Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Samrat Choudhary

2026-05-08T15:15:29Z

GayleTibbs8: new.

{{Short description|Chief Minister of Bihar since 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Chief Minister Samrat Chaudhary(cropped).jpg
| caption = Choudhary in 2026
| office = Chief Minister of Bihar
| order = 24th
| governor = [[Syed Ata Hasnain]]
| term_start = 15 April 2026
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| successor =
| deputy = [[Vijay Kumar Chaudhary]] [[Bijendra Prasad Yadav]]
| office1 = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Bihar|Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar]]
| alongside1 = [[Vijay Kumar Sinha]]
| term_start1 = 28 January 2024
| term_end1 = 15 April 2026
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor1 = [[Tejashwi Yadav]]
| successor1 = [[Bijendra Prasad Yadav]] [[Vijay Kumar Chaudhary]]
| office2 = [[Government of Bihar|Cabinet Minister in Bihar]]
| term2 = 28 January 2024 {{endash}} 14 April 2026 9 February 2021 {{endash}} 9 August 2022 19 May 1999 {{endash}} 16 November 1999
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Nitish Kumar]] [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]] [[Rabri Devi]]
| office5 = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Bihar Legislative Council|Leader of the Opposition in Bihar Legislative Council]]
| term_start5 = 24 August 2022
| term_end5 = 20 August 2023
| 1blankname5 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata5 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor5 = [[Rabri Devi]]
| successor5 = [[Hari Sahni]]
| office8 = [[Member of Legislative Council|Member]] of [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| term_start8 = 29 June 2020
| term_end8 = 14 November 2025
| constituency8 = ''Elected by the MLAs''
| term_start9 = 24 May 2014
| term_end9 = 6 January 2016
| constituency9 = ''Nominated''
| office10 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start10 = 14 November 2025
| predecessor10 = [[Rajeev Kumar Singh Kushwaha|Rajeev Kushwaha]]
| constituency10 = [[Tarapur Assembly constituency|Tarapur]]
| term_start11 = 24 November 2010
| term_end11 = 8 November 2014
| predecessor11 = [[Ramanand Prasad Singh]]
| successor11 = [[Ramanand Prasad Singh]]
| constituency11 = [[Parbatta Assembly constituency|Parbatta]]
| term_start12 = 2000
| term_end12 = 2004
| predecessor12 = Vidya Sagar Nishad
| successor12 = [[Ramanand Prasad Singh]]
| constituency12 = [[Parbatta Assembly constituency|Parbatta]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|11|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Munger district|Lakhanpur]], [[Bihar]], India
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}} {{Small|(since 2017)}}
| 1blankname = Departments<ref>{{cite news
|last=Pathak
|first=Subhash
|title=Samrat retains home and general admin; BJP tightens grip in Bihar portfolio distribution
|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/samrat-retains-home-and-general-admin-bjp-tightens-grip-in-bihar-portfolio-distribution-101776259444416.html
|work=Hindustan Times
|date=15 April 2026
|access-date=16 April 2026
}}</ref>
| 1namedata = {{Collapsible list
| •General Administration
| •Home
| •Cabinet Secretariat
| •Civil Aviation
| •Vigilance
| •Election
| Departments not allotted to any minister
}}
| other_party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}} {{Small|(2014-2017)}} {{Party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} {{Small|(1999-2014)}} {{Party index link|Samata Party}} {{Small|(1990-1999)}}
| spouse = Mamta Kumari
| children = 2
| education = [[Madurai Kamaraj University]]
| father = [[Shakuni Choudhary]]
| mother = [[Parvati Devi (Bihar politician)|Parvati Devi]]
| occupation = Politician
| signature =
| source =
| footnotes = '''Cabinet Portfolios in the Government of Bihar'''
----
{{center|'''[[Department of Home (Bihar)|Minister of Home Affairs]]''' (20 November 2025 {{endash}} 14 April 2026)
{{flatlist|
* {{big|'''←'''}} [[Nitish Kumar]]
* ''himself {{small|(as Chief Minister)}}'' {{big|'''→'''}}
}}}}
----
{{center|'''[[List of ministers of finance of Bihar|Minister of Finance]]''' (28 January 2024 {{endash}} 20 November 2025)
{{flatlist|
* {{big|'''←'''}} [[Vijay Kumar Chaudhary|Vijay Chaudhary]]
* [[Bijendra Prasad Yadav|Bijendra Yadav]] {{big|'''→'''}}
}}}}
----
{{center|'''[[List of ministers of sports of Bihar|Minister of Sports]]''' (28 January 2024 {{endash}} 15 March 2024)
{{flatlist|
* {{big|'''←'''}} [[Surendra Mehta]]
* [[Jitendra Kumar Rai]] {{big|'''→'''}}
}}}}
----
{{center|'''[[List of ministers of panchayati raj of Bihar|Minister of Panchayat Raj]]''' (9 February 2021 {{endash}} 9 August 2022)
{{flatlist|
* {{big|'''←'''}} [[Renu Devi]]
* [[Murari Prasad Gautam]] {{big|'''→'''}}
}}}}
----
{{center|'''Minister of Urban Development & Housing''' (2 June 2014 {{endash}} 20 February 2015)
}}
----
{{center|'''Minister of Horticulture, Weights and Measurement''' (19 May 1999 {{endash}} 16 November 1999)
}}
}}
'''Samrat Choudhary'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - Show Member Personal Details |url=https://vidhanparishad.bihar.gov.in/profile/77 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=vidhanparishad.bihar.gov.in}}</ref> (born 16 November 1968) is an Indian politician who is serving as the 24th [[Chief Minister of Bihar]] since 15 April 2026.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-new-cm-announcement-live-updates-nitish-kumar-resignation-bjp-cm-name-samrat-choudhary-patna-news-april-14-101776127800041.html|title=Samrat Chaudhary to take oath as Bihar CM|website=HT}}</ref> He has been a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Tarapur Assembly constituency]] since 2025 and previously served as [[Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar|deputy chief minister of Bihar]] in the [[Nitish Kumar]] government from 2024 to 2026. Choudhary is the first [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) member to serve as Chief Minister of Bihar.

He was previously associated with [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] and [[Janata Dal (United)]].<ref name="News18">{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/patna-bjp-trying-to-make-samrat-chaudhary-alternative-of-upendra-kushwaha-in-nda-1503664.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116044110/https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/patna-bjp-trying-to-make-samrat-chaudhary-alternative-of-upendra-kushwaha-in-nda-1503664.html|title=बीजेपी का कोईरी कार्ड, सम्राट चौधऱी को कुशवाहा का विकल्प बनाने की तैयारी|website=News18|date=6 September 2018 |access-date=15 November 2020|archive-date=16 November 2020}}</ref> Choudhary was also a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]] from 2014 to 2016 and again from 2020 to 2025. In addition, he previously represented [[Parbatta Assembly constituency|Parbatta]] in the Bihar Legislative Assembly from 2000 to 2004 and again from 2010 to 2014, and served as the party president of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Bihar|BJP Bihar state unit]] from March 2023 to 25 July 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihar-mlc-polls-bjp-candidates-1692214-2020-06-24|title=Mayukh, Samrat Choudhary BJP candidates for Bihar MLC polls|website=India Today|date=24 June 2020 |accessdate=15 November 2020|archive-date=14 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014013022/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihar-mlc-polls-bjp-candidates-1692214-2020-06-24|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsnationtv.com/states/bihar/all-9-candidates-have-been-elected-unopposed-for-9-seats-of-bihar-legislative-councile-148137.html|title=बिहार विधान परिषद चुनाव में सभी 9 उम्मीदवार निर्विरोध चुने गए, JDU-RJD का दिखा दबदबा|website=newsnationtv|date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115202848/https://www.newsnationtv.com/states/bihar/all-9-candidates-have-been-elected-unopposed-for-9-seats-of-bihar-legislative-councile-148137.html|accessdate=15 November 2020|archive-date=15 November 2020|quote=The JDU's winning in Bihar Legislative Council are Dr. Kumud Verma, Professor Ghulam and Bhisam Sahni. While RJD to Mo Farooq, Rambali Singh and Sunil Kumar Singh have been made MLCs. On the other hand, Sanjay Prakash and Samrat Chaudhary from BJP have secured MLC seat while Sameer Kumar Singh from Congress has got a place in Bihar Legislative Council. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nda-candidates-file-nomination-papers-for-council-elections-in-bihar-2252158|title=NDA Candidates File Nomination Papers For Council Elections In Bihar|website=NDTV|accessdate=15 November 2020|archive-date=6 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906215845/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nda-candidates-file-nomination-papers-for-council-elections-in-bihar-2252158|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, he was selected as the Leader of Opposition in [[Bihar Legislative Council]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/new-bihar-bjp-chief-samrat-choudhary-interview-8526070/|title=New Bihar BJP chief Samrat Choudhary: 'Jahan Ram hain, wahin Luv-Kush (OBC Kurmi-Koeri) rahega'|website=Indian express|date=29 March 2023 |accessdate=16 August 2023|archive-date=1 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401191905/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/new-bihar-bjp-chief-samrat-choudhary-interview-8526070/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Samrat Choudhary: Indian PM Modi's BJP gets first chief minister in Bihar |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c393318pm89o |website=www.bbc.com |access-date=16 April 2026 |date=15 April 2026}}</ref>

==Life and education==
Samrat Choudhary was born on 16 November 1968 in Lakhanpur village of [[Munger]]. His mother, [[Parvati Devi (Bihar politician)|Parvati Devi]], and father [[Shakuni Choudhary]], were also Bihari politicians. After completing his basic education, he received higher education from [[Madurai Kamaraj University]]. His educational qualifications have become a subject of public controversy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-18 |title=Age, education ‘row’ add to heat on BJP Dy CM Samrat Choudhary in Bihar race |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/age-education-row-add-to-heat-on-bjp-dy-cm-samrat-choudhary-in-bihar-race-10314761/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Choudhary belongs to [[Koeri]] [[Kushwaha]] caste, and he has been the [[Other Backward Classes|OBC]] face of the BJP.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bhaskar.com/news/kushwaha-society-is-known-for-cultivating-vegetable-bjp-leader-samrat-choudhary-said-5951802.html|title=भाजपा नेता सम्राट चौधरी बोले-हम न दूध वाले और न चावल वाले, हम तो सब्जी वाले हैं|website=Bhaskar.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115204537/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/kushwaha-society-is-known-for-cultivating-vegetable-bjp-leader-samrat-choudhary-said-5951802.html|accessdate=15 November 2020|archive-date=15 November 2020|quote=BJP leader Samrat Chaudhary who comes from Kushwaha community, on the statement made by the RLSP chief Upendra Kushwaha says that we are neither milk sellers nor rice growers, we are vegetable growers. The Kushvanshis (Kushwaha Caste) are known for vegetables. Rice is grown by people of every society. Although everyone should do the work of cooking kheer in politics, there are no two opinions about it. He was talking to a private television channel. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/kushwaha-catch-for-bjp/cid/1378432|title=Kushwaha catch for BJP|website=The Telegraph|accessdate=15 November 2020|archive-date=6 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806005937/https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/kushwaha-catch-for-bjp/cid/1378432|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/mayukh-samrat-choudhary-bjp-candidates-for-bihar-mlc-polls-853141.html|title=Mayukh, Samrat Choudhary BJP candidates for Bihar MLC polls|website=Deccan Herald|date=24 June 2020 |accessdate=15 November 2020|archive-date=6 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806005931/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/mayukh-samrat-choudhary-bjp-candidates-for-bihar-mlc-polls-853141.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Choudhary is married to Mamta Kumari; the pair have one son and one daughter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/new-bihar-bjp-chief-samrat-choudhary-interview-8526070/|title=New Bihar BJP chief Samrat Choudhary: 'Jahan Ram hain, wahin Luv-Kush (OBC Kurmi-Koeri) rahega|website=Indian express|date=29 March 2023 |accessdate=17 July 2023|archive-date=1 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401191905/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/new-bihar-bjp-chief-samrat-choudhary-interview-8526070/|url-status=live}}</ref> His birth name is '''Rakesh Kumar'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/who-are-samrat-choudhary-and-vijay-kumar-sinha-likely-deputy-cms-in-nitish-kumar-govt-in-bihar-11706435757335.html|title = Who are Samrat Chaudhary and Vijay Kumar Sinha likely Deputy CMs in Nitish cabinet|website=Live Mint|accessdate=12 November 2024}}</ref>

==Early political career==
Choudhary was involved with politics since the early 1990s, and was involved with the [[Samata Party]]. Along with his father and mother, and numerous other politicians from the Samata Party, he joined the Rashtriya Janata Dal in 1999. On 19 May 1999, he was sworn in as the Minister of Horticulture, Weights and Measurement in the ministry of [[Rabri Devi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: Rabri inducts 5 more ministers |url=https://im.rediff.com/news/1999/may/19bihar1.htm |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=im.rediff.com}}</ref> During his appointment, he was neither a member of the Legislative Assembly not the Legislative Council. However, allegations of his ineligibility due to being underage at the time led to his removal from the post on 16 November 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Sanjay Kumar |date=1999-11-29 |title=Sacking of minister on under-age charges pits Bihar governor against RJD Government |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19991129-sacking-of-minister-on-under-age-charges-pits-bihar-governor-against-rjd-government-781482-1999-11-28 |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>https://www.newsclick.in/bihar-bjps-new-state-party-chief-was-sacked-minister-over-underage-controversy</ref> Subsequently, in the [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000 elections]], he was elected to the Bihar Legislative Assembly from [[Parbatta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Parbatta constituency]] as a member of the RJD. In the same election, his father Sakuni Choudhary was elected to the legislative assembly and later appointed as a minister in the [[Rabri Devi|Rabri Devi ministry]]. In 2003, [[Sushil Kumar Modi]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] alleged that when Samrat Choudhary filled his nomination, he was ineligible due to his age. Later, Modi fought a legal battle against Choudhary, and this resulted in his election being declared void by the court.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=S. B. |title=Sushil Kumar vs Rakesh Kumar on 16 October, 2003 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/633831/ |website=Indiankanoon.org}}</ref> Afterwards, a by-election was conducted in 2004, and Samrat Choudhary fought the election unsuccessfully. He lost to [[Ramanand Prasad Singh]] of the [[Janata Dal (United)]].<ref>{{Cite web |work=Election Commission of India |title=BYE - ELECTION- April, 2004 |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeApril2004/bye-ele-163%20Parbattal2004.htm }}</ref> He was finally elected to that seat in [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/bih2010/candidate.php?candidate_id=1589|title=Samrat Chaudhary|website=Myneta|access-date=15 November 2020|archive-date=26 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926211702/http://myneta.info/bih2010/candidate.php?candidate_id=1589|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, he was made the chief whip of the opposition in the Bihar Legislative Assembly.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-14 |title=From minister removed by Governor, to becoming CM now: Samrat Choudhary's journey to Bihar throne |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/from-minister-removed-by-governor-to-becoming-cm-now-samrat-choudharys-journey-to-bihar-throne-101776183000757.html |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He later joined the JD(U), and served as a cabinet minister in the [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]] ministry. On 2 June 2014, he was sworn in and took charge as Minister of Urban Development and Housing Department.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/pil-against-lalu-over-distribution-of-party-symbols/839297|title=PIL Against Lalu Over Distribution of Party Symbols|website=Outlook India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116093701/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/pil-against-lalu-over-distribution-of-party-symbols/839297|accessdate=16 November 2020|archive-date=16 November 2020}}</ref> From 2014 to 2016, and again from 2020 to 2025, he served in the [[Bihar Legislative Council]] as an MLC.

===Bharatiya Janata Party===
In 2018, he was made the vice president of Bihar state unit of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] after joining the party in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jansatta.com/rajya/bihar/bihar-shakuni-choudhary-son-samrat-bjp/1135823/|title=Samrat Chaudhary the son of Shakuni Chaudhary|website=Jansatta|date=31 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116091344/https://www.jansatta.com/rajya/bihar/bihar-shakuni-choudhary-son-samrat-bjp/1135823/|accessdate=16 November 2020|archive-date=16 November 2020}}</ref> He further rose to prominence during the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], when Choudhary was made a star campaigner for the BJP's [[National Democratic Alliance]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/bjp-leader-nda-star-campaigner-samrat-chaudhary-election-meeting-patepur-vaishali-tstb-1149171-2020-10-21|title=Vaishali: disputed statement of Samrat Chaudhary on Lalu's MY equation|date=21 October 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020|archive-date=28 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428131922/https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/bjp-leader-nda-star-campaigner-samrat-chaudhary-election-meeting-patepur-vaishali-tstb-1149171-2020-10-21|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, he was made Panchayati Raj minister in the expanded cabinet of [[Nitish Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-nda-expanded-cabinet-in-bihar-new-ministers-of-cm-nitish-kumar-sworn-in-by-governor-21351337.html|title=सीएम नीतीश ने किया नए मंत्रियों के विभागों का बंटवारा, शाहनवाज को उद्योग तो नितिन नवीन को पथ निर्माण विभाग|website=Jagran|accessdate=13 February 2021|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212215940/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-nda-expanded-cabinet-in-bihar-new-ministers-of-cm-nitish-kumar-sworn-in-by-governor-21351337.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2021, he gained nationwide attention for getting embroiled in a strong argument with the speaker of Bihar Legislative Assembly, Vijay Kumar Sinha. The speaker was seeking his reply on a question that was raised by an MLA, regarding the work of his department. Later, he apologized to the speaker for violating the decorum of the house. The Panchayati Raj Ministry under him took several steps for promoting better organisational structure, like recruitment of more staff in the sanitation department, as well as paving the way for safe disposal of dead carcasses of stray animals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/speaker-and-minister-engage-in-an-unusual-spat-inside-bihar-assembly-7232632/|title=Speaker and minister engage in an unusual spat inside Bihar Assembly|website=Indian Express|date=17 March 2021 |accessdate=20 March 2021|archive-date=21 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321211559/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/speaker-and-minister-engage-in-an-unusual-spat-inside-bihar-assembly-7232632/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://epaper.bhaskar.com/bettiah/522/20032021/bihar/-1/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320085403/https://epaper.bhaskar.com/bettiah/522/20032021/bihar/-1/ |title=Panchayati Raj Minister announces, new recruitments in sanitation department|website=Dainik Bhaskar|accessdate=20 March 2021|archive-date=20 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Samrat Choudhary(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):(ELECTED FROM BIHAR LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/biharmlc/candidate.php?candidate_id=311 |access-date=15 April 2022 |website=myneta.info |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806005932/https://myneta.info/biharmlc/candidate.php?candidate_id=311 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2023, Choudhary was appointed party president of the BJP for the state of Bihar, replacing [[Sanjay Jaiswal]]. As per political analysts, the step was taken by party leadership to create a strong foundation among the voters of [[Koeri]] or the Kushwaha caste, which dominated many of the districts of Bihar and was recorded as the second largest caste group after the [[Yadav]]s in the state.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjp-names-virendra-sachdeva-cp-joshi-ef-of-delhi-rajasthan-and-bihar-units/article66652080.ece|title=BJP appoints new State chiefs for Delhi, Bihar and Rajasthan|website=The Hindu|date=23 March 2023 |accessdate=23 March 2023|archive-date=23 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323070123/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjp-names-virendra-sachdeva-cp-joshi-ef-of-delhi-rajasthan-and-bihar-units/article66652080.ece|url-status=live |last1=Hebbar |first1=Nistula }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bjp-bihar-samrat-choudhury-kushwaha-8514973/|title=BJP shuffle: In Bihar, party bets on known Nitish baiter, Kushwaha face for president|website=Indian express|date=23 March 2023 |accessdate=16 July 2023|editor=Santosh Singh|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406060120/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bjp-bihar-samrat-choudhury-kushwaha-8514973/|url-status=live}}</ref> After his appointment to the post of state chief of BJP, [[Rabri Devi]] commented, "it seems BJP has turned its back from the Banias and that's why they have raised a [[Mahto]] to the post of president."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/rabri-takes-a-dig-at-samrat-bjp-netas-describe-him-as-energetic-mass-leader/articleshow/98956757.cms|title=Rabri Devi take a dig at Samrat Chaudhary|website=Times of India|date=24 March 2023 |access-date=4 February 2024|archive-date=4 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204051417/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/rabri-takes-a-dig-at-samrat-bjp-netas-describe-him-as-energetic-mass-leader/articleshow/98956757.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2023, while speaking to a gathering of BJP political workers in [[Begusarai]], union minister [[Giriraj Singh]] projected Choudhary as the chief ministerial candidate of BJP for [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bihar-bjp-president-samrat-choudhary-may-be-partys-cm-face-in-2025-assembly-poll/article66808224.ece|title=Bihar BJP president Samrat Choudhary may be party's CM face in 2025 Assembly poll|website=The Hindu|date=4 May 2023 |accessdate=15 July 2023|archive-date=16 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716185336/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bihar-bjp-president-samrat-choudhary-may-be-partys-cm-face-in-2025-assembly-poll/article66808224.ece|url-status=live |last1=Tewary |first1=Amarnath }}</ref>

Choudhary holds the anti-immigrant ideology, which is promoted by the BJP in the frontier states of India. In June 2023, while addressing a rally at [[Purnia]], Choudhary promised to the audience that if the government of BJP is formed in the state of Bihar, they will drive all illegal [[Bangladesh]]i immigrants from the Muslim dominated region of Bihar called Simanchal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/purnia/samrat-chaudhary-said-in-purnia-if-bjp-government-is-formed-in-bihar-bangladeshis-will-be-thrown-out/articleshow/100857006.cms|title=Bihar Politics: 'बिहार में BJP सरकार बनी तो बांग्लादेशियों को करेंगे बाहर', पूर्णिया में सम्राट चौधरी का ऐलान|language=Hindi|website=Navbharat Times|accessdate=17 July 2023|archive-date=18 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718112639/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/purnia/samrat-chaudhary-said-in-purnia-if-bjp-government-is-formed-in-bihar-bangladeshis-will-be-thrown-out/articleshow/100857006.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Choudhary also believes in existence of [[Love Jihad]], the process of Muslim men trapping Hindu girls, and converting them into Islam for marriage. In one of his media briefings, Choudhary said that all the Love Jihad cases pending in Bihar will be probed if the BJP wins the 2025 Bihar assembly elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/bihar-bjp-chief-says-all-love-jihad-cases-will-be-probed-if-party-wins-in-state-in-2025-1226442.html|title=Bihar BJP chief says all love jihad cases will be probed if party wins in state in 2025|website=Deccan Herald|accessdate=17 July 2023|archive-date=18 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718113332/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/bihar-bjp-chief-says-all-love-jihad-cases-will-be-probed-if-party-wins-in-state-in-2025-1226442.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2023, Choudhary, along with [[Vijay Kumar Sinha]] and other BJP leaders organised a protest on the question of ten lakh jobs that were promised by the [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]] government of Nitish Kumar and [[Tejashwi Yadav]]. The protest was led by Choudhary and Sinha along with BJP workers. However, when the mob reached Dak Bangla Square, Patna Police initiated [[lathi charge]] on BJP workers. A worker of the BJP from Jahanabad died due to severe injuries, while many other leaders, like [[Janardan Singh Sigriwal]], were also beaten. In the aftermath of the protest, Choudhary, in his statement, blamed the incumbent government of Nitish Kumar for the death of their worker.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjp-protest-march-ends-in-clashes-with-bihar-police-one-dead/article67075952.ece|title=BJP protest march ends in clashes with Bihar Police, one dead|website=The Hindu|date=13 July 2023 |accessdate=15 July 2023|archive-date=14 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714130559/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjp-protest-march-ends-in-clashes-with-bihar-police-one-dead/article67075952.ece|url-status=live |last1=Bhelari |first1=Amit }}</ref> The BJP leaders were also protesting against the teacher recruitment policy of the Nitish Kumar government and the domicile issue. The government had allowed the candidate outside the state of Bihar to take the recruitment examination; hence, there was dissatisfaction in one section of local candidates from the state. However, Choudhary, along with all major state leaders of the BJP, were arrested during the protest.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/bjp-leader-dies-during-protest-in-patna-party-alleges-police-brutality-123071300836_1.html|title=BJP leader dies during protest in Patna, party alleges police brutality|website=Business Standard|accessdate=15 July 2023|archive-date=16 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716191132/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/bjp-leader-dies-during-protest-in-patna-party-alleges-police-brutality-123071300836_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Choudhary had supported the drive of the Bihar government for conducting a caste census in the state and at an all-India level. Amidst claims that Bharatiya Janata Party and its leaders are against caste census, Choudhary declared in BJP's Other Backward Class convention at [[Khagaria]] in 2021 that he and his party are not against caste census and the BJP has always given representation to numerically small caste groups, which are vulnerable to being subsumed by the dominant castes. He also pointed towards the appointment of [[Renu Devi]] and [[Tarkishore Prasad]] as Deputy CM by BJP to support his arguments as both belonged to Backward Caste.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhagalpur-samrat-chaudhary-said-in-khagaria-that-we-are-not-against-caste-census-pm-narendra-modi-will-take-the-decision-21990354.html|title=खगड़िया में बोले सम्राट चौधरी- हम लोग नहीं है जातिगत जनगणना के विरोधी, PM नरेंद्र मोदी लेंगे निर्णय|website=[[Dainik Jagran]]|accessdate=2 October 2023|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008102707/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhagalpur-samrat-chaudhary-said-in-khagaria-that-we-are-not-against-caste-census-pm-narendra-modi-will-take-the-decision-21990354.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 2 October 2023, after the Government of Bihar published the data of caste census, Choudhary reiterated his statement and clarified that the release of data won't change the political standing and policies of the party as they have always worked towards proportional representation for all the castes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjpleaders-say-caste-survey-won-t-affect-party-s-electoral-policies-101696256297689.html|title=Caste survey won't affect party electoral policies|website=Hindustan Times|date=2 October 2023 |accessdate=2 October 2023|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002142105/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjpleaders-say-caste-survey-won-t-affect-party-s-electoral-policies-101696256297689.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar (2024–2026)==
[[File:Shri Samrat Choudhary takes oath as Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar.jpg|thumb|Chaudhary taking oath as Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar.]]
In January 2024, chief minister [[Nitish Kumar]] resigned from the [[INDIA Alliance]] and formed a government with the BJP's NDA Alliance. In the new government, Choudhary became Minister of Sport, Finance, and deputy chief minister.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/who-are-samrat-choudhary-and-vijay-kumar-sinha-likely-deputy-cms-in-nitish-kumar-govt-in-bihar-11706435757335.html|title=Who are Samrat Chaudhary and Vijay Kumar Sinha ?|website=live mint|date=28 January 2024 |accessdate=29 January 2024|archive-date=29 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129015759/https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/who-are-samrat-choudhary-and-vijay-kumar-sinha-likely-deputy-cms-in-nitish-kumar-govt-in-bihar-11706435757335.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was also allocated important departments of health, commercial taxes, urban development and housing department, Panchayati Raj, industry, animal and fisheries resources, and planning.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/bihar-nitish-kumar-allocates-portfolios-in-new-cabinet-retains-home/3383393/|title=Nitish Kumar allocates portfolios to new ministers|website=Financial Express|date=3 February 2024 |accessdate=4 February 2024|archive-date=4 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204012132/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/bihar-nitish-kumar-allocates-portfolios-in-new-cabinet-retains-home/3383393/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/idea-exchange/samrat-choudhary-at-idea-exchange-ram-mandir-dream-fulfilled-modi-now-has-only-one-agenda-that-of-development-9144319/|title=Samrat Choudhary at Idea Exchange: Ram Mandir dream fulfilled, Modi now has only one agenda, that of development|date=5 February 2024 }}</ref> In 2024, he was also made the convener of Group of Ministers on Goods and Service Tax rate rationalisation panel.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/economy/policy/gst-rate-rationalisation-panel-reconstituted-bihar-dy-cm-samrat-chaudhary-appointed-convenor/articleshow/111166909.cms|title=Samrat Chaudhary convener of GST rationalisation panel|website=Economic Times|date=21 June 2024 |accessdate=3 July 2024}}</ref>

On 13 February 2024, Choudhary presented a budget worth ₹2.79 lakh crore in the Bihar Legislative Assembly. This was one of the biggest budgets in the history of Bihar. Choudhary also announced that the growth rate of the state has achieved 10.64% mark, and a total of 2.5 crore people in the state have risen above the poverty level in the preceding years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bihar-govt-presents-279-lakh-crore-budget-growth-rate-highest-in-country-at-over-10/article67841433.ece|title=New Bihar NDA govt. presents ₹ 2.79 lakh crore Budget for 2024-25|website=The Hindu|accessdate=16 February 2023}}</ref> As finance minister, he worked for the creation of more jobs in the government sector as per the NDA's poll promises. Choudhary announced the creation of 30,547 posts in various government departments after the administrative committee of the finance ministry sanctioned the creation of these posts under him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/sarkari-naukri-creation-of-30547-new-posts-in-bihar-announced-by-samrat-choudhary-axs|title=Creation of 30,547 posts in Bihar announced by Samrat Chaudhary|website=Prabhat Khabar|date=10 February 2024 |accessdate=6 May 2024}}</ref>

On 26 July 2024, Choudhary was removed from the post of the BJP's state president for Bihar. It was done after the extensive discussion within the party leadership after the [[2024 Lok Sabha election]], in which it was concluded that he was unable to transfer the vote of the Kushwaha caste to the Bharatiya Janata Party. With his removal, [[Dilip Kumar Jaiswal]], the party's member of the legislative council of Bihar, was appointed the new president of the Bihar unit of the BJP. Choudhary, however, continued to serve as the Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/dilip-jaiswal-replaces-samrat-choudhary-as-bihar-bjp-president/article68447176.ece|title=Dilip Jaiswal replaces Samrat Chaudhary as Bjp Bihar unit president|website=The Hindu|accessdate=26 July 2024}}</ref>

In the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], Choudhary led the BJP's campaign, and he sought election in the [[Tarapur Assembly constituency]]. The BJP became the single largest party in the Bihar assembly, and Choudhary was then elected as the leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party's legislative party in Bihar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/bjps-luv-kush-powerplay-why-it-chose-to-continue-with-samrat-chaudhary-as-bihar-dy-cm/2789125/|title=BJPs Luv Kush powerplay why it continued to chose Samrat Chaudhary as deputy CM|website=The Print|accessdate=22 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/bihar/bihars-big-twist-mahagathbandhans-vip-candidate-in-tarapur-joins-bjp-extends-support-to-smarat-choudhary-10274790|title= In a big twist VIP candidate joined BJP|website=Jagran|accessdate=22 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=NDA government again in Bihar, Samrat Chaudhary becomes deputy CM |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/nda-in-bihar-nitish-kumar-becomes-cm-samrat-chaudhary-vijay-sinha-become-deputy-cm-axs |access-date=27 June 2024 |work=Prabhat Khabar}}</ref>

===Bihar Minister of Home Affairs===
Immediately after the election, Choudhary took charge of the Ministry of Home Affairs in the [[Tenth Nitish Kumar ministry]]. Bihar saw strict police action against gangster Shivdutt Rai in the [[Begusarai district]]; many believed it to be the replication of 'law and order model of strict action against criminal gangs' followed by Uttar Pradesh CM [[Yogi Adityanath]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2025/11/24/is-the-yogi-model-coming-to-bihar-5-reasons-why-the-bjp-wanted-the-home-ministry-for-samrat-chaudhary.html|title=Is Yogi model coming in Bihar, 5 reason why BJP wanted home ministry for Samrat Chaudhary|website=The Week|accessdate=25 November 2025}}</ref>

Choudhary launched various initiatives like deployment of Anti-Romeo squad to prevent the cases of eve teasing as well as crackdown on the mafias dealing with drugs, liquor and land grabbing. He announced the preparation of a list of four hundred such individuals, against whom measures such as the acquisition of property made through illegal means will be taken. Choudhary also launched an initiative to conduct proper surveillance of prisons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/bihar/news/bihar-cracks-down-on-smack-trade-over-12-hideouts-demolished-samrat-assumes-charge-136516822.html|title=Bihar cracks down on smack trade:Over 12 mafia hideouts demolished as Samrat assumes charge; SP vows to end drug supply |website= Bhaskar |accessdate=26 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/there-will-be-zero-tolerance-on-crime-says-new-home-minister/articleshow/125572070.cms|title=There will be zero tolerance on crime, says new home minister |website=Times of India|accessdate=26 November 2025}}</ref> The measures such as 'Pink Policing' were also launched to ensure the safety of women at the public places.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/bihar/story/bihar-yogi-model-samrat-chaudhary-warning-to-criminals-lclar-dskc-2397144-2025-11-26|title = अब बिहार में 'योगी मॉडल', गृह मंत्री सम्राट चौधरी ने पहली ही प्रेस कॉन्फ्रेंस में दिया बड़ा मेसेज |website=AajTak|accessdate=26 November 2025}}</ref>

In his tenure as home minister of Bihar, the Nitish Kumar government took strict action against encroachment of public places by illegal building structures. The government followed the model of taking down these structures across the state by deploying [[bulldozer]]s across different districts of the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/patna/bihar-politics-mp-manoj-tiwari-reaction-on-samrat-chaudhary-bulldozer-action|title=Bihar Politics: सम्राट चौधरी के ‘बुलडोजर एक्शन’ पर क्या बोले सांसद मनोज तिवारी? माफिया राज पर भी किया रिएक्ट |website=Prabhat Khabar|accessdate=4 December 2025}}</ref>

After a review meeting with senior police officials in December 2025, Choudhary announced the formation of the 'Abhay brigade' to ensure the safety of women at public and other sensitive places. He also launched a crime and criminal tracking network system for people-friendly policing. Choudhary directed that vehicles involved in illegal mining activities should be confiscated immediately and should be auctioned as soon as possible in a bid to restrict illegal mining.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-dycm-launches-online-portal-to-track-crime-criminals-in-state-101765029378849.html|title=Bihar Deputy Chief Minister launched online portal to track criminal in state|website=Hindustan Times|accessdate=6 December 2025}}</ref>

To stop the cases of paper leak in competitive examinations of the state, Choudhary announced the formation of a special investigation team. He also planned to reduce the response time for the 'dial 112' emergency service to less than ten minutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/dial-112-response-time-to-be-less-than-10-minutes-orders-home-minister-samrat-chaudhary-201765032727660.html|title=डायल 112 का रिस्पॉन्स टाइम 10 मिनट से कम होगा; गृह मंत्री सम्राट चौधरी का आदेश |website=Hindustan|accessdate=6 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/act-against-paper-leaks-illegal-mining-bihar-deputy-cm-samrat-choudhary/article70365679.ece|title= Act against paper leaks, illegal mining: Bihar Deputy CM Samrat Choudhary|website=The Hindu|accessdate=9 December 2025}}</ref>

On 7 December 2025, Choudhary announced the establishment of one hundred fast-track courts for the speedy disposal of cases to expedite justice delivery and reduce the pendency of cases.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/bihar-to-establish-100-fast-track-courts-for-quicker-disposal-of-pending-criminal-cases/article70368805.ece|title=Bihar to establish 100 Fast Track Courts for quicker disposal of pending criminal cases |website=The Hindu|accessdate=9 December 2025}}</ref>

Choudhary also took decisions like making the junta darbar (people's court) by every police station mandatory, which were earlier organized at the [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP/SSP]] level. He also brought a resolution to stop the gunda banks (private money lending charging arbitrary interest) from functioning in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/every-police-station-to-hold-janata-darbar-bihar-home-minister-101765377681319.html|title=Every police station to hold Janata Darbar: Bihar home minister |website= Hindustan Times|accessdate= 10 December 2025}}</ref>

In December 2025, Choudhary announced that residential schools would be opened in forty police lines (residential areas for policemen) across the state of Bihar in order to ensure quality education for children of police officials. He also made the medical insurance claim process for police officials cashless to mitigate cash crunch in times of need. The decision was also taken to open Jivika kitchens in police line to provide healthy and balanced diet for police officials.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/samrat-choudhary-announced-nitish-govt-planning-residential-school-and-cashless-treatment-for-bihar-police/articleshow/126101304.cms|title=बिहार पुलिस के लिए खुलेंगे 'खास स्कूल', सम्राट चौधरी ने दी कैशलेस वाली खुशखबरी, जानिए नीतीश सरकार का प्लान |website=navbharat Times|accessdate=23 December 2025}}</ref>

== Chief Minister of Bihar (2026–present) ==
{{main|Samrat Choudhary ministry}}
[[File:Samrat Chaudhary taking oath as Chief Minister of Bihar.jpg|thumb|Samrat Chaudhary assuming the charges as Chief Minister of Bihar in 2026.]]
In March 2026, [[Nitish Kumar]] announced his intention to resign as CM to contest the [[2026 Rajya Sabha elections]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=14 April 2026 |title=Nitish Kumar exits as Bihar Chief Minister, marks end of an era |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/nitish-kumar-exits-as-bihar-chief-minister-marks-end-of-an-era/article70860696.ece |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Choudhary was later elected leader of the Bihar BJP legislative party and was sworn in as [[Chief Minister of Bihar]] on 15 April. He is the first BJP politician to serve as Bihar's CM.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 April 2026 |title=Samrat Choudhary to be Bihar's first BJP Chief Minister as Nitish Kumar era ends |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/samrat-choudhary-to-be-bihar-chief-minister-as-nitish-kumar-resigns-after-20-years-2895995-2026-04-14 |website=India Today}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
!Year
!Constituency
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!Votes in %
!Opponent
! colspan="2" |Opponent
Party
!Votes
!Votes in %
!Margin
!Margin in %
!Result
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|'''2000''']]<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2018 |title=file |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3900-bihar-2000/ |url-status=live |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Parbatta Assembly constituency|Parbatta]]
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}};" |

| rowspan="2" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|'''RJD''']]
|48,202
|34.69%
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramanand Prasad Singh]]

|style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |

|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|35,425
|25.49%
|12,777
|9.2%
|style="background:#90EE90;" | Won

|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|'''2010''']]
| style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}};" |

|60,428
|42.81%
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}};" |

|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|59,620
|42.24%
|808
|0.57%
|style="background:#90EE90;" | Won

|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|'''2025''']]
|[[Tarapur Assembly constituency|Tarapur]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']]
|'''122,480'''
|56.77%
|Arun Kumar Shah
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}};" |

|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|76,637
|35.52%
|45,843
|21.25%
|style="background:#90EE90;" | Won

|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+[[Bihar Legislative Council]]
! Year !! Election !! Result !! Notes
|-
| 2014 || [[Bihar Legislative Council ]]|| style="background:#006400; color:#fff;" | '''Elected''' ||
|-
| 2020 ||[[ Bihar Legislative Council]] || style="background:#006400; color:#fff;" | '''Elected''' || Unopposed
|}

==Controversies==
Choudhary is known for his combative leadership style, which has caused controversies throughout his political career.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-29 |title=Prashant Kishore's explosive claim: Big 'murder' charge on deputy CM Samrat Choudhary; warns of legal action |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/prashant-kishores-explosive-claim-big-murder-charge-on-dy-cm-samrat-choudhary-warns-of-legal-action/articleshow/124210501.cms#:~:text=He%20further%20alleged%20that%20Choudhary,Ashok%20Choudhary's%20alleged%20property%20holdings. |access-date=2026-04-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Reportedly, he attacked Chief Minister Nitish Kumar verbally on various occasions; in May 2023, while he was trying to meet a former five-time MLA of the BJP [[Jawahar Prasad]], who was incarcerated in prison for his role in Ram Navami violence in [[Sasaram]], he was stopped by authorities. On 3 May 2023, in a statement to the press, Choudhary accused Nitish Kumar of promoting criminals and targeting saints; he cited the release of former [[Member of Parliament]] and convicted criminal [[Anand Mohan Singh]] to support his claim.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nitish-kumar-engaged-in-politics-of-appeasement-alleges-bihar-bjp-chief-samrat-choudhary/article66807763.ece|title=Nitish Kumar engaged in politics of appeasement, alleges Bihar BJP chief Samrat Choudhary|website=The Hindu|date=3 May 2023 |accessdate=26 June 2023|archive-date=27 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627120859/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nitish-kumar-engaged-in-politics-of-appeasement-alleges-bihar-bjp-chief-samrat-choudhary/article66807763.ece|url-status=live |last1=Bhelari |first1=Amit }}</ref>

In May 2023, he alleged that Janata Dal United (JDU) president [[Lalan Singh]] had served liquor at a feast organized in his [[Lok Sabha]] constituency [[Munger]], despite knowing that the government of Bihar had imposed a ban on liquor since 2016. For his remark, he was criticised by JDU leaders. The state president of JDU, [[Umesh Singh Kushwaha]], even passed a censure resolution against him at a meeting of the party. Kushwaha also commented that despite belonging to a political family, Choudhary lacks the decency required by a politician.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/jd-u-threatens-legal-action-against-bihar-bjp-president-for-liquor-remark-123051601087_1.html|title=JD(U) threatens legal action against Bihar BJP president for liquor remark|website=Business Standard|accessdate=15 July 2023|archive-date=16 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716192904/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/jd-u-threatens-legal-action-against-bihar-bjp-president-for-liquor-remark-123051601087_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> At various occasions, Choudhary had also criticised Nitish Kumar for not promoting any Kushwaha or Kurmi leader, other than himself. He also alleged that Kumar used his peers for his own benefit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/samrat-choudhary-interview-bihar-bjp-kushwaha-kurmi-8210416/|title=Samrat Choudhary: 'Nitish Kumar has used his peers and seniors most for his advantage… didn't promote any Kushwaha, Kurmi leader other than himself'|website=Indian express|date=15 October 2022 |accessdate=15 July 2023|archive-date=16 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716193416/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/samrat-choudhary-interview-bihar-bjp-kushwaha-kurmi-8210416/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2023, taking a dig at Indian National Congress leader [[Rahul Gandhi]], Choudhary compared the latter's bearded look to [[Osama bin Laden]]. He said, "Rahul Gandhi grows beard like Osama bin Laden and thinks that he would become like prime minister Narendra Modi".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihar-bjp-chief-likens-rahul-gandhi-with-osama-bin-laden-2391358-2023-06-10|title=Bihar BJP chief likens Rahul Gandhi with Osama bin Laden|website=india today|accessdate=31 January 2023|archive-date=11 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611003457/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihar-bjp-chief-likens-rahul-gandhi-with-osama-bin-laden-2391358-2023-06-10|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2025, political strategist [[Prashant Kishor]] publicly alleged that Choudhary had misrepresented his age before the [[Supreme Court of India]] in connection with the 1995 Tarapur Murder Case. According to the allegation, forged documents were submitted to establish that he was a minor at the time of the incident. These claims have been reported in sections of the media but remain contested.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prashant Kishor demands arrest and dismissal of Bihar Deputy CM Samrat Choudhary in 1995 murder case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/bihar-deputy-cm-lied-before-supreme-court-to-escape-trial-in-murder-case-alleges-prashant-kishor/article70108444.ece |access-date=12 October 2025 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

Choudhary was also involved in the so-called “underage minister” controversy in 1999 during the tenure of the [[Rabri Devi]] government. Questions were raised regarding his eligibility to hold ministerial office due to his age, leading to his resignation amid the dispute.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samrat Choudhary: A Controversial Political Journey |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/bihar/samrat-choudhary-a-political-career-mired-in-controversies-3760062 |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

In addition, his political trajectory—spanning affiliations with the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD), [[Janata Dal (United)]] (JD(U)), [[Samata Party]] (SAP), [[Hindustani Awam Morcha]] (HAM), and later the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)—has drawn criticism from opponents, who have cited frequent party changes as indicative of shifting political loyalties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samrat Choudhary 2026: Rise of Bihar CM from RJD roots to BJP helm |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/bihar/from-lantern-to-lotus-samrat-choudharys-rise-to-bihar-cm-post-3967668 |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Further scrutiny has arisen over alleged inconsistencies in his election affidavits, particularly concerning his stated age. Critics have pointed to differences between documents related to the 1995 case—where he was reportedly described as 15 years old—and later affidavits, including those submitted during the 2020 elections, which indicated a differing date of birth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Deputy CM Murder Case Row: Prashant Kishor Alleges SC Misrepresentation |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/bihar/bihar-assembly-elections-deputy-cm-samrat-chaudhary-lied-before-sc-to-escape-trial-in-murder-case-alleges-prashant-kishor-3746831 |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2026, Choudhary faced criticism after opposition leaders circulated videos from his oath-taking ceremony as Chief Minister of Bihar, alleging that he struggled while reading the oath. Leaders of the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaurasia |first=Manoj |date=2026-04-24 |title=‘5 govts in 5 yrs’: Tejashwi slams NDA over ‘instability’ in state |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/5-govts-in-5-yrs-tejashwi-slams-nda-over-instability-in-state/articleshow/130501750.cms |access-date=2026-04-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> including supporters of [[Tejashwi Yadav]], mocked the incident on social media and questioned his preparedness for office.<ref>{{cite web |title=Samrat Choudhary did not read oath matter properly, alleges RJD leaders |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/samrat-choudhary-did-not-read-oath-matter-properly-rjd-and-tejashwi-yadav-allegation-on-bihar-new-cm/articleshow/130279962.cms |website=Navbharat Times |access-date=28 April 2026 |language=hi|last=नारायण सिंह|first=ऋषिकेश}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Nitish Kumar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Minister of Bihar]]|years=2026 – present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{S-end}}
* {{Official website}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Chief Ministers of Bihar}}
{{Current Indian Chief Ministers}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhary, Samrat}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Hindustani Awam Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in the Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:People from Munger district]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:Madurai Kamaraj University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Khagaria district]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Deputy chief ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Finance ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Agriculture ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Bharatiya Janata Party]]

Creatonotos gangis

2026-05-08T05:08:12Z

GayleTibbs8: Added a article w/ refs.

{{Short description|Species of arctiine moth}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Creatonotos gangis (7171776400).jpg
| genus = Creatonotos
| species = gangis
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[Centuria Insectorum|1763]])
| synonyms =
*''Phalaena gangis'' Linnaeus
*''Creatonotos continuatus'' Moore
*''Noctua interrupta'' Linnaeus
*''Creatonotos flavoabdominalis'' Bang-Haas
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="Herbison"/>
}}

'''''Creatonotos gangis''''', the '''Baphomet moth''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baphomet Moth (Creatonotos gangis) |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/199441-Creatonotos-gangis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203044203/https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/199441-Creatonotos-gangis |archive-date=3 December 2020 |access-date=2 February 2025 |website=iNaturalist |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sourakov |first=Andrei |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RstMEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 |title=The Lives of Moths: A Natural History of Our Planet's Moth Life |last2=Chadd |first2=Rachel Warren |date=26 April 2022 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-23036-8 |pages=50 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv1z2hmk7 |jstor=10.2307/j.ctv1z2hmk7 |url-access=limited}}</ref> is a [[species]] of [[Arctiinae (moth)|arctiine]] [[moth]] in [[South East Asia]] and [[Australia]]. It was described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in his 1763 ''[[Centuria Insectorum]]''. It is often listed as a synonym of ''[[Creatonotos interrupta]]'',<ref>{{cite web |last=Savela |first=Markku |url=http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/noctuoidea/arctiidae/arctiinae/creatonotos/#interrupta |title=''Creatonotos interrupta'' (Linnaeus, 1767) |website=Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms |accessdate=January 14, 2019}}</ref> but the identity is unclear.

==Description and life cycle==
Adults have white hindwings and brown forewings, each with a dark streak, and a wingspan of {{cvt|4|cm}}.<ref name="Herbison"/> The abdomen is red or, more rarely, yellow.<ref name="Herbison"/> Males have four large, grey-colored [[hair-pencil|coremata]] behind them, which can exceed the length of the abdomen when inflated.<ref name="Herbison"/>

[[File:DSC0672-01 creatonotos gangis.jpg|thumb|An adult male with its coremata inflated. This male has relatively short coremata.|alt=An adult male Creatonotos gangis moth with its four coremata inflated, resembling odd tentacles or worms emerging from the end of the abdomen, covered with long hairs. In this individual, each one of its coremata is about half to two-thirds the length of the moth's abdomen. The moth's wings are spread, showing its bright red abdomen with black spots running down the center.]]

The [[egg (biology)|eggs]] are yellow and round, and are laid in rows on the leaves of food plants. The [[caterpillar]]s are brown hairy animals with a yellow stripe along the back, with a [[polyphagy|polyphagous diet]],<ref name="Herbison"/> known as a minor pest which feeds on groundnuts, [[rice]], [[Eleusine coracana|ragi]], [[sorghum]], [[Pennisetum americanum|pearl millet]], [[Coffee bean|coffee]], [[sweet potato]], and [[Alfalfa|lucerne]] crops.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://databases.nbair.res.in/insectpests/Creatonotos-gangis.php | title=''Creatonotos gangis'' (L.) | publisher=ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources | accessdate=23 July 2016}}</ref>

In ''[[The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma]]: Moths Vol. II'', the species (listed as ''C. interrupta'') is described as follows:

{{quote|quote=Antennae minutely ciliated in both sexes. Head, thorax and fore wing pale pinkish ochreous. Palpi and legs smoky black, the femora yellow; a broad dorsal band on thorax; abdomen crimson above, with dorsal and lateral series of black spots. Fore wing with a broad black fascia below median nervure; two black spots at end of cell, and a broad streak beyond the lower angle. Hind wing pale or dark fuscous; some specimens with a sub-marginal series of black spots. The variety ''continuatus'' has additional black streaks on the fore wing below the costa, in cell, above inner margin, and in the marginal interspaces, but all the intergrades occur. Larva black, sparsely clothes with long hairs; head marked with white; a yellow dorsal line with a series of orange spots on it; prolegs pale.|source=''The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma: Moths Vol. II''<ref>{{cite book |last=Hampson |first=G. F. |authorlink=George Hampson |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/180400#page/5/mode/1up |title=The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma: Moths |volume=II |publisher=Taylor and Francis |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.100745 |doi-access=free |pages=26-27 |year=1894}}</ref>
}}

==Distribution==
''Creatonotos gangis'' lives in [[South East Asia]] and parts of [[Australia]].<ref name="Holland">{{cite book |editor=Jules Janick |year=2009 |title=Horticultural Reviews|volume=35 |publisher=[[John Wiley and Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-38642-2 |chapter=Pomegranate: botany, horticulture, breeding |author=D. Holland, K. Hatib & I. Bar-Ya'akov |pages=127–191 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jhwIJPPXEfsC&pg=PA162}}</ref> Its Asian distribution includes eastern [[Indonesia]], [[India]], [[Iran]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[China]], [[Japan]], [[Thailand]] and [[New Guinea]].<ref name="Herbison">{{cite web |url=https://lepidoptera.butterflyhouse.com.au/arct/gangis.html |title=''Creatonotos gangis'' (Linnaeus, 1763) |work=Lepidoptera Larvae of Australia |author=Don Herbison-Evans & Stella Crossley |date=July 7, 2024 |accessdate=February 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901203552/https://lepidoptera.butterflyhouse.com.au/arct/gangis.html |archive-date=September 1, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> In Australia, it is restricted to northern parts of [[Western Australia]], [[Northern Territory]] and [[Queensland]], extending as far south as [[Mackay, Queensland|Mackay]].<ref>{{cite book |author=I. F. B. Common |year=1990 |title=Moths of Australia |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-04-09227-3 |chapter=Noctuoidea |pages=417–469 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=magzbmvdRvQC&pg=PA435}}</ref>

==Ecology==
Adult males [[secretion|secrete]] the [[pheromone]] [[hydroxydanaidal]] in order to attract mates. The amount produced, and the size of the coremata which produce it, are however dependent on the diet that the moth experienced as a [[caterpillar]]. If the larval diet contained [[pyrrolizidine alkaloid]]s, then the coremata become large and the male will release up to 400 micrograms (0.4 milligrams) of hydroxydanaidal, but if it does not, then the [[Hair-pencil|coremata]] do not grow large and no scent is produced.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jeffrey B. Harborne | authorlink=Jeffrey Harborne |year=1993 |title=Introduction to Ecological Biochemistry |edition=4th |publisher=[[Gulf Professional Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-12-324686-8 |chapter=Plant toxins and their effects on animals |pages=71–103 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSCFZRB42TwC&pg=PA98}}</ref>

The larvae of ''C. gangis'' can cause extensive damage to the foliage of [[pomegranate]] trees.<ref name="Holland"/>

==See also==
*[[Pyrrolizidine alkaloid sequestration]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |author=Michael Boppré & Dietrich Schneider |year=1989 |title=The biology of ''Creatonotos'' (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) with special reference to the androconial system |journal=[[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=96 |issue=4 |pages=339–356 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1989.tb02518.x}}

{{Taxonbar |from=Q5183599}}

[[Category:Spilosomina]]
[[Category:Moths of Australia]]
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Moths described in 1763]]
[[Category:Moths of Japan]]
[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Insect pests of millets]]
[[Category:Moths of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Moths of New Guinea]]
[[Category:Moths of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Moths of Oceania]]
[[Category:Lepidoptera of Thailand]]
[[Category:Lepidoptera of India]]
[[Category:Moths of China]]
[[Category:Lepidoptera of Iran]]
[[Category:Moths of the Middle East]]

Harijan (magazine)

2026-05-07T12:54:35Z

GayleTibbs8: creating a info

{{Short description|Magazine by Mahatma Gandhi, 1933 to 1948}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
'''''Harijan''''' (lit. ''children of God'', a term coined by [[Narsinh Mehta]]) was a weekly magazine founded by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] that was published from 1933 to 1955 except for a hiatus during the [[Quit India movement]] of the 1940s. The newspaper aimed to support the campaign by its publisher, ''[[Harijan Sevak Sangh]]'' ("The Servants of Untouchables Society"), for the abolition of [[untouchability]] in India. Issues of ''Harijan'' were usually released on Saturday, initially priced at one [[Anna (monetary subunit)|anna]], and consisted of eight [[Foolscap folio|foolscap]] pages. Companion publications in [[Hindi]] (''Harijan Sewak'') and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] (''Harijanbandhu'') were also established.<ref name="Guha">{{cite book |last1=Guha |first1=Ramachandra |author1-link=Ramachandra Guha |title=Gandhi : the years that changed the world, 1914-1948 |date=2018 |publisher=Alfred A Knopf |isbn=9780385532327 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chakrabarty">{{cite book |last1=Chakrabarty |first1=Bidyut |author1-link=Bidyut Chakrabarty |title=Social and Political Thought of Mahatma Gandhi |date=2006 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-36096-8 |pages=116–129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4x34We-mY40C}}</ref>

''Harijan'' was founded to replace ''[[Young India]]'', whose publication had ceased following Gandhi's arrest in January 1932. Ten thousand copies of the inaugural issue, edited by R. V. Shastri, were published from [[Poona]] on 11 February 1933 and contained several pieces by Gandhi on untouchability. The issue also contained a short message from [[B. R. Ambedkar]] calling for the purging of the [[caste system]], as a whole, from [[Hinduism]], which contrasted with Gandhi's desire to preserve a ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]'' system after ridding it of hierarchy and untouchability. The debate on caste continued in later issues with contributions from [[Rabindranath Tagore]] among others, though Ambedkar refused to write any more to the newspaper that he believed favoured caste Hindu's and was condescending towards dalits.<ref name="Guha" /><ref name="Chakrabarty" />

Along with Gandhi's regular contributions that dealt with contemporary social, economic and political issues, ''Harijan'' published poetry and articles promoting social equality, and updates on religious and educational institutions that had begun to admit dalits.<ref name="Guha" /> Another regular feature was the 'Question Box' in which Gandhi responded to questions and defended his position on various issues of the day.<ref name="Chakrabarty" />

==Collected issues==
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Bodurant |editor1-first=Joan V. |editor1-link=Joan Bondurant |title=Harijan: Collected Issues of Gandhi's Journal, 1933-1955 (19 vols.) |date=1973 |publisher=Garland Publishing |location=New York}}

==See also==
* [[Indian Opinion]]
* [[Young India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mohandas K. Gandhi|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Defunct magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Defunct political magazines]]
[[Category:English-language magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Political magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Weekly magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Literature of Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1933]]
[[Category:Magazines disestablished in 1955]]
[[Category:Mahatma Gandhi]]

{{Poli-mag-stub}}
{{India-media-stub}}

Madurai Airport

2026-05-02T10:18:46Z

GayleTibbs8: adding initial page w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Airport in Madurai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Madurai Airport
| nativename =
| image = MaduraiAirport.JPG
| image-width =
| location = Madurai, [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| elevation-m = 136
| metric-elev = Y
| coordinates = {{coord|09|50|01|N|078|05|22|E|type:airport_region:IN-TN|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_label = '''IXM'''
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| metric-rwy = Y
| IATA = IXM
| ICAO = VOMD
| type = Public
| owner = [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]]
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| city-served = [[Madurai metropolitan area]]
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| website = {{url|aai.aero/en/airports/madurai}}
| r1-number = 09/27
| r1-length-m = 2,285
| stat-year = April 2024 - March 2025
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 1,399,046 ({{increase}} 8.8%)
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 13,513 ({{increase}} 13.3%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = 3,494 ({{increase}} 6.1%)
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India]]<ref name="Passenger">{{cite report|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref>
| opened = {{start date and age|1942|||df=y|p=n|br=n}}
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of airport in Tamil Nadu
}}

'''Madurai Airport''' {{Airport codes|IXM|VOMD}} is an [[international airport]] in [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It is the [[List of busiest airports in India by passenger traffic|fourth busiest airport by passenger traffic]] in the state after [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]], [[Coimbatore International Airport|Coimbatore]], and [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport|Tiruchirappalli airports]]. The airport is located about {{cvt|12|km}} south of the city centre. {{As of|January 2026}}, four airlines operate commercial services from the airport to eight destinations including three international destinations.

The airport was established as an airfield for the [[Royal Air Force]] in 1942 during the [[Second World War]], and was later used for cargo operations. After the [[Indian Independence Act, 1947|Indian independence]], the airport opened in 1952 with commercial passenger flights resuming soon after. The runway was extended in the 1980s to handle larger [[narrow body aircraft]]. It saw limited domestic operations till the 2000s.

The airport went through a modernisation programme in the late 2000s, with a new passenger terminal was opened in 2010. It was notified as a customs airport, with permission for limited international flights in 2011, and international services started in 2012. The old passenger terminal was converted to a cargo terminal and cargo operations at the airport began in December 2017. On 10 March 2026, the union cabinet approved the proposal to designate the airport as an international airport. The airport has a single runway, equipped with an Cat I [[Instrument Landing System]], and seven parking bays.

== History ==
An [[airfield]] was established at [[Madurai]] by the [[Royal Air Force]] during the [[Second World War]] in 1942.<ref name="DM">{{cite web|url=http://www.dinamalar.com/district_detail.asp?id=831468|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023015550/http://www.dinamalar.com/district_detail.asp?id=831468|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2013|title=When will airport improve|access-date=4 July 2015|work=[[Dinamalar]]|lang=ta}}</ref><ref name="Hist">{{cite web|url=https://www.airport-technology.com/projects/madurai-international-airport/?cf-view|title=Madurai international airport|work=Airport technology|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> After the war, the airstrip was used to ferry mail and newspapers. After the [[Indian Independence Act, 1947|Indian independence]], the airport was revived, and was opened as a domestic airport in 1952.<ref name="Info">{{cite web|url=https://www.aai.aero/en/node/70611|title=Madurai airport|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The first passenger flight operated from [[Madras Airport|Madras]] to [[Trivandrum airport|Trivandrum]] via Madurai using a [[Fokker Friendship]] aircraft in 1956.<ref name="Hist"/><ref name="Info"/> Flights operated from the airport to [[Ratmalana Airport|Colombo]] in the early 1960s.<ref>{{cite book|title=Techno-economic Survey of Kerala|publisher=[[National Council of Applied Economic Research]]|year=1962|page=135}}</ref> In the mid 1970s, the [[runway]] was strengthened and extended to handle larger [[narrow body aircraft]], with [[Indian Airlines]] operating [[Boeing 737]] aircraft to the airport soon after. In the 1980s, Indian Airlines started operating regular flights to [[HAL Airport|Bangalore]] using [[Hawker Siddeley HS 748]] aircraft, and later [[Vayudoot]] operated flights from Madurai to Madras, [[Coimbatore Airport|Coimbatore]], and [[Tiruchirappalli Airport|Trichy]].<ref name="Info"/>

In the 1990s, the airport saw a number of companies operate flight services from the airport. [[East-West Airlines (India)|East-West Airlines]] operated services to [[Bombay Airport|Bombay]] and Trivandrum from 1992 to 1996. In the mid 1990s, briefly, Indian Airlines was the only carrier operating from the airport, with services to Madras. [[NEPC Airlines]] launched daily flight services from Madurai to Madras and Trichy briefly, before it shut down in 1997, and later Indian Airlines extended its Madras service to Bombay. [[Jet Airways]] began operations in the late 1990s with connections from Madurai to Bombay initially and Madras later. In the mid 2000s, [[Simplifly Deccan]] and [[Paramount Airways]] operated flights to Bangalore and Chennai respectively. However, both the airlines wound up operations during the [[Great Recession]] in the late 2000s.<ref name="Info"/>

In the late 2000s, the airport was selected to be modernised as a part of a plan by [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) to upgrade 35 Indian non-metro airports, and a new passenger terminal was opened in September 2010.<ref name="Info"/><ref name="Hist"/>
<ref name="New">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/article1003852.ece?ref=archive|title=New Terminal at Madurai airport inaugurated|work=[[Business Line]]|date=12 September 2010|access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref> Later that year, [[SpiceJet]] started services to Chennai, [[Delhi Airport|Delhi]], and Mumbai with [[Begumpet Airport|Hyderabad]] added later.<ref name="Info"/> On 31 December 2011 The airport was notified as [[customs airport]], which enabled the airport to handle limited international operations and it came into effect from 1 January 2012.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/06/stories/2011010661760300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107075820/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/06/stories/2011010661760300.htm |url-status=dead|archive-date=7 January 2011| work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Customs facility for Madurai airport|date=6 January 2011}}</ref> Two [[Air charter|chartered flights]] from Malaysia landed at the airport on 25 August 2012, making them the first international aircraft to land at the airport after the declaration.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-26/madurai/33401680_1_madurai-airport-mihin-lanka-customs-airport|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021347/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-26/madurai/33401680_1_madurai-airport-mihin-lanka-customs-airport|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Two international flights greet Madurai|date=26 August 2012}}</ref> The first commercial international flight began on 20 September 2012 with SpiceJet operating a maiden service to [[Bandaranaike Airport|Colombo]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-21/madurai/34001190_1_s-rethinavelu-tncci-spicejet-flight |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014600/http://farticles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-21/madurai/34001190_1_s-rethinavelu-tncci-spicejet-flight|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Finally, Madurai gets international connectivity|date=21 September 2012}}</ref> In 28 May 2013, the [[Government of India]] permitted cargo operations at the airport,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/centre-clears-cargo-movement-at-madurai-airport/article4763457.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Centre clears cargo movement at Madurai airport|date=30 May 2013|access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref> which became operational from 15 December 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/madurai-airport-to-handle-international-cargo-from-dec-15/article9978358.ece|title=Madurai airport to handle international cargo from 15 Dec|work=[[Business Line]]|date=30 November 2017|access-date=2 May 2018}}</ref> [[IndiGo]] launched operations from the airport in March 2017 with a maiden service to Delhi via Chennai.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/indigo-launches-madurai-operations-to-connect-delhi-chennai/articleshow/57408123.cms|title=IndiGo launches Madurai operations|date=1 March 2017|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 17 October 2018, [[visa on arrival]] facility was introduced for passengers traveling from select countries.<ref>{{cite news|date=17 October 2018|title=e-Visa on arrival introduced at Madurai airport|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/e-visa-on-arrival-introduced-at-madurai-airport/articleshow/66264901.cms |access-date=30 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On 10 March 2026, the union cabinet approved the proposal to designate the airport as an international airport.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/cabinet-approves-international-status-for-madurai-airport20260310173032|title=Cabinet approves international status for Madurai Airport|access-date=10 March 2026|work=[[Asian News International|ANI]]|date=10 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=At last, Madurai Airport becomes international terminal |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/at-last-madurai-airport-becomes-international-terminal/article70726970.ece|date=10 March 2026|access-date=10 March 2026}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
[[File:Checkin counters at Madurai airport.jpg|thumb|Check-in counters at the airport]]
[[File:Interior of Madurai Airport, Sep 2016.jpg|thumb|Interior of the airport]]

The airport has a single {{cvt|2285|m}} long runway equipped with Cat-I [[Instrument Landing System]]. There are two parallel [[taxiways]] adjacent to the runway. The airport has seven parking bays including two stands equipped with [[jet bridges]].<ref name="Info"/><ref name="Hist"/>

=== Terminals ===
The airport has two adjacent terminals, the integrated passenger terminal which was inaugurated on 12 September 2010, and the old passenger terminal which was recommissioned as a cargo terminal. The new passenger terminal was built as a part of a plan to upgrade the airport in the late 2000s.<ref name="New"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/28/stories/2008032856770100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329053727/http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/28/stories/2008032856770100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 March 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Madurai airport expansion planned| date=28 March 2008}}</ref> The terminal is spread over an area of {{cvt|17600|m2}} and has a capacity to handle about 500 passengers per hour.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/madurai-airport-may-get-new-terminal-building/article20622677.ece|title=Madurai airport may get new terminal building|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 November 2017|access-date=11 February 2018}}</ref> The terminal houses 36 check-in counters, 20 immigration counters, two security counters, two baggage scanners, and four baggage conveyors.<ref name="Hist"/><ref>{{cite report|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402175622/http://www.aai.aero/misc/AAI_Update_PDF_file_august2011.pdf|date=August 2011|url=http://www.aai.aero/misc/AAI_Update_PDF_file_august2011.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2012|page=13|title=AAI update|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/madurai_TI.jsp|title=Airports Authority of India|date=6 January 2011|access-date=29 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220105807/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/madurai_TI.jsp |archive-date=20 February 2013}}</ref> There are two lounges–a VIP lounge managed by AAI and a Commercial Important Persons lounge managed by Tamil Nadu Chamber of Commerce and Industry.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/article2825276.ece|title=Madurai : CIP lounge taken on lease|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 January 2012|access-date=29 January 2012}}</ref>

Following the inauguration of the new passenger terminal, the Government of India announced plans to convert the old terminal to handle cargo operations in 2013. The refurbished cargo terminal was opened on 28 November 2017.<ref name="Hindu"/><ref name="Expand">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-20/madurai/31214142_1_madurai-airport-immigration-counters-aai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030003706/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-20/madurai/31214142_1_madurai-airport-immigration-counters-aai|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 October 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Land acquisition for Madurai airport soon}}</ref> The airport parking area has the capacity to park 375 cars and 10 buses.<ref name="Hist"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/legislators-tour-operators-demand-international-flights-from-madurai-203867|title=Legislators, tour operators demand international flights from Madurai|work=[[NDTV]]|date=29 April 2012|access-date=25 July 2012}}</ref>

=== Future plans ===
As a part of the modernisation plan in the late 2000s, plans were made for the construction of additional terminal buildings, and a new [[Air Traffic Control]] tower, and expansion of the runway.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130530/news-current-affairs/article/madurai-airport-handle-foreign-cargo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022023057/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130530/news-current-affairs/article/madurai-airport-handle-foreign-cargo |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 October 2013 |title=Madurai airport to handle foreign cargo |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=11 February 2018}}</ref> About {{cvt|610|acre}} of land is required for the planned expansion and extension of the runway to {{cvt|12500|ft}} to enable it to handle [[wide body aircraft]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/article740150.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=New airport terminal to boost industrial growth|date=21 September 2010|access-date=1 June 2012}}</ref> However, problems with land acquisition has resulted in delays in the proposed expansion plan.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/madurai-tuticorin-airports-to-get-land-soon-for-expansion/article4733608.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|first=P.| last=Oppili|title=Madurai, Tuticorin airports to get land soon for expansion|date=21 May 2013}}</ref>

== Airlines and destinations ==
[[File:Flights at Madurai airport.jpg|thumb|Apron area of the airport]]

As of January 2026, four airlines operate commercial services from the airport to eight destinations including three international destinations. While there are demands for additional international flights from Madurai,<ref>{{cite news|title=TN Chamber of Commerce urges airlines to operate flights between Madurai-Kuala Lumpur|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/apr/08/tn-chamber-of-commerce-urges-airlines-to-operate-flights-between-madurai-kuala-lumpur-2439516.html|access-date=30 October 2023|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>, the airport is allowed to handle only limited international flights and as it is not part of the [[Bilateral aviation safety agreement]], international air carriers have shown reluctance for operating flights from the airport.<ref>{{cite news|date=26 May 2023 |title=CM promises steps to increase Singapore-Madurai flights|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/cm-promises-steps-to-increase-singapore-madurai-flights/articleshow/100516328.cms|access-date=30 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=16 December 2022|title=10 years on, wait for Madurai airport to work 24x7 continues|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/10-years-on-wait-for-madurai-airport-to-work-24x7-continues/articleshow/96266295.cms|access-date=30 October 2023|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>


{{Airport-dest-list

|[[Air India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dgca.gov.in/digigov-portal/?baseLocale=en_US?page=jsp/dgca/InventoryList/airOperation/certification/scheduled/domestic/2025/Air%20India%20Ltd_flight_Schedule.pdf&mainnull|title=Winter Schedule 2025-26: Air India|work=[[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]]|access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref> | [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India to resume services from Madurai to Chennai, New Delhi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Oct/30/air-india-to-resume-services-from-madurai-to-chennai-new-delhi |access-date=27 January 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=30 October 2025 }}</ref> [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]<ref>{{cite news |title=More domestic, international flights from Madurai by March |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/madurai-airport-to-boost-connectivity-with-new-domestic-and-international-flights-by-march-2025/articleshow/113947457.cms |access-date=27 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 October 2024}}</ref>

|[[IndiGo]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dgca.gov.in/digigov-portal/?baseLocale=en_US?page=jsp/dgca/InventoryList/airOperation/certification/scheduled/domestic/2025/INTERGLOBE%20AVIATION%20LTD_flight_Schedule.pdf&mainundefined|title=Winter Schedule 2025-26: IndiGo|work=[[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]]|access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref> | [[Zayed International Airport|Abu Dhabi]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/indigo-to-operate-direct-flight-service-between-madurai-and-abu-dhabi-from-june-13/article69575977.ece|title=IndiGo to operate direct flight service between Madurai and Abu Dhabi from June 13|date=14 May 2025|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pavithran |first1=Lekshmy |title='Mayday' alert: IndiGo flight with 168 passengers makes emergency landing after fuel emergency |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/indigo-flight-declares-mayday-makes-emergency-landing-after-fuel-emergency-1.500171866 |access-date=27 January 2026 |work=[[Gulf News]] |date=21 June 2025 }}</ref> [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]],<ref name="IndiGo">{{cite news |title=At least 10 services from Trichy, Madurai cancelled |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/at-least-10-services-from-trichy-madurai-cancelled/articleshow/125792448.cms |access-date=27 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 December 2025}}</ref> [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],<ref name="IndiGo"/> [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]],<ref name="IndiGo"/> [[Navi_Mumbai_International_Airport|Navi Mumbai]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/260310-6ens26nmi |title=IndiGo Expands Navi Mumbai Operations From late March 2026 |work=Aero Routes |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref>

|[[SpiceJet]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dgca.gov.in/digigov-portal/?baseLocale=en_US?page=jsp/dgca/InventoryList/airOperation/certification/scheduled/domestic/2025/Spice%20Jet_flight_Schedule.pdf&mainnull|title=Winter Schedule 2025-26: SpiceJet|work=[[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]]|access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref> | [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]],<ref>{{cite news |title=13 Flights Cancelled At Chennai Airport, Several Flyers Affected |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/many-flights-cancelled-at-chennai-airport-several-flyers-affected-enn24121105341 |access-date=27 January 2026 |work=[[ETV Bharat]] |date=11 December 2024 }}</ref> [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/spicejet-revises-dubaimadurai-direct-flight-timings|title=SpiceJet revises Dubai–Madurai direct flight timings |date=5 January 2026|access-date=10 January 2026|work=[[DT Next]] }}</ref>
|{{nowrap|[[SriLankan Airlines]]}} | [[Bandaranaike International Airport|Colombo–Bandaranaike]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/business/srilankan-airlines-all-set-to-welcome-indian-travellers-this-winter-season-1030346|title=SriLankan Airlines All Set to Welcome Indian Travellers This Winter Season|date=11 December 2025|access-date=10 January 2026|work=[[Hans India]] }}</ref>
||}}

== Incidents and accidents ==
On 9 December 1971, an Avro 748 (registered VT-DXG), arriving from Trivandrum, crashed in to [[Meghamalai]] hills, while descending into the airport. The accident occurred in reduced visibility, and resulted in the deaths of all four crew members and 17 of the 27 passengers on board.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dgca.nic.in/accident/Accident%20Summary%201971.PDF|title=Accident Summary 1971|work=[[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]]|access-date=1 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/05/stories/2003050500340200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030630010200/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/05/stories/2003050500340200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 June 2003|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Hero of an air crash|access-date=8 August 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Commons category-inline|Madurai Airport}}
* {{official website|http://www.airportsindia.org.in/allAirports/madurai_airpo_gi.jsp}}

{{Portal bar|India|Aviation}}
{{Airports in India}}

{{Indian Air Force}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Airports in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Madurai]]
[[Category:Transport in Madurai]]
[[Category:1942 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Pamarru Assembly constituency

2026-04-24T17:51:56Z

GayleTibbs8: Adding A Data Added Tags

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pamarru
| type = SLA
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (77- highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Pamarru Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Krishna district|Krishna]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Machilipatnam]]
| reservation = SC
| established = 1951
| constituency_no = 77
| mla = [[Varla Kumar Raja]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 180,834
}}
'''Pamarru''' is a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] reserved constituency in [[Krishna district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=21, 31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Varla Kumar Raja]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pamarru, Election Result 2024 Live: Winning And Losing Candidates & Parties, 2019 vs 2024 Results, Voting Percentage, Exit Polls-News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/pamarru-assembly-constituency-s01aed2008a077/ |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 180,834 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==
The five mandals that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />

{{Static row numbers}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Pamarru mandal|Pamarru]]
|-
| [[Thotlavalluru mandal|Thotlavalluru]]
|-
| [[Pamidimukkala mandal|Pamidimukkala]]
|-
| [[Movva mandal|Movva]]
|-
| [[Pedaparupudi mandal|Pedaparupudi]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Dovari Yesu Das
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Uppuleti Kalpana]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Kaile Anil Kumar]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Varla Kumar Raja]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2024 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2024"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pamarru}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Varla Kumar Raja]]
|votes = 94,189
|percentage = 57.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Kaile Anil Kumar]]
|votes = 64,499
|percentage = 39.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = D. Y. Das
|votes = 2195
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 1733
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 29,690
|percentage = 18
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,64,869
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2024"/>

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pamarru}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Kaile Anil Kumar]]
|votes = 88,547
|percentage = 57.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Uppuleti Kalpana]]|votes=57,674|percentage=37.4|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jana Sena Party|candidate=[[Medepally Jhansi Rani]]|votes=5,574|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=30,873|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pamarru<ref name="eci_2014">{{cite web |title=The Andhra Pradesh Gazette, Part-V Extraordinary |url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/GE_2014/(GE,%202014)%20-%20DUE%20Constitution%20(APLA_ELECTED%20List).pdf |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=13 June 2019 |location=Hyderabad |page=13 |date=20 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Uppuletti Kalpana]]
|votes = 69,546
|percentage = 45.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Varla Ramaiah]]|votes=68,477|percentage=45.12|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,069|percentage=0.71|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=151,759|percentage=88.28|change=+2.83}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pamarru}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Dovari Yesu Das]]
|votes = 60,048
|percentage = 41.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Uppuleti Kalpana]]
|votes = 53,108
|percentage = 36.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[Movva Mohana Rao]]
|votes = 23,438
|percentage = 16.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,940
|percentage = 4.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 143,809
|percentage = 85.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Pamarru<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. B. P. Pattabhi Rama Rao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,405 |percentage=48.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Panasaramanna |party=Communist Party of India |votes=21,879 |percentage=45.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Veerabhadra Rao |party=Independent politician |votes=2,497 |percentage=5.23% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,526 |percentage=3.19% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,781 |percentage=72.70% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,726 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord|16.32|80.96|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Krishna district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Golaghat Bar Association

2026-04-22T02:40:04Z

GayleTibbs8: Added a entry v1.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Organization
| name = Golaghat Bar Association
| image = 1660 blk 19329 zoom.png
| image_border =
| image_size =
| caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| formation = {{Start date and age|1891|df=y}}
| type = Legal Society
| headquarters = [[Golaghat]]
| location = [[Assam]], [[India]]
| membership =
| language = [[English language|English]], [[Assamese language|Asamiya]]
| secretary_general = Prodyut Madhab Dutta
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Dipom Ranjan Handique
| leader_title2 = Vice-president
| leader_name2 = Nitul Bora
| leader_title3 = Secretary General (Asst.)
| leader_name3 = Nazrul Islam
| leader_title4 = Library Secretary
| leader_name4 = Pratul Borbora
| founders = G. Baruah K. P. Dowarah
| key_people =
| affiliations = [[Bar Council of India]] (BCI)
| num_staff = 500
| budget =
| website = {{URL|http://golaghatjudiciary.gov.in/bar_association.html|GBA}}
}}
{{Courts of India}}
The '''Golaghat Bar Association''' or '''GBA''',<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.assamtimes.org/node/6994|title=Five advocates suspended from Golaghat Bar Association|work=AssamTimes.org|date=3 August 2012}}</ref> is a voluntary [[bar association]] for the Golaghat Higher Judiciary<ref>{{cite news| url=http://golaghatjudiciary.gov.in/about_us.html|title=About Golaghat District Judiciary}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.tenderdetail.com/Indian-Tenders/TenderNotice/5735929/05114784-989b-4e4a-8587-a1725ff7cea6$construction-of-higher-judicial-court-building-at-golaghat-assam|title=Construction of Higher Judicial Court Building at Golaghat, Assam|date=19 February 2014}}</ref> in [[Golaghat]], [[Assam]]. The goals of the association is to regulate the legal practice and legal education in Golaghat and to cultivate the science of jurisprudence; to promote reform in the law; to facilitate the administration of justice, and to elevate the standards of integrity, honor, professional skill, and courtesy in the legal profession, including exercising disciplinary jurisdiction over the bar.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.assamtimes.org/node/6994|title=Five advocates suspended from Golaghat Bar Association|work=AssamTimes.org|date=3 August 2012}}.</ref> Its members are elected amongst the lawyers in Golaghat Judiciary <ref>{{cite news| url=http://aala.co.in/about.html|title=Newly Elected Office Bearers of AALA at Golaghat 13th Biennial Conference Held On 8th, 9th & 10th February, 2013}}</ref>

==History ==
GBA was founded in 1891, Golaghat, Assam after the ''Sadar [[Courts of India|Courts]]'' were extended to Golaghat in 1839.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://sivasagarjudiciary.gov.in/data/barassociation.html| title=Bar Association| archive-date=16 July 2013| access-date=1 February 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716011821/http://sivasagarjudiciary.gov.in/data/barassociation.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> The founding members namely, ''G. Baruah'' and ''K. P. Dowarah'', along with other lawyers during that time felt the need to institutionalize the practice of taking proper action on all matters affecting the legal profession and the administration of justice, essential for the benefit of litigant citizens of Golaghat.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://golaghatjudiciary.gov.in/bar_association.html|title=History of Golaghat Bar Association}}</ref>

GBA formed before [[Indian Independence Day|India's independence of 1947]], has played a significant role during [[India's freedom struggle]]. Advocate members of the GBA, namely ''Gangadhar Borthakur'' and ''Kamleswar Sarma'' boycotted courts and joined the [[Quit India Movement]] in 1921. The lawyers were pronounced guilty for their participation in the movement, and that emanated mass protests from the citizens of Golaghat near Golaghat Jail.<ref>
{{cite news| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZmusO1pWjUC&q=Student%27s+Awakening+in+Golaghat|title=Quit India Movement In Assam, Quit India and Student and Women Movements in Golaghat District|work=By Anil Kumar Sharma. page 114|date=2007|isbn=9788183242424|last1=Sharma|first1=Anil Kumar}}</ref> ''Maheshwar Barooah'' and ''Tara Prasad Barooah'', brothers from the same family, who prosecuted their [[LLB|law]] studies in [[Gauhati]]<ref>{{cite news| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZmusO1pWjUC&q=advocates+of+golaghat+bar|title=Quit India Movement In Assam, Quit India and Student and Women Movements in Golaghat District - ''Student's Awakening in Golaghat''|work=By Anil Kumar Sharma. page 113|date=2007|isbn=9788183242424|last1=Sharma|first1=Anil Kumar}}</ref> and later practised law in Golaghat Judiciary, and were GBA members, were boycotted for their participation in the movement as they took to streets serving as vegetable vendors in the local market and labourers at Golaghat Station to propagate the concept of self-dependence,<ref>{{cite news| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZmusO1pWjUC&q=Gangadhar+Borthakur|title=Quit India Movement In Assam, Quit India and Student and Women Movements in Golaghat District|work=By Anil Kumar Sharma, page 114|date=2007|isbn=9788183242424|last1=Sharma|first1=Anil Kumar}}</ref> the premise of the Quit India Movement.
==Present==
With an increase in the overall enrolment of its members from 350 in 2014,<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140218/jsp/northeast/story_17949014.jsp#.WJCQwbaLQcg| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009092517/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140218/jsp/northeast/story_17949014.jsp#.WJCQwbaLQcg| url-status=dead| archive-date=9 October 2017|title=Lawyers' forum boycotts court, ''The Telegraph - Calcutta - Gauhati''|work=Ritupallab Saikia|date=17 February 2014|accessdate=18 February 2014}}</ref> to the present number of 500 members,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/story.php/news/2/gba-celebrates-125-years/2017-09-09/1/319703?sec=news&subsec=2&news_name=gba-celebrates-125-years&dtP=2017-09-09&ppr=1&id=319703#.WdqrExNSwcg|title=GBA celebrates 125 years, ''The Sentinel (Gauhati)''|work=Staff Reporter|date=9 September 2017|accessdate=9 October 2017}}</ref> GBA has had a growth in its infrastructure facilities to even include a [[Day care|crèche]] and [[Gym|gymnasium]]. It has recently celebrated its quasquicentennial ceremony in September 2017.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170908/jsp/northeast/story_171404.jsp| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009092522/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170908/jsp/northeast/story_171404.jsp| url-status=dead| archive-date=9 October 2017|title=Bar facilities, ''The Telegraph (Calcutta – Gauhati)''|work=Ritupallab Saikia|date=7 September 2017|accessdate=8 September 2017}}</ref>
== Activities ==
GBA has been facilitating the administration of justice for approximately 1.1 million people of [[Golaghat district]], and plays an active role in regulating the legal practice and extending courtesy in the legal profession. The forum had refrained its members in the past from appearing before the court of the subdivisional judicial magistrate (SDJM), [[Titabor]] as a mark of protest against the detention of one of its members in the court [[Jail|cell]] allegedly without following norms. The association demanded appropriate action from the highest judiciary of the state, [[Gauhati High Court]] as the treatment by SDJM was against established procedure of law, violating human rights and dignity.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140218/jsp/northeast/story_17949014.jsp#.WJCQwbaLQcg| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009092517/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140218/jsp/northeast/story_17949014.jsp#.WJCQwbaLQcg| url-status=dead| archive-date=9 October 2017|title=Lawyers' forum boycotts court, ''The Telegraph - Calcutta - Gauhati''|work=Ritupallab Saikia|date=17 February 2014|accessdate=18 February 2014}}</ref> Previously, GBA had also suspended five of its member advocates in 2012 at an executive meeting on account of alleged professional misconduct under the registered case – ''GR Case No. 587/12''.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.assamtimes.org/node/6994|title=Advocates suspended, Assam Times}}</ref>

To promote reform in the law, GBA actively participates in protests and demonstrations, including [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]'s injustice to [[Baba Ramdevji|Baba Ramdev]], besides encouraging [[Anna Hazare]]’s movement for [[Jan Lokpal Bill]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.assamtimes.org/node/4928|title=Golaghat Bar Association observs sit-in-demonstration in support of Anna Hazare|work=Ritupallab Saikia|date=9 June 2011}}</ref>

The association has been vocal on social security issues. It had condemned [[2008 Assam bombings|Assam serial bombings of 2008]] by organising a silent [[peace march]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.assamtimes.org/node/4928|title=Silent Peach March taken out by Golaghat Bar Association|work=Ritupallab Saikia|date=4 November 2008}}</ref>

GBA has been contributing to legal studies and education through Golaghat Law College since 1979. The college is affiliated to [[Dibrugarh University]], and the law programme is approved by [[Bar Council of India]] (BCI), [[New Delhi]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.highereducationinindia.com/institutes/golaghat-law-college-2197.php|title=Golaghat Law College}}</ref>
== Structure ==
GBA has an Executive Committee that changes every two years. The executive members constitute the following positions:
*President
*Vice-president
*Secretary General
*Secretary General (Asstt.)
*Library Secretary
*Auditor
*Treasurer
== See also==
*[[Bar Council of India]]
*[[Gauhati High Court]]
*[[Golaghat]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Bar associations of Asia]]
[[Category:Legal organisations based in India]]
[[Category:1891 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1891]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Golaghat]]
[[Category:Golaghat district]]

Narayana Superspeciality Hospital, Howrah

2026-04-21T14:14:54Z

GayleTibbs8: adding initial biography w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Multiple issues|{{advert|date=May 2017}}{{COI|date=May 2017}}}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Narayana Superspeciality Hospital
| org_group = [[Narayana Health]]
| logo =
| image = Narayana-superspeciality-hospital-howrah.jpg
| location =
| region =
| state =
| country =
| coordinates = {{coord|22.56251|88.30808|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| address = 120/1, Andul Rd, Near [[Nabanna (building)|Nabanna]], [[Howrah]], [[West Bengal]] - 711103
| healthcare = 
| funding = For-profit
| type = Multi Speciality
| standards = 
| emergency = Yes (24x7)
| website = [https://www.narayanahealth.org/hospitals/kolkata/narayana-superspeciality-hospital-howrah Official Website]
}}

'''Narayana Superspeciality Hospital''' is a [[super specialty hospital|superspecialty hospital]] located in [[Howrah]], [[West Bengal]]. It is a unit of the [[Narayana Health]] group and treats patients from the cities of [[Howrah]] and [[Kolkata]] in West Bengal, India. Its sister hospital is [[Narayana Multispeciality Hospital, Howrah]]. The hospital, established by [[Devi Shetty|Dr. Devi Prasad Shetty]], is a center for oncology and cardiac sciences in [[East India|Eastern India]].<ref>{{cite news|work= indiablooms.com |title= Narayana Superspeciality Hospital, IDA roll out campaign on World No Tobacco Day |url= http://indiablooms.com/ibns_new/health-details/H/1800/narayana-superspeciality-hospital-ida-roll-out-campaign-on-world-no-tobacco-day.html }}</ref> Its [[tertiary care]] services include cardiac surgery, neurology, neurosurgery, and orthopedics.<ref>{{cite news|work= vccircle.com |title= Narayana Health acquires Howrah's Westbank Hospital for $24M |url= http://www.vccircle.com/news/healthcare-services/2014/11/25/narayana-health-acquires-howrahs-westbank-hospital-24m}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work= timesofindia.indiatimes.com |title= Hospital walks the talk on cancer treatment in Howrah |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Hospital-walks-the-talk-on-cancer-treatment-in-Howrah/articleshow/50534150.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work= sify.com |title= Narayana Superspeciality Hospital creates awareness on health hazards of consuming tobacco |url= http://www.sify.com/news/narayana-superspeciality-hospital-creates-awareness-on-health-hazards-of-consuming-tobacco-news-health-pf2ab5heifddj.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160818041530/http://www.sify.com/news/narayana-superspeciality-hospital-creates-awareness-on-health-hazards-of-consuming-tobacco-news-health-pf2ab5heifddj.html|url-status= dead|archive-date= 2016-08-18}}</ref>
[[File:Narayana Superspeciality Hospital - 120-1 Andul Road - Howrah 2017-05-10 7538.JPG|thumb]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.narayanahealth.org/hospitals/kolkata/narayana-superspeciality-hospital-howrah/ Official Website]

[[Category:Hospitals in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Hospitals in India]]
[[Category:Narayana Health]]

Ghanshyam Tiwari (politician, born 1979)

2026-04-19T09:52:58Z

GayleTibbs8: Added the article added tags.

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1979)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ghanshyam Tiwari
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1979|06|29}}
| birth_place = [[Secunderabad]], Andhra Pradesh, India
| office1 = National Spokesperson of the [[Samajwadi Party]]
| term_start1 = 1 January 2017
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| party = [[Samajwadi party]]
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[NIT Surathkal]] [[IIM Bangalore]] [[Kellogg School of Management]] [[Harvard Kennedy School]]
| profession = Politician
| footnotes =
| source =
| order =
}}
'''Ghanshyam Tiwari''' (born 29 June 1979) is an Indian politician and the current National Spokesperson of the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.samajwadiparty.in/official-spokespersons |title=Official Spokespersons}}</ref> He served as the advisor to the JD (U) government in Bihar from 2010 to 2015.<ref name="national">{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-elections-2017/jdus-advisor-now-sp-national-spokesperson-4495180/ |title=JD(U)'s advisor now SP national spokesperson |date=28 January 2017 }}</ref> In 2019, Ghanshyam contested the [[Karakat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lok Sabha constituency of Karakat]] in the [[2019 Indian general election in Bihar|general election]].{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} The seat was won by [[Mahabali Singh]].

==Early life and education==
The son of an Air Force officer, Ghanshyam was born in 1979 in Andhra Pradesh. He travelled across India in his childhood and later went abroad for higher studies. Hailing originally from Gorari village in Bihar's Rohtas district, he was schooled at various [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]], then obtained his bachelor's degree in [[electrical engineering]] at [[NIT Surathkal]]. Ghanshyam did an executive management program at [[IIM Bangalore]] in 2005. He completed an MBA degree from [[Kellogg School of Management]] in 2011. At [[Harvard Kennedy School]] he earned a master's degree in public administration and public policy.<ref name="national"/>

==Political career==
* 2010–2016: Ghanshyam was [[Janata Dal (United)]] Bihar unit's chief's advisor from 2010 to 2015. He was also the communication advisor to the CM and party spokesperson until 2016.<ref name="national"/>
* 2017–present: National Spokesperson of the [[Samajwadi Party]]<ref name="spoke">{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/we-want-to-bring-equality-in-society-sp-spokesperson-ghanshyam-tiwari-119041300596_1.html |title=We want to bring equality in society: SP Spokesperson Ghanshyam Tiwari |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=13 April 2019 |last1=Phadnis |first1=Aditi }}</ref>

==Professional career==
Ghanshyam has worked with global organizations like the [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]], [[Intel]] and [[McKinsey & Company]].<ref name="spoke"/>

== See also ==
* [[Suresh Tiwari]]
* [[Anurag Bhadouria]]
* [[K. C. Tyagi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://upcmo.up.nic.in/default.aspx Chief Minister's office]
* [http://up.gov.in Government of Uttar Pradesh]
* [http://www.samajwadiparty.in Official website of Samajwadi Party]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Ghanshyam}}
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bihar| ]]
[[Category:National Institutes of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Kellogg School of Management alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Kennedy School alumni]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]

P. K. Kunju

2026-04-16T05:52:28Z

GayleTibbs8: Adding Basic Post W/ Refs...

{{short description|Former Finance Minister of Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. K. Kunju
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1906}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1979|6|24|1906}}
| death_place =
| office = [[Department of Finance (Kerala)|Minister for Finance]], [[Government of Kerala]]
| constituency =
| term_start = 6 March 1967
| term_end = 13 May 1969
| predecessor = [[R. Sankar]]
| successor = [[N. K. Seshan]]
| office1 = Minister for Labour, Medical and Local Bodies of [[Travancore-Cochin]]
| constituency1 =
| term_start1 = 1954
| term_end1 = 1955
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 = Member of [[Sree Moolam Popular Assembly]]
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 = 1937
| term_end2 = 1947
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| office3 = Member of [[Travancore]] Legislative Assembly
| constituency3 =
| term_start3 = 1948
| term_end3 = 1949
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| office4 = Member of [[Travancore-Cochin]] Legislative Assembly
| constituency4 =
| term_start4 = 1954
| term_end4 = 1955
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =
| office5 = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Member of Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency5 = Krishnapuram
| term_start5 = 1967
| term_end5 = 1969
| predecessor5 =
| successor5 =
| office6 = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Member of Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency6 = Kayamkulam
| term_start6 = 1969
| term_end6 = 1970
| predecessor6 =
| successor6 =
| party = [[Praja Socialist Party]] (from 1953)
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (Until 1940)
| footnotes =
| date = 17 October
| year = 2022
| source = http://niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m355.htm Kerala Niyamasabha
}}
'''P. K. Kunju''' (1906 – 24 June 1979) was a politician from [[Kerala]], India. He was a long-time [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]]. He was Kerala finance minister from 1967 to 1969. He was a member of the Sree Moolam Assembly in 1937, the Travancore Legislative Assembly in 1948-49 and the Thiru-kochi Assembly in 1954. He was elected to the 2nd Kerala Legislative Assembly as a [[Praja Socialist Party]] representative from Krishnapuram and the 3rd Legislative Assembly as a [[Samyukta Socialist Party]] candidate from Kayamkulam. The [[Kerala State Lotteries|Kerala State Lottery]] was established when he was the finance minister.

==Life==
He was born in 1906. He studied up to intermediate level.<ref name="niyamasabha">{{cite web |title=Members - P. K. Kunju |publisher=Kerala Legislative Assembly |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m355.htm |access-date=17 October 2022 |archive-date=17 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017083738/http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m355.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> He died on 24 June 1979.<ref name="niyamasabha"/>

==Political career ==
Kunju started his political career as a member of [[Indian National Congress]]. He was active in the [[Indian Independence Movement]] and took part in the [[Vaikom Satyagraha]] social movement. Before Indian independence, he was elected to the [[Sree Moolam Popular Assembly]] of [[Travancore]] from 1937 to 1947. After independence he was elected a member of Travancore Assembly from 1948 to 1949. During his term, he was the whip of the parliamentary party of All Travancore Joint political Congress. He was later elected to the [[Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly]] in 1954, and during his term he was the minister for labour, medical and local bodies.<ref name="niyamasabha"/>

Kunju resigned from Congress in 1940 and joined the Praja Socialist Party in 1953. He was elected to the 2nd [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] as a Praja Socialist Party representative from Krishnapuram and the 3rd Legislative Assembly as a Samyuktha Socialist Party candidate from Kayamkulam.<ref name="niyamasabha"/> In the [[Second E. M. S. Namboodiripad ministry]], from 6 March 1967 to 13 May 1969, he was finance minister.<ref>{{cite web |title=KNOW THE MINISTER |publisher=Finance Department, Government of Kerala |url=https://finance.kerala.gov.in/minprfle.jsp |access-date=17 October 2022 |archive-date=17 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017083740/https://finance.kerala.gov.in/minprfle.jsp |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kunju was the chief editor of the [[Malayalam language]] weeklies ''Rajyabhimani'' and ''Swaraj'' and the Malayalam daily ''Kerala Janata''. He was the founder of M.S.M. Arts and Science College in Kayamkulam.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Niyamasabha - P.K.Kunju |publisher=State of Kerala |url=http://www.stateofkerala.in/niyamasabha/p_k_kunju.php |website=Kerala, the Gods' own Country |access-date=17 October 2022 |archive-date=17 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017083743/http://www.stateofkerala.in/niyamasabha/p_k_kunju.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Kerala State Lotteries===
The Kerala State Lottery was established when he was finance minister. He had earlier experience of conducting lotteries as chairman of Kayamkulam MSM Trust. The first prize of the lottery held in July 1967 to raise funds for MSM College was 20,000 rupees or a [[Hindustan Ambassador]] car.<ref>{{cite news |title=ഭാഗ്യാന്വേഷണത്തിന്റെ അരനൂറ്റാണ്ട് |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/articles/news-articles-25-01-2018/701451 |work=Deshabhimani |language=ml |trans-title=Half a century of fortune-seeking |access-date=17 October 2022 |archive-date=17 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017083743/https://www.deshabhimani.com/articles/news-articles-25-01-2018/701451 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Legacy==
The P.K.Kunju Sahib Memorial Taluk Hospital<ref>{{cite web |title=P.K.Kunju Sahib Memorial Taluk Hospital |website=National Health Portal Of India |url=https://www.nhp.gov.in/hospital/p-k-kunju-sahib-memorial-taluk-hospital-alappuzha-kerala |publisher=Government of India |access-date=17 October 2022 |archive-date=17 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017105328/https://www.nhp.gov.in/hospital/p-k-kunju-sahib-memorial-taluk-hospital-alappuzha-kerala |url-status=live }}</ref> and PK Kunju Sahib Memorial Higher Secondary School<ref>{{cite web |title=PK KUNJU SAHIB MEMMORIAL [sic] HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL |url=https://schools.org.in/alappuzha/32110600518/pk-kunju-sahib-memmorial-higher-secondary-school.html |website=Schools |access-date=17 October 2022 |archive-date=17 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017100817/https://schools.org.in/alappuzha/32110600518/pk-kunju-sahib-memmorial-higher-secondary-school.html |url-status=live }}</ref> in [[Kayamkulam]] are named after him.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

There is also an Ayurvedic hospital, in Kayamkulam under his name.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kunju, P. K.}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:Travancore–Cochin MLAs 1954–1956]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Praja Socialist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Samyukta Socialist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Finance ministers of Kerala]]

Balikuda-Erasama Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:16:46Z

GayleTibbs8: added initial bio needs work

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Balikuda-Erasama}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Balikuda-Erasama
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 103
| type = SLA
| map_image = 103-Balikuda-Erasama.svg
| map_caption = Balikuda-Erasama Assembly constituency in [[Jagatsinghpur district]]
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jagatsinghpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jagatsinghpur]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Sarada Prasanna Jena]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,70,641{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Balikuda-Erasama''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Jagatsinghpur district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=103|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419051214/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=103|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 April 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Balikuda-Erasama (103) District: Jagatsinghpur|accessdate= 14 April 2014}}</ref> Following 2008 delimitation, [[Ersama Assembly constituency]] was subsumed into this constituency.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/delimitation-2008 |title=2008 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order of India |date=2008-11-26}}</ref>

This constituency includes Balikuda block and Erasama block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp37.htm|title= 37 - Balikuda Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 15 July 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|46.04}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|53.83}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|38.12}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|57.73}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|42.76}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.16}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.13}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|62.90}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.86}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|57.64}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|56.43}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 17 elections were held till date.

List of members elected from Balikuda-Erasama constituency are:<ref name=prevMLAs>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Balikuda-Erasama Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/balikuda-ersama.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 15 July 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan="4"| {{center|''As Balikuda-Erasama Constituency''}}
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Balikuda-Ersama Assembly Election Results 2024: Balikuda-Ersama Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/balikuda-ersama-constituency-result-18103 |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Sarada Prasanna Jena]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=4|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |accessdate=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|[[Raghunandan Das]]
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
| rowspan="2" |[[Prasanta Kumar Muduli]]
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|-
! colspan="4"| {{center|''As Balikuda Constituency''}}
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan="2" |Umesh Chandra Swain
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Lalatendu Mohapatra
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Umesh Chandra Swain
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Jyotish Chandra Das
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Basudev Mahapatra
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Umesh Chandra Swain
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="2" |Basudev Mahapatra
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Baikunthanath Mohanty
|{{full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Bipin Bihari Das
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Baikunthanath Mohanty
|{{full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Prana Krushna Parija
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 1st June 2024 in 4th phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Sarada Prasanna Jena]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Satya Sarathi Mohanty by a margin of 25,959 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Balikuda-Erasama}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Sarada Prasanna Jena]]
|votes = 93,517
|percentage = 46.04
|change = {{decrease}}7.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Satya Sarathi Mohanty
|votes = 67,558
|percentage = 33.26
|change = {{increase}}13.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nalini Swain
|votes = 27,981
|percentage = 13.78
|change = {{decrease}}11.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 475
|percentage = 0.23
|change = {{decrease}}0.07
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 25,959
|percentage = 11.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,03,121
|percentage = 75.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Raghunandan Das]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Lalatendu Mohapatra by a margin of 54,583 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Balikuda-Erasama}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Raghunandan Das]]
|votes = 1,03,814
|percentage = 53.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Lalatendu Mohapatra
|votes = 49,231
|percentage = 25.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Damodar Rout]]
|votes = 37,611
|percentage = 19.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 576
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 54,583
|percentage = 28.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,92,854
|percentage = 75.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Prasanta Kumar Muduli]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Lalatendu Mohapatra by a margin of 29,354 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url= http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html |title= Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014 |work= leadtech.in |access-date= 15 July 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html |archive-date= 2014-08-18 |url-status= dead |df= }}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Balikuda-Erasama<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Balikuda-Erasama|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS18103.htm?ac=103|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=15 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014 Constituency: Balikuda-Erasama (103)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=103|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717021349/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=103|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 July 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=15 July 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Prasanta Kumar Muduli]]
|votes = 69,335
|percentage = 38.12
|change = {{down}}19.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Lalatendu Mohapatra|votes=39,981|percentage=21.98|change={{down}}15.4}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=[[Raghunandan Das]]|votes=32,135|percentage=17.67|change=''-''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=[[Sarada Prasanna Jena]]|votes=23,948|percentage=13.17|change=''-''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Chitta Ranjan Kansa|votes=3,724|percentage=2.05|change={{down}}1.73}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None|votes=654|percentage=0.36|change=''-''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=29,354|percentage=13.13|change={{down}}7.22}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,81,895|percentage=78.66|change={{up}}9.95}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,31,249
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Prasanta Kumar Muduli]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Umesh Chandra Swain by a margin of 31,385 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=31385 |access-date=16 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=2013-05-27 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Balikuda-Erasama<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the LEgislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Prasanta Kumar Muduli]]
|votes = 89,044
|percentage = 57.73
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Umesh Chandra Swain
|votes = 57,659
|percentage = 37.38
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Priya Ranjan Das
|votes = 5,832
|percentage = 3.78
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 31,385
|percentage = 20.35{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,54,282
|percentage = 68.71
|change = {{up}}1.29
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,24,556
}}
{{Election box gain with party link without swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Jagatsinghpur district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coords|20.18|86.34|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Jagatsinghpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

M. N. Ponnamma

2026-04-13T02:50:27Z

GayleTibbs8: adding a article w/ refs

{{short description|Indian field hockey player}}

{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = M. N. Ponnamma
| image =
| fullname = Mallamada Narendra Ponnamma
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1992|10|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Virajpet]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| position = [[Field hockey#Positions|Halfback]]
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalyears1 = 2011–present
| nationalcaps1 = 30
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| years1 = –present
| clubs1 = Railways
| caps(goals)1 =
|medaltemplates={{MedalSport|Women's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2013 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2013 Kuala Lumpur]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016 South Asian Games|2016 Guwahati]]|[[Field Hockey at the 2016 South Asian Games – Women|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Junior World Cup|Junior World Cup]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2013 Women's Hockey Junior World Cup|2013 Mönchengladbach]]|}}
}}

'''Mallamada Narendra Ponnamma''' (born 25 October 1992) is an Indian [[field hockey]] player, who plays as a [[Field hockey#Positions|halfback]] for the [[India women's national field hockey team|Indian national team]]. She was a part of the team that won bronze at the [[2013 Women's Hockey Junior World Cup|2013 Junior World Cup]], in [[Germany]].<ref name="tnie">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date= |title=Ponnamma: Creating history |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2013/Aug/22/ponnamma-creating-history-509046.html |accessdate= |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Ponnamma was born on 25 October 1992 in [[Kodagu district]], in the Indian State of [[Karnataka]], into Mallamada family of the [[Kodava people|Kodava]] community. Born to a family of hockey players, her father Narendra, played hockey during his time in the Indian armed forces; her mother, during her college days; and her older sister, who gave up the game after sustaining an injury.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chinnappa|first1=K. Jeevan|title=Ponnamma upholds Kodagu's hockey tradition|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/ponnamma-upholds-kodagus-hockey-tradition/article5017759.ece|accessdate=9 November 2015|work=The Hindu|date=13 August 2013}}</ref> Influenced towards the game by her father, Ponnamma was selected by and began training with [[Madikeri]] branch of [[Sports Authority of India]], in 2005.<ref name="tnie"/> After having been noticed for her performances at tournaments at the district level, she was chosen to play for Karnataka in its senior team, at the national-level, and would go on to captain the team as well. She was eventually chosen to represent India in its junior and senior teams, in 2011.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150723185213/http://hockeyindia.org/team/ponnamma-mallamada-narendra-2.html M. N. Poovamma profile] at [[Hockey India]]

{{India FHW Squad 2013 Asia Cup}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ponnamma, M. N.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:People from Kodagu district]]
[[Category:Kodava people]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian women's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Karnataka]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in field hockey]]

Jai Prakash Yadav (politician)

2026-04-10T00:40:49Z

GayleTibbs8: creating new entry

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2020
| term_end = 2025
| predecessor = [[Anil Kumar Yadav (politician, born 1960)|Anil Kumar Yadav]]
| successor = [[Devanti Yadav]]
| constituency = [[Narpatganj Assembly constituency|Narpatganj]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|4|25|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/|title=BIHAR VIDHAN SABHA|website=Vidhansabha.bih.nic.in|access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref>
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Politician
}}
'''Jai Prakash Yadav''' is an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Bihar]] and a first term Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Narpatganj Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jai Prakash Yadav(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- NARPATGANJ(ARARIA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=13621 |access-date= |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Jai Prakash}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

Anmol Malik

2026-04-07T09:52:32Z

GayleTibbs8:

{{short description|Indian author}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anmol Malik
| image = Anmol Malik at the airport in 2018.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = 
| education = BSc (Hons) Computer Science and Business Literature Film
| alma_mater = [[University of Warwick]], England 
[[Ecole Mondiale World School]] Mumbai [[Dhirubhai Ambani International School]] Mumbai
| occupation = Author, singer, lyricist, composer
| years_active = 1995–present
| parents = [[Anu Malik]]
}}

'''Anmol Malik''' is an Indian author, singer, lyricist and composer who works in the [[Bollywood]] music industry. She is the daughter of singer [[Anu Malik]].

==Career==

=== Early career ===
After graduating from the [[University of Warwick]], Malik returned to India and worked in the Creative Development department at Disney UTV. Following a stint as an assistant director with [[Rohan Sippy]], Malik went on to become a junior copywriter<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://harpercollins.co.in/author-details/anmol-malik/|title=Anmol Malik|website=HarperCollins Publishers India|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref> with [[Leo Burnett Worldwide]] in India and worked on the [[Tide (brand)]] campaign for the South Asian market. She eventually became Head of the Script Department<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/anu-malik%EF%BF%BD۪s-daughter-to-supervise-scripts-at-yash-raj-films/|title=Anu Malik's daughter to supervise scripts at Yash Raj Films|last=Baddhan|first=Raj|date=14 May 2014|website=BizAsia {{!}} Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Brit, Events and Music|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref> at [[Yash Raj Films]] and worked on films such as ''[[Mardaani]]'' and ''[[Dum Laga Ke Haisha]]''.

===Author===
In 2020, Malik made her debut as an author with the book ''Three Impossible Wishes''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://harpercollins.co.in/product/three-impossible-wishes/|title=Three Impossible Wishes|website=HarperCollins Publishers India|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref> published by [[HarperCollins]]. A young-adult romantic comedy, the book was praised by actor [[Ayushmann Khurrana]] for being "Totally cheeky, completely hilarious and endlessly charming."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/anmol-malik-debuts-as-an-author/1817486|title=Anmol Malik debuts as an author|website=outlookindia.com/|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> According to a positive review by Scroll.In, the book is "A breezy campus romance that is a reminder of a life that college students are missing in the lockdown."{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

Her books were felicitated at the [[House of Lords]], United Kingdom by Lord Rami Ranger, Baron of Mayfair.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://filminformation.com/featured/anmol-malik-felicitated-for-her-book-26-june-2022/ |title=Anmol Malik Felicitated for her Book |date=2022-06-26 |website=filminformation.com}}</ref>

Under her pen name she has written several pieces of micro-fiction for Terribly Tiny Tales, a popular storytelling platform with over 12 million readers. In 2019, she was invited to write two pieces of short fiction for their third book titled ''With Love'' released by [[Penguin Books]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=With Love|url=https://penguin.co.in/book/with-love/|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Penguin Random House India|language=en-US}}</ref>

After making it to the Amazon Best Reads list Malik was chosen to write for the [[Amazon Kindle]] platform where she produced the pieces titled ''Audrey & Adam''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Audrey and Adam|url=https://www.amazon.in/kindle-dbs/arp/B08BTYH6RL|access-date=2020-10-06|website=amazon.in|language=en-in}}</ref> and ''Things You Learn in a Different City''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=To Be An Indian Student Abroad: Or Things You Learn When You Study in a Different City|url=https://www.amazon.in/kindle-dbs/arp/B08BTTQDF4|access-date=2020-10-06|website=amazon.in|language=en-in}}</ref>
For Bound India's ''Jotted'' platform, Malik wrote ''The Visitor'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Visitor: A Short Story|url=https://www.boundindia.com/the-visitor-a-short-story/|access-date=2020-10-06|website=BOUND|date=2 July 2020|language=en-US}}</ref> an excerpt from a longer piece of work that has piqued the interest of fans. She was also a guest on their podcast<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-20|title=Books and Beyond with Bound: New podcast blurs the lines between readers and writers in a 'thriving literary culture' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/books-and-beyond-with-bound-new-podcast-blurs-the-lines-between-readers-and-writers-in-a-thriving-literary-culture-8265851.html|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Firstpost}}</ref> ''Books And Beyond'' for the episode "Writing Genre-Bending Romantic Comedies".[[File:Anmol Malik TTT Book Launch.png|thumb|Malik at her Terribly Tiny Tales book launch]]She has also written for several publications including [[Harper's Bazaar]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.magzter.com/stories/Lifestyle/Harpers-Bazaar-India/SWEET-FANTASY | title=Sweet Fantasy }}</ref> ''Alone Together'', Mansworld, ''In Defence Of 'I'm Too Busy'''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-30|title=In Defence Of ''I'm Too Busy''|url=https://www.mansworldindia.com/currentedition/in-defence-of-im-too-busy/|access-date=2020-10-06|language=en-GB}}</ref> and Elle India

In November, she was invited to speak at the [[Chandigarh Literature Festival]] for a session titled ''Impossible Secrets: Coming of Age Stories For Young Adults''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Literati-2020: Day 2 sees meaningful conversations|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/literati-2020-day-2-sees-meaningful-conversations-173903|access-date=2020-11-24|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>

==== Bibliography ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!For
!Title
!Role
|-
|Terribly Tiny Tales/ [[Penguin Books]]
|Dear John
|Author
|-
|Terribly Tiny Tales/ [[Penguin Books]]
|To The Boy on the Last Bench
|Author
|-
|[[HarperCollins]]
|'''THREE IMPOSSIBLE WISHES''' (book)
|Author
|-
|[[Amazon Kindle]]
|Audrey & Adam
|Author
|-
|[[Amazon Kindle]]
|Things You Learn in a Different City
|Author
|-
|[[Harper's Bazaar]]/ Contributing Author
|Alone Together
|Author
|-
|[[MW (Indian magazine)|Man's World]]
|In Defence of I'm Too Busy
|Author
|-
|Bound India's ''Jotted''
|The Visitor
|Author
|-
|[[Hindustan Times]] ''HT Brunch''
|Let It Be
|Author
|-
|[[HarperCollins]]
|'''A PLANE STORY''' (book)
|Author
|-
|}

===Singer===
Malik began her singing career by lending her voice for the movie ''[[Biwi No.1]]''. She went on to record her first vocal track at the age of five. This was followed by other movies where Malik sang as a child artist, such as ''[[Mela (2000 film)|Mela]]'' and ''[[Badal]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Anmoll-Mallik-Im-the-most-comfortable-in-a-recording-studio/articleshow/47541325.cms|title=Anmoll Mallik: I'm the most comfortable in a recording studio|work=The Times of India|date=5 June 2015 |accessdate=25 September 2015}}</ref>

In the year 2006, director [[J. P. Dutta]] cast her as the singer for lead actress [[Aishwariya Rai]] in the movie [[Umrao Jaan (2006 film)|''Umrao Jaan'']]. Her next release was the song "Chal Mera Hath Pakad Le" from the [[Satish Kaushik]] movie ''[[Teree Sang]]''. During the film's pre-release the song gained popularity after Malik's impromptu live performance on the music reality show ''[[Indian Idol]]''.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

At the age of 16, Malik sang "Talli" from the movie ''[[Ugly Aur Pagli]]'', a fusion of [[grunge]] and [[rap]] music. The song debuted at the No.1 position and remained the top dance song for that year.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/music/story/second-generation-talents-with-familiar-surnames-are-gunning-for-musical-stardom-161199-2014-01-04|title=Second generations with talents|work=India Today|access-date=16 May 2016}}</ref>

Malik's discography includes various popular songs such as "Suno Suno" from ''[[Gali Gali Chor Hai]]'', "Big Fat Indian Wedding" from the movie ''[[Yeh Jo Mohabbat Hai]]'', "Ek Mulaqat" from the movie ''[[Sonali Cable]]''. She also sang the Western Version of "Old School Girl" from the movie ''[[Tanu Weds Manu: Returns]]'' in 2015.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/9497/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231014531/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/9497|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 December 2015|title=10 Youngsters with music in their bko|date=30 April 2015|work=BollywoodHungama|accessdate=30 December 2015}}</ref> Recently Malik sang "Time Lagaya Kaiko" in ''[[Welcome Back (film)|Welcome Back]]''.

In October 2015, her first indie single as a singer, "Lamhein", an official adaptation of [[Coldplay]]'s "Paradise", was released under EMI Records India. The music was recreated by her father, [[Anu Malik]], and the lyrics were written by [[Manoj Muntashir]]. A music video, directed by [[Mohit Suri]], featured Malik and Mohit Marwah.<ref>{{cite web|title=This version of Coldplay's Paradise by Anmol Malik is becoming a rage|date=6 October 2015 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/music/story/a-version-of-coldplays-paradise-by-anu-maliks-daughter-anmol-malik-is-becoming-a-rage-266714-2015-10-06}}</ref>

Malik launched her first English single "Let Me Come Home" in February 2017; the song is written, composed and sung by her. Malik put the song on YouTube first, where it grabbed the attention of the programming execs at [[VH1]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/english/2017/feb/06/anmol-maliks-let-me-come-home-in-vh1-international-music-charts-1567631.html|title=Anmol Malik's 'Let Me Come Home' in VH1 International Music Charts|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref>

She was one of the composers for the 2017 [[Hindi]]-language ''[[Indu Sarkar]]''.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

In 2021, she was chosen to sing ''Chura Ke Dil Mera 2.0'' from the movie [[Hungama 2]]. It became the highest ranked dance track of the year.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

===Songwriter===
After her graduation from university, Malik released the English single "The Graduation". The song was only released online.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

==Discography==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Movie
! Song(s)
! Music director(s)
|-
|1996
| ''[[Diljale]]''
| ''(Child Artist)''
| [[Anu Malik]]
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Chhota Chetan]]''
| ''Jo Tum Kaho'' (Child Artist)
| Anu Malik
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Biwi No.1]]''
| ''Mujhe Maaf Karna'' (Child Artist)
| Anu Malik
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Mela (2000 film)|Mela]]''
| ''Mela Dilon Ka (Celebration), '' (Child Artist)
| Anu Malik
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Umrao Jaan (2006 film)|Umrao Jaan]]''
| ''Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Na Kijo''
| Anu Malik
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Ugly Aur Pagli]]''
| ''Talli'', ''Shut Up, Aa Nachle''
| Anu Malik
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Teree Sang]]''
| ''Chal Mera Hath Pakad Le''
| Anu Malik
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Pyaar Impossible!]]''
| ''10 on 10''
| [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Gali Gali Chor Hai]]''
| ''Suno Suno''
| Anu Malik
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Yeh Jo Mohabbat Hai]]''
| ''Big Fat Indian Wedding''
| Anu Malik
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Bajatey Raho]]''
| ''Naagin Dance''
| [[Jaidev Kumar]]
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Sonali Cable]]''
| ''Gannu Rocks'', ''Ek Mulaqat''
| [[Mikey McCleary]], [[Jubin Nautiyal]]
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Tanu Weds Manu: Returns]]''
| ''Old School Girl (Western Version)''
| [[Krsna Solo]]
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Welcome Back (film)|Welcome Back]]''
| ''Time Lagaya Kaiko''
| Anu Malik
|-
| 2015
| ''Lamhein''
| ''Music Video''
| Anu Malik
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Housefull 3 (film)|Housefull 3]]''
| ''Pyar Ki''
| [[Sharib Sabri|Shaarib]]-[[Toshi Sabri|Toshi]]
|-
| 2017
| ''Let Me Come Home''
| ''Let Me Come Home''
| Anmol Malik
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!|Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hain!]]''
| ''Music Video''
| Anmol Malik
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Begum Jaan (2017 film)|Begum Jaan]]''
| "Holi Khelein"
| Anu Malik
|-
| 2018
| ''Jiya Na Jaye''
| "Music Video"
| Anmol Malik
|-
| 2018
| ''Tum Hi Toh Ho''
| "Music Video"
| Anu Malik
|-
| 2019
| ''Alvida Phir Kyun Kaha''
| "Song"
| Anu Malik
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Hungama 2]]''
| "Chura Ke Dil Mera 2.0"
| [[Benny Dayal]]
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Hungama 2]]''
| "Hungama Ho Gaya"
| [[Mika Singh]]
|-
| 2024
| ''Silsila Ye''
| "Silsila Ye"
| [[Anmol Malik, Kartik Sachdeva]]
|-
| 2024
| ''Aisi Toh Baat''
| "Aisi Toh Baat"
| Anmol Malik
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|2083709}}
*{{Facebook|AnmolMalikOfficial}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malik, Anmol}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:Pseudonymous women writers]]

Chausala Assembly constituency

2026-04-03T17:38:14Z

GayleTibbs8:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chausala
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1962
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 2,12,219
| mla = Andhale Keshavrao Yadavrao
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Chausala Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Bhaurao Bhagujirao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || V. A. Darade || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Sonajirao Kashirsagar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Baburao Narsingrao Kokate
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Chandmal Rajmal Lodha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Ashokrao Shankarrao Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || [[Jaydattaji Kshirsagar]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Bhai Janardhan Tatyaba Tupe || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || [[Jaydattaji Kshirsagar]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Keshavrao Yadavrao Andhale || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chausala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Andhale Keshavrao Yadavrao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=78,439 |percentage=47.81% |change={{increase}}16.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jaydattaji Kshirsagar |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=75,062 |percentage=45.75% |change={{increase}}12.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sikandarkhan Husainkhan (Tailor) |party=Independent politician |votes=2,884 |percentage=1.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=More Murlidhar Vithalrao |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,642 |percentage=1.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivaji Asraji (Ex-Service Man) |party=Independent politician |votes=1,526 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,377 |percentage=2.06% |change= {{increase}}0.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,64,066 |percentage=77.29% |change= {{increase}}1.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,12,219 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.67 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}14.62 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chausala<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kshirsagar Jaidattaji Sonajirao |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=44,776 |percentage=33.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Andhale Keshavrao Yadavrao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=42,632 |percentage=31.60% |change={{increase}}2.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kokate Maghraj Bahurao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,086 |percentage=23.04% |change={{increase}}7.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghumre Balasaheb Chandrakantrao |party=Peasants And Workers Party of India |votes=1,659 |percentage=1.23% |change={{decrease}}44.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shaikh Siddikh Khaja Mainoddin |party=Independent politician |votes=1,051 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Joshi Raju Vasantrao |party=Independent politician |votes=856 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Pradeep Dhondiram |party=Independent politician |votes=829 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,144 |percentage=1.59% |change= {{decrease}}14.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,34,929 |percentage=69.79% |change= {{increase}}9.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,78,826 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.53 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}12.21 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chausala<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Bhai Tupe Janardhan Tatyaba |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes=53,056 |percentage=45.39% |change={{increase}}21.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Andhale Keshavrao Yadavrao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=34,400 |percentage=29.43% |change={{increase}}25.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Morale Madhavrao Wamanrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,974 |percentage=15.38% |change={{decrease}}32.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hanumant Baburao Upare |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes=4,408 |percentage=3.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Aute Jagannath Rangnath |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,390 |percentage=1.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,656 |percentage=15.96% |change= {{decrease}}7.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,16,877 |percentage=64.93% |change= {{increase}}6.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,76,127 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}2.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.10 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chausala<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kshirsagar Jaydatta Sonajirao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=51,189 |percentage=47.49% |change={{increase}}16.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tupe Janardhan Tatyaba |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes=26,013 |percentage=24.13% |change={{decrease}}0.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Rajesaheb Balasaheb |party=Independent politician |votes=13,920 |percentage=12.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sudhakar Sahebrao Andhale |party=Independent politician |votes=4,185 |percentage=3.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Munde Trimbak Patloba |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,068 |percentage=3.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Darade Usha Motiram |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=1,437 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Vithal Limbajirao |party=Independent politician |votes=987 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,176 |percentage=23.36% |change= {{increase}}19.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,07,782 |percentage=58.69% |change= {{increase}}11.53 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,79,762 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}16.93 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chausala<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Ashokrao Shankarrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,967 |percentage=30.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Dnyanoba Sonerao |party=Independent politician |votes=19,243 |percentage=26.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tupe Janardhan Tatyaba |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes=17,709 |percentage=24.64% |change={{increase}}11.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lodha Chandmalji Rajmal |party=Independent politician |votes=5,623 |percentage=7.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kadam Dnyanobarao Baburao |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,315 |percentage=3.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Landge Dadarao Bhivaji |party=Independent politician |votes=1,178 |percentage=1.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kalyan Bhanudas Jagtap |party=Independent politician |votes=893 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,724 |percentage=3.79% |change= {{decrease}}9.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,873 |percentage=47.24% |change= {{decrease}}4.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,48,416 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.51 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (U) |swing= {{decrease}}5.91 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chausala<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Chandmal Rajmal Lodha |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=25,963 |percentage=36.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kshirsagar Jaidatta Sonajirao |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=16,512 |percentage=23.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kadam Dnyanobarao Baburao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes=9,383 |percentage=13.18% |change={{decrease}}28.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kendre Vyenkat Madhav |party=Independent politician |votes=6,414 |percentage=9.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajpal Sahebsing Hazari |party=Janata Party |votes=3,978 |percentage=5.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Jaising Narayanrao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,058 |percentage=2.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dharmaraj Haribhau Sonwane |party=Independent politician |votes=1,147 |percentage=1.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,451 |percentage=13.28% |change= {{increase}}6.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,192 |percentage=50.53% |change= {{decrease}}3.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,35,527 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.16 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (U) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}11.10 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chausala<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kokate Baburao Narsingrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,681 |percentage=47.57% |change={{decrease}}5.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kadam Dnyanobarao Baburao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes=28,329 |percentage=41.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghate Shivaji Pandharinath |party=Independent politician |votes=2,828 |percentage=4.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Waghmare Machindra Mugaji |party=Independent politician |votes=1,246 |percentage=1.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sonawane Dharamaraj Haribhau |party=Independent politician |votes=941 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,352 |percentage=6.33% |change= {{decrease}}27.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,700 |percentage=54.15% |change= {{increase}}7.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,21,925 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.48 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.70 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chausala<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kashirsagar Sonaji |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,877 |percentage=53.27% |change={{increase}}20.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Darade Vishwanathrao Anna |party=Communist Party of India |votes=10,795 |percentage=19.25% |change={{decrease}}36.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhosle Bhimrao Kondiba |party=Independent politician |votes=8,394 |percentage=14.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deogude Shahaji Kondiba |party=Independent politician |votes=2,281 |percentage=4.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arkade Laxman Dhondiba |party=Republican Party of India |votes=2,092 |percentage=3.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,082 |percentage=34.02% |change= {{increase}}11.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=56,083 |percentage=46.23% |change= {{decrease}}3.65 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,15,592 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.56 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}2.15 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chausala<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=V. A. Darade |party=Communist Party of India |votes=29,175 |percentage=55.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. L. Kadam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,424 |percentage=33.10% |change={{decrease}}18.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. R. Jagtap |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=2,408 |percentage=4.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=C. Janardhanrao |party=Independent politician |votes=498 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,751 |percentage=22.32% |change= {{increase}}0.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,641 |percentage=49.06% |change= {{increase}}12.99 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,00,900 |ref = |change= {{increase}}44.18 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.95 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chausala<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Bhaurao Bhagujirao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,113 |percentage=51.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baburao Narsing Rao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes=8,167 |percentage=29.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abdul Ghani Lalmiyan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,767 |percentage=6.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sonaji Bhimji |party=Independent politician |votes=845 |percentage=3.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,946 |percentage=21.69% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,418 |percentage=35.57% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,984 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Mitali Mukerji

2026-03-31T11:06:31Z

GayleTibbs8:

{{short description|Indian scientist}}
{{About|the Indian biologists|the Bangladeshi singer|Mitali Mukherjee (disambiguation){{!}}Mitali Mukherjee}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Dr. Mitali Mukerji
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1967|11|13}}
| birth_place = Madhya Pradesh, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| fields = [[w:Human genome|human genomics]] and Ayurgenomics
| workplaces = [[New Delhi]]
| alma_mater = [[IISc Bangalore]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| dissertation =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = National Young Woman Bioscientists Award (2007), [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award]](2010)
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
| spouse =
}}
'''Mitali Mukerji''' (born 1967) is a Professor of the Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, [[IIT Jodhpur]]. She was formerly a Chief Scientist at the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] [[Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology]] with notable achievement in the field of [[w:Human genome|human genomics]] and personalized medicine. She is best known for initiating the field of "Ayurgenomics" in partnership with her colleague Dr. Bhavana Prasher (MD Ayurveda) under the mentorship of Prof. Samir K. Brahmachari. Ayurgenomics is an innovative study, blending the principles of [[Ayurveda]]- the traditional Indian system of medicine- with genomics. Mukerji is also a major contributor in the Indian Genome Variation Consortium, a comprehensive database that is producing "the first genetic landscape of the Indian population", and has been an author in many publications that use IGV databases to study population genomics.<ref name="Award">{{Cite web|url=http://www.igib.res.in/?q=node/114|title=S. S. Bhatnagar Prize goes to Mitali Mukerji|access-date=15 March 2014}}</ref> Mukerji has done extensive research on hereditary ataxias, and is involved in many other projects related to tracking disease origins and mutational histories. She is the recipient of the prestigious [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award]] in 2010 for her contribution in the field of [[Medical Sciences]].

==Personal life==
Mukerji was born on 13 November 1967 in [[Madhya Pradesh]] to [[Bengalis|Bengali]] parents. She currently resides in Jodhpur, India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Mukerji,_Dr_Mitali|title=Fellowship {{!}} Indian Academy of Sciences|website=www.ias.ac.in|access-date=2018-12-11}}</ref> She holds a doctoral degree (Ph.D.) in [[bacterial]] [[w:Molecular genetics|molecular genetics]] from the [[Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore]].<ref name=Doctoral>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/science-and-technology/story/20110919-indian-scientists-at-forefront-of-research-mitali-mukerji-747557-2011-09-10|title=Personal Prescription: Mitali Mukerji|date=10 September 2010|access-date=15 March 2014|publisher=India Today}}</ref> In an interview, Mukerji states one of her most influential mentors has been [[Samir K. Brahmachari|Dr. Samir Kumar Brahmachari]], the former Director General of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] known for his works in biophysics and pharmacogenetics.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/mitali-mukerji/286002|title=Mitali Mukerji|website=Outlook (India)|access-date=2018-12-12}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Career & research==
After completing her doctoral degree, Mukerji joined the Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology in New Delhi in 1997. She has since worked in the field of population genetics and evolutionary genomics and has also had a particular interest in personalized medicine and the integration of Western Medicine and Ayurvedic medical practices.

One of her most notable works was deciphering the functions of [[Alu element|Alu]] regions, the most abundant [[Transposable element|transposon]] found in primate populations. Her and her team concluded that these sequences code for RNA that serve as [[transcription factor]]s, regulating a multitude of cell functions, including heat shock stress responses. Mukerji's publications on Alu sequences provide evidence of its involvement in homeostatic maintenance in humans, as well as the functions of miRNA as regulatory pathways specific to humans.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pandey|first1=Rajesh|last2=Mandal|first2=Amit K.|last3=Jha|first3=Vineet|last4=Mukerji|first4=Mitali|date=2011-11-23|title=Heat shock factor binding in Alu repeats expands its involvement in stress through an antisense mechanism|journal=Genome Biology|volume=12|issue=11|pages=R117|doi=10.1186/gb-2011-12-11-r117|issn=1474-760X|pmc=3334603|pmid=22112862 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Mukerji has since continued to work in trying to understand the mechanisms behind heat shock response systems and the functions of satellite non-coding RNA as a transcriptional repressor.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Goenka|first1=Anshika|last2=Sengupta|first2=Sonali|last3=Pandey|first3=Rajesh|last4=Parihar|first4=Rashmi|last5=Mohanta|first5=Girish Chandra|last6=Mukerji|first6=Mitali|last7=Ganesh|first7=Subramaniam|date=1 October 2016|title=Human satellite-III non-coding RNAs modulate heat-shock-induced transcriptional repression|journal=Journal of Cell Science|volume=129|issue=19|pages=3541–3552|doi=10.1242/jcs.189803|issn=1477-9137|pmid=27528402|doi-access=free}}</ref>

She took an active role in establishing the Indian Genome Variation Consortium. Created in 2003, this database collects information on the genetic variations between the multiple subpopulations in India in an effort to improve personalized pharmaceuticals and understand genetic predisposition to disease.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.igvdb.res.in/aboutus.php|title=IGVDB|website=www.igvdb.res.in|access-date=2018-12-11}}</ref> She established that genomic data could be adopted to decipher "signatures of natural selection and tracing [[mutation]]al histories", and has used her studies to track migration patterns of many Asian populations and disease origins. Data from this initiative was used in a publication Mukerji was a contributor on, linking the genetic ancestry of the [[Siddi]] people from the Western region of India to [[Bantu languages|Bantu]]-speaking East African tribes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Narang|first1=Ankita|last2=Jha|first2=Pankaj|last3=Rawat|first3=Vimal|last4=Mukhopadhayay|first4=Arijit|last5=Dash|first5=Debasis|last6=Basu|first6=Analabha|last7=Mukerji|first7=Mitali|date=2011-07-15|title=Recent Admixture in an Indian Population of African Ancestry|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=89|issue=1|pages=111–120|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.06.004|issn=0002-9297|pmc=3135806|pmid=21737057}}</ref>

Another study in which Mukerji used the IGV database is in studying [[keratinization]] genes, associated with waterproofing epidermal layers and being a contributor to different skin phenotypes for populations living in different climates. She wanted to see whether or not this gene responds to environmental stresses and how intensely or rapidly. Using an analysis of [[Copy-number variation|copy number variants]] and DNA and protein sequence differences amongst diverse Indian populations from varying climates, Mukerji makes conclusions about the changes within this area of skin-related genes and the role it plays in adaptations in response to environmental stimuli.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gautam|first1=Pramod|last2=Chaurasia|first2=Amit|last3=Bhattacharya|first3=Aniket|last4=Grover|first4=Ritika|last5=Indian Genome Variation Consortium|last6=Mukerji|first6=Mitali|last7=Natarajan|first7=Vivek T.|date=March 2015|title=Population diversity and adaptive evolution in keratinization genes: impact of environment in shaping skin phenotypes|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=32|issue=3|pages=555–573|doi=10.1093/molbev/msu342|issn=1537-1719|pmid=25534032|doi-access=free}}</ref>
[[File:Brain-cerebellum.png|thumb|In blue is the cerebellum; this portion of the brain becomes swollen or injured in cerebellar ataxias.]]
Mukerji has also done significant work towards bettering clinical diagnostics processes of disorders in India. She worked particularly with a group of neurodegenerative diseases known as [[Cerebellar ataxia]]s, a heritable condition in which the [[cerebellum]] portion of the brain becomes damaged. This condition is known to arise from a combination of many mutations, and so establishing a clear genetic correlation is difficult, making clinical screening difficult as well. Through tracing the disease ancestry and "mutational history", as well as a study of thousands of Indian families, Mukerji and her team were able to get a better understanding of the underlying genetic mechanisms that cause ataxias and develop a clinical screening to be able to check disease susceptibility of healthy patients. This method is being used at the [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] and helps reduce economical and medical stresses on families.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kumari|first1=Renu|last2=Kumar|first2=Deepak|last3=Brahmachari|first3=Samir K.|last4=Srivastava|first4=Achal K.|last5=Faruq|first5=Mohammed|last6=Mukerji|first6=Mitali|date=July 2018|title=Paradigm for disease deconvolution in rare neurodegenerative disorders in Indian population: insights from studies in cerebellar ataxias|journal=Journal of Genetics|volume=97|issue=3|pages=589–609|issn=0973-7731|pmid=30027898|doi=10.1007/s12041-018-0948-2|s2cid=49892053}}</ref> Further studies done by Mukerji show more evidence of the mechanisms behind ataxias. Her work in studying spinocerebellar ataxia identifies a repeat expansion mutation as the cause of the disorder. Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms in Indian and Mexican families show a shared expansion pattern in these two geographically distinct groups, making it possible to understand more about the ancestry of these particular mutations that cause this disease.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Faruq|first1=Mohammed|last2=Magaña|first2=Jonathan J.|last3=Suroliya|first3=Varun|last4=Narang|first4=Ankita|last5=Murillo-Melo|first5=Nadia M.|last6=Hernández-Hernández|first6=Oscar|last7=Srivastava|first7=Achal K.|last8=Mukerji|first8=Mitali|date=September 2017|title=A Complete Association of an intronic SNP rs6798742 with Origin of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 7-CAG Expansion Loci in the Indian and Mexican Population|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|volume=81|issue=5|pages=197–204|doi=10.1111/ahg.12200|issn=1469-1809|pmid=28597910|s2cid=23606786}}</ref>

In another study, Mukerji and her team analyzed another heritable neural disorder, [[dyslexia]]. They identified genes of a PCDHG cluster and pinpointed specific chromosomal locations of polymorphisms that contribute to the disorder. They also tracked the mutational history and lineages of these polymorphism, in both humans and other related primates. Their work helps better explain the mechanisms in play in dyslexia and the association of PCDHG genes with "neural adhesion proteins" that are related to cognitive functionality in primates.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Naskar|first1=Teesta|last2=Faruq|first2=Mohammed|last3=Banerjee|first3=Priyajit|last4=Khan|first4=Massarat|last5=Midha|first5=Rashi|last6=Kumari|first6=Renu|last7=Devasenapathy|first7=Subhashree|last8=Prajapati|first8=Bharat|last9=Sengupta|first9=Sanghamitra|date=February 2018|title=Ancestral Variations of the PCDHG Gene Cluster Predispose to Dyslexia in a Multiplex Family|journal=eBioMedicine|volume=28|pages=168–179|doi=10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.12.031|issn=2352-3964|pmc=5835549|pmid=29409727}}</ref> Mukerji also studied active pulmonary [[tuberculosis]] in North Indian populations. Through a study of [[cytokine]] serum levels between patients with active tuberculosis and healthy individuals, Mukerji was able to identify five cytokine gene polymorphisms correlating to immunity against tuberculosis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Abhimanyu|first1=null|last2=Mangangcha|first2=Irengbam Rocky|last3=Jha|first3=Pankaj|last4=Arora|first4=Komal|last5=Mukerji|first5=Mitali|last6=Banavaliker|first6=Jayant Nagesh|last7=Indian Genome Variation Consortium|last8=Brahmachari|first8=Vani|last9=Bose|first9=Mridula|date=July 2011|title=Differential serum cytokine levels are associated with cytokine gene polymorphisms in north Indians with active pulmonary tuberculosis|journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution|volume=11|issue=5|pages=1015–1022|doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2011.03.017|issn=1567-7257|pmid=21463712|bibcode=2011InfGE..11.1015A }}</ref>

Along with her other projects tracking mutational history and disease evolution, Mukerji also did work studying correlations between polymorphisms in the [[APOBEC3B]] gene and malaria susceptibility. Many versions of this gene with various insertions and deletions are found in human populations. Mukerji's study found a clear correlation between an insertion in this gene and populations with endemic levels of [[falciparum malaria]], the most severe form of malaria, or in the genomes of descendants from such areas. Accordingly, their study also shows a strong correlation between a deletion in this gene and weakened defense against falciparum malaria. This provides direct evidence through population genetics survey that suggests that variants of the APOBEC3B have some effect on susceptibility to this form of malaria.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jha|first1=Pankaj|last2=Sinha|first2=Swapnil|last3=Kanchan|first3=Kanika|last4=Qidwai|first4=Tabish|last5=Narang|first5=Ankita|last6=Singh|first6=Prashant Kumar|last7=Pati|first7=Sudhanshu S.|last8=Mohanty|first8=Sanjib|last9=Mishra|first9=Saroj K.|date=January 2012|title=Deletion of the APOBEC3B gene strongly impacts susceptibility to falciparum malaria|journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution|volume=12|issue=1|pages=142–148|doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2011.11.001|issn=1567-7257|pmid=22108670|bibcode=2012InfGE..12..142J }}</ref>

Mukerji actively initiated the field of "Ayurgenomics", integrating the phenotyping Ayurveda principles of Indian medical system with "objective parameters of modern medicine for identifying molecular [[endophenotype]]s." She states that she wants her research to be able to "contemporize Ayurveda" by finding valid molecular backing for Ayurvedic practices and being able to use both to better preventative medical practice.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Pulla|first=Priyanka|date=2014-10-24|title=Searching for science in India's traditional medicine|journal=Science|language=en|volume=346|issue=6208|page=410|doi=10.1126/science.346.6208.410|issn=1095-9203|pmid=25342781|bibcode=2014Sci...346..410P|doi-access=free}}</ref> Her research on [[Single-nucleotide polymorphism|SNPs]] and [[Copy-number variation|CNV]] diversity in the Indian population as a part of the Indian Genome Variation Consortium provided genetic evidence for Ayurvedic "Prakritis", or subgroups of healthy individuals based on phenotypic differences that govern an individual's lifestyle and medical profile.<ref>{{Citation|last=TEDx Talks|title=Ayurgenomics -- predetermining almost anything: Dr Mitali Mukerji at TEDxSGGSCC|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sz8-ar6KQSc|access-date=2018-12-11}}</ref> These "Prakriti's" are used for "assessing disease susceptibility and drug responsiveness", a concept that parallels ideas of personalized pharmaceuticals in Western Medicine.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tiwari|first1=Pradeep|last2=Kutum|first2=Rintu|last3=Sethi|first3=Tavpritesh|last4=Shrivastava|first4=Ankita|last5=Girase|first5=Bhushan|last6=Aggarwal|first6=Shilpi|last7=Patil|first7=Rutuja|last8=Agarwal|first8=Dhiraj|last9=Gautam|first9=Pramod|date=2017|title=Recapitulation of Ayurveda constitution types by machine learning of phenotypic traits|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=10|article-number=e0185380|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0185380|issn=1932-6203|pmc=5628820|pmid=28981546|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1285380T|doi-access=free}}</ref> One molecular example Mukerji and her team studied has to go with the [[EGLN1]] gene, associated with oxygen retention in bodily tissues and the condition of [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]]. Differences in this key gene are associated with high-altitude adaptations in particular populations, and agree with the distinguishing of different Prakriti's, giving a molecular basis for the ancient medical practice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/describe/article/jgen/095/01/0209-0228|title=Journal of Genetics {{!}} Indian Academy of Sciences|website=www.ias.ac.in|access-date=2018-12-12}}</ref> Mukerji has found other such biological markers that also support the Ayurvedic body types, such as levels of lipids.<ref name=":0" /> A unique finding of her studies in genomics is "that the [[ethnic]]ally and [[linguistic]]ally diverse Indian population was united by distinct DNA patterns".<ref name=":1" /> This has led to the inference that the genomics-based treatments of pharmacogenetics, also encompassing Ayurvedic practices, are possible.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

Mukerji continued her study with [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]] in examining and trying to decipher its correlation with [[asthma]] and other pulmonary conditions. The study, conducted on mice, used a pharmacologically induced hypoxic response to study how gene expression and induction factors are affected by the condition, and how this may lead to symptoms that cause the development of asthma. Mukerji and her team discovered that an exaggerated hypoxic response did indeed increase asthma in mice, even to fatal levels. This is clinically relevant as many pharmaceutical drugs function by tampering with these hypoxic response mechanisms, though the details of the mechanisms and its effects on the body are not well known.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ahmad|first1=Tanveer|last2=Kumar|first2=Manish|last3=Mabalirajan|first3=Ulaganathan|last4=Pattnaik|first4=Bijay|last5=Aggarwal|first5=Shilpi|last6=Singh|first6=Ranjana|last7=Singh|first7=Suchita|last8=Mukerji|first8=Mitali|last9=Ghosh|first9=Balaram|date=July 2012|title=Hypoxia response in asthma: differential modulation on inflammation and epithelial injury|journal=American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology|volume=47|issue=1|pages=1–10|doi=10.1165/rcmb.2011-0203OC|issn=1535-4989|pmid=22312019}}</ref>

In January 2014, Mukerji gave a lecture at a TEDx event in New Delhi, India on the practice of personalized medicine through Ayurveda and its integration with modern medicine and genomics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/10151|title=TEDxSGGSCC {{!}} TED|website=www.ted.com|access-date=2018-12-11}}</ref>

==Awards==
Mukerji has received several prestigious awards. On 24 September 2001, she was awarded the CSIR Young Scientist Award. She then was nominated to be a member of HUGO, the Human Genome Organization, in 2006. She received the National Young Woman Bioscientists Award in 2008 and the prestigious [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award]] in 2010. In 2014, Mukerji became an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] and in 2016, was awarded the VASVIK award for Women Scientists. Most recently, in 2017, Mitali Mukerji was awarded the Pushpalata Ranade National Woman Award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=43|title=National Woman Bioscientist Awards|access-date=15 March 2014|publisher=National Informatics centre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410014543/http://dbtindia.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=43|archive-date=10 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://igib.res.in/?q=MitaliMukerji|title=Mitali Mukerji {{!}} Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR)|website=igib.res.in|language=en|access-date=2018-12-12}}</ref>

==Publications==
Mukerji has several technical publications to her credit. She is also the Associate Editor for evolutionary and population genetics of the Frontiers journal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://community.frontiersin.org/people/mitalimukerji/37728|title=Mitali Mukerji|access-date=15 March 2014|publisher=Frontiuers Media}}</ref> Some of her notable publications are:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=mitali+mukerji|title=mitali mukerji - PubMed - NCBI|last=pubmeddev|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-12-11}}</ref>

*Heat shock factor binding in Alu repeats expands its involvement in stress through an antisense mechanism. Pandey R, Mandal AK, Jha V, Mukerji M. (2011) Genome Biol. 12(11):R117.
*Ayurgenomics: a new way of threading molecular variability for stratified medicine. Sethi TP, Prasher B, Mukerji M. (2011) ACS Chem Biol. 6(9):875-880.
*Recent admixture in an Indian population of African ancestry. Narang A, Jha P, Rawat V, Mukhopadhyay A, Dash D. Indian Genome Variation Consortium, Basu A, Mukerji M. (2011) Am J Hum Genet. 89(1):111-120.
*EGLN1 involvement in high-altitude adaptation revealed through genetic analysis of extreme constitution types defined in Ayurveda. Aggarwal S, Negi S, Jha P, Singh PK, Stobdan T, Pasha MA, Ghosh S, Agrawal A. Indian Genome Variation Consortium, Prasher B, Mukerji M. (2010) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 107(44):18961-18966.
*Whole genome expression and biochemical correlates of extreme constitutional types defined in Ayurveda. Prasher B, Negi S, Aggarwal S, Mandal AK, Sethi TP, Deshmukh SR, Purohit SG, Sengupta S, Khanna S, Mohammad F, Garg G, Brahmachari SK, and Mukerji M. (2008) J. Transl. Med. 6:48.
*Genetic landscape of the people of India: a canvas for disease gene exploration. Indian Genome Variation Consortium. (2008) J Genet. 87(1): 3–20.
*Genome-wide prediction of G4 DNA as regulatory motifs: role in Escherichia coli global regulation. Rawal P, Kummarasetti VBR, Ravindran J, Kumar N, Halder K, Sharma R, Mukerji M, Das SK, Chowdhury S. (2006) Genome research. 16(5): 644–55.
*First Degree Relatives of Patients with Celiac Disease Harbour an Intestinal Transcriptomic Signature that Might Protect them from Enterocyte Damage. Acharya P, Kutum R, Pandey R, Mishra A, Saha R, Munjal A, Ahuja V, Mukerji M, Makharia GK. (2018) Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 9(10):195.
*Western Indian Rural Gut Microbial Diversity in Extreme ''Prakriti'' Endo-Phenotypes Reveals Signature Microbes. Chauhan NS, Pandey R, Mondal AK, Gupta S, Verma MK, Jain S, Ahmed V, Patil R, Agarwal D, Girase B, Shrivastava A, Mobeen F, Sharma V, Srivastava TP, Juvekar SK, Prasher B, Mukerji M, Dash D. (2018) Front. Microbiol. 9:118.
*Recapitulation of Ayurveda constitution types by machine learning of phenotypic traits. Tiwari P, Kutum R, Sethi T, Shrivastava A, Girase B, Aggarwal S, Patil R, Agarwal D, Gautam P, Agrawal A, Dash D, Ghosh S, Juvekar S, Mukerji M, Prasher B. (2017) PLOS One. 2(10):e0185380.
*Alu-miRNA interactions modulate transcript isoform diversity in stress response and reveal signatures of positive selection. Pandey R, Bhattacharya A, Bhardwaj V, Jha V, Mandal AK, Mukerji M. (2016) Sci Rep. 6:32348.
*Human satellite-III non-coding RNAs modulate heat-shock-induced transcriptional repression. Goenka A, Sengupta S, Pandey R, Parihar R, Mohanta GC, Mukerji M, Ganesh S. (2016) J Cell Sci. 129(19):3541-3552.
*Ancestral Variations of the PCDHG Gene Cluster Predispose to Dyslexia in a Multiplex Family. Naskar T, Faruq M, Banerjee P, Khan M, Midha R, Kumari R, Devasenapathy S, Prajapati B, Sengupta S, Jain D, Mukerji M, Singh NC, Sinha S. (2018) EBioMedicine. 28:168-179.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/photo/profile-of-top-25-scientists-in-india-366262-2011-09-11 |title=Profile of Top 25 scientists in India |date=2011-09-11 |website=India Today |language=en-US |access-date=2018-01-17}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Medical Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukerji, Mitali}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Mathematical Science]]
[[Category:Indian geneticists]]
[[Category:Indian women biologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Articles created or expanded during Women's History Month (India) - 2014]]
[[Category:Women geneticists]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Medical Science]]
[[Category:Dyslexia researchers]]

Milind Soman

2026-03-28T21:31:09Z

GayleTibbs8: added references based on references and updated info

{{Short description|Indian actor and model (born 1965)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Milind Soman
| image = Milind Soman at the NDTV Marks for Sports event 12.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Soman at the 2012 NDTV Marks for Sports event
| occupation = {{hlist|Model|Actor|Producer|TV presenter|Athlete}}
| height_m = 1.80
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|11|04|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]]
| spouse = {{ubl|{{Marriage|[[Mylene Jampanoi]]|2006|2009| reason=divorce}}|{{Marriage|Ankita Konwar|2018}}}}
| children =
| relatives =
| website =
}}

'''Milind Usha Soman''' (born 4 November 1965) is an Indian actor, model, film producer, and fitness enthusiast. He rose to fame in the year 1995, when he got featured in [[Alisha Chinai]]'s music video, ''[[Made in India (album)|Made in India]]''. The same year, he made his debut as a television actor in ''[[A Mouthful of Sky]]''.Later, he was seen in the [[India]]n [[science fiction]] TV Series ''[[Captain Vyom]]''.
He also participated as contestant on the reality show '' [[Fear Factor Khatron Ke Khiladi|Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 3]]'' which aired on [[Colors TV]].

== Early and personal life ==
Soman was born on 4 November 1965<ref name="TIE-Nude-20">{{Cite web |date=5 November 2020 |title=Milind Soman shares picture of him running in the nude on birthday, sparks meme-fest online |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/milind-soman-nude-birthday-post-memes-jokes-6942707/ |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Nilanjana |last=Basu |date=28 July 2021 |title="Has Bharatpedia Been Hacked?" Milind Soman's Entry Had 2 Birth Dates, Both From 2020 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/has-Bharatpedia-been-hacked-milind-somans-entry-had-2-birth-dates-both-from-2020-2497048 |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> in [[Glasgow]], Scotland in a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Brahmin]] family. His family moved to Scotland where he lived until the age of seven, then his family moved back to [[Mumbai]], India in 1973. He attended [[Dr. Antonio Da Silva High School and Jr. College of Commerce]], Bombay.

As a child Soman was enrolled in a [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) ''shakha'' by his father, when he was 10 years old.<ref>{{cite news |last1=World |first1=Hindustan Times |title=Milind Soman remembers his days at RSS shakha, says he's 'baffled' by communal connotations |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/milind-soman-remembers-his-days-at-rss-shakha-says-he-s-baffled-by-communal-connotations/story-oMEH7yxVAwEqdRHlReXbgK.html|work=Hindustan Times |date=March 10, 2020}}</ref> Later, he completed his Diploma in Electrical Engineering.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/milind-soman-reveals-he-was-studying-to-be-an-engineer-when-he-started-modelling-new-post-1692663-2020-06-25 | title=Milind Soman reveals he was studying to be an engineer when he started modelling. New post | date=25 June 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/milind-soman-lesser-known-facts-about-the-actor/photostory/65275513.cms | title=Milind Soman: Lesser known facts about the actor | newspaper=The Times of India | date=29 August 2018 }}</ref>

Milind Soman met [[Mylene Jampanoi]], a French actress, on the sets of their 2006 film, ''[[Valley of Flowers (film)|Valley of Flowers]]''. The couple married in July 2006 at a resort in [[Goa]]. Soman and Jampanoi separated in 2008 and divorced in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Milind-and-Mylene-part-ways/articleshow/3192338.cms |title=Milind and Mylene part ways |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 July 2008 |access-date=22 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231075125/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Milind-and-Mylene-part-ways/articleshow/3192338.cms |archive-date=31 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Soman married [[Ankita Konwar]] on 22 April 2018 in [[Alibaug]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/milind-soman-and-ankita-konwar-to-exchange-wedding-vows-in-alibaug-today/articleshow/63865651.cms |title=Milind Soman and Ankita Konwar to exchange wedding vows in Alibaug today |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 April 2018 |access-date=22 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422215331/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/milind-soman-and-ankita-konwar-to-exchange-wedding-vows-in-alibaug-today/articleshow/63865651.cms |archive-date=22 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==

In 1995, Soman got featured in [[Alisha Chinai]]'s music video, ''[[Made in India (album)|Made in India]]''. The same year, he made his debut as a television actor in ''[[A Mouthful of Sky]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2020 |title=First of Many: Milind Soman revisits A Mouthful of Sky |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/first-many-milind-soman-revisits-031245818.html?guccounter=1 |access-date=30 January 2021 |website=Yahoo! News |language=en}}</ref> Later, he was seen in the [[India]]n [[science fiction]] TV Series ''[[Captain Vyom]]''
and also played part in the TV series ''[[Sea Hawks (TV series)|Sea Hawks]]''. Soman has worked in films such as ''[[Pachaikili Muthucharam]]'', ''[[Paiyaa]]'', ''[[Agni Varsha]]'' and ''[[Rules: Pyaar Ka Superhit Formula]]''. In 2007 he appeared in ''[[Bhram]]'', ''[[Say Salaam India]]'' and ''[[Bheja Fry (film)|Bheja Fry]]''. In 2009 he acted in [[Sachin Kundalkar]]'s [[Marathi film]] ''[[Gandha (film)|Gandha]]''. He has also acted in English language, foreign language films and television series, including ''Valley of Flowers'' and ''The Flag''. In the Swedish film ''[[Arn – The Knight Templar]]'' he portrayed [[Saladin]], the revered 12th-century [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] leader of the [[Arab]]s and [[Muslim]]s. He was also seen playing an important role in the film ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''.

Soman has also produced [[Hindi]] film ''[[Rules: Pyaar Ka Superhit Formula]]'' and television serial ''Ghost Bana Dost''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/happenings/20061215-0.html |title=Milind Soman to produce TV series for children |publisher=ApunKaChoice.Com |date=18 July 2006 |access-date=28 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004031623/http://www.apunkachoice.com/happenings/20061215-0.html |archive-date=4 October 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2010, he participated in the reality show ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 3]].'' He was also seen in [[Amazon Prime]] series ''[[Four More Shots Please]]'' as Dr. Aamir Warsi and [[Alt Balaji]] series ''[[Paurashpur]]'' as Boris.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2020 |title=Shilpa Shinde set for a royal avatar in new web series 'Paurashpur', also starring Milind Soman |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/shilpa-shinde-set-for-a-royal-avatar-in-new-web-series-paurashpur-also-starring-milind-soman-2323340.html |access-date=2 December 2020 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

== Sports ==
He started swimming aged 6. He has represented [[Maharashtra]] at the age of 10 in various age groups before going on to represent his state at the senior level. Soman represented India in swimming in the inaugural [[1984 South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] (then known as South Asian Federation Games) in 1984 held at [[Kathmandu]] where he won a Silver medal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IcPfrN6YX1k |title=Milind Soman LIVE - Full Episode - (HUAWEI Namaste TV Show) |last=Namaste TV |date=5 December 2016 |via=YouTube |access-date=5 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101110728/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IcPfrN6YX1k |archive-date=1 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, Milind completed the [[Ironman Triathlon|Ironman challenge]] in 15 hours and 19 minutes, in his first try.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/TVs-Captain-Vyom-Milind-Soman-turns-Ironman/articleshow/48149575.cms |title=TV's 'Captain Vyom' Milind Soman turns Ironman |newspaper=The Times of India |date=21 July 2015 |access-date=22 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916205907/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/TVs-Captain-Vyom-Milind-Soman-turns-Ironman/articleshow/48149575.cms |archive-date=16 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |date=2023-09-12 |title='Swim Around The World...': Milind Soman Expresses Ambition For A World Record |url=https://news.abplive.com/lifestyle/milind-soman-expresses-ambition-for-world-record-in-recent-interview-1629184 |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> He has also been on [[Limca Book of Records]] for running 1500 km in 30 days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-05 |title=Title And Records Milind Soman Holds |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/ampstories/lifestyle/title-and-records-by-milind-soman-526873.html |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=www.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref> Furthermore, he ran the [[Berlin Marathon]] 2016 of 42.2 km in 4 hours and 32 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milind Soman runs yet another marathon, this time in Berlin {{!}} Business Insider India |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/milind-soman-runs-yet-another-marathon-this-time-in-berlin/articleshow/54542180.cms |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=Business Insider |language=en}}</ref>

== In the Media ==
In 1995, Milind Soman and his then-girlfriend, [[Madhu Sapre]], an ex-[[Femina Miss India|Miss India]] and model attracted controversy in India, when the pair posed nude in a print ad for Tuffs Shoes. The social service branch of the [[Mumbai police]] had registered a case in August 1995 after Sapre and Soman posed in the nude, wearing only shoes and a python wrapped around them. Another case was filed under the [[Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972|Wildlife Protection Act]] against the advertising agency for illegal use of the python. The accused include the publishers and distributors of two magazines that featured the controversial ad, the advertising agency, the two models, and the photographers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Tuff-shoes-case-Madhu-Milind-plead-not-guilty/articleshow/903786.cms |title=Tuff shoes case: Madhu, Milind plead not guilty |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 October 2004 |access-date=28 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811064016/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-10-29/mumbai/27147932_1_framing-charges-tuff-shoes-magistrate |archive-date=11 August 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> The case dragged on for 14 years, after which the courts acquitted the accused.<ref name=Times>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Its-a-big-relief-Milind-Soman/articleshow/5284550.cms |title=It's a big relief: Milind Soman |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 December 2009 |access-date=28 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811064030/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-01/news-interviews/28087742_1_obscenity-case-milind-soman-madhu-sapre |archive-date=11 August 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On his 55th birthday in 2020, Soman shared a photograph on social media of himself running in the nude on a beach in Goa. The incident led to the creation of many [[Internet meme]]s featuring the picture.<ref name="TIE-Nude-20" /> In addition, the actor was booked by the local police under section 294 (obscenity) of the Indian Penal Code, along with other relevant sections of the Information Technology Act.<ref name=Beach>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/milind-sonam-faces-fir-charged-with-obscenity-for-naked-run-on-goa-beach/story-qNTXV5B9mxn0ccplDyddLI.html |title=Milind Soman faces FIR, charged with obscenity for naked run on Goa beach |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=7 November 2020}}</ref>

He has also starred in a controversial ad for Vim, promoting dishwashing liquid for men.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-10 |title=Milind Soman promotes dishwashing liquid for men, internet refuses to believe this is a real product: 'Tell me this a spoof' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/milind-soman-dishwashing-liquid-for-men-internet-refuses-to-believe-real-product-8317178/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=''It Was A Joke'': Vim Clarifies After Backlash Over 'First Dishwashing Liquid For Men' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/dear-men-it-was-a-joke-vim-clarifies-after-backlash-over-dishwashing-liquid-for-men-3597317 |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! class="unsortable" | Role !! Language !! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| 2000|| ''[[Tarkieb]]''<ref name="auto"/> || Captain Ajit Verma || rowspan="8" | [[Hindi]]||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2002|| ''[[Pyar Ki Dhun]]''<ref name="auto"/> || Rohit ||
|-
| ''[[16 December (film)|16 December]]'' || Vikram ||
|-
| ''[[Agni Varsha]]'' ||Arvasu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2003|| ''[[Rules: Pyaar Ka Superhit Formula]]'' ||Vikram Varma || Also producer<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/Life-the-Milind-Soman-way/articleshow/45302374.cms |title=Life, the Milind Soman way |website=The Times of India |date=4 May 2003 |access-date=18 March 2020 |archive-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916205906/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/Life-the-Milind-Soman-way/articleshow/45302374.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Surya'' || Surya ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005|| ''[[Jurm (2005 film)|Jurm]]'' || Rohit||
|-
| ''[[Bhagmati (2005 film)|Bhagmati]]''<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jun/21milind.htm |title=rediff.com, Movies: The Milind Soman interview |website=www.rediff.com |access-date=18 March 2020 |archive-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911025044/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jun/21milind.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> || [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006|| ''[[Valley of Flowers (film)|Valley of Flowers]]'' ||Jalan || Hindi, [[Japanese language|Japanese]]||
|-
|''[[Katputtli]]'' ||Arjun || Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2007|| ''[[Pachaikili Muthucharam]]'' || Lawrence || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
|''[[Say Salaam India]]'' ||Harry Oberoi || rowspan="2" | Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Bheja Fry (film)|Bheja Fry]]'' || Anant Ghoshal||
|-
| ''[[Arn - Tempelriddaren]]'' || Saladin|| rowspan="2" | [[Swedish language|Swedish]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008 || ''[[Arn – The Kingdom at Road's End]]'' || Saladin ||
|-
| ''[[Bhram]]'' || Devendra|| rowspan="2" | Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2009 || ''The Flag''|| Arjun||
|-
| ''[[Satyameva Jeyathe]]'' ||Ranadev || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]||
|-
| ''[[Gandha (film)|Gandha: Smell]]'' || Sarang || [[Marathi language|Marathi]] ||
|-
| ''[[Do Paise Ki Dhoop, Chaar Aane Ki Baarish]]'' || Sameer || rowspan="2" | Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Shadow ]]'' || Rahul Kapoor ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || ''[[Paiyaa]]'' || Baali || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Nakshatra (film)|Nakshatra]]'' ||Inspector Gupta || Hindi ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Vithagan]]'' ||Badri || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012 || ''[[Agent Hamilton: But Not If It Concerns Your Daughter]]'' || Abdul Rahman || [[English language|English]]||
|-
| ''[[Jodi Breakers]]'' || Mark || rowspan="2" | Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013 || ''[[David (2013 Hindi film)|David]]'' || The Gangster||
|-
| ''[[Alex Pandian]]'' || Alvin Martin || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Samhita (film)|Samhita]]'' || The King|| rowspan="2" | Marathi ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''[[Nagrik]]'' ||Vikas Patil ||
|-
| ''[[Bajirao Mastani (film)|Bajirao Mastani]]'' ||[[Purandare|Ambaji Pant Purandare]]|| rowspan="2" |Hindi||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2604180/Milind-Soman-in-Sanjay-Leela-Bhansalis-Bajirao-Mastani |title=Milind Soman in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's Bajirao Mastani |work=bollywoodhungama.com |access-date=23 December 2015 |date=23 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042528/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2604180/Milind-Soman-in-Sanjay-Leela-Bhansalis-Bajirao-Mastani |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || ''[[Chef (2017 film)|Chef]]'' || Biju ||
|-
| ''Mukti - Birth of a Nation'' || [[General]] [[J. F. R. Jacob]]
| English|| Short film
|-
|2018||''Hamara Tiranga'' || Arjun || Hindi ||
|-
|2021|| ''[[Doctor (2021 film)|Doctor]]'' || Colonel James Anderson || Tamil ||
|-
|rowspan=3| 2023
| ''[[One Friday Night]]'' || Ram Varma || rowspan="4" | Hindi ||
|-
|''[[Lakadbaggha]]'' || Tarun Bakshi ||
|-
| ''[[Starfish (2023 film)|Starfish]]'' || Arlo ||
|-
|2025|| ''[[Emergency (2025 film)|Emergency]]'' || [[Sam Manekshaw]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/milind-soman-play-1971-indo-pak-war-hero-sam-manekshaw-kangana-ranauts-directorial-emergency-see-first-look/|title=Milind Soman to play 1971 Indo-Pak war hero Sam Manekshaw in Kangana Ranaut's directorial Emergency, see first look|date=25 August 2022|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=25 August 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
| 1995|| ''[[A Mouthful of Sky]]''|| Akash Bhandarkar<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/milind-soman-first-acting-debut-a-mouthful-of-sky-tv-show-first-of-many-6316441/ |title=First of Many: Milind Soman revisits A Mouthful of Sky |date=18 March 2020 |access-date=18 March 2020 |archive-date=18 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318141403/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/milind-soman-first-acting-debut-a-mouthful-of-sky-tv-show-first-of-many-6316441/ |url-status=live}}</ref>|| English ||
|-
|1996 || ''Daayra''<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020407/spectrum/tv.htm |title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television |website=www.tribuneindia.com |access-date=18 March 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608015849/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020407/spectrum/tv.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> || || rowspan="11" |Hindi ||
|-
|1997–1998|| ''Vakaalat''<ref name="auto"/> || ||
|-
| 1997–1998|| ''[[Sea Hawks (TV series)|Sea Hawks]]'' || Vikram Rajpoot ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Margarita (Zee TV)|Margarita]]''<ref name="auto"/> || Pedro || Also producer
|-
|1997–1999|| ''Tanha''<ref name="auto"/> || ||
|-
|1998–1999 || ''[[Captain Vyom]]''<ref name="auto"/> || Captain Vyom ||
|-
| 2000–2001|| ''[[Noorjahan (TV Series)|Noorjahan]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19990927-model-milind-soman-to-play-salim-in-serial-noorjahan-on-dd-824130-1999-09-26 |title=Model Milind Soman to play Salim in serial Noorjahan on DD1 |date=27 September 1999 |access-date=24 June 2016 |archive-date=15 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815223107/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/model-milind-soman-to-play-salim-in-serial-noorjahan-on-dd1/1/255257.html |url-status=live}}</ref> || [[Jahangir|Salim]]||
|-
| 2000|| ''Deewarein''<ref name="auto1"/> || ||
|-
| 2006–2007
|''Ghost Bana Dost''
|
| Producer<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/dec/dec37.htm |title=StarOne unveils Milind Soman production 'Ghost Bana Dost' |date=4 December 2006 |access-date=31 August 2017 |archive-date=2 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902014214/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/dec/dec37.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2010 || '' [[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi |Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 3]]'' || Contestant ||
|-
| 2012 || ''MTV Rush'' || Himself || Also producer
|-
|2017–2018
|''[[India's Next Top Model]]''
| rowspan="2" |Judge
| rowspan="3" |English, Hindi
|
|-
|2019-2021
|''[[MTV Supermodel of the Year]]''
|
|-
|2019–2020
|''[[Four More Shots Please!]]''
|Dr. Aamir Warsi<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/four-more-shots-please-season-2-confirmed-by-amazon-prime-video-check-out-first-pics/story-t94XU3UvfA0Yz5W3zIRh2K.html |title=Four More Shots Please! season 2 confirmed by Amazon Prime Video. Check out first pics |date=3 June 2019 |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=18 March 2020 |archive-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319203339/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/four-more-shots-please-season-2-confirmed-by-amazon-prime-video-check-out-first-pics/story-t94XU3UvfA0Yz5W3zIRh2K.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Paurashpur]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Watch Paurashpur trailer : Starring Shilpa Shinde, Shaheer Sheikh and More - TheTrend24 |url=https://thetrend24.com/watch-paurashpur-trailer-starring-shilpa-shinde-shaheer-sheikh-and-more/ |access-date=1 February 2021 |website= |language=en-US}}</ref>''
|Boris
| rowspan="3" |Hindi
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Masaba Masaba]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title='Masaba Masaba' season 2 review: An improved round of fashion-froth-fun |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1029133/masaba-masaba-season-2-review-an-even-better-round-of-fashion-froth-fun |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=Scroll.in |date=29 July 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Himself
|
|-
|2025
|''[[The Royals (2025 TV series)|The Royals]]''
|Maharaj Yuvanath Singh
|Ex maharaja of Morpur
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Singer(s)
!Ref.
|-
|1995
|''[[Made in India (album)]]''
|[[Alisha Chinai]]
|
|-
|1997
|''Jaanam Samjha Karo (album)''
|[[Asha Bhosle]]
|
|-
|1999
|''[[Deewana (album)]]''
|[[Sonu Nigam]]
|
|-
|2022
|''Shringar''
|[[Akasa Singh]], [[Aastha Gill]], [[Raftaar]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2022 |title=25 साल बाद श्रंगार से म्यूजिक वीडियो में मिलिंद सोमन की वापसी |url=https://m.bhaskarhindi.com/entertainment/news/milind-soman-returns-after-25-years-in-music-video-from-shringar-383727 |access-date=2 July 2022 |website=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soman, Milind}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Glasgow]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]

William James Wanless

2026-03-23T20:42:39Z

GayleTibbs8: stub.

{{Short description|Canadian surgeon and missionary}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2012}}
{{Infobox medical person
| honorific_prefix = Sir
| name = William James Wanless
| image = Wanless.jpg
| alt = Photo of Sir William James Wanless.
| caption = Sir William James Wanless
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1865|05|01}}
| birth_place = Charleston (now Caledon village, Town of [[Caledon, Ontario|Caledon]]), Ontario, Canada
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1933|03|03|1865|05|01}}
| death_place = [[Glendale, California]], United States
| profession = Surgeon & medical missionary to India
|specialism =
|research_field =
| known_for = Medical Mission in [[Miraj|Miraj, India]]
| years_active = 1894–1928
| education = [[Doctor of Medicine]] [[New York University School of Medicine]]
| work_institutions = Wanless Hospital, Miraj
| prizes = [[Knight Bachelor]] of the British Empire
| relations =
}}

'''Sir William James Wanless''' [[Fellow of the American College of Surgeons|FACS]] (May 1, 1865 – March 3, 1933) was a Canadian-born [[surgeon]], humanitarian and [[American Presbyterian Mission|Presbyterian missionary]] who founded a medical mission in [[Miraj, India]] in 1894 and led it for nearly 40 years.<ref name=nyt/><ref name=dies/><ref name=obit>{{cite journal | date = March 25, 1933 | title = Sir William James Wanless | journal = [[The British Medical Journal]] | pmc=2368392 | pmid=20777450 | volume = 1 | issue = 3768 | pages = 544–5 | doi=10.1136/bmj.1.3768.544-d}}</ref><ref name=mission>{{cite book | author = Lyle L. Vander Werff | title = Christian Mission to Muslims: The Record : Anglican and Reformed Approaches in India and the Near East, 1800–1938 | publisher = William Carey Library | year = 1977 | series = William Carey Library series on Islamic studies | pages = 366 pages | isbn = 9780878083206 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NuStj-saoQkC&pg=PA74}}</ref> As part of this mission, Dr. Wanless founded Maharashtra's first missionary [[medical school]] in 1897, and helped to establish a [[leprosy]] [[sanatorium]] as well as a [[tuberculosis]] hospital, now known as the Wanless Chest Hospital.<ref name="The United States in Asia: a historical dictionary. Pgae-514">{{cite book|last=Shavit|first=David |title=The United States in Asia: A Historical Dictionary|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=1990|edition=illustrated|pages=514|isbn=9780313267888|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWdZTaJdc6UC&pg=PA514|access-date=October 3, 2010}}</ref><ref name="Government Gazetteers - Sangli District ">{{cite book | others = The Gazetteers Department Maharashtra Government | title = Sangli District Gazetteer | editor = DR. ARUNCHANDRA S. PATHAK | publisher = The Gazetteers Department Maharashtra Government | location = Mumbai | year = 1969 | chapter = PUBLIC LIFE AND VOLUNTARY SOCIAL SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS in Sangli Dist. | chapter-url = http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/SANGLI/public_life_Voluntary%20organisations.html | access-date = October 3, 2010}}</ref>

His medical mission turned the once-small village of [[Miraj]] into a major medical center in India. By the time he retired in 1928, the clinic he started had become a 250-bed hospital with several important adjuncts.<ref name="From Medicine Man To Medical Man">{{cite book|last=Bull|first=William Perkins|url=http://images.ourontario.ca/brampton/3085828/page/1|title=From Medicine Man To Medical Man: A Record of a Century And A Half of Progress in Health and Sanitation as Exemplified By Developments In Peel.|date=1934|publisher=Perkins Bull Foundation, George J McLeod Ltd.|location=Toronto|pages=365–366|access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref> He is considered by many to be India's most famous surgeon of the 19th century, and was known throughout Asia, personally treating princes, [[raja]]hs and [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref name = "From Medicine Man To Medical Man" /><ref>Gandhi, M.K. [http://www.mkgandhi.org/letters/chrchmisn/wanless.htm Letter to Sir William Wanless], M.K. Gandhi, June 2, 1931. Retrieved from the MKGandhi.org website, October 6, 2010.</ref> In 1928, he was knighted by King [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]], who appointed him [[Knight Bachelor]] of the British Empire, for treating 1,000,000 patients and restoring sight to 12,000 of them.<ref name="The Scotsman March 14, 1928">{{cite news|url=http://archive.scotsman.com/search.cfm?keywords=Sir+William+James+Wanless+&match=boolean&exclusions=&yearFrom=1921&monthFrom=1&dayFrom=1&yearTo=1930&monthTo=12&dayTo=31&sort=Score,desc&entityType=all|title=Dignity of Knighthood |date=March 14, 1928|publisher=The Scotsman |pages=8 |access-date=October 3, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Dr. William James Wanless, Physician. Knighted by King George and Also Honored by India for Public Services. Missionary For 39 Years. Treated More Than 1,000,000 Patients, Restored Sight of 12,000 and Built Great Hospital | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30B14FD345F17738DDDAF0894DB405B838FF1D3 |work=The New York Times | date = March 6, 1933 | access-date = 2010-09-30 }}</ref><ref name="The London Gazette ">{{cite book|title=The London Gazette|location=London |date=2 January 1928 |pages=10 |url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/33343/supplements/3|access-date=3 October 2010}}</ref> The Wanless Hospital in Miraj bears his name, and is now a modern 550-bed teaching hospital.<ref name="Wanless Hospital, Miraj Medical center- Web-aboutus">{{cite web | url = http://www.wanlesshospital.org/aboutus.htm | title = Wanless Hospital, Miraj Medical center Web | access-date = October 3, 2010 | location=Miraj India}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

William James Wanless was born on May 1, 1865, to Elizabeth and John Wanless in the then-community of Charleston, Province of Canada (now "Caledon Village", part of [[Caledon, Ontario|Caledon]], [[Ontario]], Canada.)<ref name="From Medicine Man To Medical Man" /><ref name=dict>
{{cite book
| author = David Shavit
| title = The United States in Asia: A Historical Dictionary
| publisher = [[Greenwood Publishing Group]]
| year = 1990
| pages = 620
| isbn = 978-0-313-26788-8
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IWdZTaJdc6UC&pg=PA514}}

</ref> He was the sixth of 14 children, including two elder brothers who died in childhood. His father, born in Barrow, Alwinton, Northumberland, England (or possibly Jedboro, Scotland) on December 30, 1832, emigrated to the United States with his family at the age of 17, later emigrating to Canada where he variously became a railroader, a hardware store owner (John Wanless & Sons), and a home heating furnace manufacturer in [[Toronto]] (where [[Wanless Park]] and several streets are named after one of their distant relations, also a John Wanless, a municipal [[Alderman#In Canada|alderman]] and educator).<ref name="WanlessWeb">

[http://www.wanlessweb.org/TNG/getperson.php?personID=I1349&tree=2 John Wanless, 1832–1911], Wanless Web genealogical website. Retrieved October 3, 2010.

</ref><ref name="WANLESS PARK HISTORY">{{cite web|url=http://www.peterrussellrealestate.com/4a_custpage_5713.html|title=WANLESS PARK HISTORY|publisher=Chestnut Park Real Estate Ltd., Brokerage|access-date=October 27, 2010|archive-date=July 15, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715070306/http://www.peterrussellrealestate.com/4a_custpage_5713.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> During his childhood and adolescence, William was educated in the schools of Charleston, [[Mount Forest, Ontario|Mount Forrest]] and [[Guelph|Guelph, Ontario]].

He graduated from the [[New York University School of Medicine]] in 1889. He married Mary Elizabeth Marshall on September 5, 1889, in Canada, and sailed for India the same year.<ref name=dict/><ref name="Physician Extraordinaire ">{{cite book|last=Suryawanshi|first=Rev. S. N. |title=Dr. Sir William J. Wanless Physician Extraordinaire|publisher=Word of Life Publications, 31, Guru Nanaknagar, Pune-42, India }}</ref><ref name = "Journal of American Medical Association" /> Mary gave birth to Ethel at Miraj on Dec 2, 1891. Mary died on August 12, 1906. On December 5, 1907, Dr William married again at [[Kodoli]] to Lillian Emery Havens, who survived him. Lillian gave birth to 3 children: Harold L. Wanless on October 2, 1908, at Miraj; Robert Emery Wanless who became a Pan Am Boeing pilot and Margaret Elizabeth Wanless on August 24, 1917, in Toronto. Lillian later wrote his biography.<ref name="WanlessWeb"/><ref>

The Ontario Register. Vol 11, page 99.</ref>

Wanless was a delegate to the [[1910 World Missionary Conference]] held in [[Edinburgh]], Scotland, and was president of the [[Christian Medical Association of India|Missionary Medical Association of India]] from 1911 to 1928. In 1918 he was made a [[Fellow of the American College of Surgeons]]. He was erroneously reported as dead in 1922; the incorrect report and its subsequent retraction made headlines in the United States.<ref name=obit /><ref>
{{cite news
| title = Dr. Wanless Not Dead In India As Reported
| url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/749146612.html?dids=749146612:749146612&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Jul+13,+1922&author=&pub=Hartford+Courant&desc=DR.+WANLESS+NOT+DEAD+IN+INDIA+AS+REPORTED&pqatl=google
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120111232420/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/749146612.html?dids=749146612:749146612&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Jul+13,+1922&author=&pub=Hartford+Courant&desc=DR.+WANLESS+NOT+DEAD+IN+INDIA+AS+REPORTED&pqatl=google
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = January 11, 2012
| quote = Announcement was made by the Presbyterian hoard of foreign missions today that Dr William Wanless who was reported dead in India on July 7 ...
| work = [[Hartford Courant]]
| date = July 13, 1922
| access-date = 2010-09-30 }}</ref>

== Mission in India ==
[[File:Cropped Wanless image from 1888, likely at the New York University School of Medicine.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.2|alt= Photo of William Wanless age 23 at New York|William Wanless, age 23, at the New York University School of Medicine, ca.1888.]]

The [[Bryn Mawr Presbyterian Church]], of [[Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania]], sent Dr. Wanless to [[India]] in 1889.<ref name ="William Wanless who was sent from - Bryn Mawr Presbyterian Church USA" /><ref name="History of the Expansion of christianity (colume vi)">
{{cite book
| title = History of the Expansion of Christianity (volume vi)
| publisher = Taylor & Francis
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ET8OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA164}}

</ref> In 1891, he selected the rustic town of [[Miraj]] in [[Maharashtra State]] for the mission hospital. The Mission was started as a one-room dispensary in a very small rented place at a busy bazaar, and he was assisted by his wife, Mary, a trained nurse. The [[Miraj Senior|Rajah of Miraj]], [[Raja]]h Sir Gangadharrao Ganesh (Bala Saheb) Patwardhan, provided him with land for a hospital which was formally opened in 1894, in a part of the city now known as ''Wanlesswadi''.<ref>Kunte, G.J. [http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/m/mirajsnr.html Miraj Senior (Princely State): Predecessor Rulers and Short History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818065812/http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/m/mirajsnr.html |date=August 18, 2010 }}, CHARITRA OF ADYA SANSTHAPAK CHINTAMANRAO APPASAHEB PATWARDHAN, 1972. Retrieved from University of Queensland, Australia, Genealogical Gleanings website, October 6, 2010.</ref><ref name="The Times of India directory and year book including who's who">
{{cite book
|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's Who
| publisher=Times of India Press
| year=1969
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vsYVAQAAIAAJ
| access-date=October 3, 2010
}}</ref>

With the establishment of a hospital, the need for higher quality medical care was increasingly felt, and towards that end a School of Nursing was founded in 1897 under the superintendence of Miss Elizabeth Foster. It has since steadily developed into one of the best [[nursing school]]s in Maharashtra.<ref name = "Government Gazetteers - Sangli District " />

The Mary Wanless Hospital was founded in memory of Wanless's first wife Mary after her death in 1906. Now called the Mary Wanless Hospital / Miraj Medical Centre, it still attracts hundreds of poor and needy patients from across India and abroad. He established the Miraj Christian Medical School in 1907, which later graduated its first group of 17 students, with its only qualified teacher being Wanless himself. In 1917 the medical school was recognized for a Diploma of Licentiate by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of [[Mumbai]] (LCPS), similar to the LRCP of the [[Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons|Royal College of Surgeons]] (MRCS) of England.<ref name="Nothing but the truth ">
{{cite book
| last=Dawood | first=Yusuf Kodwavwala
| title=Nothing But The Truth
| publisher = East African Publishers
| year = 2002
| pages = 326
| isbn=9789966251220
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IhxpWR5oU0C&pg=PA55
| access-date=October 4, 2010}}</ref>

Wanless established a [[Tuberculosis]] [[Sanatorium]] in 1920. At the time of his retirement in 1928, money was raised by citizens and his friends to erect a new building called the Wanless Tuberculosis Sanatorium, now known as Wanless Chest Hospital.<ref name=obit/> It is one of the premier institutions in the country.<ref name = "Government Gazetteers - Sangli District " />

The Vail Memorial Cancer Institute, named after Dr. Charles E. Vail who joined Wanless three years later, and the Goheen Psychiatric Clinic were started in 1937 and 1955 respectively.<ref name="Nothing but the truth Page 55">
{{cite book
| last = Dawood | first = Yusuf Kodwavwala
| title = Nothing But The Truth
| publisher = East African Publishers
| year = 2002
| series = Vitabu Vya Sayari Series
| pages = 346
| isbn = 9789966251220
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1IhxpWR5oU0C&pg=PA55}}
</ref> The Goheen Clinic was named after Dr. Robert H. H. Goheen, father of [[Robert Francis Goheen]], These facilities have effectively served the purposes for which they were established, that is in providing quality health care to all irrespective of [[caste]], [[creed]], religion or [[Personal finance|financial means]].<ref name="Planning Commission of India Report 1955">
{{cite book
|author=India Planning Commission
| title = Social Welfare in India
| publisher = Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
| year = 1955
| pages = 850 pages
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BFRpAAAAIAAJ
| access-date=October 7, 2010}}</ref>

Additionally, Wanless established five outpost stations attached to the hospital, and paid the hospital's staff of 125, living only on his missionary's salary sent by the Bryn Mawr Presbyterian Church, while donating his personal staff salary to the mission.<ref name="From Medicine Man To Medical Man" />

===Retirement and legacy===

In 1928, after almost forty years of medical missionary service in India, Wanless retired to live in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ends 40 Years In India. Dr. W.J. Wanless Arrives to Retire From Missionary Work |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/03/13/archives/ends-40-years-in-india-dr-wj-wanless-arrives-to-retire-from.html |work=The New York Times |date=March 13, 1928 |access-date=2010-09-30 }}</ref> He wrote a book, ''Medicine in India'', on his life as a doctor in India. He died at his home, 1016 Matillja Street, [[Glendale, California]], on March 3, 1933, and was buried at [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale|Forest Lawn Memorial Park]] in the same city.<ref name=nyt>{{cite news | title = Dr. William J. Wanless | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50C17F8345F1A7A93C6A91788D85F478385F9 |work=The New York Times | date = March 4, 1933 | access-date = 2010-09-30 }}</ref><ref name=dies>{{cite news | title = Dr. Wanless, of Fame In India, Dies | url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/388710931.html?dids=388710931:388710931&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Mar+04,+1933&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=DR.+WANLESS,+OF+FAME+IN+INDIA,+DIES&pqatl=google | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121104005733/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/388710931.html?dids=388710931:388710931&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Mar+04,+1933&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=DR.+WANLESS,+OF+FAME+IN+INDIA,+DIES&pqatl=google | url-status = dead | archive-date = November 4, 2012 |work=Los Angeles Times | date = March 4, 1933 | access-date = 2010-09-30 }}</ref> His wife Lillian died in 1973 at the age of 99 at their home in Glendale, California. Wanless's son Harold later carried on his father's tradition by studying medicine at the [[University of Toronto]].<ref name="From Medicine Man To Medical Man" />

Since its inception over 115 years ago his medical mission has grown into an institution consisting of a 550-bed teaching hospital affiliated with India's Government Medical College, a College of Nursing, an Institute of Pharmacy and various paramedical programmes.<ref name="William Wanless who was sent from - Bryn Mawr Presbyterian Church USA">{{cite web|url=http://www.bmpc.org/Worldwide/Wanless.htm|title=Bryn Mawr Presbyterian Church|access-date=October 3, 2010}}</ref><ref name="Wanless of India: lancet of the Lord">{{cite book |author=Lillian Emery Havens Wanless | title = Wanless of India: Lancet Of The Lord | publisher = W. A. Wilde company | year= 1944 | pages=366 pages | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GWJCAAAAIAAJ&q=Ichalkaeanji}}</ref>

The Wanless Hospital and Wanless Chest Hospital are now located in the township of'' 'Wanlesswadi','' that is 'Wanless town', made notable for its medical institutions. The name was given it by its citizens in that part of India and is recognized by the federal government of India. Wanlesswadi has its own [[Postal Index Number]], 416414, and the [[Indian Railways]] also has a station named 'Wanlesswadi' on its Miraj–Sangli Route, which opened on April 1, 1907, for the use by ill or needy patients from across India and from abroad.<ref name="The Gazetteers Department Maharashtra Government">{{cite book | publisher=The Gazetteers Department Maharashtra Government | url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/SANGLI/comm_railways.html | access-date=March 18, 2023 |title=Railways |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117081912/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/SANGLI/comm_railways.html |archive-date=November 17, 2007 }}</ref>

As a secondary and tertiary care centre, Wanless Hospital serves a large part of western [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka|North Karnataka]].<ref name="The King's Highway By Helen Barrett Montgomery 2010">{{cite book | last = Montgomery | first = Helen Barrett | title = The King's Highway | publisher = READ BOOKS | year = 2010 | pages = 326 | isbn = 9781444696042 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CCV3q2ebu0sC&pg=PA78 | access-date = October 3, 2010}}</ref>

== Honours ==
[[File:Knights Bachelor Insignia.png|thumb|right|126px|The badge of a Knight Bachelor]]

Dr. Wanless received official honors from Great Britain on three occasions:
* He first received the silver [[Kaisar-i-Hind]] (Emperor in India) medal of second class in 1912.<ref name=obit/>
* The same order of gold medal of first class in 1920, in recognition of his philanthropic and humanitarian work for India.<ref name=obit/>
* The third honor was bestowed upon him on January 2, 1928, by His Majesty, [[George V of the United Kingdom]], was a [[Knight Bachelor|knighthood]] of the [[British Empire]], conferring upon him the degree and honor.<ref name=nyt/><ref name=obit/><ref name = "From Medicine Man To Medical Man" /><ref name="Journal of American Medical Association">

{{cite journal|year=1933|title=American Medical Association|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association|publisher=American Medical Association|volume=100 |issue= 14|pages=1125|doi=10.1001/jama.1933.02740140049023}}</ref>

The [[Aga Khan III|Sultan Mahommed Shah, Aga Khan III]] presented him a silver casket with a farewell address on his retirement.<ref name=obit/>

== Publications ==
A partial list of his writings and works includes:
* {{cite journal |last1= Wanless |first1= William James | jstor = 25327510 | title = Cancer of the Uterus | journal = [[BMJ|The British Medical Journal]] | volume = 1 | issue = 3496 | pages = 21–25 [24] | date = January 7, 1928 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.1.3496.21 |s2cid= 219995353 | id={{subscription required}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1= Wanless |first1= William James | jstor = 20339668 | title = Intramuscular Injections of Quinine | journal = [[BMJ|The British Medical Journal]] | volume = 1 | issue = 3079 | pages = 21–27 [25–26] | date = January 3, 1920 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.1.3079.21 |s2cid= 219996695 | id={{subscription required}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1= Wanless |first1= William James | jstor = 25327509 | title = Iodine, Goitre, and Growth | journal = [[BMJ|The British Medical Journal]] | volume = 1 | issue = 3496 | pages = 21–25 [24] | date = January 7, 1928 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.1.3496.21 |s2cid= 219995353 | id={{subscription required}} }}
* {{cite journal |last1= Wanless |first1= William James |title=Medicine in India |journal=Bull N Y Acad Med |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=105–25 | date=February 1930 |pmid=19311713 |pmc=2095951 }} Origin: delivered before the Section of Historical and Cultural Medicine, November 13, 1929.

;As cited in other works:
* Wanless, William James. "The Medical Mission", 1898.
* Wanless, William James. "Medical Missions: Facts and Testimonies".
* Wanless, William James. "An American Doctor at Work in India", New York, 1932.

== Archival collections ==

The [[Presbyterian Historical Society]] in [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], has [http://www.history.pcusa.org/collections/research-tools/guides-archival-collections/rg-92 Sir W. J. Wanless' Papers], including Dr. Wanless' correspondence, notes and diaries, scrapbooks, and photographs of the mission hospital work.

== References ==

'''Notes'''

{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

'''Bibliography'''

{{colbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* Edwards, Martin Russ. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6kgDtjR2OVYC The Work of the Medical Missionary], [[General Books LLC]], 2010, {{ISBN|0-217-92278-3}}, {{ISBN|978-0-217-92278-4}}.
* Wanless, Lillian Emery Havens. [https://books.google.com/books?id=GWJCAAAAIAAJ&q Wanless of India: Lancet of the Lord], W. A. Wilde company, 1944.
* Wanless, Lillian Emery Havens. "Knight of the Kingdom: William Wanless, M.D. of India", Presbyterian Historical Society, Philadelphia, 1955.
* Wanless, William James. [https://books.google.com/books?id=D92PGAAACAAJ&dq An American Doctor at Work in India], Fleming H. Revell Company, 1932.
* White, James Terry. "The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography", University Microfilms, 1967.
* Williamson, J. Rutter. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uBFy6QdWy-gC The Healing of the Nations – A Treatise on Medical Missions, Statement and Appeal], Read Books, 2008, {{ISBN|1-4437-7522-3}}, {{ISBN|978-1-4437-7522-9}}, pp. 36, 44 & 90.
* Rev. S. N. Suryawanshi "Dr. Sir William J. Wanless – Physician Extraordinaire", Word of Life Publications, 31, Guru Nanaknagar, Pune-42, India

{{colend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.wanlesshospital.org Wanless Hospital / Miraj Medical Center] (official site)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wanless, William James}}
[[Category:1865 births]]
[[Category:1933 deaths]]
[[Category:Christianity in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]]
[[Category:Indian surgeons]]
[[Category:Canadian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Canadian missionaries in India|William James Wanless]]
[[Category:New York University Grossman School of Medicine alumni]]
[[Category:Christian medical missionaries]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Presbyterian missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)]]
[[Category:Missionary educators]]
[[Category:Canadian medical missionaries]]

Naaigal Jaakirathai

2026-03-23T16:19:29Z

GayleTibbs8: adding first article w/ infobox...

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Shakti Soundar Rajan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naaigal Jaakirathai
| image = Naaigal Jaakirathai.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Shakti Soundar Rajan]]
| producer = {{Ubl | [[Sathyaraj]] | Maheswari Sathyaraj}}
| writer = Shakti Soundar Rajan
| starring = {{Ubl | [[Sibiraj]] | [[Arundhati (actress)|Arundhati]]}}
| music = [[Dharan Kumar]]
| cinematography = [[Nizar Shafi]]
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]]
| studio = Nathambal Film Factory
| distributor = Cosmo Village
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|11|21}}
| runtime = 114 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INRConvert|4|c}}<ref name="Naaigal Jaakirathai is a hit">{{Cite web |title=Naaigal Jaakirathai is a hit |url=http://www.iflickz.com/2014/12/naaigal-jaakirathai-is-a-hit.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220054946/http://www.iflickz.com/2014/12/naaigal-jaakirathai-is-a-hit.html |archive-date=20 December 2014 |access-date=2016-08-29 |website=iFlickz.com}}</ref>
| gross = {{INRConvert|10|c}}<ref name="Naaigal Jaakirathai is a hit" />
}}

'''''Naaigal Jaakirathai''''' ({{translation|Beware of Dogs}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy thriller]] film written and directed by [[Shakti Soundar Rajan]] featuring [[Sibiraj]], [[Arundhati (actress)|Arundhati]] and a [[German Shepherd]] dog named Idoh in the lead.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 November 2014 |title=Bytes galore from Idoh |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/bytes-galore-from-idoh/article6587945.ece |access-date=2016-08-29 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It is inspired from the 1989 film ''[[Turner & Hooch]]''. The film was produced by Sibiraj's father [[Sathyaraj]] under the banner Nathambal Film Factory. The music was composed by Dharan Kumar, cinematography was handled by Nizar Shifi and edited by [[Praveen K. L.]]

''Naaigal Jaakirathai was'' released on 21 November 2014 and received positive reviews from critics and audience,{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} and was one of the most profitable ventures of 2014.<ref name="news18.2014.12.30">{{Cite web |date=December 30, 2014 |title=Shakti Soundar Rajan: 'Naaigal Jaakirathai' sequel to come out in 2016 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/shakti-soundar-rajan-naaigal-jaakirathai-sequel-to-come-out-in-2016-733526.html |website=[[News 18]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> The movie was dubbed in Hindi as ''Police Aur Tiger''.

==Plot==
A gang has kidnapped a girl and several police officers, including Karthik ([[Sibiraj]]), who is attempting to rescue her. During a shootout, one man from the gang and a police officer named Arul Das (Raghav Umasrinivasan), who is a good friend of Karthik, are killed, while Karthik gets injured. He is put out of action and suffers from [[posttraumatic stress disorder|post traumatic stress disorder]].

Subramani (Idoh) is a trained military dog who has the potential to nab culprits and decipher crime scenes. After its owner, an army officer, is shot dead, Subramani is returned to the officer's father in [[Coimbatore]], who is a neighbor of Karthik. The neighbor leaves the town and requests Karthik to provide shelter to Subramani during his absence. Karthik denies the request but provides shelter after seeing Subramani being troubled by the small kids in the neighborhood. Karthik learns about Subramani and becomes good friends with him.

Meanwhile, Karthik's wife Renuka ([[Arundhati (actress)|Arundhati]]) is abducted by Anbu Das ([[Balaji Venugopal]]), the head of the kidnapping ring, and is buried alive inside a [[coffin]]. A web camera is attached into the coffin, and the [[live stream]] is provided to Karthik. Karthik learns that Renuka can breathe for about six hours. Renuka speaks to Anbu, and with the help of a deaf and dumb teacher, Karthik deciphers what Renuka had conveyed. Suddenly, water trickles into the coffin, and Karthik concludes that it has to be rainwater. He, Subramani, and his cop friend travel to [[Ooty]], the only place in [[Tamil Nadu]] where it was raining at the moment.

Anbu had kidnapped Renuka to avenge the death of his brother, who was not the man from his gang, but Arul, who worked as a [[Mole (espionage)|mole]] in the police department. Karthik is then hit by a metal rod and is also buried in a coffin. Subramani sniffs out Anbu and his henchmen. While Anbu can escape to a [[tree house]], his henchmen get bitten by Subramani, who saves Karthik by digging a pit. Anbu gets hold of a gun and shoots at Subramani, injuring him fatally, before Karthik manages to outwit and defeat Anbu in a fight. Before dying, Subramani had marked the place where Renuka is buried, and Karthik saved her, while Anbu has been buried alive in the same manner.

Subramani has gotten offspring, and Karthik is given one of the puppies. The movie ends with a scene where Karthik and his new dog, who has been named Chinnamani in Subramani's memory, are being entrusted with investigating a new case.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sibiraj]] as Inspector Karthik Chinnamalai
* [[Arundhati (actress)|Arundhati]] as Renuka
* [[Idoh]] (Dog) as Subramani
* [[Balaji Venugopal]] as Anbu Das
* [[Manobala]] as Pichumani
* [[Mayilsamy]] as Dog Owner
* [[Prinz Nithik]] as Arunachalam
* Venkat Sundar as Appu
* Raghav Umasrinivasan as Arul Das
* Maheswaran Muthusamy as Rajesh
* Abimanyu Nallamuthu as Selvam
* Aroul D. Shankar as Kidnapped Girl's father
* Varsha as Vidya
* Mayilvaganan as Bharani
* Sounder as Emu Owner
* Anbu as Logu
* Arunachalam as Senior Doctor
* Chenthu Mohan as Army Officer
}}

== Production ==
After ''[[Naanayam]]'', [[Sibi Sathyaraj]] was on the lookout for a script for his next film. Since nothing interesting turned up, he took a brief hiatus, still reading scripts. Sibiraj is a dog-lover and has 3 dogs. So, he expressed his eagerness in working with animals in a film.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=24 Jul 2013 |title=Sibiraj to make dog-centric film |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130724/entertainment-kollywood/article/sibiraj-make-dog-centric-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727045911/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130724/entertainment-kollywood/article/sibiraj-make-dog-centric-film |archive-date=27 July 2013 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Director Shakti S. Rajan, who had earlier directed Sibiraj in ''Naanayam'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sibiraj's 'Naaigal Jaakirathai' with Naanayam director |url=http://reviews.in.88db.com/index.php/movie/movie-news/22060-sibirajs-naaigal-jaakirathai-with-naanayam-director |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103110247/http://reviews.in.88db.com/index.php/movie/movie-news/22060-sibirajs-naaigal-jaakirathai-with-naanayam-director |archive-date=3 November 2013 |access-date=1 November 2013 |publisher=88db.com}}</ref> came up with a script with a dog in the lead.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nikhil Ragahavan |date=27 July 2013 |title=Etcetera: Pet subject |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/etcetera-pet-subject/article4959764.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The film was formally announced in July 2013, with a military trained canine described as the main character.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shiva Prasad |date=15 July 2013 |title=Sibiraj second hero in 'Naaigal Jaakirathai' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Sibiraj-second-hero-in-Naaigal-Jaakirathai/articleshow/21082644.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103184203/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-15/news-interviews/40589520_1_sathyaraj-real-life-hero-naanayam |archive-date=3 November 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN}}</ref> Apart from playing the hero, the dog would also do several action sequences and comedy tracks in the film.<ref name="Filming">{{Cite news |date=10 October 2013 |title=Beware of Sibiraj's new co-star! |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Beware-of-Sibirajs-new-co-star/2013/10/10/article1827783.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011230324/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Beware-of-Sibirajs-new-co-star/2013/10/10/article1827783.ece |archive-date=11 October 2013 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Arundhati (actress)|Arundhati]] of ''[[Sundaattam]]'' fame was signed as the female lead.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anupama Subramanian |date=10 October 2013 |title=Sibi back on track |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131010/entertainment-kollywood/article/sibi-back-track |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102135539/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131010/entertainment-kollywood/article/sibi-back-track |archive-date=2 November 2013 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The crew was on the lookout for a trained dog,<ref>{{Cite news |last=V Lakshmi |date=23 July 2013 |title=Sibiraj's hunt for a dog is on |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Sibirajs-hunt-for-a-dog-is-on/articleshow/21243805.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729060214/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-23/news-interviews/40747993_1_sibiraj-naanayam-dog |archive-date=29 July 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> preferably a German Shepherd.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 July 2013 |title=Sibiraj to recreate his canine love onscreen |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/sibiraj-to-recreate-his-canine-love-onscreen-113071600314_1.html |work=Business Standard |agency=IANS}}</ref> After a search, they found a dog from [[Bangalore]].<ref name="Location">{{Cite news |last=V Lakshmi |date=11 October 2013 |title=Sibiraj's hunt for the canine lead ends |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Sibirajs-hunt-for-the-canine-lead-ends/articleshow/23903078.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014014040/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-11/news-interviews/42940453_1_sibiraj-military-trained-dog-actor-sathyaraj |archive-date=14 October 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Filming began on 9 October 2013.<ref name="Filming" /> The story takes place in [[Coimbatore]], and travels to [[Ooty]], [[Palakkad]] and [[Chennai]].<ref name="Location" />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Naaigal Jaakirathai
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype =
| artist = [[Dharan Kumar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1 September 2014
| recorded = 2014
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 18:39
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = [[Dharan Kumar]]
| prev_title = [[Aaha Kalyanam]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Kaaval (2015 film)|Kaaval]]
| next_year = 2015
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Naaigal Jaakirathai
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Doggy Style
| single1date = 27 August 2014
}}
}}

The soundtrack album was composed by [[Dharan Kumar]] while the lyrics were written by [[Yugabharathi]] and [[Madhan Karky]]. A single track "Doggy Style" was released on 27 August 2014. The album was launched at the [[Radio Mirchi|Radio Mirchi FM Station]], [[Chennai]] on 1 September 2014, where the cast and crew were present at the event.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-02 |title=Naaigal Jaakirathai Audio Launch Pics |url=http://www.behindframes.com/naaigal-jaakirathai-audio-launch-pics/ |access-date=2019-10-22 |website=Behind Frames |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A jam packed week for audio releases |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/a-jam-packed-week-for-audio-releases-news-kollywood-ojbll4bighdgi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022073448/https://www.sify.com/movies/a-jam-packed-week-for-audio-releases-news-kollywood-ojbll4bighdgi.html |archive-date=22 October 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| all_writing =
| title1 = Doggy Style
| length1 = 3:24
| title2 = En Nenjil
| length2 = 4:58
| title3 = Oyaathe
| length3 = 3:55
| title4 = Man's Best Friend
| length4 = 2:42
| title5 = Doggy Style
| length5 = 3:37
| title6 =
| length6 =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| total_length = 18:39
| lyrics1 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra1 = [[Gana Bala]]
| lyrics2 = Madhan Karky
| extra2 = [[Naresh Iyer]]
| extra3 = [[Haricharan]], [[Dharan Kumar]]
| lyrics3 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| lyrics4 = —
| extra4 = [[Instrumental]]
| extra5 = Gana Bala
| lyrics5 = Madhan Karky
| note4 = Theme Music
| note5 = Club Mix
}}

Behindwoods gave 2.75 out of 5 stars to the album stating it as "a waggy and naughty album from Dharan."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naaigal Jaakirathai (aka) Naaigal Jaakiradhai songs review |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/naaigal-jaakirathai/naaigal-jaakirathai-songs-review.html?fbclid=IwAR1UnDvjLZkA2HdZvnJgS-hXlow3ZhDqd4UjfGuRKAVeiSbZHVet4AvS9Dg |access-date=2020-06-28 |website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> Milliblog stated "Dharan hasn’t been in the best of forms recently and Naaigal Jaakirathai’s soundtrack is no exception."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naaigal Jaakirathai (Music review), Tamil – Dharan Kumar by Milliblog! |url=https://milliblog.com/2014/09/04/naaigal-jaakirathai-music-review-tamil-dharan-kumar/ |access-date=2020-06-28}}</ref> Behindframes gave 3 out of 5 and stated "Cool, peppy and enjoyable tracks by Dharan."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-03 |title=Naaigal Jaakirathai - Music Review |url=http://www.behindframes.com/naaigal-jaakirathai-music-review/ |access-date=2020-06-28 |website=Behind Frames |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Release ==
The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2014 |title=Naaigal Jaakirathai satellite rights with Sun TV |url=http://www.kollyinsider.com/2014/12/naaigal-jaakirathai-satellite-rights.html |access-date=13 January 2015 |publisher=Kolly Insinder}}</ref>

== Reception ==

===Critical reception===
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "''Naaigal Jaakirathai''{{'}}s success lies in how cannily Soundar Rajan gives us a thriller that also feels light. But there is a bit of spoon-feeding in the form of exposition that is necessary but sticks out on screen because of how it is presented".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-21 |title=Naaigal Jaakirathai Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Naaigal-Jaakirathai/movie-review/45233341.cms |access-date=2016-08-29 |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> ''[[Rediff]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Whatever its faults, director Shakti Soundar Rajan's ''Naaigal Jaakirathai'' is a decent fun-filled entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-24 |title=Review: Naaigal Jaakirathai is a dog's show all the way - Rediff.com Movies |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-naaigal-jaakirathai-is-a-dogs-show-all-the-way-south/20141124.htm |access-date=2016-08-29 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "The uncomplicated tale of a man and his dog may have its glitches. But it’s refreshing in its premise and has many charming moments".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=2014-11-23 |title=German Shepherd Steals the Show |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/2014/11/23/German-Shepherd-Steals-the-Show/article2536744.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222182601/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/2014/11/23/German-Shepherd-Steals-the-Show/article2536744.ece |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=2016-08-29 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "You wouldn’t perhaps begrudge the makers their ‘influences’ if the result was a film we generally don't see a lot of, but ''Naaigal'' reneges on the promise of its first portions".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-11-22 |title=Naaigal Jaakirathai: An 'inspired' film that loses steam midway |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/naaigal-jaakirathai-an-inspired-film-that-loses-steam-midway/article6624368.ece |access-date=2016-08-29 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Sify]] stated "''Naaigal Jaakirathai'' is a film where the idea sounds good but falls short in execution. Shakti Soundar Rajan’s idea of making an investigation thriller along with the fun elements of a dog is laudable but what lacks in the film is detailing of characters".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review : Naaigal Jaakirathai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/naaigal-jaakirathai-review-tamil-15058641.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121230333/http://www.sify.com/movies/naaigal-jaakirathai-review-tamil-15058641.html |archive-date=2014-11-21 |access-date=2016-08-29 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

===Box office===
On 8 December 2014, Sreedhar Pillai from [[Sify]] reported that the film, made on a budget of {{INR}} 4 crores,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-08 |title=Sreedhar Pillai on Twitter: "#Naaigaljaakirathai -cost including p&p Rs 4Cr. TN Rs 4.30 + outside+FMS+Audio=Rs 0.75 +Satellite 2.50. Total 7.55Cr (approx). HIT!" |url=https://twitter.com/sri50/statuses/541982399052013568 |access-date=2016-08-29 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> had grossed {{INR}} 7.25 crores till then.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-08 |title=Sreedhar Pillai on Twitter: "#Naaigaljaakirathai is a hit as per trade. It has grossed Rs 7.25 Cr (approx) in 17 days from theatricals, with a share of Rs 4.30 Cr 1/2" |url=https://twitter.com/sri50/statuses/541980900548808705 |access-date=2016-08-29 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> Furthermore, the satellite rights were sold for {{INR}} 2.5 crores, making it a profitable venture for its producers.<ref name="Naaigal Jaakirathai is a hit" />

==Sequel==
After the film became a commercial success, Shakti Soundar Rajan informed that he had plans to make a sequel to ''Naaigal Jaakirathai''. It might feature Sibiraj and the dog, as well as the lead characters from the first part, and is scheduled to commence in 2020.<ref name="news18.2014.12.30" />

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=3982448}}
{{Shakti Soundar Rajan}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Films about dogs]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Films about human trafficking in India]]
[[Category:Police detective films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:2014 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dharan Kumar]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus

2026-03-17T05:04:20Z

GayleTibbs8: updated details

{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Rhacophorus_pseudomalabaricus.jpg
| status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 9 December 2022">{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2022 |title=''Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus'' |volume=2022 |article-number=e.T59016A166109863 |url= https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/59016/166109863|access-date=27 December 2022}}</ref>
| taxon = Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus
| authority = {{Interlanguage link|Karthikeyan Vasudevan|fr|lt=Vasudevan}} and Dutta, 2000
| synonyms =
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=Frost/>
}}

'''''Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus''''', also known as '''Anaimalai flying frog''', '''false Malabar gliding frog''',<ref name=Frost/> and '''false Malabar tree frog''',<ref name="Jobin and Nameer 2012"/> is a species of [[frog]] in the family [[Rhacophoridae]]. It is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the [[Anaimalai Hills]], a part of the southern the [[Western Ghats]] in the [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]] states, [[India]].<ref name=Frost/>

==Description==
Adult males measure {{convert|47|-|54|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} and adult females {{convert|66|-|72|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in [[snout–vent length]].<ref name="Biju et al. 2013"/> The eyes are protruding. The supra-tympanic fold is distinct.<ref name="Jobin and Nameer 2012"/> The fingers and toes are extensively webbed; the webbing is light yellow to red-orange in color. Juveniles have distinctive black zebra-like pattern that becomes fainter in adults, resembling venation of leaf; the background colour is green.<ref name="Biju et al. 2013"/> Scientists note that this is the only species in ''Rhacophorus'' to resemble a leaf in this way and speculate its purpose is [[camouflage]].<ref name=Amph />

==Habitat and conservation==
''Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus'' has been recorded in tropical moist evergreen forest,<ref name="iucn status 14 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=S.D. Biju, Sushil Dutta, Karthikeyan Vasudevan, Chelmala Srinivasulu, S.P. Vijayakumar |date=2004 |title=''Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus'' |volume=2004 |article-number=e.T59016A11869234 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T59016A11869234.en |access-date=14 November 2021}}</ref> in secondary forests on the fringe of abandoned cardamom plantation, in a marshy area beside a perennial stream outside a cardamom plantation,<ref name="Biju et al. 2013"/> and near an artificial water hole between the evergreen forest and tea plantation.<ref name="Jobin and Nameer 2012"/> Specimens have been recorded both in lower canopy and understorey vegetation and on the ground.<ref name="iucn status 14 November 2021" /><ref name="Jobin and Nameer 2012"/><ref name="Biju et al. 2013"/> Its elevational range is {{convert|955|–|1430|m|abbr=on}} [[above sea level]].<ref name="Biju et al. 2013"/> Scientists note that one easy way to tell this frog apart from ''[[Rhacophorus malabaricus|R. malabaricus]]'' is to obeserve the elevation at which the specimen was found: ''R. malabaricus'' lives closer to sea level.<ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb
|title= ''Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus'' Vasudevan and Dutta, 2000
|author1= Amanda Lukas|author2= Rachel Alsheikh|author3= Jolina Liao
|editor1= Ann T. Chang
|date=March 26, 2018
|language=
|url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/6527
|access-date=July 19, 2023}}</ref>

Reproduction takes place on vegetation overhanging marshy areas, ponds, and streams.<ref name="iucn status 14 November 2021" /><ref name="Biju et al. 2013"/> The male frog's advertisement call resembles "trrr tik tik tik tik trrrr." [[Amplexus]] can last one hour. The female frog uses her hind legs and fluid from a gland near her cloaca to make a foam nest in which she deposits eggs, which the male subsequently fertilizes. The female frog will then cover the nest with leaves or grass using her front limbs.<ref name=Amph />

This species is known from at least two protected areas, [[Indira Gandhi National Park]]<ref name="iucn status 9 December 2022" /> and [[Parambikulam Tiger Reserve]].<ref name="Jobin and Nameer 2012"/> Outside the protected areas, it is threatened by [[habitat loss]] caused by conversion of forests to other uses as well as by timber extraction,<ref name="iucn status 14 November 2021" /> and conversion of forest to pastureland.<ref name=Amph />

Many nearby humans harbor a dislike for this frog: Cardamom farmers believe that the frog eats cardamom fruit and so consider the frog an agricultural pest. Scientists note that there is currently no evidence for or against this belief. Some farmers will pay others to catch and kill the frog. There is also a local belief that the frog is a bad omen, especially for pregnant women.<ref name=Amph />

This frog is one of many that is subject to capture for the illegal pet trade.<ref name=Amph />

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="Biju et al. 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Biju |first1=S. D. |last2=Kamei |first2=Rachunliu G. |last3=Mahony |first3=Stephen |last4=Thomas |first4=Ashish |last5=Garg |first5=Sonali |last6=Sircar |first6=Gargi |last7=Suyesh |first7=Robin |name-list-style=amp |title=Taxonomic review of the tree frog genus ''Rhacophorus'' from the Western Ghats, India (Anura: Rhacophoridae), with description of ontogenetic colour changes and reproductive behaviour |journal=Zootaxa |date=2013 |volume=3636 |issue=2 |pages=257–289 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3636.2.3|pmid=26042293 }}</ref>

<ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Rhacophoridae/Rhacophorinae/Rhacophorus/Rhacophorus-pseudomalabaricus |title=''Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus'' Vasudevan and Dutta, 2000 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2021 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |doi=10.5531/db.vz.0001 |access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="Jobin and Nameer 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Jobin |first1=K. M. |last2=Nameer |first2=P. O. |name-list-style=amp |title=Diversity of rhacophorids (Amphibia: Anura) in Parambikulam Tiger Reserve, Western Ghats, Kerala, India |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |date=2012-10-26 |volume=4 |issue=13 |pages=3205–3214 |doi=10.11609/JoTT.o3081.3205-14|doi-access=free }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus|''Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus''}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2705429}}

[[Category:Rhacophorus|pseudomalabaricus]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2000]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Karthikeyan Vasudevan]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]

Saser Kangri

2026-03-08T17:07:40Z

GayleTibbs8: done.

{{Short description|Mountain in India}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Saser Kangri
| image = File:SaserKangri1.jpg
| image_caption = Saser Kangri I
| elevation_m = 7672
| elevation_ref = <ref name="peaklist">{{cite web|url=http://peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/karakoram.html|title=The Karakoram, Pakistan Himalaya and India Himalaya Ultra-Prominences|website=Peaklist.org|access-date=2012-01-20}}</ref> [[List of highest mountains|Ranked 35th]]
| prominence_m = 2304
| prominence_ref = <ref name="peaklist"/>
| range = [[Saser Muztagh]], [[Karakoram]]
| listing = [[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]]
| translation = Yellow Snow Mountain<ref name=aaj1975/>
| language = [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]]
| location = [[Ladakh]], [[India]]<ref name="Ladakh">Saser Kangri lies on the eastern side of the [[Line of Control]].</ref>
| map = India Ladakh#India
| map_caption = Location in Ladakh
| map_size = 270
| image_map = {{Karakoram OSM}}
| label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|34|51|54|N|77|45|09|E|type:mountain_region:IN_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref = <ref name="peaklist"/>
| first_ascent = 5 June 1973 by Dawa Norbu, Da Tenzing, Nima Tenzing, Thondup<ref name=aaj1975/>
| easiest_route = snow/ice climb
}}

'''Saser Kangri''' (or '''Sasir Kangri''') is a mountain in [[India]]. It is the highest peak in the [[Saser Muztagh]], the easternmost subrange of the [[Karakoram]] [[mountain range|range]].<ref name="Ladakh" /> Sasir Kangri is located within Ladakh.

==Saser Kangri massif==
The Saser Kangri [[massif]] consists of six named peaks:
{| border=0
|-
|Saser Kangri I ||{{convert|7672|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}||[[List of highest mountains|Ranked 35th]], [[topographic prominence|Prominence]] = {{convert|2304|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} {{Coord|34|52|00|N|77|45|09|E|}}|| [[File:SaserKangri1 (3to4).jpg|thumb|150 px|Saser Kangri I]]
|-
|Saser Kangri II East ||{{convert|7518|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}|| [[List of highest mountains|Ranked 48th]], [[topographic prominence|Prominence]] = {{convert|1450|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} {{Coord|34|48|15|N|77|48|18|E|}}|| [[File:SaserKangri2.jpg|thumb|150 px|Saser Kangri II]]
|-
|Saser Kangri II West ||{{convert|7500|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}}||{{ref|a|†}}||
|-
|Saser Kangri III ||{{convert|7495|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}|| [[List of highest mountains|Ranked 51st]], [[topographic prominence|Prominence]] = {{convert|850|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} {{Coord|34|50|44|N|77|47|06|E|}}|| [[File:SaserKangri3.jpg|thumb|150 px|Saser Kangri III]]
|-
|Saser Kangri IV ||{{convert|7416|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}||{{ref|a|†}}||
|-
|Plateau Peak ||{{convert|7287|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}||{{ref|a|†}}||
|}

This massif lies toward the northwestern end of the Saser Muztagh, at the head of the North Shukpa Kunchang Glacier, a major glacier which drains the eastern slopes of the group. The Sakang and Pukpoche Glaciers head on the western side of the group, and drain into the [[Nubra River]].

==Climbing history==
Early exploration and climbing attempts of Saser Kangri occurred on the western side, from the Nubra Valley; this is lower, more populated, and hence more easily accessible than the eastern side, which faces the [[Tibetan Plateau]]. Early European exploration included a visit in 1909 by explorer [[Tom George Longstaff|T. G. Longstaff]], along with Arthur Neve and A. M. Slingsby. However, visits and failed climbing attempts by multiple groups on the western side over the period 1922-1970 showed that the western side was surprisingly difficult.

In 1973, an expedition of members of the Indo-Tibetan Border Police finally succeeded in making the first ascent of the peak, by a very different route. They approached the peak from the southeast, via the upper Shyok Valley and the North Shukpa Kunchang Glacier, a long and difficult journey.<ref name=aaj1975/> Only in 1987 did climbers succeed in ascending this peak from the western side: an Indian-British team led by V.Pandey and LS successfully climbed the peak in conjunction with the first ascent of Saser Kangri IV.<ref name=aaj1988/>

Saser Kangri II West was first climbed in 1984 by an Indo-Japanese team, who at the time, had believed the peak to be higher than Saser Kangri II East and only subsequently was it determined to be the lower of the two. Saser Kangri II East was first climbed by [[Mark Richey]], [[Steve Swenson]], and Freddie Wilkinson on August 24, 2011.<ref name=aac2011/> Until then it was the world's second [[highest unclimbed mountain]] after [[Gangkhar Puensum]], and they won a 2012 [[Piolet d'Or]] for their ascent.<ref name=PM22012>{{cite web | website=PlanetMountain | date=29 March 2012 | accessdate=2 January 2023 | url=https://www.planetmountain.com/en/news/events/piolets-dor-2012-the-videos-of-the-ascents.html | title=Piolets d'Or 2012, the videos of the ascents}}</ref>

Saser Kangri III was first climbed by an Indo-Tibetan Border Police expedition in 1986 using an eastern approach. The summit party consisted of the climbers: Budhiman, Neema Dorjee, Sher Singh, Tajwer Singh, Phurba Sherpa and Chhewang Somanla.<ref name=hj1986/>

;Accident on Saser Kangri IV (2018)
Pemba Sherpa (45) of Darjeeling, India went missing after falling down into a crevasse on Saser Kangri IV on 13 July 2018. He was climbing the peak Saser Kangri IV (7416m) with a team of climbers led by Basanta Singha Roy from West Bengal and another team from Pune, India. On his way down from summit, Pemba fell down into a crevasse before reaching Camp-1 at an altitude of 5750m. No rescue effort has yielded any results; he remains inside the crevasse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dreamwanderlust.com/news/still-there-is-some-hope-remains-alive-search-operation-will-resume-tomorrow-morning-for-pemba-sherpa|title=Still there is some hope remains alive: Search operation will resume tomorrow morning for Pemba Sherpa|date=14 July 2018|work=dreamwanderlust.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dreamwanderlust.com/news/basanta-singha-roy-opens-up-about-the-unfortunate-demise-of-pemba-sherpa|title=Basanta Singha Roy opens up about the unfortunate demise of Pemba Sherpa|date=31 July 2018|work=dreamwanderlust.com}}</ref>

Recovery Attempt: A sustained effort of recovery process was carried out by Indian Armed Forces composed of soldiers from the [[ITBP]] (Indo-Tibetan Border Police) and Siachen Battle School between 15 July and 31 July. [[Indian Army]] from SBS reached the site on 24 July. Despite interruptions due to inclement weather, they did manage to go down as far as possible until the crevasse became too narrow to negotiate. Their efforts proved unsuccessful and they did not find any trace of Pemba Sherpa, but they did manage to recover his loaded rucksack weighing about 35 kg.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dreamwanderlust.com/news/belongings-recovered-glacier-keeps-its-secrets-pemba-remains-untraced|title=Belongings recovered, Glacier keeps its secrets, Pemba remains untraced|date=14 August 2018|work=dreamwanderlust.com}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of ultras of the Karakoram and Hindu Kush]]

==Notes==
:†.{{note|a}}Saser Kangri II West, Saser Kangri IV and Plateau Peak lack sufficient prominence to be included or ranked in most [[List of highest mountains|lists of highest mountains]].

==References==
;Footnotes
{{reflist|2|refs=
<ref name=aaj1975>
{{cite aaj | title = Saser Kangri | author = Singh, Jogindar
| department = Climbs And Expeditions | article_id = 12197506500
| year = 1975 | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | page = 65
| access-date = 2015-04-14}}</ref>
<ref name=aaj1988>
{{cite aaj | title = Asia, India—Eastern Karakoram, Saser Kangri I, West Ridge, and Saser IV
| author = Khullar, D.K. | department = Climbs And Expeditions | article_id = 12198824001
| year = 1988 | volume = 30 | issue = 62 | page = 240
| links=off | access-date = 2015-04-14}}</ref>
<ref name=aac2011>
{{cite web | title = First Ascent of Saser Kangri II | publisher = [[American Alpine Club]] | year = 2011 | url = http://www.americanalpineclub.org/p/steve-swenson-status | accessdate = 2015-04-14 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150331212426/http://www.americanalpineclub.org/p/steve-swenson-status | archivedate = 2015-03-31 }}</ref>
<ref name=hj1986>
{{cite journal | title = Saser Kangri III 1986 | journal = The Himalayan Journal |volume = 43 | year = 1987
| url = https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/43/17/saser-kangri-iii-1986/
| author = Chamoli, S.P. | publisher = The Himalayan Club | accessdate = 2015-04-14}}</ref>
}}

;Sources
* {{cite book|author=Wala, Jerzy|title=Orographical Sketch Map of the Karakoram|year=1990|publisher=Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research}}
* {{Neate-High Asia}}

==External links==
* {{cite peakbagger|pid=10537|name=Saser Kangri, India}}
* {{cite peakware|id=230|name=Saser Kangri}}
* http://www.alpinist.com/doc/web11x/newswire-second-highest-peak

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mountains of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Seven-thousanders of the Karakoram]]
[[Category:Ultra-prominent peaks of Asia]]

2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-06T13:44:00Z

GayleTibbs8:

{{short description|Elections for the 14th Legislative Assembly of Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election
| seats2 = 22
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 16
| popular_vote2 = 7,741,293
| percentage2 = 38.81%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 6.97 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| last_election2 = 45.83%, 38 seats
| map_caption =
| title = [[Chief Minister of Kerala|Chief Minister]]
| posttitle = Elected [[Chief Minister of Kerala|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Oommen Chandy]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
| after_party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| party_colour =
| seats_needed2 =
| leaders_seat2 = [[Puthuppally Assembly constituency|Puthuppally]]
| country = India
| leader_since1 = 2016
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2011 Kerala State legislative assembly election
| previous_year = 2011
| next_election = 2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 2021
| election_date = {{Start date|df=yes|2016|05|16}}
| seats_for_election = All 140 seats in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 71
| turnout = 77.53% ({{increase}} 2.27 [[Percentage point|pp]])
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Pinarayi.JPG|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=05}}
| leader1 = '''[[Pinarayi Vijayan]]'''<ref>{{cite news |title=Pinarayi Vijayan kicks off election campaign |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections-2016/kerala-elections-2016/news/pinarayi-vijayan-kicks-off-election-campaign/articleshow/51627483.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
| last_election1 = 44.94%, 45 seats
| alliance2 = United Democratic Front (Kerala)
| alliance1 = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
| leaders_seat1 = [[Dharmadam Assembly constituency|Dharmadam]]
| seats_needed1 =
| seats1 = '''58'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 13
| popular_vote1 = '''8,945,005'''
| percentage1 = '''43.48%'''
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 1.63 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=The Chief Minister of Kerala, Shri Oommen Chandy calling on the Union Minister for Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation and Culture, Kum. Selja, in New Delhi on September 23, 2011 (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}}
| leader2 = '''[[Oommen Chandy]]'''
| leader_since2 = 2004
| colour1 = EE0000
| colour2 = 0078FF
| map_image = {{Switcher|[[File:2016 Kerala election result.svg|300px]]|Partywise result|[[File:2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly Election Alliance Wise Result Map.svg|300px]]|Alliance wise result}}
| map2_image = [[File:Kerala Assembly 2016 Seat Status.svg|300px]]
| vote_type = Coalition
| outgoing_members = 13th Kerala Assembly#Members of Legislative Assembly of Kerala
| elected_members = 14th Kerala Assembly#Members of Legislative Assembly of Kerala
| party1 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| party2 = Indian National Congress
}}

The '''2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election''' was held on 16 May 2016 to elect 140 [[MLA (India)|MLAs]] to the 14th [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]. [[File:Legislative assembly constituencies in Kerala.svg|thumbnail|The constituencies to which election was held]] Voter turnout was 77.53%, up from 75.12% in the previous election.<ref>{{cite news |title=Final voter turnout in Kerala is 77.53 percent |url=http://www.abplive.in/india-news/final-voter-turnout-in-kerala-is-77-35-percent-343482 |publisher=ABP Live |date=17 May 2016 |access-date=17 May 2016 |archive-date=19 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519005804/http://www.abplive.in/india-news/final-voter-turnout-in-kerala-is-77-35-percent-343482 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The result was declared on 19 May 2016. The [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front (LDF)]], led by [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)), won the election, defeating the incumbent [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front (UDF)]], led by the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), which could only win 47 seats in the election.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/live-assembly-poll-results-counting-of-votes-in-tamil-nadu-kerala-assam-west-bengal-puducherry/story-nmYc0zJVdyQ25jUFRZsGrN.html |title=As it happened: TMC, AIADMK retain power; BJP takes Assam, Left Kerala |date=19 May 2016 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref> [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] was sworn in as the Chief Minister on 25 May.

== Background ==
The tenure of the members of the Legislative Assembly in the state was to end on 31 May 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/upcoming-elections-in-india.html |title=Upcoming Elections in India |access-date=9 November 2015}}</ref>
As per the voters list published on 14 January 2016, there were around 2.60 crore (26&nbsp;million) eligible voters including 6.18 lakh (618,000) new voters in the age group 18–21. Elections to the 140-member assembly were held in 21,498 polling stations set up at 12,038 locations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/model-code-of-conduct-comes-into-force-in-kerala/article8314579.ece |title=Model code of conduct comes into force in Kerala |website=@businessline |date=4 March 2016}}</ref> There were 500 model polling stations.<ref name="Business Standard 2016">{{Cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/2-56-crore-voters-to-cast-ballot-in-kerala-ec-116020401247_1.html |title=2.56 crore voters to cast ballot in Kerala: EC |date=4 February 2016 |via=Business Standard}}</ref> Systematic Voters' Education and Electoral Participation (SVEEP) programme was undertaken in Kerala to raise voter awareness.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/higher-turnout-attributed-to-sveep/article8609546.ece |title=Higher turnout attributed to SVEEP |date=17 May 2016 |access-date=23 April 2019 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" |
|+ Final voters list for Kerala Legislative Assembly election 2016
|-
! Group of voters !! Voters population
|-
| Male || 12,510,580
|-
| Female || 13,508,702
|-
| Third gender
| 2
|-
| '''Total voters'''||'''26,019,284'''
|}

2,065 [[Voter-verified paper audit trail]] (VVPAT) units were used by the Election Commission in 1,650 polling stations in 12 constituencies. VVPAT were not used in Idukki, Pathanamthitta, Wayanad and Kasaragod districts.<ref name="The Times of India 2016" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/paper-trail-for-voting-in-select-segments/article8319907.ece |title=Paper trail for voting in select segments |first=R. Ramabhadran |last=Pillai |date=6 March 2016 |access-date=23 April 2019 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN16_04032016.pdf |title=VVPAT usage in 64 seats in 5 states Schedule for the General Elections to the Legislative Assemblies of Assam, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Puducherry.}}</ref>
The Election Commission launched several mobile apps.<ref name="Business Standard 2016" />

{| class="wikitable" | align="center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Assembly constituencies of Kerala having [[Voter-verified paper audit trail|VVPAT]] facility with [[Indian voting machines|EVMs]]<ref name="The Times of India 2016">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/eci-introduces-voter-audit-trail-for-first-time-in-kerala/articleshow/51102710.cms |title=ECI introduces voter audit trail for first time in Kerala &#124; Thiruvananthapuram News – Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=23 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kannur Assembly constituency|Kannur]]||[[Kozhikode North Assembly constituency|Kozhikode North]]||[[Malappuram Assembly constituency|Malappuram]]
|-
| [[Palakkad Assembly constituency|Palakkad]]||[[Thrissur Assembly constituency|Thrissur]]||[[Kottayam Assembly constituency|Kottayam]]
|-
| [[Alappuzha Assembly constituency|Alappuzha]]||[[Kollam Assembly constituency|Kollam]]||[[Vattiyoorkavu Assembly constituency|Vattiyoorkkavu]]
|-
| [[Nemom Assembly constituency|Nemom]]||[[Ernakulam Assembly constituency|Ernakulam]]||[[Thrikkakara Assembly constituency|Thrikkakkara]]
|}

== Parties and coalitions ==
There are two major political coalitions in Kerala. The [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]] (LDF) is the coalition of the left-wing and far-left parties, led by the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)). The [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]] (UDF) is the coalition of centrist and centre-left parties led by the [[Indian National Congress]].

=== Left Democratic Front (Kerala) ===

{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)]]}}
{| class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Photo
! Leader
! Seats contested
! Male
! Female
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:CPIM election symbol.png|50px]]
| [[File:Kodiyeri.JPG|alt=|center|frameless|75px]]
| [[Kodiyeri Balakrishnan]]
| 90
| 78
| 12
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| [[File:CPI-banner.svg|50px]]
| [[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]
| [[File:KANAM RAJENDRAN DSC 0121.A.JPG|alt=|center|frameless|50px]]
| [[Kanam Rajendran]]
| 25
| 21
| 4
|-
| {{party color cell|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| [[File:Janata Dal (Secular) flag (1).svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian election symbol female farmer.svg|Janata Dal Election Symbol|50px]]
| [[File:Mathew-T-Thomas.jpg|alt=|center|frameless|50px]]
| [[Mathew T. Thomas]]
| 5
| 4
| 1
|-
| {{party color cell|Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy}}
| [[Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy]]
| [[File:Janathipathiya samrakshana samithy Flag.jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bus.png|60px]]
|
|
| 4
| 4
| 0
|-
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| [[File:NCP-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Clock.png|50px]]
| [[File:T.P. Peethambaran.jpg|alt=|center|frameless|50px]]
| [[T. P. Peethambaran]]
| 4
| 4
| 0
|-
| {{party color cell|Janadhipathya Kerala Congress}}
| [[Janadhipathya Kerala Congress]]
| [[File:Kerala-Congress-flag.svg|50px|border]]
|
| [[File:Francis George at Arakuzha.JPG|alt=|center|frameless|111x111px]]
| [[Francis George (politician)|Francis George]]
| 4
| 4
| 0
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National League}}
| [[Indian National League]]
| [[File:INL FLAG.png|50px]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|
| S. A. Puthiya Valappil
| 3
| 3
| 0
|-
| {{party color cell|Kerala Congress (B)}}
| [[Kerala Congress (B)]]
| [[File:Kerala-Congress-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|
| [[R. Balakrishna Pillai]]
| 1
| 1
| 0
|-
| {{party color cell|Kerala Congress (Skaria Thomas)}}
| [[Kerala Congress (Skaria Thomas)]]
| [[File:Kerala-Congress-flag.svg|50px]]
|
| [[File:Scariah Thomas.jpg|alt=|center|frameless|111x111px]]
| [[Skariah Thomas]]
| 1
| 1
| 0
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Marxist Party}}
| [[Communist Marxist Party (Aravindakshan)]]
| [[File:CMP-banner.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|
| |[[K. R. Aravindakshan]]
| 1
| 1
| 0
|-
| {{party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)}}
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)]]
| [[File:RSP-flag.svg|50px|border]]
|
|
| [[Kovoor Kunjumon]]
| 1
| 1
| 0
|-
| {{party color cell|Congress (Secular)}}
| [[Congress (Secular)]]
| [[File:Congress (Secular) Flag.png|50px]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Kadannappally Ramachandran.jpg|alt=|center|frameless|50px]]
| [[Kadannappalli Ramachandran]]
| 1
| 1
| 0
|}

=== United Democratic Front (Kerala) ===

{{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)]]}}
{| class="wikitable" width="40%" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Photo
! Leader
! Contesting Seats
! Male Candidates
! Female Candidates
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]] (Indira)
| [[File:INC Flag Official.jpg|50px]]
| [[File:INC Hand.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Vm sudeeranDSC 8810.JPG|center|thumb|50px]]
| [[V. M. Sudheeran]]
| 87
| 78
| 9
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| [[File:Flag of the Indian Union Muslim League.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Lader.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Sayed Hyderali Shihab Thangal BNC.jpg|alt=|center|frameless|50px]]
|
[[Sayed Hyderali Shihab Thangal]]
| 24
| 24
| 0
|-
| {{party color cell|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}
| [[Kerala Congress (Mani)]]
| [[File:Kerala-Congress-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|50px]]
| [[File:K. M. Mani Minister.jpg|alt=|center|frameless|50px]]
| [[K. M. Mani]]
| 15
| 15
| 0
|-
| {{party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| [[File:Janata Dal (United) Flag.svg|border|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Arrow.svg|50px]]
| [[File:M. P. Veerendra Kumar DS.jpg|50px]]
| [[M. P. Veerendra Kumar]]
| 7
| 7
| 0
|-
| {{party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| [[File:RSP-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Spade and Stoker.png|50px]]
| [[File:A A Azeez.JPG|alt=|center|frameless|50px]]
| [[A. A. Aziz]]
| 5
| 5
| 0
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Marxist Party}}
| [[Communist Marxist Party]]
| [[File:CMP-banner.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|
| [[C. P. John]]
| 1
| 1
| 0
|-
| {{party color cell|Kerala Congress (Jacob)}}
| [[Kerala Congress (Jacob)]]
| [[File:Kerala-Congress-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|
| [[Anoop Jacob]]
| 1
| 1
| 0
|}

=== National Democratic Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}
{| class="wikitable" width="40%" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Photo
! Leader
! Contesting Seats
! Male Candidates
! Female Candidates
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Lotos flower symbol.svg|50px]]
| [[File:PS Sreedharan Pillai.jpg|alt=|center|frameless|111x111px]]
| [[P. S. Sreedharan Pillai]]
| 98
| 88
| 10
|-
| {{party color cell|[[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena]]}}
| [[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena]]
| [[File:Bharath Dharma Jana Sena Flag.png|50px]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Thushar Vellapally.png|alt=|center|frameless|111x111px]]
| Thushar Vellappally
| 36
| 35
| 1
|-
| {{party color cell|Kerala Congress (Thomas)}}
| [[Kerala Congress (Thomas)]]
| [[File:Kerala-Congress-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Chair (Indian Election Symbol).svg|50px]]
| [[File:P C Thomas.jpg|alt=|center|frameless|111x111px]]
| [[P. C. Thomas]]
| 4
| 4
| 0
|-
| {{party color cell|Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy}}
| [[Janadhipathya Samrakshana Samithi]] (Rajan Babu)
|
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|
| [[A. N. Rajan Babu]]
| 1
| 1
| 0
|-
| {{party color cell|Janadhipathya Rashtriya Sabha}}
| [[Janadhipathya Rashtriya Sabha]]
| [[File:JRS color.jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| [[File:CK janu.jpg|alt=|center|frameless|111x111px]]
| [[C. K. Janu]]
| 1
| 0
| 1
|}

=== Left United Front ===
{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|-
! Party !! Flag
! Symbol
! Photo!!Leader
! Seats contested
! Male
! Female
|-
| [[Revolutionary Marxist Party]]||
|
| ||
N. Venu
| 10
| 9
| 1
|-
| [[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kerala.sucicommunist.org/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D/ |title=എസ്യുസിഐ(കമ്മ്യൂണിസ്റ്റ്) കേരളത്തിൽ 32 മണ്ഡലങ്ങളിൽ മത്സരിക്കും |website=Kerala.sucicommunist.org}}</ref>
| [[File:SUCI flag.svg|frameless|50x50px]]
|
|
| C. K. Lukose
| 32
| 27
| 5
|-
| [[Marxist Communist Party of India (United)]]||
|
| ||
M. Rajan
|
|
|
|}

=== Parties not in any coalition ===
{| class="wikitable" width="40%" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Photo
! Leader
! Contested Seats
|-
| {{party color cell|Social Democratic Party of India}}
| [[Social Democratic Party of India]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mangalam.com/print-edition/keralam/415991 |title=SDPI. 34 സ്ഥാനാര്ഥികളെ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു {{!}} mangalam.com |last=alantechnologies.net |website=Mangalam.com |access-date=21 March 2016}}</ref>
| [[File:SDPI Flag.jpg|frameless|50px]]
| [[File:INLD1.svg|50px]]
|
| K. M. Ashraf
| 88
|-
| {{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| [[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|50px]]
|
| J. Sudhakaran
| 74
|-
| {{party color cell|Peoples Democratic Party (India)}}
| [[Peoples Democratic Party (India)|Peoples Democratic Party]]
|
| [[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|70x70px]]
|
| [[Abdul Nazer Mahdani|Abdul Nasar Madani]]
| 60
|-
| {{party color cell|Welfare Party of India}}
| [[Welfare Party of India]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com/c/9233808 |title=Clipping of Mathrubhumi Printing and Publishing – Palakkad |website=Digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com |access-date=21 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/2016/mar/06/182269 |title=21 മണ്ഡലങ്ങളില് വെല്ഫെയര് പാര്ട്ടി സ്ഥാനാര്ഥികളായി |website=Madhyamam.com |date=6 March 2016 |access-date=21 March 2016}}</ref>
|
| [[File:Gas Cylinder.jpg|frameless|53x53px]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/year2016/CEO,%20Kerala%2005-01-2016.pdf |title=Common Symbol for Welfare Party in Kerala Legislative Assembly Election – 2016 |website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|
| Hameed Vaniyambalam
| 41
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Red Star}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Red Star]]
| [[File:CPI(ML).svg|50px]]
|
|
| M. K. Dasan
| 18
|-
| {{party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
| [[Shiv Sena]]
|
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|70x70px]]
|
| M.S. Bhuvanachandran
| 16
|-
| {{party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| [[File:SP Flag.png|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|50px]]
|
| N. O. Kuttappan
| 9
|-
| {{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| [[File:AIADMK Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|70x70px]]
|
| A. L. Pradeep
| 7
|-
| {{party color cell|Ambedkarite Party of India}}
| [[Ambedkarite Party of India]]
|
|
|
|
| 5
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian Gandhiyan Party}}
| [[Indian Gandhiyan Party]]
|
|
|
|
| 3
|-
| {{party color cell|Kerala Janatha Party}}
| Kerala Janatha Party
|
|
|
|
| 3
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation]]
| [[File:CPIML LIBERATION FLAG.png|50px]]
| [[File:Flag Logo of CPIML.png|50 px]]
|
| [[Dipankar Bhattacharya]]
| 1
|}

== Opinion polls ==
{| class="wikitable collapsible" style="text-align:center;font-size:85%;width:95%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! rowspan="3" class="wikitable" style="width:100px;" | When conducted
! rowspan="3" class="wikitable" style="width:10px;" | Ref
! rowspan="3" class="wikitable" style="width:220px;" | Polling organisation/Agency
! rowspan="3" class="wikitable" style="width:100px;" | Sample size
| colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; width:70px;" |
| colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; width:70px;" |
| colspan="2" style="background:gray; width:70px;" |
|-
! colspan="2" class="wikitable" style="width:70px;" | UDF
! colspan="2" class="wikitable" style="width:70px;" | LDF
! colspan="2" class="wikitable" style="width:70px;" | OTH
|-
! Seats
! Vote %
! Seats
! Vote %
! seats
! Vote %
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! March 2016
!<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.asianetnews.tv/news/kerala/ASIANET-NEWS-CFOR-SURVEY-44639 |title=Asianet News: ഏഷ്യാനെറ്റ് ന്യൂസ് സീഫോര് സര്വ്വേ, സംസ്ഥാനത്ത് ഭരണത്തുടര്ച്ച ഉണ്ടാവില്ലെന്ന വ്യക്തമായ സൂചന |last=Ltd |first=Asianet News Network Pvt |newspaper=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |access-date=18 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220044326/http://www.asianetnews.tv/news/kerala/ASIANET-NEWS-CFOR-SURVEY-44639 |archive-date=20 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
! C-FORE for Asianet News<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bjp-kerala-election-pre-poll-survey-congress-cpm-amit-shah-oommen-chandy/ |title=Kerala pre-poll survey: BJP to get 3–5 seats with 18% vote-share |date=19 February 2016 |newspaper=The Indian Express |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref>
| 15778
| 55–62
| 37%
| 75–82
| 41%
| 3–5
| 18%
|-
! March 2016
!<ref>{{cite web |url=http://infoelections.com/infoelection/index.php/kerala/7224-kerala-india-tv-cvoter-opinion-poll.html |title=Assembly Election Result 2016, Assembly Election Schedule Candidate List, Assembly Election Opinion/Exit Poll Latest News 2016 |website=Infoelections.com |language=en-US |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref>
! India TV C-Voter
| ''N/A''
| 49
| ''N/A''
| 89
| ''N/A''
| 2
| ''N/A''
|-
! April 2016
!<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/election/2016/kerala-assembly-polls/mathrubhumi-news-survey-predicts-slender-majority-for-ldf-english-news-1.967725 |title=Mathrubhumi News survey predicts slender majority for LDF – Kerala Assembly Polls |access-date=7 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504213104/http://english.mathrubhumi.com/election/2016/kerala-assembly-polls/mathrubhumi-news-survey-predicts-slender-majority-for-ldf-english-news-1.967725 |archive-date=4 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
! Mathrbhumi News – Axis My India
| ''N/A''
| 66–72
| 42%
| 68–74
| 45%
| 0–2
| 10%
|-
! 23 April 2016
!<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.asianetnews.tv/election2016/asianet-news-c-fore-survey |title=കേരളത്തില് ഇടതുമുന്നണി അധികാരത്തിലെത്തുമെന്ന് ഏഷ്യാനെറ്റ് ന്യൂസ്, സി ഫോര് സര്വ്വേ |newspaper=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref>
! Asianet News – C4 Election Survey
| 50000
| 56–62
| 37%
| 75–81
| 40%
| 3–5
| 18%
|-
! May 2016
!<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/just-in/udf-will-retain-power-in-kerala-predicts-survey.html |title=UDF will retain power in Kerala, predicts survey |access-date=4 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503112144/http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/just-in/udf-will-retain-power-in-kerala-predicts-survey.html |archive-date=3 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
! Mars agency
| 7020
| 70–75
| ''N/A''
| 63–67
| ''N/A''
| 0
| ''N/A''
|-
! May 2016
!<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imegkerala.org/Home/kerala_assembly_election_opinion_poll_imeg_kerala |title=2016 Kerala Assembly Election – IMEG Opinion Poll Results – Institute for Monitoring Economic Growth |website=Imegkerala.org |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref>
! IMEG Opinion Poll
| 60000
| 50–57
| ''N/A''
| 83–90
| ''N/A''
| 0
| ''N/A''
|-
! May 2016
!<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kairalinewsonline.com/2016/05/13/50914.html |title=കേരളം ചുവപ്പിനെ വരിക്കുമെന്ന് പീപ്പിൾ ടിവി-സെന്റർ ഫോർ ഇലക്ടറൽ സ്റ്റഡീസ് അഭിപ്രായ സർവേ; എൽഡിഎഫിന് 81–89 സീറ്റ്; യുഡിഎഫിന് 51–59; എൻഡിഎയ്ക്ക് മൂന്നു സീറ്റ് വരെ കിട്ടാം |website=Kairalinewsonline.com |access-date=18 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516134957/http://www.kairalinewsonline.com/2016/05/13/50914.html |archive-date=16 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
! People TV – CES Survey
| 17460
| 51–59
| 40.6%
| 81–89
| 43.1%
| 0–3
| 14.1%
|}

=== Exit polls ===
{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|-
! Agency
! LDF
! UDF
! Others
! Ref.
|-
| Times Now-C Voter
| 74–82
| 54–62
| 0–8
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/elections-2016/india/india-news-india/exit-polls-west-bengal-tamil-nadu-kerala-assam-puducherry-latest-updates-live/ |title=Exit polls: BJP unseats Congress in Assam, LDF ousts UDF in Kerala; Mamata retains WB, Jaya goes from TN |date=16 May 2016 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=16 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| India Today-Axis
| 88–101
| 38–48
| 1–7
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2016/tamil-nadu-election/story/india-today-axis-my-india-exit-poll-live-who-will-win-bengal-tamil-nadu-kerala-and-assam-323824-2016-05-16 |title=India Today-Axis Exit Poll: Jaya to lose Tamil Nadu, BJP sweeps Assam, Mamata to retain Bengal |website=India Today |date=16 May 2016 |access-date=16 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| News Nation
| 67–71
| 68–72
| 0–2
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsnation.in/article/131205-live-exit-polls-2016-assembly-elections-west-bengal-assam-kerala-tamil-nadu.html |title=NN Exit Poll predicts win for Mamata in WB, Jaya 1st choice for CM in TN; BJP to take Assam, close fight between UDF-LDF in Kerala |date=16 May 2016 |website=Newsnation.in |language=en-US |access-date=16 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| Today's Chanakya
| 75±9
| 57±9
| 8±5
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.todayschanakya.com/kerala-exit-poll-2016.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518020033/http://www.todayschanakya.com/kerala-exit-poll-2016.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 May 2016 |title=Kerala Elections 2016 – Exit Poll |date=18 May 2016 |access-date=23 April 2019}}</ref>
|}

== Election Day ==
Voting took place on 16 May 2016 in all 140 Legislative Assembly Constituencies. The final turnout was 77.35%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiancrux.info/2016/02/2016-kerala-assembly-constituency-wise-election-results.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306091412/http://www.indiancrux.info/2016/02/2016-kerala-assembly-constituency-wise-election-results.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=6 March 2016 |title=2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly Election Results Constituency Wise |website=Indiancrux.info}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Districts
! colspan="4" | Voter Turnout
|-
! {{nowrap|District wise map of Kerala}}
! District
! colspan="2" | %
|-
| rowspan ="14"| [[File:Political map of Kerala.svg|300px]]
| Kasaragod || 78.51
|-
| Kannur || 80.63
|-
| Wayanad || 78.22
|-
| Kozhikode || 81.89
|-
| Malappuram || 75.83
|-
| Palakkad || 78.37
|-
| Thrissur || 77.74
|-
| Ernakulam || 79.77
|-
| Idukki || 73.59
|-
| Kottayam || 76.90
|-
| Alappuzha || 79.88
|-
| Pathanamthitta || 71.66
|-
| Kollam || 75.07
|-
| Thiruvananthapuram || 72.53
|-
| '''Total'''
| colspan="2" | '''77.35'''
|}

== Results ==
{{Pie chart|caption='''Vote Share by alliance'''|other=yes|value1=43.48|label1=[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] | color1={{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|value2=38.81|label2=[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] | color2={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|value3=14.96|label3=[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] | color3={{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}}}

{{Pie chart
| caption = '''Seat Share by alliance'''
| other = yes
| value1 = 65
| label1 = [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
| color1 = {{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| value2 = 33.57
| label2 = [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
| color2 = {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| value3 = 0.71
| label3 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| color3 = {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}
}}

The Left Democratic Front won in a landslide in terms of seats, winning 91 out of 140 seats in the legislature. The incumbent UDF front was defeated and was reduced to 47 seats. The NDA, and independent [[P. C. George]] won one seat each.

=== By alliance ===
{| class="wikitable collapsible" width="35%" style="text-align:center; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big"
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |LDF
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |SEATS
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white;" |UDF
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white;" |SEATS
! colspan="2" style="background:#FF9933; color:white;" |NDA
! style="background:#FF9933; color:white;" |SEATS
! colspan="2" style="background:grey; color:white;" |Other
! style="background:grey; color:white;" |SEATS
|-
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| ''58''
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| ''22''
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| ''1''
| [[P. C. George]] (IND)
| width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| ''1''
|-
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| ''19''
| [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
| width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}" |
| ''18''
| [[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|BDJS]]
| width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharath Dharma Jana Sena}}" |
| ''0''
|
|
|
|-
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]]
| width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
| ''3''
| [[Kerala Congress (M)|KC(M)]]
| width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress (M)}}" |
| ''6''
| [[Kerala Congress (Thomas)|KEC]]
| width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress}}" |
| ''0''
|
|
|
|-
| [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
| width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
| ''2''
| [[Kerala Congress (Jacob)|KC(J)]]
| width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress (Jacob)}}" |
| ''1''
| [[Janadhipathya Rashtriya Sabha|JRS]]
| width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Janadhipathya Rashtriya Sabha}}" |
| ''0''
|
|
|
|-
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| ''5''
| [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
| width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
| ''0''
| [[Janadhipathya Samrakshana Samithi|JSS (Rajan Babu)]]
| width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy}}" |
| ''0''
|
|
|
|-
| [[Congress (Secular)|C(S)]]
| width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Congress (Secular)}}" |
| ''1''
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]
| width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}" |
| ''0''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Kerala Congress (B)|KC(B)]]
| width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress (B)}}" |
| ''1''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[National Secular Conference|NSC]]
| width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|National Secular Conference}}" |
| ''1''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Communist Marxist Party|CMP]]
| width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Marxist Party}}" |
| ''1''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Kerala Congress (Anti-merger Group)|KC]]
| width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress}}" |
| ''0''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Janadhipathya Kerala Congress|JKC]]
| width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Janadhipathya Kerala Congress}}" |
| ''0''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Indian National League|INL]]
| width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National League}}" |
| ''0''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#ffe6e6;" |Total
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |91
| colspan="2" style="background:#ADD8E6" | Total
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white;" |47
| colspan="2" style="background:#FAD6A5" | Total
| style="background:#FF9933; color:white;" |1
| colspan="2" style="background:#EBECF0" | Total
| style="background:grey; color:white;" |1
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#ffe6e6;" |Change
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |+23
| colspan="2" style="background:#ADD8E6" | Change
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white;" |-25
| colspan="2" style="background:#FAD6A5" | Change
| style="background:#FF9933; color:white;" |+1
| colspan="2" style="background:#EBECF0 | Change
| style="background:grey; color:white;" |+1
|}
[[P. C. George|P.C. George]], who contested as an independent candidate from Poonjar, joined the [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] on a later date.

=== By region ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:centre;"
! {{nowrap|Region wise map of Kerala}}
! Region
! Total Seats
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white;" |UDF
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white;" |LDF
! style="background:#FF9933; color:white;" |NDA
! style="background:grey; color:white;" |OTH
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[File:Regions of Kerala.svg|416x416px]]
| North Kerala
| 32
| 8
| style="background:#FFE6E6 | '''24'''
| 0
| 0
|-
| Central Kerala
| 55
| 25
| style="background:#FFE6E6 | '''30'''
| 0
| 0
|-
| South Kerala
| 53
| 14
| style="background:#FFE6E6 | '''37'''
| 1
| 1
|}

=== By district ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:centre;"
! {{nowrap|District wise map of Kerala}}
! District
! Total Seats
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white;" |UDF
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white;" |LDF
! style="background:#FF9933; color:white;" |NDA
! style="background:grey; color:white;" |OTH
|-
| rowspan="14" | [[File:Political map of Kerala.svg|416x416px]]
| [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]
|
5
| 2|| style="background:#FFE6E6 | '''3'''|| 0 || 0

|-
| [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
|
11
| 3|| style="background:#FFE6E6 | '''8'''|| 0 || 0
|-
| [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]
|
3
| 1|| style="background:#FFE6E6 | '''2'''|| 0 || 0
|-
| [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
|
13
| 2||style="background:#FFE6E6 | '''11''' || 0 || 0

|-
| [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
|
16
| style="background:#ADD8E6" | '''12'''|| 4|| 0 || 0

|-
| [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
|
12
|| 3|| style="background:#FFE6E6 | '''9'''|| 0 || 0

|-
| [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
|
13
|| 1||style="background:#FFE6E6 | '''12'''|| 0 || 0

|-
| [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
|
14
| style="background:#ADD8E6" | '''9'''|| 5|| 0 || 0
|-
| [[Idukki district|Idukki]]
|
5
| 2|| style="background:#FFE6E6 | '''3'''|| 0 || 0
|-
| [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
|
9
| style="background:#ADD8E6" | '''6'''|| 2|| 0 || 1

|-
| [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
|
9
| 1|| style="background:#FFE6E6 | '''8'''|| 0 || 0

|-
| [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]
|
5
| 1 || style="background:#FFE6E6 | '''4''' ||0 || 0

|-
| [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
|
11
| 0|| style="background:#FFE6E6 | '''11'''|| 0 || 0

|-
| [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 14
| 4|| style="background:#FFE6E6 | '''9'''|| 1 || 0

|-
| colspan="2" | ''' Total '''
|
''' 140 '''
| ''' 47 '''|| style="background:#FFE6E6 | ''' 91 ''' || ''' 1''' || '''1'''
|}

=== Results by party ===
<section begin="Results" />{{election table}}
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Parties and coalitions
! colspan="2" | Popular vote
! colspan="2" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! Candidates
! Won
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 5,365,472
| 26.7
| 84
| 59
|-
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,794,793
| 23.8
| 87
| 21
|-
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,129,726
| 10.6
| 98
| 1
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Communist Party of India}}|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 1,643,878
| 8.2
| 25
| 19
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|
| [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| 1,496,864
| 7.4
| 23
| 18
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}|
| [[Kerala Congress (Mani)]]
| 807,718
| 4.0
| 15
| 5
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharath Dharma Jana Sena}}|
| [[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena]]
| 795,797
| 4.0
| 36
| 0
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Communist Party of India}}|
| Independents (LDF)
| 487,510
| 2.4
| 8
| 4
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 296,585
| 1.5
| 7
| 0
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}|
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| 293,274
| 1.5
| 5
| 3
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 237,408
| 1.2
| 4
| 2
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}|
| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (IND)
| 220,797
| 1.1
| 420
| 1
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}|
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| 216,071
| 1.1
| 5
| 0
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}|
| [[Kerala Congress (Democratic)]]
| 157,584
| 0.78
| 4
| 0
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|National Secular Conference}}|
| [[National Secular Conference]]
| 130,843
| 0.65
| 2
| 1
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)}}|
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)]]
| 75,725
| 0.38
| 1
| 1
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}|
| [[Kerala Congress (Balakrishna Pillai)]]
| 74,429
| 0.37
| 1
| 1
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Kerala Congress (Jacob)}}|
| [[Kerala Congress (Jacob)]]
| 73,770
| 0.37
| 1
| 1
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Communist Marxist Party}}|
| [[Communist Marxist Party]] (Aravindakshan)
| 64,666
| 0.32
| 1
| 1
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Congress (Secular)}}|
| [[Congress (Secular)]]
| 54,347
| 0.27
| 1
| 1
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Total'''
| '''20,232,718'''||'''100.00'''||'''1,203'''||'''140'''
|-
! colspan="9" |
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2" | Valid votes
| align="right" | 20,232,718
| align="right" | 99.97
| colspan="4" rowspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2" | Invalid votes
| align="right" | 6,107
| align="right" | 0.03
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2" | '''Votes cast / turnout'''
| align="right" | '''20,238,825'''
| align="right" | '''77.53'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2" | Abstentions
| align="right" | 5,866,244
| align="right" | 22.47
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2" | '''Registered voters'''
| align="right" | '''26,105,069'''
| colspan="1" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|}<section end="Results" />

=== Results by constituency ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="7" | Winner
! colspan="7" | Runner-up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number|Margin
|-
! No.
! Name
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! colspan="2" | Alliance
! data-sort-type=number|Votes
! %
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! colspan="2" | Alliance
! data-sort-type=number|Votes
! %
|-
! colspan="17" | [[Kasaragod district]]
|-
! 1
| [[Manjeshwar Assembly constituency|Manjeshwar]]
| [[P. B. Abdul Razak]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 56,870
| 35.79
| [[K. Surendran]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
| 56,781
| 35.74
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |89
|-
! 2
| [[Kasaragod Assembly constituency|Kasaragod]]
| [[N. A. Nellikkunnu]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 64,727
| 44.72
| Ravisha Tantri Kuntar
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
| 56,120
| 38.77
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |8,607
|-
! 3
| [[Udma Assembly constituency|Udma]]
| [[K. Kunhiraman]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 70,679
| 43.94
| [[K. Sudhakaran]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 66,847
| 41.55
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |3,832
|-
! 4
| [[Kanhangad Assembly constituency|Kanhangad]]
| [[E. Chandrasekharan]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 80,558
| 49.98
| Dhanya Suresh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 54,547
| 33.84
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |26,011
|-
! 5
| [[Thrikaripur Assembly constituency|Thrikaripur]]
| [[M. Rajagopalan]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 79,286
| 50.93
| K. P. Kunhikannan
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 62,327
| 40.04
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |16,959
|-
! colspan="17" | [[Kannur district]]
|-
! 6
| [[Payyanur Assembly constituency|Payyanur]]
| [[C. Krishnan (CPI-M)|C. Krishnan]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 83,226
| 58.02
| Sajid Mavval
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 42,963
| 29.95
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |40,263
|-
! 7
| [[Kalliasseri Assembly constituency|Kalliasseri]]
| [[T. V. Rajesh]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 83,006
| 59.83
| Amritha Ramakrishnan
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 40,115
| 28.91
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |42,891
|-
! 8
| [[Taliparamba Assembly constituency|Taliparamba]]
| [[James Mathew]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 91,106
| 56.95
| Rajesh Nambiar
| {{Party name with color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 50,489
| 31.56
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |40,617
|-
! 9
| [[Irikkur Assembly constituency|Irikkur]]
| [[K. C. Joseph (Irikkur politician)|K. C. Joseph]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 72,548
| 49.00
| K. T. Jose
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 62,901
| 42.48
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |9,647
|-
! 10
| [[Azhikode Assembly constituency|Azhikode]]
| [[K. M. Shaji]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 63,082
| 44.58
| M. V. Nikesh Kumar
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 60,795
| 42.97
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |2,287
|-
! 11
| [[Kannur Assembly constituency|Kannur]]
| [[Kadannappalli Ramachandran]]
| {{Party name with color|Congress (Secular)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 54,347
| 43.06
| Satheesan Pacheni
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 53,151
| 42.11
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |1,196
|-
! 12
| [[Dharmadam Assembly constituency|Dharmadam]]
| [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 87,329
| 56.84
| Mambaram Divakaran
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 50,424
| 32.82
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |36,905
|-
! 13
| [[Thalassery Assembly constituency|Thalassery]]
| [[A. N. Shamseer]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 70,741
| 53.32
| [[A. P. Abdullakutty]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 36,624
| 27.61
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |34,117
|-
! 14
| [[Kuthuparamba Assembly constituency|Kuthuparamba]]
| [[K. K. Shailaja]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 67,013
| 45.64
| [[K. P. Mohanan]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 54,722
| 37.27
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |12,891
|-
! 15
| [[Mattanur Assembly constituency|Mattanur]]
| [[E. P. Jayarajan]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 84,030
| 56.52
| K. P. Prashanth
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 40,649
| 27.34
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |43,381
|-
! 16
| [[Peravoor Assembly constituency|Peravoor]]
| [[Sunny Joseph (politician)|Sunny Joseph]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 65,659
| 48.10
| Binoy Kurian
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 57,670
| 42.25
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |7,989
|-
! colspan="17" | [[Wayanad district]]
|-
! 17
| [[Mananthavady Assembly constituency|Mananthavady]] (ST)
| [[O. R. Kelu]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 62,436
| 42.88
| [[P. K. Jayalakshmi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 61,129
| 41.99
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |1,307
|-
! 18
| [[Sulthan Bathery Assembly constituency|Sulthan Bathery]] (ST)
| [[I. C. Balakrishnan]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 75,747
| 44.04
| Rugmini Subrahmanian
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 64,549
| 37.53
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |11,198
|-
! 19
| [[Kalpetta Assembly constituency|Kalpetta]]
| [[C. K. Saseendran]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 72,959
| 48.35
| [[M. V. Shreyams Kumar]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 59,876
| 39.68
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |13,083
|-
! colspan="17" | [[Kozhikode district]]
|-
! 20
| [[Vadakara Assembly constituency|Vadakara]]
| [[C. K. Nanu]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 49,211
| 37.98
| Manayath Chandran
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 39,700
| 30.64
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |9,511
|-
! 21
| [[Kuttiady Assembly constituency|Kuttiady]]
| [[Parakkal Abdulla]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 71,809
| 45.50
| [[K. K. Lathika]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 70,652
| 44.77
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |1,157
|-
! 22
| [[Nadapuram Assembly constituency|Nadapuram]]
| [[E. K. Vijayan]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 74,742
| 45.87
| Praveen Kumar
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 69,983
| 42.95
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |4,759
|-
! 23
| [[Quilandy Assembly constituency|Quilandy]]
| [[K. Dasan]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 70,593
| 45.94
| N. Subramanian
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 57,224
| 37.24
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |13,369
|-
! 24
| [[Perambra Assembly constituency|Perambra]]
| [[T. P. Ramakrishnan]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 72,359
| 47.14
| Mohammad Ikbal
| {{Party name with color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 68,258
| 44.46
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |4,101
|-
! 25
| [[Balussery Assembly constituency|Balussery]] (SC)
| [[Purushan Kadalundi]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 82,914
| 47.50
| U. C. Raman Padanilam
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 67,450
| 38.64
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |15,464
|-
! 26
| [[Elathur Assembly constituency|Elathur]]
| [[A. K. Saseendran]]
| {{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 76,387
| 48.65
| Kishen Chand
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 47,330
| 30.15
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |29,057
|-
! 27
| [[Kozhikode North Assembly constituency|Kozhikode North]]
| [[A. Pradeep Kumar]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 64,192
| 48.40
| P. M. Suresh Babu
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 36,319
| 27.39
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |27,873
|-
! 28
| [[Kozhikode South Assembly constituency|Kozhikode South]]
| [[M. K. Muneer]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 49,863
| 43.13
| A. P. Abdul Wahab
| {{Party name with color|Indian National League}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 43,536
| 37.66
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |6,327
|-
! 29
| [[Beypore Assembly constituency|Beypore]]
| [[V. K. C. Mammed Koya]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 69,114
| 44.39
| Adam Mulsi M.P.
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 54,751
| 42.69
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |14,363
|-
! 30
| [[Kunnamangalam Assembly constituency|Kunnamangalam]]
| [[P. T. A. Rahim]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 77,410
| 42.92
| [[T. Siddique]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 66,205
| 36.71
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |11,205
|-
! 31
| [[Koduvally Assembly constituency|Koduvally]]
| [[Karat Razack]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 61,033
| 44.42
| M. A. Razack Master
| {{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 60,460
| 44.01
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |573
|-
! 32
| [[Thiruvambady Assembly constituency|Thiruvambady]]
| [[George M. Thomas (Indian politician)|George M. Thomas]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 62,324
| 45.93
| V. M. Ummer Master
| {{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 59,316
| 43.72
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |3,008
|-
! colspan="17" | [[Malappuram district]]
|-
! 33
| [[Kondotty Assembly constituency|Kondotty]]
| [[T. V. Ibrahim]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 69,668
| 46.58
| K. P. Beerankutty
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 59,014
| 39.46
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |10,654
|-
! 34
| [[Eranad Assembly constituency|Eranad]]
| [[P. K. Basheer]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 69,048
| 50.83
| K. T. Abdurahiman
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 56,155
| 41.34
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |12,893
|-
! 35
| [[Nilambur Assembly constituency|Nilambur]]
| [[P. V. Anvar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 77,858
| 47.91
| [[Aryadan Shoukath]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 66,354
| 40.83
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |11,504
|-
! 36
| [[Wandoor Assembly constituency|Wandoor]] (SC)
| [[A. P. Anil Kumar]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 81,964
| 52.59
| K. Nishanth
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 58,100
| 37.28
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |23,864
|-
! 37
| [[Manjeri Assembly constituency|Manjeri]]
| [[M. Ummer]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 69,779
| 50.22
| K. Mohandas
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 50,163
| 36.10
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |19,616
|-
! 38
| [[Perinthalmanna Assembly constituency|Perinthalmanna]]
| [[Manjalamkuzhi Ali]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 70,990
| 46.89
| V. Sasikumar
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 70,411
| 46.50
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |579
|-
! 39
| [[Mankada Assembly constituency|Mankada]]
| [[T. A. Ahmed Kabeer]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 69,165
| 46.08
| T. K. Rasheed Ali
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 67,657
| 45.07
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |1,508
|-
! 40
| [[Malappuram Assembly constituency|Malappuram]]
| [[P. Ubaidulla]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 81,072
| 57.16
| K. P. Sumathi
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 45,400
| 32.01
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |36,672
|-
! 41
| [[Vengara Assembly constituency|Vengara]]
| [[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 72,181
| 60.01
| P. P. Basheer
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 34,124
| 28.37
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |38,057
|-
! 42
| [[Vallikunnu Assembly constituency|Valikunnu]]
| [[Abdul Hameed Master]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 59,720
| 43.44
| O. K. Thangal
| {{Party name with color|Indian National League}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 47,110
| 34.27
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |12,610
|-
! 43
| [[Tirurangadi Assembly constituency|Tirurangadi]]
| [[P. K. Abdu Rabb]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 62,927
| 46.53
| Niyas Pulikkalakath
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 56,884
| 42.06
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |6,043
|-
! 44
| [[Tanur Assembly constituency|Tanur]]
| [[V. Abdurahiman]]
| {{Party name with color|National Secular Conference}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 64,772
| 45.78
| [[Abdurahiman Randathani]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 59,554
| 42.29
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |5,018
|-
! 45
| [[Tirur Assembly constituency|Tirur]]
| [[C. Mammootty]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 73,432
| 46.85
| Gafoor P. Lillis
| {{Party name with color|National Secular Conference}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 66,371
| 42.34
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |7,061
|-
! 46
| [[Kottakkal Assembly constituency|Kottakkal]]
| [[Abid Hussain Thangal]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 71,768
| 48.34
| N. A. Mohammed Kutty
| {{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 56,726
| 38.21
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |15,042
|-
! 47
| [[Thavanur Assembly constituency|Thavanur]]
| [[K. T. Jaleel]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 68,179
| 47.97
| Ifthiquarudeen Master
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 51,115
| 35.96
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |17,064
|-
! 48
| [[Ponnani Assembly constituency|Ponnani]]
| [[P. Sreeramakrishnan]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 69,332
| 48.91
| P. T. Ajay Mohan
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 53,692
| 37.87
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |15,540
|-
! colspan="17" | [[Palakkad district]]
|-
! 49
| [[Thrithala Assembly constituency|Thrithala]]
| [[V. T. Balram]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 66,505
| 47.16
| Subaida Ishac
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 55,958
| 39.68
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |10,547
|-
! 50
| [[Pattambi Assembly constituency|Pattambi]]
| [[Muhammad Muhassin]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 64,025
| 45.69
| [[C. P. Mohammed]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 56,621
| 40.41
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |7,404
|-
! 51
| [[Shornur Assembly constituency|Shornur]]
| [[P. K. Sasi]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 66,165
| 46.71
| C. Sangeetha
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 41,618
| 29.38
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |25,447
|-
! 52
| [[Ottapalam Assembly constituency|Ottapalam]]
| [[P. Unni]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 67,161
| 44.71
| [[Shanimol Usman]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 51,073
| 34.00
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |16,088
|-
! 53
| [[Kongad Assembly constituency|Kongad]] (SC)
| [[K. V. Vijayadas]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 60,790
| 45.35
| Pandalam Sudhakaran
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 47,519
| 35.45
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |13,271
|-
! 54
| [[Mannarkkad Assembly constituency|Mannarkkad]]
| [[N. Samsudheen]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 73,163
| 49.27
| K. P. Suresh Raj
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 60,838
| 40.97
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |12,325
|-
! 55
| [[Malampuzha Assembly constituency|Malampuzha]]
| [[V. S. Achuthanandan]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 73,299
| 45.90
| C. Krishnakumar
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
| 46,157
| 28.90
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |27,142
|-
! 56
| [[Palakkad Assembly constituency|Palakkad]]
| [[Shafi Parambil]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 57,559
| 41.77
| [[Sobha Surendran]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
| 40,076
| 29.08
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |17,383
|-
! 57
| [[Tarur Assembly constituency|Tarur]] (SC)
| [[A. K. Balan]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 67,047
| 52.25
| C. Prakash
| {{Party name with color|Kerala Congress (Jacob)}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 43,979
| 34.28
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |23,068
|-
! 58
| [[Chittur Assembly constituency|Chittur]]
| [[K. Krishnankutty]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 69,270
| 44.90
| [[K. Achuthan]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 61,985
| 40.18
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |7,285
|-
! 59
| [[Nenmara Assembly constituency|Nenmara]]
| [[K. Babu (CPI-M politician)|K. Babu]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 66,316
| 42.90
| A. V. Gopinathan
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 58,908
| 38.11
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |8,108
|-
! 60
| [[Alathur Assembly constituency|Alathur]]
| [[K. D. Prasenan]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 71,206
| 55.35
| K. Kusala Kumar
| {{Party name with color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 35,146
| 27.32
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |36,060
|-
! colspan="17" | [[Thrissur district]]
|-
! 61
| [[Chelakkara Assembly constituency|Chelakkara]] (SC)
| [[U. R. Pradeep]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 67,771
| 44.81
| Thulasi
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 57,571
| 38.07
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |10,200
|-
! 62
| [[Kunnamkulam Assembly constituency|Kunnamkulam]]
| [[A. C. Moideen]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 63,274
| 41.92
| C. P. John
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Marxist Party Kerala State Committee}}"|
| [[Communist Marxist Party Kerala State Committee|CMPKSC]]
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 55,492
| 36.77
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |7,782
|-
! 63
| [[Guruvayur Assembly constituency|Guruvayur]]
| [[K. V. Abdul Khader]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 66,088
| 44.76
| P. M. Sadiqali
| {{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 50,990
| 40.75
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |15,098
|-
! 64
| [[Manalur Assembly constituency|Manalur]]
| [[Murali Perunelly]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 70,422
| 43.30
| O. Abdu Rahimankutty
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 51,097
| 31.42
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |19,325
|-
! 65
| [[Wadakkanchery Assembly constituency|Wadakkanchery]]
| [[Anil Akkara]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 65,535
| 41.02
| Mary Thomas
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 65,492
| 40.99
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |43
|-
! 66
| [[Ollur Assembly constituency|Ollur]]
| [[K. Rajan (politician)|K. Rajan]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 71,666
| 47.55
| [[M. P. Vincent]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 58,418
| 38.76
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |13,248
|-
! 67
| [[Thrissur Assembly constituency|Thrissur]]
| [[V. S. Sunil Kumar]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 53,664
| 42.19
| [[Padmaja Venugopal]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 46,677
| 36.70
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |6,987
|-
! 68
| [[Nattika Assembly constituency|Nattika]] (SC)
| [[Geetha Gopi]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 70,218
| 46.65
| K. V. Dasan
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 43,441
| 28.86
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |26,777
|-
! 69
| [[Kaipamangalam Assembly constituency|Kaipamangalam]]
| [[E. T. Taison Master]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 66,824
| 49.60
| M. T. Muhammad Nahas
| {{Party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 33,384
| 24.78
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |33,440
|-
! 70
| [[Irinjalakuda Assembly constituency|Irinjalakuda]]
| [[K. U. Arunan]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 59,730
| 40.00
| [[Thomas Unniyadan]]
| {{Party name with color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 57,019
| 42.33
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |2,711
|-
! 71
| [[Puthukkad Assembly constituency|Puthukkad]]
| [[C. Raveendranath]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 79,464
| 50.07
| Sundaran Kunnathully
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 40,986
| 25.82
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |38,478
|-
! 72
| [[Chalakudy Assembly constituency|Chalakudy]]
| [[B. D. Devassy]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 74,251
| 49.37
| T. U. Radhakrishnan
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 47,603
| 31.65
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |26,648
|-
! 73
| [[Kodungallur Assembly constituency|Kodungallur]]
| [[V. R. Sunil Kumar]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 67,909
| 45.71
| K. P. Dhanapalan
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 45,118
| 30.37
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |22,791
|-
! colspan="17" | [[Ernakulam district]]
|-
! 74
| [[Perumbavoor Assembly constituency|Perumbavoor]]
| [[Eldhose Kunnappilly]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 64,285
| 44.11
| Mammikutty P.
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 57,197
| 39.25
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |7,288
|-
! 75
| [[Angamaly Assembly constituency|Angamaly]]
| [[Roji M. John]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 66,666
| 48.96
| Benny Moonjely
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 57,480
| 42.22
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |9,186
|-
! 76
| [[Aluva Assembly constituency|Aluva]]
| [[Anwar Sadath]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 69,568
| 47.39
| V. Saleem
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 50,733
| 34.56
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |18,835
|-
! 77
| [[Kalamassery Assembly constituency|Kalamassery]]
| [[V. K. Ebrahim Kunju]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 68,726
| 44.37
| A. M. Yousaf
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 56,608
| 36.55
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |12,118
|-
! 78
| [[Paravur Assembly constituency|Paravur]]
| [[V. D. Satheesan]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 74,985
| 46.70
| Sarada Mohan
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 54,351
| 33.85
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |20,634
|-
! 79
| [[Vypen Assembly constituency|Vypen]]
| [[S. Sharma]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 68,526
| 52.24
| K. R. Subhash
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 49,173
| 37.49
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |19,353
|-
! 80
| [[Kochi Assembly constituency|Kochi]]
| [[K. J. Maxi]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 47,967
| 38.70
| [[Dominic Presentation]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 46,881
| 37.82
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |1,086
|-
! 81
| [[Thrippunithura Assembly constituency|Thrippunithura]]
| [[M. Swaraj]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 62,697
| 40.53
| [[K. Babu]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 58,230
| 37.64
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |4,467
|-
! 82
| [[Ernakulam Assembly constituency|Ernakulam]]
| [[Hibi Eden]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 57,819
| 52.32
| M. Anil Kumar
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 35,870
| 32.46
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |21,949
|-
! 83
| [[Thrikkakara Assembly constituency|Thrikkakara]]
| [[P. T. Thomas]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 61,451
| 45.42
| Sebastian Paul
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 49,455
| 36.87
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |11,996
|-
! 84
| [[Kunnathunad Assembly constituency|Kunnathunad]] (SC)
| [[V. P. Sajeendran]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 65,445
| 44.13
| Shiji Shivaji
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 62,766
| 42.32
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |2,679
|-
! 85
| [[Piravom Assembly constituency|Piravom]]
| [[Anoop Jacob]]
| {{Party name with color|Kerala Congress (Jacob)}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 73,770
| 45.77
| M. J. Jacob
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 67,575
| 41.93
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |6,195
|-
! 86
| [[Muvattupuzha Assembly constituency|Muvattupuzha]]
| [[Eldho Abraham]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 70,269
| 49.27
| [[Joseph Vazhackkan]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 60,894
| 42.70
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |9,375
|-
! 87
| [[Kothamangalam Assembly constituency|Kothamangalam]]
| [[Antony John]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 65,467
| 49.26
| [[T. U. Kuruvilla]]
| {{Party name with color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 46,185
| 37.88
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |19,282
|-
! colspan="17" | [[Idukki district]]
|-
! 88
| [[Devikulam Assembly constituency|Devikulam]] (SC)
| [[S. Rajendran (CPI(M) politician)|S. Rajendran]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 49,510
| 42.18
| A. K. Moni
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 43,728
| 37.25
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |5,782
|-
! 89
| [[Udumbanchola Assembly constituency|Udumbanchola]]
| [[M. M. Mani]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 50,813
| 40.32
| Senapathy Venu
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 49,704
| 39.44
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |1,109
|-
! 90
| [[Thodupuzha Assembly constituency|Thodupuzha]]
| [[P. J. Joseph]]
| {{Party name with color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 76,564
| 54.08
| Roy Varicattu
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 30,977
| 21.88
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |46,587
|-
! 91
| [[Idukki Assembly constituency|Idukki]]
| [[Roshy Augustine]]
| {{Party name with color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 60,556
| 42.86
| [[K. Francis George]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 51,223
| 36.26
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |9,333
|-
! 92
| [[Peerumade Assembly constituency|Peerumade]]
| [[E. S. Bijimol]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 56,584
| 43.94
| Syriac Thomas
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 56,270
| 43.70
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |314
|-
! colspan="17" | [[Kottayam district]]
|-
! 93
| [[Pala Assembly constituency|Pala]]
| [[K. M. Mani]]
| {{Party name with color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 56,884
| 42.13
| [[Mani C. Kappan]]
| {{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 54,181
| 38.76
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |2,603
|-
! 94
| [[Kaduthuruthy Assembly constituency|Kaduthurthy]]
| [[Mons Joseph]]
| {{Party name with color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 73,393
| 58.03
| [[Skaria Thomas]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Kerala Congress (Skaria Thomas)}}"|
| [[Kerala Congress (Skaria Thomas)|KC(ST)]]
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 31,537
| 24.80
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |42,256
|-
! 95
| [[Vaikom Assembly constituency|Vaikom]] (SC)
| [[C. K. Asha]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 61,997
| 46.95
| A. Saneeshkumar
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 37,413
| 28.33
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |24,584
|-
! 96
| [[Ettumanoor Assembly constituency|Ettumanoor]]
| [[K. Suresh Kurup]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 53,805
| 40.67
| [[Thomas Chazhikadan]]
| {{Party name with color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 44,906
| 33.94
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |8,899
|-
! 97
| [[Kottayam Assembly constituency|Kottayam]]
| [[Thiruvanchoor Radhakrishnan]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 73,894
| 57.46
| Reji Sakhariya
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 40,262
| 31.31
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |33,632
|-
! 98
| [[Puthuppally Assembly constituency|Puthuppally]]
| [[Oommen Chandy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 71,597
| 53.42
| Jaick C. Thomas
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 44,505
| 33.20
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |27,092
|-
! 99
| [[Changanassery Assembly constituency|Changanassery]]
| [[C. F. Thomas]]
| {{Party name with color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 50,371
| 40.04
| K. C. Joseph
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 48,522
| 38.57
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |1,849
|-
! 100
| [[Kanjirappally Assembly constituency|Kanjirappally]]
| [[N. Jayaraj]]
| {{Party name with color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 53,126
| 38.86
| V. B. Binu
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 49,236
| 36.02
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |3,890
|-
! 101
| [[Poonjar Assembly constituency|Poonjar]]
| [[P. C. George]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|
| N/A
| 63,621
| 43.65
| Georgekutty Augusty
| {{Party name with color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 35,800
| 24.56
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}} ; color:black;" |27,821
|-
! colspan="17" | [[Alappuzha district]]
|-
! 102
| [[Aroor Assembly constituency|Aroor]]
| [[A. M. Ariff]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 84,720
| 52.34
| C. R. Jayaprakash
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 46,201
| 28.54
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |38,519
|-
! 103
| [[Cherthala Assembly constituency|Cherthala]]
| [[P. Thilothaman]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 81,197
| 45.70
| S. Sarath
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 74,001
| 41.65
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |7,196
|-
! 104
| [[Alappuzha Assembly constituency|Alappuzha]]
| [[T. M. Thomas Issac]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 83,219
| 53.29
| Laly Vincent
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 52,719
| 33.42
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |31,032
|-
! 105
| [[Ambalappuzha Assembly constituency|Ambalappuzha]]
| [[G. Sudhakaran]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 63,069
| 47.32
| Shaik P. Harriz
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 40,448
| 33.42
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |22,621
|-
! 106
| [[Kuttanad Assembly constituency|Kuttanad]]
| [[Thomas Chandy]]
| {{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 50,114
| 38.52
| Jacob Abraham
| {{Party name with color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 45,223
| 34.76
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |4,891
|-
! 107
| [[Haripad Assembly constituency|Haripad]]
| [[Ramesh Chennithala]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 75,980
| 51.05
| P. Prasad
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 57,359
| 38.54
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |18,621
|-
! 108
| [[Kayamkulam Assembly constituency|Kayamkulam]]
| [[U. Prathibha Hari]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 72,956
| 46.53
| M. Liju
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 61,099
| 38.96
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |11,757
|-
! 109
| [[Mavelikara Assembly constituency|Mavelikara]] (SC)
| [[R. Rajesh]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 74,455
| 49.81
| Baiju Kalasala
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 43,013
| 28.74
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |31,542
|-
! 110
| [[Chengannur Assembly constituency|Chengannur]]
| [[K. K. Ramachandran Nair]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 52,880
| 36.34
| [[P. C. Vishnunath]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 44,897
| 30.85
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |7,983
|-
! colspan="17" | [[Pathanamthitta district]]
|-
! 111
| [[Thiruvalla Assembly constituency|Thiruvalla]]
| [[Mathew T. Thomas]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 59,660
| 41.28
| Joseph M. Puthussery
| {{Party name with color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 51,398
| 35.56
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |8,462
|-
! 112
| [[Ranni Assembly constituency|Ranni]]
| [[Raju Abrham]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 58,749
| 43.87
| Mariamma Cherian
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 44,153
| 32.97
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |14,596
|-
! 113
| [[Aranmula Assembly constituency|Aranmula]]
| [[Veena George]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 64,523
| 39.97
| [[K. Sivadasan Nair]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 56,877
| 35.23
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |7,646
|-
! 114
| [[Konni Assembly constituency|Konni]]
| [[Adoor Prakash]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 72,800
| 50.81
| R. Sanal Kumar
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 52,052
| 36.33
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |20,748
|-
! 115
| [[Adoor Assembly constituency|Adoor]] (SC)
| [[Chittayam Gopakumar]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 76,034
| 49.05
| K. K. Shaju
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 50,574
| 32.62
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |25,460
|-
! colspan="17" | [[Kollam district]]
|-
! 116
| [[Karunagappally Assembly constituency|Karunagappally]]
| [[R. Ramachandran (politician)|R. Ramachandran]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 69,902
| 43.06
| [[C. R. Mahesh]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 68,143
| 41.97
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |1,759
|-
! 117
| [[Chavara Assembly constituency|Chavara]]
| [[N. Vijayan Pillai]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Marxist Party (Aravindakshan)}}"|
| [[Communist Marxist Party (Aravindakshan)|CMP(A)]]
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 64,666
| 46.80
| [[Shibu Baby John]]
| {{Party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 58,477
| 42.32
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |8,189
|-
! 118
| [[Kunnathur Assembly constituency|Kunnathur]] (SC)
| [[Kovoor Kunjumon]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 75,725
| 47.38
| Ullas Kovur
| {{Party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 55,196
| 34.54
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |20,529
|-
! 119
| [[Kottarakkara Assembly constituency|Kottarakkara]]
| [[P. Aisha Potty]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 83,443
| 55.44
| Savin Sathyan
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 40,811
| 27.11
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |42,632
|-
! 120
| [[Pathanapuram Assembly constituency|Pathanapuram]]
| [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]]
| {{Party name with color|Kerala Congress (B)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 74,429
| 52.39
| P. V. Jagadish Kumar
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 49,867
| 35.10
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |24,562
|-
! 121
| [[Punalur Assembly constituency|Punalur]]
| [[K. Raju]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 82,136
| 56.85
| A. Younus Kunju
| {{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 48,554
| 33.61
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |33,582
|-
! 122
| [[Chadayamangalam Assembly constituency|Chadayamangalam]]
| [[Mullakkara Ratnakaran]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 71,262
| 49.10
| M. M. Hassan
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 49,334
| 33.99
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |21,928
|-
! 123
| [[Kundara Assembly constituency|Kundara]]
| [[J. Mercy Kutty Amma]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 79,047
| 51.81
| [[Rajmohan Unnithan]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 48,587
| 31.85
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |30,460
|-
! 124
| [[Kollam Assembly constituency|Kollam]]
| [[Mukesh (actor)|M. Mukesh]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 63,103
| 48.81
| Sooraj Ravi
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 45,492
| 35.19
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |17,611
|-
! 125
| [[Eravipuram Assembly constituency|Eravipuram]]
| [[M. Noushad]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 65,392
| 52.33
| [[A. A. Azeez]]
| {{Party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 36,589
| 29.28
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |28,803
|-
! 126
| [[Chathannoor Assembly constituency|Chathanoor]]
| [[G. S. Jayalal]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 67,606
| 50.76
| B. B. Gopakumar
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
| 33,199
| 24.92
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |34,407
|-
! colspan="17" | [[Thiruvananthapuram district]]
|-
! 127
| [[Varkala Assembly constituency|Varkala]]
| [[V. Joy]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 53,102
| 41.43
| [[Varkala Kahar]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 50,716
| 39.57
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |2,386
|-
! 128
| [[Attingal Assembly constituency|Attingal]] (SC)
| [[B. Satyan]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 72,808
| 52.71
| K. Chandrababu
| {{Party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 32,425
| 23.47
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |40,383
|-
! 129
| [[Chirayinkeezhu Assembly constituency|Chirayinkeezhu]] (SC)
| [[V. Sasi]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 64,692
| 46.75
| K. S. Ajith Kumar
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 50,370
| 36.40
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |14,322
|-
! 130
| [[Nedumangad Assembly constituency|Nedumangad]]
| [[C. Divakaran]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 57,745
| 38.16
| [[Palode Ravi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 54,124
| 35.76
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |3,621
|-
! 131
| [[Vamanapuram Assembly constituency|Vamanapuram]]
| [[D. K. Murali]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 65,848
| 46.56
| T. Sarathchandra Prasad
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 56,252
| 39.77
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |9,596
|-
! 132
| [[Kazhakootam Assembly constituency|Kazhakootam]]
| [[Kadakampally Surendran]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 50,079
| 37.38
| [[V. Muraleedharan]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
| 42,732
| 31.90
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |7,347
|-
! 133
| [[Vattiyoorkavu Assembly constituency|Vattiyoorkavu]]
| [[K. Muraleedharan]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 51,322
| 37.43
| [[Kummanam Rajasekharan]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
| 43,700
| 31.87
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |7,522
|-
! 134
| [[Thiruvananthapuram Assembly constituency|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| [[V. S. Sivakumar]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 46,474
| 36.82
| [[Antony Raju]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 35,569
| 28.18
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |10,905
|-
! 135
| [[Nemom Assembly constituency|Nemom]]
| [[O. Rajagopal]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
| 67,813
| 47.46
| [[V. Sivankutty]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 59,142
| 41.39
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |8,613
|-
! 136
| [[Aruvikkara Assembly constituency|Aruvikkara]]
| [[K. S. Sabarinathan]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 70,910
| 49.32
| A. A. Rasheed
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 49,596
| 34.50
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |21,314
|-
! 137
| [[Parassala Assembly constituency|Parassala]]
| [[C. K. Hareendrakumar]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 70,156
| 44.41
| [[A. T. George]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 51,590
| 32.66
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |18,566
|-
! 138
| [[Kattakada Assembly constituency|Kattakada]]
| [[I. B. Satheesh]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 51,614
| 35.93
| [[N. Sakthan]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 50,765
| 35.34
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |849
|-
! 139
| [[Kovalam Assembly constituency|Kovalam]]
| [[M. Vincent]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 60,268
| 47.60
| [[Jameela Prakasam]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 57,653
| 37.45
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |3,415
|-
! 140
| [[Neyyattinkara Assembly constituency|Neyyatinkara]]
| [[K. Ansalan]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 63,559
| 47.20
| [[R. Selvaraj (politician)|R. Selvaraj]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 54,016
| 40.12
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;" |9,543
|}

'''Notable performances of other candidates'''

01.P.C.George won from Poonjar Constituency with a margion 27821 votes<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.india.com/assembly-election-2016/kerala/poonjar/ |title=Poonjar Assembly Election 2016 Latest News & Results |website=India.com}}</ref>

== By-elections ==
* [[2019 Kerala Legislative Assembly by-elections]]

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" cellpadding="5" style="width:85%; font-size:95%;"
|-
! Year
! Constituency
! District
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="background:#0087BD; color:black;" | UDF candidate
! Party
! Votes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="background:#ED1C24; color:black;" | LDF candidate
! Party
! Votes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="background:#F97D09; color:black;" | NDA candidate
! Party
! Votes
! Winner
! Margin
! Previous Winning Alliance
! Winning Alliance
! Winning party
|-
| 2017
| [[Vengara Assembly constituency|Vengara]]
| [[Malappuram]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" | K.N.A. Khader
| IUML
| 65227
| P.P.Basheer
| CPI(M)
| 41917
| K Janachandran
| BJP
| 5728
| K.N.A. Khader
| 24123
| style="background:#0087BD; color:white;" | UDF
| style="background:#0087BD; color:white;" | UDF
| style="background:#347C17; color:white;" | IUML
|-
| 2018
| [[Chengannur Assembly constituency|Chengannur]]
| [[Alappuzha]]
| D.Vijayakumar
| INC
| 46347
| style="background:lightgreen;" |[[Saji Cherian]]
| CPI(M)
| 67303
| [[P. S. Sreedharan Pillai]]
| BJP
| 35270
| Saji Cherian
| 20956
| style="background:#ED1C24; color:white;" | LDF
| style="background:#ED1C24; color:white;" | LDF
| style="background:#FF0000; color:black;" | CPI(M)
|-
| 2019
| [[Manjeshwaram Assembly constituency|Manjeshwaram]]
| [[Kasaragod]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |[[M. C. Kamaruddin]]
| IUML
| 65407
| M Shankara Rai
| CPI(M)
| 38233
| Ravisha Thanthri Kuntar
| BJP
| 57484
| M. C. Kamaruddin<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xXVnbHvo7uk |title=Manjeshwaram Bypolls: UDF Candidate MC Kamarudheen Kick-starts Election Campaign&#124; Mathrubhumi News |via=YouTube}}</ref>
| 7923
| style="background:#0087BD; color:white;" | UDF
| style="background:#0087BD; color:white;" | UDF
| style="background:#347C17; color:white;" | IUML
|-
| 2019
| [[Pala Assembly constituency|Pala]]
| [[Kottayam]]
| Jose Tom Pulikunnel<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pala-bye-election-udf-candidate-contest-under-pineapple-symbol-not-two-leaves-108557 |title=Pala bye-election: UDF candidate to contest under 'pineapple' symbol, not 'two leaves' |date=8 September 2019 |website=The News Minute}}</ref>
| UDF Independent
| 51194
| style="background:lightgreen;" |[[Mani C. Kappan]]
| NCP
| 54137
| N.Hari
| BJP
| 18044
| Mani C. Kappan<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/byelection-results-hamirpur-pala-dantewada-badharghat-counting-live-updates/liveblog/71322514.cms |title=By Election results live: Election results of Hamirpur, Pala, Dantewada, Badarghat |website=The Times of India |date=27 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/pala-election-results-updates-kerala-by-poll-2019-vote-counting-elections-latest-news-cpm-congress-hamirpur-dantewada-up-chunav-ayog-bypoll-assembly-vidhan-sabha-bjp-congress-winner-party-candida-7411601.html |title=Pala, Dantewada, Hamirpur Election Results Updates: LDF wins in Kerala Congress bastion after 54 years; BJP secures win in UP bypoll |date=27 September 2019 |website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/by-election-result-2019-left-wins-kerala-assembly-seat-after-decades-of-congress-led-udf-rule-2108140 |title=By-Election Result 2019: Left Wins Kerala Assembly Seat After Decades Of Congress-Led UDF Rule |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
| 2943
| style="background:#0087BD; color:white;" | UDF
| style="background:#ED1C24; color:white;" | LDF
| style="background:#008080; color:white;" | NCP
|-
| 2019
| [[Vattiyoorkavu Assembly constituency|Vattiyoorkavu]]
| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| K. Mohan Kumar<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bIapHcTTdIA |title=K Mohan Kumar to contest for congress from Vattiyoorkavu |date=26 September 2019 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
| INC
| 40365
| style="background:lightgreen;" |[[V. K. Prasanth]]
| CPI(M)
| 54830
| Adv S Suresh
| BJP
| 27453
| V. K. Prasanth
| 14465
| style="background:#0087BD; color:white;" | UDF
| style="background:#ED1C24; color:white;" | LDF
| style="background:#FF0000; color:black;" | CPI(M)
|-
| 2019
| [[Konni Assembly constituency|Konni]]
| [[Pathanamthitta]]
| P Mohanraj
| INC
| 44146
| style="background:lightgreen;" |[[K. U. Jenish Kumar]]
| CPI(M)
| 54099
| K. Surendran
| BJP
| 39786
| K. U. Jenish Kumar
| 9953
| style="background:#0087BD; color:white;" | UDF
| style="background:#ED1C24; color:white;" | LDF
| style="background:#FF0000; color:black;" | CPI(M)
|-
| 2019
| [[Aroor Assembly constituency|Aroor]]
| [[Alappuzha]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |[[Shanimol Usman]]
| INC
| 69356
| Manu C. Pulikkal
| CPI(M)
| 67277
| K.P.Prakash Babu
| BJP
| 16289
| Shanimol Usman
| 2079
| style="background:#ED1C24; color:white;" | LDF
| style="background:#0087BD; color:white;" | UDF
| style="background:#00BFFF; color:white;" | INC
|-
| 2019
| [[Ernakulam Assembly constituency|Ernakulam]]
| [[Ernakulam]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" | [[T. J. Vinod]]
| INC
| 37891
| Adv. Manu Roy
| LDF Independent
| 34141
| C.G.Rajagopal
| BJP
| 13351
| T. J. Vinod
| 3750
| style="background:#0087BD; color:white;" | UDF
| style="background:#0087BD; color:white;" | UDF
| style="background:#00BFFF; color:white;" | INC
|}

No by-election is conducted for Kuttanad and Chavara

Assembly seat sharing post – bye election results:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:300px; height:50px"
|-
! [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] !! [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]!! [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]!! Vacant Seats
|-
| style="background:{{party color|United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)}}; width:25%"|45
| style="background:{{party color|Left_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)}}; width:25%"|91
| style="background:{{party color|National_Democratic_Alliance_(India)}}; width:25%|1
| 2
|}

== See also ==
* [[2015 Kerala local body elections]]
* [[2020 Kerala local body elections]]
* [[GoBackModi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pomonemodi-trends-across-india-as-kerala-twitterati-vent-ire-at-pm/ |title=#PoMoneModi: Angry Kerala responds to PM Modi's Somalia comparision |date=12 May 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://ceo.kerala.gov.in/ Chief Electoral Officer, Kerala]
* [http://eci.nic.in/eci/eci.html Election Commission of India]
* [http://www.keralaassembly.com/results Kerala Assembly Election 2016 Results] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216105433/http://www.keralaassembly.com/results |date=16 February 2020 }}
* [http://udfkerala.org/ UDF Kerala]
* [http://ldfkeralam.org/ LDF Keralam]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160517184033/http://election.keralabjp.org/ NDA Kerala]

{{Kerala elections}}

[[Category:2010s in Kerala|2016]]
[[Category:2016 State Assembly elections in India|Kerala]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Kerala|2016]]

Athey Kangal (1967 film)

2026-03-04T05:11:11Z

GayleTibbs8: added initial details added tags

{{short description|1967 film by A. C. Tirulokchandar}}
{{for|the 2017 film|Adhe Kangal (2017 film)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Athey Kangal 1967 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. C. Tirulokchandar]]
| story = A. C. Tirulokchandar
| producer = [[A. V. Meiyappan]] M. Murugan M. Kumaran [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]] M. Balasubramanian [[M. S. Guhan]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]]|[[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]]}}
| cinematography = [[S. Maruti Rao]]
| editing = R. G. Gope
| music = [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]]
| studio = [[AVM Productions|Balasubramanian & Co.]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1967|05|26}}
| runtime = 175 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Athey Kangal''''' ({{IPA|ta|aðeː kaɳɡaɭ|pron}} {{Translation|The Same Eyes}}) is a 1967 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by [[A. C. Tirulokchandar]]. The film stars [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] and [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]]. It focuses on a girl's family being stalked by a masked murderer, and her lover's attempts to apprehend him.

''Athey Kangal'' was produced by [[A. V. Meiyappan]] under Balasubramanian & Co, a subsidiary of his company [[AVM Productions]]. It was [[List of multilingual Indian films|simultaneously filmed]] in Telugu as ''[[Ave Kallu]]'', with Kanchana reprising her role. The film was released on 26 May 1967 and became a major box-office success.

== Plot ==
A woman named Vasantha finds her husband Ranganathan murdered. A masked murderer tries to kill her too, but she escapes from him. Vasantha is left in a state of shock and becomes [[Psychological trauma|mentally paralysed]]. A case is registered and the investigation takes place.

Susi, a college student, along with her friends arrives at Vasantha's for her vacation. There live her younger paternal uncles Kamalanathan and Vimalanathan, aunt Vasantha, butler Appukutty Nair and a regular visiting [[Siddha medicine|Siddha]] doctor Vedamurthy. During her stay, a series of murders take place at the house with every time a [[cigar]] bit being intentionally left by the murderer .

Since Vasantha is the only [[Eyewitness testimony|eyewitness]] of her husband's murder, her life is in danger. Despite tight security, she is killed by the murderer, who later makes frequent calls to Susi and threatens that she will be his next target. Susi is frustrated by the incidents happening at the house and the threatening phone calls. She requests help from her colleague Baskar, who promises her to help.

Baskar investigates Vimalanathan, Kamalanathan and the inmates of the house. One day, Baskar follows Kamalanathan to a strange house, where he meets a woman. She is revealed to be Kamalanathan's lover Mala, who was rescued some years back by him when she attempted suicide. Kamalanathan keeps quiet as he wants Susi to get married first, only then he would marry Mala.

As a part of investigation, Baskar asks everyone in the house to stay out for a night, to lure the murderer. As expected, the murderer enters Susi's room to kill her. Baskar tries to unmask the murderer, but only sees his eyes before the murderer escapes, leaving his mask behind. Baskar finds Vimalanathan murdered at the doorstep.

Kamalanathan rushes everyone to vacate the house following the celebration of Susi's birthday party. On the day of the party, the murderer tries to attack Susi, but Baskar saves her. Baskar chases the murderer, but loses track. On his way back, he sees Vedamurthy injured at a place. He rescues him and comes home. Everyone is unaware of the reason of the murder, where Baskar insists Kamalanathan in front of everyone to tell about his family which might help them to get a clue of the murders.

Kamalanathan reveals that his father had an [[extramarital affair]] with a woman, but the woman and her 10-year-old son died in a fire set by Kamalanathan's elder brother (Susi's father). Baskar theorises that the son may not have died and is actually the murderer killing the family members in vengeance; he also states that the murderer may be present amongst them as he plans accordingly knowing the circumstances of the house. Baskar places the murderer's mask on the face of each man present to verify whose eyes match with the murderer's eyes, ultimately exposing Vedamurthy, who was disguised using prosthetics, as the murderer.

Baskar chases the murderer, who gets injured while trying to escape and is struggling to run. While the police shoot the murderer, he disappears in a tunnelway near the garden. Everyone finds a secret room beneath the garden which leads to the murderer's house and his corpse, realising this is how he escaped after committing each murder. Baskar later marries Susi and stays in the same house, while Kamalanathan marries Mala.

== Cast ==

{{Col-begin|width=50%}}
{{col-break|width=20%}}
;Male cast
* [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] as Baskar<ref name="scroll" />
* [[S. A. Ashokan]] as Kamalanathan<ref name="cast" />
* [[Nagesh]] as Baskar's friend<ref name="cast" />
* [[S. V. Ramadas]] as Vimalanathan<ref name="cast" />
* [[A. Karunanidhi]] as Appukutty Nair<ref name="cast" />
* [[P. D. Sambandam]]<ref name="RandorGuy" />
* Vasanthakumar as Vedamurthy<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 May 2019 |title=பத்திரிகையாளர் சுதாங்கனின் 'நெஞ்சம் மறப்பதில்லை!' – 86 |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/70679 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106063954/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/70679 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |access-date=6 November 2021 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[Typist Gopu]]<ref name="cast" />
* [[K. Balaji]] as the family doctor<ref name="RandorGuy" />
* [[Major Sundarrajan]] as the police officer<ref name="RandorGuy" />
{{col-break|width=20%}}
;Female cast
* [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] as Suseela (Susi)<ref name="scroll" />
* Madhavi Krishnan as Julie<ref name="cast" />
* [[Geetanjali (actress)|Geethanjali]] as Mala<ref name="RandorGuy" />
* [[G. Sakunthala]] as Vasantha<ref name="RandorGuy" />
{{Col-end}}

== Production ==
[[AVM Productions]] built a huge house set for ''[[Mehrban]]'' (1967); however [[A. V. Meiyappan]] felt the richness of the set was never felt in the film so he decided not to dismantle the set. Director [[A. C. Tirulokchandar]] who visited the set felt this house would fit in for a film in the [[Thriller film|thriller]] genre and decided to make a film on in this set,<ref name="kalki" /> which became ''Athey Kangal''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=குமரன் |first=ஏவி.எம். |date=14 April 2019 |title=ஏவி.எம்., சகாப்தம் (19) |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/malarkal/vara-malar-weekly-magazine/avm-era-19/47217 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190610043305/https://www.dinamalar.com/supplementary_detail.asp?id=47217 |archive-date=10 June 2019 |access-date=10 June 2019 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> The script was completed in one week, and took inspiration from various [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] horror/thrillers such as ''[[Bhoot Bungla]]'' (1965), ''[[Bees Saal Baad (1962 film)|Bees Saal Baad]]'' (1962) and ''[[Gumnaam]]'' (1965). The comedy track was written by [[T. N. Balu]].{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|p=196}}<ref name="kalki" /> The film was produced by Meiyappan under Balasubramanian & Co, a subsidiary of AVM.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> The assistant producers were M. Murugan, M. Kumaran, [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]], M. Balasubramanian and [[M. S. Guhan]]. The dialogue was written by Balu, cinematography was handled by [[S. Maruti Rao]], and editing by R. G. Gope.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Athey Kangal |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[AVM Productions|Balasubramanian & Co.]] |year=1967 |time=0:00 to 3:40 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref>{{sfn|Cowie|Elley|1977|p=256}} [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], who played the lead role, received a salary of {{INRConvert|10000|year=1967}}.{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|p=197}} It was [[List of multilingual Indian films|simultaneously filmed]] in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Ave Kallu]]'', with [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] as the lead actress in both.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=18 June 2016 |title=A director who stood tall |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/A-director-who-stood-tall/article14429883.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619080951/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/actors-share-memories-of-a-c-trilokchander/article8745794.ece |archive-date=19 June 2016 |access-date=10 June 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri |date=4 May 2005 |title=Ave Kallu (1967) |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/avekallu1967.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304010030/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/avekallu1967.php |archive-date=4 March 2009 |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref> The final cut of the film measured {{convert|4519|metres|feet}}.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] and the lyrics were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Athey Kangal (1967) |url=https://mio.to//album/Athey+Kangal+%281967%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608154327/https://mio.to//album/Athey%2BKangal%2B(1967) |archive-date=8 June 2019 |access-date=8 June 2019 |website=Music India Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Athey Kangal |url=https://isaishop.com/item/athey-kangal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005115740/https://isaishop.com/item/athey-kangal |archive-date=5 October 2021 |access-date=5 October 2021 |website=IsaiShop}}</ref> The song "Ethanai Azhagu" is based on "Pedal Pusher" by [[The Ventures]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=P. V. |date=15 May 2017 |title=FIlmy Ripples- Inspired plagiarism in early music |url=https://tcrcindia.com/2017/05/15/filmy-ripples-inspired-plagiarism-in-early-music/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003173832/https://tcrcindia.com/2017/05/15/filmy-ripples-inspired-plagiarism-in-early-music/ |archive-date=3 October 2017 |access-date=17 April 2018 |website=The Cinema Resource Centre}}</ref> and was recorded using 60 instruments.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=18 November 1979 |title=இசை அமைப்பாளருடன் சில அனுபவங்கள்! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1979-11-18/kalki1979-11-18.pdf |access-date=17 July 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=24–26 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The song "Boom Boom Maattukaran" is based on "[[Chim Chim Cher-ee]]" from ''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]'' (1964).<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |title=Tamil [Other Composers] |url=https://www.itwofs.com/tamil-others.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190522113005/https://www.itwofs.com/tamil-others.html |archive-date=22 May 2019 |access-date=10 June 2019 |website=[[ItwoFS]]}}</ref> For the song "Pombale Oruthi Irundaalaam", singers [[A. L. Raghavan]] and [[T. M. Soundararajan]] came up with lines in their first language [[Saurashtra language|Saurashtra]]. The words "Sodija" and "Daakara" in the song are presented as gibberish that [[Nagesh]]'s character uses to frighten Kanchana's, but they actually mean "Leave me and go" and "I am afraid" in Saurashtra.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=23 June 2011 |title=In fine fettle |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/in-fine-fettle/article13606867.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610053259/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/in-fine-fettle/article13606867.ece |archive-date=10 June 2019 |access-date=8 June 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangaraj |first=R |date=23 June 2020 |title=Man who rocked Tamil pop, yodelling into hearts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/man-who-rocked-tamil-pop-yodelling-into-hearts/articleshow/76519575.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528143258/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/man-who-rocked-tamil-pop-yodelling-into-hearts/articleshow/76519575.cms |archive-date=28 May 2021 |access-date=5 October 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Pombala Oruthi
| extra1 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[A. L. Raghavan]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Ethanai Azhagu
| extra2 = T. M. Soundararajan, [[P. Susheela]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Ennannamo Naan Ninaithen
| extra3 = P. Susheela
| length3 =
| title4 = Can Can
| note4 = Instrumental
| extra4 =  —
| length4 =
| title5 = Boom Boom Maattukaran
| extra5 = P. Susheela
| length5 =
| title6 = Chinna Penn
| extra6 = T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela
| length6 =
| title7 = Va Arugil Va
| extra7 = P. Susheela
| title8 = Kannukku Theriyatha
| extra8 = T. M. Soundararajan
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Athey Kangal'' was released on 26 May 1967,{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|p=451}} and became a major box-office success upon release.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |year=1968 |title=Boom In South India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B8QnAAAAMAAJ&q=Boom+In+South+India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106063942/https://books.google.com/books?id=B8QnAAAAMAAJ&q=Boom+In+South+India |archive-date=6 November 2021 |access-date=27 March 2021 |magazine=Film World |page=60 |volume=4}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated the film for its opulence, picturisation and colour.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=18 June 1967 |title=அதே கண்கள் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/jun/18-06-1967/p17.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220725102407/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/jun/18-06-1967/p17.jpg |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=13 October 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=17 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="scroll">{{Cite web |last=Nathan |first=Archana |date=15 July 2018 |title=From 'Athey Kangal' to 'Imaikkaa Nodigal', Tamil cinema has always loved its serial killers |url=https://scroll.in/reel/885451/from-athey-kangal-to-imaikkaa-nodigal-tamil-cinema-has-always-loved-its-serial-killers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608154336/https://scroll.in/reel/885451/from-athey-kangal-to-imaikkaa-nodigal-tamil-cinema-has-always-loved-its-serial-killers |archive-date=8 June 2019 |access-date=8 June 2019 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref>
<ref name="cast">{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=6 August 2018 |title=அதே கண்கள் – அப்பவே அப்படி கதை! |url=https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/4575-adhekangal-appave-appadi-kadhai-2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190610084225/https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/4575-adhekangal-appave-appadi-kadhai-2.html |archive-date=10 June 2019 |access-date=5 October 2021 |website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="RandorGuy">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=27 June 2015 |title=Athey Kangal 1967 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/athey-kangal-1967/article7361511.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101195637/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/athey-kangal-1967/article7361511.ece |archive-date=1 November 2017 |access-date=8 June 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="kalki">{{Cite magazine |last=சரவணன் |first=ஏவி.எம். |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |date=24 April 2005 |title=கமலைப் பாராட்டமாட்டேன்! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2005-04-24/kalki2005-04-24.pdf |access-date=17 July 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=44–47 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1967 – அதே கண்கள் (கலர்) பாலசுப்ரமணியம் அன் கம். ஏ.வி.எம். |trans-title=1967 – Athey Kangal (Colour) Balasubramanian & Co. A.V.M. |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1967-cinedetails1.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190610051147/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1967-cinedetails1.asp |archive-date=10 June 2019 |access-date=10 June 2019 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Cowie |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jp7ayTLX1D8C&pg=PA256 |title=World Filmography: 1967 |last2=Elley |first2=Derek |publisher=[[Fairleigh Dickinson University Press]] |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-498-01565-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Saravanan |first=M. |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |title=AVM 60 Cinema |publisher=Rajarajan Pathippagam |year=2013 |edition=3rd |language=ta |oclc=1158347612 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{A. C. Tirulokchandar}}
{{AVM Productions}}

{{Improve categories|date=March 2024}}
[[Category:1960s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:1967 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1967 films]]
[[Category:1967 Indian films]]
[[Category:AVM Productions films]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. C. Thirulokachandar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vedha (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language mystery thriller films]]

Ganga Tere Desh Mein

2026-03-03T23:56:39Z

GayleTibbs8: correct lead and added references based on references

{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=July 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ganga Tere Desh Mein
| image = Ganga Tere Desh Mein.jpg

| caption = Poster
| director = [[Vijay (director)|Vijay]]
| producer = [[K. C. Bokadia]]
| writer = Mahipal choudhary
| narrator =
| starring = [[Dharmendra]] [[Jaya Prada]] [[Shatrughan Sinha]]
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = Shyam Rao Shiposkar
| editing = Govind Dalwadi Shyam Mukherjee
| studio = B M B Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1988|10|21|df=yes}}
| runtime = 153 min
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Ganga Tere Desh Mein ''''' ({{translation|Ganga in your country}}) is a 1988 [[Bollywood]] [[action drama film]] directed by [[Vijay (director)|Vijay Reddy]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganga Tere Desh Mein (1988) Dharmendra, Shatrughan Sinha Pressbook Booklet |url=https://www.ebay.com/itm/173977310892 |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=eBay }}</ref> starring [[Dharmendra]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]] and [[Jaya Prada]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Ganga Tere Desh Mein Full Movie Online, Release Date, Trailer, Cast and Songs {{!}} Bollywood Film |url=https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/ganga-tere-desh-mein-88027.html |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=www.digit.in }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganga Tere Desh Mein (1988) - BollywoodMDB |url=https://www.bollywoodmdb.com/movies/ganga-tere-desh-mein/8730 |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=www.bollywoodmdb.com}}</ref> The movie is a remake of director's own 1987 Kannada movie ''[[Huli Hebbuli]]''.

== Plot ==
Police officer, Ajay, arrests a mentally deranged suspect, Vijay Nath, suffering from memory loss. Ajay's widowed mother treats Vijay with kindness. Inspector Ajay decides to investigate eventually leading up to the true outcome of their actual relation to one another.

== Cast ==
* [[Dharmendra]] as Vijay Nath
* [[Jaya Prada]] as Dr. Asha
* [[Shatrughan Sinha]] as Police Inspector Ajay Nath
* [[Dimple Kapadia]] as Princess
* [[Kader Khan]] as Sewaram
* [[Asrani (actor)|Asrani]] as Mewaram
* [[Raj Babbar]] as Police Inspector Amar
* [[Sudhir Dalvi]] as Ram Nath
* [[Kiran Kumar]] as Kobra/Zalim Singh
* [[Nirupa Roy]] as Ajay's Mother

== Soundtrack ==
Lyrics: Anand Bakshi

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Tera Mera Saath"
| [[Mohammed Aziz]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| 2
| "Vadha Hai Vadha Hai"
| Anuradha Paudwal
|-
| 3
| "Tip Tip Tip Boond Padi"
| Anuradha Paudwal
|-
| 4
| "Yeh Duniya Pagal Khana Hai"
| Mohammed Aziz
|-
| 5
| "Ganga Tere Desh Mein"
| [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0359309|title=Ganga Tere Desh Mein}}

[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:1988 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1988 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Taarak

2026-03-03T21:58:36Z

GayleTibbs8: new

{{Short description|2003 Telugu film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Taarak poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Balasekaran]]
| writer = [[Paruchuri Brothers]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = Balasekharan
| story = Vijaya Creations Unit
| based_on = 
| producer = Achanta Gopinadh
| starring = [[Taraka Ratna]] [[Sharmelee|Sharmili]] [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Poorna
| editing = Ravindra Babu
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|2003|4|3}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Taarak''''' is a 2003 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by [[Balasekaran]] and starring [[Taraka Ratna]], [[Sharmelee|Sharmili]] and [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]].

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Taraka Ratna|Nandamuri Taraka Ratna]] as Taraka "Taarak" Ram
*[[Sharmelee|Sharmili]] as Varsha
*[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] as Jagadish Prasad
*[[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as JP
*[[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as College lecturer
*[[Giri Babu]]
*[[Tanikella Bharani]]
*[[L. B. Sriram]]
*[[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]]
*[[Sudhakar (Telugu actor)|Sudhakar]]
*[[Chitram Srinu]]
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
*[[Srinivasa Reddy]]
*[[Suman Setty]]
*[[Kaushal Manda|Kaushal]]
*[[Murali Mohan]] (guest appearance)
*Siva Krishna (guest appearance)
*Seetu Singh (special song)
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
[[Sharmelee|Sharmili]] made her Telugu debut with this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/celebrating-cinema-and-music/article28638808.ece|title=Celebrating cinema and music|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 April 2003|author=Sudhish Kamath|access-date=3 August 2022|archive-date=2 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802201215/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/celebrating-cinema-and-music/article28638808.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/19south.htm|title=From MCA to celluloid|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=19 April 2003|author=Poornima|access-date=3 August 2022|archive-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506043330/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/19south.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music composed by [[Mani Sharma]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tarak Songs: Tarak MP3 Telugu Songs by Mani Sharma Online Free on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/album/tarak |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704131437/https://gaana.com/album/tarak |archive-date=4 July 2023 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref> was well received.<ref name="release">{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news234.html|title=Taarak calendar|date=25 March 2003|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=3 August 2022|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531013352/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news234.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = Vennela Kala
| extra1 = Charan, Nitya Santhoshini
| lyrics1 = [[Veturi]]
| length1 = 5:17
| title2 = Alakalu Ela
| extra2 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| lyrics2 = Sai Harsha
| length2 = 5:08
| title3 = Mellanga Raavo
| extra3 = [[Udit Narayan]], Suneetha
| lyrics3 = Shakti
| length3 = 4:46
| title4 = Esko Esko
| extra4 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Radhika
| lyrics4 = Vijay Kumar
| length4 = 5:07
| title5 = Sarasamika Sunday
| extra5 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| lyrics5 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| length5 = 4:12
| title6 = Vanakalamani
| extra6 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| lyrics6 = Chandrabose
| length6 = 4:30
| total_length = 29:00
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was scheduled to release on 11 April 2003 but was advanced to 3 April 2003.<ref name="release"/>

Gudipoori Srihari of ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined that "The film has a vague story line and appears to have been influenced by a Hollywood movie. The characters are not well supported by dialogue. Tarak Ratna is a shade better and confident than what he looked in his earlier two films".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-taarak.html|title=Lack of cohesive storyline|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 April 2003|author=Gudipoodi Srihari|via=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=3 August 2022|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531013352/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-taarak.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' gave the film a rating of three out of five and said that "The director tried to create an impact of that using the flashback. But the narrative meanders from the basic objective towards the love track between hero and heroine".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-taarak.html|title=Taarak|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=3 April 2003|author=Jeevi|access-date=3 August 2022|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531013356/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-taarak.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Mithun Verma of ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote that "The movie's intentions were sacred, aiming at the increasingly suicidal youth. But the execution will definitely not decrease any, to say the least".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/tarak/telugu/tarak-movie-reviews-897-2.html|title=Tarak Review|author=Mithun Verma|work=Full Hyderabad|access-date=3 August 2022|archive-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704131650/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/tarak/telugu/tarak-movie-reviews-897-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|3425186}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2003 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Balasekaran]]

Bamboo Boys

2026-03-03T21:39:40Z

GayleTibbs8: update references for consistency and improved wording to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bamboo Boys
| image = Bamboo Boys.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Ali Akbar (director)|Ali Akbar]]
| producer = V. H. M. Rafeeque
| writer = [[Ali Akbar (director)|Ali Akbar]]
| starring = [[Kalabhavan Mani]] [[Cochin Haneefa]] [[Harishree Ashokan]] [[Salim Kumar]] [[Nadirshah]] [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]]
| music = Thej Mervin C. Rajamani (Score)
| cinematography = [[J. Williams (cinematographer)|J. Williams]]
| editing = G. Murali
| studio = Sealine Movies
| distributor = Sealine Release Central Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2002|10|11}}
| runtime = 170 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Bamboo Boys''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy film]] written and directed by [[Ali Akbar (director)|Ali Akbar]]. It stars [[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[Cochin Haneefa]], [[Harishree Ashokan]], [[Salim Kumar]], [[Nadirshah]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] and [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]]. The film was released on 11 October 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/|title=Bamboo Boys|publisher=Malayalam Movie Database|accessdate=11 March 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217033756/http://malayalasangeetham.info/|archivedate=17 December 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film follows a group of [[Tribe|tribals]] who attempt to bring a doctor from town to the forest to treat their headman's wife.

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=November 2019}}
Four tribal men from a jungle - Olanga, Nakki, Makku and Themba come to town in search of a doctor to cure their headman's wife and to win the hands of Kuduki, the headman's daughter. Being in town for the first time, everything seems new and strange for them. They engage in mischief and cause much havoc.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Olanga
*[[Cochin Haneefa]] as Makku
*[[Harishree Ashokan]] as Nakki
*[[Salim Kumar]] as Themba
*[[Nadirshah]] as Velumban
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as [[Inspector |CI]] Varkey
*[[Janardanan]] as Balachandran aka Mula Swamy
*[[Mamukkoya]] as Kannan, Harithakumari's Father
*[[Bindu Panicker]] as Harithakumari
*[[Kalabhavan Shajohn]] as [[Inspector |SI]] Jagan
*Sagar Shiyas
*Sajan Palluruthy as Velumban's assistant
*Sidha Raj as Frederick Alberto, Underworld Don
*[[Kalabhavan Haneef]] as Krishnankutty
*[[RLV Ramakrishnan]] as Dassappan
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The film's soundtrack contains 8 songs, all composed by Thej Merwin. Lyrics were by [[Gireesh Puthenchery]] and [[Ali Akbar (director)|Ali Akbar]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Bamboo Boys"
| [[Madhu Balakrishnan]], Chorus
|-
| 2
| "Eninnale Choppanam"
| [[Kalabhavan Mani]]
|-
| 3
| "Karutha Kozhi"
| [[Kalabhavan Mani]]
|-
| 4
| "Karutha Muthe"
|[[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
| 5
| "Karutha Muthe" (F)
| Sujatha Mohan
|-
| 6
| "Karutha Muthe" (M)
| K. J. Yesudas
|-
| 7
| "Olakkai Kondu Thaalam Pidichu"
| [[M. G. Sreekumar]]
|-
| 8
| "Om Jaya Showre"
| [[K. S. Chitra]]
|}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''Chithram'' wrote that " In short, 'Bamboo Boys' is a slapstick comedy, worth watching".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.123kerala.com/chithram/review_bambooboys.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030213165859/http://www.123kerala.com/chithram/review_bambooboys.html | archive-date=13 February 2003 | title=Bamboo Boys - Film Review @ Chithram.net }}</ref> A critic from ''Cinesouth'' wrote that "This should give you a fair idea of what the film would be like. Never mind the fact that the film ends well. Sometimes, nothing works like a good laugh".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-02-15 |title=Malayalam Movie Review - Bamboo Boys - Kalabhavan Mani, Cochin Haneefa, Salim Kumar, Priyadarshini, Harishri Ashokan, CA Varkee, Director - Ali Akbar, Producer - V.H.M.Rafeeque, Banner - Sealine Movies |url=http://malayalam.cinesouth.com/english/scopes/reviews/bambooboys.shtml |access-date=2024-12-07 |archive-date=15 February 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030215144027/http://malayalam.cinesouth.com/english/scopes/reviews/bambooboys.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20041225092112/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=12088905&ctid=5&cid=2428</ref>

In a 2023 interview with ''[[Deshabhimani]]'' magazine, Salim Kumar, one of the leading actors in the film, expressed that the movie humiliated people residing in the jungle. He revealed that he frequently left the set due to clashes over ideas and the script with the director, Ali Akbar. Kumar also mentioned that he would not have participated in the film if he were given the choice today.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Web Desk |date=2023-03-06 |title='ബാംബുബോയ്സ്' ആദിവാസികളെ അപമാനിക്കുന്ന സിനിമ, സെറ്റില്‍ നിന്ന് ഇറങ്ങിപ്പോയിട്ടുണ്ട്-സലീം കുമാര്‍ |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/entertainment/i-left-the-set-of-bamboo-boys-salim-kumar-210698 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=www.mediaoneonline.com |language=ml}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0357462}}

[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language comedy films]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

O2 (2024 film)

2026-03-03T12:12:26Z

GayleTibbs8: Adding Basic Post Added Tags...

{{Short description|2024 Indian Kannada medical thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = O2 2024 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = {{ubl|Raghav Nayak|Prashanth Raj}}
| writer = {{ubl|Raghav Nayak|Prashanth Raj}}
| producer = Ashwini Puneeth Rajkumar
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ashika Ranganath]]|[[Praveen Tej]]}}
| cinematography = Naveen Kumar S
| editing = Deepu S. Kumar
| music = Vivan Radhakrishna
| studio = {{ubl|[[PRK Productions]]}}
| distributor = [[KRG Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|04|19|ref1=}}
| runtime = 109 Minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''O2''''' (stylized as '''''O2''''') is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]] language [[medical thriller]] film written and directed by the duo of Raghav Nayak and Prashanth Raj, and produced by Ashwini Puneeth Rajkumar under [[PRK Productions]]. The film stars [[Ashika Ranganath]] and [[Praveen Tej]]. The film has music composed by Vivan Radhakrishna and cinematography handled by Naveen Kumar S.<ref>{{Cite web |last=vinaykumar.patil |title=O2 trailer OUT: Ashika Ranganath leads as 'Dr Shraddha', Sandalwood awaits new medical thriller |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/o2-trailer-out-ashika-ranganath-leads-as-dr-shraddha-sandalwood-awaits-new-medical-thriller-vkp-sbb9tc |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407091258/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/o2-trailer-out-ashika-ranganath-leads-as-dr-shraddha-sandalwood-awaits-new-medical-thriller-vkp-sbb9tc |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] commenced in October 2021 in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]. The film was released on 19 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2024-04-18 |title=Ashika Ranganath: With O2, the audience will see a very new me |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2024/Apr/18/ashika-ranganath-with-o2-the-audience-will-see-a-very-new-me |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418115141/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2024/Apr/18/ashika-ranganath-with-o2-the-audience-will-see-a-very-new-me |url-status=live }}</ref> It opened to generally positive reviews with praise for its theme of medical research and the production house's intent to bring in fresh talent and ideas.

== Synopsis ==
Dr. Shraddha Nayak, with the help of her colleagues, is working on O2 - a drug that can bring back the dead. Can she achieve a medical miracle?

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Ashika Ranganath]] as Shraddha
** Sharvari as Young Shraddha
* [[Praveen Tej]] as Dev
* Raaghav Naayak as Osho
* [[Prakash Belawadi]] as Dr. Mrutyunjay
* Shreedhar as Dr. Roy
* Gopal Krishna Deshpande as Nayak
* Puneeth B.A as Venky
* [[Siri Ravikumar]] as Shrushti
* Mohan as Dr. JK
* [[Aruna Balraj]]
* K.J. Pavan
* Sharanya as Anna
* Suma Rao as Prosecutor
{{div col end}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In late 2020, It was reported that PRK Productions were to produce a film directed by debutants Raghav Nayak and Prashanth Raj, the film was said to be a thriller for which the directors had worked on the script for around 4 years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 July 2020 |title=Puneeth Rajkumar to produce medical thriller O2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/puneeth-rajkumar-to-produce-medical-thriller-o2/articleshow/76829841.cms |access-date=15 March 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315142219/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/puneeth-rajkumar-to-produce-medical-thriller-o2/articleshow/76829841.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film began officially by conducting a Pooja in the presence of late [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] on 8 October 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 October 2021 |title=Ashika Ranganath starrer 'O2' to go on floors today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ashika-ranganath-starrer-o2-to-go-on-floors-today/articleshow/86861496.cms |access-date=15 March 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 March 2022 |title=Appu sir was keen that I essay this role. How could I say no?: Ashika Rangnath |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/appu-sir-was-keen-that-i-essay-this-role-how-could-i-say-no-ashika-rangnath/articleshow/90269834.cms |access-date=7 April 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Ashika Ranganath]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashika Ranganath's next is a medical thriller produced by Puneeth Rajkumar |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ashika-ranganaths-next-is-a-medical-thriller-produced-by-puneeth-rajkumar/036599deb192 |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407091258/https://www.ottplay.com/news/ashika-ranganaths-next-is-a-medical-thriller-produced-by-puneeth-rajkumar/036599deb192 |url-status=live }}</ref> was cast as the leading actor of the film alongside [[Praveen Tej]], [[Siri Ravikumar]], [[Prakash Belawadi]] and others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=14 September 2021 |title=Ashika Ranganath to headline a medical thriller titled O2 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2021/Sep/14/ashika-ranganath-to-headline-amedical-thriller-titled-o2-26644.html |access-date=15 March 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315142218/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2021/Sep/14/ashika-ranganath-to-headline-amedical-thriller-titled-o2-26644.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 October 2021 |title=A new onscreen experience for Ashika Ranganath |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/a-new-onscreen-experience-for-ashika-ranganath/articleshow/86835268.cms |access-date=15 March 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315142220/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/a-new-onscreen-experience-for-ashika-ranganath/articleshow/86835268.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The film started its initial shoot after the muhurta held on 8 October 2021. However, the shooting was halted after the sudden demise of [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] on 29 October 2021. The team resumed shooting in January 2022 and was wrapped around September 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2022 |title=It's a wrap for Praveen-Ashika starrer O2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-praveen-ashika-starrer-o2/articleshow/94299763.cms |access-date=15 March 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315142220/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-praveen-ashika-starrer-o2/articleshow/94299763.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=11 January 2022 |title=O2 shoot to resume on January 22 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/Jan/11/o2-shoot-to-resume-on-january-22-28930.html |access-date=15 March 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = O2
| italic_title = no
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Vivan Radhakrishna
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2024
| recorded = 2023
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 06:35
| language = [[Kannada]]
| label = PRK Audio
| producer = Vivan Radhakrishna
| prev_title = [[Made in China (2022 film)|Made in China]]
| prev_year = 2022
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
Vivan Radhakrishna has composed the sound track and the background music for the film. The film has two songs and one background score.
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ninagaage
| length1 = 03:44
| lyrics1 = [[Jayanth Kaikini]]
| extra1 = [[Sanjith Hegde]]
| title2 = Nashey Nashey
| length2 = 02:51
| lyrics2 = Vivan Radhakrishna, Raghav Nayak
| extra2 = Vishwanath Acharya, Vivan Radhakrishna, Aditya Naik, Raghav Nayak
| total_length = 06:35
}}

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
The release date of the film was announced along with the teaser of the film. The film was released across Karnataka on 19 April 2024 through [[KRG Studios]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashika Ranganath's medical thriller O2 gets a release date |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ashika-ranganaths-medical-thriller-o2-gets-a-release-date/6345f469ad267 |access-date=31 March 2024 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331180515/https://www.ottplay.com/news/ashika-ranganaths-medical-thriller-o2-gets-a-release-date/6345f469ad267 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=GN |first=Ramyashree |date=19 March 2024 |title=PRK ಪ್ರೊಡಕ್ಷನ್ಸ್ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣದ 'O2' ಬಿಡುಗಡೆಗೆ ಸಿದ್ಧ; ಏಪ್ರಿಲ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ರಾಜ್ಯದಾದ್ಯಂತ ತೆರೆಗೆ |url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/news/2024/Mar/19/prk-productions-announces-release-date-for-medical-thriller-o2-starring-ashika-ranganath-and-praveen-tej |access-date=31 March 2024 |website=Kannada Prabha |language=kn |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331180515/https://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/news/2024/Mar/19/prk-productions-announces-release-date-for-medical-thriller-o2-starring-ashika-ranganath-and-praveen-tej |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ವಾರ್ತೆ |first=ಪ್ರಜಾವಾಣಿ |title=Cinema News: ಏ.19ಕ್ಕೆ 'O2' ಸಿನಿಮಾ ರಿಲೀಸ್‌ |url=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/cinema/o2-film-on-april-19th-kannada-movies-kannada-film-2749427 |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=Prajavani |language=kn |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407091258/https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/cinema/o2-film-on-april-19th-kannada-movies-kannada-film-2749427 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film opened to generally positive reviews for its story, direction, and the actors' performances; however, its predictability and a few jarring sequences were criticized.

Sridevi S of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and wrote "Despite shortcomings, ''O2'' definitely comes with enough oxygen to keep the audience alive, and the film can be enjoyed in theatres with family."<ref>{{Cite news |title=O2 Movie Review : O2 review: Science meets spirit science in this medical thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/o2/movie-review/109434443.cms |access-date=2024-04-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420153611/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/o2/movie-review/109434443.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Vivek MV of ''[[The Hindu]]'' also opined similar and wrote "This medical drama gets the job done despite its flaws. A brilliant Ashika Ranganath anchors ''{{'}}O2{{'}}'', a medical thriller that almost nails its futuristic idea with its simple yet efficient story.<ref>{{Cite news |last=M.V |first=Vivek |date=2024-04-19 |title='O2' movie review: This medical drama gets the job done despite its flaws |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/o2-movie-review-this-medical-drama-gets-the-job-done-despite-its-flaws/article68083234.ece |access-date=2024-04-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=19 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419120856/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/o2-movie-review-this-medical-drama-gets-the-job-done-despite-its-flaws/article68083234.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> A Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and in her review wrote "While ''O2'' stands as a good attempt by the directorial duo to explore a unique blend of a medical thriller and romance with heartfelt storytelling, the straightforward narrative may make some aspects predictable."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2024-04-09 |title='O2' movie review: An experimental film with uneven thrills |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Apr/20/o2-movie-review-an-experimental-film-with-uneven-thrills |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420105900/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Apr/20/o2-movie-review-an-experimental-film-with-uneven-thrills |url-status=live }}</ref> Shashiprasad SM of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 and wrote "Barring the excessive usage of English and some dull moments, the film mainly deserves appreciation for its experimental attempt to deliver fresh content to the Kannada silver screen."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-19 |title=O2 Movie Review:A Fairly Engaging Medical Thriller With Hard To Digest Facts |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/o2-movie-reviewa-fairly-engaging-medical-thriller-with-hard-to-digest-facts-review-109417064 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420105858/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/o2-movie-reviewa-fairly-engaging-medical-thriller-with-hard-to-digest-facts-review-109417064 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pranati AS of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' described the film as an "Interesting plot on medical research" but criticized the [[misogyny]] in the film's characters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Pranati A. |title='O2' movie review: Interesting plot on medical research |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/o2-movie-review-interesting-plot-on-medical-research-2986609 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Vinayak AS of ''[[Prajavani]]'' in his review appreciated the story, performance of the actors and the background score while criticism directed towards predictability and the songs which were not memorable.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ಕೆ.ಎಸ್ |first=ವಿನಾಯಕ |script-title=kn:'O2' ಸಿನಿಮಾ ವಿಮರ್ಶೆ: ಆಸ್ಪತ್ರೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅರಳಿದ ಪ್ರೇಮ! |url=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/movie-review/o2-review-kannada-movie-rating-ashika-ranganath-thriller-box-office-collection-2772196 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=Prajavani |language=kn |archive-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420105858/https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/movie-review/o2-review-kannada-movie-rating-ashika-ranganath-thriller-box-office-collection-2772196 |url-status=live }}</ref> Avinash Ram of ''[[Vijaya Karnataka|VijayKarnataka]]'' described the film as "A medical thriller that unfolds a surprise in the medical world" and appreciated the writers for weaving various layers in the film smoothly. He also compared the film to the 1997 film "''Manava 2022''" and said though the idea looks similar, O2 is said in a scientific way.<ref>{{Cite web |title=O2 Movie Review: ವೈದ್ಯಕೀಯ ಲೋಕದ ಅಚ್ಚರಿಯೊಂದನ್ನು ಬಿಚ್ಚಿಡುವ ಮೆಡಿಕಲ್ ಥ್ರಿಲ್ಲರ್ |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/review/ashika-ranganath-praveen-tej-raghava-nayak-starrer-o2-movie-review-rating-in-kannada/moviereview/109436274.cms |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn |archive-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420105858/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/review/ashika-ranganath-praveen-tej-raghava-nayak-starrer-o2-movie-review-rating-in-kannada/moviereview/109436274.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{PRK Productions}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2024 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Medical-themed films]]

Pushyabhuti dynasty

2026-02-22T16:16:15Z

GayleTibbs8: further correct formatting per sources further and fixed typos

{{Short description|Classical Indian dynasty (c.500–647 CE)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| common_name = Pushyabhuti dynasty
| conventional_long_name = Pushyabhuti dynasty {{small|(Vardhana dynasty)}}
| image_map = {{Location map+
|South Asia
|overlay_image= Map of the Pushyabhutis.png
|float = center
|width = 290 
|border =none
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|relief=yes
|places =
{{Annotation|text-align=center|230|5|[[AD 600|South-Asia 600–650 CE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=10|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|70|105|[[Pratiharas of Mandavyapura|PRATIHARAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|125|180|[[Pallava dynasty|PALLAVAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|115|225|[[Pandyan dynasty|PANDYAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|125|200|[[Chola dynasty|CHOLAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|105|210|[[Chera dynasty|CHERAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|70|34|[[Nezak Huns|NEZAK HUNS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|150|160|[[Eastern Ganga dynasty|KALINGAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|30|15|[[Tokhara Yabghus|TOKHARA YABGHUS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|1|1|[[Western Turkic Khaganate|WESTERN TURKS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|90|25|[[Patola Shahis|PATOLAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|100|40|[[Karkota dynasty|KARKOTAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|180|45|[[Tibetan Empire|TIBETAN EMPIRE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|160|2|[[Tocharians|TOCHARIANS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|65|130|[[Maitrakas|MAITRAKAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|145|135|[[Kalachuris of Tripuri|KALACHURIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|55|90|[[Brahmin dynasty of Sindh|CHACHAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|95|160|[[Chalukya dynasty|CHALUKYAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|5|55|[[Sasanian Empire|SASANIAN EMPIRE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|262|250|[[Template:South Asia in 500 CE| ◁ ]] [[Template:South Asia in 800 CE| ▷ ]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=12|color=#000000}}
|caption={{center|Map of the Pushyabhutis at their zenith, {{Circa|600}}-650 CE, and neighbouring polities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=146, map XIV.2 (d)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/reference/schwartzberg/query.py?display_type=image_display&object=183#gsc.tab=0}}</ref>}}
}}
| image_coat = Harshavardhana Circa AD 606-647.jpg
| coa_size = 290px
| symbol_type = Coin of [[Harshavardhana]], {{Circa|606}}–647 CE. ''Obverse'': portrait of Harshavardhana with a crescent over the head. ''Reverse'': Fan-tailed [[Garuda]] standing facing.<ref>[https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=261204 CNG Coins]</ref>
| image_map_caption =
| year_leader1 = c. 500-525 CE
| leader1 = Pushyabhuti
| year_leader2 = c. 525-545 CE
| leader2 = Nara Vardhana
| year_leader3 = c. 545-565 CE
| leader3 = Rajya Vardhana I
| year_leader4 = c. 565-585 CE
| leader4 = [[Adityavardhana|Aditya Vardhana]]
| year_leader5 = c. 585-605 CE
| leader5 = [[Prabhakaravardhana|Prabhakara Vardhana]]
| year_leader6 = 605-606 CE
| leader6 = [[Rajyavardhana|Rajya Vardhana II]]
| year_leader7 = 606-647 CE
| leader7 = [[Harsha|Harsha Vardhana]]
| year_start = c. 500
| year_end = {{Circa|647 CE}}
| capital = Sthanvishvara (modern [[Thanesar]]) Kanyakubja (modern [[Kannauj]])
| government_type = Monarchy
| leader_name5 = [[Prabhakaravardhana|Prabhakara Vardhana]]
| p1 = Gupta Empire
| p5 = Kingdom of Gauda
| p2 = Alchon Huns
| p3 = Maukharis of Kannauj
| p4 = Later Gupta dynasty
| s1 = Later Gupta dynasty
| today =
| stat_year1 = 648 est.
| stat_area1 = 1000000
| ref_area1 = <ref name="Turchin223">{{Cite journal |last1=Turchin |first1=Peter |last2=Adams |first2=Jonathan M. |last3=Hall |first3=Thomas D |date=December 2006 |title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires |journal=Journal of World-Systems Research |volume=12 |issue=2 |page=223 |issn=1076-156X |doi=10.5195/JWSR.2006.369|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=”OxfordArea”>{{Cite book|last1=Bang|first1=Peter Fibiger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mkLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92|title=The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience|last2=Bayly|first2=C. A.|last3=Scheidel|first3=Walter|year=2020|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-977311-4|pages=92–94|language=en}}</ref>
}}
The '''Pushyabhuti dynasty''' ([[IAST]]: Puṣyabhūti), also known as the '''Vardhana dynasty''', was the ruling dynasty of the Kingdom of Thanesar in northern India during the 6th and 7th centuries. The dynasty reached its zenith under its last ruler [[Harsha|Harsha Vardhana]] ({{Circa|590|647 CE}}), whose empire covered much of north and north-western India, extending till [[Kamarupa]] in the east and [[Narmada River]] in the south. The dynasty initially ruled from [[Thanesar|Sthanveshvara]] (modern-day Thanesar, [[Haryana]]), but Harsha eventually made Kanyakubja (modern-day [[Kannauj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]) his capital, from where he ruled until 647 CE.

== Etymology and origins ==
According to ''[[Harshacharita|Harsha-charita]]'', composed by the court poet [[Bāṇabhaṭṭa|Bana]], the family was known as Pushyabhuti dynasty ([[IAST]]: Puṣyabhūti-vaṃśa),{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1981|p=240}} or Pushpabhuti dynasty ([[IAST]]: Puṣpabhūti-vaṃśa). The manuscripts of ''Harsha-charita'' use the variant "Pushpabhuti", but [[Georg Bühler]] proposed that this was a scribal error, and that the correct name was Pushyabhuti.{{sfn|Baijnath Sharma|1970|p=89}} Several modern scholars now use the form "Pushpabhuti", while others prefer the variant "Pushyabhuti".{{sfn|Max Deeg|2016|p=99}}

''[[Harshacharita]]'' by the 7th century poet [[Bāṇabhaṭṭa|Bana]] gives a legendary account of their origin, naming Pushyabhuti as the dynasty's founder. According to this legend, Pushyabhuti lived in the Srikantha [[janapada]] (modern [[Kurukshetra district]]), whose capital was Sthanvishvara (modern [[Thanesar]]). A devotee of [[Shiva]], Pushyabhuti became involved in a [[tantra|tantric]] ritual at a cremation ground, under the influence of Bhairavacharya, a teacher from "the South". At the end of this ritual, a goddess (identified with [[Lakshmi]]) anointed him the king and blessed him as the founder of a great dynasty.{{sfn|Hans Bakker|2014|pp=78-79}} The Pushyabhuti mentioned in Bana's account appears to be a fictional character, as he is not mentioned in the dynasty's inscriptions or any other source.{{sfn|Hans Bakker|2014|p=80}} The writings of [[Xuanzang]] and an 8th century Buddhist text, the ''[[Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa|Arya-manjushri-mula-kalpa]]'' suggest that the dynasty belonged to the [[Vaishya]] caste.<ref name="Congress2007">{{cite journal |author=Shankar Goyal |year=2007 |title=Religious Analysis of Harsha's Personality |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |publisher=Indian History Congress |volume=68 |page=137 |jstor=44147825 |quote=This probably explains the emergence of Pushyabhuti, a Vaisya by caste and a Saiva by faith, as its ruler}}</ref><ref name="KrishanSociety1986">{{cite book |author1=Y. Krishan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EhS2AAAAIAAJ |title=Essays in Indian History and Culture |author2=Indian History and Culture Society |publisher=Indian History & Culture Society |year=1986 |page=167 |quote=yuan Chwang, who remained in Inda for approximately thirteen years (c. A.DD. 630-44) tells us that Harshavardhana was of 'Fe ishe'(bais) extraction. The Āryamanjuśrimulakalpa also clearly states that the Pushyabhutis belonged to the vaisya caste. According to Tripathi, the suffix ' bhūti ' additionally indicates that Pushyabhuti, the founder of the family was a vaisya}}</ref>

== Geography ==
The empire under [[Prabhakaravardhana]] had its capital at [[Thanesar|Sthanisvara]] in the [[Kurukshetra]] and according to [[Bāṇabhaṭṭa]] Prabhakara was renowned for his military activities against neighbouring states.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&dq=banabhatta+lion+to+the+huna+deer&pg=PA288 |title=From the Origins to AD 1300 |date= February 2004|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24225-8 |page=288 |language=en}}</ref> According to [[Xuanzang]] the territory of the Kingdom of [[Thanesar]] was 7000 [[Li (unit)|li]] in circuit or over 2000 miles with the city of Thanesar itself being 20 li in circuit or over 6 miles.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goyal |first=Shankar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119332/page/n139/mode/2up?view=theater&q=li |title=History And Historiography Of The Age Of Harsha |date=1992 |page=125 |quote=It was more than 7,000 li 'in circuit', and its capital was 20 li or so.}}</ref> The kingdom of [[Thanesar]] was also noted have been called the Srikantha Janapada by [[Bāṇabhaṭṭa]].

The zenith of the Vardhana dynasty is disputed by scholars however contemporary sources such as [[Xuanzang]] note that [[Harsha]] was the 'master of the five indies' and marched from west to east to conquer insubordinate kings during the early years of his reign.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2CLRqpfg3EC&dq=harsha+master+of+the+five+indies&pg=PA198 |title=Indian Antiquary: A Journal of Oriental Research in Archaeology, History, Literature, Languages, Folklore Etc |date=1878 |publisher=Times of India |page=198 |language=en}}</ref> [[R. C. Majumdar]] places his core territory as containing the regions of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], [[Kannauj]] and [[Orrissa]] with the regions of western [[Punjab]] and [[Kashmir]] giving nominal suzerainty according to [[C. V. Vaidya]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahajan |first=V. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eljzDwAAQBAJ&dq=r.c.+majumdar+harshavardhana&pg=PA473 |title=Ancient India |date=3 January 2022 |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |isbn=978-93-5283-724-3 |page=474 |language=en}}</ref> Recent copperplate finds in [[Nabha]] contain land grants given by [[Harsha]] to a [[Brahmin]] dated to 614-615 CE.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chauhan |first=G. C. |date=2016 |title=The Study of Harsha Copper-Plates: An Economic Dimention |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48629581?read-now=1&seq=3#page_scan_tab_contents |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=97 |page=68 |jstor=48629581 |issn=0378-1143}}</ref>

Some modern books describe the dynasty as "Vardhana", because the names of its kings end with the suffix "-vardhana". However, this may be misleading as the names of kings of other dynasties also end with this suffix.{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1981|p=240}}

== History ==
The Pushyabhuti dynasty originally ruled a small area around their capital Sthaneshvara ([[Thanesar]]). According to [[Hans T. Bakker]], their ruler Aditya-Vardhana (or Aditya-Sena) was probably a vassal to [[Sharvavarman]], the [[Maukharis of Kannauj|Maukhari]] king of [[Kannauj]]. His successor [[Prabhakaravardhana]] may have also been a feudatory to the Maukhari king Avanti-Varman in his early days. Prabhakara's daughter Rajyashri married Avanti-Varman's son Graha-Varman. As a result of this marriage, Prabhakara's political status increased significantly, and he assumed the sovereign title ''Parama-bhattaraka Maharajadhiraja''. ("the one to whom the other kings bow because of his valour and affection").{{sfn|Hans Bakker|2014|p=79}}

The Vardhana dynasty was founded by Pushyabhuti c. 500 CE, [[Bāṇabhaṭṭa]] recalls him as a legendary figure and implies a conquest between him and the Nagas of [[Mathura]] in the land of the [[Surasena]] during the [[Gupta Empire|early Gupta age]]. This war led to his victory and the establishment of the Srikantha janapada centred in [[Thanesar]], Bana also narrates that the janapada received its name from the name of the naga king who Pushyabhuti defeated.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goyal |first=Shankar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119332/page/n145/mode/2up?view=theater&q=li |title=History And Historiography Of The Age Of Harsha |date=1992 |page=130-131}}</ref>

All of the kings that succeeded Pushyabhuti until the reign [[Prabhakaravardhana]] bore the title of [[Maharaja]] and it has been hypothesised that they were feudatories of the [[Gupta Empire]]. It has however been noted that [[Adityavardhana]], ruling between c. 565-585 CE, married the sister of [[Mahasenagupta]] of the [[Later Gupta dynasty]] and partook in an invasion on the banks of [[Lauhitya River]] alongside the [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauḍa]] king.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goyal |first=Shankar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119332/page/n145/mode/2up?view=theater&q=li |title=History And Historiography Of The Age Of Harsha |date=1992 |pages=132}}</ref> His predecessor Naravardhana was thought to have been a feudatory under [[Mihirakula]] of the [[Alchon Huns]], being his contemporary.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goyal |first=Shankar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119332/page/n149/mode/2up?view=theater&q=li |title=History And Historiography Of The Age Of Harsha |date=1992 |pages=134–135}}</ref> [[Ram Shankar Tripathi]] in his own account states that the regions of [[Kullu district|Kullu]] and [[Kangra district|Kangra]] were under the control of the Vardhanas during the reign of Aditya and writes that they may have been feudatories under the Maukhari dynasty for assistance against the [[Alchon Huns]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goyal |first=Shankar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119332/page/n153/mode/2up?view=theater&q=li |title=History And Historiography Of The Age Of Harsha |date=1992 |page=139}}</ref>

=== Death of Prabhakara Vardhana ===
Aditya Vardhana was succeeded by [[Prabhakaravardhana]] in c. 585 CE and bore the titles of [[Maharajadhiraj]] or 'king of kings' and was known by his second name in distant regions as 'Sri Pratapasala'. [[Bāṇabhaṭṭa]] recounts him as a strong ruler having defeated and coming into political grievances with neighbouring kingdoms.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goyal |first=Shankar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119332/page/n145/mode/2up?view=theater&q=li |title=History And Historiography Of The Age Of Harsha |date=1992 |pages=132–133}}</ref>

{{Quote|text=A lion to the Huna deer, a burning fever to the king of the Indus land, a troubler of sleep to the king of Gujarat, a billious plague to that scent elephant the lord of Gandhara, a looter to the lawlessness of the Latas an axe to the creeper of Malwa's glory.|author=[[Banabhatta]]|title=[[Harshacharita]]}}

[[File:Seal of Harshavardhana found in Nalanda.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Seal of [[Harshavardhana]] found in [[Nalanda]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sastri |first1=Hirananda |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol.21 |date=1931 |pages=74–80 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56981/page/n104/mode/1up}}</ref>]]
According to the ''Harshacharita'', after Prabhakara's death, the king of [[Malwa|Malava]] attacked Kannauj, supported by the ruler of [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauda]]. The Malava king killed Graha-Varman, and captured Rajyashri.{{sfn|Hans Bakker|2014|p=81}} Bana does not mention this king, but historians speculate him to be a ruler of the [[Later Gupta dynasty]].{{sfn|Hans Bakker|2014|p=82}} Prabhakara's elder son [[Rajyavardhana|Rajya-Vardhana]] defeated the Malava ruler, but was killed by the Gauda king.{{sfn|Hans Bakker|2014|pp=85-86}}

The ''Harshacharita'' further states that Prabhakara's younger son [[Harshavardhana|Harsha-Vardhana]] then vowed to destroy the Gauda king and their allies. {{sfn|Hans Bakker|2014|p=87}} Again, Bana does not mention the name of the Gauda king, but historians identify him with [[Shashanka|Shashanka-Deva]], the ruler of Bengal ([[Gauda Kingdom|Gauda]]). Harsha formed an alliance with [[Bhaskar Varman]], the king of [[Kamarupa]], and forced Shashanka to retreat. Subsequently, in 606 CE, Harsha was formally crowned as an emperor.{{sfn|Hans Bakker|2014|p=88}} He captured a large part of northern India.{{sfn|Sukla Das|1990|p=2}} There are different assessments of the exact extent of Harsha's empire, but he controlled major parts of northern India; his overlordship was accepted by the [[Maitraka dynasty|king of Vallabhi]] in the west and the [[Kamarupa]] king [[Bhaskaravarman]] in the east; in the south, his empire extended up to the [[Narmada River]].{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=562}}

Harsha eventually made Kanyakubja (modern [[Kannauj]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]) his capital,{{sfn|Baijnath Sharma|1970|p=89}} and ruled till c. 647 CE. He died without an heir, leading to the end of the Pushyabhuti dynasty.{{sfn|Sukla Das|1990|p=2}}

== Culture ==
[[Bāṇabhaṭṭa]] vividly describes the kingdom of Thanesar with large amounts of irrigation taking place using revolving water wheels for the production of Paddy, beans and wheat. The inhabitants are described by Bana as practising the traditions of [[Agnihotra]] and [[Yajna]], being ancient fire rituals and the practise of Vrishotsarga which was the act of setting a bull free. The roadways are described as being lined with [[Arjuna tree|Arjuna trees]] and the woman wore a [[Kanchuka]] (short dress) with a flower wreath on their heads and a mesh over their face. The villages of the kingdom were also elected with 'Mahattaras' or appointed village heads.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agrawala |first=V.S. |title=The-Deeds-Of-Harsha |url=https://ia601507.us.archive.org/35/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.119540/2015.119540.The-Deeds-Of-Harsha.pdf |page=78}}</ref>

[[Xuanzang]] states that the majority of the people pursued trade as their source of income with only few being agriculturalists. Rich families vied with each other, collecting rarities from other lands.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goyal |first=Shankar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119332/page/n139/mode/2up?view=theater&q=li |title=History And Historiography Of The Age Of Harsha |date=1992 |page=125}}</ref> He also notes that [[Buddhism]] was not numerous in the region with the kingdom being dominated by [[Shaivism]], [[Thanesar]] had three buddhist monasteries compared to over one hundred Hindu temples. According to [[Devahuti]] rice was grown on the lower slopes of the [[Himalayas]] whilst sugar cane was cultivated on the eastern parts of the kingdom, milk and fruits were also plentily available.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goyal |first=Shankar |title=History And Historiography Of The Age Of Harsha |date=1992 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119332/page/n139/mode/2up?view=theater&q=li |pages=124–125}}</ref>

== Rulers ==
[[File:Indian Stone Statue- Lion Capital, Vardhana 7th Century CE Gwalior.jpg|thumb|Lion Capital, Vardhana dynasty, Gwalior, 7th century CE.<ref>[[Vardhana]] attribution by the Indian Museum in New Delhi, see label [[:File:Indian_Stone_Statue-_Lion_Capital,_Vardhana_7th_Century_CE_Gwalior.jpg|of the lion capital]]</ref>]]
[[File:Sculptures near Teli Mandir, Gwalior Fort.jpg|thumb|Lion Capital on his original pillar, near [[Teli ka Mandir]], [[Gwalior Fort]].<ref>[[Vardhana]] attribution by the Indian Museum in New Delhi, see label [[:File:Indian_Stone_Statue-_Lion_Capital,_Vardhana_7th_Century_CE_Gwalior.jpg|of the lion capital]]</ref>]]
The following are the known rulers of the Pushyabhuti or Vardhana dynasty, with estimated period of reign ([[IAST]] names in bracket):{{sfn|Ronald M. Davidson|2012|pp=38-39}}

;List of Rulers–
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Pushyabhuti dynasty rulers
!Ruler
!Reign (CE)
!Notes
|-
| Pushyabhuti
| ~500
|
|-
| Nāravardhana
| 500–525
|
|-
| Rājyavardhana I
| 525–555
|
|-
| [[Adityavardhana|Ādityvardhana]]
| 555–580
|
|-
| [[Prabhakara-vardhana|Prabhākaravardhana]]
| 580–605
|
|-
| [[Rajya-vardhana|Rājyavardhana II]]
| 605–606
|
|-
| [[Harsha-vardhana|Harṣavardhana]]
| 606–647
|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Middle kingdoms of India]]
* [[List of Hindu empires and dynasties]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Baijnath Sharma |title=Harṣa and His Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5QBAAAAMAAJ |year=1970 |publisher=Sushma Prakashan |oclc=202093 }}
* {{cite book |author=D. C. Ganguly |chapter=Western India in the Sixth Century A.D.|editor=R. C. Majumdar |editor-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=A Comprehensive History of India |volume=3, Part I: A.D. 300-985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRBuAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |oclc=34008529 }}
* {{cite book |author=Hans Bakker |author-link=Hans T. Bakker |title=The World of the Skandapurāṇa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6p2XCgAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-27714-4 }}
* {{cite book |author=Max Deeg |chapter=The Political Position of Xuanzang: The Didactic Creation of an Indian Dynasty in the Xiyu ji |editor=Thomas Jülch |title=The Middle Kingdom and the Dharma Wheel: Aspects of the Relationship between the Buddhist Saṃgha and the State in Chinese History |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XVRjDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |year=2016 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-32258-5 }}
* {{cite book |author=Ronald M. Davidson |title=Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwyeIyWTlEMC |isbn=978-0-231-50102-6 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sukla Das |title=Crime and Punishment in Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQa43r1GyicC |year=1990 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-054-9 }}
* {{cite book |author=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA562 |year=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 }}

{{refend}}
{{Medieval India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pushyabhuti dynasty| ]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 6th century]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 7th century]]
[[Category:6th-century establishments in India]]

University College of Medical Sciences

2026-02-14T06:18:18Z

GayleTibbs8: improved page for clarity and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{Short description|Constituent college of University of Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox College
| name = University College of Medical Sciences
| image = University_College_of_Medical_Sciences_Logo.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| type = [[Government]]
| established = {{start date and age|1971}}
| principal = Dr. Dheeraj Shah
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| nickname = UCMS
| location = Dilshad Garden, [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| affiliation = [[National Medical Commission]]
| academic_affiliation = [[University of Delhi]]
| website = {{official website|https://ucms.ac.in/}}
| coor = {{coord|28|36|28.0332|N|77|8|21.7320|E|type:education|display=title}}
}}

'''University College of Medical Sciences''' ('''UCMS''') is a public [[medical school|medical college]] in [[Delhi]], [[India]], affiliated with the [[University of Delhi]]. It is associated with [[Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital]], which serves as the teaching hospital.

==History==
The University College of Medical Sciences was founded in 1971 by efforts of the [[Health Minister]] of Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medpgmasters.com/medical-pg-colleges-list/new-delhi-medical-pg-colleges/ucms-gtbh-new-delhi/|title=University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital, New Delhi - Medpgmasters|website=www.medpgmasters.com|access-date=7 October 2015|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805164208/https://www.medpgmasters.com/medical-pg-colleges-list/new-delhi-medical-pg-colleges/ucms-gtbh-new-delhi/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Health Ministry proposed to provide medical education to every student who qualified. Even with the presence of two medical colleges in Delhi, [[Maulana Azad Medical College|MAMC]] and [[Lady Hardinge Medical College|LHMC]], many students were denied the opportunity to study medicine. In 1971, classes for the new college started in the makeshift Department of Chemistry on the North Campus of [[University of Delhi]]. The students had their clinical postings for practicals at the Safdarjung Hospital for 125 students. Additional 50 students were sent to [[Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College]], at Meerut in Uttar Pradesh. Shortly afterwards, UCMS moved to [[Safdarjung Hospital]] in [[South Delhi]]. In 1986, UCMS moved to its present location at [[Dilshad Garden]] and became associated with [[Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital]].<ref name=a>{{cite web|url=http://www.globaleducates.com/colleges/about/university-college-of-medical-sciences-gtb-hospital-delhi|title=University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital Delhi|website=www.globaleducates.com}}</ref>

On 5 April 2006, the Human Resources Development Minister of India, [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]], announced that the government intended to introduce reservations for [[Other Backward Class|Other Backward Classes]] at 27% in central institutions, including [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IITs]], [[Indian Institutes of Management|IIMs]], [[National Institutes of Technology|NITs]], [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|AIIMS]], [[Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha]], UCMS, [[Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research]]. Students at UCMS, and the other three Delhi medical schools, who were concerned about the reservation system and considered it a political gimmick, started a protest forum called [[Youth For Equality]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youthforequality.com/about-us/history.aspx|title=Youth For Equality|website=www.youthforequality.com|access-date=7 October 2015|archive-date=30 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830092016/http://www.youthforequality.com/about-us/history.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Form ==
The college offers medical & paramedical courses, and caters to the health care needs for the [[East Delhi]] community and surrounding border areas.<ref name=b>{{cite web|url=http://www.youngbuzz.com/colleges/university-college-of-medical-science/medical/dnb-in-general-surgery|title=University College of Medical Science DNB in General Surgery - YoungBuzz|website=www.youngbuzz.com}}</ref> The institute is a network centre for the [[National Brain Research Centre]] and serves as the nodal centre for AIDS and Safdarjung Hospitals. It is one of the three public trauma centres in Delhi, in addition to Susruta Trauma Centre and Jai Prakash Narayana Trauma Centre at AIIMS, and is fully equipped with a burns ward.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

UCMS was the first Indian medical college to start a Medical Humanities Group,<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Richa Gupta|author2=Satendra Singh|author3=Mrinalini Kotru|title=Reaching people through medical humanities: An initiative|journal=Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions|year=2011|volume=8|pages=5|pmid=21716596|doi=10.3352/jeehp.2011.8.5|pmc=3110875}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Richa Gupta|author2=Satendra Singh|title=Confluence: understanding medical humanities through street theatre|journal=Medical Humanities|url=http://mh.bmj.com/content/37/2/127|year=2011|volume=37|issue=2|pages=127–128|pmid=21778289|doi=10.1136/jmh.2010.006973|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and it organised the first 'Theatre of the Oppressed' workshop for medical students in India in 2011.<ref>{{cite journal|author =Satendra Singh|title=Broadening horizons: looking beyond disability|journal=Medical Education|pmid=22515781 |year=2012|volume=46|issue=5|pages=522|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2923.2012.04246.x}}</ref>

==Rankings==
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = University and college
|NIRF_M_2024=32|IT_M_2024=10}}

UCMS was ranked 10th among medical colleges in India in 2024 by ''[[India Today]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Today 2024 ranking |url=https://bestcolleges.indiatoday.in/rankings/medical}}</ref> The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) ranked it 32nd among medical colleges in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF 2024 Medical ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/MedicalRanking.html}}</ref>

== Campus ==
[[File:Ucmsbuil.jpg|thumb|left|College's Campus]]
UCMS has a huge campus, which includes the [[Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital]] (GTB). GTB hospital acts as training hospital and has 1000 beds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_gtbh/GTBH/Home/About+Us|title=Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital|website=delhi.gov.in}}</ref> It provides facilities like a central workshop, animal house, hospital laboratory services unit, hostel, medical illustration and photography, medical education unit, skill lab and canteen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.campusoption.com/college/university-college-of-medical-sciences|title=University College of Medical Sciences Delhi Admission Fee Structure Placements|website=Campus Option}}</ref> The college also has technological facilities which include audio-video, telemedicine, electronic assessment.<ref name=d>{{cite web|url=http://college.globalshiksha.com/University-College-of-Medical-Sciences/119495877012778|title=University College of Medical Sciences - UCMS|website=college.globalshiksha.com|access-date=11 October 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083500/http://college.globalshiksha.com/University-College-of-Medical-Sciences/119495877012778|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Library ===
The UCMS houses a central library and 17 departmental libraries with a large volume of teaching and learning resources, which support teaching, research and extension programs of the college. There are over 16,000 books and [[World Health Organization|WHO]] publications, 18,000 volumes of journals, and 400 theses.<ref name=d/>

=== Hostel ===
There are two hostels, one each for boys and girls. There are also some other residential buildings on the campus for staff and other members.<ref name=c>{{cite web|url=http://collegedunia.com/college/11128-university-college-of-medical-sciences-ucms-new-delhi|title=University College of Medical Sciences - [UCMS], New Delhi|website=Collegedunia}}</ref>

== Departments ==
There are twenty-one departments at the college: Anaesthesiology, Anatomy, Biochemistry, Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Community Medicine, Dentistry, Dermatology, Forensic Medicine, Medicine, Microbiology and Gynaecology, Ophthalmology, Orthopaedics, Otorhinolaryngology, Paediatrics, Pathology, Pharmacology, Physiology, Psychiatry, Radiology, Surgery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bestindiaedu.com/colleges/university-college-of-medical-science-and-gtb-college.html|title=University College of Medical Science and GTB College|website=www.bestindiaedu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ucms.ac.in/departments.htm|title=University College of Medical Sciences - Departments|website=ucms.ac.in|access-date=11 October 2015|archive-date=2 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102023025/http://www.ucms.ac.in/departments.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{alumni|people|date=September 2019}}

=== Alumni===


* [[Anil Aggrawal]], professor and Head of Forensic medicine and Toxicology at MAMC.
* [[Sanjay Asthana]], chief of the division of Geriatrics and Gerontology at the [[University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health]], and holds the Duncan G. and Lottie H. Ballantine Endowed Chair in Geriatrics.<ref>{{Cite web|title={{!}} Department of Medicine|url=https://www.medicine.wisc.edu/people-search/people/staff/402/ASTHANA_SANJAY|access-date=2020-11-17|website=www.medicine.wisc.edu}}</ref>
* [[Sujoy K. Guha]], an Indian biomedical scientist, Inventor of [[RISUG]], the first reversible male contraceptive. Batch of 1979
* [[Rahul Gupta]], director for the [[Office of National Drug Control Policy]] of the [[United States]]. Nominated by President [[Joe Biden]].
* [[Raman Kapur]], acupuncturist and awarded the Padma Shri.
* [[Palash Sen]], an Indian singer and founder of India's Rock band [[Euphoria (Indian band)|Euphoria.]]
* [[Mahesh Sharma]], an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] who is currently Minister of State for [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] as well as [[Culture]]
* [[Ashish Suri]], an Indian neurosurgeon, medical academic, and a professor at the Department of Neurosurgery of the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi]] . He was one of the group of surgeons who performed the first 3D brain surgery and the first surgery to implant a [[spinal cord stimulator]] in India. Awarded the [[Padma Shri]].
[[Satish Kr. Verma]], Former Director Professor and Head at UCMS is a prominent Forensic medicine expert in India. He stated the medicolegal autopsy services both at Safdarjung Hospital & UCMS and GTBH, where at both these institutions conducted first ever medicolegal postmortems. He was key personnel involved in solving the Mokey Man Mystery in the year 2001 that happened in Delhi NCR. Youngest recipient of Fellowship of IAFM and first from State of Delhi. presently working as Professor and HOD at Amrita School of Medicine, Faridabad, Haryana.

=== Faculty===
* [[Autar Singh Paintal]], a renowned cardiopulmonary scientist known for his discoveries of several sensory receptors. He was the first Principal of University College of Medical Sciences and second Director of [[Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute]] and sixth Director General of the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] . Awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]].
* [[Satendra Singh (doctor)|Dr Satendra Singh]] is a champion of disability rights and a recipient of the President's National Award and [[Henry Viscardi Achievement Awards]] given to global leaders.<ref>{{cite news |title=विधान सभा चुनाव में सराहनीय योगदान के लिए राष्ट्रीय पुरस्कार |url=http://mpaper.punjabkesari.com/2968952/PUNJAB-KESARI/Date-23-01-2021-Punjab-Kesari-DELHI-MAIN#page/7/2 |agency=Dainik Jagran}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Disability rights activist awarded in US |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/disability-rights-activist-awarded-in-us/articleshow/61954373.cms |agency=The Times of India |date=December 7, 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|University College of Medical Sciences}}
*{{official website|http://www.ucms.ac.in}}

{{University of Delhi}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:University College Of Medical Sciences}}
[[Category:Medical colleges in Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi University]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1971]]

Places of worship in Bengaluru

2026-02-11T18:00:02Z

GayleTibbs8: starting pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Places of worship in Bengaluru
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Metropolis
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9627|N|77.5758|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Bengaluru Urban
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 741
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 900
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

[[Bengaluru]], the capital of [[Karnataka]] state, India, reflects its multireligious and cosmopolitan character by its more than 1000 [[temple]]s, 400 [[mosque]]s, 100 [[church (building)|churches]], 40 [[Jainism|Jain]] [[derasar]]s, three [[Sikh]] [[gurdwara]]s, two Buddhist [[vihara]]s and one [[Parsi]] [[fire temple]] located in an area of 741 km2 of the metropolis.<ref name=home>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/29/stories/2002082900270200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021024082146/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/29/stories/2002082900270200.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=24 October 2002|title= Home to all faiths|access-date=2009-03-11|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="area">{{cite web|url=http://www.kar.nic.in/finance/bud2007/bs07e.pdf|title=Finance Budget for 2007-08, the total area of Greater Bangalore has been mentioned in the Karnataka budget of 2007-08 as 741 km²|page=77|publisher=Government of India|access-date=2009-03-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628141329/http://www.kar.nic.in/finance/bud2007/bs07e.pdf|archive-date=2007-06-28}}</ref> The religious places are further represented to include the few members of the [[Jews|Jewish]] community who are making their presence known through the [[Chabad]] that they propose to establish in Bengaluru and the fairly large number of the [[Baháʼí Faith]] whose presence is registered with a society called the Baháʼí Centre.<ref name=jews>{{cite web|url=https://mostlyslow.blogspot.com/2008/08/jews-in-south-india-part-1-tisha-bav.html|title= Jews in Bangalore|access-date=2009-03-11}}</ref>

In the demographically diverse, major economic hub and India's fastest-growing major metropolis of Bengaluru, the number of religious places of each religion reported reflects growth in proportion to the population growth. According to the [[2001 census of India]], 79.37% of Bengaluru's population is Hindu, roughly the same as the [[Demographics of India|national average]].<ref name="GISData">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm|title="Census GIS Household". censusindiamaps.net.|year=2006|access-date=2009-03-14|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706213221/http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm|archive-date=2010-07-06}}</ref> Muslims comprise 13.37% of the population, which again is roughly the same as the national average, while Christians and Jains account for 5.79% and 1.05% of the population, respectively, double that of their national averages. [[Anglo-Indian]]s also form a substantial group within the city.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.censusindia.gov.in/|title= Total Population, Slum Population|access-date=2009-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/slum/slum2.html |date=2007-08-06|title= Census of India, 2006, Government of India|access-date=2009-03-14 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070806121833/http://www.censusindia.net/results/slum/slum2.html |archive-date = 2007-08-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://us.rediff.com/money/2008/feb/06sld2.htm|title=India's 10 fastest growing cities|publisher= Rediff.com.|date=6 February 2008|access-date=2009-03-14}}</ref>

==Hindus and temples==
The thousand and odd number of Hindu temples in Bengaluru mirrors the majority population of the city whose earliest traditional Hindu temple is traced to the [[Domlur]] Chokkanatha temple of the [[Chola dynasty]] period (10th century). The next oldest temple is the [[Halasuru Someshwara Temple]] Ulsoor (of the [[Hoysala Empire]] built between the 12th and 13th centuries – a combination of Hoysala, Chola, and [[Vijayanagara architecture]]), which was renovated and beautified by three generations of the Yelahanka dynasty-–Gidde Gowda, [[Kempe Gowda I]] and II.<ref name=home/>

===Halasuru Someshwara Temple, Halasuru===
{{main article|Halasuru Someshwara Temple}}
[[File:Halasuru Someshwara Temple.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Halasuru Someshwara temple in 1890]]
Halasuru Someshwara Temple in [[Halasuru]] (Ulsoor) is a dedicated to the deity Someshwara (the Hindu god [[Shiva]]). It is the oldest temple in the city and dates back to the [[Chola]] period.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dynamics of Language Maintenance Among Linguistic Minorities: A Sociolinguistic Study of the Tamil Communities in Bangalore|year=1986|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages, 1986|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hyViAAAAMAAJ&q=chola+++temple+ulsoor}}</ref> Irrespective of when the initial consecration took place, art historian George Michell believes there were major additions or modifications during the late [[Vijayanagara Empire]] period, during the rule of Hiriya [[Kempe Gowda]] II.<ref name="achari1">{{cite news|last=Achari|first=S.N|title=Bangalore's beautiful Someshwara temple|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/240777/F|access-date=23 November 2012|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=10 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="michell">Michell (1995), p. 69</ref> According to a folk legend of this oldest temple, it is said that Kempe Gowda, tired after hunting, rested under a tree and fell asleep on the present site of the temple. Lord [[Shiva|Someshwara]] appeared to him in a dream, revealing the existence of hidden [[treasure]] and told him to build the temple dedicated to him with it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/s/019pho000430s41u00025000.html |title=The online gallery of the British Library |access-date=2009-03-16}}</ref>

===Gavi Gangadhareshwara Temple, Gavipura===
Another ancient temple is the [[Gavi Gangadhareshwara Temple]] in Gavipura, it is constructed in the [[Chola]] style of architecture, which is a protected monument under the [[Karnataka]] Ancient and Historical Monuments, and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act 1961. It is a cave temple dedicated to Lord [[Shiva]]. It is one of the best architectural monuments depicting a monolithic idol of Lord Shiva made of [[granite]], a rare idol of [[Agni]], the God of fire and monolithic exquisitely carved four pillars inside the cave. The cave temple is also stated to be a fine piece of Indian [[rock-cut architecture]] of the 9th century. In the 16th century, Kempe Gowdas added grandeur to the temple by building the frontage to the cave temple with [[Gopura]]s (towers), large [[trident]]s, discs known as Suryapana and Chandrapana representing the Sun and the Moon, a [[damaru]] (drum) and two fans (all pictured in the gallery).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourtravelworld.com/india/bangalore/|title=About Bangalore|access-date=2009-03-15|publisher=Tour Travel:World.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar292004/metro11.asp |title=Temple inside an age-old cave |access-date=2009-03-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311040230/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar292004/metro11.asp |archive-date=11 March 2007 }}</ref>
Another interesting astronomical feature which attracts thousands of devotees to the temple on [[Makar Sankranti]] day in January is of sun rays passing between the horns of the [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] (bull), located outside at the entrance to the temple, which lights the idol of Shiva inside the cave.<ref name=home/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.templenet.com/Karnataka/gavigang.html|title= Gavi Gangadhareshwara Temple at Bangalore(Karnataka) |access-date=2009-03-15|encyclopedia=The Templenet Encyclopedia: Temples of Karnataka}}</ref>
[[File:Two Gopuras (towers) above the caves of the main shrines of Gavigangadreswara temple in Bangalore.jpg|thumb|left|One of the oldest cave temples in Bengaluru]]
[[File:BullTemple1.jpg|thumb|left|One of the biggest [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] idols in the world]]

===Nandi Temple, Basavanagudi===
A famous temple built in the 16th century during the rule of Kempegowdas, is the Bull temple or the [[Basavanagudi Nandi Temple|Nandi Temple]] (‘Nandi' in Sanskrit means ‘joyful') made of granite. This temple built in 1537 on a hill top with a porch in the [[Vijayanagara architecture|Vijayanagara architectural style]] is named after the large granite Nandi [[monolith]] placed on a [[plinth]] in the temple shrine. The temple is exclusive for the worship of the sacred bull in Hinduism, known as [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]], Lord [[Shiva]]'s [[vahana]], or animal mount. Nandi idol at this temple is said to be one of the largest in the world, with height of about {{convert|15|ft|m|abbr=on}} and {{convert|20|ft|m}} length. Temples for Dodda [[Ganapathy]] (huge [[Ganesha]] -– {{convert|10|ft|m|abbr=on}} height & {{convert|15|ft|m|abbr=on}} wide) and for Lord Shiva, a little above the Ganesha temple, are also located at the foot of the hill. A [[peanut|groundnut]] fair called Kadalekay Parishe in [[Kannada language]], which is linked to a popular folklore legend, is held by farmers every year during November to thank Nandi for the good yield of this crop and to seek further blessings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/mysore/nt01.html|title=Nandi Temple|access-date=2009-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/mysore/nt02.html|title=Nandi Temple|access-date=2009-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/mysore/nt03.html|title=Tower|access-date=2009-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saigan.com/heritage/temple/nandib.html|title=Basavanagudi Nandi Temple|access-date=2009-03-15}}</ref>
[[File:Sri Raja Rajeshwari Temple 02.jpg|thumb|Sri Rajarajeshwari Temple]]
[[File:Temple at entrance to Avensue road of the Old Bangaluru Pete.JPG|thumb|right|One of the oldest [[Hanuman]] temples at [[Yelahanka]] gate in the heart of Bengaluru]]

===Jnanakshi Rajarajeshwari Temple, Rajarajeshwari Nagara===
[[Rajarajeshwari Nagar, Bangalore|Rajarajeshwari Nagar]] is home to the [[Jnanakshi Rajarajeshwari Temple]]. Shri Rajarajeshwari is the temple's principal deity. The temple was built by Sri Sivaratnapuri Swamiji, also called Sri Tiruchi Swamigal, in 1978. the idol of Sri Rajarajeshwari, who is a manifestation of [[Tripura Sundari|Sri Lalita Tripurasundari]]. According to the Tantra Chudamani, this temple is thought to be the "ear" or "karnabhaga" of Bharat's numerous Shaktipeethas. Located between the [[Kaveri|Cauvery]] and [[Vrishabhavathi River|Vrishabhavati]] rivers, it was formerly known as Kanchanagiri. Jaya Peetha is the name of the governing Bhairava, Abiru Bhairava.

'''<big>Shri Nimishamba Devi Temple, Rajarajeshwari Nagara</big>'''

The Shri Nimishamba Devi temple is located at Rajarajeshwari Nagara. This shrine is built in the traditional Parashurama Kshetra architectural style, which is not found elsewhere in Bangalore or its surroundings. This temple was built with the help of a large number of devotees of Shri Nimishamba Devi. The temple has shrines of Devi Nimishamba, Moukthikeswara (Lord Shiva), Siddhi Vinayaka, Saraswathi and Lakshmi Narayana. Chandika Homa is performed every day in a specially designed Yagna Shala. The temple also has Annadana on most days.

===Sri Radha Krishna Temple, Rajajinagara===
{{main article|ISKCON Temple Bangalore}}

Sri Radha Krishna Temple or ISKCON Temple,'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iskconbangalore.org/|title=Home|website=ISKCON Bangalore}}</ref>''' has deities of Radha and Krishna located on top of the Hare Krishna Hill in [[Rajajinagara]], in the. It is one of the largest [[ISKCON]] temples in the world.<ref name="Encyclopedia">{{cite book | title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |author1=Jones, Constance |author2=D. Ryan, James |name-list-style=amp | year=2007 | publisher=Facts on File | location=U.S.A. | pages=512 | isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9}}</ref> The temple is a huge cultural complex that was inaugurated in 1997 by Shankar Dayal Sharma and Jayapataka Swami following the wishes of A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, the Founder-Acarya of ISKCON to promote Vedic culture and spiritual learning. [[Janmashtami]], [[Vaikuntha Ekadashi]] and [[Rath Yatra]] are the major festivals celebrated.

===Other temples===
Apart from the above famous temples, the other temples built between the 16th and 19th centuries are also numerous and some of the well known ones with interesting history are the
*Karanji Anjaneya Swamy Temple, [[Basavanagudi]]
*Sri Bande Mahakali Temple, Gavipura Guttahalli
*[[Sri Pralayakala Veerabadrar temple]], Gavipura Guttahalli
*Sri Kalabhairaveshwara Temple, [[Chamarajpet|Chamarajapete]]
*Belli Basavanna Temple, Mamulpete
*[[Yelahanka Gate Anjaneya Temple|Sri Yelahanka Gate Anjaneya Swamy Temple]], Bangalore Fort, Avenue Road, Ballurupete
*[[Dharmaraya Swamy Temple|Sri Dharmarayaswamy Temple]], Thigalarpete, Nagarathpete
*[[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Bangalore|Sri Sugreeva Venkataramana Swamy Temple]], Balepete
*[[Kadu Malleshwara Temple|Kadu Mallikarjuna Swamy Temple]], [[Malleswara]]
*[[Kote Venkataramana Temple, Bangalore|Kote Venkataramana Swamy Temple]], [[Tipu Sultan]]'s Palace
*Kashi Vishveshwara Swamy Temple, Sowrashtrapete
*Sri Prasanna Krishna Swamy Temple, Tulasi Thota, Upparpete
*Sri Mookambika Bhakta Mandali, [[Mahalakshmi Layout]]
*Ragigudda Sri Prasanna Anjaneyaswamy Temple, [[Jayanagar, Bangalore|Jayanagara]]
Many temples have been built by ordinary citizens and are also patronised by certain communities such as the [[Devanga]], [[Golla (caste)|Golla]], Besta (fisherfolk), [[Uppara]], Goniga, Kshaurika (barber), Nagartha, [[Ganiga]] (oilfolk), [[Vishwakarma]], and so forth. The most popular temples listed are that of [[Hanuman]] (the monkey God), 635 numbers, and the oldest of them is reported to be the Shri Gali Anjaneya temple<ref>{{cite web | last=Kaushik | first=Gk | title=Sri Vyasaraja pradeshta Hanuman - Sri Gali Anjaneya Swami Temple, Mysore Road, Bangalore | website=The intention of this site is to propagate the glory of Lord Anjaneya [Hanuman] | VAYUSUTHA | url=http://vayusutha.in/vs4/temple41.html | access-date=2021-09-25}}</ref> on Mysore Road, said to have been established in 1425 by Vyasaraja.<ref name=home/>

{{Hindu temples in Bangalore}}

==Muslims and mosques==
[[File:Oldest Mosque in Bengaluru in City market.jpg|thumb|right|The Jamia Masjid off NR road near city Market.]]
[[File:Peace through grille.jpg|right|thumb|A view from the masjid e Askari in Johnson market.]]
The earliest recorded history of Islamic influence in Bangalore could be traced to 1638, when the old [[Bengaluru Pete]] (now an integral part of the Bangalore city) was conquered by [[Bijapur Sultan]]ate who ruled for the next 50 years. The [[Mughals|Mughal]] general Khasim Khan captured Bangalore in 1687 and leased the town and the surrounding areas to [[Chikka Devaraja|Chikkadeva Raya Wodeyar]] of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]], in 1690 AD. In 1761, Hyder Ali became the Sarvadhikari of Bangalore. The Mysore Sultanate which lasted from 1761 to 1799 saw the construction of many mosques & dargahs.

Thus, over a period of 370 years from the earliest rule of the [[Bijapur Sultan]] in 1638, Muslim shrines (mosques or [[masjid]]s and [[Dargah|darghas]]) have been built which now number more than 400 and indicates the large Muslim population of the city. Some of the important mosques and darghas in Bangalore are mentioned below.

===Jamia Masjid===
Jamia Masjid, situated near the City Market, [[Bengaluru Urban]], is the most impressive mosque in Bangalore. Designed by Rayyaz Asifuddin of [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], it was built in 1940 with white marble from [[Rajasthan]] and is dedicated to [[Tipu Sultan]]. This landmark has bulbous domes, twin towers standing on exquisitely carved granite pillars and fashioned [[jali]] work in the balcony. It is a five–storeyed structure, with space to accommodate up to 10,000 devotees. With an ablution pool in the centre of mosque, the ambiance inside the mosque is cool, serene and airy. In the elevated prayer hall of the mosque, beautiful bubris (frescoes) that bear mark of Tipu Sultan have been revealed, after removing the old plaster. Muslims in large numbers congregate here during the death anniversary of Tipu Sultan, to mark the "Tipu Urs".<ref name=majid>{{cite web|url=http://www.discoverbangalore.com/worship2.htm|title=Hindu Places of Worship|access-date=2009-03-15}}</ref><ref name=sight>{{cite web|url=http://www.bangalorebest.com/discoverbangalore/sightseeing/religion/index2.asp |title= Places of Worship|access-date=2009-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/india/bangalore/sightseeing-in-bangalore/jumma-masjid-in-bangalore.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111023409/http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/india/bangalore/sightseeing-in-bangalore/jumma-masjid-in-bangalore.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 January 2008|title= Jumma Masjid in Bangalore|access-date=2009-03-15}}</ref>

Then president of Egypt, [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], visited the mosque during his trip to India. Nasser gifted carpets and a chandelier from [[Egypt]] to the mosque.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Smitabalram |last2=Shekhar |first2=Divya |date=2016-06-17 |title=Know the Islamic culture in Bengaluru through stories behind the heritage mosques |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/know-the-islamic-culture-in-bengaluru-through-stories-behind-the-heritage-mosques/articleshow/52790358.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-09-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> While the carpets had worn out, the chandelier still hung strong.<ref name=":0" /> The calligraphy at the mosque entrance was also gifted by Nasser.<ref name=":0" />

===The Jumma Masjid===
The '''Jumma Masjid''' located on the Old Poor House Road in the [[Cantonment]] area of the city is also said to be one of the oldest mosques, built by '''Haji Abdul Quddus''' in the early 19th century. While the raised prayer hall of the mosque has granite pillars, the building as such is a brick and mortar structure with ornate [[jali]] work and floral motifs in plaster on the facade.<ref name="majid2">{{cite web|title=Hindu Places of Worship|url=http://www.discoverbangalore.com/worship2.htm|access-date=2009-03-15}}</ref><ref name="sight2">{{cite web|title=Places of Worship|url=http://www.bangalorebest.com/discoverbangalore/sightseeing/religion/index2.asp|access-date=2009-03-15}}</ref> The granite pillars were bought from [[Tipu Sultan]]'s palace in [[Srirangapatna]].

The Sangian Jamia Masjid in Taramandalpet was built by the Mughal General Khasim Khan in 1687. It was demolished in the 80's and today a much larger modern mosque stands in its place.

===Haji Sir Ismail Sait Mosque===
Haji Sir Ismail Sait Mosque Hajee Sir Ismail Sait Masjid · Mosque Rd, Pulikeshi Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka 560005, India<ref>{{cite web | title=Hajee Sir Ismail Sait Masjid · Mosque Rd, Pulikeshi Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka 560005, India | website=Hajee Sir Ismail Sait Masjid · Mosque Rd, Pulikeshi Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka 560005, India | date=2021-09-22 | url=http://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Hajee+Sir+Ismail+Sait+Masjid/@13.000955,77.615546,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x3bae16f09213f7ff:0x3bd44ab86e0a5fd2 | access-date=2021-09-25}}</ref> (named after Haji Sir Ismail Sait, a prominent [[Gujarati Language|Gujarati]] speaking [[Kutchi Memon]] merchant of [[Bangalore Cantonment]] who built the mosque), is located in [[Fraser Town, Bangalore|Fraser Town]]. It was built at a time when there were only a few Muslims in the suburb. Haji Sir Ismail Sait arrived in Bangalore in 1870 from [[Cutch State|Cutch]], [[Gujarat]] with his parents. After the demise of his father in started a small business on his own in 1874, and prospered expanding his business around Bangalore and also [[Chennai|Madras]], trading in goods and [[Kerosene]]. At the same time, he was involved in philanthropy and charitable work. Haji Sir Ismail Sait was honoured by the Mysore Government with the title ‘Fakrut-Tujjar', and the British Government knighted him at the [[Buckingham Palace]] in recognition of his philanthropy. Haji Sir Ismail Sait also served as a member of the [[Madras Legislative Council|Madras Presidency Legislative Council]] in 1911. Sir Ismail Sait also founded the Sir Ismail Sait Government Urdu Model Primary Boys and Girls School [https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Hajee+Sir+Ismail+Sait+Masjid/@13.0001141,77.6158638,20z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x3bae16f09213f7ff:0x3bd44ab86e0a5fd2 Hajee Sir Ismail Sait Masjid · Mosque Rd, Pulikeshi Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka 560005, India], an Urdu Primary School on Mosque Road and the Gosha Hospital [https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Hsis+Gosha+Hospital/@12.9865587,77.6042488,17z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x3bae1661aaaaaaab:0x752a46fe33164099 Govt. Hsis Gosha Hospital · Venkataswamy Naidu Rd, near KSPCB Limited, Tasker Town, Shivaji Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka 560051, India] at [[Shivajinagar, Bangalore|Shivajinagar]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nadwi|first1=Khursid Alam|title=Sir Ismail Sait Masjid, a Memon community's contribution|url=http://www.karnatakamuslims.com/portal/sir-ismail-sait-masjid-a-memon-communitys-contribution/|website=Karnataka Muslims|access-date=23 December 2014|date=2 September 2012}}</ref><ref name=Meera>{{cite news|last1=Iyer|first1=Meera|title=A cut above the rest|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/332174/a-cut-above-rest.html|access-date=23 December 2014|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=14 May 2013}}</ref><ref name=Shiriyannar>{{cite news|last1=Shiriyannar|first1=Pravin D|title=Taking modernity in its stride|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/may172004/metro8.asp|access-date=23 December 2014|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703125416/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/may172004/metro8.asp|archive-date=3 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Patrao>{{cite news|last1=Patrao|first1=Michael|title=A road for shopping and leisure|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep202007/metrothurs2007091926166.asp|access-date=23 December 2014|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=20 September 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223170442/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep202007/metrothurs2007091926166.asp|archive-date=23 December 2014}}</ref><ref name=Ramani>{{cite news|last1=Ramani|first1=Chitra V|title=The key to a family's history too|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/the-key-to-a-familys-history-too/article3333230.ece|access-date=23 December 2014|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=20 April 2012}}</ref>

===Masjid-E-Khadria===
[[File:Masjid-e-Khadariya.jpg|thumb|right|Masjid E Khadria next to the Cantonment Railway station.]]
Masjid-e-Khadriya is a very beautiful mosque in the heart of Bangalore city designed by Renowned '''Architect Sajjad Ali Khan''' in the southern state of Karnataka in India. It is situated on Millers Road in the city inside an Eidgah ground. The mosque is very close to the Bangalore Cantonment Railway station, The Eidgah ground where this mosque is housed is called Quddus Sahib Eidgah.

Masjid-e-Khadriya is made using Islamic architecture with geometric patterns and surrounded by gardens with fountains. One can see pointed arches and onion shaped domes with a grand arch in the opening gate of this masjid. This grand arch is rectangular in shape and adorned with calligraphy. On All 4 sides at the end of the masjid are high minars. Beautiful landscaping has been done on broad pathways that start from the grand arch leading up to the complex.

The prayer hall has a capacity of 2125 people who can offer prayers at the same time. There are three doors each being 16 feet wide in this hall on northern, southern, and eastern sides. There is capacity of 1980 musallis on the first floor also. There are three staircases, 2 on the eastern side and one on the southern side to allow for easy movement of the people.

The mosque is located at a distance of 5.5 km from Majestic (Bangalore city bus stand) and Bangalore City Railway Station.

===Other mosques===
Of the many other older masjids in the city, the important ones are the Ibrahim Shah Khan Shutari Masjid built in 1761 (at Kumbarpete) by Hyder Khilledar Ibrahim Khan and the Bademakan Masjid (Siddiah Road) built during [[Hyder Ali]]'s period. [[Masjid-e-Bilal (Bilal Mosque)|Masjid-e-Eidgah Bilal]] and Masjid Al Noor are two large and beautiful mosques built by the [[Prestige Group]]. Modi Masjid is also the oldest masjid in the Cantonment area, it has been reconstructed and is the latest large mosque addition to Bangalore's mosques space.
[[File:Hazrath Tawakkal Mosque.jpg|right|thumb|[[Hazrat Tawakkal Mastan Dargah|Tawakkal Mosque]] and dargah in Cottonpet.]]
Masjid-E-Quba, Yarabnagar one of the beautiful Mosque (330). The mosque has the highest minaret in Bangalore.

==Christianity and churches==
[[File:Church in Bangalore.jpg|thumb|upright|St. Mary's Basilica - Oldest church in Bengaluru]]
[[File:Church of the Infant Jesus.jpg|thumb|right|Infant Jesus Church]]
Bangalore with recorded number of 40 churches (thus also called the city of churches), represents diverse Christian communities, such as the [[Roman Catholic Church]], [[Protestants]] of the [[Church of South India]] (which includes [[Anglicanism|Anglican]], Wesleyan and other older denominations), Kerala based [[Saint Thomas Christian denominations|Syrian]] denominations and newer evangelical groups with links to the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/20/world/bangalore-journal-christians-revel-in-conversion-back-to-indianness.html|title=Bangalore Journal; Christians Revel in Conversion Back to Indianness|access-date=2009-03-21|work=The New York Times | first=Barbara | last=Crossette | date=1990-01-20}}</ref>

It was in the year 1648 that Christianity made its first mark in [[Srirangapatna]], the capital city of the then [[Kingdom of Mysore]]. Bangalore was not a big city in those days. Even though the first church in Bangalore was dated to the years 1724–1725, the spread of Christianity suffered a decline during [[Tipu Sultan]]'s rule. However, the history of revival of Christianity in Bangalore is traced to the year 1799 when the [[French language|French]] priest Abbé du Bois came to Bangalore, at a time when the British seized [[Srirangapatna]] from [[Tipu Sultan]]. He restored the Christian religion in the city by building confidence of the Christians living in and around Bangalore in Somanahalli, [[Kamanahalli]], Begur, Gunjam, Palahalli, [[Doranahalli]], Garenahalli, Shettyhalli and other villages and by extending them spiritual solace. His acts of service to the people also involved introduction of vaccination in India.

===Roman Catholic Churches===

====St. Mary's Basilica====
{{main article|St. Mary's Basilica, Bengaluru}}

[[St. Mary's Basilica, Bangalore|St. Mary's Basilica]] had a humble beginning as an attached hut in the 17th century, built by Tamil Christian migrants from [[Gingee]]. The Shrine was then known as 'Chapel of Kanikkai Madha' and was located in their village where rice was grown. The rice grown in the village had a distinct white colour, and hence the settlement came to known as ''Bili Akki Palli'' or colloquially known as ''Blackpally'' (now known as [[Shivajinagar, Bangalore|Shivajinagar]]).<ref name="St. Mary's Basilica" /> However, according to well known historian S K Aruni, Blackpally could have been named after John Blakiston (1785–1867), who designed the layout of the Bangalore Cantonment.<ref name=Black>{{cite news|last1=Aruni|first1=S K|title=Tracing the architect of the Cantonment|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/tracing-the-architect-of-the-cantonment/article2946227.ece|access-date=19 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=29 February 2012}}</ref> With the establishment of the [[Bangalore cantonment|cantonment]] at Bangalore, Jean Dubois led a mass for both Europeans and Indians in 1799, after the fall of Seringapatam. In 1811, Jean Dubois built small chapel along with residence for the Catholic priests. Later Andreas, a priest from [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] of Indian origin, expanded the church building in the shape of a cross. However this church was torn down during the communal riots of 1832, and troops had to be called in to protect the settlement for many months.<ref name="St. Mary's Basilica">{{cite web|last1=St. Mary's Basilica|title=St. Mary's Basilica - History|url=http://www.stmarysbasilica.in/history.htm|publisher=St. Mary's Basilica|access-date=19 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812220312/http://www.stmarysbasilica.in/history.htm|archive-date=12 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Chandramouli>{{cite news|last1=Chandramouli|first1=K|title=Home to all faiths|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/29/stories/2002082900270200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030309121105/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/29/stories/2002082900270200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 March 2003|access-date=7 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 August 2002}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzWFvPc2xP0C&q=%22st+mary's+basilica%22+%22is+the+only+church%22&pg=PA15|title=Bangalore:An Expat Survival Guide|access-date=2009-03-20|publisher=Chillibreeze publication|author=Preethi Sharma|author2=Nishi Vishwanathan | isbn=978-81-904055-2-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/30/stories/2006083024010300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825143002/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/30/stories/2006083024010300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-08-25|date=2006-08-30|title=Annual St. Mary's Feast begins|access-date=2009-03-20|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The current form of the majestic Gothic-style church (pictured) is credited to L. E. Kleiner. It was consecrated on 8 September 1882 by Bishop Jean-Yves-Marie Coadou, the [[vicar apostolic]] of [[Mysore]]. Over the years, the church of St. Mary's at Blackpally became a parish and was elevated to the status of minor [[basilica]] in 1973 through an order by [[Pope Paul VI]] (The church was the sixth church in India to be elevated to this status). Stained glass windows and multiple columns with a rich [[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] capital support the stately arches of the Church. An annual 9 day [[Novena]] is held between 30 August and 7 September, with Mass being offered in [[English language|English]], [[Kannada]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref name="St. Mary's Basilica" />

====St Patrick's Church====
'''St Patrick's Church''' located on [[Brigade Road, Bangalore|Brigade road]] is the second oldest church in the city (around 160 years old - foundation laid in July 1841). Father Chevalier was responsible for building the church, which was consecrated as a cathedral in 1899. The foundation was laid in July 1841 and the building was completed in 1844. In 1887, the Catholic Hierarchy for southern India Pope Leo XIII was proclaimed in this church in 1887. Renovated in 1894–98, on 12 November 1899 the church was consecrated as [[St. Patrick|St. Patrick's]] Cathedral. It has a beautiful arched entrance flanked by twin columns. The interior of the church has twelve graceful pillars which symbolise the twelve apostles. The twin spires of the Church are a landmark in the city cantonment.<ref name=majid/><ref name=church>{{cite web|url=http://www.bangalorebest.com/homepage/photofeature/church/church.asp|title=Photo feature Churches of Bangalore|access-date=2009-03-22|publisher=Bengalorebest.com}}</ref>

====Infant Jesus Church====
'''Infant Jesus Church''' at Vivek Nagar, which is now the biggest church in [[Karnataka]] and a popular pilgrimage centre, has a long history of sacrifice and devotion. The Church was first conceived by Paul Kinatukara in the sixties and the foundation was laid in April 1970 by Lourduswamy, the then [[Archbishop of Bangalore]]. The missionary zeal (in spite of daunting hurdles) of L. Peter established the church on a firm footing and the church was opened to devotees in the year 1979, to honour and glorify the divine [[Infant Jesus of Prague]]. Designed by the Architects of Thomas Associates, the church with a fan shaped hall can accommodate about 2500 people. It has 9 faces and openings running all round the church. People seated anywhere in the interior of the church feel that the [[altar]] is facing them. The [[podium]] is raised above road level with steps and ramp on either side. The replica of the nativity scene in the nativity church of [[Jerusalem]] is the main mural of size {{convert|6|mi|km|abbr=on|1}}x {{convert|9 |mi|km|abbr=on|1}}. The remarkable feature of the church is the secular nature of the devotees who throng seeking blessings, particularly on Thursdays and Saturdays. St Mary's Feast is celebrated in September every year when devotees gather at the Church dressed in saffron colour.<ref name=majid/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infantjesusshrine.com/history.html |title=Infant Jesus Shrine |access-date=2009-03-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312140155/http://www.infantjesusshrine.com/history.html |archive-date=12 March 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/india/bangalore/sightseeing-in-bangalore/infant-jesus-church-bangalore.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071115122523/http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/india/bangalore/sightseeing-in-bangalore/infant-jesus-church-bangalore.html|url-status= usurped|archive-date= 15 November 2007|title=Infant Jesus Church Bangalore|access-date=2009-03-19}}</ref>

====Shelter House Church====
'''Shelter House Church''' is located in Arekere main road, [[Bannerghatta road]].

Other prominent Churches built in Bangalore under the overall directions of the [[parish]] were the St. Francis Xavier's Cathedral (1851), St. Joseph's Church (1867) and the Sacred Heart Church, Ashokanagara (1867) and many others.<ref name="majid"/>

The other old churches in Bangalore are the St. Luke's ([[Fort Church, Bangalore|Fort, 1830]]), the St. Joseph's (Briand Square, 1857), the St. Patrick's (Brigade Road, 1844), the Sacred Heart's (Richmond Road, 1874) and many others.

===Anglican / Wesleyan / CSI Churches===
[[File:St. Marks Cathedral, Bangalore. (Old Postcard Re-print), India Post (2014).jpg|thumb|right|The [[English Baroque]] style [[St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore|St. Mark's CSI Cathedral]], the oldest Christian cathedral in Bengaluru. (Old Postcard Re-print), [[India Post]] (2014).<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Philately Digest : News : April 2014 |url=http://www.indianphilately.net/news0414.html |website=www.indianphilately.net |publisher=India Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=200 years of Bangalore's oldest Christian landmark |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/web-exclusive/story/200-years-of-bangalores-oldest-christian-landmark-36864-2009-01-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>]]
[[File:St Andrews Bangalore.jpg|thumb|right|St. Andrew's Kirk, Bengaluru around 1895 - Furneaux, JH (1895) Glimpses of India. A grand photographic history of the Land of Antiquity, the vast Empire of the East]]

The old [[Protestant]] denominations in the region, merged after Indian independence forming the [[Church of South India]], on September 27, 1947.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Koffeman |first1=Leo |last2=Ensign-George |first2=Barry |last3=Evers |first3=Hélène |title=Church Polity, Mission and Unity: Their Impact in Church Life: Proceedings of the International Conference, Princeton, New Jersey, USA, 18 - 20 April, 2016 |date=2019 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-643-90911-4 |page=74 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXjCDwAAQBAJ&q=church+of+south+india+anglican+methodist+presbyterian+september+1947&pg=PA74 |language=en}}</ref> Landmark CSI churches of Bangalore are the [[St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore|St. Mark's Cathedral]] (M.G. Road, 1808), Holy Trinity (M.G. Road, 1851), [[St. Andrew's Church, Bangalore|St. Andrew's]] (Cubbon Road, 1866),<ref name=Rao-DH>{{cite news|last1=Rao|first1=Priyanka S|title=Green oasis in the heart of the city|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/372365/green-oasis-heart-city.html|access-date=20 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=3 December 2013}}</ref> East Parade (Dickenson Road, 1862), Wesley Church (Promenade Road, 1896) and [[Hudson Memorial Church, Bangalore|Hudson Memorial church]] (City Corporation, 1904).

====St. Mark's Cathedral====
{{main article|St. Mark's Cathedral, Bengaluru}}

[[St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore|St. Mark's Cathedral]][https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/St+Marks+Cathedral,+Shanthala+Nagar,+Ashok+Nagar,+Bengaluru,+Karnataka+560001,+India/@12.9756913,77.604135,17z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x3bae167b0a231daf:0xdbd907274b605eae St. Mark's Cathedral · Shanthala Nagar, Ashok Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560001] is named after [[Mark the Evangelist|Saint Mark]] (believed to be the first gospel writer) and is located at the west end of Mahatma Gandhi Road, MacIver Town, [[Bangalore]]. Its architecture is inspired by the 17th century [[St Paul's Cathedral]]. The church serves as the cathedral (Ecclesia Matar) of the [[Church of South India]], Karnataka Central Diocese. Found in 1808, the cathedral celebrated its 200 years bicentenary in 2007–8.<ref name=St.Marks>{{cite web|title=History of St.Marks Cathedral|url=http://www.saintmarks.in/our-history.html|website=St. Marks Cathedral|access-date=27 January 2015|date=2015}}</ref><ref name=GardenCity>{{cite web|title=St. Marks Cathedral Bangalore|url=http://www.bangaloreindia.org.uk/religious-places/st-marks-cathedral.html|website=Bangalore: The Garden City|access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=Hindu-2014>{{cite news|title=Marking past in the present|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/marking-past-in-the-present/article5926517.ece|access-date=27 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=19 April 2014}}</ref>

====Holy Trinity Church====
{{main article|Holy Trinity Church, Bengaluru}}

[[Holy Trinity Church, Bangalore|Holy Trinity Church]] located at Trinity circle is an exquisite landmark at the east end of the [[M G Road, Bangalore|MG Road]], built in 1848–51 in the [[English Renaissance]] style, and was designed by Major Pears, foundation was laid on 16 February 1848 and consecrated on 25 July 1852. The church can accommodate 700 people and is considered as the largest "military" church in South India.<ref name=church/>

====St. Andrew's Church, Cubbon Road====
{{main article|St. Andrew's Church, Bengaluru}}

[[St. Andrew's Church, Bangalore|St. Andrew's Kirk]], the only Scottish kirk in Bangalore, is located on the Cubbon Road. The stained glass windows in the Church depict Lord [[Jesus]] and his eight [[Apostles in the New Testament|apostles]]. The walls are adorned with polished brass plaques and a pipe organ installed in 1881 is also seen in the Church.<ref name=majid/>

====St. John's Church, Cleveland Town====
{{main article|St. John's Church, Bengaluru}}

[[St. John's Church, Bangalore|St. John's Church]][https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/St.+John's+Church/@12.991756,77.613026,15z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x913eb45be0a67200 St Johns Church · Door No 132, St. John's Church Road, Cleveland Town, Pulikeshi Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560005, India] is located in St. John's Hill, Cleveland Town, [[Bangalore Cantonment]], in between Promenade Road and St. John's Church Road. The church is the fourth oldest [[Protestant]] church in the city, dedicated in 1858, it is 170 years old. It was known as seguppukoil for its distinct red edifice and towering steeple, rising out of the leafy surroundings. The church is dedicated to [[John the Evangelist|St. John the Evangelist]].<ref name=Achanta-DH>{{cite news|last1=Achanta|first1=Pushpa|title=Testimony to a rich past|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/308227/archives.php|access-date=27 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=29 January 2013}}</ref>

====St. Paul's Church, Old Poor House Road====
{{main article|St. Paul's Church, Bengaluru}}

[[St. Paul's Church, Bangalore|St. Paul's Church]][https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/St+Pauls+Church,+1,+Jumma+Masjid+Road,+Jumma+Masjid+Road/@12.981859,77.604724,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x3bae1661f132b313:0x337ca4784235a3b7 St. Paul's Church · Jumma Masjid Road, 1, Bowring Hospital Rd, Shivaji Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560051, India] is located in the corner of Old Poor House Road, and Bowring Hospital Road, next to the [[Bowring & Lady Curzon Hospitals|Bowring and Lady Curzon Hospital]], [[Bangalore Cantonment]]. St. Paul's has the distinction of being the very first [[Tamil Language|Tamil]] Anglican Church in the erstwhile [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore State]]. It celebrated its 175th anniversary in May 2014.<ref name=Hindu-175>{{cite news|title=St. Paul's church to celebrate 175 years|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/st-pauls-church-to-celebrate-175-years/article5963719.ece|access-date=4 February 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=1 May 2014}}</ref>

===Pentecostal Churches===

====Bethel Assemblies of God Church, Hebbal====
[[Bethel Assembly of God Church]], founded in 1960, is one of the largest Pentecostal [[Megachurch|Megachurches]] in India, located in Bangalore, Karnataka. Affiliated with the [[General Council of the Assemblies of God of India]]. It reports over 60,000 weekly attendees and oversees more than 100 affiliated outstations. M. A. Varughese has served as Senior Pastor since 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-09-03 |title=Christmas Special: 5 Famous Churches of Bangalore |url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/travel-guide/churches-bangalore-001132.html |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=www.nativeplanet.com |language=en}}</ref>

====Life Church, Bannerghatta Road====
Life Church is an affiliate of [[Church of God (Full Gospel) in India|Church of God]] (full Gospel) in India. Situated at Arekere off the famed Bannerghetta road is a source of hope and blessing for many. Pradip Mathew a qualified physician, Christian thinker and Apologist is the Pastor of this church. Web address- www.lifechurch.co.in<ref name="church" />

===Malankara Syrian Orthodox Churches===
[[St. Mary's Orthodox Valiyapally|St. Mary's Orthodox Church]] located in [[Gangamma Circle]], is a parish belongs to the Bangalore Diocese of the [[Indian Orthodox Church]]. The parish was founded in 1961 and considered as the first orthodox parish in [[Bangalore]]. St. Gregorios Cathedral at hosur road is another important church of the Indian Orthodox Church in Bangalore.
There are11 orthodox churches in Bangalore namely:
St. Gregorios Cathedral, Hosur road
St. Mary's Valiyapalli, Jalahalli
St. George Church, Indiranagar
St. Baselios Church, Marathahalli
Mar Yuhanon Mamdana Church, KR Puram
St. Gregorios church, Mathikere
St. Thomas Church, Bangalore East
Mar Gregorios Church, Hebbal
St. Dionysius Church, Dasarahalli
St. Stephen's Church, Vijaynagar
St. Mary's Church, Begur.
All the churches in the Bangalore region come under the domain of the Metropolitan of the Bangalore diocese, Abraham Mar Seraphim.

==Jainism and Jain derasars==
[[Jainism]], traditionally known as ''Jainadharma'', is an Indian religion and philosophy originating in Ancient India. The Jains follow the teachings of the 24 [[Tirthankara]]s and [[Mahavira]], accepted as the founder of the faith, was the 24th and lived in the 6th century BCE. Jains have significantly influenced the religious, ethical, political and economic spheres in India for over two millennia. They are best described by the adage that "Business is in their blood. Peace is their badge."<ref name="Janism">{{cite web|url=http://www.tourismtravelindia.com/pilgrimages_tour/jainism/jainism.html|title=Janism|access-date=2009-03-15}}</ref>
The combination makes them an extraordinary community in India and so is their case in Bangalore. Of the 40 odd Jain temples in Bangalore, [[Digambara]]-affiliated ones are fewer than the [[Śvetāmbara]]-affiliated ones. Digambara and Svethambara are the two living schools of the Jain community. Digambara [[Jain monasticism|monk]]s do not wear clothes since they believe that clothes are like other possessions, increasing dependency and desire for material things, and desire for anything ultimately leads to sorrow. Śvetāmbara monks and nuns wear white, seamless clothes for practical reasons and believe there is nothing in the [[Jain Agamas]] that condemns wearing clothes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jainsamaj.org/literature/deepti-270303.htm |title=Jains: From business to peace, from education to service |access-date=2009-03-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013092554/http://jainsamaj.org/literature/deepti-270303.htm |archive-date=13 October 2008 }}</ref>

[[File:Entrance arch of the oldest Jain temple in Chickpete in Banagalore.JPG|thumb|upright|Sri Mahavira Jain temple, Chickpet area]]
[[File:Star temple.JPG|thumb|Adinath Jain temple, Jayanaga]]

===Shri Mahavira Digambara Jain temple===
Shri Mahavira Digambara Jain temple is located in the Dewan's lane of Chickpet area (of the [[Bengaluru Pete]]) has an idol of Mahavira in the [[Kayotsarga]] posture. The temple constructed in 1878 has undergone many renovations and even now is under renovation. But the entrance arch to the temple is intact (pictured). The idols of [[Parshva]], [[Bahubali]], [[Vimalanatha]], [[Anantanatha]] and [[Brahma]] [[Yaksha]] are seen in this temple. A guesthouse for pilgrims, Mahavira Bhavan, [[Ahimsa in Jainism|Ahimsa]] [[Derasar]] (House of non-violence) and a well equipped library containing the books on Jainism are part of the temple complex.<ref name="Janism"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jainheritagecentres.com/karnataka/bangalore.htm|title=Jainism in India, Bangalore|access-date=2009-03-15}}</ref>

===Shri Adinath Digambar Jain temple===
Shri Adinath Digambar Jain temple is a new temple built in [[Jayanagar, Bangalore|Jayanagar]], a suburb of Bangalore. The construction of this temple started in the early part of this decade and was completed in 2007. The temple is built in white marble with colourful shades. The entrance gate is a nicely sculpted. Two white [[marble]] elephants are at the foot steps of stairs to reach the main temple (pictured - Sri Rajasthan Jain Śvetāmbara [[Murtipujaka]] Sangha and not the Shri Adinath Digambar Jain temple).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travelingbeats.com/blog/jain-temple-jayanagar-bangalore|title= Jain Temple, Jayanagar, Bangalore|access-date=2009-03-15}}</ref>
Well-known Śvetāmbara derasars are located in Gandhinagar and Sajjan Rao Circle, and Jaya Nagar in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bangalore-karnataka.com/travel/templechurches.htm|title= Bangalore - Karnataka - Temples, Churches, Mosques|access-date=2009-03-22}}</ref>

===Shri Parshwa Sushil Dham===
Shri Parshwa Sushil Dham is a magnificent Jain Temple built on National Highway 7.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.electronic-city.in/travel/bengaluru/parshwanath-sushil-dham.php|title=Parshwanath Sushil Dham|website=www.electronic-city.in}}</ref> It is beautifully carved white marble temple. Here the mulnayak or the main God is "Shankeshwar Parshwanath" and a Dadavadi of "Sushil Suriji" marasaheb. Idols of Ghantakarna Mahaveer, Padmavati mata, Nakoda bhairav is also present here. This tirth has got Dharamshala, Bhojanshala, Playground for Children recreation with all modern amenities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nakodabhairav.com/2011/03/bangalore-parshva-sushil-dham.html|title=Bangalore: Parshva Sushil Dham}}</ref>

==Sikhism and Gurudwara==
[[File:Gurudwara in Bangalore..jpg|right|thumb|Gurudwara on the bank of Ulsoor lake in Bangalore]]
[[Guru Nanak]], the [[Sikh]] [[guru]], was the first Sikh to visit Bengaluru. On his way back from [[Sri Lanka]] he halted at Bangalore. Kempegowda met him and sought his blessings. Gurunanak not only blessed Kempegowda but also told him to develop the place.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flipkart.com/multiple-city-edited-aditi-de/0143100254-xow3figq4b|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130123072329/http://www.flipkart.com/multiple-city-edited-aditi-de/0143100254-xow3figq4b|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-23|work=The Cities Within - New Shoes and Old Roots: The Cultural Backdrop of Bangalore, Part III, Article 9 by Chiranjeevi Singh|pages=49–59|title=Multiple City:Writings On Bangalore|author=Aditi De|access-date=2009-03-12|publisher=Penguin Books India, New Delhi|year=2008}}</ref>
But it took many more years for a Sikh Gurudwara to be built in Bangalore. There are now three Gurudwaras in Bangalore. The first Sikh Gurudwara and the largest in Bangalore near the Ulsoor Lake on the Kensington Road, is an elegant and white structure (pictured), which was opened on 13 April 1946. It has been renovated recently with marble floors. The large prayer hall accommodates about 500 devotees at a time. Special prayers are offered every Sunday. The temple wears a colourful look as special prayers are offered and more than a thousand people from all religions come here to worship. The Sri Guru Singh Sabha which manages the Gurudwara also runs a school, a medical centre and a function hall also provides accommodation (a day's stay) to the tourists.<ref name="majid"/>

==Buddhism and Viharas==
[[File:A View of Buddha Vihar at Bangalore.JPG|thumb|right|A view of Buddha Vihar in Bangalore]]

While under the [[Mauryas]] and [[Satavahana]]s Buddhism prospered in [[Karnataka]], the influence of Hinduism expanded as it subsumed most of the teachings of Buddha and Buddhism and thus Buddhism lost its distinct uniqueness in the state. However, in the 20th century, Buddha [[vihara]]s have been established in the State with many monasteries coming up in the state. Bengaluru has many centres of Buddha dharma today as there is a revived interest in the Buddhist approach that combines logical thinking and spirituality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaprofile.com/religion-culture/buddhisminkarnataka.htm|title=The Buddhist Legacy – Buddhism in Karnataka|access-date=2009-03-22|publisher=India Profile}}</ref>

'''The Maha Bodhi Society''' (MBS) was established by Acharya Buddharakkhita in 1956 at Bangalore with the objective of propagating the teachings of the Buddha and to provide the inspiration and facilities for putting that teaching into practice through spiritual, social, educational activities. The first act of the Acharya was to plant a sapling of the holy [[Bodhi Tree]] from Bodh Gaya at the premises of the proposed Society. This tree has grown with the Society and is venerated. The Maha Bodhi Society Temple, a relatively new structure, was then built with the main shrine replicating the historic tower at Bodh Gaya. Temple as built is a brick structure with a central tower of {{convert|55|m|ft|abbr=on|1}} height. The [[Stupa]] that represents a basic factor in the teaching of the Buddha has also been built at the entrance to the Temple which is made of granite and it enshrines a relic of the Buddha. The temple, the stupa and the Bodhi tree in the temple complex now form a unique landmark in Bangalore. It is a place of worship and meditation, a center of pilgrimage for people from all over India and other countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hotelsinbangalore.net/temples_in_bangalore.htm|title=Temples in Bangalore, Karnataka|access-date=2009-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mustseeindia.com/Bangalore-Maha-Bodhi-Society-Temple/attraction/10522.|title= Maha Bodhi Society Temple|access-date=2009-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://education.vsnl.com/mahabodhi/|title= Maha Bodhi Society Bangalore|access-date=2009-03-15|publisher= Mahabodhi Website}}</ref>
[[File:Buddha idol in Buddha Vihar in Bangalore.JPG|thumb|right|Buddha idols inside the Vihar]]
'''Choe Khor Sum Ling Centre''', located in Domlur Layout, is a centre for the study and practice of [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan]] [[Mahayana]] tradition of Buddhism. This centre was set up in 2003 at the initiative of [[Dalai Lama]] by Lama Zopa Rinpoche. The name of the center means 'The Three Turnings of the Wheel of Dharma'. Buddhist meditation techniques and teachings on the various aspects of the ‘Graduated Path to Enlightenment' are taught here. In addition to regular teachings, every few weeks the centre also invites senior [[Lama]]s to give talks on important aspects of the Buddhist path, which are followed by instructions into different meditation practices.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cksl.in/aboutus.html|title= Choe Khor Sum Ling Center, Bangalore|access-date=2009-03-17}}</ref> Ahimsamaya, a magazine devoted to vast heritage of the Pragya Paramita Buddhist tradition of Indian thinking in philosophy and spirituality is also brought out by the centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cksl.in/downloads/AbhisamayaVol1.pdf|title= Ahimsamaya|access-date=2009-03-17}}</ref>

'''Thubten Lekshey Ling''' is a [[Nyingma]] Buddhist Study and Meditation Centre established in 2008. Nyingma Buddhism is the ancient school of Indo-Tibetan Buddhism that preserved and nourished all aspects of Buddhism as it existed in the period of great universities of India like [[Nalanda]], Vikramashila, etc. Nyingma corresponds to the original transmission of Buddhism from India to Tibet in the 8th Century, the pinnacle of the golden era of Buddhism in India, by Guru [[Padmasambhava]], Acharya [[Shantarakshita]], Mahapandita [[Vimalamitra]] and many other great scholars and yogis. In this form of Buddhism rational study, mystical practices and non-conceptual meditation are equally emphasized. [[Mahayana]] and [[Vajrayana]] practices are emphasized in this tradition. [[Dzogchen]] (Mahasandhi-yoga) is its uniqueness. Thubten Lekshey Ling was founded by [[Penor Rinpoche]]. Thubten Lekshey Ling conducts teachings, meditation programs and advanced study groups in every weekend.

==Zoroastrians (Parsis) and Agiari==
[[File:Agiari - Parsi temple in Bangalore.jpg|thumb|upright|Parsi fire temple Agiari in Bengaluru]]
[[Zoroastrianism]] was founded by the prophet Spitama [[Zarathustra]]. The religion asserts that there is one god, [[Ahura Mazda]] (Wise Lord), other gods being manifestations of his qualities. The people who practiced Zoroastrianism and who fled from south-west [[Iran]] to India (initially came to the west coast of India and subsequently moved to other parts of India) due to persecution by Muslims in 642 AD (when the last Iranian empire was conquered by the Arabs) are called [[Parsi]]s. The only possession they had when they came to India was nothing more than the sacred fire from their temple. Under British rule they prospered immensely. It is estimated that there are 130,000 Zoroastrians in the world; majority of them, about 100,000 live in India. They have retained their distinct identity and have contributed richly to India's progress in all sectors of development. The members of the community emerged as successful businessmen, lawyers, and doctors and have worked largely in the service sector. In the early 20th century retired bankers, accountants and businessmen moved from west coast and established themselves in Bangalore, as in those days, Bangalore was considered a retirement paradise. The early settlers to Bangalore built the fire temple on Queen's Road in 1926 with the help of Dinshaw Cawasji, a contractor from [[Mumbai]] and called it the 'Baidhanmai and Cawasji Dadabhai Dar-E-Meher', which caters to the small group of Parsis, about 700, residing in the city. An eternal fire burns in the inner sanctum fed by [[sandalwood]], as the symbol of the life cycle and eternal recurrence. The temple has carvings of [[bull]]s on its many pillars. Only the [[priest]]s are allowed to enter the sanctum sanctorum where the eternal fire burns. A Parsi is one who is born into the religion since Zoroastrianism is a non–proselytising religion. Their Holy Book is known as the Kordeh [[Avesta]] along with the [[Vendidad]], lists prayers and prescribes tenets to be followed. The Bangalore Parsi Zoroastrian Association (BPZA) and the Bangalore Zoroastrian Anjuman (BZA) hold regular meetings to discuss the issues concerning the community.(also refer external link)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/26/stories/2002082601400100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523220355/http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/26/stories/2002082601400100.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=23 May 2011|title= Keeping the fire burning|access-date=2009-03-12|work=The Hindu|date=2002-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hotelsinbangalore.net/religions_in_bangalore.htm
|title= Zoroastrainism|access-date=2009-03-15|publisher= Religions in Bangalore, Karnataka}}</ref>

==Baháʼí Faith==
[[File:Bahá'í Centre, Bangalore.JPG|thumb|right|Baháʼí Centre, Bengaluru]]
The [[Baháʼí Faith]], a monotheistic religion that recognizes the religious canons of other religions, was founded by [[Bahá'u'lláh]] to spread his message around the world that "The earth is but one country and mankind its citizens." It has its members in nearly every nation, ethnic group, culture, profession, and social or economic background. Its reach is stated to cover four million people in 166 independent countries and 48 territories.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bahai.org/|title=The Baháʼí Faith|access-date=2009-03-16|publisher=The web site of the Baháʼí international community}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bangalorebest.com/discoverbangalore/sightseeing/religion/sikh/bhavan.asp. |title= Baha'i Bhavan|access-date=2009-03-16}}</ref> Finding a unifying vision of the nature and purpose of life and of the future of society is the main goal of all Baháʼís. Such a vision is also propagated by the Baháʼí Centre at Bangalore, which is the administrative headquarters and secretariat of all Baháʼí activities in [[Karnataka]] state. This centre (pictured) holds small group discussions on the teachings of Baháʼí Faith almost every day, apart from prayer meetings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bcca.org/communities/in/Bahai-Bangalore/about.html|title= About Bangalore Baháʼí Center|access-date=2009-03-14}}</ref>

==Jews and the Chabad==
The Jewish presence in Bengaluru has been traced to a house dating to at least the early 20th century, called the Ruben House, on the main Old Guard road near Safina Plaza, where a [[mezuzah]] is displayed (a small case containing the [[Shema]], a passage from the [[Bible]] handwritten on a piece of parchment, that expresses the basic precept of Jewish faith). It belongs to the Rubin Moses family, the only family out of the five families traced to pre–independence time who still live in Bangalore; the other four families have migrated. [[Ezer Weizman]], the former president of Israel (from 1993–2000) visited this family in Bangalore in 1997 and reminisced of the old times when he had served in Bangalore during World War II in the British [[Royal Air Force]]. Apart from the Ruben house, two other Jewish homes traced in Bangalore are the Hazelmore house on the Palace road and the Eastern Lodge in the Cavalry road. Another piece of interesting information reported is that M. Benjamin author of the book ''The Mysteries of Israel's Ten Lost Tribes and the Legend of Jews in India'' is residing in Bangalore since 2001.<ref name = Bang>{{cite web|url=http://www.flipkart.com/multiple-city-edited-aditi-de/0143100254-xow3figq4b|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130123072329/http://www.flipkart.com/multiple-city-edited-aditi-de/0143100254-xow3figq4b|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-23|work=In Search of the Star of David by Nemichandra, Part V, Article 31, pages 174-183|title=Multiple City: Writings On Bangalore|author=Aditi De|access-date=2009-03-12|publisher=Penguin Books India, New Delhi|year=2008}}</ref>

A [[cemetery]] on Mysore Road, also established at the beginning of the 20th century, by Subedar Major Samuel Moses Nagavkar, a [[Bene Israel|Bene Israel Jew]], at a site donated to him by the [[Maharaja of Mysore]], is also a witness to the Jewish history in Bangalore.<ref name = Bang/>

In another part of the city in the European cemetery located on [[Hosur]] Road, two Jewish graves have been identified in the European Cemetery, one is of T M. Horvitz, (b. Australia in Runoleff, d. Bangalore on 20 June 1898) with a headstone of granite stone, engraved in [[Hebrew language]] and the other is of Rose Hickey (d. on 9 February 1917, aged 48 years).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jewishgen.org/cemetery/asia-pac-ind/india.html|title=India: The Jewish Community |access-date=2009-03-12|publisher= International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies - Cemetery Project}}</ref>

As of 2012, the Jewish community (mostly belonging to the [[Information Technology]] (IT) sector) living and visiting Bangalore, though a small group, has established a [[Chabad]] in Bangalore, as proposed by two visiting rabbinical students who had been traveling in different parts of India to be in contact with the Jews.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Chabad-Jewish-house-to-be-ready-in-two-weeks/articleshow/3794145.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023143249/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-05/bangalore/27949252_1_new-centre-rabbi-gavriel-holtzberg-bangalore|url-status=live|archive-date=2012-10-23|title=Chabad Jewish house to be ready in two weeks|access-date=2009-03-20|date=2008-12-05|first1=Prashanth|work=[[The Times of India]]|last1=Gn}}</ref> The rabbis are members of a global organization called [[Chabad Lubavitch]] located in New York with representatives across the world. The Rabbi students are traveling across India equipped with religious paraphernalia such as [[Tefillin]] and [[Mezuzot]] to preach to the small community of Jews.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Rabbi-students-are-here-to-network-Jews/articleshow/1191595.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023143253/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-08-04/bangalore/27855823_1_jews-rabbi-chabad-lubavitch|url-status=live|archive-date=2012-10-23|title= Rabbi students are here to network Jews|access-date=2009-03-12|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2005-08-04}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Two Gopuras (towers) above the caves of the main shrines of Gavigangadreswara temple in Bangalore.jpg|Frontage and towers of Gavigangadreshwara temple
File:A trident outside Gavigangadareswara temple in Bangalore.jpg|Trident outside the Gavigangadreshwara temple
File:Dvajasthamba.jpg|The bull and the Dwajasthamaba at the entrance to the Gavigangadreshwara temple
File:Shri Nimishmba Temple, Rajarajeshwari Nagar (2010).jpg|The tower and entrance of located at Rajarajeshwari Nagar
File:One of the two Suraypankas outside the temple entrance.jpg|Suryapanka Outside Gavi Gangadareshwar Temple
File:BullTemple4.jpg|Temple interior with [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] idol
File:Bangalore Nandi Temple.jpg|The Bull temple entrance
File:Dodda Ganeshana Gudi Hindu temple, Basavanagudi, Karnataka, India2.jpg|Doddaganesha temple entrance near [[Bull Temple]]
File:Ragigudda Anjaneya Temple.jpg|View of the [[Hanuman]] temple, popular as Ragigudda temple, in a suburb in Bengaluru
File:The main tower of Buddha Vihar in Bangalore.JPG|The [[Buddha]] [[Vihara]] tower, a replica of the tower at [[Bodh Gaya]]
File:The stupa at entrance to Buddha Vihar, Banaglore.JPG|The Stupa a replica of the [[Stupa]] at [[Bodh Gaya]]
File:Kara Devots2.JPG|Thigala devotees celebrate [[Bangalore Karaga|Karaga]]- [[Hindu]]s and [[Muslim]]s take part in this festival with fervour
File:Hazrath Tawakkal Mosque inside.jpg|Inside the Tavakkal [[Mosque]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Religious buildings in Bangalore}}
*[http://parsikhabar.net/young-parsis-moving-to-silicon-plateau-bangalore/Young Parsis moving to Silicon Plateau: Bangalore]
{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Bengaluru topics|left}}

}}

[[Category:Bengaluru-related lists]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Bengaluru| ]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Karnataka]]

Pankaj M Munjal

2026-02-09T06:04:09Z

GayleTibbs8: Adding Initial Entry W/ Infobox...

{{Short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Use British English |date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates |date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pankaj M Munjal
| image =Pankaj M Munjal.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Pankaj M Munjal
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Ludhiana]]
| alma_mater = [[The Lawrence School, Sanawar]]
| occupation = Chairman and managing director of [[Hero Cycles Ltd]]
| spouse = Charu Munjal
| father = Late Sri [[Om Prakash Munjal]]
| mother = Late Smt Sudarshan Munjal
}}

'''Pankaj M Munjal''' (born 15 December 1962) is an Indian businessman, and chairman and managing director of [[Hero Cycles]] Limited, based in [[Punjab, India]], taking over the company from his father in 2015.<ref name=BloombergOverview>{{Cite web |author= S&P Global Market Intelligence |author-link= S&P Global Market Intelligence |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=1197741 |title=Hero Cycles Limited: Private Company Information - Bloomberg |website=[[Bloomberg News]] |access-date=2017-01-02}}</ref><ref name=DNAIndia/>

== Early life and education==
Born into the family of the Munjals, the founders of the Hero Group, Mr. Pankaj M Munjal has always had a love for automobiles. Pankaj M Munjal is the son of late [[Om Prakash Munjal]], founder of [[Hero Cycles]]. He finished his early schooling from [[The Lawrence School, Sanawar]], and graduated in Science and training in Automotive Manufacturing at [[Kettering University]] (formerly General Motors Institute), Flint in USA. Thereon, he also attended an executive program in Strategic Marketing Management at [[London Business School]] & [[Harvard University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aonhewitt.co.in/Home/About/Manufacturing-Rewards-Conference/speakers/Pankaj-Munjal |title=Aon Hewitt Manufacturing Industry Rewards Conference 2017 |publisher=aonhewitt.co.in |accessdate=23 Nov 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103011729/http://aonhewitt.co.in/Home/About/Manufacturing-Rewards-Conference/speakers/Pankaj-Munjal |archivedate=3 January 2018 }}</ref>

== Career ==
Munjal joined his father's company in 1988 and became Co-chairman and managing director in 2011.<ref name=DNAIndia>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-pankaj-munjal-is-now-cmd-hero-motors-group-2106283 |title=Pankaj Munjal is now CMD, Hero Motors Group {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |date=2015-07-20 |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |language=en-US |access-date=2017-01-02}}</ref> Munjal took over the executive responsibilities of Hero Cycles Ltd in 2010 after the Munjal family realigned its businesses.<ref name=Neeraj2017>{{Cite news |url=http://businessworld.in/article/Will-Pankaj-Munjal-Build-His-Own-Legacy-At-Hero-Motors-/22-07-2015-83874/ |title= Will Pankaj Munjal Build His Own Legacy At Hero Motors? |last=Thakur |first=Neeraj |magazine=[[Businessworld]] |access-date=2017-01-02}}</ref> He became chairman and managing director at Hero Motors Limited in July 2015.<ref name=DNAIndia/>

In addition to directorships at [[Hero Cycles]], Munjal has been a non-executive director at Munjal Showa Limited since May 16, 1985.<ref name=HinduBusinessLine>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/data/Munjal-Showa-Limited/board-of-directors/58467/ |title=Company news, Company Analysis, Company Announcement, Company Disclosure |newspaper=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |access-date=2017-01-02}}</ref><ref name=IndiaInfoline>{{Cite news |url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/pankaj-munjal-becomes-chairman-and-md-of-hero-motors-group-115072000110_1.html |title=Pankaj Munjal becomes Chairman and MD of Hero Motors Group |publisher=[[India Infoline]] |access-date=2017-01-02}}</ref><ref name=Times2017>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Hero-Motors-Group-elevates-Pankaj-Munjal-as-CMD/articleshow/48143953.cms |title=Hero Motors Group elevates Pankaj Munjal as CMD |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2017-01-02}}</ref>

Pankaj M Munjal took over the executive responsibilities of [[Hero Cycles Ltd]] in 2010 after the Munjal family realignment of group businesses.<ref name=Neeraj2017/> Prior to this, he headed Hero Motors Ltd. which he established in 1988 and was the leader in the automotive moped segment with its brand Hero Puch.<ref name=DNAIndia/>

He has been the chairman of the board at Hero Motors Limited since July 2015.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Munjal, Pankaj}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Munjal family]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in the automotive industry]]
[[Category:People from Ludhiana]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:Indian company founders]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Hero Group]]

Kishmu

2026-02-07T23:38:11Z

GayleTibbs8: add layout per standard format additionally and updated info

{{Short description|Indian film actor}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kishmu
| birth_name = Meenakshisundaram Ramasamy Krishnamurthy
| birth_date = 1947
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| death_date = 10 November 1994 (age 46)
| death_place = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| occupation = Film Actor, Writer, Screenwriter, Stage actor
| years_active = 1982–1992
| spouse = Savithri
| children = 1
| relatives = [[Visu]]
}}

'''Meenakshisundaram Ramasamy Krishnamurthy,''' better known as '''Kishmu,''' was an Indian film and stage actor. He is also brother of famous actor and director [[Visu]]. Kishmu made his debut in the [[Visu]]-directed film ''[[Manal Kayiru]]'' in 1982. Other notable film appearances include ''[[Dowry Kalyanam]], [[Chidambara Rahasiyam (film)|Chidambara Rahasiyam]], [[Samsaram Adhu Minsaaram]], [[Thirumathi Oru Vegumathi]], [[Vedikkai En Vadikkai]], Nanayam Illatha Nanayam, [[Kavalan Avan Kovalan]], and [[Varavu Nalla Uravu]].''

== Career ==
Prior to his career in theatre, Kishmu worked as an electrical foreman at [[TVS Motor Company|TVS]] in [[Padi, Chennai]].<ref name="C"/> He began acting with his brother, Visu. Kishmu made his acting debut in the second film directed by Visu, ''[[Manal Kayiru]]'' (1982), which received critical and commercial acclaim. In 1985, Kishmu acted in ''[[Aval Sumangalithan]]'', and in 1986 played the role of protagonist in ''[[Samsaram Adhu Minsaram]]'' and ''[[Oomai Vizhigal]]'', which both received positive reviews. In his early acting career, Kishmu acted only in his brother's films, but eventually went on to act in others, performing in around 25 films from 1982 to 1992.<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/actor-director-visu-dies-at-75-funeral-to-be-held-on-monday/article31136715.ece|title=Actor, director Visu dies at 75, funeral to be held on Monday|date=22 March 2020|work=The Hindu|access-date=14 May 2020|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110010035/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/actor-director-visu-dies-at-75-funeral-to-be-held-on-monday/article31136715.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2016/08/02233621/1030257/cinema-history-august-2.vpf|title=படங்களில் பிசியாக இருந்தபோது சந்திரசேகருக்கு திருமணம் நடந்தது|date=2016-08-02|website=Maalaimalar|language=Tamil|access-date=2020-02-04|archive-date=4 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204145458/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2016/08/02233621/1030257/cinema-history-august-2.vpf|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He married Savithri and had a daughter Viveka after being childless for seventeen years. Kishmu died when Viveka was one year old and his brother-in-law Kuriakose Ranga helped arrange her marriage with Vinod.<ref name="C">https://cinereporters.com/actor-kishmu-and-his-biography</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |1982
|''[[Manal Kayiru]]''
|Kamalakannan
|
|-
|''[[Kanmani Poonga]]''
|Rajagopal
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1983
|''[[Dowry Kalyanam]]''
|Raja Kalavai
|
|-
|''Naalu Perukku Nandri''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1984 || ''[[Rajathanthiram (1984 film)|Rajathanthiram]]'' || Kozhanthaisamy ||
|-
|''Vaai Sollil Veeranadi ''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Naanayam Illatha Naanayam]]''
|K. R. Aandavar
|
|-
|''[[Puyal Kadantha Bhoomi]]''
|Podiyan
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1985
|''[[Ketti Melam]]''
|Victor Solomon
|
|-
|''[[Chidambara Rahasiyam (film)|Chidambara Rahasiyam]]''
|Kattamuthu Chettiyar
|
|-
|''[[Aval Sumangalithan]]''
|Dr. Karuna Moorthy
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1986
|''[[Samsaram Adhu Minsaram]]''
|Albert Fernandes
|<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=July 2010 |title=Junk Mail |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y52yT4yniywC&q=albert+fernandez |url-status=live |magazine=[[South Scope]] |page=9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228064839/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y52yT4yniywC&q=albert+fernandez |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Oomai Vizhigal]]''
|Kothandaraman
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1987
|''[[Kavalan Avan Kovalan]]''
|Herself
|Guest appearance
|-
|''[[Thirumathi Oru Vegumathi]]''
|Sathyamoorthy
|
|-
|''[[Ore Raththam]]''
|the rigid religionist
|
|-
|''[[Srimathi Oka Bahumathi]]''
|
| Telugu film
|-
| rowspan="5" |1988
|''[[Oorai Therinjikitten]]''
|Ice mama
|
|-
|''[[Penmani Aval Kanmani]]''
|Vadivu's Husband
|
|-
|''[[Thaimel Aanai]]''
| Chakkara
|
|-
|''[[Mappillai Sir]]''
|Colonel
|
|-
| ''Aadade Aadharam''
|
| Telugu film
|-
|1990
|''[[Varavu Nalla Uravu]]''
| Chandrasekar
|
|-
|1990
|''[[Vedikkai En Vadikkai]]''
| Matrubhootham
|
|-
|1992
|''[[Urimai Oonjaladugiradhu]]''
|Kamalanathan
|
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|1687976}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]

3rd Jharkhand Assembly

2026-01-27T20:23:45Z

GayleTibbs8: added first pg first draft...

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Legislative Assembly of Jharkhand
| legislature =
| coa_pic =
| house_type = Unicameral
| term_length = 5 years
| body =
| houses = [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| foundation =2009
| disbanded =
| preceded_by = [[2nd Jharkhand Assembly]]
| succeeded_by = [[4th Jharkhand Assembly]]
| term_limits = 2009-2014
| new_session =
| leader1_type = Speaker of the Assembly
| leader1 =
| party1 =
| election1 =
| leader2_type =
| leader2 =
| party2 =
| election2 =
| leader3_type =
| leader3 =
| party3 =
| election3 =
| leader4_type =
| leader4 =
| party4 =
| leader5_type =
| leader5 =
| party5 =
| election4 =
| authority =
| salary =
| members = 82 (81 directly elected, 1 nominated)
| last_election1 =
| next_election1 =
| redistricting =
| political_groups1 =
[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (18) 
[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]] (18) 
[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (13) 
[[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)|JVM (P)]] (11) 
[[All Jharkhand Students Union|AJSU]] (6) 
Others (6) 
[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] (5) 
[[Janata Dal (United)|JD (U)]] (2) 
[[Independent (politician)|Independent]] (2) 
[[Nominated Member of Legislative Assembly|Nominated]] (1)<ref name="Jharkhand State Assembly Elections 2009"/>
| meeting_place = Old Secretariat
| session_room =
| session_res =
| website = {{URL|jharkhandvidhansabha.nic.in}}
}}

The '''Jharkhand Vidhan Sabha''' ({{langx|hi|झारखंड विधान सभा}}) or the '''Jharkhand Legislative Assembly''' is the [[unicameral]] state legislature of [[Jharkhand]] [[States and territories of India|state]] in eastern [[India]]. The seat of the [[Vidhan Sabha]] is at [[Ranchi]], the capital of the state. The [[Vidhan Sabha]] comprises 81 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|Members of Legislative Assembly]], directly elected from single-seat constituencies.

Speaker Of The House : [[Shashank Shekhar Bhokta]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Jharkhand assembly speaker accorded Z Category Status|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/jharkhand-assembly-speaker-accorded-z-category-status/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|accessdate=6 March 2014}}</ref>
Leader of the House: [[Hemant Soren]]
Leader of the Opposition: [[Arjun Munda]]
Minister of Parliamentary Affairs: [[Rajendra Prasad Singh (Bihar and Jharkhand politician)|Rajendra Prasad Singh]]
Secretary-in-charge: [[Kaushal Kishore Prasad]]

==List of assemblies==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Assembly
!Duration
!Winning party/Coalition
!Chief Minister
|-
|1st
|2000–2005
|
|[[Babulal Marandi]] [[Arjun Munda]]
|-
|2nd
|2005–2009
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
||[[Shibu Soren]] [[Arjun Munda]] [[Madhu Koda]]
|-
|3rd
|2009–2014
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] [[Indian National Congress]] [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|[[Hemant Soren]]
|}

== Composition ==
{{main|Jharkhand 2009 Assembly Elections Results}}

Current assembly elections were held in the year 2009. Following is the final seat tally:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Party
! Flag
! Seats won
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]] +
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|75px]]
| align=center | 13
|-
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| align=center | 18
|-
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|
| align=center | 18
|-
| Others
|
| align=center | 20
|-
| [[Nominated Member of Legislative Assembly|Nominated]]
|
| align=center | 1
|-
|+ Source:<ref name="Jharkhand State Assembly Elections 2009">{{cite web|title=Jharkhand State Assembly Elections 2009|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/jharkhand/|publisher=Indian Elections|accessdate=8 January 2013|archive-date=26 January 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126233418/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/jharkhand/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of chief ministers of Jharkhand]]
*[[Vidhan Sabha]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Jharkhand Legislative Assembly}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Terms of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|3rd]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2009–2014| ]]

Jammu and Kashmir Pradesh Congress Committee

2026-01-14T11:25:16Z

GayleTibbs8: creating info

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian Political Party
|colorcode = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| party_name = Jammu & Kashmir Pradesh Congress Committee
|native_name =
| party_logo =[[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|180px]]
|president= '''[[Tariq Hameed Karra]]'''
|headquarters =Shaheedi Chowk, [[Jammu]]-180001, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| alliance = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
| ideology = {{ubl|[[Populism]]|[[Social liberalism]]|[[Democratic socialism]]|[[Social democracy]]|[[Secularism]]}}
|youth = Jammu kashmir Youth Congress
|women = Jammu kashmir Pradesh Mahila Congress Committee
| chairman=[[Ghulam Ahmad Mir]]
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|5|hex=#00BFFF}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|4|hex=#00BFFF}}
| state_seats_name = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats= {{Composition bar|6|90|hex=#00BFFF}}
|state2_seats_name = [[District Development Council]]
|state2_seats =
{{Composition bar|26|280|hex=#00BFFF}}
| publication =
|eci= An Union Territorial Unit of [[Indian National Congress]]
| website =
|symbol =[[File:Hand INC.svg|150px]]
|abbreviation=JKPCC}}

{{Indian National Congress sidebar}}

The '''Jammu and Kashmir Pradesh Congress Committee''' ('''JKPCC''') is a state unit of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) in the union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is responsible for organizing and coordinating the party's activities and campaigns within the region, as well as selecting candidates for local, state, and national elections in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. The JKPCC is currently headed by [[Tariq Hameed Karra]].

==Structure and composition ==
{| class="sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; width="70%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|- style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white"
! S.No. !! Name !! Designation !! Incharge
|-
| 01 || [[Tariq Hameed Karra]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-16 |title=Congress appoints Tariq Hameed Karra as Jammu-Kashmir Congress chief ahead of assembly elections |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/jammu-kashmir/congress-appoints-tariq-hameed-karra-as-jammu-kashmir-congress-chief-ahead-of-assembly-elections/articleshow/112573994.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-12-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress appoints Tariq Hameed Karra as Jammu-Kashmir Congress chief ahead of assembly elections |url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/india/congress-appoints-tariq-hameed-karra-as-jammu-kashmir-congress-chief-ahead-of-assembly-elections |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=firstindia.co.in |language=en}}</ref>
|'''President'''
| Jammu Kashmir Pradesh Congress
|-
| 02 || [[Raman Bhalla]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Raman Bhalla appointed JKPCC working president |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/front-page/raman-bhalla-appointed-jkpcc-working-president |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en}}</ref>||'''Working President''' || Jammu Kashmir Pradesh Congress
|-
| 03 || [[Tara Chand (Jammu-Kashmir politician)|Tara Chand]]
|'''Working President'''
| Jammu Kashmir Pradesh Congress
|-
| 04 || M. K. Bhardwaj
|'''Interim-Working President'''
| Jammu Kashmir Pradesh Congress
|-
| 05 || Bhanu Mahajan
|'''Interim-Working President'''
| Jammu Kashmir Pradesh Congress
|-
|06
| Iftkhar Ahmed<ref>{{Cite web |last=SERVICE |first=GK NEWS |date=2023-10-20 |title=Iftkhar Ahmed appointed as PCC general secretary |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/iftkhar-ahmed-appointed-as-pcc-general-secretary/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>
|'''General Sectetary'''
|Jammu Kashmir Pradesh Congress
|-
| 07
| Ravinder Sharma
| '''Chief Spokesperson'''
| Jammu Kashmir Pradesh Congress
|}

==List of presidents==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | S.no
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | President
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | Portrait
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" colspan=2 | Term
|-
!1.
|[[Mohammad Shafi Qureshi]]
|[[File:Mohammad Shafi Qureshi, Governor of Madhya Pradesh (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|2000
|2002
|-
!2.
|[[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]
|[[File:Ghulam Nabi Azad at Healthcare Skill Summit 2013 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|2002
|2004
|-
!3.
|[[Peerzada Mohammad Syed]]
|
|2004
|2008
|-
!4.
|[[Saifuddin Soz]]
|[[File:The Karnataka Minister for Water Resources, Shri Basavaraj Bommai called on the Union Minister for Water Resources, Prof. Saifuddin Soz, in New Delhi on October 17, 2008 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|2008
|2015
|-
!5.
|[[Ghulam Ahmad Mir]]
|
|2015
|16 August 2022
|-
!6.
|[[Vikar Rasool Wani]]
|
|16 August 2022
|16 August 2024
|-
!7.
|[[Tariq Hameed Karra]]
|
|16 August 2024
|'''Incumbent'''
|-
|}

== Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | Year
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | Party leader
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | Seats won
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | Change in seats
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | Outcome
|-
|[[1951 Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly election|1951]]
|rowspan="1" |___
|{{Composition bar|0|75|hex=#00BFFF}}
|New
|Didn't Contest
|-
|[[1957 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| ___
|{{Composition bar|0|75|hex=#00BFFF}}
|__
|Didn't Contest
|-
|[[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|__
|{{Composition bar|0|75|hex=#00BFFF}}
|__
|Didn't Contest
|-
|[[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq]]
|{{Composition bar|61|75|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Increase}} 61
|{{Yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan='1" |[[Syed Mir Qasim]]
|{{Composition bar|58|75|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Decrease}} 3
|{{Yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Bhim Singh (politician)|Bhim Singh]]
|{{Composition bar|11|76|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Decrease}} 46
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Iftikhar Hussain Ansari]]
|{{Composition bar|26|75|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Increase}} 15
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| rowspan="1" |'''Om Parkash'''
|{{Composition bar|26|76|hex=#00BFFF}}
|__
|{{yes2|Government NC+INC}}
|-
|[[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Mehbooba Mufti]]
|{{Composition bar|7|87|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{decrease}} 19
|{{no2|Opposition }}
|-
|[[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]
|{{Composition bar|20|87|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{increase}} 13
|{{yes2|Government PDP+INC}}
|-
|[[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|{{Composition bar|17|87|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{Decrease}} 3
|{{yes2|Government NC+INC}}
|-
|[[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|{{Composition bar|12|87|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{decrease}} 5
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Tariq Hameed Karra]]
|{{Composition bar|6|90|hex=#00BFFF}}
|{{decrease}} 6
|{{partial|Outside support to NC government}}
|}
==Performance in Jammu and Kashmir Lok Sabha Elections==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+[[File:Lok Sabha.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert|100px]] [[Lok Sabha]] Elections
!style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:white"|Year
!style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:white"|Lok Sabha
!style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:white"|Party Leader
!style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:white"|Seats contested
!style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:white"|Seats won
!style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:white"|(+/−) in seats
!style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:white"|% of votes
!style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:white"|Vote swing
!style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:white"|Popular vote
!style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:white"|Outcome
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[4th Lok Sabha|4th]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Indira Gandhi]]
|6
|{{Composition bar|5|6|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{new}} 5
|50.52
|{{new}}
|4,25,668
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[5th Lok Sabha|5th]]
|6
|{{Composition bar|5|6|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Steady}}
|54.06
|{{increase}} 3.54
|6,30,690
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[6th Lok Sabha|6th]]
|3
|{{Composition bar|3|6|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{decrease}} 2
|16.37
|{{decrease}} 37.69
|2,33,144
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[7th Lok Sabha|7th]]
|1
|{{Composition bar|1|6|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{decrease}} 2
|18.68
|{{increase}} 2.31
|2,49,760
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[8th Lok Sabha|8th]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|4
|{{Composition bar|3|6|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{increase}} 2
|30.23
|{{increase}} 11.55
|6,61,435
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[9th Lok Sabha|9th]]
|3
|{{Composition bar|2|6|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{decrease}} 1
|38.95
|{{increase}} 8.72
|4,07,474
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[10th Lok Sabha|10th]]
|rowspan="2"|[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
!colspan="6"|Elections Not Held
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[11th Lok Sabha|11th]]
|6
|{{Composition bar|4|6|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{increase}} 2
|27.46
|{{decrease}} 11.49
|5,69,942
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[12th Lok Sabha|12th]]
|[[Sitaram Kesri]]
|6
|{{Composition bar|1|6|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{decrease}} 3
|19.24
|{{decrease}} 8.22
|4,15,354
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[13th Lok Sabha|13th]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Sonia Gandhi]]
|5
|{{Composition bar|0|6|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{decrease}} 1
|17.83
|{{decrease}} 1.41
|2,80,065
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[14th Lok Sabha|14th]]
|3
|{{Composition bar|2|6|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{increase}} 2
|27.83
|{{increase}} 10.00
|6,23,182
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[15th Lok Sabha|15th]]
|[[Manmohan Singh]]
|3
|{{Composition bar|2|6|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Steady}}
|24.67
|{{decrease}} 3.16
|6,43,175
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Rahul Gandhi]]
|3
|{{Composition bar|0|6|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{decrease}} 2
|22.85
|{{decrease}} 1.82
|8,15,510
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
|5
|{{Composition bar|0|6|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Steady}}
|28.47
|{{increase}} 5.62
|10,11,527
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
|[[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
|2
|{{Composition bar|0|5|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Steady}}
|19.38
|{{decrease}} 9.09
|9,90,182
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|}

== List of chief ministers ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" |#{{efn|A parenthetical number indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.}}
! rowspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" |Name
! rowspan="2" |[[List of constituencies of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" |Tenure
! rowspan="2" |Assembly
! rowspan="2" |Ref
|-
!From
!To
!Days in office
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Gulam Mohammad Sadiq.png|100px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq]]
| [[Tankipora Assembly constituency|Tankipora]]
| 30 March 1965
| 21 February 1967
| rowspan="2" | {{Ayd|30 march 1965|12 december 1971}}
|3rd
{{small|([[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962 election]])}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=My faith in India still strong: Kin of last J&K PM |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/my-faith-in-india-still-strong-kin-of-last-jammu-and-kashmir-pm-ghulam-mohammad-sadiq/cid/1702408 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241215065657/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/my-faith-in-india-still-strong-kin-of-last-jammu-and-kashmir-pm-ghulam-mohammad-sadiq/cid/1702408 |archive-date=2024-12-15 |access-date=2025-12-18 |language=en}}</ref>
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
| [[Amira Kadal Assembly constituency|Amira Kadal]]
| 21 February 1967
| 12 December 1971
| rowspan="2" |4th
{{small|([[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967 election]])}}
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
| rowspan="2" |2
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Syed Mir Qasim]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Verinag Assembly constituency|Verinag]]
| 12 December 1971
| 17 June 1972
| rowspan="2" | {{Ayd|12 december 1971|25 february 1975}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Milli Gazette |url=https://www.milligazette.com/Archives/15102001/12.htm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.milligazette.com}}</ref>
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
| 17 June 1972
| 25 February 1975
|5th
{{small|([[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972 election]])}}
|-
| 3
| [[File:Ghulam Nabi Azad-cropped.JPG|100px]]
| [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]
| [[Bhaderwah Assembly constituency|Bhaderwah]]
| 2 November 2005
| 11 July 2008
| {{age in years and days|2005|11|2|2008|7|11}}
|10th {{small|[[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|(2002 election)]]}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghulam Nabi Azad to be J&K CM on Nov 2 |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/oct/27azad.htm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== List of deputy chief ministers ==
{| class ="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Sr. no.
!Photo
!Name
!Took office
!Left office
!Duration
!Ref
|-
| 1
| [[File:Blank.svg|90px]]
| [[Mangat Ram Sharma]]
| 2 November 2002
| 2 November 2005
! '''{{ayd|2002|11|2|2005|11|2}}'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=BHAN |first=ASHOK |date=2022-11-16 |title=Remembering Pandit Mangat Ram Sharma |url=https://risingkashmir.com/remembering-pandit-mangat-ram-sharma/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Rising Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: Mangat Ram Sharma is the third deputy chief minister of J&K |url=https://m.rediff.com/election/2002/nov/02jk4.htm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| [[File:Tara Chand.jpg|90px]]
| [[Tara Chand (Jammu-Kashmir politician)|Tara Chand]]
| 5 January 2009
| 24 December 2014
! '''{{ayd|2009|1|5|2014|12|24}}'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santoshi |first=Neeraj |date=2009-01-06 |title=From Speaker to likely Deputy CM: Tara Chand steers Cong ship in J038;K |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/from-speaker-to-likely-deputy-cm-tara-chand-steers-cong-ship-in-jk/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Indian National Congress]]
* [[Congress Working Committee]]
* [[All India Congress Committee]]
* [[Pradesh Congress Committee]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian National Congress}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jammu and Kashmir Pradesh Congress Committee}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress by state or union territory|Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Political parties in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Prahalada (film)

2026-01-10T00:32:40Z

GayleTibbs8: quick enhanced intro for accuracy and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Prahalada
| image = Prahalada (1939).jpg
| caption = A poster of ''Prahalada''
| director = B. N. Rao
| producer = Salem Sankar
| writer = T. C. Vadivelu Naicker
| narrator =
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]]|[[M. R. Santhanalakshmi]]|[[R. Balasubramaniam]]|Nagercoil K. Mahadevan|[[M. G. Ramachandran]]|[[N. S. Krishnan]]|[[T. A. Mathuram]]}}
| music = Sharma Brothers
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor = Salem Sankar Films
| released = {{Film date|1939|12|12|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
}}
'''''Prahalada''''' is a 1939 Indian [[Tamil language]] film directed by B. N. Rao.<ref name=prahalada1941/> It deals with the story of [[Prahlada]] and his devotion to [[Lord Vishnu]]. It was one of the earliest adaptations this mythologic story after the [[Bhakta Prahlada (1932 film)|1932 Telugu version]]. The story has subsequently been adapted 20 times{{Until when|date=September 2025}} in numerous languages including [[Hindi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]] with most of them being successful at the box office.<ref name=blast>{{cite news|title=Blast from the past - Prahalada 1939|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2353803.ece|accessdate=15 August 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 August 2011}}</ref> It is also the one of those rare instances where a story has been adapted so many times, generally to box-office success. The film's story is based on [[Narasimha#Texts|the story of Narasimha and Prahlada]]. It features [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as [[Lord Indra]]<ref>{{cite book|title=State and politics in India|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=372|isbn=978-0-19-564765-5}}</ref> This was the sixth film of Ramachandran who later became one of the popular actors of the Tamil film industry. The film also featured a sword fight sequence between M.G. Ramachandran and Santhanalakshmi.<ref name=blast/>

==Plot==
The story is from a short episode in the [[Vishnu Purana]], a holy text of [[Vaishnavite]]s, that narrates the story of Prahlada, an ardent devotee of [[Lord Vishnu]] much against the wish of his father Hiranyakashipu, a demon. All of Hiranyakashipu's attempts to change his son's attitude are in vain. Finally, when he decides to kill his son, Lord Vishnu comes to the rescue of the son, in the form of Narasimha (a man-lion form), and kills the king.

==Cast==
''Cast according to the opening credits''
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male
* [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] as [[Prahlada]]n
* [[R. Balasubramaniam|R. Balasubramanyam]] as [[Hiranyakashipu|Hiranyan]]
* Baby Sethuraman as Young Prahladan
* K. Mahadevan Iyer as [[Narada]]r
* [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as [[Lord Indra|Indran]]
* [[N. S. Krishnan]] as Nikumban
* [[T. S. Durairaj]] as Kudumban
* V. R. Ponnusami as [[Brahma]]n
* V. V. S. Mani as [[Vishnu|Maha Vishnu]]
* K. P. Jayaraman as Sakatan
* G. M. Albert as Dunmugan
* S. Krishna Shastri as [[Shukra|Shukarachari]]
* G. Mani as Amarakan
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female
* [[M. R. Santhanalakshmi]] as Leelavathi
* [[T. A. Mathuram]] as Vakula
* P. S. Gnanam as Gunavathi
* Seetha as Bhoodevi
* Saraswathi as Friend
* Mary as Friend
* Sivakami as Friend
{{col-end}}

==Production==
The production was by Salem Shankar Films and [[Central Studios]] in Coimbatore.<ref name="blast" /> The story and the dialogues of the Tamil film were closely followed for the Malayalam version. The script and dialogues of the Malayalam version was by N. P. Chellappan Nair.<ref name="prahalada1941">{{cite news|last=B|first=Vijayakumar|date=10 April 2011|title=Prahlada (1941)|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Prahlada-1941/article14678552.ece|accessdate=17 September 2020}}</ref> The film was an average success at the box office.<ref name=prahalada1941/>

==Adaptations==
The story was first filmed in Telugu as ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1932 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]'' in 1932 and later in many languages including [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]]. It is also the only story which has been made so many times, often with box-office success.<ref name=blast/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0261910|title=Prahalada}}
* {{youTube|fkd2ou9fqls|Prahlada}} - Full feature film

[[Category:1939 films]]
[[Category:1930s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1939 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about Prahlada]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Bhagavata Purana]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Śūrapadmā

2025-12-29T07:56:47Z

GayleTibbs8: add information based on references per sources

{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| name = Surapadma
| image = Muruga defeats Surapadman.jpg
| caption = Murugan defeats Surapadman.
| texts = [[Skanda Purana]]
| parents = [[Kashyapa]] (father), Maya (mother)
| spouse = Padmakomalai
| children = Banukopan, Iraniyan, various other sons
| siblings = [[Tarakasura]]
}}{{Short description|Asura in Hinduism}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

'''Surapadma''' ({{Langx|sa|शूरपद्मा}}), '''Surapadman''' ({{langx|ta|சூரபத்மன்}}) is an [[asura]] featured in [[Hindu texts|Hindu literature]]. He is the son of the sage [[Kashyapa]] and a [[shakti]] named Maya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Handelman |first=Don |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bWJTAQAAQBAJ&dq=surapadman+murugan&pg=PA36 |title=One God, Two Goddesses, Three Studies of South Indian Cosmology |date=2013-09-25 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-25739-9 |pages=36 |language=en}}</ref> He wages war against the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] by invading [[Devaloka]] with a massive army.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mvXsDwAAQBAJ&dq=Surapadma+surasa&pg=PA767 |title=Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0597-2 |pages=767 |language=en}}</ref> He is defeated by [[Murugan]], and according to [[Tamil literature|Tamil tradition]], turned into his [[vahana]], the [[Pavo cristatus|peacock]]. He is the brother of [[Tarakasura]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6F0ZIBIL2ZAC|title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas|first=Swami|last=Parmeshwaranand|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=8176252263|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6F0ZIBIL2ZAC/page/n44 38]|year=2001}}</ref> His eldest son is Banukopan.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmVZBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT644|title=Kingdom of Shiva|author=Sivkishen|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|year=2015|page=644|isbn=9788128830280}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AevljBmCRQC&pg=PA170|title=The Many Faces of Murukan̲: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God|publisher=Walter De Gruyter|first=Fred|last=W. Clothey|isbn=9789027976321|page=170|year=1978}}</ref>

==Legend==
The [[Skanda Purana|Skanda Puranam]], the Tamil iteration of the Skanda Purana, describes the legend of Surapadma. He is said to have engaged in intense austerities to propitiate the deity [[Shiva]], who appeared to grant the asura a boon. He asked for the boon of living for 108 [[Yuga|yugas]], and reign over the 1008 worlds. He marries Padmakomalai, with whom he sired several sons, the eldest of whom is Banukopan. Establishing his capital at a city named Viramakendiram located at the eastern sea, he ruled the world. An enemy of the devas, he started to harass them, and attacked a number of [[Indra|Indra's]] sons. He also desired [[Indrani]], the wife of Indra. When Indra and his wife fled to the earth, Murugan sent his messenger named Viravakutevar to urge Surapadma to cease his activities, but to no avail. Murugan declared war on Surapadma, and in the ensuing battle, all of the latter's sons except Iraniyan were slain. Unwilling to concede his defeat, Surapadma retreated to the sea, assuming the form of a mango tree. Murugan sliced the tree in twain, from which emerged a cock and a peacock. The deity started to employ the cock as his battle standard, and the peacock as his mount.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=surapadman+asura&pg=PT1190 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |pages=1190 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Tiruchendur]] is identified by adherents as the site Surapadma is slain by Murugan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Melton |first=J. Gordon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&dq=surapadman+murugan&pg=PA821 |title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations |date=2011-09-13 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-206-7 |pages=821 |language=en}}</ref>

In Tamil tradition, Surapadma is conceived with the same origin as Tarakasura, the asura who necessitates the birth of a son of Shiva, Murugan. The slaying of Surapadma by Murugan is also described to mark the onset of the [[Kali Yuga]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Belle |first=Carl Vadivella |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kB1qDwAAQBAJ&dq=surapadman+murugan&pg=PT189 |title=Thaipusam in Malaysia |date=2018-02-14 |publisher=Flipside Digital Content Company Inc. |isbn=978-981-4786-66-9 |pages=189 |language=en}}</ref> The downfall of Surapadma is the legend behind the occasion of the festival of [[Thaipusam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Juergensmeyer |first1=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B105DQAAQBAJ&dq=surapadman+murugan&pg=PA1267 |title=Encyclopedia of Global Religion |last2=Roof |first2=Wade Clark |date=2012 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-0-7619-2729-7 |pages=1267 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Tārakāsura|Tarakasura]]
* [[Jalandhara]]
* [[Banasura]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*http://www.murugan.org/gallery/kanda_puranam/html/kp_12.htm
*http://murugan.org/gallery/kanda_puranam/html/kp_17.htm
*http://tiruchendur.org/das-article.htm

{{HinduMythology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Surapadma}}
[[Category:Asura]]
[[Category:Kartikeya]]

Venkappa Ambaji Sugatekar

2025-11-19T18:42:15Z

GayleTibbs8: new.

{{Short description|Gondhali folk artist from India}}

'''Venkappa Ambaji Sugatekar''' (born 1 May 1943) is a [[Gondhali]] folk artist from [[Bagalkote]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-01-26 |title=Union Minister Pralhad Joshi honours Padma Shri awardee Venkappa Ambaji Sugatekar |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/union-minister-pralhad-joshi-honours-padma-shri-awardee-venkappa-ambaji-sugatekar/articleshow/117582368.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-09-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2025 for his contributions towards preserving the Gondhali art form.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809030048/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285 |archive-date=2025-08-09 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=www.pib.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Bahadurdesai |first=B. Rishikesh |date=2025-02-21 |title=Venkappa Ambaji Sugatekar: Veteran Gondhali artiste who infuses modernism into a medieval art form |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/venkappa-ambaji-sugatekar-veteran-gondhali-artiste-who-infuses-modernism-into-a-medieval-art-form/article69215608.ece |access-date=2025-09-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Venkappa Ambaji Sugatekar was born into the ''ghumantu samaj'' (the Alemari community) in 1943. He learned Gondhali folk music from his father and grandfather. He never received formal schooling.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-26 |title=On Padma Shri list, folk artistes, health experts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/on-padma-shri-list-folk-artistes-health-experts-9799504/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Kengeri |first=Diganth |date=2024-02-28 |title=Venkappa Ambaji Sugatekar: Karnataka's folk music legend |url=https://www.siasat.com/venkappa-ambaji-sugatekar-karnatakas-folk-music-legend-2984452/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Sugatekar started performing from the age of 10, and continued to for the next seven decades. He has sung and recited over 150 long-form mythological stories and over 1,000 Gondhali songs. Known as the "Bhishma of Gondhali music", he has performed domestically and internationally, through radio, TV and other platforms.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

He has taught over 1000 students free-of-cost to encourage the survival of Gondhali folk music.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-02-02 |title=ಪದ್ಮಶ್ರೀ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ವಿಜೇತ ಕಲಾವಿದ ವೆಂಕಪ್ಪರಿಗೆ ಜಿಲ್ಲಾಡಳಿತದಿಂದ ಸನ್ಮಾನ |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/kn/!state/dr-venkappa-ambaji-sugatekar-felicitated-by-the-district-administration-in-bagalkote-karnataka-news-kas25020203793 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=kn}}</ref>

In 2022, an honorary doctorate was conferred upon him by the [[Karnataka Folklore University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Folk Singer Venkappa Ambaji Sugatekar Receives Praise From PM Modi On Mann Ki Baat |url=https://www.news18.com/india/karnataka-folk-singer-venkappa-ambaji-sugatekar-receives-praise-from-pm-modi-on-mann-ki-baat-8793242.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Recognitions ==
* 2025 - Padma Shri, by the Government of India.<ref name=":3" />
* 2017 - Janapadshri Award<ref name=":4" />
* 2012 - [[Rajyotsava Award]], by the Government of Karnataka<ref name=":4" />
* 2004 - Kanataka Janapad Yakshagana Academy Award<ref name=":4" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sugatekar, Venkappa Ambaji}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Indian folk artists]]

Second Mukul Sangma ministry

2025-11-17T13:34:32Z

GayleTibbs8:

{{short description|Cabinet of Meghalaya (2013–2018)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number = 23rd
| jurisdiction = [[Meghalaya]]
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flag_border = true
| incumbent =
| image = Mukul Sangma 2014.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = [[Mukul Sangma]]
| date_formed = 5 March 2013
| date_dissolved = 6 March 2018
| government_head = [[Mukul Sangma]]
| government_head_title = Chief Minister
| state_head = [[Ranjit Shekhar Mooshahary|R. S. Mooshahary]] (until 2013) [[Krishan Kant Paul]] (2013{{ndash}}2015) [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]] {{small|(Acting)}} (2015) [[V. Shanmuganathan]] (2015{{ndash}}2017) [[Banwarilal Purohit]] {{small|(Acting)}} (2017) [[Ganga Prasad]] (from 2017)
| state_head_title = Governor
| deputy_government_head_title = Deputy Chief Minister
| deputy_government_head = [[Rowell Lyngdoh]] (until 2016) [[Roytre C. Laloo]]
| members_number =
| former_members_number =
| total_number =
| political_parties = {{color box|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress]]
| legislature_status = [[Majority government|Majority]]
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party = {{color box|{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}}} [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]]
| opposition_leader = [[Donkupar Roy]]
| election = [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| last_election = [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| legislature_term = 5 years
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =

| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| previous = First Mukul Sangma ministry
| successor = [[First Conrad Sangma ministry]]
}}
The '''Second Mukul Sangma ministry''' was the [[council of ministers]] of the state of [[Meghalaya]] headed by Chief Minister [[Mukul Sangma]]. The ministry was formed on 5 March 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mukul-sangma-sworn-in-chief-minister-for-second-straight-term-in-meghalaya/article4478542.ece|title=Mukul Sangma sworn in Chief Minister for second straight term in Meghalaya|date=5 March 2013|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> following the re-election of the [[Indian National Congress]] under the leadership of chief minister Mukul Sangma in the [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|state assembly election]]. The ministry remained in effect until its dissolution on 6 March 2018 following the party's defeat in the [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018 election]].

==Background==
Mukul Sangma became the [[Chief Minister of Meghalaya]] for the first time on 20 April 2010 succeeding veteran leader [[D. D. Lapang]] following dissidence from his party colleagues.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/northeast/story/lapang-quits-as-meghalaya-cm-72179-2010-04-18|date=18 April 2010|website=[[India Today]]|title=Lapang quits as Meghalaya CM}}</ref> The ruling Congress emerged as the single largest party in the [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|state election]] winning 29 seats. It was supported by eight independent MLAs and two MLAs belonging to the [[Nationalist Congress Party]], following which Mukul Sangma was re-elected as the leader of the legislature party and hence the chief minister.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mukul-sangma-reelected-clp-leader/article4465786.ece|title=Mukul Sangma re-elected CLP leader|date=1 March 2013|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Sangma was sworn in as the chief minister for the second consecutive time on 5 March 2013 by Governor [[Ranjit Shekhar Mooshahary]] at the [[Raj Bhavan, Shillong|Raj Bhavan]] complex. On 12 March 2018,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2013/03/13/11-ministers-take-oath/|title=11 Ministers take oath|date=13 March 2013|website=The Shillong Times}}</ref> eleven ministers were inducted to the council of ministers including two deputy chief ministers and nine other of cabinet rank. Three female ministers and Mukul Sangma's younger brother, [[Zenith Sangma]] were also inducted.

==Composition==
The council of ministers consisted of chief minister [[Mukul Sangma]] and the other ministers. On 12 March 2013, the cabinet was expanded to induct the ministers. Two deputy chief ministers, [[Rowell Lyngdoh]] and [[Roytre C. Laloo]] were appointed. The cabinet ministers included H. D. R. Lyngdoh, [[Prestone Tynsong]], [[Deborah Marak]], [[Alexander Laloo Hek]], Roshan Warjri, [[Zenith Sangma]], [[Ampareen Lyngdoh]], Clement Marak, and [[Sniawbhalang Dhar]]. The portfolios were allocated among the ministers on 13 March 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://megipr.gov.in/pr.asp?dt=3/12/2013|title=ALLOCATION OF PORTFOLIOS FOR THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS|date=12 March 2013|website=megipr.gov.in}}</ref>

On 25 August 2016, Deputy Chief Minister Rowell Lyngdoh and Minister Alexander Laloo Hek were dropped from the cabinet while [[Ronnie V. Lyngdoh]] and [[Martin Danggo]] were appointed as ministers the following day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/meghalaya-portfolios-allotted-to-cabinet-ministers-martin-m-dangngo-ronnie-v-lyngdoh-2999450/|title=Meghalaya: Portfolios allotted to cabinet ministers|date=26 August 2016|website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohmeghalaya.com/cm-distributes-portfolios-to-his-ministers/|title=CM distributes portfolios to his ministers|date=26 August 2017|website=Oh! Meghalaya}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/portfolios-allotted-to-ministers-707293-2016-08-27|title=Portfolios allotted to ministers|website=[[India Today]]|date=27 August 2016}}</ref>

The second cabinet reshuffle took place on 4 August 2017. A day prior, the chief minister dropped two ministers- [[Prestone Tynsong]] and [[Sniawbhalang Dhar]] from the council of ministers and inducted two ministers- [[Celestine Lyngdoh]] and [[Comingone Ymbon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/meghalaya-cm-inducts-new-ministers-after-dropping-two-amid-rumours-of-rift-in-ruling-cong/story-CjbRtZANQFagxHWA311GMI.html|title=Meghalaya CM inducts new ministers after dropping two amid rumours of rift in ruling Cong|date=4 August 2017|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://spnewsagency.com/32202/|title=The Chief Minister Dr Mukul allocate portfolio to the council of Ministers|date=4 August 2017|website=SP News Agency}}</ref>

==Council of Ministers==
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[List of chief ministers of Meghalaya|'''Chief Minister''']] and also in-charge of: Department of Commerce and Industries Department of Agriculture Department of Planning Department of Finance Department of Mining and Geology Department of Tourism Department of Personnel All other departments not allocated to any other Minister.
| minister1 = [[Mukul Sangma]]
| minister1_termstart = 5 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Meghalaya|'''Deputy Chief Ministers''']]
| minister1 = [[Rowell Lyngdoh]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Roytre C. Laloo]]
| minister2_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister2_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Water Resources
| minister1 = [[Rowell Lyngdoh]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Soil and Water Conservation
| minister1 = [[Rowell Lyngdoh]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Ronnie V. Lyngdoh]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 August 2016
| minister2_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Home Affairs (Passport)
| minister1 = [[Rowell Lyngdoh]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = Roytre C. Laloo
| minister2_termstart = 26 August 2016
| minister2_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Law
| minister1 = [[Rowell Lyngdoh]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = Roshan Warjri
| minister2_termstart = 26 August 2016
| minister2_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Elections
| minister1 = [[Rowell Lyngdoh]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = Roytre C. Laloo
| minister2_termstart = 26 August 2016
| minister2_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Administrative Reforms
| minister1 = [[Rowell Lyngdoh]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Prestone Tynsong]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 August 2016
| minister2_termend = 3 August 2017
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3 = [[Mukul Sangma]]
| minister3_termstart = 4 August 2017
| minister3_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Public Health Engineering
| minister1 = Roytre C. Laloo
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Prestone Tynsong]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 August 2016
| minister2_termend = 3 August 2017
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3 = [[Celestine Lyngdoh]]
| minister3_termstart = 4 August 2017
| minister3_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of School Education and Literacy
| minister1 = Roytre C. Laloo
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Deborah Marak]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 August 2016
| minister2_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Higher and Technical Education
| minister1 = Roytre C. Laloo
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Home Affairs (Jails)
| minister1 = Roshan Warjri
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Sniawbhalang Dhar]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 August 2016
| minister2_termend = 3 August 2017
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Home Affairs (Police)
| minister1 = Roshan Warjri
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = H. D. R. Lyngdoh
| minister2_termstart = 26 August 2016
| minister2_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Home Affairs (Home Guards and Civil Defence)
| minister1 = [[Sniawbhalang Dhar]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Deborah Marak]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 August 2016
| minister2_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Revenue and Disaster Management
| minister1 = Roytre C. Laloo
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Re-organization
| minister1 = Roytre C. Laloo
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 4 August 2017
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Transport Minister of General Administration Department
| minister1 = H. D. R. Lyngdoh
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of District Council Affairs
| minister1 = H. D. R. Lyngdoh
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Prestone Tynsong]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 August 2016
| minister2_termend = 3 August 2017
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3 = [[Celestine Lyngdoh]]
| minister3_termstart = 4 August 2017
| minister3_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Co-operation
| minister1 = H. D. R. Lyngdoh
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = Roshan Warjri
| minister2_termstart = 26 August 2016
| minister2_termend = 4 August 2017
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Community and Rural Development
| minister1 = [[Prestone Tynsong]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Sniawbhalang Dhar]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 August 2016
| minister2_termend = 3 August 2017
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3 = [[Comingone Ymbon]]
| minister3_termstart = 4 August 2017
| minister3_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Forests and Environment
| minister1 = [[Prestone Tynsong]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = Clement Marak
| minister2_termstart = 26 August 2016
| minister2_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Border Areas Development
| minister1 = [[Prestone Tynsong]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 3 August 2017
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Celestine Lyngdoh]]
| minister2_termstart = 4 August 2017
| minister2_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Parliamentary Affairs
| minister1 = [[Prestone Tynsong]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Martin Danggo]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 August 2016
| minister2_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Social Welfare
| minister1 = [[Deborah Marak]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = Clement Marak
| minister2_termstart = 26 August 2016
| minister2_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary
| minister1 = [[Deborah Marak]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = H. D. R. Lyngdoh
| minister2_termstart = 26 August 2016
| minister2_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Printing and Stationery Minister of Secretariat Administration Department
| minister1 = [[Deborah Marak]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Health and Family Welfare
| minister1 = [[Alexander Laloo Hek]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = Roshan Warjri
| minister2_termstart = 26 August 2016
| minister2_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Information Technology Minister of Information and Public Relations
| minister1 = [[Alexander Laloo Hek]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = Roshan Warjri
| minister2_termstart = 26 August 2016
| minister2_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Registration and Stamps
| minister1 = [[Alexander Laloo Hek]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Martin Danggo]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 August 2016
| minister2_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Public Works Department (Buildings)
| minister1 = Roshan Warjri
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Ampareen Lyngdoh]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 August 2016
| minister2_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Public Works Department (Roads)
| minister1 = [[Sniawbhalang Dhar]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Martin Danggo]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 August 2016
| minister2_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Sports and Youth Affairs Minister of Excise Minister of Taxation
| minister1 = [[Zenith Sangma]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Sericulture and Weaving
| minister1 = [[Zenith Sangma]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = Clement Marak
| minister2_termstart = 26 August 2016
| minister2_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Affairs
| minister1 = Clement Marak
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = Roytre C. Laloo
| minister2_termstart = 26 August 2016
| minister2_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Power
| minister1 = Clement Marak
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Sniawbhalang Dhar]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 August 2016
| minister2_termend = 3 August 2017
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3 = [[Comingone Ymbon]]
| minister3_termstart = 4 August 2017
| minister3_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Arts and Culture
| minister1 = Clement Marak
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Ronnie V. Lyngdoh]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 August 2016
| minister2_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Urban Affairs Minister of Municipal Administration
| minister1 = [[Ampareen Lyngdoh]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Ronnie V. Lyngdoh]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 August 2016
| minister2_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Labour
| minister1 = [[Ampareen Lyngdoh]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Legal Metrology
| minister1 = [[Sniawbhalang Dhar]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 3 August 2017
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Elections
| minister1 = Roytre C. Laloo
| minister1_termstart = 26 August 2016
| minister1_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Science and Technology
| minister1 = Roytre C. Laloo
| minister1_termstart = 26 August 2016
| minister1_termend = 4 August 2017
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Housing
| minister1 = [[Zenith Sangma]]
| minister1_termstart = 26 August 2016
| minister1_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

==See also==
* [[Government of Meghalaya]]
* [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukul Sangma ministry}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries of Meghalaya|Mukul Sangma 2]]
[[Category:2013 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Meghalaya ministries|Mukul Sangma II]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2013|Mukul II]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2018|Mukul II]]

Ashwin Jayaram

2025-10-25T20:42:23Z

GayleTibbs8: added the details w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 1990)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Ashwin|Jayaram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox chess player
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|8|14}}
| birth_place = [[Aluva]], India
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2015)<ref name="FIDEGM">{{cite web|url=https://ratings.fide.com/crt/main222680.pdf|title=FIDE Title Application (GM)}}</ref>
| peakrating = 2515 (September 2015)
| FideID = 5018137
}}

'''Ashwin Jayaram''' is an Indian [[chess]] grandmaster.

==Career==
Ashwin began playing chess at the age of 8.<ref name="us">{{cite web|url=https://www.uschesschamps.com/bio/ashwin-jayaram|title=ASHWIN JAYARAM}}</ref> He was trained by K Ganesan.<ref name="bio">{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/The-story-of-Ashwin-Jayaram|title=Life lessons from India's 39th GM - Ashwin Jayaram|first=Sagar|last=Shah|date=5 February 2020}}</ref>

He achieved his three GM norms from 2007 to 2009, winning the [[Asian Junior Chess Championship]] twice.<ref name="bio"/> In 2014, he moved to [[St Louis, Missouri]].<ref name="us"/> In 2015, he surpassed the 2500 rating mark, achieving the Grandmaster title.<ref name="bio"/>

==Personal life==
He studied finance at [[Webster University]] and played on their "B" chess team alongside [[Manuel León Hoyos]], [[Vasif Durarbayli]], and [[Priyadharshan Kannappan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uschesschamps.com/bio/ashwin-jayaram-0|title=ASHWIN JAYARAM}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/webster-doubles-up-at-pan-ams-8306|title=Webster Doubles Up At Pan-Ams|first=Mike|last=Klein|date=2 January 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian grandmasters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayaram, Ashwin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:People from Aluva]]
[[Category:Webster University alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

Assam Information Commission

2025-10-16T00:10:23Z

GayleTibbs8: added a data more to come

{{Short description|Statutory body in Assam, India}}{{Infobox high court
| court_name = Assam State Information Commission|
| native_name =
| established = 2 March 2006
| jurisdiction = [[Assam]]
| location = Jonakee Complex, Shilpgram Road, Panjabari, Guwahati-37.<ref name="asi ref1">{{cite web |title=Assam Information Commission |url=http://www.sicassam.in/contactus.html |website=Assam Information Commission |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182757/http://www.sicassam.in/contactus.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| appealsto =
| terms = 3 years from the date of entering office or up to 65 years of age (whichever is earlier)
| website = http://www.sicassam.in/
| motto = {{langx|sa|सूचना जनाधिकार:॥}} ''({{transliteration|sa|Soochna Janadhikaraha}}) {{translation}} Information is the right of the people.''
| authority = [[Right to Information Act, 2005]]
| chiefjudgetitle = State Chief Information Commissioner
| chiefjudgename = Sri Bhaskar Jyoti Mahanta, IPS(Retd), Former DGP, Assam Police
| chiefjudgetitle2 =
| chiefjudgename2 =
}}

'''Assam Information Commission''' is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]] and [[Statute|statutory]] body constituted by the state government of [[Assam]] through a notification in [[Government gazette|official Gazette]].

== History and objective ==

Assam State Information Commission has to be constituted as per The Right to Information Act, 2005 by the State Governments in India through a notification in official Gazette.<ref name="sic ref1">{{cite news |title=State Information Commission: Composition, Power and Functions |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/state-information-commission-1438319829-1 |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=jagranjosh.com |date=30 March 2019 |archive-date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116012207/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/state-information-commission-1438319829-1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Assam State Information Commission is formed to take up the following:<ref name="sic ref12">{{cite news |title=The decline of India's right to information regime, in four charts |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/the-decline-of-india-s-right-to-information-regime-in-four-charts-11604385637705.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=livemint |date=4 November 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116024430/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/the-decline-of-india-s-right-to-information-regime-in-four-charts-11604385637705.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

* Appeals on the information shared by various government entities under the Right to Information Act.
* Complaints on refusal to give information or in relation to inability to file Right to Information Act.<ref name="asi ref2">{{cite news |title=eastmojo |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/assam/2021/12/21/assam-information-commission-for-action-on-depts-failing-to-submit-reports/ |access-date=17 January 2022 |publisher=eastmojo.com |date=21 December 2021 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118030617/https://www.eastmojo.com/assam/2021/12/21/assam-information-commission-for-action-on-depts-failing-to-submit-reports/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Commission should get annual report from various departments working in the state about complaints received under Right to Information Act, 2005 and their responses on the same.<ref name="asi ref4">{{cite news |title=Assam Information Commission for action against few government departments |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/assam-information-commission-for-action-against-few-government-departments-484735 |access-date=17 January 2022 |publisher=sentinelassam.com |date=25 June 2020 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182559/https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/assam-information-commission-for-action-against-few-government-departments-484735 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Assam Information Commission occasionally conducts awareness programmes on implementation of the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 effectively by general public.<ref name="asi ref3">{{cite news |title=Assam Information Commission for action against departments failing to submit reports |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2021/12/21/assam-information-commission-for-action-against-departments-failing-to-submit-reports/ |access-date=17 January 2022 |publisher=arunachaltimes.in |date=21 December 2021 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118042129/https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2021/12/21/assam-information-commission-for-action-against-departments-failing-to-submit-reports/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Tenure and service ==

Any vacancy in the State Information Commission has to be filled within six months from the date of vacancy.<ref name="sic ref7">{{cite news |title=SC Asks States for Updates on Vacancies, Pendency in Information Commissions |url=https://thewire.in/government/sc-orders-state-to-file-status-reports-on-information-commissions |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Wire |date=19 August 2021 |archive-date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116013903/https://thewire.in/government/sc-orders-state-to-file-status-reports-on-information-commissions |url-status=live }}</ref>

Assam Chief Information Commissioner (CIC), Information Commissioner (IC) and State Information Commissioner's salaries, allowances and other service terms and conditions are equivalent to a Judge of the Supreme Court.<ref name="sic ref10">{{cite news |title=RTI Bill 2019: Undermining autonomy of information commissions and transparency in governance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rti-bill-2019-undermining-autonomy-of-information-commissions-and-transparency-in-governance-1571439-2019-07-19 |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=indiatoday.in |date=19 July 2019 |archive-date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116022835/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rti-bill-2019-undermining-autonomy-of-information-commissions-and-transparency-in-governance-1571439-2019-07-19 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Powers and functions ==

The commission under powers granted to it can secure from the public authorities compliance of any of its decisions.

Commission is duty bound to receive and conduct enquiry into any complaint received from any person.

The commission has civil judicial authority for issuing summons requiring examination of any witnesses or related documents or any other prescribed matters relating to complaint.

Any provision under which summons were issued and as per which attendance is required of persons and requires them to give written or oral evidence under an oath and producing documents or other details relevant to it.

Provision requiring evidence on stamped [[affidavit]].

Powers relating to request from any court or office of any public record.

Commission under the powers can recommend steps which can be taken for confirming to the provisions of the act if any public authority fails to do so.

== Challenges ==

Assam State Information Commission are overburdened with backlog cases, similar to [[Central Vigilance Commission]].<ref name="asic ref5">{{cite news |title=Seven months on, Assam Information Commission has no Commissioner |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/seven-months-on-assam-information-commission-has-no-commissioner/ |access-date=17 January 2022 |publisher=indianexpress.com |date=24 October 2014 |archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117051926/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/seven-months-on-assam-information-commission-has-no-commissioner/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="sic ref8">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Soni |title=Central Information Commission headless for 5th time in 6 years |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/27/central-information-commission-headless-for-5th-time-in-6-years.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=the week |date=27 August 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116023234/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/27/central-information-commission-headless-for-5th-time-in-6-years.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A shortage of available staff has produced a backlog of cases filed.<ref name="sic ref4">{{cite news |last1=sharma |first1=nidhi |title=Info commissions have a waiting time of over one year for an applicant seeking information under RTI Act: Report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/info-commissions-have-a-waiting-time-of-over-one-year-for-an-applicant-seeking-information-under-rti-act-report/articleshow/86946016.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=economictimes |date=11 October 2021 |archive-date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116012917/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/info-commissions-have-a-waiting-time-of-over-one-year-for-an-applicant-seeking-information-under-rti-act-report/articleshow/86946016.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="sic ref5">{{cite news |title=Over 32,000 RTI appeals pending with Central Information Commission: Govt. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/over-32000-rti-appeals-pending-with-central-information-commission-govt/article37969462.ece |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=thehindu.com |date=16 December 2021 |archive-date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116013041/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/over-32000-rti-appeals-pending-with-central-information-commission-govt/article37969462.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Uttar Pradesh]] has the largest backlog as of October 2014. States like Mizoram, Sikkim and Tripura didn't have pending complaints.<ref name="sic ref6">{{cite news |title=21 of 29 state information commissions did not hold any RTI hearings during lockdown |url=https://theprint.in/india/21-of-29-state-information-commissions-did-not-hold-any-rti-hearings-during-lockdown/426103/ |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Print |date=21 May 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116013430/https://theprint.in/india/21-of-29-state-information-commissions-did-not-hold-any-rti-hearings-during-lockdown/426103/ |url-status=live }}</ref> State Information Commission as per the provision has limited to provide information and cannot take any action.

In spite of above limitation, Assam State Information Commissions is critical in preserving public accountability in government and supports in greater way in checking corruption, combating oppression, preventing nepotism and misuse of the public authority.

A survey conducted by Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, showed that most State Information Commission in India were inactive during Covid pandemic.<ref name="sic ref11">{{cite news |title=State information commissions inactive during COVID-19: Survey |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/state-information-commissions-inactive-during-covid-19-survey-70736 |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=downtoearth |date=28 April 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116014835/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/state-information-commissions-inactive-during-covid-19-survey-70736 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==

[[Central Information Commission]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.sicassam.in/ Official Website]
* [https://assam.gov.in/en/main/RIGHT%20TO%20INFORMATION RTI Link]


[[Category:Indian commissions and inquiries]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption measures in India]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption agencies]]

Timeline of Adi Dharm

2025-10-08T09:27:48Z

GayleTibbs8: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Adi Dharm]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Pandu culture

2025-10-05T22:14:48Z

GayleTibbs8: Adding Initial Post Nd Citations

{{Short description|Archaeological culture in India}}
{{Infobox archaeological culture
|name =Pandu culture
|mapalt =
|altnames = Chalcolithic period in the lower Ganga valley
|horizon =
|region =[[Ajay River|Ajay]] Valley: modern-day [[West Bengal]], India.
|period =[[Chalcolithic]]
|dates =1600–750 BC
|typesite = [[Pandu Rajar Dhibi]]
|majorsites = Mahisdal, Mangalkot, [[Dihar (archaeological site)|Dihar]], Baneshwardanga and Tamluk
|extra =
|precededby =[[Early agricultural communities in Bengal]]
|followedby =[[Northern Black Polished Ware|Northern Black Polished Ware culture]]
}}
{{History of South Asia}}
The '''Pandu culture''' is an [[archaeological culture]] from the [[Chalcolithic]] period of [[India]], spanning around 1600 BC to 750 [[Before Christ|BC]]. The type site is [[Pandu Rajar Dhibi]], where [[black and red ware]] and tools made from bone and [[copper]] were found alongside remains of human body. It extends from the foothills of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] to the [[Bhāgirathi-Hooghly]] river basin, covering a considerable part of southwestern or [[Rarh region|Rarh]] and coastal regions of modern-day [[West Bengal]]; from [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] in the north to [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]] in the south.

Most of the Pandu settlements were small-scale, mainly concentrated in the [[Ajay River|Ajay]], [[Damodar River|Damodar]] and [[Rupnarayan River|Rupnarayan]], [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]] river valleys. Major settlements during the peak phase of this Chalcolithic culture (1000 BC) include [[Pandu Rajar Dhibi]], Mahisdal, Mangalkot, Bharatpur, [[Dihar (archaeological site)|Dihar]], Baneshwardanga, Pakhanna and Tamluk. These were contemporary with the later Harappan and [[Vedic period]].{{sfn|Datta|2007|pp=41–42}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Dr. Dilip |title=Chalcolithic Culture of Pandu Rajar Dhibi |url=https://oldsite.pup.ac.in/e-content/social_sciences/aih/MAAIH104.pdf |access-date=28 July 2024}}</ref>

The Pandu culture was extensively dependent on agriculture. The presence of rice provides evidence of the beginning of rice cultivation and agriculture in eastern India and [[Bengal]]. From the late phase of Chalcolithic, iron began to be used. Clay floors, reed and clay structural remains, and pit-stocks have been documented from various settlements. Structural remains in the form of mud-rammed floor, reed impressed clay chunks, and pit-silos are recorded at several sites indicating [[Wattle and daub|wattle-and-daub]] structure.{{sfn|Rag et al.|2013|pp=334–335}}

These cultural settlements were weakened and destroyed when the Second Urbanization began, and new settlements and trade centers emerged in the [[Ganges Delta|delta region]].

== Geography ==
The Pandu culture flourished in the present-day eastern [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[West Bengal]], which is the western part of the historical [[Bengal|Bengal region]].{{sfn|Ghosh|1989a|p=237}}

The culture thus spread in the lower Ganges valley, from the [[Bhāgirathi-Hooghly River|Bhagirathi-Hooghly River]], one of the two main tributaries of the [[Ganges]], in the east to the eastern fringes of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] in the west.{{sfn|Ghosh|1989a|p=99}} It was centered on the [[Mayurakshi River|Mayurakshi]], [[Ajay River|Ajay]], [[Kunur River|Kunur]], [[Damodar River|Damodar]], [[Dwarakeswar River|Dwarakeswar]] and [[Rupnarayan River|Rupnarayan]] river valleys, as well as extending south to the sea coast.{{sfn|Ghosh|1989a|pp=99–101}} Its historical center or core lay around the confluence of the Ajay and Kunur rivers, the area where most of the archaeological sites have been discovered.{{sfn|Ghosh|1989a|pp=100–101}} The valleys of the rivers originating from the Chotanagpur plateau and the [[Rajmahal hills]] where the culture flourished, had fertile farmland and availability of water, which created favorable conditions for agriculture in the region.

A total of 76 cultural sites have been identified, ranging from small villages to the ruins of large settlements.

== Technology and Material Culture ==
=== Settlements ===
In terms of overall size, most of the settlements were very small except for a few archeological sites such as [[Pandu Rajar Dhibi]] in [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]] district or Mahisdal in [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] district, and these smaller settlements did not last as long as the larger ones. The settlements were along the riverbanks; it is assumed that the main reasons for settlement along the riverbanks were the fertile land and water supply of the river valleys. Archaeologists have unearthed a large number of artefacts from these ancient ruins. The largest collections of Pandu culture artefacts are found at museums in Kolkata, including the [[State Archaeological Museum]] of West Bengal.

{{multiple image |perrow=3/3|total_width=250|caption_align=left|image_style=border:none
| align =right

| image2 =A remain of Mud-oven, which has been found in the period-IV of the.png
| caption2 =A remain of Mud-oven, which has been found in the period-IV
| image1 =Plan and section of a pit in the Pandu Rajar Dhibi.png
| caption1 =Plan and section of pit in the Pandu Rajar Dhibi
}}

These settlements consisted of mud houses, traces of which have been completely obliterated. The people of this culture used to decorate the floors of their houses with a layer of burnt husks and mud. The houses were doubtless built of simple and perishable materials, and the presence of large quantities of ash on the floors indicates their fire hazard.

=== Agriculture ===
Agriculture was the main occupation of the people of this Copper Age culture, which is evident from the presence of large quantities of burnt rice in the mounds of the Pandu kings and at Mahishdal. The location of chalcolithic settlements suggests that each settlement had its own agricultural field. By setting up their villages along rivers, especially in low-lying and floodplain areas, chalcolithic farmers were able to exploit the fertile soil. Perhaps the selection of the most productive areas along the river for permanent settlement also indicates that these villagers were convinced that the continuous growth of crops and grains on the same land would deplete the fertility of the soil if the agricultural areas were not revitalized and enriched annually by flooding.

The cultivated species was ''[[Oryza sativa]]'' but these farmers also cultivated its wild descendants. There were [[barn]]s for storing rice, which were of the completely fully exposed barns. Two such barns have been found in Mahishdal; Each barn, 1.28 m in diameter with a depth of 1.25 m, could hold 900 kg of rice, and it is estimated that there were 20 such granaries at one time in the settlement.

=== Pottery ===
==== Dishes ====
The ware of this culture was made from local clay, using the [[potter's wheel]]. However, in early time, specimens were made only with the help of hands, evidence of which can be obtained from the Pandu Rajar Dhibi.{{sfn|Ghosh|1989a|p=237}} This culture had a variety of ware. Channel-spouted bowl originated in the early period, dating from the Pandu Rajar Dhibi's period-II (1200–900 BC) and the Mahishdal's period-I (1619–1415 BC).{{sfn|Ghosh|1989a|p=238}} One of the prominent features of these channel-spouted bowls was the long and narrow cut-spout and splayed ends.{{sfn|Ghosh|1989a|p=237}} Gray and pale red ware and black and brown ware were also produced. Among the red wares were bowls with round holes, tumblers (large drinking vessels), [[Lota (vessel)|lotas]] (small water pots) and storage jars.<ref name="Banglapedia1"/><ref name="Banglapedia2"/>

The practice of decorating pottery was prevalent. For red wares decoration, dots and 'dashes' (-), brackets (parallel, vertical and horizontal), pointed triangles, ladders, square designs etc. were used. Patterns of [[starfish]] designs have also been found. Dots and dashes, vertical and horizontal parallel lines were used in the decoration of [[black and red ware]]. Graffiti were also found on some red ware pots.{{sfn|Ghosh|1989a|p=237–238}}<ref name="Banglapedia1"/><ref name="Banglapedia2"/>

==== Sculptures ====
A few terracotta figurines have been recovered from archaeological sites belonging to this culture, including one at Rajar Dhibi and two at Mahishdal. Notable idols are terracotta figures of [[mother goddess]], gymnast, terracotta [[phallus]].<ref name="Banglapedia1">{{cite web |title=Pandu Rajar Dhibi - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pandu_Rajar_Dhibi |website=en.banglapedia.org |access-date=2 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="Banglapedia2">{{cite web |title=Mahisdal - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mahisdal |website=en.banglapedia.org |access-date=2 August 2024}}</ref>{{sfn|Ghosal|2018|p=586}}

=== Weapons and tools ===
Tools were made from stone, organic materials (bone, horn and antler) and copper. [[Copper]] was used to make flutes, [[Kohl (cosmetics)|kohl]]-sticks, and [[arrowhead]]s, while bone items included sharp weapons, arrowheads, needles, and harpoons.{{sfn|Ghosh|1989a|p=100}}

=== Burial ===
[[File:A group of burials in the Pandu Rajar Dhibi.png|thumb|left|A group of burials in the Pandu Rajar Dhibi]]
There is archaeological evidence of three types of burials at settlements, these are a) extended burials, b) fragmentary burials and c) Urn-burials. It is not known, however, whether the variation in burials is a sign of differences in status or is related to differences in burial treatment of the dead within communities or within groups within communities. No objects or products of the person's use were found in the burials, making it impossible to identify the individual significance of the deceased.{{sfn|Ghosh|1989a|p=90–100}}
[[File:Urn-burial, Period-II, Pandu Rajar Dhibi.png|thumb|right|Urn-burial, Period-II, Pandu Rajar Dhibi]]
In [[Pandu Rajar Dhibi]] (Mound of King Pandu), bodies were found lying in an east–west orientation, whereas in the Haraipur burial ground, the dead were found lying in a north–south orientation. This leads to the assumption that the concept and belief of the orientation of the corpse in burial did not arise among the people of this culture.{{sfn|Ghosh|1989a|p=90–100}}

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book | url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532755/page/n119/mode/2up?view=theater | title = An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology |volume=1 |last= Ghosh |first=Amalananda | publisher = Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers | year = 1989a | isbn = 8 1-2 15-0088-5}}
* {{cite book | url = https://ia801402.us.archive.org/33/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.532758/2015.532758.encyclopaedia-of.pdf | title = An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology |volume=2 |last= Ghosh |first=Amalananda | publisher = Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers | year = 1989b | isbn = 81-215-0089-3}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Rag |editor1-first=Pankaj |editor2-last=Shinde |editor2-first=Vasant |editor3-last=Misra |editor3-first=Om Prakash |title=Art and archaeology of Madhya Pradesh and adjoining regions: recent perspectives |date=2013 |publisher=Directorate of Archaeology, Archives & Museums, Govt. of M. P |location=Bhopal |isbn=978-81-89660-18-5 |url=https://www.academia.edu/8085119|ref={{harvid|Rag et al.|2013}}}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Ghosal |first1=Jaydeep |title=Settlement Archaeology of Kopai River, Birbhum District, West Bengal: A Preliminary Study |journal=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology |date=2018 |url=http://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume6/24.pdf |access-date=2 August 2024}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Sunil |title=The Bay of Bengal Interaction Sphere (1000 BC - AD 500) |journal=Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association |date=16 October 2007 |volume=25 |doi=10.7152/bippa.v25i0.11911 |url=https://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/BIPPA/article/view/11911 |access-date=2 August 2024|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Datta |first1=Asok |title=Subsistence strategies of the Chalcolithic people of West Bengal: an appraisal |journal=Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association |date=16 October 2007 |volume=25 |doi=10.7152/bippa.v25i0.11913 |url=https://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/BIPPA/article/view/11913 |access-date=2 August 2024|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |last1=Biswas |first1=Oindrila |last2=Paruya |first2=Dipak Kumar |last3=Saradar |first3=Binod |last4=Mandal |first4=Krishna Kali |last5=Bera |first5=Subir |chapter=Decoding Ancient Vegetation and Environment Using Potsherd Palynology: A Case Study from an Archaeological Site of Deltaic West Bengal, India |title=Applications of Palynology in Stratigraphy and Climate Studies |series=Society of Earth Scientists Series |date=2024 |pages=271–287 |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-51877-5_10 |isbn=978-3-031-51876-8 |chapter-url=https://dds.sciengine.com/cfs/files/pdfs/view/0023-074X/X3Qkkvzzy2mA3DHiK-mark.pdf |access-date=2 August 2024}}

[[Category:Chalcolithic cultures of Asia]]
[[Category:Archaeological cultures in India]]

Veerangana Avanti Bai Lodhi Autonomous State Medical College, Etah

2025-09-28T14:30:50Z

GayleTibbs8: new.

{{Infobox university
| name = Veerangana Avanti Bai Lodhi Autonomous State Medical College, Etah
| other_name = Government Medical College, Etah
| image = File:Autonomous_state_medical_College_Etah_2.jpg
| motto = सेवा परमो धर्म:
| mottoeng = Sewā Parmō Dhārmā
| type = [[Medical]] [[College]] and [[Hospital]]
| established = {{start date and age|2021}}
| principal = Prof. Dr. Balbir Singh
| address = Marehra Rd, Siraon
| city = [[Etah]],
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = 207001
| campus_type = [[Rural]]
| campus_size = 25.92 acres
| affiliations = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
| website = https://asmcetah.org/
}}

'''Veerangana Avanti Bai Lodhi Autonomous State Medical College, Etah''', also known as '''Government Medical College, Etah''', is a full-fledged tertiary government Medical college and hospital. It is located at [[Etah]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.The college got NMC approval in October 2021 under Principal Prof Rajesh Gupta and was formally inaugurated by Hon Prime minister Narendra Modi virtually on 25 October 2021. The college imparts the degree of Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS). The yearly undergraduate student intake is 100.

==Courses==
'''Autonomous State Medical College, Etah''' undertakes the education and training of 100 students in [[MBBS]] courses.
Post Graduation Course offered 2 seats [[Diplomate of National Board|DNB]]/DGO.

==Affiliated==
The college is affiliated with [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]] and is recognized by the [[National Medical Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Colleges, National Medical Commission|url=https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/for-students-to-study-in-india/list-of-college-teaching-mbbs/}}</ref>

==Campus and Buildings==

'''Total Area:''' The campus covers approximately 25.92 acres, with around 16.44 acres allocated for the academic and administrative buildings, and 9.45 acres for the associated hospital.
[[File:Autonomous_state_medical_College_Etah.jpg|thumb|Campus and Building]]

'''Academic Buildings:''' Modern multi-storey blocks with smart classrooms, fully air-conditioned lecture halls, digital projectors, and advanced laboratories.

"'Administration Buildings:"' Located at the main entrance, it includes offices for the principal, administration, and faculty, along with meeting halls and [[seminar rooms]].

==Library, Labs, and Classrooms==

'''Central Library:''' Spacious and well-stocked with medical textbooks, reference materials, journals, and e-resources. It also includes dedicated reading areas for students.

'''Laboratories''': Fully equipped pre-clinical and para-clinical labs including Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Pathology, Microbiology, Pharmacology, and Forensic Medicine.

'''Skill Labs:''' Modern simulation labs with mannequins and high-tech equipment to train students in emergency procedures and clinical skills.
==Hospital and Clinical Facilities==

'''Attached Hospital:''' A 300+ bed district hospital functions as the teaching hospital for the college. It includes:

Outpatient Departments (OPDs)

Inpatient wards

Emergency services

Operation theatres

Labour room and Pediatric ward

''Radiology & Diagnostics'': Equipped with Digital X-ray, Ultrasound, and CT Scan machines.

''Pathology Services:'' Advanced machines for LFT/KFT, thyroid function tests, and other diagnostics help reduce patient wait times.

''OPD Expansion'': Additional OPD rooms and multiple registration and pharmacy counters have been added to handle increasing patient flow.

==Delirium==
This is the annual fest of the college.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2021]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{India-hospital-stub}}

A. Jayamohan

2025-08-19T09:36:12Z

GayleTibbs8:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}

'''Adikesavan Jayamohan''' was an Indian politician and former [[Parliament of India|Member of Parliament]] elected from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Tiruppattur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruppattur constituency]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate in the [[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1984|1984]], [[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1989|1989]] and [[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1991|1991]] elections.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf Volume I, 1984 Indian general election, 8th Lok Sabha] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf Volume I, 1989 Indian general election, 9th Lok Sabha] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf Volume I, 1991 Indian general election, 10th Lok Sabha] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183558/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>

He died near Ambur on the [[National Highway 4 (India, old numbering)|Chennai-Bangalore highway]], in a road accident on 25 April 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former MP Jayamohan dies in TN road mishap |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/65942/former-mp-jayamohan-dies-tn.html |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayamohan, A.}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Vellore district]]

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

Khaga Assembly constituency

2025-08-08T05:15:19Z

GayleTibbs8: creating article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = [[Khaga]]
| map_image = 243-Khaga.svg
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 243
| district = [[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur]]
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Krishna Paswan]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| electors = 3,23,594 (2017)
}}
'''Khaga''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of [[Khaga]] in the [[Fatehpur district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.

[[Khaga]] is one of six assembly constituencies in the [[Fatehpur Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 243 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Wards/Areas==
It contains these parts of Fatehpur district-
Khaga, Vijayipur, Khakhareru(NP), Dhata(NP), Khaga (NP) & Kishunpur (NP) of Khaga Tehsil.

== Elected MLAs ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!Party
|-
|1962
|Raksha Pal Singh<ref name="election1962">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf|title=ECI 1962 result|website=Eci.nic.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
|[[Jana Sangh]]
|-
|1967
|Chandra Kishore<ref name="election1967">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1967 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
|[[Republican Party of India]]
|-
|1969
|Krishna Dutt<ref name="election1969">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1969 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1974
|Krishna Dutt<ref name="election1974">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1974 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1977
|Chhotey Lal<ref name="election1977">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1977 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|1980
|Krishna Dutt<ref name="election1980">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1980 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|1985<ref name="election1985">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1985 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|Krishna Dutt
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1989
|Veer Abhimanyu Singh<ref name="election1989">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1989 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Krishna Kumar<ref name="election1991">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1991 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Veer Abhimanyu Singh<ref name="election1993">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1993 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[Munna Lal Maurya]]<ref name="election1996">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1996 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|Mohammad Shafir<ref name="election2002">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2002 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|[[Ranvendra Pratap Singh]]<ref name="election2007">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2007 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<ref name="election2012">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2012 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|rowspan=3|[[Krishna Paswan]]
|rowspan=3|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Khaga<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Krishna Paswan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:83735}}
|percentage = 41.87
|change = -9.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ramthirth Paramhans
|votes = {{formatnum:78226}}
|percentage = 39.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dasharath Lal
|votes = {{formatnum:22115}}
|percentage = 11.06
|change = -9.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Om Prakash Gihar
|votes = {{formatnum:3773}}
|percentage = 1.89
|change = -18.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Ram Krishna Hegde
|votes = {{formatnum:2171}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change = -1.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2162}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change = -1.02
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5509}}
|percentage = 2.75
|change = -27.83
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:199986}}
|percentage = 58.34
|change = +1.3
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Khaga<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/khaga.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Krishna Paswan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:94954}}
|percentage = 51.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Om Prakash Gihar
|votes = {{formatnum:38520}}
|percentage = 20.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dasharath Lal
|votes = {{formatnum:38359}}
|percentage = 20.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Heera Lal
|votes = {{formatnum:4293}}
|percentage = 2.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Rajesh Rao
|votes = {{formatnum:2846}}
|percentage = 1.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Anil Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1798}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3801}}
|percentage = 2.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:56434}}
|percentage = 30.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:184571}}
|percentage = 57.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Fatehpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Rahul Shivshankar

2025-08-02T18:08:17Z

GayleTibbs8: Adding Basic Article Initial Version

{{short description|Indian journalist and television news anchor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rahul Shivshankar
| image = Secretary Pompeo Participates in an Interview with Rahul Shivshankar of Times Now (50538938826).jpg
| caption = Shivshankar interviews the former United States secretary of state, [[Mike Pompeo]], in [[New Delhi, India]], on 27 October 2020
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1975|01|22}}
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Journalist]] [[News presenter|News Anchor]]}}
| years_active = 1995–present
| employer = {{ubl|[[Editor-in-chief]] [[CNN-News18]] (2023-Present)}}
| credits = India Upfront Confront
| networth =
| title =
}}
'''Rahul Shivshankar''' ([[Hindi]]: राहुल शिवशंकर) (born 22 January 1975) is an Indian journalist<ref name="Editor in chief" /> and an Indian TV anchor who worked as the [[editor-in-chief]] at [[Times Now]]. Before joining Times Now, Shivshankar worked in print and TV journalism. He has anchored five shows and has served as the senior news editor at Times Now (2005). Shivshankar worked very briefly with [[India Today (TV channel)|Headlines Today]] (since rebranded [[India Today]]) as the [[Editing|executive editor]]. He hosts the debate show ''India Upfront''.<ref name="marathon man">{{Cite web|title=I am not a one-hour debate marathon man: Times Now Chief Editor Rahul Shivshankar|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2017/03/i-am-not-a-one-hour-debate-marathon-man-times-now-chief-editor-rahul-shivshankar/|access-date=2021-09-06|website=Best Media Info|date=28 March 2017 }}</ref>
He recently moved to CNN-News18 (co-owned by Network18 Group and Warner Bros.)

== Career ==

Shivshankar started his career in the mid-1990s as a print reporter. {{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

He was part of the launch team of Headlines Today in 2003,<ref name="Mid-Day">{{Cite news|date=22 November 2016|title=Rahul Shivshankar to replace Arnab Goswami as Times Now Editor-in-Chief: Reports|work=[[Mid Day]]|url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/rahul-shivshankar-replace-arnab-goswami-times-now-editor-in-chief-news-reports-17775186 }}</ref><ref name="Editor in chief">{{Cite web|date=2016-11-21|title=Rahul Shivshankar quits NewsX, sources say he will replace Arnab at Times Now|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rahul-shivshankar-quits-newsx-sources-say-he-will-replace-arnab-times-now-53214|access-date=2021-09-06|website=[[The News Minute]]|language=en}}</ref> and shortly thereafter accepted the role of lead writer.<ref name="exchange4media">{{Cite web|date=27 July 2021|title=Times Network promotes Rahul Shivshankar to Editorial Director, Times Now – Exchange4media|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/times-network-promotes-rahul-shivshankar-to-editorial-director-times-now-114551.html|access-date=2021-09-06|website=Exchange4media|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=1 March 2018|title=Powerful Voice|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/society/20180301/283394832361419|access-date=2021-09-06|website=[[PressReader]]}}</ref> He led the newsroom of the Headlines Today, where he worked as executive editor.<ref name="exchange4media" />

He was praised for his coverage of the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], and contributed to a book about it.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 November 2018|title=Rahul Shivshankar – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/speakers/rahul-shivshankar/articleshow/66877939.cms|access-date=2021-09-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

In 2013, he moved to [[ITV Network (India)|NewsX]] as the [[managing editor]] and anchor and a year later was elevated to the editor in chief.<ref name="Mid-Day" /><ref name="Editor in chief" /> In 2014, the ENBA{{clarify|date=March 2022}} awarded NewsX as the "Best English News Channel of the Year." At NewsX, he has presented the shows ''Nation@9'' and ''Insight''.<ref name=":0" />

=== Times Now ===
Shivshankar was a part of the team that launched Times Now.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-24|title=Rahul Shivshankar Joins Times Now as Editor-in-Chief|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/arnab-goswami-times-now-the-news-hour-newsx-rahul-shivshankar-editor-in-chief-journalism-resignation-television|access-date=2021-09-06|website=[[The Quint]]|language=en}}</ref> In 2016 he joined Times Now as editor-in-chief, replacing [[Arnab Goswami]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-22|title=Rahul Shivshankar to replace Arnab Goswami as Editor-in-Chief of Times Now: Reports|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/rahul-shivshankar-to-replace-arnab-goswami-times-now-newsx-4387985/|access-date=2021-09-06|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 May 2017|title=Times Now elevates Rahul Shivshankar as Editor-in-chief|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2017/05/times-now-elevates-rahul-shivshankar-as-editor-in-chief/|access-date=2021-09-06|website=Best Media Info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rahul Shivshankar To Replace Arnab Goswami At Times Now|work=[[Businessworld]]|url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/Rahul-Shivshankar-To-Replace-Arnab-Goswami-At-Times-Now/21-11-2016-108601/}}</ref> In June 2021, he was appointed editorial director by [[The Times Group|Times Network]], where he also continued to lead the editorial mandate of the channel.<ref name="exchange4media" />

As of 2021, Shivshankar hosts India Upfront, a debate show on Times Now<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Singh|first1=Sidharth|last2=Hasan|first2=Yusra|date=30 August 2021|title=Know Your TV News Panelists: The professor and the punching bag|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/08/30/know-your-tv-news-panelists-the-professor-and-the-punching-bag|access-date=2021-09-06|website=[[Newslaundry]]}}</ref><ref name="marathon man" /> and he won Best Primetime Show (English) at the 13th ENBA Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exchange4media news broadcasting awards 2020 in India winners list|url=https://e4mevents.com/enba-2020/winners|access-date=2021-09-06|website=e4mevents.com}}</ref> Besides India Upfront, Shivshankar also anchors four other shows, including The Breaking News Show and Live Report, and the one-hour weekend show Confront, which invites two panellists to debate on social and political topics concerning state issues, elections and the economy, and others. The show has featured [[Baijayant Panda|Jay Panda]], former [[Member of parliament|Member of Parliament]], [[Yogendra Yadav]], National President of [[Swaraj Abhiyan|Swaraj India]], [[Sudheendra Kulkarni]], and [[Kanwal Sibal]], former foreign secretary since its launch in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Times Now launches 'Confront' with Rahul Shivshankar - Exchange4media|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/times-now-launches-confront-with-rahul-shivshankar-91725.html|access-date=2021-09-06|website=Exchange 4 Media|date=23 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref> As of 2021, Shivshankar writes a monthly column for the editorial page of the Times of India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rahul Shivshankar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/author/rahulshivshankar/|access-date=2021-09-06|website=[[Times of India]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

In March 2022, a clip of one of his TV debates [[Viral phenomenon|went viral]] on the internet. Shivshankar confused two of his guests and spent two minutes berating one of them until realising his mistake.<ref name="BBC McAdams">{{cite news |title='I am Mr McAdams': TV anchor Rahul Shivshankar yells at wrong man on Ukraine live |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60614274 |access-date=4 March 2022 |work=BBC News |date=4 March 2022}}</ref>

== Lawsuits ==
In 2020, the journalist Kanchan Srivastava filed a Rs 5 crore defamation suit against Shivshankar and Times Now's managing director [[Vineet Jain]], accusing Shivshankar of defaming her by presenting her as "Rhea lobby" (supporter of the actor [[Rhea Chakraborty]]), on his India Upfront show.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 December 2020|title=Times Now's Rahul Shivshankar, Vineet Jain get defamation notice from journalist|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/12/01/times-nows-rahul-shivshankar-vineet-jain-get-defamation-notice-for-maligning-rhea-chakraborty|access-date=2021-09-06|website=[[Newslaundry]]}}</ref>

[[Mamata Banerjee]]'s nephew and [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]], [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]] lodged a case against Shivshankar for allegedly telecasting a 'defamatory' audiotape about him on [[Times Now|Times Now news channel]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Upadhyay|first=Sparsh|date=2021-06-28|title=Calcutta HC Directs Rahul Shivshankar To Appear Through VC Mode In Probe Over 'Defamatory' Audiotape On Abhishek Banerjee Run By Times Now|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/calcutta-high-court-rahul-shivshankar-vc-mode-probe-defamatory-audiotape-abhishek-banerjee-times-now-176446|access-date=2021-09-06|website=Live Law|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.timesnownews.com/expert/rahul-shivshankar/490 Rahul Shivshankar] on [[Times Now]]
{{The Times Group|state=Maharashtra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shivshankar, Rahul}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian television news anchors]]
[[Category:The Times Group people]]

Indian Malt Whisky Association

2025-07-16T13:44:39Z

GayleTibbs8: starting a post

{{primary sources|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Indian Malt Whisky Association
| formation = 06/2025
| abbreviation = IMWA
| type = [[Membership organization|Membership organisation]]
| purpose = To protect and promote Indian whisky
| headquarters = G-17, Ground Floor, JMD Pacific Square, Sector-15 DLF QE Gurgaon Haryan, 122002
[[New Delhi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=INDIAN MALT WHISKY ASSOCIATION |url=https://www.indiafilings.com/search/indian-malt-whisky-association-cin-U94990HR2024NPL123142 |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=IndiaFilings |language=en}}</ref>
| products = [[Indian whisky]]
| membership = 4<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Malt Whisky Association |url=https://www.dnb.com/business-directory/company-profiles.indian_malt_whisky_association.c4ccce9347d43c80aba3bff166b64603.html |website=D&B Business Directory}}</ref>
| leader_title = Director
| leader_name = Rajesh Chopra
| website = https://indianmaltwhisky.org/
}}
The '''Indian Malt Whisky Association''' is a [[Trade association]] body that protects and promotes [[Indian whisky]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madsen |first=Miona |date=2025-03-24 |title=Indian Malt Whisky Association officially launches |url=https://www.thespiritsbusiness.com/2025/03/indian-malt-whisky-association-officially-launches/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=The Spirits Business |language=en-US}}</ref>

On February 20, 2025 the IMWA submitted an application to the [[Indian Patent Office#Geographical Indications|Geographical Indications Registry]] to have Indian single malt whisky recognised as a [[geographical indication]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. Vijay |date=2025-02-20 |title=To raise the spirits, Indian whisky makers seek GI tag |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/to-raise-the-spirits-indian-whisky-makers-seek-gi-tag/article69238030.ece/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Goals ==
The goals of the Indian Malt Whisky Association are:

* to promote Indian whisky and the Made in India brand
* set regulatory and technical standards for the industry<ref>{{Cite web |last=Feilden |first=Eloise |date=2025-03-21 |title=Indian Malt Whisky Association launches |url=https://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2025/03/indian-malt-whisky-association-launches/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=The Drinks Business |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Members ==
There are four founding members in the Indian Malt Whisky Association and these are

* Paul John ([[John Distilleries|John Distillers]])
* Rakshit Jagdale ([[Amrut Distilleries]])
* Abhishek Khaitan ([[Radico Khaitan]])
* Siddhartha Sharma (Piccadily Agro)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Priyan |first=Vishnu |date=2025-03-24 |title=Indian malt whisky makers launch trade body |url=https://www.just-drinks.com/news/indian-malt-whisky-trade-body/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Just Drinks |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Qualification criteria for whisky ==
The Indian Malt whisky association has set a qualification criteria for single malt whisky which includes:

* production from 100% barley
* production in a single distillery
* production in copper pot stills and not column stills
* Only using malt barley , water and yeast
* Maturation in wooden oak barrels of less than 700L for a minimum of three years<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yates |first=Eleanor |date=March 24, 2025 |title=Indian malt whisky trade body launches |url=https://m.drinksint.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/11662/Indian_malt_whisky_trade_body_launches.html |website=Drinks International}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2025 establishments in India]]

List of Monuments of National Importance in Nagpur circle

2025-05-10T05:39:01Z

GayleTibbs8:

{{short description|None}}
{{GeoGroupTemplate}}
This is a list of [[Monument of National Importance|Monuments of National Importance]] as officially recognized by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) in the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]] falling under the jurisdiction of its [[Nagpur]] (ASI circle).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asi.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Maharashtra-Aurangabad-Circle-Mumbai-Circle-and-Nagpur-Circle.pdf|title=List of Centrally Protected Monuments / Sites under the jurisdiction of Maharashtra (Aurangabad Circle, Mumbai Circle and Nagpur Circle) |website=Archaeological Survey of India| date=August 2021|access-date=27 November 2022 }}</ref>

{{ASI Monument header|state_iso=IN-MH|Circle=Nagpur}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N1
| description = The Dahihanda gate of outer city wall.
| location = Akola
| address =
| district = Akola
| lat =20.70751
| lon =76.99188
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N2
| description = The Khirki gate in the outer city wall
| location = Akola
| address =
| district = Akola
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N3
| description = The S.E. angle bastion of the outer city wall together with 10 years of the adjacent wall on each side. The bastion is situated some 100 yards to the east of No. (3) above, is variously known as Panch Burj and Burj Hasrath Yab and contains a Persian inscription
| location = Akola
| address =
| district = Akola
| lat =20.70672
| lon =76.99166
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N4
| description = [[Narnala|Fort at Narnala]]: i. Shahanur Gateway, ii. Mahakali Gateway, iii. Mendha Gateway, iv. Akot Gateway, v. Delhi Gateway, vi. Sirpur Gateway, vii. Small Mosque, viii. The Large & Two smaller Guns, ix. the tank built to contain Oil & Ghee, x. Ambar Mahal
| location = Akot
| address =
| district = Akola
| lat =21.23601
| lon =77.02324
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N5
| description = [[Balapur Fort|Balapur fort]]
| location = Balapur
| address =
| district = Akola
| lat =20.6703
| lon =76.77378
| image = Balapur fort.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N6
| description = Chhatri near the Dak Bungalow
| location = Balapur
| address =
| district = Akola
| lat =20.65888
| lon =76.77929
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N7
| description = Black stone temple of Bhawani
| location = Barsi Takli
| address =
| district = Akola
| lat =20.57699
| lon =77.07182
| image =
}}

{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N8
| description = Two caves
| location = Patur
| address =
| district = Akola
| lat = 20.465938
| lon = 76.933626
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N9
| description = Tank in front of top tomb of Lalkhan
| location = Amner
| address =
| district = Akola
| lat =21.38483
| lon =78.40292
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N10
| description = Tomb of Lalkhan
| location = Amner
| address =
| district = Amaravati
| lat =21.38481
| lon =78.4028
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N11
| description = [[Gawilghur|Gawilgarh Fort]] (The walls & the whole area contained by them)
| location = Chikhaldara
| address =
| district = Amaravati
| lat =21.38351
| lon =77.33483
| image = Gawilgarh Fort - C.SHELARE.jpg
| commonscat = Gawilghur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N12
| description = City wall of Nawab Ismail Khan
| location = Ellichpur (Achalpur)
| address =
| district = Amaravati
| lat =21.26579
| lon =77.51069
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N13
| description = Dula Gate
| location = Ellichpur (Achalpur)
| address =
| district = Amaravati
| lat =21.26361
| lon =77.51114
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N14
| description = Haripura Gate
| location = Ellichpur (Achalpur)
| address =
| district = Amaravati
| lat =21.25301
| lon =77.51129
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N15
| description = Hauz Katora
| location = Ellichpur (Achalpur)
| address =
| district = Amaravati
| lat =21.24458
| lon =77.48252
| image = Hauz Katora E.jpg
| commonscat = Hauz Katora
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N16
| description = Jiwanpura Gate
| location = Ellichpur (Achalpur)
| address =
| district = Amaravati
| lat =21.25674
| lon =77.51758
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N17
| description = Temple of Anandeshwar
| location = Lasur
| address = Lasur, Tehsil Daryapur
| district = Amaravati
| lat = 20.8639871
| lon = 77.2350816
| image =Anandeshwar Temple Lasur.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N18
| description = All the remains of the circumambulation wall of Pauni Fort
| location = Pauni
| address =
| district = Bhandara
| lat =20.78755
| lon =79.63365
|image=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N19
| description = Ancient mounds situated to the south-east of the fort immediately beyond the moat outside on which a modern temple of Jagannath stands
| location = Pauni
| address =
| district = Bhandara
| lat =20.78336
| lon =79.63532
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N20
| description = Mound known as Hardulala-ki-Tekri
| location = Pauni
| address =
| district = Bhandara
| lat =20.79456
| lon =79.62385
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N21
| description = Cromlesh known as 'Tillota' (Frying Pan)
| location = Pimpalgaon
| address =
| district = Bhandara
| lat =20.88474
| lon =79.73482
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N22
| description = Moti Samadhi
| location = Deulgaon Raja
| address =
| district = Buldhana
| lat =20.00922
| lon =76.04884
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N23
| description = Three old Temples
| location = Dhotra
| address =
| district = Buldhana
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N24
| description = Mosque
| location = Fathekheda (Sakharkheda)
| address =
| district = Buldhana
| lat = 20.20562
| lon = 76.39789
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N25
| description = Two old Temple
| location = Kothali
| address =
| district = Buldhana
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N26
| description = Dharmasala on the west of the town which is partially ruined and locally called Chhatra
| location = Lonar
| address =
| district = Buldhana
| lat =19.98654
| lon =76.51658
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N27
| description = Fifteen Temples on the way down to the lake and situated around it
| location = Lonar
| address =
| district = Buldhana
| lat =19.98275
| lon =76.51239
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N28
| description = Gaimukha Temple & Tank
| location = Lonar
| address =
| district = Buldhana
| lat =19.9857
| lon =76.51433
| image = Gomukh at Lonar.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N29
| description = Gaimukha Temple No 1 of Daitya Sudana
| location = Lonar
| address =
| district = Buldhana
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N30
| description = Square Kunda on the East of the Town
| location = Lonar
| address =
| district = Buldhana
| lat =19.98116
| lon =76.52427
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N31
| description = Old temple of Daityasudana
| location = Lonar
| address =
| district = Buldhana
| lat =19.98368
| lon =76.51968
| image = Daitya sudan Temple, Lonar.JPG
|commonscat=Daitya Sudan temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N32
| description = Old Dharmasala at North-West corner of the town
| location = Mehkar
| address =
| district = Buldhana
| lat =20.15398
| lon =76.56574
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N33
| description = Mosque
| location = Rohinkhed
| address =
| district = Buldhana
| lat = 20.629764
| lon = 76.129444
| image = Rohinkhed Fort.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N34
| description = Old Temple of Mahadev
| location = Sakegaon
| address =
| district = Buldhana
| lat = 20.346415
| lon = 76.171069
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N35
| description = Old Temple of Vishnu, remains of an old building to the east of that temple and remains of a small temple
| location = Satgaon
| address =
| district = Buldhana
| lat =20.39812
| lon =76.21635
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N36
| description = Lakhuji Jadhavrao's Samadhi
| location = Sindhkhed Raja
| address =
| district = Buldhana
| lat =19.95204
| lon =76.12145
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N37
| description = Tank
| location = Sindhkhed Raja
| address =
| district = Buldhana
| lat =19.95867
| lon =76.11903
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N38
| description = Temple of Mahadeva
| location = Sindhkhed Raja
| address =
| district = Buldhana
| lat =19.95158
| lon =76.12181
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N39
| description = Fort Wall
| location = Ballarpur
| address =
| district = Chandrapur
| lat =19.85104
| lon =79.34121
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N40
| description = Fort at Bhandak
| location = Bhandak
| address =
| district = Chandrapur
| lat =20.10686
| lon =79.11152
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N41
| description = A large high knoll immediately to the east of Bhadranath temple with remains of a temple, with huge stone carved blocks & a figure of Ganapati
| location = Bhandak
| address =
| district = Chandrapur
| lat =20.09996
| lon =79.11314
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N42
| description = [[Vijasan Caves]] - Pandavas caves containing three images
| location = Bhandak
| address = Vijasan, Bhadravati
| district = Chandrapur
| lat = 20.097222
| lon = 79.098056
| image = Vijasan cave.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N43
| description = Walled enclosure outside the Anchaleshver temple and another small temple within the enclosure
| location = Chandrapur
| address =
| district = Chandrapur
| lat = 19.9460
| lon = 79.3030
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N44
| description = The enclosure & buildings of the Gond Raja's Tomb just outside the Anchaleshwar gate the city
| location = Chandrapur
| address =
| district = Chandrapur
| lat =19.94617
| lon =79.30315
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N45
| description = Fort Wall
| location = Chandrapur
| address =
| district = Chandrapur
| lat = 19.9444
| lon = 79.3014
| image =Pathanpura Gate Chandrapur.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N46
| description = Lalpeth monoliths consisting of the sixteen colosal stone images. i. Anna Purna, ii. Tortoise, iii. Fish, iv. Snake, v. Hanuman, vi. Hanuman, vii. Ganpati, viii. Ganpati, ix. Mahadeo, x. Kali, xi. Bhim, xii. Rawan, xiii. Nandi, xiv. Mahadeo, xv. Ganga, xvi. Ganga, xvi. Ganga
| location = Chandrapur
| address =
| district = Chandrapur
| lat =19.93056
| lon =79.30578
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N47
| description = Mahadeo Temple close to the Municipal office
| location = Chandrapur
| address =
| district = Chandrapur
| lat =19.94595
| lon =79.29685
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N48
| description = Temple of the Mahakali
| location = Chandrapur
| address =
| district = Chandrapur
| lat = 19.9428
| lon = 79.3040
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N49
| description = A temple of Keshavanath built in the Hemadpanti style
| location = Churul
| address =
| district = Chandrapur
| lat =19.99623
| lon =79.75189
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N50
| description = Ancient Temple
| location = Deotek
| address =
| district = Chandrapur
| lat =20.60774
| lon =79.73701
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N51
| description = Hemadpanthi Temple containing images of Dattatraya, Mahadev & Laxminarayan
| location = Dhanora
| address =
| district = Chandrapur
| lat =19.91247
| lon =79.17942
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N52
| description = Old Bridge at Ghutakala
| location = Ghutakala-Raiyatwari (Bhandak)
| address =
| district = Chandrapur
| lat =20.10438
| lon =79.12082
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N53
| description = Old Temple of Chandikadevi
| location = Ghutakala-Raiyatwari (Bhandak)
| address =
| district = Chandrapur
| lat =20.10418
| lon =79.11692
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N54
| description = Remains of an old Fort
| location = Khatora
| address =
| district = Chandrapur
| lat =20.27863
| lon =79.33613
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N55
| description = Mahadeo’s Temple (Hemadpanti)
| location = Mahadwari
| address =
| district = Chandrapur
| lat =20.41171
| lon =79.48881
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N56
| description = Temple of Mahadeo
| location = Neri
| address =
| district = Chandrapur
| lat =20.46808
| lon =79.44466
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N57
| description = Ramdigi temple & Ramdigi pool
| location = Nimdhela Forest
| address =
| district = Chandrapur
| lat =20.42813
| lon =79.24885
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N58
| description = Old Hemadpanthi Temple
| location = Palebaras
| address =
| district = Chandrapur
| lat =20.26136
| lon =79.87472
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N59
| description = An Old Temple of Mahadeo of the style of Markanda Temple
| location = Rajgarh
| address =
| district = Chandrapur
| lat =20.04031
| lon =79.74049
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N60
| description = Temple
| location = Armori
| address =
| district = Gadchiroli
| lat =20.46328
| lon =79.98121
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N61
| description = Stone Circle
| location = Arsoda
| address =
| district = Gadchiroli
| lat =20.48233
| lon =79.96375
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N62
| description = A group of twenty cromlechs or Kistvaens
| location = Chamurshi
| address =
| district = Gadchiroli
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N63
| description = Rock Caves
| location = Jharapara
| address =
| district = Gadchiroli
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N64
| description = Group of Temples
| location = Markanda
| address =
| district = Gadchiroli
| lat = 19.9944
| lon = 79.8664
| image = Markanda temples restoration work.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N65
| description = Fortress of Tipagarh situated on the summit of mountain region
| location = Murumgaon Zamindari
| address =
| district = Gadchiroli
| lat =20.48126
| lon =80.534
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N66
| description = Two temples (one small and one large) which are closely situated
| location = Thanegaon
| address =
| district = Gadchiroli
| lat =20.42118
| lon =79.99756
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N67
| description = Fort wall
| location = Wairagarh
| address =
| district = Gadchiroli
| lat = 20.4316
| lon = 80.0926
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N68
| description = Temple of Bhandareshwar
| location = Wairagarh
| address =
| district = Gadchiroli
| lat = 20.4260
| lon = 80.0851
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N69
| description = Area containing the old remains of two temples consisting of a collection of massive stones in two separate heaps, One immediately outside Padampur to the north & the other immediately to the south of Ganeshpur
| location = Padampur
| address =
| district = Gondia
| lat =21.35422
| lon =80.40039
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N70
| description = Remains of the temple to the North of the Village
| location = Padampur
| address =
| district = Gondia
| lat =21.35686
| lon =80.3931
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N71
| description = Remains of the temple to the North-west of the village
| location = Padampur
| address =
| district = Gondia
| lat =21.35574
| lon =80.39747
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N72
| description = Remains of the temple close to the south of the village Ganeshpur
| location = Padampur
| address =
| district = Gondia
| lat =21.35867
| lon =80.39309
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N73
| description = Remains of the temple locally known as Nath Bawa
| location = Padampur
| address =
| district = Gondia
| lat =21.355
| lon =80.39327
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N74
| description = Fort at Pratapgad
| location = Pratapgarh
| address =
| district = Gondia
| lat =20.82361
| lon =80.08705
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N75
| description = Fort on the bank of the river, said to have been built by Jatba, one of the Gond kings
| location = Bhiwagarh
| address =
| district = Nagpur
| lat =21.48261
| lon =79.16968
| image = Remains of an Old Fort on the Hill- Bhiwagarh (Nagpur Dist)- Maharashtra-IMG 3333.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N76
| description = Fort at the bottom of the hill
| location = Donagartal
| address =
| district = Nagpur
| lat =21.6041
| lon =79.34884
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N77
| description = Temple
| location = Ghogra
| address =
| district = Nagpur
| lat =21.2969
| lon =78.40495
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N78
| description = Stone Circle
| location = Ghorar
| address =
| district = Nagpur
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N79
| description = [[Stone circles of Junapani|Stone Circle]]
| location = Junapani
| address = Near Fetari, down [[MH SH 248]].
| district = Nagpur
| lat = 21.196916
| lon = 78.998911
| image = Stone circle at Junapani, Nagpur.jpg
|commonscat=Stone circles of Junapani
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N80
| description = Ancient Buddhist remains comprising monastery, stupas, Rock-cut inscription etc.
| location = Mansar & Kahari
| address =
| district = Nagpur
| lat =21.3963
| lon =79.27814
|image=Remains of Pravarapura at MNS II Mansar.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N81
| description = Old High Court Building
| location = Nagpur
| address =
| district = Nagpur
| lat =21.15393
| lon =79.07121
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N82
| description = Stone circle
| location = Nildho
| address =
| district = Nagpur
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N83
| description = Kalimata's Temple
| location = Ramtek
| address =
| district = Nagpur
| lat =21.40092
| lon =79.33512
|image=Kalimata's Temple Ramtek.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N84
| description = The remains of a very old shrines upon the western ridge at the end of the Ramtek hill overlooking the town between the group of temples and the bungalow. The shrine consists simply of a portion of porch of a temple and the mutilated image of the Trivikram Avatara of Vishnu
| location = Ramtek
| address =
| district = Nagpur
| lat =21.39889
| lon =79.3361
|image=Mutilated Image of Trivikram Vishnu, Ruins at Ramtek.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N85
| description = The tank and Mandapa opposite to the Dattatraya's Temple
| location = Ramtek
| address =
| district = Nagpur
| lat =21.39787
| lon =79.3349
|image=Tank and Mandapa opposite to the Dattatraya's Temple06.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N86
| description = Stone Circle
| location = Takalghat
| address =
| district = Nagpur
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N87
| description = Fort
| location = Paunar
| address =
| district = Wardha
| lat =20.78449
| lon =78.67375
|image=Back view of Paunar Fort.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N88
| description = Hemadpanti Temple of Mahadeo known by name Someshwar
| location = Neir
| address =
| district = Yeotmal
| lat =20.48834
| lon =77.86647
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N89
| description = Temple of Goddess Pandhardevi
| location = Pandhardevi
| address =
| district = Yeotmal
| lat =20.11507
| lon =78.65527
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N90
| description = Temple of Kamaleshwar
| location = Pathrot
| address =
| district = Yeotmal
| lat =20.21769
| lon =77.90546
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N91
| description = Mahadeo’s Temple
| location = Rant Swangi
| address =
| district = Yeotmal
| lat =20.57455
| lon =78.2675
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N92
| description = Mahadeo’s Temple
| location = Rui-Wai
| address =
| district = Yeotmal
| lat =20.1695
| lon =78.05905
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N93
| description = Hemadpanthi Temple of Shree Mahadev (Taponeshwar)
| location = Tapona
| address =
| district = Yeotmal
| lat =20.3452
| lon =77.8884
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-N94
| description = Mahadeo’s Temple
| location = Yelabara
| address =
| district = Yeotmal
| lat =20.23987
| lon =78.31527
| image =
}}
|}

== See also ==

* [[List of State Protected Monuments in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in India]]

== References ==
<references />

#

==External links==
{{Monuments in India}}

[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Maharashtra|Monuments of National Importance]]

Hemu Adhikari

2025-04-04T00:22:32Z

GayleTibbs8: general expand article after review and added references

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (1919–2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Hemu Adhikari
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Hemchandra Ramachandra Adhikari
| birth_date = {{birth date|1919|7|31|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2003|10|25|1919|7|31}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[leg spin]]
| columns = 2
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 21
| runs1 = 872
| bat avg1 = 31.14
| 100s/50s1 = 1/4
| top score1 = 114[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 170
| wickets1 = 3
| bowl avg1 = 27.33
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 3/68
| catches/stumpings1 = 8/–
| column2 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches2 = 152
| runs2 = 8,683
| bat avg2 = 41.74
| 100s/50s2 = 17/45
| top score2 = 230[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 4,000
| wickets2 = 49
| bowl avg2 = 37.93
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 3/2
| catches/stumpings2 = 97/–
| international = true
| country = India
| testdebutagainst = Australia
| testcap = 36
| testdebutdate = 28 November
| testdebutyear = 1947
| lasttestdate = 11 February
| lasttestagainst = West Indies
| lasttestyear = 1959
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/26179.html ESPNcricinfo
| date = 15 November
| year = 2022
}}

Colonel '''Hemchandra '''"'''Hemu'''"''' Ramachandra Adhikari''' {{audio|Hemu Adhikari.ogg|pronunciation}} (31 July 1919 – 25 October 2003) was an Indian [[cricket]]er, representing his country both as a player and a coach in a career that spanned three decades. He received the [[C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award]] in 1998, the highest honour bestowed by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] on a former player.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2013-12-18 |title=C.K. Nayudu award for Kapil Dev |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/ck-nayudu-award-for-kapil-dev/article5474173.ece |access-date=2023-04-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
A talented right-handed batsman and occasional leg spin bowler, Adhikari made his [[first-class cricket]] debut as a teenager before the outbreak of [[World War II]] in the 1936/37 domestic season. He immediately demonstrated his abilities on the local stage but due to the war, and his role in the Indian armed forces, his career was interrupted.

Adhikari made his [[Test cricket|Test]] debut as a 28-year-old in [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 1947–48|1947 on India's tour of Australia]] and immediately established himself as an important member of the squad, although his continued official role in the army restricted his availability for the team.

Very good at playing [[spin bowling]] and courageous against [[fast bowling]], Adhikari had some fine moments playing for India, including a national record 109-[[run (cricket)|run]] last wicket partnership with [[Ghulam Ahmed (cricketer)|Ghulam Ahmed]] in a Test against regional rivals [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]]. He captained India in one Test as he neared his fortieth birthday, scoring 63 and 40 while batting and taking three important wickets in a drawn game against [[West Indies cricket team|the West Indies]].

Adhikari took to coaching after retiring from first-class cricket – with a very good [[batting average (cricket)|batting average]] of 41.74 – and was in charge of the Indian team as they established themselves on the world stage. He helped guide India to their first series win in England in 1971 and was a major reason behind the development of such outstanding cricketers as [[Sunil Gavaskar]], [[Kapil Dev]] and [[Ravi Shastri]]. Some felt his history with military helped him as a coach, with former national team spin bowler [[Bapu Nadkarni]] saying "Adhikari was a disciplined man. Being a military man, he would not bother about what anybody else thought." Col Hemu Adhikari was the mentor of another military man & famous cricket coach from Hyderabad Mirza Rehmat Ullah Baig (M.R Baig), who was a Ranji Cricketer from Services and served as an assistant coach under the mentorship of Col Hemu Adhikari.

After his death in October 2003, at age 84, tributes flooded in for the popular Indian, with Indian cricket writer [[Suresh Menon (sports writer)|Suresh Menon]] saying "Adhikari was not a big man yet he was a presence. He will be remembered for his role in Indian cricket's self-confidence movement that began with that series win in 1971."

==Career bests==
===Test matches===
Test Debut: vs [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]], [[Brisbane]], 1947/48 
Last Test: vs West Indies, [[Delhi]], 1958/59
*Adhikari's best Test batting score of 114 not out was made against West Indies, Delhi, 1948/49
*His best Test bowling figures of 3 for 68 came against West Indies, Delhi, 1958/59
*His Test captaincy record was: 1 match, 1 draw

===First-class===
*Adhikari's best first-class batting score was 230 not out

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Hemu Adhikari}}
*{{cricinfo|id=26179}}
*[http://www.howstat.com.au/cricket/Statistics/Players/PlayerOverview.asp?PlayerID=0011 HowSTAT! statistical profile of Hemu Adhikari]
*[http://content.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/133160.html ESPNcricinfo summary of tributes to Hemu Adhikari after his 2003 death]
*[http://www.cricketnext.com/features/legends/legends010.htm Article on Adhikari] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050915033319/http://www.cricketnext.com/features/legends/legends010.htm |date=15 September 2005 }}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Vinoo Mankad]]
| title=[[Indian National Test Cricket Captains|Indian National Test Cricket Captain]]
| years=1958/59 '''(1 Test Match)'''
| after=[[Datta Gaekwad]]
|}}
{{s-end}}

{{Indian Test Cricket Captains}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adhikari, Hemu}}
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Baroda cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricket captains]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Services cricketers]]
[[Category:Hindus cricketers]]
[[Category:Gujarat cricketers]]
[[Category:West Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:North Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Pune]]
[[Category:Indian cricket coaches]]

Guru Nanak University

2025-01-01T18:21:47Z

GayleTibbs8: Added first info initial version

{{Infobox University
|name = Guru Nanak University
|image =
|motto =
|established = 2024
|type = [[Private University]]
|endowment =
|chancellor=
|vice_chancellor=
|president =
|city = [[Hyderabad]]
|state = [[Telangana]]
|country = [[India]]
|coor =
|publictransit =
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|staff =
|website = {{Official website|https://gnuindia.org/}}
|footnotes =
}}
'''Guru Nanak University''' is located in [[Hyderabad]].It was established under the Telangana State Private Universities (Establishment and Regulation) act 11 of 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://legislation-legislature.telangana.gov.in/PreviewPage.tsl?filePath=basePath&fileName=Bills/PassedBills/English/Eng_passbill_LABILLNO12OF2022E_15_11__137_v_1.pdf | title=Telangana State Private Universities | publisher=Telangana State Portal | accessdate=24 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="l042">{{cite web | last=Today | first=Telangana | title=Hyderabad: Guru Nanak University organises HR Conclave on 'Preparing the Workforce for the Future' | website=Telangana Today | date=11 August 2024 | url=https://telanganatoday.com/guru-nanak-university-hyderabad-organizes-an-hr-conclave-on-preparing-the-workforce-for-the-future | access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="h258">{{cite web | title=Guru Nanak University Focuses on Industry-Academia Collaboration for Top Ranking | website=Deccan Chronicle | date=10 August 2024 | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/guru-nanak-university-focuses-on-industry-academia-collaboration-for-top-ranking-1815533 | access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="r302">{{cite web | last=| first= | title=Top 15 Private Technical Universities | website=Outlook India | date=2 August 2024 | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/education/top-15-private-technical-universities | access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/universitydetails/Private_university_other?id=131 | title=Universities | publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)]] | accessdate=24 November 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Universities in Telangana}}

{{coord missing|Telangana}}

[[Category:Universities in Telangana]]
[[Category:Private universities in India]]
[[Category:2020 establishments in India]]

Warina Hussain

2024-10-23T19:45:53Z

GayleTibbs8: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Loveyatri]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from person}}
{{R with history}}
{{R with Wikidata item}}
}}