanda-Gusti-Putu-Phalgunadi/3848278350/bd|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Derivative literature ===
[[Bhasa]], the 2nd- or 3rd-century CE Sanskrit playwright, wrote two plays on episodes in the ''Marabharata'', ''[[Urubhanga]]'' (''Broken Thigh''), about the fight between [[Duryodhana]] and [[Bhima]], while ''[[Madhyamavyayoga]]'' (''The Middle One'') set around [[Bhima]] and his son, Ghatotkacha. The first important play of 20th century was ''[[Andha Yug]]'' (''The Blind Epoch''), by [[Dharamvir Bharati]], which came in 1955, found in ''Mahabharat'', both an ideal source and expression of modern predicaments and discontent. Starting with [[Ebrahim Alkazi]], it was staged by numerous directors. [[V. S. Khandekar]]'s Marathi novel, ''Yayati'' (1960), and [[Girish Karnad]]'s debut play ''Yayati'' (1961) are based on the story of King [[Yayati]] found in the ''Mahabharat''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Asia|author=Don Rubin|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1998|isbn=978-0-415-05933-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MUiXjMUl34C&pg=PA219|page=195|ref=Ru|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124734/https://books.google.com/books?id=-MUiXjMUl34C&pg=PA219|url-status=live}}</ref> Bengali writer and playwright, [[Buddhadeva Bose]] wrote three plays set in Mahabharat, ''Anamni Angana'', ''Pratham Partha'' and ''Kalsandhya''.<ref>[http://www.boloji.com/hinduism/084.htm The Mahabharata as Theatre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114220734/http://boloji.com/hinduism/084.htm |date=14 January 2010 }} by Pradip Bhattacharya, 13 June 2004.</ref> [[Pratibha Ray]] wrote an [[Moortidevi Award|award]] winning novel entitled [[Yajnaseni (novel)|Yajnaseni]] from [[Draupadi]]'s perspective in 1984. Later, [[Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni]] wrote a similar novel entitled ''[[The Palace of Illusions: A Novel]]'' in 2008. Gujarati poet [[Chinu Modi]] has written long narrative poetry ''[[Bahuk]]'' based on the figure [[Bahuka (Nala)|Bahuka]].<ref name="bk">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Topiwala |first=Chandrakant |encyclopedia=Gujarati Sahityakosh (Encyclopedia of Gujarati Literature) |title=Bahuk |language= gu |year=1990 |publisher= [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] |volume=2 |location=Ahmedabad |pages=394 }}</ref> [[Krishna Udayasankar]], a Singapore-based Indian author, has written several novels which are modern-day retellings of the epic, most notably the Aryavarta Chronicles Series. [[Suman Pokhrel]] wrote a [[Yajnaseni (play)|solo play]] based on [[Yajnaseni (novel)|Ray's novel]] by personalizing and taking [[Draupadi]] alone in the scene.

[[Amar Chitra Katha]] published a 1,260-page [[Mahabharata (comics)|comic book version of the ''Mahabharata'']].<ref name="Amar Chitra Katha Mahabharata">{{cite book | title=Amar Chitra Katha Mahabharata | publisher=Amar Chitra Katha | author=Pai, Anant | year=1998 | location=Mumbai | page=1200 | isbn=978-81-905990-4-7 | editor=Pai, Anant | others=Kadam, Dilip (illus.)}}</ref>

=== In film and television ===
[[File:FullPagadeYakshagana.jpg|right|thumb|Krishna as portrayed in [[Yakshagana]] from [[Karnataka]] which is based largely on stories of ''Mahabharata'']]

In [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]], several film versions of the epic have been made, dating back to 1920. The ''Mahābhārata'' was also reinterpreted by [[Shyam Benegal]] in ''[[Kalyug (1980 film)|Kalyug]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/17/stories/2003011700990100.htm |title=What makes Shyam special |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |date=17 January 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112210119/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/17/stories/2003011700990100.htm |archive-date=12 January 2011 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> [[Prakash Jha]] directed 2010 film [[Raajneeti]] was partially inspired by the ''Mahabharata''.<ref name="Raajneeti Controversy">{{cite news |title=Fact of the matter |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article439799.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 May 2010 |author=Kumar, Anuj |access-date=11 August 2013 |archive-date=30 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330142142/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article439799.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[Mahabharat (2013 film)|2013 animated adaptation]] holds the record for India's most expensive animated film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mahabharat-theatrical-trailer-animated-film-112591.html|title=Mahabharat: Theatrical Trailer (Animated Film)|date=19 November 2013|access-date=16 December 2013|archive-date=17 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217000203/http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mahabharat-theatrical-trailer-animated-film-112591.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1988, [[B. R. Chopra]] created a television series named ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]].'' It was directed by [[Ravi Chopra]],<ref name="TV">{{IMDb title|qid=Q3312543|title=Mahabharat}} (1988–1990 TV series)</ref> and was televised on India's national television ([[Doordarshan]]). The same year as ''Mahabharat'' was being shown on Doordarshan, that same company's other television show, ''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]'', also directed by Shyam Benegal, showed a 2-episode abbreviation of the ''Mahabharata'', drawing from various interpretations of the work, be they sung, danced, or staged. In the [[Western world]], a well-known presentation of the epic is [[Peter Brook]]'s nine-hour play, which premiered in [[Avignon]] in 1985, and its five-hour movie version [[The Mahabharata (1989 film)|''The Mahābhārata'']].<ref>{{IMDb title|qid=Q2917578|title=The Mahabharata}} (1989 mini-series).</ref> In the late 2013 ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' was televised on STAR Plus. It was produced by Swastik Productions Pvt.

A [[Zee TV]] television series aired from 26 October 2001 to 26 July 2002 and starred Siraj Mustafa Khan as [[Krishna]] and Suneel Mattoo as [[Yudhishthira]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/international-news/zee-tv-to-launch-two-mythological-serials-4627.html|title=Zee TV to launch two mythological serials|date=2001-12-25|website=Exchange4Media Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020113/spectrum/tv.htm|title=Good Lord!|date=2002-01-13|website=Tribune India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sanjay-khan-excited-about-maha-kavya-mahabharat/articleshow/1632627753.cms|title=Sanjay Khan excited about Maha Kavya Mahabharat|date=2001-10-21|website=Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref>

Uncompleted projects on the ''Mahābhārata'' include one by [[Rajkumar Santoshi]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2003/feb/24/news1|title=In brief: Mahabharat will be most expensive Indian movie ever|newspaper=The Guardian|date=24 February 2003|via=www.theguardian.com|access-date=12 December 2016|archive-date=26 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326140711/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2003/feb/24/news1|url-status=live}}</ref> and a theatrical adaptation planned by [[Satyajit Ray]].<ref>{{cite web|title=IndiaStar book review: Satyajit Ray by Surabhi Banerjee |author=C. J. Wallia |year=1996 |url=http://www.indiastar.com/satyajitray.html |access-date=31 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514050120/http://www.indiastar.com/satyajitray.html |archive-date=14 May 2008 }}</ref>

===Other adaptations===
The ''Mahabharata'' was adapted by the BBC into a nine-part radio drama entitled ''Mahabharata Now''. The action is instead updated to modern-day India and, thus, hinges its action less on the fate of an entire kingdom but instead that of a massive conglomerate company.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0014fxp |title="Mahabharata Now", BBC}}</ref>

===In folk culture===
Every year in the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal region]] of [[Uttarakhand]], villagers perform the ''[[Pandav Lila]]'', a ritual re-enactment of episodes from the ''Mahabharata'' through dancing, singing, and recitation. The ''lila'' is a cultural highlight of the year and is usually performed between November and February. Folk instruments of the region, [[dhol]], [[damau]] and two long trumpets [[bhankore]], accompany the action. The amateur actors often break into a spontaneous dance when they are "possessed" by the spirits of the figures of the ''Mahabharata''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sax |first=William Sturman |date=2002 |title=Dancing the Self: Personhood and Performance in the Pāṇḍava Līlā of Garhwal |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn= 9780195139150}}</ref>

=== Jain version ===
{{Further|Salakapurusa}}
[[File: Neminath Wedding.JPG|thumb|Depiction of wedding procession of Neminatha. The enclosure shows the animals that are to be slaughtered for food for weddings. Overcome with Compassion for animals, Neminatha refused to marry and renounced his kingdom to become a Shramana]]

[[Jainism|Jain]] versions of ''Mahābhārata'' can be found in the various [[Jain texts]] like ''[[Harivamsapurana]]'' (the story of [[Harivamsa]]) ''Trisastisalakapurusa Caritra'' (Hagiography of 63 Illustrious persons), ''Pandavacharitra'' (lives of [[Pandava]]s) and ''Pandavapurana'' (stories of [[Pandava]]s).<ref>{{Cite book| last =Jaini | first =Padmanabh | title =Collected Papers on Jaina Studies | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | year =2000 | location =Delhi | isbn =978-81-208-1691-6 }} p. 351-52</ref> From the earlier canonical literature, ''Antakrddaaśāh'' (8th cannon) and ''Vrisnidasa'' (''upangagama'' or secondary canon) contain the stories of [[Neminatha]] (22nd [[Tirthankara]]), Krishna and Balarama.<ref>{{Cite book| last =Shah | first =Natubhai | title =Jainism: The World of Conquerors | publisher =Sussex Academy Press | year =1998 | location =Sussex | series =Volume I and II | isbn =978-1-898723-30-1 }} vol 1 pp. 14–15</ref> Prof. [[Padmanabh Jaini]] notes that, unlike in the Hindu Puranas, the names Baladeva and Vasudeva are not restricted to Balarama and Krishna in Jain Puranas. Instead, they serve as names of two distinct classes of mighty brothers, who appear nine times in each half of time cycles of the [[Jain cosmology]] and rule half the earth as half-chakravartins. Jaini traces the origin of this list of brothers to the Jinacharitra by [[Bhadrabahu]] swami (4th–3rd century BCE).<ref>{{Cite book| last =Jaini | first =Padmanabh | title =Collected Papers on Jaina Studies | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | year =2000 | location =Delhi | isbn =978-81-208-1691-6 }} p. 377</ref> According to [[Jain cosmology]] Balarama, Krishna and Jarasandha are the ninth and the last set of Baladeva, Vasudeva, and Prativasudeva.<ref name="Jaini 1998">{{Cite book| last =Jaini | first =Padmanabh | title =The Jaina Path of Purification | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass | year =1998 | location =New Delhi | isbn =978-81-208-1578-0 }} p.305</ref> The main battle is not the Mahabharata, but the fight between Krishna and Jarasandha (who is killed by Krishna as Prativasudevas are killed by Vasudevas). Ultimately, the Pandavas and Balarama take renunciation as [[Jain monk]]s and are reborn in heavens, while on the other hand Krishna and Jarasandha are reborn in hell.<ref>{{Cite book| last =Jaini | first =Padmanabh | title =Collected Papers on Jaina Studies | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | year =2000 | location =Delhi | isbn =978-81-208-1691-6 }} p. 351</ref> In keeping with the [[Karma in Jainism|law of karma]], Krishna is reborn in hell for his exploits (sexual and violent) while Jarasandha for his evil ways. Prof. Jaini admits a possibility that perhaps because of his popularity, the Jain authors were keen to rehabilitate Krishna. The Jain texts predict that after his karmic term in the hell is over sometime during the next half time-cycle, Krishna will be reborn as a Jain [[Tirthankara]] and attain [[Moksa (Jainism)|liberation]].<ref name=" Jaini 1998" /> Krishna and Balrama are shown as contemporaries and cousins of 22nd Tirthankara, Neminatha.<ref>{{Cite book| last =Roy | first =Ashim Kumar | title =A history of the Jainas | publisher =Gitanjali Pub. House | year =1984 | location =New Delhi | isbn =978-0-8364-1136-2 | oclc =11604851 | page=20}}</ref> According to this story, Krishna arranged young Neminath's marriage with Rajemati, the daughter of Ugrasena, but Neminatha, empathizing with the animals which were to be slaughtered for the marriage feast, left the procession suddenly and renounced the world.<ref>{{Cite book| last =Helen | first =Johnson | editor =Muni Samvegayashvijay Maharaj|title =Trisastiśalākāpurusacaritra of Hemacandra: The Jain Saga| orig-year=1931 | publisher =Oriental Institute| year =2009 | location =Baroda | language =en|isbn =978-81-908157-0-3|volume=Part II}} refer story of Neminatha</ref><ref name="Devdutt 2017">{{cite web | title=How different are the Jain Ramayana and Jain Mahabharata from Hindu narrations? | author=Devdutt Pattanaik | website=Devdutt | date=2 March 2017 | url=http://devdutt.com/articles/indian-mythology/mahabharata/differentnarrations.html | access-date=22 March 2017 | author-link=Devdutt Pattanaik | archive-date=7 March 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307111548/http://devdutt.com/articles/indian-mythology/mahabharata/differentnarrations.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Kuru family tree ==
{{Kuru family tree}}

== Cultural influence ==
In the [[Bhagavad Gita]], [[Krishna]] explains to [[Arjuna]] his duties as a warrior and prince and elaborates on different [[Yoga|Yogic]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://yoga.about.com/od/bhagavadgita/a/thegita.htm |title=Introduction to the Bhagavad Gita |publisher=Yoga.about.com |access-date=1 September 2010 |archive-date=3 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203185714/http://yoga.about.com/od/bhagavadgita/a/thegita.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Vedantic]] philosophies, with examples and analogies. This has led to the ''Gita'' often being described as a concise guide to [[Hindu philosophy]] and a practical, self-contained guide to life.<ref>Maharishi Mahesh Yogi; ''On the Bhagavad Gita: A New Translation and Commentary with Sanskrit Text'', chapters 1 to 6, Preface p. 9</ref> In more modern times, [[Swami Vivekananda]], Netaji [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and many others used the text to help inspire the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref>Stevenson, Robert W., "Tilak and the Bhagavadgita's Doctrine of Karmayoga", in Minor, p. 44.</ref><ref>Jordens, J. T. F., "Gandhi and the Bhagavadgita", in Minor, p. 88.</ref>

It has also inspired several works of modern [[Hindi]] literature, such as [[Ramdhari Singh Dinkar]]'s ''[[Rashmirathi]]'', which is a rendition of ''Mahabharata'' centered around [[Karna]] and his conflicts. It was written in 1952, and won the prestigious [[Jnanpith Award]] in 1972.

== Explanatory notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== General sources ==
* Badrinath, Chaturvedi. ''The Mahābhārata: An Inquiry in the Human Condition'', New Delhi, Orient Longman (2006).
* Bandyopadhyaya, Jayantanuja (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=gwUF11NRyT4C Class and Religion in Ancient India]''. Anthem Press.
* {{Cite book |last=Basham |first=A. L. |title=The Wonder That Was India: A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before The Coming of the Muslims|year=1954 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York }}
* Bhasin, R. V. ''Mahabharata'' published by National Publications, India, 2007.
* J. Brockington. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C The Sanskrit Epics]'', Leiden (1998).
* Buitenen, Johannes Adrianus Bernardus (1978). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wFtXBGNn0aUC The Mahābhārata]''. 3 volumes (translation / publication incomplete due to his death). [[University of Chicago Press]].
* Chaitanya, Krishna (K.K. Nair). ''The Mahabharata, A Literary Study'', Clarion Books, New Delhi 1985.
* Gupta, S. P. and Ramachandran, K. S. (ed.). ''Mahabharata: myth and reality''. Agam Prakashan, New Delhi 1976.
* [[Alf Hiltebeitel|Hiltebeitel, Alf]]. ''The Ritual of Battle, Krishna in the Mahabharata'', SUNY Press, New York 1990.
* Hopkins, E. W. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hC1d-xN6nzoC The Great Epic of India]'', New York (1901).
* Jyotirmayananda, Swami. ''Mysticism of the Mahabharata'', Yoga Research Foundation, Miami 1993.
* Katz, Ruth Cecily ''Arjuna in the Mahabharata'', University of South Carolina Press, Columbia 1989.
* {{Cite book|last=Keay |first=John |author-link=John Keay |title=India: A History |year=2000 |publisher=Grove Press |isbn=978-0-8021-3797-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tarbo7OzEO8C }}
* {{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: (Volume 1) The Vedic Age |year=1951 |publisher=George Allen & Unwin Ltd. |location=London |title-link=The History and Culture of the Indian People}}
* Lerner, Paule. ''Astrological Key in Mahabharata'', David White (trans.) Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi 1988.
* Mallory, J. P (2005). ''In Search of the Indo-Europeans''. [[Thames & Hudson]]. {{ISBN|0-500-27616-1}}
* Mehta, M. ''The problem of the double introduction to the Mahabharata'', [[JAOS]] 93 (1973), 547–550.
* Minkowski, C. Z. ''Janamehayas ''Sattra'' and Ritual Structure'', JAOS 109 (1989), 410–420.
* Minkowski, C. Z. 'Snakes, ''Sattras'' and the Mahabharata', in: ''Essays on the Mahabharata'', ed. A. Sharma, Leiden (1991), 384–400.
* [[Hermann Oldenberg|Oldenberg, Hermann]]. ''Zur Geschichte der Altindischen Prosa'', Berlin (1917)
* Oberlies, Th. 'The Counsels of the Seer Narada: Ritual on and under the surface of the Mahabharata', in: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-0tcQr3WzqsC New methods in the research of epic]'' (ed. H. L. C. Tristram), Freiburg (1998).
* Oldenberg, H. ''Das Mahabharata'', Göttingen (1922).
* [[Pāṇini]]. ''Ashtādhyāyī''. [http://www.wilbourhall.org/pdfs/chandravasu/book4.pdf Book 4]. Translated by Chandra Vasu. [[Benares]], 1896. {{in lang|sa|en}}
* Pargiter, F. E. ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', London 1922. Repr. Motilal Banarsidass 1997.
* {{Cite book|last=Sattar|first=Arshia (transl.)|author-link=Arshia Sattar|title=The Rāmāyaṇa by Vālmīki|publisher=Viking|year=1996|page=696|isbn=978-0-14-029866-6}}
* Sukthankar, Vishnu S. and Shrimant Balasaheb Pant Pratinidhi (1933). ''The Mahabharata: for the first time critically edited''. [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]].
* Sullivan, Bruce M. ''Seer of the Fifth Veda, Krsna Dvaipayana Vyasa in the Mahabharata'', Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi 1999.
* Sutton, Nicholas. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rFyUHC-ORp4C Religious Doctrines in the Mahabharata]'', Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi 2000.
* Utgikar, N. B. "The mention of the Mahābhārata in the Ashvalayana Grhya Sutra", Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference, Poona (1919), vol. 2, Poona (1922), 46–61.
* Vaidya, R. V. ''A Study of Mahabharat; A Research'', Poona, A.V.G. Prakashan, 1967
* [[Michael Witzel|Witzel, Michael]], ''Epics, Khilas and Puranas: Continuities and Ruptures'', Proceedings of the Third Dubrovnik International Conference on the Sanskrit Epics and Puranas, ed. P. Koskiallio, Zagreb (2005), 21–80.

== External links ==
{{wikisourcelang|sa|महाभारतम्|''Mahabharata''}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikisource|The Mahabharat}}
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm Sacred-Texts: Hinduism] – English translation of 18 parvas of ''Mahabharata''
* [http://mahabharata-resources.org/harivamsa/harivamsa-cs-index.html harivamsham – mahaabhaarat khila parva] – English translation of harivamsa Parva of ''Mahabharata''
* [https://bombay.indology.info/mahabharata/statement.html Sanskrit etext of the ''Mahābhārata'' online] (licensed and approved by [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|BORI]])
* [http://www.holybooks.com/mahabharata-all-volumes-in-12-pdf-files/ All volumes in 12 PDF files] (Holybooks.com, 181 MB in total)
* [https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Sanskrit_in_Classics_at_Brown/Mahabharata/MBh2Biblio.html#Poona Reading Suggestions, J. L. Fitzgerald, Das Professor of Sanskrit, Department of Classics, Brown University]
* [https://sanskritdocuments.org/mirrors/mahabharata/mahabharata-bori.html Critical Edition Prepared by Scholars at Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute BORI]
* {{librivox book | title=The Mahabharata by Vyasa: The epic of ancient India condensed into English verse| author=Dutt}}

{{Mahabharata}}
{{Works based on the Mahabharata|state=collapsed}}
{{Hindu deities and texts}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{National epic poems}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mahabharata| ]]
[[Category:Sanskrit texts]]
[[Category:Epic poems in Sanskrit]]
[[Category:Hindu poetry]]
[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Kurukshetra]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC poems]]
[[Category:Frame stories]]

Do Bhai (1947 film)

2026-03-03T23:12:43Z

GenevaHarcus: made basic details w/ infobox

{{for|another film|Do Bhai (1969 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name =Do Bhai
| image =

| caption =
| director = Munshi Dil<ref name=citwf/>
| producer = [[Filmistan]]
| writer = Munshi Dil
| screenplay = Munshi Dil
| story = Munshi Dil
| narrator =
| starring =Ulhas [[Kamini Kaushal]] Tiwari Rajan Haksar Paro Devi
| music = [[Sachin Dev Burman|S. D. Burman]]<ref name=citwf/> [[Raja Mehdi Ali Khan]] (lyrics)
| cinematography = Marshall Branganza
| editing = Pundalik
| distributor = [[Filmistan]]
| released = {{Film date|1947}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Do Bhai ''''' (English: ''The Two Brothers'') is a [[Bollywood films of 1947|1947]] Indian [[Bollywood]] film directed by Munshi Dil. Its starred Ulhas, [[Kamini Kaushal]], Dipak Mukherjee, Tiwari, Rajan Haksar and Paro Devi in lead roles. It was the second highest grossing Indian film of 1947.<ref name=citwf>[https://www.citwf.com/film90034.htm Do Bhai (1947 film) on Complete Index To World Film (CITWF) website] Retrieved 16 January 2019</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Ulhas (actor)|Ulhas]]
* [[Kamini Kaushal]]
* Dipak Mukherjee
* Tiwari
* Rajan Haksar
* Paro Devi
* S. B. Nayampalli
* Abdul Majeed
* Kanta Kumari
* Vikram Kapoor
* Afghan Shadow
* Baby Tara

==Soundtrack==

Music composed by [[Sachin Dev Burman|S. D. Burman]], lyrics written by [[Raja Mehdi Ali Khan]].

# Aa Jaa Koi Pukare Tere Bagair Sune Hai – [[Geeta Dutt]]
# Aji Preet Ka Naata Toot Gaya – Geeta Dutt, G. M. Durrani
# Amwa Ki Dali Pe Koyal Bole – Paro Devi
# Duniya Me Mere Aaj, Andhera Hi Andhera – [[Mohammed Rafi]]
# Hamen Chhod Piya Kis Des Gaye – Geeta Dutt
# Kabhi Bhule Se Na Puchi Man Ki Baat – Paro Devi
# Mere Piya To Base Pardes Re – Geeta Dutt
# Yaad Karoge, Ek Din Hum Ko Yaad Karoge – Geeta Dutt
# Yaad Rakhna Mujhe Yaad Rakhna – Geeta Dutt, K. S. Ragi

Geeta Dutt (née Roy), who had no formal training in music, sang two lines in a chorus in the film Bhakt Prahlad (1946). On hearing her voice, S.D. Burman persuaded her father to let her sing in his forthcoming film Do Bhai (1947). The first song to be recorded for the film in her voice was 'Humein chod piya kis des gaye'. She sang six out of the nine songs of the film. From them the songs "Mera Sundar Sapna Beet Gaya"<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0039327/ Soundtrack of Do Bhai (1947 film) on IMDb website] Retrieved 16 January 2019</ref> and "Yaad Karoge"<ref name=citwf/><ref>[http://www.searchamovie.com/fd/DOBHAI(1947).htm Do Bhai (1947 film) on searchamovie.com website] Retrieved 16 January 2019</ref> became enduring hits.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0039327|title=Do Bhai }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Do Bhai}}
[[Category:1947 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. D. Burman]]
[[Category:1947 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1947 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1947 drama films]]

Dhana Pishachi

2026-03-03T22:27:50Z

GenevaHarcus: basic cleaned up intro to improve readability and fixed typos after review

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dhana Pishachi
| image =
| caption =
| director = S. N. Singh
| producer = S. N. Singh
| writer = Mohini Productions
| story = H. J. Mahanthesh Shastry
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Sampath (actor)|Sampath]] [[K. S. Ashwath]] Dikki Madhavarao [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]]
| music = [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]
| cinematography = K. S. Govindaswamy
| editing = P. S. Murthy
| studio = Mohini Productions
| distributor = Mohini Productions
| released = {{Film date|1967|||df=y}}
| runtime = 124 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Dhana Pishachi''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಧನಪಿಶಾಚಿ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1967 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed and produced by S. N. Singh. The film stars [[Sampath (actor)|Sampath]], [[K. S. Ashwath]], Dikki Madhavarao and [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]]. The film has musical score by [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/dhana-pishachi-1967|title=Dhana Pishachi|accessdate=2015-01-20|publisher=chiloka.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatmovies.com/kannada/info/dhana-pichachi.htm|title=Dhana Pishachi|accessdate=2015-01-20|publisher=bharatmovies.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]] as Asha
* [[Sampath (actor)|Sampath]] as Rama Rao
* [[K. S. Ashwath]]
* B. Vijayalakshmi
* B. M. Venkatesh
* [[Dwarakish]] as Dwarakish
* Ranga
* Ramaraj Urs
* Bhaskar
* Subramanya Shastry
* Ramarao
* [[Rajanand]]
* Anantharam Maccheri
* M. R. Srinivas
* Sampige Shankar
* Venkataramaiah
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|id=9Xx-C-R3wtc|title=Dhana Pishachi}}
* {{IMDb title|tt14618162}}

[[Category:1967 films]]
[[Category:1967 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1967 Indian films]]
{{1960s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Devara Gedda Manava

2026-03-03T22:27:47Z

GenevaHarcus: general updated intro per standard format per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Devara Gedda Manava
| image = DevaraGeddaManavaFilmPoster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Hunsur Krishnamurthy]]
| producer = [[Yaragudipati Varada Rao|Y. V. Rao]]
| writer = S. Bhavanarayana
| screenplay = S. Bhavanarayana
| starring = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] [[M. P. Shankar]] [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]] [[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]]
| music = [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
| cinematography = G. Chandran
| editing = R. Rajan
| studio = Gowri Art Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1967|08|01|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Devara Gedda Manava''''' ({{audio|Kn-ದೇವರ ಗೆದ್ದ ಮಾನವ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1967 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film, directed by [[Hunsur Krishnamurthy]] and produced by [[Yaragudipati Varada Rao|Y. V. Rao]]. The film stars [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], [[M. P. Shankar]], [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]] and [[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]]. The film has musical score by [[Rajan–Nagendra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/devara-gedda-manava-1967|title=Devara Gedda Manava|access-date=2015-01-07|publisher=chiloka.com}}</ref> Rao and Krishnamurthy shot the movie simultaneously in Telugu as ''Devuni Gelichina Manavudu'' starring [[Kanta Rao]].<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&q=kurubara+lakkanu+elizabeth+raniyu&pg=PA129 | title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema| isbn=9781135943189| last1=Rajadhyaksha| first1=Ashish| last2=Willemen| first2=Paul| date=10 July 2014| publisher=Routledge}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Vijaya (Dr. Rajkumar) is a professional gambler who makes a living via the same. But despite his expertise, he has lost a great deal of his property. Despite this, he greatly respects his mother and he's also devoted to Lord Shiva. One day after losing quite the stake in a gambling match, he gets into a quarrel with some drunk people but they somehow escape with his money. After hearing about this his mother gets him to promise never to gamble again. But Vijaya asks her permission for one final match to win everything back and unless he's won everything back via this match, he won't be at peace. His mother agrees.

The next day, he goes to find people that cheated him. Soon after seeing him, they run away. After a chase, one of them manages to trick Vijaya and lock him in Lord Shiva's temple. Bored and hungry, he started worshipping Lord Shiva knowing that after the rituals the food will be transformed into [[prasada]]. Hence, he does the same and snacks on the fruits. Having quenched his hunger, he requests Lord Shiva for a gambling match, but plays the die both sides by himself. He wins and as a reward he requests the Lord to give him something. When nothing happens, he says if he doesn't give anything he'll take Goddess Parvathi's statue as the stake. Goddess Parvathy who's watching this from Kailasa decides to curse him, but Lord Shiva stops her and drops his Damaruka as a stake for Vijaya's victory. Vijaya is confused but he figures out that by playing it he can summon anyone. He summons Ramba from Indraloka by accident, who tries to explain him that the Lord doesn't give away his precious Damaruka like that and it has to be a mistake. Vijaya refuses to listen to her and tells her that he won that square and fair, and if she thinks it should be with the Lord, she has to win it from him and return it to Him. She accepts the challenge but loses the match. The Lord appears as a disguised priest before the befuddled Ramba and tells her that it's only fair that she marries him. Ramba agrees.

On the other side, a demon named Mahabala has taken over the Kingdom of Swarnanagari and has captured both the ruler Yaksha Maharaja Devavrata and his daughter Mitravinda Devi. He has a boon that neither gods nor humans, but only a resurrected person can kill him. He believes that if he impresses the Swarnalinga in that kingdom he can shield himself even from the death by the hands of a resurrected person. To perform this ritual, he's in need of the Parijatha flower. Mahabala tells Mitravinda that if she wins over Ramba in Swargaloka and somehow gets him the Parijatha flower, he'd release them. He orders his subordinates Karkataka, Durmukha, Atibala and Nijabala to guard all the entrances and make sure no human enters the city before his penance is complete.

One fine day, Vijaya's mom catches him trying to go to gamble again and locks him up with the help of his younger brother Guruva (aka Guru) and asks him to keep watch of him. But with the help of Ramba, he escapes the place and leaves to heaven. Noticing that he has escaped, Guru goes in search of Vijaya. On his way, he finds a Rishi who is meditating for a mango, the seed of which if consumed will grant the consumer the power to orally spill Navaratnas every time the person laughs. Guruva accidentally eats up the mango kernel. The sage leaves disheartened. But on his way, Guru finds a Shiva temple where he asks the Lord that since his brother got Ramba, he would also like to get someone like Menaka. Soon a middle-aged woman visits the temple and he thinks this was the Lord's boon. He tries to pursue her but she doesn't seem interested. But after finding out that this person can spill Navaratnas when he laughs. She takes him home promising him that it's his daughter who is Menaka and not herself. They entertain him well and collect plenty of precious stones spilled every time he laughed. But they plan on getting the mango kernel for themselves not knowing that its effect only on the primary consumer. They succeed in making him vomit the mango kernel and leaving him to die, they clean it up and consume it only to find their plans have simply been in vain.

Mitravinda has finally made it to Swarga and has requested Indra for a dance-off with Ramba. Ramba wins and Vijaya who was with her was watching this all this while and enters the scene praising her. Indra is angered that Ramba has brought a human there which is regarded as a punishable offence and thereby curses her that she'll turn into a stone during the day but gets her human form only during nights. He also adds that in this duration of curse if she tries to get intimate with Vijaya, she'll turn into a statue permanently and would lead to Vijaya's untimely death, but this curse can be broken if the Abhisheka-jala (water that has been used to clean the idols) of Lord Swarnalingeshwara touches her head.

A dog comes to the rescue of Guru who was lying there unconscious and leads him to a tree. Grasping that the dog could be hungry he feeds it the fruit of the tree. It turns into the sage whom he had met before. He explains Guru that the trees seem to be cursed. The small fruits would make you a monkey, the big ones make you a dog and the middle-sized ones return you to your human form. Thinking that this will be useful in teaching a lesson to those women who left him to die, he collects a few fruits of all sizes and leaves the place. He heads back to their place and tricks them into eating those fruits and transforms the mother into a dog and her daughter into a monkey.

One night, Vijaya and Ramba had been accidentally intimate which leads to her becoming a statue permanently. So, he seeks out to Lord Shiva to help him. As a result of Indra's curse, Yama's messenger arrives at the temple to take him away with him. But Vijaya cleverly confuses them to find out which Yama they are talking about: the new one or the old one. They leave and now his question has confused everyone including Lord Indra. Hence, they all seek out to Lord Shiva himself. The Lord laughs at his cleverness and orders them to bring him telling that this time the invitation is from Shiva himself so that he won't refuse to come. Upon Vijaya's soul's arrival to Kailasa the Lord expresses to him that he has been impressed by his cleverness and tells Vijaya that he could ask for a boon. Vijaya is impressed and he requests to be in Indra's position for 30 galiges (equivalent to half a day). In his brief rule, he orders all the demigods like Agni, Vayu, Varuna and Yama to be better as he's seen many people and their crops being burned down, cyclones, floods and unfair deaths. After increasing his lifespan by ordering Chitragupta to do it, he warns all the gods that if things don't go as told by him, he will come back there.

People near the temple realize that Vijaya has died and try to take his body away. But soon his soul from Indraloka returns to his body and wakes up making him the resurrected man, scaring away the carrying crowd. He goes back to the temple to surprise his mother and brother who are crying there. From there they head out to find a cure to Ramba's curse. Guru uses Vijaya's Damaruka and summons Mitravinda and they take her along. They figure out that Mahabala's subordinates are guarding all the directions from where they can enter the Swarnanagari.

Using his magical mirror, Mahabali finds out that a person who has been resurrected is heading his way. Using his magical powers, he steals Ramba's statue from them. Mitravinda uses her magical powers to deduce where Ramba's statue maybe hidden. They find out that the place is guarded by Karkataka and Durmukha. Guru promises the monkey by transforming her back to human form, that if she somehow uses her dancing skills to get them to fight each other and trick them into eating those fruits, he'll convert her mom back too. She is successful and in the same way they also kill the other two subordinates. Leading to a final battle where Vijaya defeats Mahabali too, rescuing Devavrata from him. Impressed by his feats, the king requests him to ask for a boon. He just says that he'd like to break Ramba’s curse by using the Abhisheka-jala and requests the King to perform pooja to the Lord. Using the Abhisheka-jala he finally frees Ramba of her curse. Guru had also started liking Mitravinda to which Devavrata also expresses consent.

Vijaya’s mother tells him that he never won the Damaruka, it was all the Lord’s play. So, it’s his duty to now return it back to him. He complies and the movie ends with them all praying the Lord.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]
*[[M. P. Shankar]]
*[[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]]
*[[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]]
*GVG
*Venumadhav
*M. S. Ranganath
*Guggu
*Sambashiva Rao
*Modukuri Sathyam
*Jayakrishna
*Shyamsundar
*N. V. Rajavarma
*Ganesh
*Sarathi
*Bheemaraju
*Suryanarayana
*Seetharam
*P. S. Reddy
*Raju
*Jayanthi
*[[Vijaya Lalitha]]
*[[Shylashri]]
*Ramadevi
*[[B. Jayashree]]
*Chayadevi
*Saraswathi
*Renu
*Nagini
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Rajan–Nagendra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/devara-gedda-maanava-K0000946|title=Devara Gedda Maanava Songs|access-date=2015-01-07|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Chakkal Gulli Ittaadisi" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]] || [[Hunsur Krishnamurthy]] || 02:55
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0233555}}
* {{YouTube|id=Kb73SDVz7JM|title=Devara Gedda Manava}}

[[Category:1967 films]]
[[Category:1967 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1967 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajan–Nagendra]]
[[Category:Films directed by Hunsur Krishnamurthy]]

{{1960s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Sarocharu

2026-03-03T17:54:43Z

GenevaHarcus: Revised and enhanced article content

{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sarocharu
| image = Sarocharu poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Parasuram (director)|Parasuram]]
| producer = [[Priyanka Dutt]]
| writer = Parasuram
| starring = [[Ravi Teja]] [[Kajal Aggarwal]] [[Richa Gangopadhyay]] [[Nara Rohit]]
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cinematography = [[Vijay C Chakravarthy|Vijay K. Chakravarthy]]
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| studio = Three Angels Studio Pvt. Ltd.
| distributor = Blue Sky (Overseas){{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|12|21|ref1=<ref name="Idlebrain RD">{{Cite web |title=Sarocharu on December 21 |url=http://idlebrain.com/news/today/sarochaaru-21dec.html |access-date=15 December 2012 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|260 million}}
| gross = {{INR|570 million}}
}}

'''''Sarocharu''''' ({{translation|Sir came}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Parasuram (director)|Parasuram]] starring [[Ravi Teja]] and [[Kajal Aggarwal]] in the lead roles. [[Richa Gangopadhyay]] played an imaginary role by combining the faces of Sandhya and Karthik's friend's wife (in the film).<ref name="richa">{{Cite web |date=5 June 2012 |title=Richa is Saar Vosthara's second heroine |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/82674.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606142218/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/82674.html |archive-date=6 June 2012 |access-date=5 June 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> The film was produced on Three Angels Studio Pvt. Ltd. banner by Priyanka Dutt and was presented by [[Vyjayanthi Movies|Vyjayanthi]] banner. [[Devi Sri Prasad]] scored the soundtrack for the film. The film was released on 21 December 2012.<ref name="Idlebrain RD" />

== Plot ==
Sandhya is a student who is madly in love with Karthik, a techie based in Italy. She decides to travel with him to India, confident that the travel time would be enough for her to get him to fall in love. Karthik reciprocates her gestures in a friendly way. However, he finally reveals that he is married to Vasudha but is waiting to seek divorce.

Sandhya learns about Karthik's stint in Subramaniapuram as a football coach and about his affair with Vasudha, and that he wants to divorce her because of incompatibility. She also realizes that despite all that baggage, she still has feelings for him. At this point, Karthik springs a surprise and reveals a shocking bit of information that he is not married and the story he narrated was his friend's and told it so that it should not repeat in their life as he loved her too. This infuriates her to the core and leaves him breaking in tears.

Into this comes in Gautham, Sandhya's brother-in-law who is madly in love with her. Based on her mother's suggestion, she agrees to marry Gautham. Gautham observes that she still loves Karthik and goes to talk with him. After a conversation, he realises the sincerity in Karthik's love. He lets Sandhya realize it and lets her go to him on their engagement day. Unfortunately, all goes vain as Sandhya knows that Karthik left to Ooty leaving her. Finally, she too goes to Ooty after three months and reunites with him.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ravi Teja]] as Karthik
* [[Kajal Agarwal]] as Sandhya
* [[Richa Gangopadhyay]] as Vasudha
* [[Nara Rohit]] as Gautham
* [[Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]] as Venkatachalam, Karthik's father
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Chandram, Sandhya's father
* Delhi Rajeshwari as Snehalatha, Karthik's mother
* [[Jayasudha]] as Lakshmi, Sandhya's mother
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Krishna Murthy
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Platinum Prasad
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]] as Karthik's friend
* [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Ravi Reddy, Vasudha's father
* [[Shanoor Sana]] as Latha, Vasudha's mother
* [[Ravi Prakash]] as Ravi
* [[Kalpika Ganesh]] as Kalpika
* [[Master Bharath]] as Vasudha's brother
* [[Chitram Srinu]]
* [[Prabhakar (Telugu actor)|Prabhakar]]
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
Parasuram, who directed Ravi Teja's [[Anjaneyulu (film)|Anjaneyulu]] directed the film and music director [[Devi Sri Prasad]], who previously worked with Ravi Teja for [[Venky]] provided the music. [[Amala Paul]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2012 |title=Amala Paul Rejects Ravi Teja – |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-15/news-interviews/31710647_1_ravi-teja-amala-paul-mass-maharaja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928034518/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-15/news-interviews/31710647_1_ravi-teja-amala-paul-mass-maharaja |archive-date=28 September 2013 |access-date=4 August 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2012 |title=Trisha Refuses Ravi Teja for 'Sir Osthara' – |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-19/news-interviews/31777670_1_trisha-ravi-teja-amala-paul |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928034617/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-19/news-interviews/31777670_1_trisha-ravi-teja-amala-paul |archive-date=28 September 2013 |access-date=4 August 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> backed out of the project citing date issues paving the way for [[Kajal Aggarwal]] to bag the heroine role eventually.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2012 |title=Kajal to pair opposite Ravi Teja |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-23/news-interviews/31813724_1_ravi-teja-kajal-aggarwal-producer-ashwini-dutt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928034512/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-23/news-interviews/31813724_1_ravi-teja-kajal-aggarwal-producer-ashwini-dutt |archive-date=28 September 2013 |access-date=5 June 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Richa Gangopadhyay]] eventually won the place of the second heroine in this film.<ref name="richa" /> The film was named "Sarosthara" but later it was changed to "Sarocharu" which was confirmed by Richa in her Twitter. This is the second film Ravi Teja is working with [[Kajal Agarwal]] after ''[[Veera (2011 film)|Veera]]'' and with [[Richa Gangopadhyay]] after ''[[Mirapakaay|Mirapakay]]''. [[Nara Rohit]], the nephew of the [[List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] [[Nara Chandrababu Naidu]], and veteran actors [[Jayasudha]] and [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] hired for important roles.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} In November, a set of stills and 2 ''First Look'' Posters were Launched{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} which got stunning response.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravi Teja's Sarocharu First Look Posters |url=http://www.telugumoviesnow.com/2012/11/16/ravi-tejas-sarocharu-first-look-posters/ |access-date=16 November 2012 |publisher=Telugu Movies Now}}</ref> It was also reported later that the pair of Ravi Teja and Kajal will be seen in a very beautiful romantic track that is expected to be a highlight of the movie.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

=== Filming ===
''Sarocharu'', to be produced by Vyjayanthi Movies, will go on the floors from 16 June in Ooty<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2012 |title=Saar Osthara to start rolling from June 16 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-03/news-interviews/32005354_1_ravi-teja-heroine-kajal-agarwal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928034545/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-03/news-interviews/32005354_1_ravi-teja-heroine-kajal-agarwal |archive-date=28 September 2013 |access-date=5 June 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> but postponed to 1 July<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sashidhar AS, TNN |date=14 June 2012 |title=Ravi Teja's "Sir Osthara" shooting postponed – |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-14/news-interviews/32234708_1_shooting-entertainer-kajal-agarwal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928034524/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-14/news-interviews/32234708_1_shooting-entertainer-kajal-agarwal |archive-date=28 September 2013 |access-date=4 August 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and again postponed to 8 July.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sashidhar AS, TNN |date=28 June 2012 |title=Ravi Teja's Sar Osthara shooting postponed again – |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-28/news-interviews/32456104_1_shooting-ooty-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928034621/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-28/news-interviews/32456104_1_shooting-ooty-film |archive-date=28 September 2013 |access-date=4 August 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The new schedule of the film started on 29 July 2012.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} In this flick, Ravi Teja plays the role of a Football Coach<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravi Teja as Football Coach in Sir Vacharu |url=http://timesofap.com/cinema/ravi-teja-football-coach-in-sir-vacharu/ |access-date=24 Aug 2012 |publisher=timesofap.com}}</ref> and Richa tweeted her character name to be Vasudha. After wrapping up a schedule in Ooty, the unit members flew to Italy and the film was shot for 12 days and later they moved to Germany to complete the schedule and there scenes Ft. Ravi Teja and Kajal Agarwal were shot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kajal Agarwal Raviteja Romancing in Sir Vacharu Movie Germany Locations |url=http://www.telugunow.com/movie-news/kajal-agarwal-raviteja-romancing-in-sir-vacharu-movie-germany-locations/ |publisher=telugunow.com}}</ref> During the shooting of the schedule, it was reported that the film will be shot in exotic places of Italy and Switzerland. In the end of September 2012, The song "Racha Rambola" was shot in RFC, Hyderabad and it was reported that Richa is shaking leg along with Ravi Teja in the song and Richa loved the song.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Richa goes gaga over her Racha Rambola |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-27/news-interviews/34126286_1_vyjayanthi-movies-banner-actress-richa-gangopadhyay-ravi-teja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928034558/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-27/news-interviews/34126286_1_vyjayanthi-movies-banner-actress-richa-gangopadhyay-ravi-teja |archive-date=28 September 2013 |access-date=27 Sep 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In November, it was declared that the film is in the last leg of shooting and except for a song, most part of the film has already been wrapped up.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} In the end of November, the shooting of the film was wrapped up.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} Leading distributors Blue Sky, who were associated with films like [[100% Love (2011 film)|''100% Love'']], [[Gabbar Singh (film)|''Gabbar Singh'']] and ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]'', purchased the overseas rights for an undisclosed price which is said to be the highest ever for Ravi Teja in overseas area.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sarocharu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2012|12|5}}
| recorded = 2012
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=21|s=07}}
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Devi Sri Prasad
| prev_title = [[Dhamarukam]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Alex Pandian]]
| next_year = 2013
}}

Producer Priyanka Dutt advised that [[Aditya Music]] purchased the audio rights and audio will be released through it for the film.<ref name="Telugu Portals">{{Cite web |title=Ravi Teja's Sirocharu movie audio on Dec 5 (Telugu) |url=http://www.teluguportals.com/2012/12/ravi-tejas-sirocharu-movie-audio-release-date/#.ULoRXe84Teg |access-date=1 December 2012 |publisher=teluguportals.com}}</ref> The audio of the film was released directly into market without audio launch on 5 December 2012.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} Music of the film was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]]. The album consists of five songs. Lyrics for the two songs were penned by [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] and remaining songs were written by Srimani, [[Anantha Sreeram]], [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]. Devi Sri Prasad himself sung a song in the album.

=== Reception ===
The album has received a mixed response. Apherald.com gave a rating 2.5/5 for the album and stated that "Devi Sri Prasad’s magical tunes are missing to core in the audio of this film".<ref name="Apherald MR">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2012 |title=Sarocharu Music Review |url=http://www.apherald.com/Movies/Reviews/10460/Sarocharu-Music-Review%20Sarocharu%20Music%20Review |access-date=17 December 2012  |publisher=apherald.com}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 21:07
| title1 = Made For Each Other
| extra1 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| lyrics1 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| length1 = 4:26
| title2 = Jaga Jaga Jagadeka Veera
| extra2 = Venu, [[Ranina Reddy]]
| lyrics2 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| length2 = 4:47
| title3 = Raccha Rambola
| extra3 = [[Javed Ali]], Rita
| lyrics3 = Srimani
| length3 = 4:19
| title4 = Gusa Gusa
| extra4 = Sagar, [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]]
| lyrics4 = Anantha Sreeram
| length4 = 3:37
| title5 = Kaatuka Kallu
| extra5 = [[Khushi Murali]], Narendra, [[Swetha Mohan]], [[Chinnaponnu]]
| lyrics5 = Chandrabose
| length5 = 3:58
}}

== Release ==
The film was cleared by [[Central Board of Film Certification]] on 19 December 2012.<ref name="Idlebrain CBFC">{{Cite web |date=17 December 2012 |title=Saarocharu gets clean U & release on 21 December |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/sarocharu-cleanu.html |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref> The film was released on 21 December 2012.<ref name="Idlebrain RD" /> The film was released in 450 screens worldwide. The film was also dubbed and released in Hindi as ''Jabardast Aashiq'' in 2016.

=== Critical reception ===
The film received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics. Karthik Pasupulate of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film two out of five stars and wrote that "The music by Devi Sri Prasad is just as unremarkable as the rest of the movie. The writing, humor, editing and packaging all look too clichéd and to make matters worse there seems to me more philosophizing than any real romance. It all looks a little too daft in the end".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=21 December 2012 |title=SAROCHARU MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/sarocharu/movie-review/17706613.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film has collected a share of {{INRConvert|127|m}} in [[Andhra Pradesh]] in its first weekend.<ref name="Bharatone SO boxoffice">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2013 |title=Sarocharu movie two-week collections. |url=http://bharatone.com/2013/01/06/sarocharu-movie-two-week-collections/ |access-date=8 January 2013 |publisher=bharatone.com}}</ref> The film has collected $7,037 from 15 screens in the US in its second weekend and the per screen average is $469. The film has collected {{INRConvert|3.13|m}} in ten days in US.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} The film grossed {{INRConvert|550|m}} worldwide at the box office.

=== Home media ===
The VCD's, DVD's and Blu-rays of the film were released on 3 May 2013 with prices of $9.99 per DVD and $19.99 per Blu-ray through the manufacturer Bhavani DVD.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2013 |title=Sarocharu DTS® (Pre-Order) |url=http://www.bhavanidvd.com/product_info.php?products_id=7224&osCsid=7401740e59eb1de4f6d166c109fc5990 |access-date=1 May 2013 |publisher=bhavanidvd.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2013 |title=Sarocharu Blu-ray (Telugu-Bluray) |url=http://www.bhavanidvd.com/product_info.php?products_id=7226&osCsid=7401740e59eb1de4f6d166c109fc5990 |access-date=1 May 2013 |publisher=bhavanidvd.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2520342}}

{{Parasuram}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:2012 masala films]]
[[Category:2012 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Parasuram]]

Binita Desai

2026-03-02T00:38:07Z

GenevaHarcus: made the entry first draft

{{Short description|Indian animator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Binita Desai
| image = Binita Desai Faculty Portraits 1994 95.jpg
| caption = Binita Desai at the National Institute of Design Ahmedabad during her time as a faculty member in Visual Communication discipline.
| alma_mater = [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Animator|designer|educator}}
| employer = [[Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology|DA-IICT, Gandhinagar]], [[National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad]] (former)
}}

'''Binita Desai''' is an Indian animator, designer and a professor who designed the animation programme for postgraduate studies at the [[National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad]] along with [[Nina Sabnani]], I. S. Mathur and R. L. Mistry.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lent |first=John A. |date=2009 |title=Animation in South Asia |url=https://www.academia.edu/6925842/South_Asian_Film_and_Media_Looking_for_Love_in_All_the_White_Places_A_Study_of_Skin_Color_Preferences_on_Indian_Matrimonial_and_Mate_Seeking_Websites |journal=Studies in South Asian Film and Media |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=104 |via=Academia.edu}}</ref> She is currently a professor at [[Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology]] (DA-IICT).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty {{!}} Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology |url=https://www.daiict.ac.in/faculty-details/244 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=www.daiict.ac.in}}</ref>

== Life and work ==
Desai graduated from [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] where she completed her BFA in Applied Arts. She then joined the National Institute of Design (NID), Ahmedabad post her graduation with her friends Nina Sabnani and Chitra Sarathy in 1980 where she attended an animation workshop conducted by Claire Weeks. Post this, she was invited to stay at NID and trained with Roger Noake under the [[United Nations Development Programme]] training program.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akshata |title=20 years of NID : Presentation by Binita Desai at the Chitrakatha 2007 Festival {{!}} All About Animation |url=http://allaboutanimation.com/events/20-years-of-nid-presentation-by-binita-desai-at-the-chitrakatha-2007-festival/ |access-date=2022-08-09 |language=en-GB}}</ref> During this time, she made two films ''Cirrus Skies'' (1984) and ''Patang'' (Kite, 1984). The former film depicted the changes observed in the sky's cloud formations. Whereas, the latter film traced the movement of a kite through the eyes of its flier.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bendazzi |first=Giannalberto |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0azMCgAAQBAJ |title=Animation: A World History: Volume II: The Birth of a Style - The Three Markets |date=2015-10-23 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-317-51991-1 |pages=390 |language=en}}</ref> In 1985, Desai, along with Nina Sabnani, I. S. Mathur and R. L. Mistry conceived a program for postgraduate studies in animation at NID. They became the first coordinators of the program.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prakash Moorthy |url=http://archive.org/details/animatingindians00prak |title=Animating an Indian story, Ramanlal Mistry |last2=Mistry |first2=Ramanlal |date=2005 |publisher=National Institute of Design |others= |isbn=978-81-86199-53-4 |pages=73}}</ref> A two and a half year advanced entry programme was started in 1985 and a short one-year course was introduced next year.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lent |first=John A. |url=http://archive.org/details/animationinasiap00john |title=Animation in Asia and the Pacific |date=2001 |publisher=Indiana University Press |others= |isbn=978-0-253-34035-1 |location=Bloomington, IN |pages=203}}</ref> Along with their students, they created animated films that focused on educational and developmental topics like road safety, family planning, dowry, energy as well as literary and artistic themes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wanvari |first=Anil |date=2008 |title=India's animation boom |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=ITOF&u=wikipedia&id=GALE%7CA180063977&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-ITOF&asid=1787e0fc |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=Gale General OneFile}}</ref> Desai also co-edited the magazine ''Young Designers'' from 1990 to 1994 which featured projects of graduating students from NID.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://14.139.111.216:8080/lib/item?id=chamo:32649&theme=nid |title=Young Designers: 1990-1991 |publisher=National Institute of Design }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Young designers, '91-'92 : graduates from the National Institute of Design |url=https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/search/details/library/publication/29792105 |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=Canadian Centre for Architecture}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://14.139.111.216:8080/lib/item?id=chamo:32654&theme=nid |title=Young Designers: 1992-1994 |publisher=National Institute of Design }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> She taught at NID until 1997 before working as a freelance designer till 2002. Since 2002, she is a professor at DA-IICT, Gandhinagar where she teaches graphic design and animation to undergraduate and postgraduate students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Understanding Design {{!}} IITBombayX |url=https://www.iitbombayx.in/courses/understanding-design-1 |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=www.iitbombayx.in |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704210517/https://www.iitbombayx.in/courses/understanding-design-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Subsequently, she has been a visiting faculty for the Character Design module and semester jury of the Animation Film Design course at NID Ahmedabad, most recently being in the 2019-20 academic year.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://nid.edu/download/AnnualReport/NIDAnnualReport_201920_En.pdf |title=59th Annual Report 2019-20 |publisher=National Institute of Design |pages=138, 162}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Nina Sabnani]]
* [[Ishu Patel]]
* [[National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{YouTube|id=IeSSF2-eSs0|title=Interview on Story of Indian Animation}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Binita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women animators]]
[[Category:Indian art educators]]
[[Category:Indian women art educators]]
[[Category:Academic staff of National Institute of Design]]
[[Category:Designers at National Institute of Design]]
[[Category:National Institute of Design alumni]]
[[Category:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian women artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:Indian women designers]]

Dhuandhaar

2026-02-28T07:12:17Z

GenevaHarcus: made a details w/ refs

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dhuandhaar
| image =
| director = Rehan Chaudhary
| writer = Rehan Chaudhary
| producer = [[Jeegar Chauhan]] Rajesh Thakkar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Malhar Thakar]]
*Netri Trivedi
*Alisha Prajapati
*Dimple Biscuitwala
*[[Hiten Kumar]]}}
| cinematography = Jaymin Modi Het Rahul Patel
| editing = Jaymin Modi
| music = Kedar - Bhargav
| studio = Rehan Chaudhary Films
| distributor = Rupam Entertainment Pvt Ltd
| released = {{film date|df=y|2021|09|17}}
| runtime = 120 mins
| country = India
| language = Gujarati
}}
'''''Dhuandhaar''''' ({{langx|gu|ધુઆંધાર}}) is a 2021 [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] [[thriller film]] starring [[Malhar Thakar]], Netri Trivedi, Alisha Prajapati, Dimple Biscuitwala and [[Hiten Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='Dhuandhaar' official poster out! This Rehan Chaudhary's film is set to release on September 17|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/dhuandhaar-official-poster-out-this-rehan-chaudharys-film-is-set-to-release-on-september-17/articleshow/85761198.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-17|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830080505/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/dhuandhaar-official-poster-out-this-rehan-chaudharys-film-is-set-to-release-on-september-17/articleshow/85761198.cms |archive-date=30 August 2021 }}</ref> The film is written and directed by Rehan Chaudhary.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Dhuandhaar {{!}} Gujarati Movie|url=https://esyid.com/movie/dhuandhaar/|access-date=2021-09-17|website=Esy ID|language=en-US|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917112911/https://esyid.com/movie/dhuandhaar/|url-status=live}}</ref> and produced by [[Jeegar Chauhan]] and Rajesh Thakkar

== Cast ==

* [[Malhar Thakar]]
* Netri Trivedi
* Alisha Prajapati
* Dimple Biscuitwala
* [[Hiten Kumar]]

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Dhuandhaar
| type = Album
| artist = Kedar - Bhargav
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|09|17}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Jeegar Chauhan Productions
}}

The songs of the film are composed by Kedar - Bhargav. Lyrics are penned by Bhargav Purohit.<ref>{{Citation|title=Dhuandhaar - JioSaavn|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/dhuandhaar/ulhLviLnHUk_|language=en-US|access-date=2021-09-17|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917153822/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/dhuandhaar/ulhLviLnHUk_|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive! Rehan Chaudhary on 'Dhuandhaar' songs: I am thankful to the musical team, hopefully, the music fares well with the audience - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/exclusive-rehan-chaudhary-on-dhuandhaar-songs-i-am-thankful-to-the-musical-team-hopefully-the-music-fares-well-with-the-audience/articleshow/80096930.cms|access-date=2021-09-17|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=9 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509210349/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/exclusive-rehan-chaudhary-on-dhuandhaar-songs-i-am-thankful-to-the-musical-team-hopefully-the-music-fares-well-with-the-audience/articleshow/80096930.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| title5 =
| length1 = 04:25
| title2 = Paane Paane
| length2 = 03:53
| title3 =
| length3 =
| title4 =
| length8 =
| title1 = Dhuandhaar
| length5 =
| title6 =
| length6 =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length4 =
| title9 =
| lyrics5 =
| all_music =
| length10 =
| total_length =
| lyrics1 = Bhargav Purohit
| lyrics2 = Bhargav Purohit
| lyrics3 =
| lyrics4 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| extra1 = Anand Bhaskar
| extra2 = [[Jigardan Gadhavi]]
| extra3 =
| extra4 =
| extra5 =
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
}}

== Release ==
The film was released on 17 September 2021.<ref name=":0" />

==Reception==
[[Yesha Bhatt]], writing for ''[[Times of India]]'', praised the film for its "deviation from the usual romcoms" that the industry has been making. She noted that the film "get slightly slow" after interval "but it delivers an absolute punch in the gut at the climax". She praised the cinematography, but criticized the screenplay and characterization.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhatt |first=Yesha |title=Dhuandhaar Movie Review: It keeps you hooked till the last minute |website=The Times of India |date=2021-09-17 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-reviews/dhuandhaar/movie-review/86395469.cms |access-date=2021-09-28 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928191757/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-reviews/dhuandhaar/movie-review/86395469.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Mantavya News'' rated it 3 out of 5 stars and praised the film screenplay and music, in particular.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mantavyanews.com/suspense-thriller-comedy-gujarati-film-dhuandhaar-film-review/2021/|title=સસ્પેન્સ, થ્રિલર અને કોમેડી સાથે છેલ્લી મિનીટ સુધી જકડી રાખતી ફિલ્મ એટલે ધુંઆધાર}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2020s Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]
[[Category:2021 thriller films]]

Idli

2026-02-09T20:26:29Z

GenevaHarcus:

{{Short description|South Indian savoury rice cake}}
{{redirect|Idly|the topic of the adjective|idleness}}
{{Distinguish|Itly|Lidl}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Idli
| image = Idli Sambar.JPG
| caption =
| region = [[South India]]
| associated_cuisine = [[Indian cuisine|India]], [[Sri Lankan cuisine|Sri Lanka]]
| course = Breakfast, dinner
| served = Hot with a condiment such as [[Sambar (dish)|sambar]] or [[chutney]] in South India, [[ghugni]] and [[aloo dum]] in East India
| main_ingredient = [[urad (bean)|Black lentils]] (de-husked), [[rice]]
| variations = Button idli, tate idli, sanna, sambar idli, rava idli, masala idli, shell idli
| calories =
| other =
}}
'''Idli''' ({{IPAc-en|'|ɪ|d|l|iː}}; plural: '''idlis''') or '''idly''' is a [[South India|South Indian]] and [[Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan]] rice cake popular as a breakfast food. The cakes are made by steaming a batter consisting of [[Fermentation (food)|fermented]] hulled [[Vigna mungo|black lentils]] and rice. The fermentation process breaks down the starches so that they are more readily metabolised by the body.

Idli has several variations, including [[rava idli]], which is made from [[semolina]]. Regional variants include ''[[Sanna (dish)|sanna]]'' of [[Konkan]].

==History==
A precursor of the modern idli is mentioned in several ancient Indian works. ''[[Vaddaradhane]]'', a 920 CE [[Kannada language]] work by [[Shivakotiacharya]], mentions "iddalige", prepared only from a [[Vigna mungo|black gram]] batter. Chavundaraya II, the author of the earliest available Kannada encyclopedia, ''Lokopakara'' ({{circa}}1025 CE), describes the preparation of this food by soaking black gram in [[buttermilk]], ground to a fine paste, and mixed with the clear water of [[curd]] and spices.{{sfn|Edward R. Farnworth|2003|p=11}} The [[Western Chalukya]] king and scholar [[Someshwara III]], reigning in the area now called [[Karnataka]], included an idli recipe in his encyclopedia, ''[[Manasollasa]]'' (1130 CE). This [[Sanskrit]]-language work describes the food as ''iḍḍarikā''. In Karnataka, the Idli in 1235 CE is described as being "light, like coins of high value", which is not suggestive of a rice base.{{sfn|K. T. Achaya|1994|p=90}} The food prepared using this recipe is now called ''uddina idli'' in Karnataka.

The recipe mentioned in these ancient Indian works leaves out three key aspects of the modern idli recipe: the use of rice (not just black gram), the long fermentation of the mix, and the [[steaming]] for fluffiness. The references to the modern recipe appear in the Indian works only after 1250 CE. Food historian [[K. T. Achaya]] speculates that the modern idli recipe might have originated in present-day [[Indonesia]], which has a long tradition of fermented food. According to him, the cooks employed by the [[Hindu]] kings of the [[Indianised kingdom]]s might have invented the steamed idli there, and brought the recipe back to India during 800–1200 CE.<ref name="KTAchaya2003">{{cite book |author=K.T. Achaya |title=The Story of Our Food |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bk9RHRCqZOkC&pg=PA80 |date=1 November 2003 |publisher=Universities Press |isbn=978-81-7371-293-7 |pages=80–}}</ref><ref name="Bala2004">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/seta/2004/10/21/stories/2004102100111600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206094937/http://www.thehindu.com/seta/2004/10/21/stories/2004102100111600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-12-06 |title=Changes in the Indian menu over the ages |date=2004-10-21 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |author=D. Balasubramanian }}</ref> Achaya mentioned an Indonesian dish called "kedli", which according to him, was like an idli.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/idli-saga-a-study-into-the-origin-of-the-south-indian-dish/articleshow/1969178.cms|title=Idli saga: A study into the origin of the South Indian dish|access-date=25 August 2014|archive-date=24 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424060852/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-04-28/news/27671928_1_idlis-railways-solar-power-system|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="KTAchaya2003"/> However, Janaki Lenin was unable to find any recipe for an Indonesian dish by this name.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/a-tale-of-two-sambhars/article3262394.ece|title=A tale of two sambhars|first=Janaki|last=Lenin|newspaper=The Hindu |date=30 March 2012|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> According to food historian [[Colleen Taylor Sen]] the fermentation process of idli batter is a natural process that was discovered independently in India, since nearly all cultures use fermentation in some form.<ref>Feasts and Fasts: A History of Food in India, page 146, Colleen Taylor Sen (2015)</ref> According to [[Dorian Fuller]], the steaming technique was already in use in Neolithic South India around 2000 BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Renfrew |first1=Colin |last2=Bahn |first2=Paul |title=The Cambridge World Prehistory |date=9 June 2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-64775-6 |pages=2049 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Cambridge_World_Prehistory/vWbwAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=In+the+South+Indian+Neolithic,+boiling+and+grinding+were+both+essential+techniques+in+food+preparation.+Steaming+was+added+to+this+repertoire+around+2000+BCE.&pg=PT1035&printsec=frontcover |language=en|quote=In the South Indian Neolithic, boiling and grinding were both essential techniques in food preparation. Steaming was added to this repertoire around 2000 BCE.}}</ref>

The [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] work ''Varṇaka Samuccaya'' (1520 CE) mentions idli as ''idari'', and also mentions its local adaptation, ''idada'' (a non-fermented version of [[dhokla]]).<ref name="AchyutSuchitra2005">{{cite book |author1=Achyut Yagnik |author2=Suchitra Seth |title=Shaping Of Modern Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FYDviPFeoSAC&pg=PT24 |date=24 August 2005 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-81-8475-185-7 |pages=24 }}</ref>

The earliest extant [[Tamil language|Tamil]] work to mention idli (as ''itali'') is ''Maccapuranam'', dated to the 17th century.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-04-28/news/27671928_1_idlis-railways-solar-power-system |title=Idli saga: A study into the origin of the South Indian dish |newspaper=Economic Times |author=Vikram Doctor |date=2007-04-28 |access-date=2014-08-25 |archive-date=24 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424060852/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-04-28/news/27671928_1_idlis-railways-solar-power-system |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="KTAchaya2009">{{cite book |author=K.T. Achaya |title=The Illustrated Foods of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Frs1OQAACAAJ |date=5 March 2009 |publisher=OUP India |isbn=978-0-19-569844-2}}</ref> In 2015, [[Chennai]]-based idli caterer Eniyavan started celebrating March 30 as "World Idli Day".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/world-idli-day-2018-heres-the-intriguing-story-behind-this-delicious-day-1830701 |title=World Idli Day 2018: Here's The Intriguing Story Behind This Delicious Day |date=30 March 2018 |publisher=NDTV }}</ref>

==Preparation==
{{nutritionalvalue
| name = Idli
| serving_size = 1 piece (30 gm)
| kJ = 167
| fat = 0.19 g
| satfat = 0.037 g
| polyfat = 0.043 g
| monofat = 0.035 g
| protein = 1.91 g
| carbs = 7.89 g
| sugar = 0.22
| fiber = 1.5 g
| sodium_mg = 207
| potassium_mg = 63
| source = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fatsecret.co.in/calories-nutrition/generic/idli|title=Calories in Idli and Nutrition Facts|website=www.fatsecret.co.in}}</ref>
}}

To make idli, four parts uncooked rice (idli rice or [[parboiled rice]]) to one part whole white lentil (black gram, ''[[Vigna mungo]]'') are soaked separately for at least four to six hours or overnight. Optionally, spices such as fenugreek seeds can be added at the time of soaking for additional flavour. Once soaked, the lentils are ground to a fine paste, the rice is separately coarsely ground, and they are combined. Next, the mixture is left to ferment overnight during which its volume will more than double. After fermentation, some of the batter may be kept as a starter culture for the next batch. The finished idli batter is put into a perforated greased idli tray for steaming. The perforated molds allow the idlis to be cooked evenly. The tree holds the trays above the level of boiling water in a pot, and the pot is covered until the idlis are done (about 10–25 minutes, depending on size). A more traditional method is to use leaves instead of moulds.<ref>{{cite web|title=Idlis in jackfruit leaves|url=http://www.aayisrecipes.com/breakfast-or-snacks/idlis-in-jackfruit-leaveshittukhottekhotte-kadubu/|website=Aayi's Recipes|access-date=14 October 2014|year=2006}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" mode="packed" heights="120" caption="Making idlis">
File:Idly Ingredients.jpg|Key ingredients used are rice and black gram.
File:Idli Batter.JPG|Idli batter
File:Idli Making Plate.JPG|Idli mold
File:Idli Batter to Making Plate.JPG|Batter poured into the mold
File:Idli Making Plates.JPG|Several molds stacked over another
File:Idli Make in Steam.JPG|Idli steaming in cooker
File:Idli in Idli Cooking Vessel.JPG|Cooked idli
File:Idlis Ready.JPG|Molds removed from cooker
File:Idlis Detatched From Cooker.JPG|Idlis ready to eat
</gallery>

===Serving===
Since plain idlis are mild in taste, a condiment is considered essential. Idlis are often served with [[chutney]]s (coconut-based), [[Sambar (dish)|sambar]] and [[medu vada]]. However, this varies greatly by region and personal taste. It is also often served with kaara chutney (onion-based) or [[Spicy Sri Lankan Fish Curry (Malu Mirisata)|spicy fish curries]]. The dry spice mixture [[Idli podi|podi]] is convenient while travelling.
[[File:Idly Wada.jpg|right|thumb|Idli served with coconut chutney, sambar and [[medu vada]] on banana leaf.]]

===Variations===
There are several regional variations of idlis made in South India and Sri Lanka. With the emigration of south Indians and Sri Lankans throughout the region and world, many variations on idli have been created in addition to the almost countless local variations. Hard-to-get ingredients and differing cooking customs have required changes in both ingredients and methods. [[Parboiled rice]] can reduce the soaking time considerably. Store-bought ground rice or cream of rice may also be used.<ref>{{cite web|title=Idli using Cream of Rice|url=http://ediblyasian.info/recipes/idli-using-cream-of-rice|website=Edibly Asian|access-date=14 October 2014}}</ref> Similarly, [[semolina]] or [[cream of wheat]] may be used for preparing [[rava idli]] (wheat idli).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Geeta|first1=Seth|title=Rava Idli : (Cream of wheat or sooji idli)|url=http://www.northindiancooking.com/rava-idli-sooji-or-cream-of-wheat-idli.html|website=North India Cooking|access-date=14 October 2014}}</ref> [[Dahi (curd)|Dahi]] (yogurt) may be added to provide the sour flavour for unfermented batters. Pre-packaged mixes allow for almost instant idlis.<ref>{{cite web|title=instant idli mix|url=http://www.tarladalal.com/glossary-instant-idli-mix-1287i|website=Tarla Dalal|publisher=Sanjay & Co|access-date=14 October 2014}}</ref>

In addition to or instead of fenugreek, other spices may be used such as mustard seeds, chili peppers, cumin, coriander, ginger, etc.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rachana|first1=Gorikapudi|title=Fenugreek Leaves Idli|url=http://spicycurriez.blogspot.com/2012/02/fenugreek-leaves-idli.html|website=SPICY CURRIES|access-date=14 October 2014|date=2012}}</ref> Sugar may be added to make them sweet instead of savoury. Idli may also be stuffed with a filling of potato, beans, carrot and masala.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stuffed Idli|url=http://www.spicytasty.com/breakfast-menu/stuffed-idli/|website=Spicy Tasty|access-date=14 October 2014|year=2013|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801180108/http://www.spicytasty.com/breakfast-menu/stuffed-idli/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leftover idlis can be cut-up or crushed and [[sautéed]] for a dish called idli [[upma]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Idli Upma Recipe-Recipe with Leftover idlis|url=http://www.padhuskitchen.com/2012/07/idli-upma-recipe-recipe-with-leftover.html|website=Padhu's Kitchen|access-date=14 October 2014|year=2012}}</ref> A microwave or an automatic electric steamer that is non-stick is considered to be a convenient alternative to conventional stovetop steamers. Batter preparation using a manual rocking rock grinder can be replaced by electric grinders or blenders. Many restaurants have also come up with fusion recipes of idlis such as idly manchurian, idly fry, chilly idly, stuffed idly, to name a few.

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Traditional coconut shell idlis, Karnataka.jpg|Idlis cooked traditionally in coconut shells, Karnataka
File:Rasam and Idli.jpg|Idli served with [[rasam (dish)|rasam]]
File:ಮೂಡೆ ಇಡ್ಲಿ, ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ.jpg|Moode idli steamed in [[Pandanus odorifer|fragrant screwpine]] leaves, Mangalore, Karnataka.
File:Idli sambar.JPG| Sambar idli as served in [[Tamil Nadu]]
File:ಕೊಟ್ಟೆ ಕಡುಬು ಇಡಲಿಗಳು.jpg| ''Kotte kadubu'' or ''Pottikkalu'' idlis steamed in jackfruit leaves, in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh
File:Rava Idli (6005561226).jpg | [[Rave idli]] (sooji idli) is a specialty of [[Karnataka]]
File:Sanna (Commons).jpg|[[Sanna (dish)|Sanna(s)]], a [[Goan cuisine|Goan]] variant of idli, also known as ''hittli'' in Konkani is made with Toddy for fermentation.
</gallery>

==Batter fermentation==
Fermentation of idli batter results in both leavening caused by the generation of carbon dioxide as well as an increase in acidity. This fermentation is performed by lactic acid bacteria, especially the heterofermentative strain ''[[Leuconostoc mesenteroides]]'' and the homofermentative strain ''[[Enterococcus faecalis]]'' (formerly classified as ''Streptococcus faecalis''). Heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria such as ''L. mesenteroides'' generate both lactic acid as well as carbon dioxide whereas homofermentative lactic acid bacteria only generate lactic acid.

Both ''L. mesenteroides'' and ''E. faecalis'' are predominantly delivered to the batter by the black gram. Both strains start multiplying while the grains are soaking and continue to do so after grinding.

''L. mesenteroides'' tolerates high concentrations of salt unlike most other bacteria. Hence the salt in the batter and the ongoing generation of lactic acid both suppress the growth of other undesirable micro-organisms.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=VEEN|first1=A. G.|last2=HACKLER|first2=L. ROSS|last3=STEINKRAUS|first3=K. H.|last4=MUKHERJEE|first4=S. K.|date=2008-06-28|title=Nutritive Quality of Idli, a Fermented Food of India|journal=Journal of Food Science|volume=32|issue=3|pages=339–341|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2621.1967.tb01326_32_3.x|issn=0022-1147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Council|first=National Research|date=1992-01-01|title=Applications of Biotechnology in Traditional Fermented Foods|url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/1939/applications-of-biotechnology-in-traditional-fermented-foods|language=en|doi=10.17226/1939|pmid=25121339|isbn=978-0-309-04685-5}}</ref>

==Idli Day==
March 30 is celebrated as World Idli Day.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Agrawal |first1=Saumya |title=World Idli Day |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/the-buzz/article/world-idli-day-when-a-british-professor-called-idlis-boring-and-insufferable/738737 |access-date=30 March 2022 |publisher=Times Now News}}</ref> It was first celebrated in 2015 at Chennai.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saha |first1=Somdatta |title=World Idli Day 2021 |url=https://food.ndtv.com/how-to/world-idli-day-2021-how-to-make-ramasseri-idli-the-king-of-idlis-from-kerala-recipe-inside-2402241 |access-date=30 March 2022 |publisher=NDTV Food}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Food}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Bhapa pitha]]
* [[Cuisine of Karnataka]]
* [[Dhokla]]
* [[List of Indian breads]]
* [[List of steamed foods]]
* [[Puttu]]
* [[Rava idli]]
* [[Sanna (dish)|Sanna]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book | title=Indian Food: A Historical Companion| author=K. T. Achaya |author-link=K. T. Achaya | date=12 May 1994| publisher=Oxford University Press, USA| isbn=978-0-19-563448-8 }}
* Devi, Yamuna (1987). ''Lord Krishna's Cuisine: The Art of Indian Vegetarian Cooking'', Dutton. {{ISBN|0-525-24564-2}}.
* {{cite book |author=Edward R. Farnworth |title=Handbook of Fermented Functional Foods |year=2003 |publisher= CRC Press |isbn= 978-0-8493-1372-1}}
* Jaffrey, Madhur (1988). ''A Taste of India'', Atheneum. {{ISBN|0-689-70726-6}}
* Rau, Santha Rama (1969). ''The Cooking of India'', Time-Life Books.

{{Sri Lankan cuisine}}
{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Indian bread}}
{{Malaysian cuisine}}

[[Category:Indian breads]]
[[Category:Indian rice dishes]]
[[Category:Fermented foods]]
[[Category:Andhra cuisine]]
[[Category:Karnataka cuisine]]
[[Category:Kerala cuisine]]
[[Category:South Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Steamed foods]]
[[Category:Tamil cuisine]]
[[Category:Telangana cuisine]]
[[Category:Malaysian breads]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan rice dishes]]
[[Category:Indo-Caribbean cuisine]]

Abdul Khaleque (Assam politician)

2026-02-09T08:20:55Z

GenevaHarcus: new some info w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian politician, Member of Parliament from Barpeta constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abdul Khaleque
| image =
| caption =
| office2 =
| constituency2 = [[Jania (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jania]]
| term_start2 = 11 May 2006
| term_end2 = 13 May 2011
| predecessor2 = Asahaque Ali
| successor2 = [[Rafiqul Islam (Indian politician)|Dr. Rafiqul Islam]]
| office1 = [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of the Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Jania (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jania]]
| term_start1 = 19 May 2016
| term_end1 = 23 May 2019
| predecessor1 = [[Rafiqul Islam (Indian politician)|Dr. Rafiqul Islam]]
| successor1 = [[Rafiqul Islam (Indian politician)|Dr. Rafiqul Islam]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 23 May 2019
| term_end = 4 June 2024
| constituency = [[Barpeta (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barpeta]], [[Assam]]
| predecessor = [[Sirajuddin Ajmal]]
| successor = [[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1971|02|01}}
| birth_place = [[Barbhitha]], Assam, India
| alma_mater = Bongaigaon College
| education = [[Gauhati University]] [[Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| profession = Journalist, Writer, Politician
| spouse = Kamlani Khaleque (2011-present)
| children = 1 daughter 1 son
| parents = Sohrab Ali (Father) Sabura Khatun(Mother)
| footnotes =
| date = 16 September
| year = 2017
| source = official sites
}}

'''Abdul Khaleque''' (born 1 February 1971) is an Indian politician, journalist and writer from Assam belonging to [[Indian National Congress]] who is serving as the [[Member of parliament|Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] representing Barpeta constituency<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/assam/barpeta|title=Barpeta Lok Sabha Election Result 2019 Live, Barpeta Assembly and General Poll Results 2019 {{!}} IndiaToday|website=indiatoday.in|access-date=2019-10-07|archive-date=7 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007171939/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/assam/barpeta|url-status=dead}}</ref> since 2019. Previously, he served as the Member of the [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|Assam Legislative Assembly]] from Jania Constituency from 2016 to 2019 and again from 2006 to 2011.

== Career ==
He has been elected to that legislative body twice: First in 2006 from the 44 no [[Jania, Barpeta district]], and again from the same constituency in 2016. Khaleque is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=assamassembly>"[http://assamassembly.gov.in/abdul-khaleque.html Who's Who]", assamassembly.gov.in (official page of the Assam Legislative Assembly).</ref>

Khaleque has proposed that the government provincialize all venture schools,<ref>Staff reporter, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20160722134021/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160722/jsp/northeast/story_98099.jsp Din in Assembly over Assam category – Himanta weighs venture future]", The Times of India, 22 July 2016.</ref> condemned government drives to evict landless people from government land,<ref>Staff reporter, "[http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=feb0917/state054 Cong alleges discrimination in eviction drives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409043133/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=feb0917/state054 |date=9 April 2018 }}", The Assam Tribune Online, 8 February 2017.</ref> and opposed the proposed dissolution of the [[Assam Chah Mazdoor Sangha]].<ref>Staff reporter, "[http://www.sentinelassam.com/mainnews/story.php?sec=1&subsec=0&id=300238&dtP=2017-03-02&ppr=1 Uproar in House over tea workers' wages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406025311/http://www.sentinelassam.com/mainnews/story.php?sec=1&subsec=0&id=300238&dtP=2017-03-02&ppr=1 |date=6 April 2017 }}", The Sentinel of Assam, 1 March 2017.</ref>

== Education==
Abdul Khaleque had completed his primary education from Bartary LP school and Langla High School. He graduated from Bongaigaon College and then completed his masters in Assamese literature from [[Gauhati University]]. He also did an MA in International Relations.<ref>http://ceoassam.nic.in/election/ae2016/Affidavits/44/2-Abdul%20Khalek.pdf Official affitvit of Abdul Khaleque</ref>

==Social and literacy works==
He is an education promoter as well as writer. His recent works are published in various books as well as his own books.<ref>http://www.myneta.info/assam2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=906 My Neta Abdul Khalque</ref>

==Personal life==
Khaleque had completed primary education at Bartary village under [[Barbhitha]] GP and later completed his graduation and PG from Bongaigaon college under [[Gauhati University]]. He has married Kamlani Khaleque and the couple has 2 children.<ref>http://charchapori.com/blog {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408210400/http://charchapori.com/blog |date=8 April 2018 }} আব্দুল খালেক</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khaleque, Abdul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:People from Barpeta district]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]

{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}

Gokul Suresh

2026-02-07T19:28:39Z

GenevaHarcus: made new pg needs work

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1993)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Gokul|Suresh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gokul Suresh
| image = Gokul Suresh.jpg
| caption = Gokul Suresh in ''[[Ira (film)|Ira]]''
| alt =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1993|09|29}}
| birth_place = [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = [[Christ University|Christ University, Bengaluru]]
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| years_active = 2016{{Endash}}present
| height =
| mother = Radhika Nair
| father = [[Suresh Gopi]]
| website =
}}

'''Gokul Suresh''' (born 29 September 1993) is an Indian actor who appears in [[Malayalam cinema]]. He is the son of film actor and politician [[Suresh Gopi]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/did-you-know-/Mudhugauv-fame-Gokul-is-Suresh-Gopis-son/articleshow/52266845.cms |title=Mudhugauv fame Gokul is Suresh Gopi's son |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=16 May 2016}}</ref>

==Early life and career==

Gokul was born as the second child to actor [[Suresh Gopi]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/My-dad-didnt-give-me-any-advice-Gokul-Suresh/articleshow/52703099.cms |title=My dad didn't give me any advice: Gokul Suresh |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref> and Radhika Nair on 29 September 1993 in [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]]. He has two younger sisters Bhagya Suresh, Bhaavni Suresh and a younger brother Madhav Suresh. His elder sister Lakshmi died in a car accident when she was one and a half years old.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/281016/dream-to-be-a-singer-bhagya-suresh.html |title=Dream— to be a singer: Bhagya Suresh |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/i-m-so-happy-that-you-are-amidst-lights-artists-says-son-to-suresh-gopi-1.3644289 |title=I'm so happy that you are amidst lights, artists, says son to Suresh Gopi |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |access-date=13 March 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Gokul completed his [[Primary education|primary level education]] from [[St. Thomas Residential School, Thiruvananthapuram]] and his [[Secondary education|secondary level education]] from [[Pallikoodam (school)|Pallikoodam, Kottayam]] and [[Saraswathy Vidyalaya]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in Business Administration from [[Christ University]] in [[Bangalore]], and did his internship as a front officer and staff at [[Le Méridien]], [[Kochi]]. It was during this time he felt a passion for acting and lost interest in corporate jobs.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/2019/01/25/gokul-suresh-about-irupathiyonnam-noottandu-pranav-movie.html |title=Gokul Suresh has no qualms for doing cameo in 'Irupathiyonnam Noottandu' |work=Manorama Online |access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref>

In Gokul's debut film ''[[Mudhugauv]]'', [[Aju Varghese]] was initially cast to play the lead role. But the makers wanted a younger actor to make the character look more convincing.<ref name="Gokul Suresh came replacing Aju Varghese in Mudhugauv">{{Cite news |url=http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/gokul-suresh-came-replacing-aju-varghese-in-mudhugauv |title=Gokul Suresh came replacing Aju Varghese in Mudhugauv |work=Onlookers Media |access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref> While in search of a younger actor they ended up in Gokul who happened to be producer [[Sandra Thomas]]' Facebook friend and then approached him with the script. Gokul found the script for ''[[Mudhugauv]]'' interesting and later replaced Aju.<ref name="Gokul Suresh came replacing Aju Varghese in Mudhugauv"/>

== Career ==

===Acting debut (2016{{ndash}}2017)===
Gokul had made his debut into acting with the 2016 film ''[[Mudhugauv]]'' directed by debutant Vipin Das.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mudhugavu-to-hit-screens-on-May-13/articleshow/51911028.cms |title=Mudhugavu to hit screens on May 13 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/suresh-gopi-and-gokul-suresh-pic-goes-viral-news-malayalam-tdhjohhciiaje.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307085543/http://www.sify.com/movies/suresh-gopi-and-gokul-suresh-pic-goes-viral-news-malayalam-tdhjohhciiaje.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 March 2019 |title=Suresh Gopi and Gokul Suresh pic goes viral |work=[[Sify]] |access-date=7 March 2019}}</ref> The movie was a production of [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] and [[Sandra Thomas]]' [[Friday Film House]]. He played Bharath, an absentminded college student whose only intention was for his love interest, Ganga. In a typical mixed review, Sanjith Sidhardhan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated Gokul's performance as "it has only helped the actor as he has a sweet and appealing presence",<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/mudhugauv/movie-review/52256053.cms |title=Mudhugauv Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> while Anasuya Menon of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said: "Gokul Suresh's impressive debut in Muddhugauv has clearly set him on track".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/%E2%80%98I-just-want-to-be-a-good-actor%E2%80%99/article14326301.ece |title='I just want to be a good actor' |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/mudhugauv-movie-review-starring-gokul-suresh-arthana.html |title='Mudhugauv' movie review: A Romeo, gangster, two thugs and a kiss |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |access-date=15 May 2016}}</ref>

In his second venture, he did a supporting character in director Ajai Vasudev's ''[[Masterpiece (2017 film)|Masterpiece]]'' (2017) starring [[Mammootty]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/140417/gokul-suresh-to-team-up-with-mammootty.html |title=Gokul Suresh to team up with Mammootty |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=14 April 2017}}</ref> Gokul played a college student Unnikrishnan who is alleged murdering his love interest.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/gokul-suresh-to-play-a-student-again/articleshow/58224329.cms |title=Gokul Suresh to play a student again |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref> Writing for ''[[The Times of India]]'', Deepa Soman commended: "Though brief, Gokul Suresh enacts his role decently enough and the makers have tried to ooze as much energy as possible into the song sequences".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/masterpiece/movie-review/62195909.cms |title=Masterpiece Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> "Mammootty sir was the reason why I chose Masterpiece. I didn't care whether the character was a long one or a sidekick," said Gokul.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/feb/22/i-am-waiting-for-an-opportunity-to-prove-my-skill-gokul-suresh-1776919.html |title=I am waiting for an Opportunity to prove my skill: Gokul Suresh |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref>

As an actor, Gokul wants to follow [[Fahadh Faasil]]'s path of career growth and likes Fahadh's perspective on certain aspects. He said to ''[[The Times of India]]'', "I watch the interviews of all the actors, but I could personally relate to what Fahadh says".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/gokul-suresh-if-i-take-more-risks-i-would-be-criticised-more-but-i-would-also-grow-as-an-actor/articleshow/68166830.cms |title=Gokul Suresh: If I take more risks, I would be criticised more, but I would also grow as an actor |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref>

===2018{{ndash}}present===

In 2018, he acted in ''[[Ira (film)|Ira]]'', the first combined production of director [[Vysakh]] and writer [[Udaykrishna–Sibi K. Thomas|Udaykrishna]]. He played the lead role alongside [[Unni Mukundan]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/nov/08/ira--is-a-thriller-says-unni-mukundan-1694934.html |title=Ira is a thriller, says Unni Mukundan |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=8 November 2017}}</ref> [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''Firstpost'' called him "suitably sweet" mentioning "which is all he needs to be here".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ira-movie-review-this-unni-mukundan-gokul-suresh-starrer-is-a-lesson-in-how-not-to-do-a-thriller-4394281.html |title=Ira movie review: This Unni Mukundan, Gokul Suresh starrer is a lesson in how not to do a thriller |work=Firstpost |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> After the release of the film he had revealed that there were attempts to sideline him as the shooting of his films got delayed. But he believed that if someone is talented nobody can stop him or her from reaching the goal.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/gokul-suresh-people-have-tried-to-sideline-me/articleshow/63477090.cms |title=Gokul Suresh: People have tried to sideline me |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref>

In early 2019, he played a cameo role as Saghavu Franci alongside [[Pranav Mohanlal]] in Arun Gopy's ''[[Irupathiyonnaam Noottaandu]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/confirmed-gokul-suresh-also-part-irupathiyonnam-noottandu |title=Confirmed: Gokul Suresh is also part of Irupathiyonnam Noottandu |work=Onlookers Media |access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/01/08/pranav-mohanlal-gokul-suresh-irupathiyonnam-noottandu.html |title=Pranav, Gokul recreate history in 'Irupathiyonnam Noottandu' |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |access-date=27 February 2019}}</ref> His performance earned him positive reviews from critics; Litty Simon of ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' said, "Gokul Suresh as Saghavu Franci makes a cameo appearance but definitely leaves an impression".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2019/01/24/irupathiyonnam-noottandu-pranav-mohanlal-arun-gopy-review-rating-update.html |title=Irupathiyonnam Noottandu review: the 'communal' love saga |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> "I have only had four releases till date and yet the most satisfying one was Irupathiyonnaam Noottaandu, which did not even have me as the lead. Though it was just a cameo, the way my character was presented by director Arun Gopy chettan was brilliant. I believe how your character is showcased has a massive impact on how the audience feel about you as an actor" he said.

Gokul next appeared alongside [[Niranj Maniyanpilla Raju]] and [[Varsha Bollamma]] in Anil Rraj's family-thriller ''[[Soothrakkaran]]'' (2019). He plays Madathil Aravindan, who helps his father in running a milk products export and import company. Upon release, the film received negative review from critics and Deepika Jayaram of ''[[The Times of India]]'' thought Gokul's performance in the film reminded "many of his father's aura and swag" and notes that "he manages to keep his poise, even when he exhibits shades of grey".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/soothrakkaran/movie-review/68318961.cms |title=Soothrakkaran Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> He was also seen acting an extended cameo role alongside [[Guinness Pakru]] in [[Madhav Ramadasan]]'s ''[[Ilayaraja (film)|Ilayaraja]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/guinness-pakru-starrer-ilayaraja-motion-poster-is-truly-unique/articleshow/66534208.cms |title=Guinness Pakru starrer 'Ilayaraja' motion poster is truly unique |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=7 November 2018}}</ref> He then acted in writer turned director Suresh Poduval's ''[[Ulta (2019 film)|Ulta]]'' with [[Prayaga Martin]] as his heroine.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anusree-and-prayaga-martin-are-siblings-in-gokul-sureshs-ulta/articleshow/66487152.cms |title=Anusree and Prayaga Martin are siblings in Gokul Suresh's Ulta |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/gokul-suresh-calls-his-heroine-prayaga-martin-the-sensation/articleshow/67896866.cms |title=Gokul Suresh calls his heroine Prayaga Martin - The Sensation |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=8 February 2019}}</ref>

===Upcoming projects===
[[File:Gokul Suresh SV.jpg|right|thumb|Gokul Suresh in ''[[Sayanna Varthakal]]'']]
Currently he has completed shooting for debutant director Arun Chandu's''[[Sayanna Varthakal]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/gokul-suresh-dhyan-sreenivasan-team-sayahna-varthakal-movie |title=Gokul Suresh and Dhyan Sreenivasan team up for 'Sayahna Varthakal' |work=Onlookers Media |access-date=26 February 2019}}</ref> In February 2019, he reportedly signed his next movie, an untitled [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-[[Malayalam]] [[bilingual]] film directed by [[M. Padmakumar]] which also has actors [[Vidharth]] and [[Samuthirakani]] playing important roles.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/gokul-suresh-star-padmakumars-tamil-malayalam-bilingual-film |title=Gokul Suresh to star in Padmakumar's Tamil-Malayalam bilingual film |work=Onlookers Media |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/gokul-suresh-in-m-padmakumars-bilingual/articleshow/68230105.cms |title=Gokul Suresh in M Padmakumar's bilingual? |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref> On 9 March 2019, ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported that Gokul will be playing as Kochu Chackochi in the sequel to the 1997 film ''[[Lelam]]'' which starred his father [[Suresh Gopi]] in the lead. The film titled ''[[Lelam 2]]'' will be directed by Nithin Renji Panicker and written by his father [[Renji Panicker]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suresh-gopi-to-play-chackochi-and-gokul-suresh-kochu-chackochi-in-lelam-2/articleshow/68333064.cms |title=Suresh Gopi to play 'Chackochi' and Gokul Suresh 'Kochu Chackochi' in Lelam 2 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/its-confirmed-suresh-gopi-gokul-suresh-join-hands-lelam-2-793532 |title=It's confirmed! Suresh Gopi and Gokul Suresh join hands for Lelam 2 |work=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2016
|''[[Mudhugauv]]''
|Bharath
|Debut film
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mudhugauvs-trailer-triggers-deja-vu/articleshow/51926146.cms |title=Mudhugauv's trailer triggers deja vu! |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=25 February 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Masterpiece (2017 film)|Masterpiece]]''
|Unnikrishnan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/gokul-sureshs-poster-from-masterpiece-is-out/articleshow/61616008.cms |title=Gokul Suresh's poster from Masterpiece is out! |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=25 February 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Ira (film)|Ira]]''
|Dr. Aryan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/ira-draws-inspiration-from-dileep-life-5097658 |title=Ira draws inspiration from Dileep's life |work=[[Indian Express]] |access-date=25 February 2019}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
|''[[Irupathiyonnaam Noottaandu]]''
|Saghavu Francis
|Cameo appearance
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/nov/26/gokul-suresh-joining-pranav-in-irupathiyonnam-noottaandu-1903197.html |title=Gokul Suresh joining Pranav in Irupathiyonnam Noottaandu? |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Soothrakkaran]]''
|Madathil Aravindan
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/soothrakkaran-trailer-wins-gokul-suresh-some-applause/articleshow/68137056.cms |title='Soothrakkaran' trailer wins Gokul Suresh some applause |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=25 February 2019}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ilayaraja (film)|Ilayaraja]]''
|Bryan
|Cameo appearance
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gokul-suresh-in-madhav-ramadasan-s-ilayaraja-news-malayalam-sfyq8pdggfjbi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525032300/http://www.sify.com/movies/gokul-suresh-in-madhav-ramadasan-s-ilayaraja-news-malayalam-sfyq8pdggfjbi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 May 2018 |title=Gokul Suresh in Madhav Ramadasan's 'Ilayaraja' |work=[[Sify]] |access-date=26 February 2019}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ulta (2019 film)|Ulta]]''
|Chandu
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/180918/gokul-sureshs-next-ulta.html |title=Gokul suresh's next Ulta |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=25 February 2019}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2022 || ''[[Paappan]]'' || Michael || ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suresh-gopi-starrer-paappan-is-joshiys-next/articleshow/80919745.cms |title=Suresh Gopi starrer 'Paappan' is Joshiy's next! |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sayanna Varthakal]]'' || Ravi Kumar || ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/dec/07/sayahna-varthakal-is-a-socio-political-satire-1908219.html |title='Sayahna Varthakal is a socio-political satire' |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=25 February 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[King of Kotha]]'' || Tony || ||<ref>{{cite web|date=2022-09-29|title=Gokul Suresh joins Dulquer Salmaan's King of Kotha|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/sep/29/gokul-suresh-joins-dulquer-salmaans-king-of-kotha-35148.html|access-date=2022-10-01|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Gaganachari]]'' || Allan Jose Valamparambil|| || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/03/aju-varghese-gokul-suresh-join-sci-fi-film-22621.html |title=Aju Varghese, Gokul Suresh join sci-fi film |work=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=1 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaganachari - Official Trailer {{!}} Malayalam Movie News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/malayalam/gaganachari-official-trailer/videoshow/111102816.cms |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2025 || ''[[Dominic and the Ladies' Purse]]'' || Vighnesh/Vicky || ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Mammootty's film with Gautham Vasudev Menon titled 'Dominic and the Ladies Purse'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammoottys-film-with-gautham-vasudev-menon-titled-dominic-and-the-ladies-purse/articleshow/113151299.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en-IN |date=7 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sumathi Valavu]]'' || Mahesh || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-02-13 |title=Arjun Ashokan-starrer Sumathi Valavu gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/13/arjun-ashokan-starrer-sumathi-valavu-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ambalamukkile Visheshangal]]'' || Pappu || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-11-11 |title=Gokul Suresh's Ambalamukkile Visheshangal confirms release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Nov/11/gokul-sureshs-ambalamukkile-visheshangal-confirms-release-date |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2016
|[[Asiavision Awards]]
|Award for New Promise in Acting (Male)
|rowspan=3|''[[Mudhugauv]]''
|{{Won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/asiavision-awards-2016 |title=Asiavision Awards 2016 Announced |work=Onlookers Media |access-date=27 February 2019}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|2017
|[[Asianet Film Awards]]
|Award for Best New Face of the Year (Male)
|{{Won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/19th-asianet-film-awards-2017-mohanlal-performs-pulimurugan-celebs-galore-award-ceremony-713082 |title=19th Asianet Film Awards 2017: Mohanlal performs as Pulimurugan; celebs galore at award ceremony |work=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=27 February 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]]
|Award for Best Debut Actor
|{{Nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2017-nominations-malayalam-maheshinte-prathikaram-leads-check-date-venue-ticket-728836 |title=SIIMA Awards 2017 nominations (Malayalam): Maheshinte Prathikaram leads |work=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=27 February 2019}}</ref>
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Commons category|Gokul Suresh}}
* {{IMDb name|7848050}}
* {{facebook|actorgokulsuresh}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suresh, Gokul}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Film people from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Christ University alumni]]

Dolon Roy

2026-02-07T18:55:15Z

GenevaHarcus: made basic info w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dolon Roy
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Dipankar Dey]]|2020}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/bengali-actors-dipankar-dey-and-dolon-get-married/articleshow/73319984.cms |title=Age is just a number! Actors Dipankar De and Dolon Roy get hitched |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 January 2020 |access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/photo-album-of-dipankar-dey-and-dolon-roy-wedding-am-397153.html |title=''বিয়ে করলেন দীপঙ্কর দে ও দোলন রায়, দেখুন বিয়ের অ্যালবাম'' |publisher=[[News18 Bangla]] |website=bengali.news18.com |date=17 January 2020 |access-date=18 January 2020 |language=bn}}</ref>
}}

'''Dolon Roy''' (also spelt as ''Dolon Ray'') is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] actress, based in [[Kolkata]], India.

==Early life==
She was born in Kolkata to Dilip and Dipika Roy. Roy graduated from the [[Charuchandra College]] and subsequently earned a postgraduate degree in science from the [[University of Calcutta]]. She is married to actor Dipankar Dey. They got married in 2020.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
|-
| 1991
| [[Sajani Go Sajani]]
|
| Bengali
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Apan Par]]''
|
| Bengali
|-
|1995
| ''[[Kakababu Here Gelen?]]''
|
| Bengali
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Sanghat]]''
|
| Bengali
|-
|1997
| ''[[Gudgudee]]''
| Mano
| Hindi
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Charuulata 2011|Charuulata]]''<ref name="Dolon Roy interview">{{cite web |title=Dolon Roy interview |url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/34280712-interview-dolon-roy-remarkable-character-actress-bengali-cinema-her-new-movies |publisher=WBRi |access-date=23 August 2012 |archive-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115150304/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/34280712-interview-dolon-roy-remarkable-character-actress-bengali-cinema-her-new-movies |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
|
| Bengali
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Alik Sukh]]''
|
| Bengali
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Thammar Boyfriend]]''
|
| Bengali
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Haripada Haribol]]''
|
| Bengali
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Drishtikone]]''
| Nurse
| Bengali
|-
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Channel
|-
| 2009-2013
|''Sholo Aana''
|
| Bengali
|[[Colors Bangla]]
|-
| 2009-2014
|''[[Maa....Tomay Chara Ghum Ashena]]''
| Mohini Chatterjee
| Bengali
| rowspan="6" | [[Star Jalsha]]
|-
| 2014-2015
|''[[Thik Jeno Love Story]]''
| Krishna
| Bengali
|-
| 2015
|''[[Mon Niye Kachakachi]]''
| Parama Sanyal
| Bengali
|-
| 2013-2016
|''[[Tomay Amay Mile]]''
| Abha Sundari
| Bengali
|-
| 2010-2014
|''[[@Bhalobasha.com]]''
| Tora's Mother
| Bengali
|-
| 2012-2013
|''[[Care Kori Na]]''
| Malabika Mukherjee
| Bengali
|-
| 2014
|''[[Byomkesh Bakshi (TV Series)]]''
| Mohini<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/Sdi-HrQuPPU Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20150623003747/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sdi-HrQuPPU&list=PLUiMfS6qzIMxiHu2N2Px1ISp5vxCm3PMo&index=12 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sdi-HrQuPPU |title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#21 - Kahen Kavi Kalidas |website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| Bengali
| [[Colors Bangla]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016-2018
|''[[Bojhena Se Bojhena (TV series)|Bojhena Se Bojhena]]''
| Khushi's mother
| Bengali
| [[Star Jalsha]]
|-
|''[[Stree (TV series)|Stree]]''
| Nomita
| Bengali
| [[Zee Bangla]]
|-
| 2017-2018
|''[[Bhojo Gobindo]]''
| Sudha Sen
| Bengali
| [[Star Jalsha]]
|-
| 2018-2019
|''Aloy Bhuban Bhora''
|
| Bengali
|[[Colors Bangla]]
|-
| 2017-2019
|''[[Seemarekha]]''
| Ranjana Roy
| Bengali
| [[Star Jalsha]]
|-
| 2019-2021
|''[[Alo Chhaya]]''
| Alokananda Sengupta
| Bengali
| rowspan="2" | [[Zee Bangla]]
|-
| 2020-2021
|''[[Jibon Saathi]]''
| Durba
| Bengali
|-
| 2020-2022
| ''[[Khelaghor]]''
| Somdatta Chatterjee
| Bengali
| rowspan="2" | [[Star Jalsha]]
|-
| 2021-2022
| ''[[Boron (TV series)|Boron]]''
|Aparajita Chatterjee
|Bengali
|-
|2022-2024
|''[[Tumpa Autowali]]''
|Girija
|Bengali
|[[Colors Bangla]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''Diamond Didi Zindabad''
|Brinda Ganguly
|Bengali
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|-
| ''Tomader Rani''
| Aditya’s mother
| Bengali
| rowspan="2" |[[Star Jalsha]]
|-
|2025–Present
|''Professor Bidya Banerjee''
|
|Bengali
|}

== Awards ==
*[[National Film Award – Special Mention (Feature Film)|National Film Award – Special Jury Award / Special Mention (Feature Film)]] her performance in the 1996 film "Sanghat" directed by Pinaki Choudhury.<ref name="44thawardPDF">{{cite web |title=44th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/44th_nff_1997.pdf |access-date=9 January 2012 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |format=PDF}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{National Film Award Special Mention feature film}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Dolon}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Charuchandra College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Bengali television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Special Mention (feature film) National Film Award winners]]

Narivetta (soundtrack)

2026-01-23T13:51:17Z

GenevaHarcus: Put Up Some Page V1

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Narivetta
| image = Narivetta Soundtrack Cover.jpeg
| border = yes
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Jakes Bejoy]]
| released = 23 May 2025
| recorded = 2024–2025
| studio = Mindscore Studio, [[Kochi]] Sound Triado, [[Thiruvananthapuram]] Soundtown, [[Chennai]] M Lounge, Kochi Melodia, [[Manjeri]]
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 37:21
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[Jakes Bejoy]]
| prev_title = [[Thudarum (soundtrack)|Thudarum]]
| prev_year = 2025
| next_title = [[Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra]]
| next_year = 2025
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Narivetta
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Minnalvala
| single1date = 16 April 2025
| single2 = Aadu Ponmayile
| single2date = 14 May 2025
| single3 = Vaada Veda
| single3date = 20 May 2025
}}
}}
'''''Narivetta''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[Jakes Bejoy]] to the 2025 [[Malayalam]]-language [[political]] [[action thriller film]] [[Narivetta|of the same name]] directed by [[Anuraj Manohar]] starring [[Tovino Thomas]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]], [[Priyamvada Krishnan]] and [[Arya Salim]]. The soundtrack featured 12 songs, featuring lyrics written by [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]], [[Anwar Ali (poet)|Anwar Ali]], [[B. K. Harinarayanan]], [[Vedan (rapper)|Vedan]], Athul Narukara, Balan Manthan, Prasad K. Much of the music featured adaptations of traditional folk songs from Wayanad Pulaya community.

The album was preceded by three singles—"Minnalvala", "Aadu Ponmayile" and "Vaada Veda"—and the album released on 23 May 2025, the same day as the film, under the [[Sony Music India]] label. The song "Minnalvala" was a chartbuster upon its release.

== Development ==
[[Jakes Bejoy]] composed the film score and soundtrack to ''Narivetta'' having previously worked with Manohar on his debut film [[Ishq (2019 film)|''Ishq'']] (2019). Bejoy and his music team went to Wayanad in search of authentic folk songs from that locality.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=Gayathri |date=2025-05-19 |title=Jakes Bejoy: 'I don't want to exaggerate but Narivetta makes a powerful statement...' |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jakes-bejoy-about-narivetta-anuraj-manohar/c08499e636476 |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> He collaborated with Athul Narukara, who had previously written "Kalakkatha" from ''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]'' (2020), throughout the research. In a ''[[Malayala Manorama|Manorama Online]]'' interview, Narukara considered the process of finding the song as difficult as they had to find songs from different backgrounds and places and go down to understand the identity of that song.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Harilal |first=Haritha Shalini |date=2025-05-31 |title=പാട്ട് അന്വേഷിച്ചുള്ള യാത്ര, പലർ എഴുതിയ വരികൾ; നരിവേട്ടയിലെ ആ ഗാനത്തിന്റെ പിറവിയെ കുറിച്ച് അതുൽ നറുകര |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/interviews/2025/05/30/athul-narukara-inteview.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917145708/https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/interviews/2025/05/30/athul-narukara-inteview.html |archive-date=2025-09-17 |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=[[Manorama Online]] |language=ml}}</ref>

Throughout their research in Wayanad, he and Bejoy listened to the performances of the song "Aadu Ponmayile" live and got help from other singing groups [[Unarvu]] and [[Padayani]]. A local community member from Wayanad, explained on how the genre of the songs dying slowly, as the folk songs were mostly performed by locals who were hunting, and with the hunting ban, the use of this song decreased. On writing the song "Aadu Ponmayile", he denoted that the first four lines belong to the Wayanad [[Pulayar|Pulaya]] community who arranged the tune and was also credited for the song. The first part of the song "Ae Kaade Kaade" were written by [[B. K. Harinarayanan]] while Narukara wrote the later part of the lyrics, owing to his experience in writing folk songs.<ref name=":1" />

The song "Minnalvala" was written by [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]], after a brief hiatus.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Minnalvala' is a borrowed term: Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2025/06/10/minnalvala-song-kaithapram-damodaran-namboothiri-malayalam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619153530/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2025/06/10/minnalvala-song-kaithapram-damodaran-namboothiri-malayalam.html |archive-date=2025-06-19 |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=[[Manorama Online]] |language=en}}</ref> Kaithapram recalled that the team approached him to write the song as they needed poetic lyrics, and felt impressed with the composition. He noted that the context of "Minnalvala" was based on poet [[Kalidasa]]'s image from his Sanskrit poem [[Raghuvaṃśa]]. It denoted that after [[Ravana]] abducts [[Sita]], the latter helplessly threw her hands out and screamed after which the lightning bolts in the sky decorated her hands with bangles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joy |first=Riya |date=2025-06-09 |title='മിന്നൽവള ‌സങ്കൽപം മറ്റൊരാളുടേത്, ഞാന്‍ പഴയ പാട്ടുസ്കൂളിലെ മാഷൊന്നുമല്ല' : കൈതപ്രം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/interviews/2025/06/09/kaithapram-minnalvala-narivetta-interview.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620041405/https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/interviews/2025/06/09/kaithapram-minnalvala-narivetta-interview.html |archive-date=2025-06-20 |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=[[Manorama Online]] |language=ml}}</ref> Manohar noted that the song was earlier written as a Christian devotional song, before a part of the lyrics symbolized the romantic flavour. The song was written in one-and-a-half hours.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-14 |title='മിന്നൽവള ആദ്യം എഴുതിയത് ക്രിസ്ത്യൻ ഭക്തി ഗാനംപോലെ, കൈതപ്രം പാട്ട് എഴുതി തീർത്തത് ഒന്നര മണിക്കൂറിൽ' |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/kaithapram-75th-birthday-minnalvala-song-anuraj-manohar-jakes-bejoy-1.10832507 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916144616/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/kaithapram-75th-birthday-minnalvala-song-anuraj-manohar-jakes-bejoy-1.10832507 |archive-date=2025-09-16 |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=en}}</ref> The other songs were written by Vedan, Anwar Ali, and folk artists from Wayanad.<ref name=":0" />

== Release ==
The album was preceded with the first single "Minnalvala" which released on 16 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-16 |title=First single 'Minnalvala' from Tovino Thomas-starrer Narivetta is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/16/first-single-minnalvala-from-tovino-thomas-starrer-narivetta-is-here |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705044228/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/16/first-single-minnalvala-from-tovino-thomas-starrer-narivetta-is-here |archive-date=2025-07-05 |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-17 |title='Narivetta' first single 'Minnalvala' out: Tovino Thomas shines in a soulful love track |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/narivetta-first-single-minnalvala-out-tovino-thomas-shines-in-a-soulful-love-track/articleshow/120365035.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250628183801/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/narivetta-first-single-minnalvala-out-tovino-thomas-shines-in-a-soulful-love-track/articleshow/120365035.cms |archive-date=2025-06-28 |access-date=2025-09-22 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was followed by the second song "Aadu Ponmayile" on 14 May and "Vaada Veda" on 20 May.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-15 |title=Tovino drops second single 'Aadu Ponmayile' from 'Narivetta'; Netizens say, "Jakes Bejoy has a special talent to present folk style" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-drops-second-single-aadu-ponmayile-from-narivetta-netizens-say-jakes-bejoy-has-a-special-talent-to-present-folk-style/articleshow/121180490.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909105353/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-drops-second-single-aadu-ponmayile-from-narivetta-netizens-say-jakes-bejoy-has-a-special-talent-to-present-folk-style/articleshow/121180490.cms |archive-date=2025-09-09 |access-date=2025-09-22 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-20 |title=Jakes Bejoy and Vedan join forces for hard-hitting Narivetta song Vaada Veda. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/jakes-bejoy-and-vedan-join-forces-for-hard-hitting-narivetta-song-vaada-veda-watch-10018127/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521052611/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/jakes-bejoy-and-vedan-join-forces-for-hard-hitting-narivetta-song-vaada-veda-watch-10018127/ |archive-date=2025-05-21 |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The soundtrack was released under the [[Sony Music India]] label on 23 May, the same day as the film's release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=Narivetta (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/narivetta-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1816219270 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922173948/https://www.ottplay.com/news/jakes-bejoy-about-narivetta-anuraj-manohar/c08499e636476 |archive-date=2025-09-22 |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Shilpa Nair Anand of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Jakes Bejoy's music deserves praise [...] The songs in the background underscore what owning a piece of land means to a tribal person whose everything is the forest. A line from one of the songs, 'they drift through their dreams with no land of their own', is haunting."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Shilpa Nair |date=2025-05-24 |title='Narivetta' movie review: An uncomfortable story that needed to be told |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/narivetta-malayalam-movie-review-tovino-thomas-anuraj-manohar-muthanga-police-station/article69611136.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529191740/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/narivetta-malayalam-movie-review-tovino-thomas-anuraj-manohar-muthanga-police-station/article69611136.ece |archive-date=2025-05-29 |access-date=2025-09-22 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Vignesh Madhu of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "Jakes Bejoy's stirring score also plays its part in underlining the tragedy."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-05-23 |title=Narivetta Movie Review: Emotionally distant retelling of a dark chapter in Kerala's history |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/May/23/narivetta-movie-review-emotionally-distant-retelling-of-a-dark-chapter-in-keralas-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625043645/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/May/23/narivetta-movie-review-emotionally-distant-retelling-of-a-dark-chapter-in-keralas-history |archive-date=2025-06-25 |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Latha Srinivasan of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "Jakes Bejoy's music added to the movie's emotional quotient, striking a chord in tempo with the heavy visuals."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=2025-05-24 |title=Narivetta movie review: Tovino Thomas superbly helms this action drama depicting power play between police and politics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/narivetta-movie-review-tovino-thomas-superbly-helms-this-action-drama-depicting-power-play-between-police-and-politics-101748075075909.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720194405/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/narivetta-movie-review-tovino-thomas-superbly-helms-this-action-drama-depicting-power-play-between-police-and-politics-101748075075909.html |archive-date=2025-07-20 |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

Arjun Menon of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote "Jakes Bejoy continues his use of culturally appropriate instrumentation and organic sounding score that remains true to the wild ways of the film's latter half. The cultural milieu and emotional scape of the film is earmarked by his unrelentingly rooted score that synchronizes with the docufiction approach of the filmmaking."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Arjun |date=2025-05-24 |title=Narivetta Review: Tovino Thomas Is Exceptional |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/narivetta-review/20250525.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250527150208/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/narivetta-review/20250525.htm |archive-date=2025-05-27 |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Sruthi Ganapathy Raman of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' wrote "Jakes Bejoy does a brilliant job, threading together the two opposite emotions in an impactful score."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raman |first=Sruthi Ganapathy |date=2025-05-24 |title='Narivetta' Movie Review: Tovino Thomas' Cop Drama Has a Slow But Sharp Ascent |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/narivetta-movie-review-tovino-thomas-cop-drama-has-a-slow-but-sharp-ascent |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605105247/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/narivetta-movie-review-tovino-thomas-cop-drama-has-a-slow-but-sharp-ascent |archive-date=2025-06-05 |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |language=en}}</ref>

The song "Minnalvala" became viral upon its release through social media platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-28 |title=Sid Sriram thanks fans for embracing 'Minnal Vala' from 'Narivetta' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2025/06/28/singer-sid-sriram-thanks-fans-minnal-vala-narivetta-movie.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922180613/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2025/06/28/singer-sid-sriram-thanks-fans-minnal-vala-narivetta-movie.html |archive-date=2025-09-22 |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=[[Onmanorama]] |language=en}}</ref> It further topped the [[Spotify]] charts on the week of Kaithapram's 75th birthday (4 August).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2025-08-04 |title=Minnalvala tops Spotify charts as its lyricist Kaithapram turns 75 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Aug/04/minnalvala-tops-spotify-charts-as-its-lyricist-kaithapram-turns-75 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922180827/https://hde.tynt.com/deb/?m=xch&rt=html&id=001Pg000012xbFyIAI&ru=https%3A%2F%2Fsync.adtelligent.com%2Fcsync%3Ft%3Dg%26ep%3D58%26traffic_source%3Dsnippet%26sp%3D874028%26pb%3D758875%26c%3D844123%26a%3D778207%26domain%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.cinemaexpress.com%2Fmalayalam%2Fnews%2F2025%2FAug%2F04%2Fminnalvala-tops-spotify-charts-as-its-lyricist-kaithapram-turns-75%26extuid%3D33XUSERID33X&b=1 |archive-date=2025-09-22 |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 37:21
| title1 = Minnalvala
| length1 = 4:57
| lyrics1 = [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]]
| extra1 = [[Sid Sriram]], [[Sithara (singer)|Sithara Krishnakumar]]
| title2 = Vaada Veda
| length2 = 3:57
| lyrics2 = [[Vedan (rapper)|Vedan]]
| extra2 = Vedan, [[Jakes Bejoy]]
| title3 = Maayum Maayum
| length3 = 3:45
| lyrics3 = Vinu Kidachullan
| extra3 = Sruthi K C
| title4 = Kaatinu Meyan
| length4 = 3:56
| lyrics4 = [[Anwar Ali (poet)|Anwar Ali]]
| extra4 = Sunil Mathai
| title5 = Aadu Ponmayile
| length5 = 4:19
| lyrics5 = Athul Narukara, [[B. K. Harinarayanan]]
| extra5 = Athul Narukara, Bindu Chilakara
| title6 = Banchinthare
| length6 = 1:13
| lyrics6 = Balan Manthan
| extra6 = Balan Manthan
| title7 = Neram Pilantha
| length7 = 2:05
| lyrics7 = Prasad K
| extra7 = Prasad K
| title8 = Chaachappa
| length8 = 1:59
| lyrics8 = Anwar Ali
| extra8 = Chinmayi Kiranlal, Jakes Bejoy
| title9 = Gaathakalil
| length9 = 1:38
| lyrics9 = Vivek Muzhakkunnu
| extra9 = Yadu Krishnan K
| title10 = Aarkkum Venda
| length10 = 1:46
| lyrics10 = Anwar Ali
| extra10 = Chinmayi Kiranlal
| title11 = Narivetta Trailer Theme
| length11 = 2:45
| lyrics11 = —
| extra11 = —
| title12 = Minnalvala Karaoke
| length12 = 4:57
| lyrics12 = —
| extra12 = —
}}

== Personnel ==
Credits adapted from Sony Music South:<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5f0p7x9GtII |title=Narivetta - Jukebox {{!}} Tovino Thomas {{!}} Jakes Bejoy {{!}} Anuraj Manohar |date=2025-05-24 |last=Sony Music South |access-date=2025-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922182316/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5f0p7x9GtII |archive-date=2025-09-22 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref>
{{div col}}
* Music composer and arranger – Jakes Bejoy
* Music producers – Jakes Bejoy, Harishankar V, Midhun Ashok, Maneesh Shaji, Agasthya Raag, Manimaaran, Aby Tom, Andrew Gerlicher
* Backing vocals – Akhil J Chand, Aavani Malhar, Anila Rajeev, Sony Mohan, Milan Joy, Amal C Ajith, Unmesh Unnikrishnan
* Erhu – Haruyo Kimora San
** Japan co-ordination – Vivek, Vineetha Vivek
** Inhouse co-ordination – Akhil J Chand, Maneeth Manoj
* Bass – Napier Naveen
* Flute – Kiran, Josy Alappuzha
* Rhythm – Krishna Kishor
* Percussion – Sruthiraj
* Guitars – Sanu PS
* Solo violin – Nibu Matthew
* Orchestra – Budapest Scoring Orchestra
** Orchestra recording studio – Rottenbiller Utca, Budapest
** Conductor – Peter Illenyi
** Orchestra Indian representative – Balasubramanian G
** Session producer – Bálint Sapszon
** Recording engineer – Viktor Sabzo
** Librarian – Agnes Sapszon, Kati Reti
** Orchestrators – Sanjar Ra, Balasubramanian G\
* Strings – Cochin Strings
* Chorus – Team Soul of Folk
* Folk instrumentation – Subhash PK, Abhinav Krishna PK, Sreehari Manghat
* Vocal tuning – Daniel Joseph Antony
* Session arranger and management – Maneeth Manoj, Maneesh Shaji
* Sound engineers – Midhun Anand, Unmesh Unnikrishnan, Najid Nizarudheen, Vishnu Shankar, Abin Ponnachan, Arnav Sharma, Amal Mithu, Muzza, Nishad
* Recording studios – Mindscore Studio (Kochi); Sound Triado (Trivandrum), Soundtown (Chennai), M Lounge (Kochi), Melodia (Manjeri)
* Mixing and mastering – Balu Thankachan (20db Black, Chennai), Midhun Anand (Mindscore Studio, Kochi)
* Mixing assistance – J Paul Daniel
* Artist co-ordination – K. D. Vincent and Don Vincent
* Chief associate – Akhil J Chand
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2025 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Malayalam film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Sony Music India soundtracks]]
[[Category:Action film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Thriller film soundtracks]]
[[Category:2020s film soundtrack albums]]

Battle of Condore

2026-01-11T00:01:54Z

GenevaHarcus: new a article first draft.

{{Short description|1758 battle}}
{{About|the Battle of Condore in India|the island in Vietnam with a similar name|Côn Sơn Island}}
{{no footnotes|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Battle of Condore
|partof=[[Seven Years' War]]
|image=A large painting depicting the Battle of Condore in December 1758, during the Third Carnatic War, with East India Company troops under Colonel Forde engaged against French troops and their allies, South India, 19th Century.jpg
|caption=South Indian painting depicting the Battle of Condore, probably mid-19th century
|image_size = 300px
|date= 9 December 1758
|place=[[Konduru, G. Konduru mandal|Condore]], [[India]]
|coordinates={{coord|16.1844|N|81.1349|E|source:wikidata|display=title,inline}}
|casus=
|territory=
| result=[[British East India Company|British]] victory
| combatant1 = [[Image:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|23px]] [[British East India Company]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Royal Standard of the King of France.svg|23px]] [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]]
|commander1=Lt. Col. [[Francis Forde (army officer)|Francis Forde]]
|commander2=Marquis de Conflans
|strength1= 7,600 infantry 500 cavalry 6 cannon
|strength2= 6,500 infantry 2,000 Native levies no cavalry at least 30 cannon
|casualties1=
|casualties2=
|casualties3=
|notes=
|campaignbox={{Campaignbox Seven Years' War: East Indies}}}}

The '''Battle of Condore''' took place near [[Machilipatnam|Masulipatam]] on 9 December 1758 during the [[Third Carnatic War]], part of the [[Seven Years' War]]. An Anglo-Indian force under the command of Colonel [[Francis Forde (army officer)|Francis Forde]] attacked and defeated a similarly sized French force under the command of [[Hubert de Brienne]], Comte de Conflans, capturing all their baggage and artillery. The victory allowed the British to [[Siege of Masulipatam|lay siege to Masulipatam]], which they stormed on 25 January 1759.

==Bibliography==
{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}
* Harvey, Robert. ''Clive: The Life and Death of a British Emperor''. Sceptre, 1999.
* Henty, George Alfred. ''With Clive in India. Or, The Beginnings of an Empire''.
* Keay, John. ''The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company''. Harper Collins, 1993
* McLynn, Frank. ''1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World''. Pimlico, 2005.

==External links==
* [http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=1758-12-09_-_Battle_of_Condore Battle of Condore] at Project SYW, a wiki on the Seven Years' War
* [http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Battle_of_Condore Battle of Condore] at [[Families In British India Society|FIBIS]] wiki

{{DEFAULTSORT:Condore}}
[[Category:Battles involving France]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Kingdom of Great Britain]]
[[Category:Battles of the Seven Years' War]]
[[Category:1758 in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1758]]

{{France-battle-stub}}
{{India-battle-stub}}
{{UK-battle-stub}}

Kirttivarman I

2025-12-31T20:11:50Z

GenevaHarcus:

{{Short description|Chalukya Emperor from 566 to 592}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Kirttivarman I
| title = [[Maharaja]] Shri-prithvi-vallabha Satyashraya
| succession = Chalukya king
| reign = {{circa|566|592}}
| predecessor = [[Pulakeshin I]]
| successor = [[Mangalesha]]
| house = [[Chalukyas of Vatapi]]
| house-type = Dynasty
| father = [[Pulakeshin I]]
| issue = [[Pulakeshin II]], [[Kubja Vishnuvardhana|Vishnuvardhana]], Buddha-varasa
}}
{{Chalukyas|Vatapi}}

'''Kirttivarman I''' ({{IAST3|Kīrtti-varman}}; died 592) was the emperor of the [[Chalukyas of Vatapi|Chalukya dynasty]] from 566 until his death in 592. He ruled parts of present-day Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh.

Kirttivarman was the son of his predecessor [[Pulakeshin I]], the first sovereign ruler of the dynasty. He expanded the Chalukya kingdom by defeating the [[Nalas of Pushkari|Nalas]], the [[Mauryas of Puri|Mauryas of Konkana]], the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadambas]], the [[Alupa dynasty|Alupas]], and the Gangas of [[Talakadu|Talakad]].

== Names and titles ==

Some of the dynasty's inscriptions call him Kirtti-raja. The [[Godachi]] inscription calls him Katti-arasa, which is probably a [[Kannada language]] variant of his name.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=38}}

Besides the regal title ''[[Maharaja]]'', the dynasty's inscriptions accord him the Chalukya family epithets ''[[Prithvi-vallabha (title)|Shri-prithvi-vallabha]]'', ''Vallabha'', and ''Satyashraya''. The [[Mahakuta group of temples|Mahakuta pillar]] inscription of his brother Mangalesha compares him to the legendary king [[King Puru|Puru]], calling him ''Puru-rana-parakrama'' ("valourous in war like Puru").{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=38}}

== Early life ==

Kirttivarman I was a son of [[Pulakeshin I]], the first sovereign ruler of the Chalukya dynasty. The [[Amminabhavi]] inscription, which is the last extant record from Pulakeshin's reign, is dated to the 566-567 CE ([[Shaka era|Shaka]] year 488). The 578 CE Badami inscription, which was issued during the 12th regnal year of Kirttivarman, is dated to the 31 October 578 CE (the ''[[Kartik Purnima|Karttika Paurnamasi]]'' of [[Shaka era|Shaka year]] 500).{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=38}} Thus, Kirttivarman must have ascended the throne in 566-567 CE.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=39}}

== Military conquests ==

The 578 CE Badami inscription and the Godachi inscription issued during Kirttivarman's reign do not provide any information about the political events of his reign. The [[Aihole]] inscription of Pulakeshin II states that Kirttivarman was "the night of doom" for the [[Nalas of Pushkari|Nalas]], the Mauryas, and the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadambas]].{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=39}} The [[Mahakuta Pillar]] inscription of Kirttivarman's brother and successor [[Mangalesha]] credits him with victories over rulers of several other kingdoms, but this is an obvious exaggeration.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=39}}

=== Kadambas ===

Apart from the Aihole inscription, several other Chalukya records credit Kirttivarman with victory over the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadambas]], whose capital was located at Vaijayanti (modern [[Banavasi]]), and whose various branches ruled in the adjacent areas. The Mahakuta Pillar inscription states that the ruler of Vaijayanti was one of the kings vanquished by Kirttivarman. The inscriptions of the later [[Chalukyas of Kalyani|Kalyani Chalukyas]], who claimed descent from the Vatapi Chalukyas, poetically describe Kirttivarman "as an axe that cut at the very roots of the Kadambas" (''[[Neolamarckia cadamba|kadamba]]'' is also the name of a tree).{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=40}}

Kirttivarman's father [[Pulakeshin I]] appears to have achieved some military successes against the Kadambas. Kirttivarman adopted a more aggressive policy against them, and annexed their capital to the Chalukya kingdom.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=40-41}} The Chalukya inscriptions do not mention the contemporary Kadamba king, but he was most probably [[Ajavarman]], the son of [[Krishnavarman II]].{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=41}}

The Chalukya inscriptions issued during and after the regency of [[Vijaya-Bhattarika|Vijaya]] (r. {{Circa|650|655}}) state that Kirttivarman obtained "pure fame" by defeating the rulers of Banavasi and other ''mandalas'' (provinces), which suggests that he defeated the Kadambas of Banavasi, but also the rulers of other Kadamba branches.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=40}} The Aihole inscription states that he broke up a confederacy of the Kadambas: this confederacy may have included the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Gangas]] and the Sendrakas, who were allowed to rule as Chalukya vassals after Kirttivarman's victory.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=40-41}}

=== Nalas ===

The [[Nala dynasty]] ruled in and around present-day [[Chhattisgarh]] during the 6th century. Besides the Aihole inscription, Kirttivarman's victory over the Nalas is also mentioned in the later Chalukya records which state that he destroyed the habitations (''nilaya'') of the Nalas.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=42}}

During the time of Kirttivarman's grandson [[Vikramaditya I]] and his successors, the Chalukya empire had a ''[[vishaya]]'' (province) named Nalavadi, whose name may have derived from its former rulers, the Nalas.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=42}}

=== Mauryas of Konkana ===

The [[Mauryas of Puri|Mauryas of Konkana]] (modern [[Konkan]]) ruled the coastal region of present-day [[Maharashtra]], from their capital at Puri, which is generally identified with Gharapuri on the [[Elephanta Island]]. After defeating the Mauryas, Kirttivarman appears to have appointed a new governor for the former Maurya territory.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=42}}

According to one theory, this governor was Satyashraya Dhruva-raja Indra-varman, who is variously identified as Kirttivarman's maternal relative or a member of his family. The Nerur inscription from the reign of Kirttivarman's successor Mangalesha records the donation of the Kundivataka village in Konkana ''vishaya'' (province) by this governor. According to another theory, the governor appointed by Kirttivarman was Svamiraja, a Chalukya chief, who according to the Nerur inscription, was defeated and killed by Mangalesha.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=42}}

=== Alupas ===

According to the Mahakuta Pillar inscription, Kirttivarman subjugated the [[Alupa dynasty|Alupas]] (also called Alukas or Aluvas), who subsequently became Chalukya feudatories. The [[find spot]]s of the Alupa inscriptions suggest that they ruled in the [[Dakshina Kannada]] region.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=43}}

=== Gangas ===

The Mahakuta Pillar inscription also mentions Kirttivarman's victory over the Gangas, who like the Alupas, ended up as Chalukya feudatories. These Gangas were most probably the Gangas of [[Talakadu|Talakad]], who had earlier served as [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba]] feudatories. Kirttivarman may have defeated them during his campaign against the Kadambas, and probably reinstated them after they agreed to accept his suzerainty. The Ganga rival of Kirttivarman was most probably Durvinita.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=43}}

=== Other purported victories ===

The Mahakuta Pillar inscription also claims that Kirttivarman defeated the rulers of [[Vanga Kingdom|Vanga]], [[Anga]], [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], Vattura (unidentified), [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], [[Madra]]ka, Kerala (Cheras of western Tamil Nadu and central Kerala<ref name=":0">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy: Political and Social Conditions of Kerala Under the Cēra Perumāḷs of Makōtai (c. AD 800 - AD 1124).'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 90.</ref>), [[Western Ganga dynasty|Ganga]], [[Mushika Kingdom|Mushaka]] (northern Kerala<ref name=":0" />), [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]], Dramila (possibly the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]]{{sfn|C. R. Srinivasan|1979|p=28}}), [[Chola dynasty|Choliya]], [[Alupa dynasty|Aluka]] and [[Kadamba dynasty|Vaijayanti]]. This is an obvious poetic exaggeration,{{sfn|Dineschandra Sircar|1971|p=165}} and these claims do not appear even in the inscriptions of Kirttivarman's own son, [[Pulakeshin II]].{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=39}} Most of these territories were not a part of the Chalukya empire even at its zenith.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=44}}<ref name=":0" />

== Extent of the kingdom ==

Kirttivarman inherited a small kingdom centered around [[Vatapi]], and expanded it substantially. At its height, his kingdom extended from the [[Konkan]] coast of present-day [[Maharashtra]] in north to the [[Shimoga district]] of Karnataka in the south; and from the [[Arabian Sea]] in the west to the [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]] and [[Guntur district|Guntur]] districts ([[Andhra Pradesh]]) in the east.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=44}}

== Administration ==

The Godachi inscription describes Kirttivarman as someone "who felt delighted in fostering justice to his subjects".{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=45}}

His minister Vyaghrasvamin, who held the offices of ''Rajyasarvasya'' and ''Dhurandhara'', was a learned man.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=45}}

The [[Chiplun]] inscription of Satyashraya describes Kirttivarman I as "the first maker" of the Vatapa city,{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=44}} although other Chalukya inscriptions credit his father [[Pulakeshin I]] with making Vatapi the dynasty's capital and constructing a fort there.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=35}} This discrepancy can be explained by assuming that the construction of the Vatapi fort was started during Pulakeshin's reign, and was completed during Kirttivarman's reign.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=37}}

== Religion ==

According to the Mahakuta Pillar inscription, Kirttivarman performed the Agnishtoma and Bahusuvarna ritual sacrifices. The Godachi inscription states that he was well-versed in all the [[Shastra]]s and [[Smriti]]s.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=45}} The Mahakuta Pillar inscription of his brother Mangalesha states that Mangalesha constructed a [[Vishnu]] temple on his orders.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1960|p=208}}

== Personal life ==

Kirttivarman married a sister of the Sendraka king Shri-vallabha Senanada, as attested by the Chiplun inscription of Pulakeshin II. The Sendrakas were former Kadamba vassals, who had transferred their allegiance to the Chalukyas after Kirttivarman's conquest of the Kadamba kingdom.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=41}}

He had at least three sons: [[Pulakeshin II]], [[Kubja_Vishnuvardhana|Vishnuvardhana]], and Buddha-varasa. The Nirpan grant inscription names [[Chalukyas of Navasarika#Dharashraya Jayasimhavarman|Dharashraya Jayasimha]] as a son of Kirttivarman, but according to [[J. F. Fleet]], this inscription is spurious.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=45}}

== Succession ==

Kirttivarman was succeeded by his brother [[Mangalesha]], who was succeeded by Kirttivarman's son Pulakeshin II. The inscriptions of the Kalyani Chalukyas suggest that Mangalesha assumed the throne because Pulakeshin II was a minor at the time of Kirttivarman's death, and returned the kingdom to Pulakeshin II when the latter became an adult. However, the [[Aihole inscriptions|Aihole]] ''[[prashasti]]'' inscription of Pulakeshin II suggests that there was a conflict over the throne, which resulted in the murder of Mangalesha.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=45}}

The later records of the family largely ignore Mangalesha, and the inscriptions from the reign of Mangalesha are not dated in a [[calendar era]]. [[John Faithfull Fleet|J. F. Fleet]] assumed 597-598 CE as the beginning of Mangalesha's reign, but this cannot be said with certainty.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=48-49}} Therefore, the length of Kirttivarman's reign cannot be determined with certainty based on the available evidence.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=39}} He seems to have ruled up to 591-592 CE.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=45}}

== Inscriptions ==

The following inscriptions from Kirttivarman's reign have been discovered:{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=38}}

* 578 CE Badami inscription
** Records the construction of a [[Vishnu]] temple by the king's younger brother Mangalishvara ([[Mangalesha]])
* [[Godachi]] copper-plate inscription
** Issued during the 12th regnal year of the king
** Records the gift of a field to a [[brahmin|brahmana]] at the request of the minister Vyaghrasvamin, who held the titles ''Rajya-sarvasa'' and ''Dhurandhara''

Some scholars have dated the [[Adur, Haveri|Adur]] inscription to his reign, but that is inscription was issued during the reign of Kirttivarman II.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=38}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=C. R. Srinivasan |title=Kanchipuram Through the Ages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJEcAAAAMAAJ |year=1979 |publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan }}
* {{cite book |author=Dineschandra Sircar |title=Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC&pg=PA165 |year=1971 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0690-0 }}
* {{cite book |author=Durga Prasad Dikshit |title=Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEB11tKmCgcC&pg=PA152 |year=1980 |publisher=Abhinav |oclc=8313041 }}
* {{cite book |author=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |chapter=The Chaḷukyās of Bādāmi |editor=Ghulam Yazdani |title=The Early History of the Deccan |volume=I-VI |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K1ZDAAAAYAAJ |year=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press |oclc=174404606 }}
* {{cite book |author=T. V. Mahalingam |title=Kāñcīpuram in early South Indian history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oO-AAAAAIAAJ |year=1969 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |isbn=9780210227015 }}
{{ref end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kirtivarma 01}}
[[Category:Early Chalukyas]]
[[Category:6th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Chalukya kings]]

Rojdi

2025-12-29T12:49:44Z

GenevaHarcus: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox ancient site
|name = Rogadi
|native_name =
|alt =
|caption =
|map_size = 270
|region =
|type = Settlement
|part_of =
|length =
|width =
|area =
|height =
|builder =
|material =
|built =
|abandoned =
|epochs =
|cultures = [[Indus Valley Civilization]]
|dependency_of =
|occupants =
|event =
|excavations = 1982–1995
|archaeologists =
|condition = Ruined
|ownership = Public
|management =
|public_access = Yes
|website = 
|notes =
}}
'''Rojdi''' is an archaeological site belonging to the [[Indus Valley Civilization]]. It is located on the northern bank of the [[Bhadar River]] in [[Gondal, India|Gondal]] taluka of [[Rajkot district]] in central [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] peninsula of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]]. It was continuously occupied from 2500 BCE to 1700 BCE.<ref name="possehl2">Possehl, Gregory. (2004). ''The Indus Civilization: A contemporary perspective'', New Delhi: Vistaar Publications, {{ISBN|81-7829-291-2}}, pp.82-6.</ref>

==Chronology==
The site was excavated for seven seasons between 1982 and 1995 by the Gujarat State Department of Archaeology and the University Museum at the [[University of Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Harappan Civilization and Rojdi|last=Possehl|first=Gregory L.|last2=Raval|first2=M. H.|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|year=1989}}</ref> The excavation confirmed three periods of occupation, called Rojdi A, B and C. Twenty radiocarbon dates have helped to estimate the chronology of Rojdi as follows:<ref name="possehl2"/>
* Rojdi C 1900-1700 BCE
* Rojdi B 2200-1900 BCE
* Rojdi A 2500-2200 BCE

==Architecture==
Two large excavation areas have been exposed at Rojdi, which are known as the South Extension and the Main Mound. There was also a systematic excavation at an outer gateway and at an isolated structure at the northern slope of the site. All of these very finely preserved structures can be dated to Rojdi C period (early second millennium BCE). The houses in Rojdi were built on stone foundations, probably with mud walls above them. No bricks were found, baked or otherwise, in the excavations. No wells, bathing platforms and the associated street drains were found either.<ref name="possehl2"/>

==The material culture==
Much of the pottery found in Rojdi is a hard, red to buff ware made from well-prepared clay. The most frequently found vessel is the hemispherical red ware bowl, often with a stud handle, this accounts for over half of all shreds recovered from Rojdi. The pottery often has graffiti with signs from the [[Indus script]], such as jar sign. There is also a short inscription in Harappan writing on the rim of a potshred. Five (four complete and one broken) copper or bronze flat axes were found, all belonged to Rojdi C period. Signs of industrial and manufacturing activities are absent in all phases at Rojdi. Its overall character suggests a farmer's village.<ref name="possehl2"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303971419_Plants_and_Harappan_subsistence_An_example_of_stability_and_change_from_Rojdi|title=Plants and Harappan subsistence: An example of stability and change from Rojdi|website=ResearchGate|language=en|access-date=2017-05-17}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Indus Valley Civilization]]
* [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]]
* [[List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization]]
* [[Hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley Civilization]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{India-hist-stub}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Gujarat]]

SDAT Astroturf Hockey Stadium

2025-12-28T18:32:42Z

GenevaHarcus: starting new stub nd citations

{{Short description|Field hockey stadium in Kovilpatti, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = SDAT Astroturf Hockey Stadium Kovilpatti
| nickname =
| fullname = SDAT Astroturf Hockey Stadium Kovilpatti
| location = [[Kovilpatti]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.1618|77.8544|display=inline,title}}
| broke_ground =
| built = 2016
| opened = 2017
| renovated =
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner = Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu
| operator =
| surface = Artificial Turf
| construction_cost = {{INRconvert|7|c}}
| architect =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| general_contractor =
| project_manager =
| main_contractors =
| former_names =
| tenants =
| seating_capacity = 2,000
| public_transit = Two wheeler and [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation|TNSTC]] Bus
| image = SDAT_Hockey_Stadium.jpg
| image_caption = entrance of the stadium
}}

'''SDAT Astroturf Hockey Stadium''' is situated in [[Kovilpatti]], [[Thoothukudi District]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].

'''SDAT Astroturf Hockey Stadium Kovilpatti ''' is a [[field hockey]] stadium at [[Kovilpatti]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Stadium is Located at the foot of the Kathiresan malai murugan kovil
(kathiresan kovil) hill.
It was the venue for the 2021 11th Hockey India Junior Men's Championship Trophy (field hockey). In this Stadium, three National level hockey trophy matches were played: in 2019 11th All India Lakshmi Ammal hockey trophy men's team,
2021 11th Hockey India Junior Men's Championship Trophy,
and 2022 12th Hockey India Junior Men's Championship Trophy.
It is also the venue for all division matches of the Hockey Unit of Tamil Nadu and the home ground of the Kovilpatti team.

==Major National Tournament ==
* 2019
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Tournament
|-
|2019
|11th All India Lakshmi Ammal Memorial Hockey tournament - Men's team
|}
{{Infobox station
| image = 2019kovilpattihockey.jpg
| image_caption = 2019 hockey tournament at SDAT stadium Kovilpatti
}}
* 2021
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Tournament
|-
|2021
|11th Hockey India Junior Men's Championship Hockey tournament - junior Men's team
|}
{{Infobox station
| image = Hockey_Kovilpatti_uttarpradesh.jpg
| image_caption = 2021 hockey tournament at SDAT stadium Kovilpatti
}}
* 2022
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Tournament
|-
|2022
|12th Hockey India Junior Men's Championship Hockey tournament - junior Men's team
|}
{{Infobox station
| image =
| image_caption = 2022 hockey tournament at SDAT stadium Kovilpatti
}}

==Major domestic events==
* 2017 Lakshmi Ammal domestic hockey tournament
*2022, 17th Annual State Level Hockey Tournament (Philips Hockey Tournament- SDAT Astroturf Stadium, Kovilpatti 7/3/2022 to 11/3/2022)
{{Infobox station
| image = 2022SDAT_stadium_Kovilpatti.jpg
| image_caption = 2022 Hockey tournament at SDAT stadium Kovilpatti
}}

==Title Winners==
===National Level Title Winners===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Years.
!Winners
|-
|2019
|Bengaluru Hockey Association
|-
|2021
|Uttarpradesh Hockey
|-
|'''2022'''
|'''Uttarpradesh Hockey'''
|-
|}

===Domestic inter state Level Title Winners===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Years.
!Winners
|-
|2022
|Chennai TamilNadu Hockey Academy
|-
|}
==11th Hockey India Junior==
'''11th Hockey India Junior Men National Championship2021''', at
Kovilpatti, Tamil Nadu
* Totally 30 junior Men's team participated in the 11th Hockey India Junior Men's National Championship 2021

==12th Hockey India Junior==
'''12th Hockey India Junior Men National Championship2022''', at
Kovilpatti, Tamil Nadu
*2022
17/May/2022 - 29/May/2022
Totally 30 junior Men's team participated in the 12th Hockey India Junior Men's National Championship 2022
===Match Schedule===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Pool
!Team Names
|-
|Pool A
|
*UTTAR PRADESH HOCKEY,
*TELANGANA HOCKEY,
*HOCKEY HIMACHAL.
|-
|Pool B
|
*HOCKEY CHANDIGARH,
*HOCKEY BENGAL,
*HOCKEY MADHYA PRADESH.
|-
|Pool C
|
*HOCKEY ASSOCIATION OF ODISHA,
*LE PUDUCHERRY HOCKEY,
*HOCKEY RAJASTHAN,
*DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI AND
DAMAN & DIU HOCKEY.
|-
|Pool D
|
*HOCKEY HARYANA,
*MANIPUR HOCKEY,
*KERALA HOCKEY,
*TRIPURA HOCKEY.
|-
|Pool E
|
*HOCKEY BIHAR,
*HOCKEY JAMMU & KASHMIR,
*ASSAM HOCKEY,
*HOCKEY ARUNACHAL.
|-
|Pool F
|
*HOCKEY PUNJAB
*HOCKEY MAHARASHTRA
*HOCKEY ANDHRA PRADESH
*HOCKEY MIZORAM
|-
|Pool G
|
*HOCKEY UNIT OF TAMIL NADU,
*HOCKEY JHARKHAND,
*CHHATTISGARH HOCKEY,
*GOANS HOCKEY.
|-
|Pool H
|
*DELHI HOCKEY,
*HOCKEY KARNATAKA,
*HOCKEY UTTARAKHAND,
*HOCKEY GUJARAT.
|-
|}

==Mountain view==
Stadium is Located at the foot of the (Kathiresan malai murugan kovil) Hill and near tiger cave Kovilpatti
{{Infobox station
| image = Stadium_mountain_view.jpg
| image_caption = from mountain view
}}

<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/kovilpatti-to-host-junior-national-mens-hockey-championship-from-december-16/article37960537.ece|title=Kovilpatti to host Junior National men’s hockey championship from December 16|first=K.|last=Keerthivasan|website=Sportstar}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/amp/news/day-six-results-11th-hockey-india-junior-men-national-championship-2021-kovilpatti-tamil-nadu|title=Day Six Results: 11th Hockey India Junior Men National Championship 2021, Kovilpatti, Tamil Nadu - Hockey|website=www.hockeyindia.org}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nec.edu.in/hockey/|title=Lakshmi Ammal Memorial 11th All India Hockey Tournament}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.sdat.tn.gov.in/ SPORTS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY OF TAMILNADU]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sports venues in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Thoothukudi district]]
[[Category:Field hockey venues in India]]

Khalil Sayed

2025-12-26T08:34:42Z

GenevaHarcus: Put Up Bio

{{Short description|West Bengal politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Khalil Sayed
| office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1967
| term_end = 1969
| predecessor = [[Mangla Kisku]]
| successor = [[Ahindra Sarker]]
| constituency = [[Gangarampur Assembly constituency|Gangarampur]]
| term_start1 = 1962
| term_end1 = 1967
| predecessor1 = ''Constituency established''
| successor1 = [[Jatindra Mohan Roy]]
| constituency1 = [[Kushmandi Assembly constituency|Kushmandi]]
| birth_date ={{Birth year and age|1960}}
| birth_place = [[West Dinajpur district|Dinajpur district]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| death_place =
| death_date =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] [[Communist Party of India]]
| alma_mater =
| relatives =
| education =
}}
'''Khalil Sayed''' was an Indian politician who belongs to the [[Indian National Congress]]. He was the inaugural MLA for [[Kushmandi Assembly constituency|Kushmandi]] at the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]].

==Early life and family==
Sayed was born into a [[Bengali Muslim]] family in the [[West Dinajpur district|Dinajpur district]] of the [[Bengal Presidency]].

==Career==
Sayed successfully contested in the [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] where he ran as a [[Communist Party of India]] candidate for [[Kushmandi Assembly constituency]], defeating Congress politician Maharaja Bose.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1962/kushmandi/|title=Kushmandi, 1962|website=Latestly|access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref> He contested in the [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Gangarampur Assembly constituency]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate, where he defeating Marxist politician Ahindra Sarker and regained his seat at the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1967/gangarampur/|title=Gangarampur, 1967|website=Latestly|access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref> Sayed contested in the [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] from Gangarampur again but lost to Sarker.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1969/gangarampur/|title=Gangarampur, 1969|website=Latestly|access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sayed, Khalil}}
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1967–1969]]
[[Category:People from Dakshin Dinajpur district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{WestBengal-INC-politician-stub}}

Chiniot Dam

2025-12-23T04:27:21Z

GenevaHarcus: made initial entry first draft

{{Short description|Proposed dam in Punjab, Pakistan}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Chiniot Dam
| name_official =
| image =
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| country = [[Pakistan]]
| location = [[Chiniot District]], [[Punjab Province (Pakistan)|Punjab]]
| purpose = P
| status = P
| construction_began =
| opening =
| demolished =
| cost = [[Pakistani rupee|Rs.]] 533.303 million
| builder =
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| operator = [[WAPDA]]
| dam_type = [[Earth fill]] and [[Rock-fill dam]]
| dam_crosses = [[Chenab River]]
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'''Chiniot Dam''' is a proposed dam to be built on [[Chenab river]]. It is located in [[Chiniot District]], [[Punjab Province (Pakistan)|Punjab]], Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chiniot Dam Project |url=http://www.wapda.gov.pk/index.php/projects/water-sector/future/chiniot-dam-project |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609033204/https://www.wapda.gov.pk/index.php/projects/water-sector/future/chiniot-dam-project |archive-date=2017-06-09 |website=WAPDA}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Imran |date=26 January 2019 |title=Chiniot dam to meet needs of Faisalabad industries |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1896931/2-chiniot-dam-meet-needs-faisalabad-industries |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527164050/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1896931/2-chiniot-dam-meet-needs-faisalabad-industries/ |archive-date=2024-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2009 |title=Chiniot Dam Project given go-ahead |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/936841/chiniot-dam-project-given-go-ahead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126235508/https://www.dawn.com/news/936841/chiniot-dam-project-given-go-ahead |archive-date=2025-01-26 |website=DAWN}}</ref> The [[dam]] is intended to store excess flows from the Chenab River to meet [[Downstream (hydrology)|downstream]] [[irrigation]] water needs and generate electricity for the [[Electrical grid|national grid]]. The dam is 17 meters high and is a zoned [[Earthfill Dam|earthfill]] [[Embankment dam|embankment]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water & Power Development Authority |url=http://archive.wapda.gov.pk/ |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=archive.wapda.gov.pk}}</ref> This dam will also help to improve the domestic [[water supply]] to the nearby towns and villages.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Dams in Pakistan}}

{{coord missing|Pakistan}}

[[Category:Dams on the Chenab River]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Chiniot District]]
[[Category:Dams in Punjab, Pakistan]]

{{Pakistan-dam-stub}}

Aditya Surjewala

2025-12-14T15:26:53Z

GenevaHarcus: new first pg basic info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Kaithal Assembly constituency|Kaithal]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Leela Ram]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| father = [[Randeep Surjewala]]
}}
'''Aditya Singh Surjewala''' is an Indian politician from Haryana. He is a [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Kaithal Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Kaithal, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: INC's Aditya Surjewala wins Kaithal with 53147 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/kaithal-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612795-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 October 2024 |title=Haryana Election Result: Aditya Surjewala wins Kaithal seat by over 8,000 votes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/aditya-surjewala-randeep-singh-surjewala-son-kaithal-haryana-assembly-election-results-congress-candidate-bjp-leela-ram-101728214548889.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|title=A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs|date=2 December 2024|accessdate=4 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704171938/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|archivedate=4 July 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Surjewala, Aditya}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Haryana-INC-politician-stub}}

Pushkar Lake

2025-11-25T07:09:46Z

GenevaHarcus: starting some details w/ refs...

{{Short description|Lake in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Pushkar Lake
| image = Evening lights by the Pushkar Lake, Pushkar.jpg
| alt = Pushkar lake lit by artificial lights
| image_bathymetry = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=250|frame-height=250|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=Q7261801|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map|zoom=SWITCH:13,15|switch=zoomed mid, zoomed in}}
| pushpin_map = Rajasthan
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Pushkar lake within Rajasthan
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = [[Pushkar]], [[Rajasthan]]
| coords = {{coord|26|29|14|N|74|33|15|E|region:IN_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| lake_type = [Artificial Lake]
| inflow = [[Luni River]]
| outflow = Luni River
| catchment = {{convert|22|km2|abbr=on}}
| basin_countries = India
| length =
| width =
| area = {{convert|22|km2|abbr=on}}
| depth = {{convert|8|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| max-depth = {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| volume = {{convert|790,000|m3}}
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation = {{convert|530|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| islands =
| cities = Pushkar
}}
'''Pushkar Lake''' or '''Pushkar Sarovar''' is located in the town of [[Pushkar]] near [[Ajmer|Ajmer city]] in [[Ajmer district]] of the [[Rajasthan]] state of western India. Pushkar Lake is a sacred lake for the [[Hindu]]s. The [[Hindu scriptures]] describe it as "[[Tirtha (Hinduism)|Tirtha]]-[[Guru]]" [Thirtha Raj]– the perceptor of pilgrimage sites related to a water-body and relate it to the mythology of [[Brahma]], the creator-god in Hinduism, whose [[Brahma temple at Pushkar|most prominent temple]] stands in Pushkar. The Pushkar Lake finds mention on coins as early as the 4th century BC.

Pushkar Lake is surrounded by 52 bathing [[ghats]] (a series of steps leading to the lake), where pilgrims throng in large numbers to take a sacred bath, especially around [[Kartik Poornima]] (October–November) when the [[Pushkar Fair]] is held. A dip in the sacred lake is believed to cleanse sins and cure skin diseases. Over 500 [[Hindu temple]]s are situated around the lake precincts.

Tourism, deforestation and pollution in the surroundings have taken a heavy toll on the lake, adversely affecting its water quality, reducing the water levels and destroying the fish population. As part of conservation measures, the government is undertaking de-silting, de-weeding, water treatment, and afforestation as well as mass awareness programme.

==Geography==
[[File:Pushkar, India, Panoramic view of Pushkar.jpg|thumb|Pushkar city and lake, viewed from hill above]]

Pushkar Lake around which the Pushkar town has developed is in the [[Ajmer district]] in the state of [[Rajasthan]], India amidst the [[Aravalli range]] of hills. The mountain range known as ''Nag Parbat'' ("snake mountain") separates the lake from the city of [[Ajmer]]. The valley is formed between the two parallel ranges of the Aravalli hills (in elevation range of {{convert|650|-|856|m|ft}} running south-west to north-east. Situated at {{convert|14|km|mi}} northwest from Ajmer, the artificial Pushkar Lake created by building a dam is surrounded by deserts and hills on all three sides.<ref name=eco>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecoindia.com/lakes/pushkar.html|title=Pushkar Lake|access-date=2010-01-23|publisher=Eco India}}</ref><ref name="Pushkar p. 196">''City Development Plan for Ajmer and Pushkar'' p. 196</ref> The lake is categorized as a "Sacred Lake" under the list of "Classification of Lakes in India".<ref name="Pushkar p. 196"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldlakes.org/uploads/Management_of_lakes_in_India_10Mar04.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050529014441/http://www.worldlakes.org/uploads/Management_of_lakes_in_India_10Mar04.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 May 2005|title=Management of Lakes in India|work=Annex 2 Classification of Lakes in India| page= 20|author=M.S.Reddy and N.V.V.Char|publisher=World Lakes Org}}</ref>

The soil and topography in the catchment are predominantly sandy with very low water retention capacity.<ref name="Pushkar p. 196"/> The land use pattern in the Pushkar valley that drains into the lake comprises 30% of the area under shifting sand dunes, 30% under hills (degraded and barren) and streams and 40% of the area is agricultural.<ref name="Pushkar p. 201">''City Development Plan for Ajmer and Pushkar'' p. 201</ref>

===Climate===
The region experiences [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]] climatic conditions with dry and hot summers and cool winters. The summer months of May and June are the hottest, with a maximum temperature of around {{convert|45|C|F}}. During the winter months, the maximum mean temperature is in the range of {{convert|25|-|10|C|F}}.<ref name="Pushkar p. 196"/> Rain mainly occurs during a short spell of two months during July and August. The recorded average rainfall is in the range of {{convert|400|-|600|mm|in}}. Rainfall is also recorded some times during winter months of January and February.<ref name="Pushkar p. 196"/>

From April to September, strong winds blowing in the southwest to northeast direction add to the formation of sand dunes.<ref name="Pushkar p. 196"/>

===Hydrology===
[[File:Bridge at the corner of the Pushkar lake, Rajasthan.jpg|right|thumb|Foot bridge of arches to cross the inlet channel to the lake during [[parikrama]] of [[ghats]] and temples on ghats]]
The Pushkar Lake drains a catchment of the Aravalli hills covering an area of {{convert|22|km2|mi2}}. The lake has a water surface area of {{convert|22|ha|acre}}. It is a perennial lake sourced by the monsoon rainfall over the catchment. The depth of water in the lake varies from season to season from {{convert|8|-|10|m|ft}}. The total storage capacity of the lake is 0.79 million cubic metres (1.03 million [[cu yd]]). As the lake periphery is encircled by 52 [[ghat]]s of various sizes, the surface water flow from the catchment into the lake is channeled through a series of arches under a footbridge, {{convert|110|m|ft}} long at the southern end. The footbridge facilitates the ''[[parikrama]]'' (circumambulation) that is performed by pilgrims around the lake covering all the 52 ghats (covers an area of {{convert|2|ha|acre}}).<ref name="Pushkar p. 216">''City Development Plan for Ajmer and Pushkar'' p. 216</ref>

==Flora and fauna==
Pushkar Lake, when full, is rich in fish and other aquatic life. The depth of the lake has substantially shrunk – to less than {{convert|1.5|m|ft}} from a maximum of {{convert|9|m|ft}} – resulting in the death of large fish weighing {{convert|5|-|20|kg|lb}}, caused due to the viscous water and the lack of oxygen for the fish to survive. Since the region where the lake and its valley is situated is arid, the flora and fauna recorded relate to desert plants, including cactus and thorny bushes, as well as desert animals like camels and cattle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pushkarfair.org/pushkar-facts/ecology-of-pushkar-valley.html |title=Ecology Of Pushkar Valley |access-date=2010-01-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102065837/http://www.pushkarfair.org/pushkar-facts/ecology-of-pushkar-valley.html |archive-date=2 January 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nih.ernet.in/nih_rbis/india_information/lakes.htm |title=lakes in India |access-date=2010-01-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213022819/http://www.nih.ernet.in/nih_rbis/india_information/lakes.htm |archive-date=13 December 2009 }}</ref> Man-eating crocodiles used to be a menace in the Puskhar Lake, resulting in the deaths of people. Pilgrims were aware of this fact, yet many considered it lucky to be eaten by crocodiles.<ref name=Roy>{{Cite book|last=Roy|first=Sumita |author2=Annie Pothen |author3=K. S. Sunita|title= Aldous Huxley and Indian thought|page=59|access-date=2010-01-26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK3E6epYXmEC&q=Crocodiles+in+Pushkar+Lake&pg=PA59|publisher= Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|year=2003|isbn= 8120724658}}</ref> The crocodiles were caught with nets by the [[British people|British]] and shifted to a nearby reservoir.<ref name=Abram>{{Cite book|last=Abram|first=David|title= Rough guide to India|page=192|access-date=2010-01-26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&q=pushkar|publisher= Rough Guides|year=2003|isbn=1843530899}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:'Poshkur, India. Decr. 1878'.jpg|thumb|An artist's view of Pushkar Lake in late 18th century during British rule]]
Pushkar Lake's history dates back to the 4th century BC. [[Numismatics]], in the form of punched [[Greece|Greek]] and [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] coins date the lake back to this time. Inscriptions found at [[Sanchi]] attest to the lake's existence to the 2nd century BC. This suggests Pushkar Lake was already pilgrimage site, even if it did not lie on the trade route.<ref name="Pushkar p. 195"/>

In the fifth century AD, [[Jin (Chinese state)|Jin Chinese]] [[Bhikkhu|Buddhist monk]] and traveller [[Fa Xian]] made reference to the number of visitors to Pushkar Lake.<ref name =Bradnock>{{Cite book|last=Bradnock|first=Roma|title= Footprint India |work=Pushkar: Sights| pages=354–355| access-date=2010-01-26| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWKaR6LbEGcC&q=Pushkar&pg=PA353|publisher=Footprint Travel Guides|year=2004|isbn=1904777007}}</ref>

A story tells of a 9th-century [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjara]] king, [[Nahar Rao Pratihar]] of [[Mandore]], chasing a white boar to the lakeshore on a hunting expedition. In order to quench his thirst, he dipped his hand into the lake and was astonished to see the [[Leukoderma]] marks on his hand had disappeared. Impressed with the sacred curative nature of the lake, he got the lake restored to its glory. After discovering the curative properties of the lake, people have since visited to immerse in its waters and hope to be healed of skin problems.<ref name=gazetteer/><ref name=Bhalla/>

The creation of Pushkar Lake, as an artificial lake, is also credited to the 12th century when a dam was built across the headwaters of the [[Luni River]]. The 10th [[Sikh]] guru, [[Guru Govind Singh]] (1666–1708), is said to have recited the Sikh sacred text ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' on the banks of the lake.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecoheritage.cpreec.org/Viewcontall.php?$mFJyBfK$MUznQBkxyWIp|title=Pushkar Lake|access-date=2010-01-26|publisher=ENVIS Centre on Conservation of Ecological Heritage and Sacred Sites of India: Pushkar Lake when full is rich in fish and other aquatic life|archive-date=12 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112053205/http://www.ecoheritage.cpreec.org/Viewcontall.php?$mFJyBfK$MUznQBkxyWIp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

During the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule, there was a short break in the lake's importance due to the levy of a pilgrim tax and a ban on [[Procession|religious processions]]. In 1615–16, the Mughal Emperor [[Jahangir]] (1569–1627) built his hunting lodge (now in total ruins) on the shores of Pushkar Lake to celebrate his victory over the local [[Rajput]] [[Rana (title)|Rana]] (king). He came to the lodge 16 times for hunting during his stay in [[Ajmer]], about {{convert|23|km|mi}} from Pushkar. This act violated the local taboo on killing any animals in the precincts of the sacred lake. He also committed sacrilege by breaking an image of [[Varaha]], the boar [[Avatar]] of the god [[Vishnu]], as it resembled a pig and thus was seen ans offensive to [[Islamic]] sensibilities. Jahangir's grandson, Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] (1618–1707), later destroyed and desecrated several temples, which were later rebuilt.<ref name= Bradnock/><ref name=Asher>{{cite book |last=Asher |first=Catherine Ella Blanshard |title= Architecture of Mughal India, Part 1, Volume 4|work=Pushkar |pages=119–120 |access-date=2010-01-26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC&q=Pushkar&pg=PA120|publisher= Cambridge University Press |year=1992 |isbn=0521267285}}</ref> However, during the rule of Jahangir's father, Emperor [[Akbar]] (1542–1605), there was a revival of not only the lake but also the Ajmer's [[Dargah]] dedicated to [[Sufi]] [[Saints in Islam|saint]] [[Moinuddin Chishti]], of whom Akbar was a devotee.<ref name="Pushkar p. 195"/>

The Rajput rulers of [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber]], [[Bundi]], [[Bikaner]] and [[Jaisalmer]] made great efforts to restore the importance of the lake and its surrounding temples. Credits given for modern additions to the building of ghats and the renovation/construction of temples go to Maharaja [[Man Singh I of Amber]] for the Raj Ghat and Man temple; [[Maha Rana Pratap]] for the Varaha temple; [[Daulat Rao Scindia]] for Kot Tirth Ghat, the [[Marathas]]-Anaji Scindia to the Koteshwar Mahadev temple and Govind Rao, the Maratha governor of Ajmer for Shiva Ghat; to the [[British India|British Raj]] for combining the religious pilgrimage with a cattle fair to generate revenues to improving the lake and its surroundings; and gifting of the Jaipur Ghat and the Main Palace on the ghat in 1956 by the [[Maharaja of Jaipur]].<ref name="Pushkar p. 195-196">''City Development Plan for Ajmer and Pushkar'' pp. 195-196</ref>

==Religious significance==
There are various legends from [[Hindu epic]]s [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Puranic]] scriptures which mention the Pushkar Lake and the town of Pushkar surrounding it.

[[File:Early morning view of the ghats at the Pushkar lake.jpg|left|upright|thumb|Early morning view of the ghats at the Pushkar Lake.]]
According to the Hindu scripture ''[[Padma Purana]]'', Brahma saw the demon Vajranabha (Vajranash in another version) trying to kill his children and harassing people. He immediately slew the demon with his weapon, the lotus-flower. In this process, the lotus petals fell on the ground at three places, where springs emerged creating three lakes: the Pushkar Lake or Jyeshta Pushkar (greatest or first Pushkar), the Madya Pushkar (middle Pushkar) Lake, and Kanishta Pushkar (lowest or youngest Pushkar) lake. When Brahma came down to the earth, he named the place where the flower ("pushpa") fell from Brahma's hand ("kar") as "Pushkar".<ref name="Pushkar p. 195">''City Development Plan for Ajmer and Pushkar'' p. 195</ref><ref name=Bansal/> It is also said that the sacred [[Sarasvati River]] emerged at Pushkar as five streams.<ref name=eco/><ref name=gazetteer>{{Cite book|title= Rajputana district gazetteers, Part 1|work=Pushkar|pages=18–19|volume = 1|access-date=2010-01-24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vL8BAAAAYAAJ&q=Legends+of+Pushkar|publisher= Scottish Mission Industries Co., Ltd.|year=1904}}</ref> The three lakes were assigned their presiding deities as the [[Trimurti|Hindu Trinity]] [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]], respectively. When Brahma came down to the earth, he named the place where the lotus fell as 'Pushkar'. Brahma then decided to perform a yagna at the place, at the main Pushkar Lake. However, his wife Savitri (called [[Sarasvati]] in some versions) could not be present at the designated time to perform the essential part of the yagna. Brahma, therefore, married a [[Gujjar]], a dominant agricultural race named Gayatri and completed the yagna with his new consort sitting beside him. However, when Savitri finally arrived at the venue, she found Gayatri sitting next to Brahma in her rightful place. Agitated, she cursed Brahma that he would be worshipped only in Pushkar. As a result of this, yagna performed in the presence of all the gods, it is said that a dip in the lake created at this place is credited with holiness, assuring salvation from all sins. It is now one of the five holiest centres of pilgrimage for Hindus.<ref name="Pushkar p. 195"/><ref name="BradnockHandbook">{{Cite book |last=Bradnock |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDxkoeRKFhgC&q=Pushkar&pg=PA161 |title=Rajasthan & Gujarat Handbook: The Travel Guide |author2=Roma Bradnock |publisher=Footprint Travel Guides |year=2001 |isbn=190094992X |page=161 |access-date=2010-01-26}}</ref><ref name=pilgrim>{{Cite web |url=http://ajmer.nic.in/pushkar/aboutpushkar.html |title=Pushkar- Pilgrimage in Paradise |access-date=2010-01-25 |publisher=National Informatics Centre |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204194008/http://ajmer.nic.in/pushkar/aboutpushkar.html |archive-date=2010-02-04 }}</ref><ref name=world/><ref name=Brown>{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Lindsay|author2=Amelia Thomas |title= Rajasthan, Delhi and Agra|page=210|access-date=2010-01-24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zz0_zXPb68kC&q=Legends+of+Pushkar&pg=PA210|publisher= Lonely Planet|year=2008|isbn=978-1741046908}}</ref>

Ramayana and Mahabharata refer to Pushkar Lake as ''Adi [[Theertham|Tirtha]]'', or the "original [[Sacred waters|sacred water-body]]". The famous Sanskrit poet and play-writer [[Kalidasa]] also referred to this lake in his poem [[Abhijñānaśākuntalam]].<ref name=pilgrim/> The Ramayana mentions that [[Vishwamitra]] performed penance at Pushkar Lake for a thousand years. In spite of Brahma appearing before him and granting him the higher status of a [[rishi]] instead of a royal-sage (''rajarishi''), Vishwamitra continued his penance, but, the celestial nymph [[apsara]], [[Menaka]] came to the lake to take a bath. Vishwamitra was enamoured by her beauty and they decided to live together in pursuit of pleasure for ten years. Then, Vishwamitra realized that his main activity of penance was disturbed. He, therefore, took leave of Menaka and went away to the north to continue his meditation.<ref name="Vālmīki">{{Cite book|last= Vālmīki|first= Venkatesananda (Swami.)|title= The concise Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki|work=Pushkar Lake|pages=37–38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkSzznK3VuEC&q=pushkar+lake&pg=PA37|publisher= SUNY Press|year=1988|isbn=0887068626}}</ref> Vishwamitra was also described as building the Brahma temple at Pushkar after Brahma's yagna.<ref name="devasthan">{{cite web |url=http://www.devasthan.rajasthan.gov.in/images/Ajmer/brahmaji.htm |title=Temple Profile: Mandir Shri Brahma Ji |date=2001–2002 |publisher=Devasthan Department, Govt of Rajasthan |access-date=31 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213024103/http://www.devasthan.rajasthan.gov.in/images/Ajmer/brahmaji.htm |archive-date=13 February 2011 }}</ref> Mahabharata mentions that Pushkar is a holy place of the god [[Vishnu]], considered as the Adi Tirtha where millions of tirthas united during sunrise and sunset, and visiting the lake and taking a holy bath in the lake would wash off all sins.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}

[[File:Morning view of the ghats in Pushkar.jpg|thumb|Morning view of one of the ghats on the lake]]

According to Hindu theology, there are five sacred lakes collectively called ''Panch-Sarovar'' ('Sarovar' means "lake"). Namely, [[Mansarovar]], Bindu Sarovar, [[Narayan Sarovar]], Pampa Sarovar and Pushkar Sarovar; hence, Pushkar is considered one of the most sacred places in India. It is also the belief of devotees that a dip in the waters of the lake on [[Kartik Poornima]] would equal the benefits that would accrue by performing [[yagna]]s (fire-sacrifices) for several centuries.<ref name=rajasthantourism_pushkarlake>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rajasthantourism.gov.in/Destinations/AjmerPushkar/PushkarLake.aspx |title=Pushkar Lake |access-date=2010-01-24 |publisher=Rajasthan tourism, Government of Rajasthan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117202612/http://www.rajasthantourism.gov.in/Destinations/AjmerPushkar/PushkarLake.aspx |archive-date=2010-01-17 }}</ref> Pushkar is often called "Tirtha-Raj" – the king of pilgrimage sites related to water-bodies.<ref name=eco/><ref name="Pushkar p. 196"/> The scriptures also mention that doing [[parikrama]] (circumambulation) of the three lakes (the main Pushkar, Madya Pushkar where there is a [[Hanuman]] temple and an old [[Banyan]] tree, and Kanistha Pushkar where a [[Krishna]] temple exists), which cover a distance of {{convert|16|km|mi}}, during the Kartik Poornima day would be highly auspicious.<ref name=Bansal>{{Cite book|last=Bansal|first= Sunita Pant|title= Hindu Gods and Goddesses|work=Jagat Shri Brahma Temple|page=23|access-date=2010-01-25|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xhrnkdByWDIC&q=Legends+of+Pushkar&pg=PA23|publisher= Smriti Books|year=2005|isbn=8187967722}}</ref> ''International Business Times'' has identified Pushkar as one of the ten most religious places in the world and one of the five sacred pilgrimage places for the Hindus, in India.<ref name=world>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/contents/20090327/ten-worlds-most-religious-cities.htm |title=Ten of the World's Most Religious Cities |work=Pushkar |access-date=2010-01-24 |publisher=International Business Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330055547/http://www.ibtimes.com/contents/20090327/ten-worlds-most-religious-cities.htm |archive-date=30 March 2009 }}</ref>

==Cultural attractions==
[[File:Brahma Temple, Pushkar.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Brahma temple at Pushkar]]]]
Pushkar Lake and its precincts offer a plethora of monuments of national importance, such as the [[Pushkar]] city, the [[Brahma temple at Pushkar]] and the ghats on the periphery of the lakes. The lake is the central divine theme for the popularity of all the monuments seen in the town and the fairs held here.

===Pushkar city===
Pushkar city, with a population of 14,791 at the 2001 census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|publisher=Census Commission of India|access-date=21 February 2010|archive-date=16 June 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999}}</ref> is one of the oldest cities in India. The city lies on the shore of Pushkar Lake. The date of its actual origin is not known, but legend associates Brahma with its creation concurrent with the lake; Brahma is said to have performed penance here for a ''[[Darśana|darshan]]'' (sight) of god [[Vishnu]]. Thus, its uniqueness lies in the fact of its historic-religious-cultural background, and as a result it attracts approximately 100,000 visitors every month, apart from the very large congregation that occurs during the annual Pushkar Fair. However, Pushkar Lake is central to its sustenance as a religious centre.<ref name="Pushkar pp. 199, 208">''City Development Plan for Ajmer and Pushkar'' pp. 199, 208</ref> The tourist arrivals during 2005 were reported to be about 16.12 million (said to be the maximum among all tourist attractions in Rajasthan), out of which the foreign tourists were about 63,000.<ref name="Pushkar p. 217-218">''City Development Plan for Ajmer and Pushkar'' pp. 217-218</ref>

===Temples===
{{Further|Brahma temple at Pushkar}}
Apart from the sacred Lake, Pushkar is said to have over 500 temples (80 are large and the rest are small); of these many old temples were destroyed or desecrated by [[Muslim]] depredations during [[Aurangzeb]]'s rule (1658–1707) but were re-built subsequently. The most important of these is the Brahma temple. Though the current structure dates to the 14th century, the original temple is believed to be 2000 years old.<ref name="Frommers"/> Pushkar is often described in the scriptures as the only Brahma temple in the world, owing to the curse of Savitri, but also as the "King of the sacred places of the Hindus".<ref name="Bansal"/><ref name =Brittanica>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/484285/Pushkar#ref285770|title=Travel and Geography:Pushkar|access-date=2010-01-24|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Although now the Pushkar temple does not remain the only Brahma temple, it is still one of very few existing temples dedicated to Brahma in India as well as the most prominent.<ref name= Bradnock/><ref name="devasthan"/> Hindu pilgrims, including holy men and sages visit this temple after taking a ceremonial sacred bath in the Pushkar Lake.<ref name=Bhalla>{{Cite book|last=Bhalla|first=Kartar Singh|title= Let's Know Festivals of India|work=Pushkar Fair|access-date=2010-01-25|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WORYY5Vl0ygC&q=Legends+of+Pushkar&pg=PA17|publisher= Star Publications|year=2005|isbn=8176501654}}</ref> Other notable temples around the lake include Varaha temple – dedicated to [[Varaha]] (the boar incarnation of god Vishnu), Savitri temple and Gayatri temple, dedicated to the consorts of Brahma.

===Ghats===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Bathing Ghats on Pushkar Lake, Rajasthan.jpg
| width1 = 260
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Bathing ghats, Pushkar, Rajasthan.jpg
| width2 = 130
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Left: Bathing Ghats on Pushkar Lake. Right: A view of the ghats at the Pushkar Lake
}}
[[Ghats]] (stone steps laid on a gradual bank slope to descend to the lake edge) at Pushkar are integral to the lake. Ghats are also used for sacred bathing and rites, such as ancestor worship. Out of 52 ghats used by pilgrims to take a holy bath in the lake, ten important ghats on the periphery of the lake, which have other contiguous ghats adjoining them, have also been declared as 'Monuments of National Importance'. These ghats are: the [[Varaha]] Ghat, the [[Dadhichi|Dadhich]] Ghat, [[Saptarishi]] Ghats, [[Gwalior]] Ghat, [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] Ghat, [[Cattle in religion|Gau]] ghat, [[Yagna|Yag]] Ghat, [[Jaipur]] Ghat, [[Karni Mata|Karni]] Ghat and [[Gangaur]] Ghat. These ghats, as well as the sacred Pushkar Lake (which is also a declared heritage monument), have been refurbished over the centuries by the Royal families of Rajasthan and by the Maratha kings. These are now undergoing further works as part of a heritage improvement programme launched with funds provided by the [[Government of Rajasthan]] and several departments of the [[Government of India]]. There are strict codes to be followed while taking a bath in the ghats, such as removing shoes away from the ghats and avoiding the passing of unwarranted comments about Hindu religious beliefs by non-Hindus, since the ghats and the temples are linked to the divine lake. The sacred water of the lake is said to be curative of many skin diseases. Local belief is that water around each ghat has a special curative power.<ref name="Pushkar p. 209-212">''City Development Plan for Ajmer and Pushkar'' pp. 209-212</ref> While many ghats have been named after the Rajas who built them, some ghats have particular importance. Varaha ghat is so named since Vishnu appeared here in his incarnation of a boar (''Varaha''). Brahma Ghat is so named since Brahma bathed here. The Gau Ghat was renamed as Gandhi Ghat after [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s ashes were immersed at this ghat.<ref name=Brown/><ref name=rajasthantourism_brahmatemple>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rajasthantourism.gov.in/Destinations/AjmerPushkar/BrahmaTemple.aspx |title=Pushkar Lake |access-date=2010-01-24 |publisher=Rajasthan tourism |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206175957/http://rajasthantourism.gov.in/Destinations/AjmerPushkar/BrahmaTemple.aspx |archive-date=2010-02-06 }}</ref> Nart Singh Ghat, close to Varaha Ghat, has a stuffed crocodile on display.<ref name=Abram/>

A coinage known as "Puskar Passport" used by visitors to the lake and the ghats denotes the red thread that is tied on the wrists of pilgrims by the priests (for a [[dakshina]] – an unspecified fee). This indicates that the pilgrim has visited Pushkar Lake and is usually not approached by priests again for further rites and fees.<ref name=Choy>{{Cite book|last=Choy|first= Monique|author2=Sarina Singh |title=Rajasthan|work=Eastern Rajasthan –Pushkar|page=199|access-date=2010-01-25|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mgWtb27t3AC&q=Legends+of+Pushkar&pg=PA201|publisher= Lonely Planet|year=2002|isbn=1740593634}}</ref>

==Pushkar Fair==
{{Further|Pushkar Fair}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Inde pushkar foire.jpg
| width1 = 200
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Tug of war, at Pushkar Fair, Rajasthan.jpg
| width2 = 200
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Left: Puskar Mela, 2006. Right: Women enjoying the tug of war
}}
[[File:The devotees are taking a holy dip at Braham Srover in Pushkar on the occasion of Kartik Purnima on November 24, 2007.jpg|thumb|The devotees are taking a holy dip at Pushkar lake on the occasion of Kartik Purnima on 24 November 2007]]
Pushkar Lake and its precincts become very heavily populated during the annual Pushkar Fair or ''Pushkar mela'', which has both a religious as well as an economic aspect. During the fair, a very large gathering of pilgrims takes a holy dip in the lake and the camel fair is an adjunct celebration. Pushkar Fair commences on [[Prabodhini Ekadashi]], the 11th lunar day in the bright fortnight and ends on [[Kartik Poornima]] – the full Moon day in the month of [[Kartika (month)|Kartik]] (October–November), the latter being the most important day of the fair. This fair is held in the honour of god Brahma. A ritual bath on Kartik Poornima in the Pushkar Lake is considered to lead one to salvation. It is believed circling the three Pushkars on Kartik Poornima is highly meritorious. [[Sadhu]]s, Hindu holy men, gather here and stay from the Ekadashi to full moon day in caves. The Pushkar fair is also Asia's largest camel fair.<ref name="Frommers">{{cite book|author1=Pippa de Bruyn |author2=Keith Bain |author3=Niloufer Venkatraman |author4=Shonar Joshi |title=Frommer's India|publisher=Frommer's|date=4 March 2008 |pages=437, 440|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMqBvtL_nI0C&q=brahma+temple+pushkar&pg=PA437 | isbn=9780470169087}}</ref><ref name="Pushkar p. 208">''City Development Plan for Ajmer and Pushkar'' p. 208</ref> The colourful and lively Camel Fair reportedly attracts 2 lakh people and 50,000 camels.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main43.asp?filename=Bu230110camel_kingdom.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124115306/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main43.asp?filename=Bu230110camel_kingdom.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 January 2010|title=Camel Kingdom|last=Isha Manchanda|date=23 January 2010|journal=Tehelka Magazine|access-date=2 February 2010|volume=7|issue=3}}</ref> In this fair held on the banks of the lake, camels are very colourfully decorated and paraded in the sand dunes on the southern part of the lake. Tribes from several neighbouring villages are seen in their traditional colourful costumes. The fair on Kartik Poornima, the day when Brahma is believed to have concluded his Yagna establishing the lake. It is organized by the Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation (RTDC), Pushkar Municipal Board and the Animal Husbandry Department of Rajasthan.<ref name="Pushkar p. 219">''City Development Plan for Ajmer and Pushkar'' p. 219</ref> The fair is a colourful cultural event also with folk dances, music, camel races, and the cattle fair.<ref name=Bhalla/><ref name=price>{{Cite web|url=http://ppp.rajasthan.gov.in/PWCreport/Tourism-KD4%20Revised/rev-tourism-vol-III.pdf |title=Rajasthan Infrastructure Agenda "2025" |work=Pushkar |page=44 |publisher=Price Waterhouse Cooper |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161616/http://ppp.rajasthan.gov.in/PWCreport/Tourism-KD4%20Revised/rev-tourism-vol-III.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-21 }}</ref> The [[tug of war]] is a popular entertaining sport held during the fair. This event is held between the Rajasthanis and foreigners; locals invariably win the event.<ref name =Bradnock/>

==Status and conservation issues==
The natural environment of Pushkar Lake and its precincts has become increasingly degraded in the last few decades. The problems arise primarily from the over development of tourist facilities as well as the deforestation of the surrounding area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/lsdeb/ls10/ses4/0230079204.htm|title=Prof. Rasa Singh Rawat's questions in Parliament about what the Government is doing to reverse ecological damage|date=1992-07-30|publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=2010-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221185326/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/lsdeb/ls10/ses4/0230079204.htm|archive-date=2009-02-21|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://publib.upol.cz/~obd/fulltext/biolog37/biolog37-12.pdf |title=Environmental Degradation at Pushkar Valley |author1=Praveen Mathur |author2=Nimit R. Chowdhary |name-list-style=amp |year=1999 |access-date=2010-01-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718190018/http://publib.upol.cz/~obd/fulltext/biolog37/biolog37-12.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-18 }}</ref>

The critical issues related to the conservation of the lake have been identified as:<ref name="Pushkar p. 232">''City Development Plan for Ajmer and Pushkar'' p. 232</ref>

* Siltation during the rainy season due to soil erosion of the denuded hills and inappropriate agricultural practices flowing through the three feeder streams namely, the Gomukh, the Nag Pahar and Savitri.
* Shifting sand dunes from hills and surrounding areas causing a rise of the bed level of the lake.
* Upstream interception by farmers through check dams for farming practices causing reduction in inflows. This reduction is reflected in the full reservoir level of {{convert|8.53|m|ft}} not being achieved during most years, resulting in pilgrim displeasure and the reduction in maximum depth of the lake, reported now as only {{convert|4.6|m|ft}}.
* Large inflow of sewage from the ghats and the surrounding habitation has caused serious water pollution.
* Alarming rate of fall in groundwater level has occurred in the vicinity of the lake due to high extraction for various uses.

In recent years, storage in the Pushkar Lake has been reduced alarmingly, leaving only a small puddle of water in many years during the festival season when pilgrims flock to the lake for sacred bathing during the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu holy month]] of Kartik, when the Pushkar Fair is held. During the 2009 Pushkar fair, the situation became very grim when the lake dried up entirely. Alternate arrangements were made to facilitate sacred bathing by providing water in concrete tanks near one of the upper ghats, fed by tube wells from groundwater sources. While the authorities have been blamed for poor planning by de-silting the lake, the drought situation has resulted in insignificant rainfall in the area to fill the lake.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/pushkar-without-a-dip-59751-2009-10-31|title= Pushkar without a dip|access-date=2010-01-26|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=2009-11-01}}</ref><ref name="High beam"/>

===Water quality issues===
The lake does not meet the National Water Quality Standards due to its high concentration of [[Biochemical Oxygen Demand]] (BOD).<ref name=quality>{{Cite web
|url = https://cpcbenvis.nic.in/waterpollution/finding.htm
|title = National Water Quality at a Glance
|page = 203
|access-date = 2010-01-24
|publisher = Central Pollution Control Board
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100106021717/http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/waterpollution/finding.htm
|archive-date = 2010-01-06
}}</ref> Considering the adverse impact on the lake water quality due to [[Eutrophication]], [[Anthropogenic hazard|anthropogenic]] pressures and holy rituals and tourism, a water quality study was specifically undertaken at four sites on a monthly basis for six months. The sampling sites were chosen to represent the pressure of pilgrims and other pollution inflows at the locations. The water samples were analysed for temperature, [[pH]], [[salinity]], [[conductivity (electrolytic)|conductivity]], total dissolved solids, [[alkalinity]], hardness, [[turbidity]], dissolved oxygen, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, sulphate, sodium, ammonium, potassium, total chlorophyll, biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand. The analysis over the period has revealed that the lake water was alkaline, chloride and conductivity concentrations were high at all the four sites, and there were lower levels of dissolved oxygen (at sites with greater pollution load) and high hardness (on account of excess of calcium and magnesium from surface run-off). During the period of the annual Pushkar Fair, a distinct co-relationship was discerned between various parameters analysed and the degree of water pollution in the lake. This has called for urgent remedial actions to be undertaken by all of the government agencies involved with the lake management, with people's participation.<ref name="Proceedings of International International Seminar titled TAAL 2007">{{Cite book|title= Proceedings of International Conference TAAL 2007 held at Jaipur|chapter=Assessment of Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Suggested Restoration Measures for Pushkar Lake, Ajmer Rajasthan (India)|work= Paper P 341 Poster Session II|page=308|publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests Government of India}}</ref>

===Restoration works===
[[File:Pushkar Lake Being Dredged.JPG|thumb|Pushkar Lake being dredged to fight silting]]
To supplement water supply to the lake, even as early as in 1993, the government built 12 deep tube wells to supplement water supply to the lake. However, most tube wells were dysfunctional, thereby aggravating the problem. The Union Ministry for Environment and Forests included Pushkar Lake on a list of five lakes under the National Lake Conservation Project (NLCP) for restoration. They have been providing funds since 2008 for the restoration works, but the situation has not eased.<ref name="High beam">{{Cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A2-6d75e8aa-b476-4b0b-a9bd-1c0b8bbe1216.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103011556/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A2-6d75e8aa-b476-4b0b-a9bd-1c0b8bbe1216.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-11-03|title= India Pushkar Lake picture|access-date=2010-01-26}}</ref>

Development plans are under various stages of implementation to address the critical issues related to the lake. They aim to improve water quality, increase water storage capacity, prevent encroachment of the lake periphery, improve the ambiance around the lake, as well as to introduce recreational and revenue generating schemes.<ref name="Pushkar p. 232"/>

Sewage outfalls into the lake are proposed to be completely stopped by the interception and diversion of feeder lines. Lining the main feeders into the lake and setting up water treatment plants to continuously treat and recirculate the lake water are also envisioned.<ref name="Pushkar p. 232"/> Conservation measures proposed for adoption to clean the lake are by way of desilting, water treatment at inlet of feeders into the lake, construction of check dams, conservation of ghats, afforestation of denuded hills in the catchment, soil moisture conservation measures, stabilization of sand dunes by planting vegetation of suitable species of plants and restriction of cultivation in the bed of feeder channels.<ref name="Pushkar p. 232"/> In addition, the institutional measures considered for effecting improvement of the lake are mass awareness programmes with the population's participation as well as the control of fish proliferation to reduce the risk of death of fishes during periods of inadequate water depth in the lake.<ref name="Pushkar p. 232"/>
{{Panorama
| image = File:Panorama of Pushkar Lake in Rajasthan.jpg
| height = 230
| alt =
| caption = Panorama of Pushkar Lake
}}

==See also==
{{portal|Lakes}}
* [[List of lakes in India]]
* [[Soda lake]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{Cite book|title= Proceedings of International Conference TAAL 2007 held at Jaipur|chapter=Assessment of Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Suggested Restoration Measures for Pushkar Lake, Ajmer Rajasthan (India)|work= Paper P 341 Poster Session II, Proceedings of International International Seminar titled TAAL 2007 |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests Government of India}}
*{{Cite web |url=http://rajasthan-tourism-guide.com |format=pdf |title=Rajasthan Tourism Guide for Ajmer and Pushkar |work=Pushkar Lake |pages=195–356 |access-date=2010-01-24 |publisher=National Informatics Centre |date=July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921065515/http://rajasthan-tourism-guide.com/ |archive-date=21 September 2019 }}

==External links==
{{commons category|Pushkar Lake}}
{{wikisourcepar|EB1911:Pushkar}}
*[http://www.shaktipeethas.org/travel-guide/topic524.html Pancha Sarovar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112053204/http://www.shaktipeethas.org/travel-guide/topic524.html |date=12 January 2016 }} Five holy Ponds
*[http://www.downtoearth.org.in/node/1464 Govt's facelift plan leaves Pushkar without a lake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004050615/http://www.downtoearth.org.in/node/1464 |date=4 October 2013 }}
*{{Wikivoyage-inline}}
*http://tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/pushkar

{{Hydrography of Rajasthan}}

{{Good article}}

[[Category:Reservoirs in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Pushkar]]
[[Category:Sacred lakes of India]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]

Pro Volleyball League

2025-11-15T09:29:38Z

GenevaHarcus: starting first post v1

{{Short description|Indian professional volleyball league}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox sports league
| name = Pro Volleyball League
| logo =
| administrator = [[Volleyball Federation of India]] Head Digital Works Pvt. Ltd. [https://baselineventures.com/ Baseline Ventures]
| ceo = [[Joy Bhattacharjya]]
| champion = [[Chennai Spartans]]
| champ_season =
| most_champs =
| country = {{IND}}
| title = Pro Volleyball League
| pixels =
| founded =
| replaced = [[Prime Volleyball League]]
| inaugural = 2019
| last_season = 2019 Pro Volleyball League
| current_season =
| sport = [[Volleyball]]
| teams = [[Pro Volleyball League#Teams|6]]
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi Indoor Stadium]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]]
| tv = [[Sony Pictures Networks India]]
| website = {{URL|provolleyball.in}}
}}

'''Pro Volleyball League''' ('''PVL''') was a professional men's [[volleyball|indoor volleyball]] league in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/vfi-announces-launch-of-volleyball-league/articleshow/64162118.cms|title=VFI announces launch of volleyball league|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref> The inaugural season took place in February 2019.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/903550/pro-volleyball-league-to-feature-six-teams-in-first-season-player-auction-to-be-held-in-december|title=Pro Volleyball League to feature six teams in the first season, player auction to be held in December|website=Scroll.in|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref> The league was an initiative between the [[Volleyball Federation of India]], Head Digital Works Pvt. Ltd. and [https://baselineventures.com/ Baseline Ventures]. The inaugural season of the league was won by [[Chennai Spartans]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/volleyball/pro-volleyball-league-pvl-final-live-chennai-spartans-vs-calicut-heroes-rudy-verhoeff-jerome-vinith-paul-lotman/article26342257.ece|title=PVL Final: Chennai Spartans hammers Calicut Heroes to claim title|last=Sportstar|first=Team|website=Sportstar|date=22 February 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-02-22}}</ref> In June 2022, the league was rebranded as [[Prime Volleyball League]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-22 |title=Prime Volleyball League: Renamed from Pro Volleyball League, top-level volleyball returns after one-year absence |url=https://www.insidesport.in/prime-volleyball-league-renamed-from-pro-volleyball-league-top-level-volleyball-returns-after-one-year-absence/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=www.insidesport.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Structure ==
The Pro Volleyball League encompassed six franchises, representing cities across [[India]]. All teams filed tenders with [[Baseline Ventures]], listing the two cities they would be interested in bidding for.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/pro-volleyball-league-floats-franchise-bid-tenders-118051500083_1.html|title=Pro Volleyball League floats franchise bid tenders|date=15 May 2018|access-date=21 January 2019|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> The teams were officially announced at a press conference in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/pro-volleyball-league-to-start-with-6-teams/articleshow/66819803.cms|title=Pro Volleyball League to start with six teams|first=Gaurav|last=Laghate|date=27 November 2018|access-date=21 January 2019|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

==Teams==
{{Location map+|India3|float=right|width=300|alt=Locations of Pro Volleyball League teams|caption=Locations of Pro Volleyball League teams|places={{Location map~ |India3 |lat=23.0225 |long=72.5714 |label_size=90 |label=[[Ahmedabad Defenders]] |position=right}}
{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=11.2588 |long=75.7804 |label_size=90 |label=[[Calicut Heroes]] |position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=13.0827 |long=80.2707 |label_size=90 |label=[[Chennai Spartans]] |position=right}}
{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=17.3850 |long=78.4867 |label_size=90 |label=[[Black Hawks Hyderabad]] |position=right}}
{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=9.9312 |long=76.2673 |label_size=90 |label=[[Kochi Blue Spikers]] |position=right}}
{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=19.0760 |long=72.8777 |label_size=90 |label=[[U Mumba Volley]] |position=right}}}}
{| class="wikitable"
!style="background:#ffdf00;color:#025CAA"| City
!style="background:#ffdf00;color:#025CAA"| Team Name
!style="background:#ffdf00;color:#025CAA"| International Players
!style="background:#ffdf00;color:#025CAA"| Team Owner
|-
| [[Ahmedabad]] || [[Ahmedabad Defenders]] || [[Novica Bjelica]] and Victor Sysoev || Bonhomie Sports Event Management Limited<ref name="auto1">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/pro-volleyball-signs-nippon-paint-as-associate-sponsor-for-first-two-seasons/articleshow/67352234.cms|title=Pro Volleyball signs Nippon Paint as associate sponsor for first two seasons|first=Gaurav|last=Laghate|date=2 January 2019|access-date=21 January 2019|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kozhikode]] || [[Calicut Heroes]] || [[Paul Lotman]] and Iluoni Ngampourou || Beacon Sports<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| [[Chennai]] || [[Chennai Spartans]] ||[[Rudy Verhoeff]] and [[Ruslans Sorokins]]|| Chennai Spartans Sports Private Limited<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| [[Hyderabad]] || [[Black Hawks Hyderabad]] || [[Carson Clark]] and Alexander Bader || Agile Entertainment Private Limited<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| [[Kochi]] || [[Kochi Blue Spikers]] || [[David Lee (volleyball)|David Lee]] and Andrej Patuc ||[[Muthoot Family|Thomas Muthoot]]<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| [[Mumbai]] || [[U Mumba Volley]] || [[Tomislav Coskovic]] and Nicholas Del Bianco ||[[Ronnie Screwvala|U Sports]]<ref name="auto1"/>
|}

== Format ==
Each team will have 12 players with a maximum of two reserve players. All teams have a salary purse of {{currency|75|INR}} [[lakh]]s from which they pick their team via an auction and player draft.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pro Volleyball League to feature six teams in the first season, player auction to be held in December |url=https://scroll.in/field/903550/pro-volleyball-league-to-feature-six-teams-in-first-season-player-auction-to-be-held-in-december |access-date=21 January 2019 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref> Players are divided into five categories – International Icons, Indian Icons, Sr. Indian Internationals, Nationals, and U-21 players. The International Icon players are picked through a draft process while the Indian players are chosen via an auction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidesport.co/pro-volleyball-season-1-player-draft-auction-on-december/|title=Date and venue announced for Pro Volleyball player draft auction|first=Kunal|last=Dhyani|date=6 December 2018|website=Insidesport.co|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref> [[Ranjit Singh (volleyball)|Ranjit Singh]] of Punjab emerged as the top pick in Season 1. [[Ahmedabad Defenders]] shelled out {{INR|13}} lakhs for him at the auction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/ranjit-singh-emerges-as-top-pick-in-inaugural-pro-volleyball-league-player-auction/1440094|title=Ranjit Singh emerges as top pick in inaugural Pro Volleyball League player auction|website=Outlookindia.com/|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref>

There were a total of 18 matches in Season 1. Each team plays against each other in a round-robin format with the top 4 teams moving into the Semi-Finals.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/pro-volleyball-league-to-start-with-6-teams/articleshow/66819803.cms|title=Pro Volleyball League to start with 6 teams|last=Laghate|first=Gaurav|date=2018-11-27|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-02-21}}</ref> In Season 1, matches were held in [[Kochi]] at the [[Rajiv Gandhi Indoor Stadium]] and in [[Chennai]] at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]].{{fact|date=August 2022}}

== Season 1 ==
{{Main|2019 Pro Volleyball League}}
The first season started on 2 February 2019 and concluded on 22 February 2019.

=== Fixtures ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Date
! Venue
! Phase
! Fixture
! Winner
! Result
! Man of the match
|-
|02-Feb-19
| rowspan="12" |[[Rajiv Gandhi Indoor Stadium|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium, Kochi]]
|Matchday 1 - Round Robin
|Kochi Blue Spikers Vs U Mumba Volley
|Kochi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.provolleyball.in/MatchCentre/6|title=Match Result|website=www.provolleyball.in}}</ref>
|4-1
|[[Mohan Ukkrapandian]]
|-
|03-Feb-19
|Matchday 2 - Round Robin
|Calicut Heroes Vs Chennai Spartans
|Calicut<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.provolleyball.in/MatchCentre/7|title=Match Result|website=www.provolleyball.in}}</ref>
|4-1
|Ajith Lal C
|-
|04-Feb-19
|Matchday 3 - Round Robin
|Ahmedabad Defenders Vs Blackhawks Hyderabad
|Hyderabad<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.provolleyball.in/MatchCentre/8|title=Match Result|website=www.provolleyball.in}}</ref>
|2-3
|[[Carson Clark]]
|-
|05-Feb-19
|Matchday 4 - Round Robin
|Calicut Heroes Vs U Mumba Volley
|Calicut<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.provolleyball.in/MatchCentre/9|title=Match Result|website=www.provolleyball.in}}</ref>
|3-2
|Saqlain Tariq
|-
|06-Feb-19
|Matchday 5 - Round Robin
|Kochi Blue Spikers Vs Ahmedabad Defenders
|Kochi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.provolleyball.in/MatchCentre/10|title=Match Result|website=www.provolleyball.in}}</ref>
|3-2
|[[Mohan Ukkrapandian]]
|-
|07-Feb-19
|Matchday 6 - Round Robin
|Chennai Spartans Vs Blackhawks Hyderabad
|Chennai<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.provolleyball.in/MatchCentre/11|title=Match Result|website=www.provolleyball.in}}</ref>
|4-1
|[[Naveen Raja Jacob]]
|-
|08-Feb-19
|Matchday 7 - Round Robin
|Kochi Blue Spikers Vs Blackhawks Hyderabad
|Kochi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.provolleyball.in/MatchCentre/12|title=Match Result|website=www.provolleyball.in}}</ref>
|3-2
|[[David Lee (volleyball)|David Lee]]
|-
|09-Feb-19
|Matchday 8 - Round Robin
|Kochi Blue Spikers Vs Calicut Heroes
|Calicut<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.provolleyball.in/MatchCentre/13|title=Match Results|website=www.provolleyball.in}}</ref>
|0-5
|[[Paul Lotman]]
|-
|10-Feb-19
|Matchday 9 - Round Robin
|Calicut Heroes Vs Blackhawks Hyderabad
|Calicut<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.provolleyball.in/MatchCentre/14|title=Match Results|website=www.provolleyball.in}}</ref>
|3-2
|[[Kamlesh Khatik]]
|-
|11-Feb-19
|Matchday 10 - Round Robin
|Kochi Blue Spikers Vs Chennai Spartans
|Kochi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.provolleyball.in/MatchCentre/15|title=Match Result|website=www.provolleyball.in}}</ref>
|3-2
|[[David Lee (volleyball)|David Lee]]
|-
|12-Feb-19
|Matchday 11 - Round Robin
|U Mumba Volley Vs Blackhawks Hyderabad
|Hyderabad<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.provolleyball.in/MatchCentre/16|title=Match Results|website=www.provolleyball.in}}</ref>
|2-3
|[[Carson Clark]]
|-
|13-Feb-19
|Matchday 12 - Round Robin
|Calicut Heroes Vs Ahmedabad Defenders
|Calicut <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.provolleyball.in/MatchCentre/17|title=Match Result|website=www.provolleyball.in}}</ref>
|4-1
|[[Paul Lotman]]
|-
|16-Feb-19
| rowspan="6" |[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Nehru Indoor Stadium, Chennai]]
|Matchday 13 - Round Robin
|Chennai Spartans Vs U Mumba Volley
|Mumbai<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.provolleyball.in/MatchCentre/18|title=Match Result|website=www.provolleyball.in}}</ref>
|2-3
|Deepesh Sinha
|-
|17-Feb-19
|Matchday 14 - Round Robin
|Chennai Spartans Vs Ahmedabad Defenders
|Chennai<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.provolleyball.in/MatchCentre/19|title=Match Result|website=www.provolleyball.in}}</ref>
|4-1
|[[Rudy Verhoeff]]
|-
|18-Feb-19
|Matchday 15 - Round Robin
|U Mumba Volley Vs Ahmedabad Defenders
|Mumbai<ref name="Match Result">{{Cite web|url=http://www.provolleyball.in/MatchCentre/20|title=Match Result|website=www.provolleyball.in}}</ref>
|4-1
|Vinit Kumar
|-
|19-Feb-19
|Matchday 16 - Semi Final 1
|Calicut Heroes Vs U Mumba Volley
|Calicut <ref name="Match Result"/>
|3-0
|Jerome Vinith
|-
|20-Feb-19
|Matchday 17 - Semi Final 2
|Kochi Blue Spikers Vs Chennai Spartans
|Chennai<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.provolleyball.in/MatchCentre/28|title=Match Center|website=www.provolleyball.in|access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref>
|2-3
|[[Ruslans Sorokins|Ruslans Sorokin]]
|-
|22-Feb-19
|Matchday 18 - Final
|Calicut Heroes Vs Chennai Spartans
|Chennai<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.provolleyball.in/MatchCentre/30|title=Match Center|website=www.provolleyball.in|access-date=2019-02-22}}</ref>
|0-3
|[[Naveen Raja Jacob]]
|}

== See also ==
* [[Prime Volleyball League]]
* [[Indian Volley League]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Pro Volleyball League}}
{{Volleyball in India}}
{{National sports leagues of India}}
{{Professional Men's Volleyball Leagues}}

[[Category:Sport in India]]
[[Category:Volleyball in India]]
[[Category:Professional sports leagues in India]]

Lumpy skin disease outbreak in India

2025-10-23T03:54:08Z

GenevaHarcus: Put Up Initial Stub Needs Work.

{{short description|2022 cattle disease outbreak in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}

{{Infobox event
| title = 2022 lumpy skin disease outbreak in India
| date = July–September 2022
| Location = India, 15 states 251 districts (as on 23 Sept)<ref name=":Sharma2022"/>
| reported deaths = 184,447+ cattle (as on 23 Sept)<ref name=":Sharma2022"/>
| blank_label = Affected
| blank_data = 20,00,000 cattle (as on 23 Sept)<ref name=":Sharma2022"/>
| blank1_label = Cattle vaccinated
| blank1_data = 1.66 crore (by 23 Sept)<ref name=":Sharma2022"/>
| blank2_label = Cattle population
| blank2_data = 192.5 million (2019)
}}
[[File:Cattle deaths in India due to lumpy skin disease.svg|thumb|Five states with the most cattle deaths- Rajasthan, Punjab, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana.<ref name=":Sharma2022">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Harikishan |date=2022-09-26 |title=Lumpy skin disease: Nearly 1 lakh cattle deaths, toll almost double in three weeks |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/lumpy-skin-disease-punjab-haryana-hp-together-see-over-25000-deaths-8172890/ |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Other states such as Madhya Pradesh reported its first death in mid-September 2022;<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=16 September 2022 |title=Indore reports first death due to lumpy skin disease |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/indore-reports-first-death-due-to-lumpy-skin-disease/articleshow/94237764.cms |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> there have been 1436 deaths in Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-10-03 |title=Lumpy Skin Disease: 1,436 cattle die in Maharashtra |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/lumpy-skin-disease-1436-cattle-die-in-maharashtra/article65965688.ece |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Business Line |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref> UP has seen at least 378 deaths.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lalchandani |first=Neha |date=29 September 2022 |title=Lumpy skin disease spreads to other parts of UP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lumpy-skin-disease-spreads-to-other-parts-of-up/articleshow/94540958.cms |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jigeesh |first=A. M. |date=2022-08-31 |title=Western U.P. farmers hapless as cows die of Lumpy Skin Disease |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/western-up-farmers-hapless-as-cows-die-of-lumpy-skin-disease/article65831126.ece |access-date=2022-09-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>]]The 2022 [[lumpy skin disease]] outbreak in India resulted in the death of over 97,000 cattle in three months between July and 23 September.<ref name=":Sharma2022" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last1=Jolly |first1=Bani |last2=Scaria |first2=Vinod |date=2022-09-24 |title=The evolution of lumpy skin disease virus |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/the-evolution-of-lumpy-skin-disease-virus/article65928113.ece |access-date=2022-09-24 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bajeli-Datt |first=Kavita |date=23 September 2022 |title=Current outbreak of lumpy skin disease distinct from 2019, need large-scale genomic surveillance: Study |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/sep/23/current-outbreak-of-lumpy-skin-disease-distinct-from-2019-need-large-scale-genomic-surveillance-st-2501213.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Starting from outbreaks in Gujarat and Rajasthan, in three months cattle in 15 states across India were affected.<ref name=":Sharma2022" /> On 21 September, out of 18,50,000 cases over 65% of cases were from Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Lingamgunta Nirmitha |date=2022-09-21 |editor-last=Goswami |editor-first=Sohini |title=Lumpy skin disease: Lakhs of cattle suffer, Rajasthan worst-hit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lumpy-skin-disease-lakhs-of-cattle-suffer-rajasthan-worsthit-101663771923470.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Over 50,000 deaths were reported from Rajasthan.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news |last=Munjal |first=Diksha |date=2022-09-20 |title=Explained {{!}} What is lumpy skin disease in cattle? Does it affect milk we consume? |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/explained-what-is-the-lumpy-skin-disease-affecting-cattle-in-india-what-are-its-economic-implications-and-does-it-affect-milk-for-consumption/article65911590.ece |access-date=2022-09-24 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> India's cattle population according to the last livestock census was 192.5 million.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=12 September 2022 |agency=Press Trust of India |title=Over 67,000 Cattle Died So Far By Lumpy Virus In India: Government |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/over-67-000-cattle-died-so-far-by-lumpy-skin-disease-in-india-government-3338605 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

== Outbreak ==
In November 2019 lumpy skin disease in the country was confirmed in a lab.<ref name=":0" /> It was mainly restricted to sporadic cases in locations such as Odisha.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Haq |first=Zia |date=2022-09-15 |title=Lumpy skin disease: Cattle epidemic rages on despite vaccination |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lumpy-skin-disease-cattle-epidemic-rages-on-despite-vaccination-101663265818201.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nitnaware |first=Himanshu |date=7 September 2022 |title=Declare lumpy skin an epidemic, say Uttar Pradesh cattle owners; seek aid |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/declare-lumpy-skin-an-epidemic-say-uttar-pradesh-cattle-owners-seek-aid-84778 |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Down to Earth}}</ref> The origin or source of the disease in India,<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last1=Shagun |last2=Shaji |first2=K A |last3=Panda |first3=Ajit |last4=Chakravartty |first4=Anupam |date=13 January 2021 |title=Lumpy skin disease: The deadly pandemic that has taken root among India's bovines |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/agriculture/lumpy-skin-disease-the-deadly-pandemic-that-has-taken-root-among-india-s-bovines-75037 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Down to Earth}}</ref> as well as the outbreak in 2022 remained unknown.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=21 September 2022 |title=Lumpy skin disease may be spreading unusually because of 47 virus variants found in India: Study |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1033315/lumpy-skin-disease-may-be-spreading-unusually-because-of-47-virus-variants-found-in-india-study |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> A comparison and analysis of the 2022 outbreak with the 2019 version found differences in the disease.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Koshy |first=Jacob |date=2022-09-18 |title=Lumpy skin disease virus different from 2019 version |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lumpy-skin-disease-virus-different-from-2019-version/article65906807.ece |access-date=2022-09-24 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> States such as Kerala reported 30-40 cases each between December 2019 and January 2021.<ref name=":5" /> In August 2020 cases were reported from Assam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deka |first=Bitopan |date=2020-08-27 |title=Lumpy skin disease among cattle to hit milk production in Assam |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/news/2020/08/27/lumpy-skin-disease-among-cattle-to-hit-milk-production-in-assam/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref>

Cases were first reported in April 2022 from Gujarat.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-09-24 |title=Lumpy skin: the affliction may prove a death knell for dairy industry |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/lifestyle/all-about-lumpy-skin-the-affliction-that-may-prove-a-death-knell-for-dairy-industry-1503114671.html |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-25 |title=Kutch: ગાયોના મોતથી માલધારીઓમાં ચિંતા, લખપતના ગામોમાં ફેલાયું લમ્પી સ્કિન ડીસીઝ |trans-title=Kutch: Death of cows worries farmers, Lumpy skin disease spread in Lakhpat villages |url=https://gujarati.news18.com/news/kutchh/animal-herders-in-trouble-after-cows-suffer-from-lumpy-skin-disease-in-lakhpat-kdg-kb-local18-1202772.html |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=News18 Gujarati |language=gu}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=26 April 2022 |title=ચેતવણીઃ ગુજરાતની ગાયોમાં મોટા રોગના ભણકારા, થાય છે માત્ર સાત દિવસમાં મોત |trans-title=Warning: Major disease outbreak in Gujarat cows, death occurs in just seven days |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/gujarati/gujarat/state/kutch/lumpy-skin-disease-in-cow-a-disease-called-lumpy-skin-disease-in-cattle-of-kutch/gj20220426180127078078615 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=ETV Bharat News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Abhimanyu |date=14 September 2022 |title=What Is Lumpy Skin Disease And How India Is Fighting It: 10 Points |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/what-is-lumpy-skin-disease-and-how-india-is-fighting-it-10-points-3340560 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=NDTV}}</ref> In late July 2022 Gujarat introduced bans on cattle movement in select districts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-27 |title=Lumpy Skin Disease: Ban on livestock transport from 14 districts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/lumpy-skin-disease-ban-on-livestock-transport-from-14-districts-8055739/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Maharashtra]]'s first case was reported on August 4 in [[Jalgaon district]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-14 |title='Lumpy Skin Disease in livestock poses no risk to human health' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/lumpy-skin-disease-in-livestock-poses-no-risk-to-human-health-8149565/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On 6 August Rajasthan imposed restrictions on cattle fairs.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2022-08-06 |title=Cattle fairs brought to a halt in Rajasthan to control lumpy skin disease |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cattle-fairs-brought-to-a-halt-in-rajasthan-to-control-lumpy-skin-disease/article65737852.ece |access-date=2022-09-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 20 August [[Panchkula district]] banned inter-district transport.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=20 August 2022 |title=Panchkula admn imposes ban on inter-dist movement of cattle |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/panchkula-admn-imposes-ban-on-inter-dist-movement-of-cattle-423800 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=The Tribune India}}</ref> On 24 August [[Uttar Pradesh]] started introducing restrictions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=Lumpy skin disease: Govt orders temporary ban on cattle fairs and transport |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/lumpy-skin-disease-govt-orders-temporary-ban-on-cattle-fairs-and-transport-8107998/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Affected districts in [[Madhya Pradesh]] saw movement bans.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2022 |agency=PTI |title=2,171 cattle found infected with Lumpy skin disease in MP; transportation of bovine animals banned |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/2171-cattle-found-infected-with-lumpy-skin-disease-in-mp-transportation-of-bovine-animals-banned/2661882/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Financial Express |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref> On 14 September cattle transport in Mumbai was banned;<ref name=":6" /> health certification is needed for movement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaikh |first=Mustafa |date=13 September 2022 |title=Maharashtra announces aid as 42 cattle succumb to lumpy skin disease |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/maharashtra-announces-aid-as-42-cattle-succumb-to-lumpy-skin-disease-1999540-2022-09-13 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> On 23 September Uttar Pradesh initiated more bans in movement of cattle.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-09-23 |title=Lumpy skin disease: UP bans cattle trade with 4 states, restrict animal movement |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/lumpy-skin-disease-up-bans-cattle-trade-with-4-states-restrict-animal-movement-11663933972810.html |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Livemint}}</ref> States such as Chhattisgarh initiated preventive measures even while it reported no cases of the disease.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |agency=PTI |title=Chhattisgarh Government Taking Preventive Measures Though No Cattle Lumpy Skin Disease Case Detected |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/chhattisgarh-government-taking-preventive-measures-though-no-cattle-lumpy-skin-disease-case-detected-news-224845 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Outlook India}}</ref> Delhi started free vaccinations on 26 September.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-26 |agency=Press Trust of India |title=Lumpy Skin Disease: Delhi starts vaccination to restrict the spread |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/lumpy-skin-disease-delhi-starts-vaccination-to-restrict-the-spread-11664192682333.html |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=Livemint}}</ref>

== Impact ==
The direct economic loss includes the value of the dead cattle, and associated losses such as decrease in the production of milk, including a decrease of yield in infected cattle.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Shagun |date=30 September 2022 |title=Ground Report: Lumpy Skin Disease has created a livelihood crisis for India's small dairy farmers |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/economy/ground-report-lumpy-skin-disease-has-created-a-livelihood-crisis-for-india-s-small-dairy-farmers-85245 |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=Down to Earth}}</ref> Movement restrictions add to the indirect losses.<ref name=":13" /> In August 2022 Gujarat reported a dip in milk collection amounting to approximately 1,00,000 liters per day in certain locations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2022 |title=Gujarat, MP in Lumpy Skin Disease grip; milk production takes a hit |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/aug/06/gujarat-mp-in-lumpy-skin-disease-grip-milk-production-takes-a-hit-2484682.html |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Collection of milk in Rajasthan fell by over 20% in August 2022; by September collection had decreased by 500,000-600,000 litres per day.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Saini |first=Sachin |date=2022-09-19 |title=Lumpy skin disease affects milk economy in Rajasthan; production down by 21% |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/jaipur-news/lumpy-skin-disease-affects-milk-economy-in-rajasthan-production-down-by-21-101663565720349.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In some places collection has fallen to zero in Rajasthan.<ref name=":3" /> This has not impacted the price of milk.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-09-11 |title=Milk collection reduced by 3 to 4 lakh litre per day in this state |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/lumpy-skin-disease-milk-produce-reduces-by-3-to-4-lakh-litre-per-day-in-rajasthan-11662886856462.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Livemint}}</ref> On 12 September [[Mother Dairy]]'s managing director said the impact on production was minor.<ref name=":9" />

== Scientific response ==
Indian laboratories have undertaken research on a domestic vaccine since 2019. A team led by Dr Naveen Kumar, principal scientist at ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, developed India's first lumpy skin disease vaccine, named Lumpi-ProVacInd. The vaccine was launched on August 10, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-11 |title=Lumpy skin disease: Narendra Singh Tomar launches indigenous vaccine |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/lumpy-skin-disease-narendra-singh-tomar-launches-indigenous-vaccine-8083364/ |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, due to the unavailability of a proper (homologous) LSD vaccine, India authorized goatpox (heterologous) vaccine against LSDV in cattle. However, later, experimental trials and several evidences from field suggested that the goatpox vaccine (Uttarkashi strain) does not provide any significant protection against LSD in cattle (Biovet, 2023; Kumar, 2023). Therefore, India developed a homologous live-attenuated LSD vaccine (Lumpi-ProVacInd), which has been extensively tested in the field and has been found to be 100% safe and highly efficacious in cattle against LSD (Kumar et al., 2023a; Kumar and Tripathi, 2022). The vaccine has been commercialized and is likely to replace the existing practice of vaccinating cattle with goatpox vaccine (heterologous vaccine).<ref>{{cite web |title=Lumpy skin disease cases begin to fall; 100% cattle vaccinated in Bhiwani, Fatehabad |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/haryana-lumpy-skin-disease-cases-begin-to-fall-100-cattle-vaccinated-in-bhiwani-fatehabad-101663782097135.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-24 |title=Farm varsity lab gets nod for Lumpy Skin Disease testing |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/farm-varsity-lab-gets-nod-for-lumpy-skin-disease-testing-101663959566899.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Public statements and explanations have been made related to the disease not impacting humans, and the impact of the disease on milk or meat.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=14 September 2022 |agency=PTI |title=Safe to consume milk from Lumpy Skin Disease-infected cattle, says IVRI official |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/sep/14/safe-to-consume-milk-from-lumpy-skin-disease-infected-cattle-says-ivri-official-2498151.html |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Husain |first=Yusra |date=2022-09-25 |title=Lumpy Skin Disease: Are we staring at a milk drought in Maharashtra? |url=http://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/maharashtra-ready-for-milk-shake-23247357 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Mid-day |language=en |quote=The FAO states that "Lumpy Skin Disease does not affect humans"}}</ref> This includes statements by the Maharashtra animal husbandry commissioner,<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Devikar |first=Namrata |date=2022-09-13 |title=Amid rumours discouraging milk consumption, Lumpy Skin Disease can't be transmitted to humans: govt |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/amid-rumours-discouraging-milk-consumption-lumpy-skin-disease-can-t-be-transmitted-to-humans-govt-101663090962372.html |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> an [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] scientist,<ref name=":10" /> a joint director of the [[Indian Veterinary Research Institute]],<ref name=":11" /> and head of department of veterinary medicine at a [[Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University|university in Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Toppo |first=Abha |date=10 August 2022 |title=How Farmers Can Protect Their Cattle from Lumpy Skin Disease? Expert Tips Inside |url=https://krishijagran.com/animal-husbandry/how-farmers-can-protect-their-cattle-from-lumpy-skin-disease-expert-tips-inside/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=[[Krishi Jagran]]}}</ref>

== Further reading ==

* {{Citation |last1=Roche |first1=X |title=Introduction and spread of lumpy skin disease in South, East and Southeast Asia |date=2020 |url=https://www.fao.org/3/cb1892en/cb1892en.pdf |work=FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 183 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |display-authors=4 |last2=Rozstalnyy |first2=A |last3=TagoPacheco |first3=D |last4=Kamata |first4=A |last5=Pittiglio |first5=C |last6=Alcrudo |first6=DB |last7=Bisht |first7=K |last8=Karki |first8=S |last9=Kayamori |first9=J|last10=Larfaoui| first10=F|last11=Raizman| first11=E|last12=VonDobschuetz|first12=S|last13=Dhingra|first13=MS|last14=Sumption|first14=K}}
* {{Cite web |date=9 August 2022 |others=Attaché Report (GAIN) |title=India: Outbreak of Lumpy Skin Disease in Cattle Raises Alarm |url=https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/india-outbreak-lumpy-skin-disease-cattle-raises-alarm-cattle-rearing-communities-state-gujarat |website=USDA Foreign Agricultural Service}}

;Journals
* {{Cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Tania |last2=Patial |first2=Vanita |last3=Bali |first3=Diksha |last4=Angaria |first4=Shivani |last5=Sharma |first5=Mandeep |last6=Chahota |first6=Rajesh |display-authors=3 |date=2020 |title=A review: Lumpy skin disease and its emergence in India |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11259-020-09780-1 |journal=Veterinary Research Communications |language=en |volume=44 |issue=3–4 |pages=111–118 |doi=10.1007/s11259-020-09780-1 |pmid=32857262 |s2cid=221359743 |issn=0165-7380|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Naveen |last2=Chander |first2=Yogesh |last3=Kumar |first3=Ram |last4=Khandelwal |first4=Nitin |last5=Riyesh |first5=Thachamvally |last6=Chaudhary |first6=Khushboo |last7=Shanmugasundaram |first7=Karuppusamy |last8=Kumar |first8=Sanjit |last9=Kumar |first9=Anand |last10=Gupta |first10=Madhurendu K. |last11=Pal |first11=Yash |last12=Barua |first12=Sanjay |last13=Tripathi |first13=Bhupendra N. |date=2021-01-11 |editor-last=Roques |editor-first=Pierre |title=Isolation and characterization of lumpy skin disease virus from cattle in India |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |article-number=e0241022 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0241022 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=7799759 |pmid=33428633|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Azeem |first1=Shahan |last2=Sharma |first2=Banshi |last3=Shabir |first3=Shafqat |last4=Akbar |first4=Haroon |last5=Venter |first5=Estelle |date=2022 |title=Lumpy skin disease is expanding its geographic range: A challenge for Asian livestock management and food security |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1090023321001805 |journal=The Veterinary Journal |language=en |volume=279 |article-number=105785 |doi=10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105785|pmid=34915159 |s2cid=245183135 |hdl=2263/83431 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Sethi |first1=Rajesh Kumar |last2=Senapati |first2=Santosh Kumar |last3=Selim |first3=Ahmed Magdy |last4=Acharya |first4=Aditya Prasad |last5=Mishra |first5=Chinmoy |last6=Das |first6=Manoranjan |last7=Hegazy |first7=Yamen Mohammed |last8=Biswal |first8=Shuvranshu Shekhar |date=2022 |title=Molecular epidemiology of lumpy skin disease outbreak in Odisha, India |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11259-022-09886-8 |journal=Veterinary Research Communications |language=en |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=711–717 |doi=10.1007/s11259-022-09886-8 |pmid=35459980 |s2cid=248345692 |issn=0165-7380|url-access=subscription }}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=D.T. E. |date=2023-02-08 |title=As told to Parliament (February 7, 2023): 184,447 cattle died due to Lumpy Skin Disease in 2022-23 |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/governance/as-told-to-parliament-february-7-2023-184-447-cattle-died-due-to-lumpy-skin-disease-in-2022-23-87559 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Down To Earth |language=en}}</ref>
[[Category:2022 in India]]
[[Category:2022 disease outbreaks]]
[[Category:Lumpy skin disease]]

The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians

2025-10-09T13:15:33Z

GenevaHarcus: further improved references also and fixed typos based on references

{{short description|Book of translations of medieval Persian chronicles by Henry Miers Elliot}}
{{italic title}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
'''''The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians''''' is a book comprising translations of medieval Persian chronicles based on the work of [[Henry Miers Elliot]]. It was originally published as a set of eight volumes between 1867–1877 in [[London]]. The translations were in part overseen by Elliot, whose efforts were then extended and edited posthumously by [[John Dowson]].

The book has been reprinted several times, and is also available online. Elliot was keen to contrast what he saw as the justice and efficiency of the British rule compared to cruelty and despotism of Muslim rule. He expressed hope that it "will make our native subjects more sensible of the immense advantages accruing to them under the mildness and equity of our rule."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_eaton_temples1.pdf |title=Temple desecration in pre-modern India |access-date=24 February 2018 |archive-date=29 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229174152/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_eaton_temples1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Background==

[[Henry Miers Elliot]] was born in 1808. He was an administrator who worked for the [[British East India Company]] (EIC) and rose to the position of foreign secretary under the [[Governor-General of India|Governor-Generalships]] of [[Henry Hardinge]] and [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie]]. His academic capability in oriental languages, classics and mathematics enabled him to pass the open entrance examination for the EIC in 1826, foregoing the place at [[New College, Oxford]] that he had been expected to attend.{{sfnp|Penner|2006|ps=}}

Elliot's interest in studies of India was indulged as a leisure pursuit throughout his time in the country and arose out of researches made by him in attempts to develop policies relating to land and revenue. British historians of India, such as [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]], had largely ignored the rural aristocracy and fiscal matters, which Elliot believed could usefully be investigated by resort to hitherto neglected medieval chronicles. He saw his ''Bibliographical Index to the Historians of Mohammedan India '', published in 1849, as a prelude to a study of 231 Arabic and Persian historians of India and also a resource that would prove to be of benefit to future historians.{{sfnp|Penner|2006|ps=}}{{sfnp|Wahi|1990|ps=}} He said that he wanted his researches to be {{blockquote|... useful depositories of knowledge from which the labour and diligence of succeeding scholars may extract materials for the creation of a better and more solid structure.{{sfnp|Wahi|1990|ps=}}}}

Ill-health prevented Elliot from completing his more detailed study: he left India in search of a more amenable climate and died in 1853 at [[Simon's Town|Simonstown]], [[South Africa]].{{sfnp|Penner|2006|ps=}}

John Dowson was asked by Elliot's widow, Rebecca, to complete the work of her husband. Dowson had been born in 1820 and had held various teaching posts relating to oriental languages, of which he seems likely to have mastered [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]. Those posts included a period as tutor at the EIC's [[East India Company College|Haileybury]] college, a professorship at [[University College, London]] and, from around 1859 until 1877, a professorship at the [[Staff College, Camberley]]. His efforts based on the work of Elliot resulted in the eight volumes titled ''The History of India, as Told by its Own Historians: the Muhammadan Period'', published in London by [[Trübner & Co]] between 1867 and 1877. Around half of the material extracted from Elliot's bibliographic index were translated by Dowson himself{{efn|In contradiction to Katherine Prior's assessment that Dowson translated around half of the material, Richard Eaton has said that "the bulk" was translated by Elliot.{{sfnp|Eaton|2000|p=246|ps=}}}} and, according to Katherine Prior, he also left his mark by giving "... more of a historical emphasis than Elliot had planned." Some years later, Dowson began work on a volume concerning medieval [[Gujarat]] that was also based on Elliot's papers. This was incomplete at the time of his death in 1881 and was later published in a completely different form — as ''The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Local Muhammadan Dynasties: Gujarat'' — under the editorship of [[Edward Clive Bayley]].{{sfnp|Prior|2004|ps=}}

==Assessments==
The literary work of Elliot was criticised around the time of his death. Francis H. Robinson wrote in 1853 that Elliot's evangelical trait tended to "criminate" those about whom he wrote.{{sfnp|Penner|2006|ps=}} Dowson's academic reputation was established through his involvement in the project, although he did receive some criticism both of his competence and methods. Prior notes that, "Ironically, in the longer term, the apparent comprehensiveness of his work seriously retarded scholarly re-examination of the manuscripts on which it was based".{{sfnp|Prior|2004|ps=}}

In 1903, [[Stanley Lane-Poole]] praised the efforts of Elliot and Dowson but also cautioned about it, saying: {{blockquote|To realise Medieval India there is no better way than to dive into the eight volumes of the priceless ''History of India as Told by its Own Historians'' which Sir H. M. Elliot conceived and began and which Professor Dowson edited and completed with infinite labour and learning. It is a revelation of Indian life as seen through the eyes of the Persian court annalists. It is, however, a mine to be worked, not a consecutive history, and its wide leaps in chronology, its repetitions, recurrences, and omissions, render it no easy guide for general readers.{{sfnp|Lane-Poole|1903|p=v-vi|ps=}}}}

Another [[Francis Robinson]], writing in 2010, notes that the Elliott and Dowson work "... should always be read with Peter Hardy's ''Historians of Medieval India'' (Delhi, 1997) to hand."{{sfnp|Robinson|2010|p=11|ps=}}

Ramya Sreenivasan explains that the early and medieval historiography of India has often been approached in the form of dichotomic Hindu and Muslim categories, two strands of mutually exclusive political outlooks and cultures that have their origins in the two literary epic forms that generally, but not always, are typical of those periods. She notes that the effects of this can be seen in the works of later historians such as [[James Tod]], another EIC administrator and gentleman-scholar, who strenuously favoured the notion of Hindu chivalry and Muslim deceitfulness while working in [[Rajputana]].{{sfnp|Sreenivasan|2007|pp=12-14|ps=}}

Richard Eaton believes that present-day [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalists]] have "selectively used" Elliot and Dowson's "selective translations" in their efforts to denigrate pre-modern Muslim rulers. He says that {{blockquote|... Elliot, keen to contrast what he understood as the justice and efficiency of British rule with the cruelty and despotism of the Muslim rulers who had preceded that rule, was anything but sympathetic to the "Muhammadan" period of Indian history ... [He noted] the far greater benefits that Englishmen had brought to Indians in a mere half-century than Muslims had brought in five centuries ... Elliot's motives for delegitimising the Indo-Muslim rulers who had preceded English rule are thus quite clear.{{sfnp|Eaton|2000|p=246|ps=}}}}

===Criticisms===

Eaton states that Elliot saw the British rule as much superior in contrast to the Muslim rule and "was anything but sympathetic" to the Muhammadan period of Indian history. Elliot notes of far greater advantages to Indians than under Muslim rule and expressed hope that it "will make our native subjects more sensible of the immense advantages accruing to them under the mildness and equity of our rule."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_eaton_temples1.pdf |title=Temple desecration in pre-modern India |access-date=24 February 2018 |archive-date=29 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229174152/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_eaton_temples1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Mohammad Habib]], a nationalist historian who had presented his own secular view of Indian history by challenging the historical and translation methods of European colonial historians like Elliot, criticized him for focusing "inordinately" on the political activities of Muslim rulers instead of focusing on the lives of the people and their cultural activities. He blamed it on Elliot's reliance on faulty translations and not recognising the historical value of literary and cultural sources like ''[[Mathnawi (poetic form)|masnavis]]'' and ''maktubat'' (Sufi literature).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FnxJDwAAQBAJ&dq=Mohammad+habib+elliot&pg=PT199 |title=Kashmir's Contested Pasts: Narratives, Geographies, and the Historical Imagination |isbn=978-0-19-908936-9 |access-date=17 March 2023 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022125102/https://books.google.com/books?id=FnxJDwAAQBAJ&dq=Mohammad+habib+elliot&pg=PT199#v=onepage&q=Mohammad%20habib%20elliot&f=false |url-status=live |last1=Zutshi |first1=Chitralekha |date=9 July 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>

==Contents==
The contents are not complete translations of works. [[A. J. Arberry]] notes the ''Tabakat-i Nasiri'', ''Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi'' and ''[[Zafarnama (Yazdi biography)|Zafarnama]]'' as being among those of which only parts were published (though in the last case, a chronicle of [[Timur]], only a small part of the book concerned India). Arberry also points out that the quality of sources selected was variable and that the documents from which the translations were made were sometimes but one version of several that were available.{{sfnp|Arberry|1995|pp=153, 273, 366|ps=}}{{efn|Arberry believes, for example, that the ''Tabakat-i Nasiri'' lacks sufficient depth, that the ''Zafar-nama'' material was derived mainly from an abridgement and that the ''Tarikh-i 'Alai'' includes "some remarkable bombast".{{sfnp|Arberry|1995|pp=153, 281, 366|ps=}}}}

=== Volume I: Introduction ===
* Early Arab Geographers
* Historians of Sind

=== Volume II: To the Year A.D. 1260 ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''Tarikhu-l Hind'' of [[Biruni]]
* ''[[Tarikh Yamini|Tarikh-i-Yamini]]'' of 'Utbi
* ''Tarikhu-s Subuktigin'' of Baihaki
* ''[[Jawami ul-Hikayat]]'' of [[Zahiriddin Nasr Muhammad Aufi|Muhammad 'ufi]]
* ''[[Tajul Maasir|Taju-l Ma-asir]]'' of [[Hasan Nizami]]
* ''Kamilu-t Tawarikh'' of Ibn Asir
* ''Nizamu-t Tawarikh'' of Baizawi
* ''[[Tabaqat-i Nasiri|Tabakat-i Nasiri]]'' of [[Minhaj-i-Siraj|Minhaju-s Siraj]]
* ''Jahan Kusha'' of Juwaini
}}

=== Volume III: To the Year A.D. 1398 ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''[[Jami' al-tawarikh|Jami'u-t Tawarikh]]'', of [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani|Rashid-al-Din]]
* ''Tazjiyatu-l Amsar wa Tajriyatu-l asar'', of 'Abdu-llah, Wassaf
* ''Tarikh-i Binakiti'', of Fakhru-d din, Binakiti
* ''Tarikh-i Guzida'', of Hamdu-lla, Mustaufi
* ''Tarikh-i 'Alai''; or, ''Khazainu-l Futuh'', of [[Amir Khusru]]: (History of [[Alauddin Khalji]])
* ''Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi'', of [[Ziauddin Barani]]: (History of [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Firuz Shah]])
* ''Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi'', of Shams-i Siraj, 'Afif
* ''Futuhat-i Firoz Shahi'', of Sultan Firoz Shah
* ''[[Malfuzat-i Timuri]]'', and ''Tuzak-i Timuri'' (supposedly [[Timur]]'s memoirs but almost certainly a later fabrication<ref name="iranica-hosayni">{{cite encyclopedia | title=Abū Ṭāleb Ḥosaynī | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] | access-date=17 September 2014 | author=Hameed ud-Din | year=2011 | url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abo-taleb-hosaym-arizi | archive-date=18 September 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918005902/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abo-taleb-hosaym-arizi | url-status=live }}</ref>)
* ''[[Zafarnama (Yazdi biography)|Zafar-nama]]'', of [[Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi|Sharafu-d din, Yazdi]]
}}

=== Volume IV: To the Year A.D. 1450 ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''Tarikh-i [[Hafiz-i Abru|Hafiz Abru]]''
* ''Tarikh-i Mubarak Shahi'', of [[Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi|Yahya bin Ahmad]]
* ''Matla'u-s Sa'dain'', of [[Abdur Razzaq (traveller)|Abdur Razzaq]]
*''[[Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ]]'', of [[Mirkhond]]
* ''Khulasatu-l Akhbar'', of [[Khondamir]]
* ''Dasturu-l Wuzra'', of Khondamir
* ''[[Habib al-Siyar]]'', of [[Khondamir]]
* ''Tarikh-i Ibrahimi''; or, ''Tarikh-i Humayuni'', of Ibrahim bin Hariri
* ''[[Tuzk-e-Babri]]''; or, ''Waki'at-i Babari'': The Autobiography of [[Babur]]
* ''Tabakat-i Babari'', of Shaikh Zain
* ''Lubbu-t Tawarikh'', of Yahya bin 'Abdu-l Latif
* ''Nusakh-i Jahan-ara'', of Kazi Ahmad
* ''Tarikh-i Sher Shahi''; or, ''Tuhfat-i Akbar Shahi'', of 'Abbas Khan Sarwani
* ''Tarikh-i Daudi'', of 'Abdu-lla
}}

=== Volume V: End of the Afghan Dynasty and the First Thirty-Eight Years of the Reign of Akbar ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''Tarikh-i Salatin-i Afaghana,'' of [[Ahmad Yadgar]]
* ''[[Makhzan-i-Afghani]]'' and ''[[Tarikh-i-Khan-Jahani|Tarikh-i Khan-Jahan Lodi]]'', of [[Nimat Allah al-Harawi|Ni'amatu-lla]]
* ''Humayun-nama'', of [[Khondamir]]
* ''Tarikh-i Rashidi'', of Haidar Mirza Doghlat
* ''Tazkiratu-l Waki'at'', of Jauhar
* ''[[Tarikh-i Alfi]]'', of Maulana Ahmad and others
* ''Tabakat-i Akbari'', of [[Nizamuddin Ahmad]], Bakhshi
* ''[[Muntakhab al-Tawarikh]]''; or, ''Tarikh-i Badauni'', of Mulla [[`Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni]]
}}

=== Volume VI: Akbar and Jahangir ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''[[Ain-i-Akbari|Akbar-nama]]'' of [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Shaikh Abu-l Fazl]]
* ''Takmila-i Akbar-nama'' of 'Inayatu-lla
* ''[[Akbarnama#The Akbarnama of Faizi Sirhindi|Akbar-nama]]'' of Shaikh Illahdad Faizi Sirhindi
* ''Waki'at'' of [[Faizi|Shaikh Faizi]]
* ''Wikaya'' of Asad Beg
* ''Tarikh-i Hakki'' of Shaikh 'Abdu-l Hakk
* ''Zubdatu-t Tawarikh'' of Shaikh Nuru-l Hakk
* ''Rauzatu-t Tahirin'' of Tahir Muhammad
* ''Muntakhabu-t Tawarikh''; or, ''Ahsanu-t Tawarikh'' of Hasan bin Muhammad
* ''Tarikh-i Firishta'' of [[Firishta|Muhammad Kasim Hindu Shah Firishta]]
* ''Ma-asir-i Rahimi'' of Muhammad 'Abdu-l Baki
* ''Anfa'u-l Akhbar'' of Muhammad Amin
* ''Tarikh-i Salim Shahi''; ''[[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri|Tuzak-i Jahangiri]]'' of the Emperor Jahangir
* ''Dwazda-Sala-i Jahangiri; Waki'at Jahangiri'' of the Emperor Jahangir
* ''Tatimma-i Waki'at-i Jahangiri'' of Muhammad Hadi
* ''Ikbal-nama-i Jahangiri'' of Mu'tamad Khan
* ''Ma-asir-i Jahangiri'' of Kamgar Khan
* ''Intikhab-i Jahangiri-Shahi''
* ''Subh-i Sadik'' of Sadik Isfahani
}}

=== Volume VII: From Shah-Jahan to the Early Years of the Reign of Muhammad Shah ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''[[Padshahnama]]'', of Muhammad Amin Kazwini
* ''Badshah-nama'', of [[Abdul Hamid Lahori]]
* ''Shah Jahan-nama'', of 'Inayat Khan
* ''[[Padshahnama|Badshah-nama]]'', of Muhammad Waris
* '''Amal-i Salih'', of Muhammad Salih Kambu
* ''Shah Jahan-nama'', of Muhammad Sadik Khan
* ''Majalisu-s Salatin'', of Muhammad Sharif Hanafi
* ''Tarikh-i Mufazzali'', of Mufazzal Khan
* ''Mir-at-i 'alam'', Mir-at-i Jahan-numa, of Bakhtawar Khan
* ''Zinatu-t Tawarikh'', of 'Azizu-llah
* ''Lubbu-t Tawarikh-i Hin''d, of Rai Bhara Mal
* '''alamgir-nama'', of Muhammad Kazim
* ''Ma-asir-i 'alamgiri'', of Muhammad Saki Musta'idd Khan
* ''Futuhat-i 'alamgiri'', of Muhammad Ma'sum
* ''Tarikh-i Mulk-i asham'', of Shahabu-d din Talash
* ''<nowiki>Wakai'</nowiki>'', of Ni'amat Khan
* ''Jang-nama'', of Ni'amat Khan
* ''Ruka'at-i 'alamgiri'', of the Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]
* ''[[Muntakhab-al Lubab]]'', of [[Khafi Khan]]
* ''Tarikh'', of Iradat Khan
* ''Tarikh-i Bahadur Shahi''
* ''Tarikh-i Shah 'alam Bahadur Shahi''
* '''Ibrat-nama'', of Muhammad Kasim
}}

=== Volume VIII: To End of the Muhammadan Empire in India ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''Mukhtasiru-t Tawarikh''
* ''[[Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh|Khulasatu-t Tawarikh]]'', of Subhan Rai
* ''Haft Gulshan-i Muhammad-Shahi'', of Muhammad Hadi Kamwar Khan
* ''Tazkira-i Chaghatai'', of Muhammad Hadi Kamwar Khan
* ''Tarikh-i Chaghatai'', of Muhammad Shafi, Teharani
* ''Burhanu-l Futuh'', of Muhammad Ali
* ''Kanzu-l Mahfuz''
* ''Tarikh-i Hindi'', of Rustam Ali
* ''Tarikh-i Nadiru-z Zamani'', of Khushhal Chand
* ''Jauhar-i Samsam'', of Muhammad Muhsin Sadiki
* ''Tazkira'', of anand Ram Mukhlis
* ''Nadir-nama'', of Mirza Muhammad Mahdi
* ''Tahmasp-nama'', of Miskin
* ''Bahru-t Tawarikh''
* ''Muhammad-nama''
* ''Tarikh-i Muhammad Shahi'', of Yusuf Muhammad Khan
* ''Tarikh-i Ahmad Shah''
* ''Bayan-i Waki'', of Khwaja Abdu-l Karim Khan
* ''Tarikh-i 'alamgir-sani''
* ''Tarikh-i Manazilu-l Futuh'', of Muhammad Ja'far Shamlu
* ''Jam-i Jahan-numa'', of Muzaffar Husain
* ''Farhatu-n Nazirin'', of Muhammad Aslam
* ''Tarikh-i Faiz Bakhsh'', of Sheo Parshad
* ''Hadikatu-l Akalim'', of Murtaza Husain
* ''Jam-i Jahan-numa'', of Kudratu-llah
* ''Ma-asiru-l Umara'', of Shah Nawaz Khan Samsamu-d daula
* ''Tazkiratu-l Umara'', of Kewal Ram
* ''Sawanih-i Akbari'', of Amir Haidar Husaini
* ''Siyaru-l Muta-akhkhirin'', of Ghulam Husain Khan
* ''Mulakhkhasu-t Tawarikh'', of Farzand Ali Husain
* ''Tarikh-i Mamalik-i Hind'', of Ghulam Basit
* ''Chahar Gulzar Shuja'i'', of Hari Charan Das
* ''Tarikh-i Shahadat-i Farrukh Siyar'', of Mirza Muhammad Bakhsh
* ''Waki'at-i Azfari''
* ''Bahru-l Mawwaj'', of Muhammad Ali Khan Ansari
* ''Ibrat-nama'', of Fakir Khairu-d din Muhammad
* ''[[Chahar Gulshan]]'', of Ram Chatar Man
* ''Tarikh-i Ibrahim Khan''
* ''Lubbu-s Siyar'', of Abu Talib Londoni
* ''Ausaf-i asaf''
* ''Tarikh'', of Jugal Kishwar
* ''Gulistan-i Rahmat'', of Nawab Mustajab Khan
* ''Gul-i Rahmat'', of Sa'adat Yar Khan
* ''Sahihu-l Akhbar'', of Sarup Chand
* ''Tarikh-i Muzaffari'', of Muhammad Ali Khan
* ''Shah-nama, or Munawwaru-l Kalam'', of Sheo Das
* ''Ikhtisaru-t Tawarikh'', of Sawan Singh
* ''Mir-at-i Aftab-numa'', of Shah Nawaz Khan
* ''Intikhabu-t Tawarikh'', of Mirza Masita
* ''Sa'adat-i Jawed'', of Harnam Singh
* ''Ma'danu-s Sa'adat'', of Saiyid Sultan Ali
* ''Majma'u-l Akhbar'', of Harsukh Rai
* ''Kashifu-l Akhbar'', of Inayat Husain
* ''Zubdatu-l Akhbar'', of Umrao Singh
* ''Muntakhab-i Khulasatu-t Tawarikh'', of Ram Parshad
* ''Akhbar-i Muhabbat'', of Nawab Muhabbat Khan
* ''Tarikh-i Shah 'alam'', of Manu Lal
* ''Shah 'alam-nama'', of Ghulam Ali Khan
* ''Imadu-s Sa'adat'', of Mir Ghulam Ali
* ''Nigar-nama-i Hind'', of Saiyid Ghulam Ali
* ''Muntakhabu-t Tawarikh'', of Sadasukh
* ''Ashrafu-t Tawarikh'', of Kishan Dayal
* ''Jinanu-l Firdaus'', of Mirza Muhammad Yusufi
* ''Tarikh-i Henry'', of Saiyid Muhammad Bakir Ali Khan
* ''Balwant-nama'', of Fakir Khairu-d din Muhammad
* ''[[Yadgar-i-Bahaduri|Yadgar-i Bahaduri]]'', of Bahadur Singh
* ''Jami'u-t Tawarikh'', of Fakir Muhammad
* ''Jam-i Jam'', of Saiyid Ahmad Khan
* ''Majma'u-l Muluk and Zubdatu-l Gharaib'', of Muhammad Riza
* ''Akhbarat-i Hind'', of Muhammad Riza
* ''Miftahu-t Tawarikh'', of Thomas William Beale
}}

==See also==
* [[History of India]]
* [[Mughal Empire]]
* [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent]]
* [[History of Pakistan]]
* [[History of Bangladesh]]

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist}}
'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |title=Classical Persian Literature |first=A. J. |last=Arberry |author-link=A. J. Arberry |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Routledge |year=1995 |isbn=9780203985434 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POmo-dULO2MC}}
*{{citation |first=Richard Maxwell |last=Eaton |chapter=Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States |title=Beyond Turk and Hindu: Rethinking Religious Identities in Islamicate South Asia |editor1-first=David |editor1-last=Gilmartin |editor2-first=Bruce B. |editor2-last=Lawrence |publisher=University Press of Florida |year=2000 |isbn=9780813017815 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZhT5Ilq5kAC&pg=PA246}}
*{{citation |first=Stanley |last=Lane-Poole |author-link=Stanley Lane-Poole |title=Medieval India under Muhammadan Rule |location=London |year=1903}}
*{{cite ODNB |first=Peter |last=Penner |title=Elliot, Sir Henry Miers (1808–1853) |date=October 2006 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/8663 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8663 |access-date=2 October 2013}}
*{{cite ODNB |first=Katherine |last=Prior |title=Dowson, John (1820–1881) |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/7991 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7991 |access-date=2 October 2013}}
*{{citation |title=Islam in South Asia: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide |first=Francis |last=Robinson |author-link=Francis Robinson |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=9780199804269 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ek8VU-ByQoC&pg=PA11}}
*{{citation |title=The Many Lives of a Rajput Queen: Heroic Pasts in India c. 1500-1900 |first=Ramya |last=Sreenivasan |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780295987606 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GiSUwULkK64C&pg=PA12}}
*{{citation |title=Henry Miers Elliot: A Reappraisal |first=Tripta |last=Wahi |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=1 |year=1990 |volume=122 |pages=64–90 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00107865 |jstor=25212571|s2cid=162117838 }} {{subscription required}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Hodivala |first=Shahpurshah Hormasji Dinshahji |title=Studies in Indo-Muslim History: A Critical Commentary on Elliot and Dowson's ''History of India as told by its own Historians'' (2 vols.) |location=Bombay |publisher=Islamic Book Service |year=1979 |orig-year=1939}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{cite book |title=Bibliographical Index to the Historians of Muhammedan India |url=https://archive.org/details/bibliographical00elligoog |publisher=J. Thomas at the Baptist Mission Press |location=Calcutta |first=Henry Miers |last=Elliot |year=1849 |volume=1}}
* {{cite book|last=Elliot|first=H. M. (Henry Miers), Sir|author2=Ed. John Dowson|title=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period|year=1871|publisher=London : Trübner & Co.}}
::---[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924024066593#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 1]
::---[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073036729#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 2]
::---[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073036737#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 3]
::---[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073036745#page/n3/mode/2up Volume 4]
::---[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073036752#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 5]
::---[https://archive.org/stream/historyindiaast02elligoog#page/n6/mode/2up Volume 6]
::---[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073036778#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 7]
::---[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073036786#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 8]
* [http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201010&ct=0 The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period]; by Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867–1877 Vol I-VIII. Posted by: [[Packard Humanities Institute]]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929132016/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp Persian Texts in Translation]
* {{cite book|last=Bayley|first=Edward Clive|title=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Local Muhammadan Dynasties: Gujarat|url=https://archive.org/stream/historyindiaast00yulegoog#page/n7/mode/1up|year=1886|publisher=London, W. H. Allen, publishers to the India Office}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History of India as told by its own Historians}}
[[Category:1867 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:History books about India]]
[[Category:1877 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:1860s non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian literature]]
[[Category:Translations into English]]

Ahmadpur–Katwa line

2025-07-13T14:01:32Z

GenevaHarcus: Page refined with updated information

{{short description|Railway line in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Ahmadpur–Katwa line
| color =
| logo = 
| logo_width = 100 px
| image = Ahmedpur-katwa ng rail.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Railcar No 10607 in March 2012
| type =
| system = Electrified
| status = Operational
| locale = [[West Bengal]]
| start = [[Ahmedpur, Birbhum|Ahmadpur]]
| end = [[Katwa Junction railway station|Katwa]]
| stations = 16
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| open = 29 September 1917 (NG)
24 May 2018 (BG)
| close = 14 January 2013 (NG)
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = 1917-1966 [[McLeod's Light Railways]]
1966-present [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength = {{convert|52|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| tracklength =
| gauge = {{track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge = {{track gauge|2ft6in|lk=on}}
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification =
| speed =
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Ahmadpur-Katwa line|collapse=no|inline=1}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
The '''Ahmadpur–Katwa line''' is a railway branch line connecting [[Ahmadpur Junction railway station]] in [[Birbhum district]] and [[Katwa Junction railway station|Katwa]] in [[Purba Bardhaman district]] of the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. It is under the jurisdiction of the [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130114/jsp/bengal/story_16438707.jsp| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140628045916/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130114/jsp/bengal/story_16438707.jsp| url-status = dead| archive-date = 28 June 2014|title =Emotions pasted – One last run |last=Chakraborty |first=Snehamoy | work= The Telegraph | date= 14 January 2013| access-date = 2 May 2013}}</ref> This branch is crucial as it connects the [[Katwa Junction railway station|Katwa]]-[[Bandel Junction railway station|Bandel]]-[[Howrah railway station|Howrah]]/[[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]] route with the [[Khana railway station|Khana]]-[[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat]] section of the [[Sahibganj loop]], bypassing the [[Barddhaman Junction railway station|Barddhaman Station]].

==History==

===McLeod's Light Railways===
[[McLeod's Light Railways|McLeod's Light Railways (MLR)]] consisted of four {{RailGauge|2ft6in|lk=on}} [[narrow-gauge railway|narrow-gauge]] lines in [[West Bengal]]. The railways were built and owned by McLeod & Company, a subsidiary of a London company of managing agents, McLeod Russell & Co. Ltd.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=McLeod%27s_Light_Railways| title = McLeod's Light Railways | access-date = 2009-08-22 }}</ref>

[[Ahmedpur–Katwa Railway]] connecting [[Ahmedpur, Birbhum|Ahmadpur]] (now [[Birbhum district]]) and [[Katwa]] (now [[Purba Bardhaman district]]), [[West Bengal]] opened on 29 September 1917. The railway was built in {{RailGauge|2ft6in}} gauge and total length was {{convert|52|km}}.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Ahmadpur-Katwa_Railway | title = Ahmedpur-Katwa Railway | access-date = 2009-08-22 }}</ref>

The engines chugged along at a maximum speed of 30&nbsp;km per hour.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=6&id=85261&usrsess=1| title = Narrow gauge gets a new lease of life | access-date = 2009-08-22 | work= [[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]], 14 October 2004}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/articles/manning/bnr.html| title = The Katwa Railways | access-date = 2009-08-22 | last = Manning | first = Ian | work = From Bengal Towards Nagpur | publisher = Indian Railway Fan Club}}</ref>

In 1966, ownership of the AKR, together with its sister line, the [[Burdwan–Katwa Railway]], was transferred to the Eastern Railway zone of Indian Railways.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Ahmadpur-Katwa_Railway| title = Ahmadpur-Katwa Railway | access-date = 2009-08-22 | publisher = FIBIS Wiki}}</ref>

===Gauge conversion===

This 52&nbsp;km-long railway section was converted to {{RailGauge|1676mm|lk=on}} broad gauge, work for which began on 14 January 2013. The line was opened to the public on 24 May 2018.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.anandabazar.com/state/west-bengal-news-first-train-started-running-on-newly-constructed-line-of-katwa-ahmedpur-broad-gauge-1.805342 |title = First train starts running on newly constructed Ahmedpur Katwa broadgauge line | publisher=Anandabazar Patrika |language = bn| access-date = 25 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya1/0/3/9/8/3442398/0/1526994180625270534.jpg |title = Passenger train to start on newly constructed Ahmedpur Katwa broadgauge line | publisher=Indian Railways | access-date = 25 August 2018}}</ref>

==Stations between Ahmadpur- Katwa Line ==

*[[Ahmadpur Junction railway station]]
*[[Chowhatta railway station]]
*[[Gopalpurgram railway station]]
*[[Labpur railway station]]
*Kirnahar railway station
*[[Daskalgram railway station]]
*[[Kurmodanga railway station]]
*[[Jnandas Kandra railway station]]
*[[Komarpur railway station]]
*[[Nirol railway station]]
*[[Pachandi railway station]]
*[[Ambalgram railway station]]
*[[Nabagram Kankurhati railway station]]
*[[Katwa Junction railway station]]

==Trains ==
This route is served by six local trains that run daily :
*⁦03037 Katwa - Ahmadpur MEMU special
* 03055 Katwa - Ahmadpur Express special
* 03099 Katwa - Ahmadpur MEMU Special
* 03038 Ahmadpur - Katwa MEMU special
* 03056 Ahmadpur - Katwa Express Special
* 03100 Ahmadpur - Katwa MEMU Special

== See also ==
{{stack|{{Portal|India|Trains}}}}
*[[Ahmadpur Junction railway station]]
*[[Labpur railway station]]
*[[Katwa Junction railway station]]
*[[Bolpur Shantiniketan railway station]]
*[[Rampurhat Junction railway station]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmadpur-Katwa line}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Birbhum district]]
[[Category:Howrah railway division|*]]

Y. A. Narayanaswamy

2025-05-07T16:43:03Z

GenevaHarcus:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Y. A. Narayanasamy
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| office = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 22 June 2018
| term_end =
| predecessor = Ramesh Babu, [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| constituency = Karnataka South East Teachers
| term_start1 = 22 June 2006
| term_end1 = 21 June 2012
| predecessor1 =
| constituency1 = Karnataka South East Teachers
| assembly2 = Karnataka Legislative
| constituency_AM2 = [[Hebbal (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Hebbal]]
| term_start2 = 16 February 2016
| term_end2 = 15 May 2018
| predecessor2 = [[R. Jagadeesh Kumar]]
| successor2 = [[Byrathi Suresh]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|12|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Srinivaspur|Yachanahalli]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
}}

'''Yachanahalli Adinarayanappa Narayanaswamy''' (born 22 December 1964) is an Indian politician belonging to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was earlier elected as a member of Legislative Assembly from [[Hebbal (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Hebbal]] after death of incumbent MLA Jagadish Kumar in 2016 bye election<ref name="By-poll: BJP retains Hebbal with Congress help' {{!}} By-poll: BJP retains Hebbal with Congress help'">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=By-poll: BJP retains Hebbal with Congress help' {{!}} By-poll: BJP retains Hebbal with Congress help' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/170216/by-poll-bjp-retains-hebbal-with-congress-help.html |accessdate=7 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=17 February 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507160812/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/170216/by-poll-bjp-retains-hebbal-with-congress-help.html |archivedate=7 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Elections: Here are the 12 seats to watch out for">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Karnataka Elections: Here are the 12 seats to watch out for |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/karnataka-elections-here-are-the-12-seats-to-watch-out-for/articleshow/63560315.cms?from=mdr |access-date=7 May 2025 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=31 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507161832/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/karnataka-elections-here-are-the-12-seats-to-watch-out-for/articleshow/63560315.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=7 May 2025}}</ref> and later contested unsuccessfully from same seat in [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]].

Dr. Narayanaswamy was elected as MLC from Karnataka South- East Teachers’ constituency in 2018.<ref name="BJP Wins 3 Of 6 Karnataka Legislative Council Seats, JDS-Congress Gets Rest">{{cite news |title=BJP Wins 3 Of 6 Karnataka Legislative Council Seats, JDS-Congress Gets Rest |url=https://www.ndtv.com/karnataka-news/bjp-wins-3-of-6-karnataka-legislative-council-seats-jds-congress-gets-rest-1867133 |access-date=7 May 2025 |work= |publisher=NDTV |date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507161204/https://www.ndtv.com/karnataka-news/bjp-wins-3-of-6-karnataka-legislative-council-seats-jds-congress-gets-rest-1867133 |archive-date=7 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Council poll: BJP wins 3, JDS 2 & Congress 1 {{!}} Council poll: BJP wins 3, JDS 2 & Congress 1">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Council poll: BJP wins 3, JDS 2 & Congress 1 {{!}} Council poll: BJP wins 3, JDS 2 & Congress 1 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/140618/council-poll-bjp-wins-3-jds-2-congress-1.html |access-date=7 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=14 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507161248/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/140618/council-poll-bjp-wins-3-jds-2-congress-1.html |archive-date=7 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Council polls: BJP bags three seats, JD(S) two, Congress one">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Council polls: BJP bags three seats, JD(S) two, Congress one |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/council-polls-bjp-bags-three-seats-jds-two-congress-one/article24157635.ece |access-date=7 May 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507161444/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/council-polls-bjp-bags-three-seats-jds-two-congress-one/article24157635.ece |archive-date=7 May 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="JD(S), BJP win one Council seat each">{{cite news |title=JD(S), BJP win one Council seat each |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/jds-bjp-win-one-council-seat-each-674657.html |access-date=7 May 2025 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507162012/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/jds-bjp-win-one-council-seat-each-674657.html |archive-date=7 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayanaswamy, Y. A.}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]

{{Karnataka-BJP-politician-stub}}

Bharatiya Chitrapat Sena

2025-04-04T04:41:55Z

GenevaHarcus: typo fix

{{Short description|Sub organisation of Shiv Sena}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}

The '''Bharatiya Chitrapat Sena''' ('''Indian Film Industry Army''') is a sub organization of the [[Shiv Sena]] which manages operations in the business of [[cinema of India]].

Long before the establishment of the BCS as an independent organization, Shiv Sena still included film operations among its activities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Dipankar |title=The Shiv Sena Movement: Its Organization and Operation, Part One |journal=Social Scientist |date=May 1980 |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=22–37 |doi=10.2307/3516641|jstor=3516641 }}</ref>

In 2011 the organization requested that singer [[Lata Mangeshkar]] not be the subject of ridicule.<ref>{{cite web |title=Making 'fun' of Lata no laughing matter: Shiv Sena - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/making-fun-of-lata-no-laughing-matter-shiv-sena/792160/ |website=archive.indianexpress.com |date=7 May 2011}}</ref>

In 2013 the BCS announced plans to acquire and operate multiple film organizations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shiv Sena plans to have single Union for film industry |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/shiv-sena-plans-to-have-single-union-for-film-industry/story-22tjmcd2R6Fkz37NC9MzUM.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=30 March 2013}}</ref>

In 2018 the organization requested that no film company produce a biography of the life of [[Bal Thackeray]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Himesh |last=Mankad |author-link=Himesh Mankad|title=Shiv Sena functionary issues threat to competitors of Thackeray biopic; makers say this is not party's stand |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shiv-sena-functionary-issues-threat-to-competitors-of-thackeray-biopic-makers-say-this-is-not-partys-stand/articleshow/67278264.cms |website=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |language=en |date=28 December 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Shiv Sena]]
[[Category:Film organisations in India]]
[[Category:Organizations with year of establishment missing]]

Bismillah ceremony

2025-03-31T17:00:23Z

GenevaHarcus: updated formatting for accuracy and improved wording per sources

{{Short description|Cultural ceremony of South Asian Muslims}}
'''Bismillah ceremony''', also known as '''Bismillahkhani''',<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Bismillahkhani|author=Rafiq, Rafiqul Islam}}</ref> is a cultural ceremony celebrated mostly by [[Muslims]] from [[the subcontinent]] in countries such as [[Bangladesh]], [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. It marks the start for a child in learning to recite the [[Qur'an]] in its Arabic script. It is not a religiously prescribed milestone. The ceremony marks how a child should read the [[Qur’an]] and say prayers properly.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thefridaytimes.com/31122010/page29.shtml|title= A Song of Hyderabad|author= Bilquis Jehan Khan|publisher= thefridaytimes.com|accessdate= 28 January 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140222064747/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/31122010/page29.shtml|archive-date= 22 February 2014|url-status= dead}}</ref> The ceremony is named after the [[Basmala|''bismillah'']] ("In the name of [[Allah|God]]"), the beginning words in the Qur'an.

==The ceremony==
It is held for both boys and girls between the age 4 and 5, sometimes when the child turns four years, four months and four days. The child is dressed in a traditional dress and jewelry and is made to recite the opening phrase of the Qur'ran, ''Bism illāh ir-raḥmān ir-raḥīm'' (In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful) ([[786 (number)#In religion|786]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://subknow.reonline.org.uk/node/125|title=Life & Death|accessdate=28 January 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505234606/http://subknow.reonline.org.uk/node/125|archivedate=5 May 2012}}</ref>

It is traditionally a grand evening affair with family and friends. Lavish food is served for dinner and guests exchange hugs and gifts.

==See also==
* [[Religious initiation rites]]
* [[Islam in South Asia]]
* [[Islam in Bangladesh]]
* [[Bengali Muslims]]
* [[Bishwa Ijtema]]
* [[Haal Khata]]
* [[Pohela Boishakh]]
* [[Shakrain]]
* [[Nouka Baich]]
* [[Mezban]]
* [[Furir Bari Iftari]]
* [[Jari gan]]
* [[Lathi Khela]]
* [[Sholakia]]
* [[Gor-E-Shahid Eidgah Maidan]]
* [[Dhanmondi Shahi Eidgah]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Islamic culture]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Ceremonies]]
[[Category:Childhood rites of passage]]
[[Category:Islam in India]]
[[Category:Islam in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Educational rites of passage]]

List of state highways in Telangana

2025-03-11T17:17:46Z

GenevaHarcus:

{{Short description|none}}
{{unreferenced|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
This is a list of [[State Highway (India)|state highways]] in [[Telangana]] State, India.

==List==

{{Routelist top|unit=km}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = SH
| state = Telangana
| route = 1
| length_km = 237
| beltway = [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]] [[Shamirpet]] - [[Karimnagar]] - [[Peddapalli, Peddapalli district|Peddapalli]] - [[Ramagundam]]
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = SH
| state = Telangana
| route = 2
| length_km = 86
| beltway = [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Narkatpally]] [[Nalgonda]] [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]]
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = SH
| state = Telangana
| route = 7
| length_km = 60
| beltway = [[Karimnagar]] [[Choppadandi]] [[Dharmaram, Peddapalli district|Dharmaram]] [[Velgatoor]] Rayapatnam Bridge on the [[Godavari River]]
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = SH
| state = Telangana
| route = 11
| length_km = 137
| beltway = [[Karimnagar]] [[Sircilla]] [[Kamareddy]] [[Yellareddy]]
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = SH
| state = Telangana
| route = 15
| length_km = 112
| beltway = [[Medak]] [[Nyalkal]] [[Zaheerabad]]
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = SH
| state = Telangana
| route = 19
| length_km = 131
| beltway = [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]] [[Ibrahimpatnam, Ranga Reddy district|Ibrahimpatnam]] [[Peddavoora]] [[Nagarjuna Sagar]]
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = SH
| state = Telangana
| route = 20
| length_km = 96.4
| beltway = [[Mahabubnagar]] [[Nagarkurnool]] [[Achampet, Telangana|Achampet]] [[Srisailam | Srisailam Rd]]
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = SH
| state = Telangana
| route = 21
| length_km = 70
| beltway = [[Jadcherla]] [[Wanaparthy]] [[Kothakota]]
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = SH
| state = Telangana
| route = 22
| length_km = 78.2
| beltway = Erravalli Chowrasta [[Gadwal]] [[Raichur]]
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = SH
| state = Telangana
| route = 23
| length_km = 86.2
| beltway = [[Gadwal]] [[Ieeja]] [[Mantralayam]]
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = SH
| state = Telangana
| route = 24
| length_km = 108
| beltway = [[Nirmal]] Khanapur [[Kaddam Project|Kaddam]] [[Jannaram]] [[National Highway 63 (India)|NH 63 road at Gudem]]
}}
{{Routelist bottom}}

==See also==

*[[List of national highways in India by state]]
*[[National Highways Development Project]]

{{Highways in India}}

[[Category:Roads in Telangana]]
[[Category:Transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:State highways in Telangana| ]]
[[Category:Lists of roads in India|Telangana State Highways]]
[[Category:Telangana-related lists|State Highways]]

Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution Company Limited

2025-03-06T19:21:36Z

GenevaHarcus: further improved citations for accuracy and improved wording to improve readability

#REDIRECT [[Power sector in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}